No. 1-04-0551 

THE CITY OF CHICAGO, ) Appeal from the 

) Circuit Court of 

Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Cook County. 

) 

v. ) No. 01 M1 400061 

) 

OLD COLONY PARTNERS, L.P., ) Honorable 

) Ann Houser, 

Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge Presiding. 

JUSTICE MURPHY delivered the opinion of the court: 

Plaintiff City of Chicago (City) filed suit against defendant Old Colony Partners, L.P. (Old 

Colony).1

 In its original and amended complaints, the City alleged several violations of the Chicago 

Municipal Code (Code) by Old Colony. In particular, the City claimed Old Colony failed to keep the 

exterior walls of the 111-year-old landmark Old Colony Building located at 35-39 West Van Buren 

Street / 400-41 South Plymouth Court / 407 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 

(Building), in sound condition and repair. The City sought daily fines for these alleged violations of the Code 

pursuant to section 13--12--040 of the Code. Chicago Municipal Code ' 13--12--040 

(amended November 10, 1994). The allegations remaining for the bench trial were that defendant had 

violated, and continued to violate, sections 13--196--037 and 13--196--530(b) and (e) of the 

Code. See Chicago Municipal Code ' 13--196--037 (amended February 10, 1999), ''

13--196--530(b), (e) (1990). On both issues, the trial court accepted and entered of record 

Old Colony=s proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law and entered judgment in favor of defendant. 

 1

The City=s complaint and amended complaint named additional defendants with interests 

in the subject building; however, Old Colony is the only named defendant-appellant and will be 

the sole party referred to in this opinion. 
No. 1-04-0551 

2 

The City has framed this appeal solely around the issues with respect to application of sections 13-

-196--530(b) and (e) of the Code. The City contends that the trial court misinterpreted the Code, 

in particular, the elements of a violation of sections 13--196--530(b) and (e) of the Code. See 

Chicago Municipal Code '' 13--196--530(b), (e) (1990). In addition, the City argues that 

notice is not required before the mandatory daily fines set forth in the Code are imposed and that abatement 

efforts in attempted compliance with the Code do not constitute an affirmative defense. The City argues 

that the trial court=s findings of fact in favor of Old Colony were against the manifest weight of the evidence 

with respect to sections 13--196--530(b) and (e). As part of this argument, the City argues that 

the trial court improperly admitted and considered hearsay evidence presented by Old Colony. For the 

reasons that follow, we affirm the decision of the trial court. 

I. BACKGROUND 

The City filed a two-count complaint on January 2, 2001, alleging violations of the Code by 

Old Colony with respect to the exterior walls of the Building. Based on observations of the Building on 

July 10, 2000, the City sought monetary fines and injunctive relief against Old Colony. In particular, 

the City claimed Old Colony failed to keep the exterior walls of the Building in sound repair and file certain 

required maintenance and repair reports. The City claimed Old Colony faced daily accrual of fines for each 

day the violations of the Code existed. 

Old Colony did not receive written notice of these alleged violations nor did it receive service of the 

City=s complaint. Rather, Old Colony voluntarily entered an appearance in the case on February 9, 

2001. Old Colony next filed its answer on June 1, 2001, asserting two affirmative defenses: failure 

to state a cause of action and substantial compliance. The City filed a motion to dismiss the affirmative 
No. 1-04-0551 

3 

defenses pursuant to section 2-615(a) of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure. 735 ILCS 5/2-

615(a) (West 2000). On October 22, 2001, the trial court granted the City=s motion and 

gave the City leave to file an amended complaint. 

On November 8, 2001, the City filed its amended complaint. The amended complaint 

contained six counts including the original alleged violations and additional alleged violations observed during an 

October 22, 2001 investigation of the Building. The City again sought injunctive relief and daily fines 

for the violations. As noted above, prior to trial, all but two claims were dismissed by agreement of the 

parties. The allegations remaining for trial were that defendant had violated, and continued to violate, 

sections 13--196--037 and 13--196--530(b) and (e) of the Chicago Municipal Code. See 

Chicago Municipal Code ' 13-196-037 (amended February 10, 1999), '' 13--196--

530(b), (e) (1990). 

The City alleged in Count I that, on July 10, 2000, unsafe conditions existed on all exterior 

walls of the building in violation of section 13--196--037 of the Code. Chicago Municipal Code '

13--196--037 (amended February 10, 1999). Specifically, the City claimed Avertical cracks 

were observed on all elevations; sheet metal was observed holding loose bricks over windows; large fractures 

were observed over north and west elevation bay windows; large limestone slabs were observed without 

mortar holding them in place, a dangerous and hazardous condition; and bay windows and sills appeared loose 

and partitions/upper sections appeared loose, with fractured parapet sections of terra cotta appearing loose 

and shifter, a dangerous and hazardous condition.@

Count II was brought pursuant to section 13--12--040 of the Code. Chicago Municipal 

Code ' 13--12--040 (amended November 10, 1994). The City sought the assessment of daily 
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fines under that section, as of October 22, 2001, for unsafe conditions in violation of sections 13--

196--037 and 13--196--530(b) and (e), that existed due to defendant=s failure to repair 

exterior walls of the building. The City alleged this was evidenced by the presence of temporary shoring of 

terra-cotta window headers. The City sought injunctive relief and fines in the amount of $1.945 million 

under sections 13--196--038 and 13--12--040 of the Code for the alleged violations. 

Chicago Municipal Code ' 13--196--038 (amended December 15, 2004), ' 13--12--

040 (amended November 10, 1994). 

A. The Bench Trial 

At the start of the bench trial on April 2, 2003, the City presented its only witness, City 

building inspector Julio Montilla. Montilla testified that he had been a building inspector for the City of 

Chicago for over six years. Montilla stated that he was the only inspector for the City on the Building and 

had inspected the Building on February 13, 2001, October 22, 2001, and March 27, 

2003. Montilla=s testimony centered around his descriptions and discussions of photographs taken of 

the Building on February 13, 2001, and October 22, 2001, which were entered into evidence as 

two group exhibits by the City. No pictures were taken during the 2003 inspection. 

Montilla testified generally regarding the condition of the exterior walls of the Building and what was 

depicted in the photographs. Montilla regularly provided inconclusive descriptions of the location of each 

picture and did not offer specifics as to how the Code was violated by Old Colony. Repeatedly, Montilla 

stated that conditions such as missing terra-cotta or bricks or cracks in limestone were caused either 

naturally or were removed by human activity. Further, for each of these times, Montilla stated that 

resulting cracks were covered with plywood, caulk or roofing cement as temporary repairs. 
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On cross-examination, Montilla testified that he did not see any pieces of terra-cotta fall. 

Montilla was aware of scaffolding hung on the Building during the time in question and that structural 

engineers had been inspecting the Building for Old Colony. He noted that structural engineers are required 

to remove dangerous conditions and report them to the City. Montilla testified that he reviewed the critical 

examination report for the Building on file with the City. Further, Montilla stated that he did not receive 

any reports of dangerous or hazardous conditions at the Building. 

Old Colony presented Marilyn Fornell, property manager for the Building since July 2001, as 

its sole witness. As part of her duties, Fornell reviewed the City=s complaint and the work completed at 

the Building pursuant to contract. Several documents were presented and admitted, over the City=s 

objections, as business records during Fornell=s testimony. Included among these exhibits were the January 

19, 2001 contract between Old Colony and architect and engineer firm Kellermeyer Godfryt Hart, 

P.C. (KGH) for completion of a critical examination report of the Building, the critical examination report 

dated April 16, 2001; contracts with KGH dated June 26, 2001, and December 26, 2001, 

for initial and final maintenance and repair of the Building to be completed by KGH and Reliable Building 

Systems, Inc. (Reliable); permits and permit applications for the proposed work and for canopies around the 

building; and a letter dated January 9, 2002, from KGH to Old Colony noting temporary 

maintenance was completed to assure short-term weather resistance and that no dangerous or hazardous 

conditions were found on the Building. 

Fornell testified that, she worked closely with KGH and reviewed work on the Building as it was 

completed, personally inspecting the finished work. She testified that all reports and contracts were 

maintained on file, as required by City ordinance and as part of her typical business practice. Fornell 
No. 1-04-0551 

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testified to the work KGH and Reliable completed on the Building as detailed in the critical examination 

report and contracts for further work. Fornell did not testify as to how the KGH reports were 

completed. In sum, Fornell testified that intermediate maintenance was performed, the building would have to 

be cleaned, and special materials and permits would be required to complete maintenance in conformance with 

the building=s landmark status. 

Following receipt of the City=s amended complaint, Fornell requested KGH and Reliable review 

the complaint. Fornell was assured the Building was watertight and did not pose a hazard or danger. 

Fornell further testified that she did not receive any complaints of, nor did she observe, wetness in the 

Building due to any of the alleged violations. Fornell=s testimony and the exhibits were consistent with 

Montilla=s testimony that portions of terra-cotta, bricks and limestone were removed and temporarily shored 

up and sealed. 

As requested by the trial court, both parties submitted proposed findings of fact and conclusions of 

law. On July 29, 2003, without elaboration, the trial court accepted in full Old Colony=s proposed 

findings of fact and conclusions of law. In extraneous statements, the trial court noted that it found the 

City=s position troublesome in this case and welcomed guidance from this court regarding the issues of the 

case. 

The City=s Posttrial Motion 

On September 30, 2003, the City filed a motion to reconsider filed pursuant to section 2-

1203(a) of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure. 735 ILCS 5/2-1203(a) (West 2004). 

 The City argued that the trial court=s findings were against the manifest weight of the evidence. The City 

claimed that as the evidence identified the Building as still in poor condition and the uncontroverted evidence 
No. 1-04-0551 

7 

presented by Montilla was to the same effect, the court should reverse its decision. The City again claimed 

the letters and reports entered into evidence by Old Colony were inadmissible hearsay and improper to 

consider. 

Further, the City argued the trial court was incorrect in finding the City sought fines totaling 

$1.945 million. Rather, the City stated it was seeking $756,000 for the two claimed violations. 

The City further offered to limit fines sought to those alleged violations of section 13-196-530 of the 

Code for a total of $378,000. On January 23, 2004, the trial court granted the City=s 

motion for reconsideration and denied its request to modify the final order. The City now appeals solely its 

claim in count II that Old Colony violated sections 13--196--530(b) and (e). 

II. ANALYSIS 

The City=s claims on appeal pertain to the trial court=s interpretation of the Code, and the facts are 

largely undisputed; therefore, our re-view is de novo. Eychaner v. Gross, 202 Ill. 2d 228, 252 

(2002). Factual determinations by the trial court will stand unless contrary to the manifest weight of the 

evidence. North Avenue Properties, L.L.C. v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 312 Ill. App. 3d 

182, 184 (2000). This requires a finding that all reasonable people would find the opposite conclusion 

is clearly apparent. North Avenue Properties, L.L.C., 312 Ill. App. 3d at 184. We may 

uphold a trial court=s decision on any basis appearing in the record. Arangold Corp. v. 

Zehnder, 187 Ill. 2d 341, 359-60 (1999). 

We first address the trial court=s interpretation of the Code. Second, we turn to 

the evidentiary issues presented by the City and application of the facts of this case to 

the Code. 
No. 1-04-0551 

8 

A. The Trial Court=s Interpretation of the Chicago Municipal Code 

If an ordinance is clear and unambiguous, it must be interpreted without the analysis of its 

construction. La Salle National Bank v. City Suites, Inc., 325 Ill. App. 3d 780, 786 

(2001). However, if there is any ambiguity, we follow the same rules for the analysis of a municipal 

ordinance as we do under a statutory construction analysis. In re Application of the County Collector, 

132 Ill. 2d 64, 72 (1989). The fundamental rule of statutory construction is to give effect to the 

intent of the legislature. People ex rel. Ryan v. Agro, Inc., 214 Ill. 2d 222, 226 (2005). 

Giving the statutory language its plain meaning is the best means of ascertaining legislative intent. Agro, 

214 Ill. 2d at 226. In doing so, each word, clause, or sentence should be given its reasonable meaning 

and not be discarded as superfluous. Quad Cities Open, Inc. v. City of Silvis, 208 Ill. 2d 498, 

508 (2004). The punctuation of a statute is to be considered and given weight unless, from inspection 

of the entire statute, it is clear it must be ignored to give effect to the legislature=s intent. In re D.F., 

208 Ill. 2d 223, 234 (2003). 

The City argues that the trial court misinterpreted the Code several ways by accepting Old 

Colony=s proposed conclusions of law. First, the City claims that the trial court misinterpreted the Code, 

in effect rendering the sound condition and repair requirement of section 13-196-530 superfluous. 

The City then argues that the trial court improperly interpreted the Code to allow defenses of building owner 

of lack of notice by the City prior to filing suit and compliance with the Code. We examine these claims in 

turn. 

1.What Constitutes Violation of Sections 13-196-530(b) and (e) 
No. 1-04-0551 

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The City=s first argument is that sections 13-196-530(b) and (e) unambiguously require 

exterior walls and projections to be kept in sound condition and repair. These sections read: 

AThe foundation, exterior walls, and exterior roof shall be substantially watertight and 

protected against rodents, and shall be kept in sound condition and repair: 

*** 

(b) Every exterior wall shall be free of holes, breaks, loose or rotting boards or timbers, 

and any other conditions which might admit rain, or dampness to the interior portions of the walls or 

to the exterior spaces of the dwelling. 

* * * 

(e) All cornices, rustications, quoins, moldings, belt courses, lintels, sills, oriel windows, 

pediments and similar projections shall be kept in good repair and free from cracks and defects which 

make them hazardous and dangerous.@ Chicago Municipal Code '' 13--196--530(b), (e) 

(1990). 

The trial court found that the building must be found not to be substantially watertight or that a 

dangerous or hazardous condition exists for there to be a violation of section 13-196-530. In the 

conclusions of law accepted by the court, our decision in City of Chicago v. RN Realty, L.P., 357 

Ill. App. 3d 337, 345-46 (2005), is cited as authority for this proposition. The City claims 

that, following the well-settled canons of construction, the plain meaning of the sections above unambiguously 

requires only that the building not be in sound condition and repair. 

At oral argument, the City conceded that the court decides what is Asound@ on a case-by- case 

basis. However, the City argues that Asound condition and repair@ requirement is clear and unambiguous and 
No. 1-04-0551 

10 

the trial court=s position in this case renders the first sentence of the ordinance surplusage. Therefore, the 

City claims, the trial court=s interpretation runs contrary to the plain meaning of the ordinance, rendering it 

meaningless, and, as such, is indefensible. See Lawrence v. Regent Realty Group, Inc., 197 Ill. 2d 

1, 11 (2001). Therefore, the City argues the decision in RN Realty was incorrect, and the dissent by 

Justice Quinn arguing that Asound condition and repair@ was clear and unambiguous should control. RN 

Realty, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 350-52 (Quinn, J., dissenting). 

RN Realty presented a fact pattern similar to this case. The majority determined that, based on 

the plain language of subsections (b) and (e), evidence that either water might be able to get into the building 

or the building was in an unsafe condition is required for a violation of section 13-196-530. RN 

Realty, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 344-45. However, the majority did not discuss, nor cite to, the 

prefatory phrase in that section, but only cited subsections (b) and (e). RN Realty, 357 Ill. App. 

3d at 344. No statutory construction analysis was provided by the majority or Justice Quinn in his 

dissent. RN Realty, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 350 (Quinn, J., dissenting). Rather, Justice Quinn 

found, and the City now argues, the prefatory phrase clearly and unambiguously does not require proof the 

building admitted water or was dangerous and hazardous. RN Realty, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 350 

(Quinn, J., dissenting). Ostensibly, this dispute as to the plain meaning of the statute evidences some 

ambiguity and merits further analysis of the Code. 

We review the sections in question and the Code to determine the proper intent of the city council. 

It is clear to this court that section 13--196--530 vests great discretion in the finder of fact to 

determine whether a violation exists. The prefatory phrase of section 13--196--530 of the Code 

requires buildings to be kept in Asound condition and repair.@ However, that phrase is somewhat ambiguous, 
No. 1-04-0551 

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granting the fact finder latitude in deciding whether the condition of the building merits fines or injunctive relief. 

 Further, the subsections within this section of the Code suggest the city council intended to grant the fact 

finder further discretion. 

The prefatory phrase of section 13--196--530 importantly does not end with a period, but 

with a colon. A colon serves as a major break in a sentence indicating that what follows is an elaboration, 

summation or interpretation of that which precedes. Each of the five subsections provided by the legislature 

ends with a period. Thus, each subsection is an elaboration on the opening phrase, distinct from the other 

subsections, as to what is required for either the roof, exterior wall or foundation of buildings in the City of 

Chicago. Therefore, the somewhat ambiguous Asound condition and repair@ in the prefatory phrase receives 

some clarity from the five sentences that follow. 

Both elaborations of subsections (b) and (e) are one sentence long. Each subsection contains an 

inclusive list of examples formed with the conjunction Aand.@ The list in each subsection is immediately 

followed by a restrictive clause further defining the conditions that constitute a violation. Thus, for 

subsection (b), only conditions Awhich might admit rain, or dampness@ are to be considered unsound or in 

disrepair. Chicago Municipal Code ' 13--196--530(b) (1990). For subsection (e), the listed 

examples must be Akept in good repair and free from cracks and defects which make them hazardous and 

dangerous.@ (Emphasis added.) Chicago Municipal Code ' 13--196--530(e) (1990). While 

these subsections offer some clarity, they still are hedged in very general terms such as Amight@ and 

Ahazardous and dangerous.@ Therefore, it is within the discretion of the fact finder to determine if the 

conditions of the building are such that a fine or injunctive relief is necessary. 
No. 1-04-0551 

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A review of the other sections of the Code further supports this analysis, also negating the City=s 

fears that this interpretation renders the section meaningless. For example, review of the maintenance 

sections of the Code, including section 13--196--037 which was at issue at trial but waived by the 

City on appeal, identifies several sections that cover ongoing assurances that buildings are kept in sound 

condition and repair. See Chicago Municipal Code ' 13--196--037(amended February 10, 

1999). These sections indicate the city council=s intention to have issues such as cracks or holes on 

exterior walls identified and repaired on a regular basis such that they do not become problematic or safety 

hazards. 

In addition, it is important to note that section 13--196--530 is within the Code=s provisions 

for residential buildings, made applicable to all buildings in 2001. See Chicago Municipal Code ' 13--

196--641 (2001). It stands to reason that the residential sections were drafted by the city council 

with an eye to increased protections over commercial buildings. As such, this provision provides additional 

guidance to the City and the courts in determining violations greater than general Asound condition and repair@

problems covered in earlier sections of the Code. While this cuts against the City=s argument on this issue, 

it assists the City=s argument that notice and compliance are not defenses to this type of violation. 

2. Trial Court=s Acceptance of Notice and Compliance Defenses 

The City next argues that the trial court erred in finding the Code provides for defenses of notice or 

compliance with the Code. The City admits that the Code clearly requires notice and an opportunity to cure 

before injunctive relief is sought. See Chicago Municipal Code ' 13--12--070 (2005); ' 13-

-20--040 September 13, 1989, ' 13--96--860 (amended September 13, 1989), '

13--196--037 (amended August 30, 2000). However, the City has crafted its appeal solely 
No. 1-04-0551 

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to the question of the alleged violations of sections 13--196--530(b) and (e) and the City=s 

assessment of fines for those alleged offenses. 

The City argues that the majority in RN Realty improperly held that the City has a general 

obligation to follow the Code provisions requiring it provide building owners notice and an opportunity to cure 

violations prior to seeking equitable and legal relief. RN Realty, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 349. The 

City argues that the provisions cited by the court in support of that finding, 13-12-070, 13-20-

040, 13-96-860, and 13-196-037, are not applicable to this appeal. See Chicago 

Municipal Code ' 13--12--070 (2005), ' 13--20--040 (amended November 10, 

1994), ' 13--96--860 (amended September 13, 1989), ' 13--196--037 (amended 

August 30, 2000). Rather, the City claims, the penalty provisions of sections 13--12--020 

and 13--12--040 apply and mandate that daily fines shall be imposed for each violation without mention 

of notice or compliance. Chicago Municipal Code ' 13--12--020 (April 12, 2000), '

13B12--040 (amended November 10, 1994). The City further notes that section 13--12--

090 provides that remedies of the Code are not limiting, but cumulative. Chicago Municipal Code '

13--12--090 (amended July 21, 2004). 

The City agrees with the position adopted by Justice Quinn in his dissent in RN Realty and 

argues it must be followed in this case. After the City=s petition for rehearing and the first division of the 

First District=s decision in City of Chicago v. Cotton, 356 Ill. App. 3d 1 (2005), Justice 

Quinn filed his dissent in RN Realty. RN Realty 357 Ill. App. 3d at 350. In Cotton, 

defendant landlord admitted to violations of sections 13--196--400, 13--196--410 and 13--

196--430 of the Code, but claimed she complied with the Code and that should mitigate fines assessed 
No. 1-04-0551 

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by the court. Cotton, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 2-4. The trial court agreed and levied a fine less than 

that mandated by section ' 13--12--040 of the Code. Cotton, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 3. The 

first division of the First District of this court found that cooperation and compliance with the Code were 

not contemplated as mitigating factors in levying fines under section 13--12B040 and reversed and 

remanded the case to the trial court to enter a fine against the defendant within the range enunciated in the 

Code. Cotton, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 10-11. Accordingly, Justice Quinn dissented in RN Realty, 

stating Cotton provided clear guidance that notice and compliance are not defenses to violations of the Code 

and fines under 13-12-040. RN Realty 357 Ill. App. 3d at 351-52. 

The City also argues that the Code, in and of itself, provides notice to building owners. The nature 

of the Code as a strict liability measure, the City claims, puts building owners on notice that buildings must 

be maintained in sound condition and repair or automatically face daily fines between $200 and $500. 

Further, the violations alleged in this case were not as a result of any activity mentioned in the Code 

requiring notice prior to bringing a civil action. 

Old Colony argues that RN Realty controls and must be followed. The City counters that Old 

Colony responded to issues from the trial, but not involved in this appeal and its arguments with respect to 

count I of the complaint must be ignored pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 341(e)(7). Official Reports 

Advance Sheet No. 21 (October 17, 2001), R. 341(e)(7), eff. October 1, 2001. 

However, as discussed above and in RN Realty, analysis of the Code is helpful in understanding the city 

council=s intent and the ruling in RN Realty. Old Colony therefore discusses in detail the various sections 

providing a notice or compliance defense in the Code. 
No. 1-04-0551 

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As discussed in full above, several provisions within the Code require notice and an opportunity to 

cure violations. The maintenance, inspection and reporting requirements of the Code where these notice 

provisions may be found evidence a desire by the city council to establish a working relationship between the 

City and building owners to assure buildings are maintained in a safe and sound condition. It is important to 

note that the amended complaint at issue in RN Realty was brought pursuant to section 13--12--070 

of the Code to impose fines for the alleged violations of sections 13-196-530(b) and (e). RN 

Realty, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 348-49, quoting Chicago Municipal Code ' 13--12--070 

(2003). That section, cited by the RN Realty majority, relates to requests for injunctive relief, not 

solely for fines. Filing its suit under that section, the City necessarily brought on a review of the various 

notice provisions in the Code and authority for the majority=s opinion. 

 Due to the specific conditions that merit violations in sections 13-196-530(b) and (e), and 

the construction of the Code discussed in detail above, it appears clear the city council intended to provide 

further incentive to avoid conditions such as these via the strict liability assessment of fines. Presumably, if 

a building owner properly carried out its inspection and maintenance requirements, its building would not have 

deteriorated to the point of facing fine under subsections (b) and (e). If it had, notice likely would have been 

provided explicitly by the City of Chicago under the aforementioned sections, or upon review of the Code or 

engineering professionals. 

In this case, the City brought a claim pursuant to section13--12--040 of the Code, not 

section 13--12--070, as in RN Realty. Unlike in Cotton, there is no admission of a violation, nor 

did the court find a violation. Section 13--12--040 does not provide any indication that notice is 

required or that compliance may mitigate against fines. We find that, for a claim brought under section 13-
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12-040, if a violation is found by the court, fines are mandatory and not affected by a lack of notice or 

subsequent compliance. Accordingly, we must now determine whether a violation occurred. 

B. Application of the Facts and Testimony to the Code 

Again, the trial court did not elaborate on its acceptance of Old Colony=s findings of fact and 

conclusions of law. It was the City=s burden at trial to prove by a clear preponderance of the evidence that 

Old Colony violated the ordinance. See RN Realty, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 345. Before we 

address whether the evidence comports with the trial court=s findings, we first determine the admissibility of 

Old Colony=s evidence and whether this evidence was properly considered, or needed, by the court. 

1. Admissibility of Critical Examination Report and Letters 

A trial court=s decision to admit evidence will not be disturbed absent an abuse of 

discretion. Snelson v. Kamm, 204 Ill. 2d 1, 33 (2003). Likewise, credibility 

determinations are best left to the trial court, which is in a superior position to review the 

evidence, measure the witnesses in person and observe their demeanor. In re 

Marriage of Bates, 212 Ill. 2d 489, 516. A trial court abuses its discretion only when no 

reasonable person would agree with the trial court. Dawdy v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 

207 Ill. 2d 167, 177 (2003).

Several documents were admitted into evidence by the trial court under the business records 

exception of Supreme Court Rule 236, which states, in pertinent part: 

Any writing or record, whether in the form of any entry in a book or otherwise, made as a 

memorandum or record of any act, transaction, occurrence, or event, shall be admissible as evidence 
No. 1-04-0551 

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of the act, transaction, occurrence, or event, if made in the regular course of any business, and if it 

was the regular course of the business to make such a memorandum or record at the time of such an 

act, transaction, occurrence, or event or within a reasonable time thereafter. All other 

circumstances of the making of the writing or record, including lack of personal knowledge by the 

entrant or maker, may be shown to affect its weight, but shall not affect its admissibility." 145 Ill. 

2d R. 236(a). 

The reports and letters entered into evidence were prepared for Old Colony by KGH. Fornell 

testified to the findings of KGH, offered as proof of the matter asserted. Accordingly, the exhibits were 

hearsay and, to be considered by the trier of fact, must meet one of the exceptions to the bar on hearsay 

evidence. People v. Morrow, 256 Ill. App. 3d 392, 397 (1993). 

The exceptions to the hearsay rule are well established in the law as providing indicia of reliability to 

overcome the presumption against hearsay statements. The rationale under the exception for business 

records is that businesses are motivated to keep records accurately and are unlikely to falsify records upon 

which they depend. Kimble v. Earle M. Jorgenson Co., 358 Ill. App. 3d 400, 414 

(2005). Documents prepared under a statutory duty are not inadmissible as outside the business record 

exception merely because they are to be used in adversarial proceedings. In re Joseph S., 339 Ill. 

App. 3d 599, 608 (2003). Nor is a document inadmissible simply because it is prepared by a 

third party authorized to act for the business. Kimble, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 414. However, 

business records made in anticipation of litigation do not possess the same trustworthiness of other records 

prepared in the ordinary course of business. People v. Virgin, 302 Ill. App. 3d 438, 450 

(1998). 
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Anyone familiar with the business and its procedures may testify as to the manner in which records 

are prepared and the general procedures for maintaining such records in the ordinary course of business. 

Raithel v. Dustcutter, Inc., 261 Ill. App. 3d 904, 909 (1994) (Cook, J., specially 

concurring). The foundation requirements for admission of documents under this exception are that it is a 

writing or record made as memorandum of the event made in the ordinary course of business and it was the 

regular course of the business to make such a record at that time. In re Estate of Weiland, 338 Ill. 

App. 3d 585, 600 (2003). A lack of personal knowledge of the record does not affect the 

admissibility of the record, but may affect the weight of the evidence. In re Estate of Weiland, 338 Ill. 

App. 3d at 600. 

Fornell testified that she was the property manager for the Building from July 2001 to date. 

She testified that she was familiar with the Code and had worked with programs for major repairs of 

landmarked buildings in her past duties as a property manager. Fornell testified that in July 2001 she 

retrieved the critical examination report prepared by KGH from Old Colony=s files and reviewed the 

report. Fornell further testified that this report, and the other hearsay documents, were maintained on site 

in the ordinary course of business in files containing contracts, reports and other documents relating to the 

maintenance of the Building. Fornell stated that each document was either sent or received by Old Colony 

or the property management company. Although Fornell worked with the engineers and architects of 

KGH and oversaw some of the work completed, she could not testify to how the documents were 

generated. The trial court allowed the documents based on the foundation provided by Fornell. 

The City contends that the trial court=s admission was an abuse of discretion. Old Colony=s 

exhibits 1 through 4, 6 through 11, and 14 were inadmissible hearsay. The City argues that the 
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documents, in particular the critical examination report and letters from KGH opining no dangerous 

conditions existed at the Building, were not business records, but prepared for litigation. The City claims 

the critical examination report was specifically prepared pursuant to the trial court=s order of February 16, 

2001. It claims the admission of these documents did not allow the City to cross-examine the maker of 

the record to determine how such opinions were formed and, thus, are inadmissible. 

It is clear that KGH was contracted to complete the critical examination report prior to Old 

Colony=s involvement and awareness with the instant litigation. The report was created by licensed 

professionals, is affixed with the registered stamp of the professional engineer, and was accepted by the 

City. 

It is important to note that the City had access to these documents through its own files and 

witnesses and the discovery process. If each of the documents admitted into evidence was so troubling, it 

begs the question as to why a motion in limine was not filed by the City to remove the document entirely from 

the trial. Further, if the contents of the documents were troublesome, the City had every opportunity and 

right to depose or call the creators of the documents to the stand to question the information. In any event, 

in the face of all of the facts and testimony in this case, the court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the 

documents and affording the proper weight, if any at all, to them. 

2. Trial Court Decision Was Not Against the Manifest Weight of the Evidence 

With this background, we may now examine whether the facts were applied properly in this case. 

The City contends that, without the improperly admitted evidence, the testimony of its witness was 

uncontroverted and sufficient to prove by a clear preponderance of the evidence that Old Colony violated the 

ordinance. The City further argues that the plain language of the ordinance was not properly determined by 
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the court and only the conditions of deterioration and disrepair need be present for a violation. Therefore, the 

City argues, Old Colony itself offered evidence of violations and the trial court erred in finding that sections 

13-196-530(b) and (e) were not violated. 

As detailed above, sections 13-196-530(b) and (e) require conditions that might admit water 

into the building or create dangerous and hazardous conditions for a violation. Neither party presented 

evidence to meet these elements. Both parties clearly offered evidence that the Building was not only in need 

of maintenance, but undergoing inspection and maintenance during the time in question. 

Contrary to the City=s assertions, Montilla=s testimony did not prove violations by the clear 

preponderance of the evidence for the period in question. Even if Old Colony had not presented any 

evidence, Montilla was so inconclusive in his testimony that the trial court had every reason to rule for Old 

Colony. Montilla repeatedly qualified his statements regarding the photographed deterioration of the exterior 

walls of the Building. He also repeatedly stated the conditions could have been caused by human action as 

temporary maintenance solutions, including sealing cracks or holes from the elements with caulk or roofing 

cement. Furthermore, Montilla testified that he read the critical examination report on file for the Building 

and noted that it did not identify any dangerous or hazardous conditions with respect to the Building. 

Fornell testified that she had contracted KGH for the critical inspection work and follow-up 

maintenance activities. Fornell admitted that the completion of the work was well off schedule for completion 

and that canopies had remained around the building for the entire period in question. Even without the critical 

examination report and other hearsay evidence regarding the maintenance of the Building, Fornell=s testimony 

that she had contracted and overseen work on the Building was admissible. Combined with Montilla=s 

inconclusive testimony, the trial court=s decision is not against the manifest weight of the evidence as each 
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alleged condition could have been created during the examination and maintenance activity. Further, it was 

certainly reasonable for the court to determine that each of these alleged conditions of the Building was 

watertight and not a danger or hazard. 

The City=s argument raises serious concerns to this court. In this case, the City claims that the 

testimony presented requires a finding of various violations to the building code and fines for each day the code 

was allegedly violated. Hypothetically, this would make it possible for the City to fine any building owner 

attempting to make exterior repairs to its building. This is especially problematic for owners of protected 

historic buildings as they must undertake extra measures that are often quite time-consuming. It is a grave 

concern in cases such as this where fines have been sought close to a million dollars, with only proof that 

maintenance activities have occurred, albeit slowly, on a building. The nature of the code as a form 

of strict liability has been admitted in prior cases; however, the City must prove up 

violations to a court. The trial court found that the City did not do so in this case. We do 

not find reason to overturn the trier of fact, who reviewed all evidence and observed the 

testimony of the witnesses while sitting in a court that specializes in these types of 

cases. 

III. CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the trial court. 

Affirmed.

Quinn, P.J. and Campbell, J., concur.