IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2008-KA-00409-SCT

FERNANDO MARTINEZ PARKER a/k/a TAL

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 02/08/2008

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. KENNETH L. THOMAS

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: COAHOMA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: KELSEY LEVOIL RUSHING

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

BY: DEIRDRE McCRORY 

DISTRICT ATTORNEY: LAURENCE Y. MELLEN

NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED; REMANDED FOR

RESENTENCING AS TO COUNT II -

03/25/2010

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE WALLER, C.J., LAMAR AND PIERCE, JJ.

PIERCE, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Fernando Martinez Parker was indicted by a grand jury of Coahoma County in

November 2004 for possession of a firearm on educational property in violation of

Mississippi Code Section 97-37-17, for murder of Jarvis Moore in violation of Mississippi

Code Section 93-3-19, and for aggravated assault of Justin Moore in violation of Mississippi

Code Section 97-3-7(2)(b). Parker was tried and convicted of all three charges. The

Honorable Kenneth Thomas sentenced Parker to life without parole for the murder of Jarvis
The record is inconsistent regarding this friend’s name. The State refers to this friend as 1

Steve Harrison in its opening statement, but two witnesses, Ketrick Buck and Justin Moore, stated

that the friend’s name was Kendrick Harris.

2

Moore, three years for possession of a firearm on educational property, and fifteen years for

aggravated assault of Justin Moore. Aggrieved, Parker appeals his conviction and sentence.

FACTS

¶2. On October 26, 2004, four Coahoma Community College students, Justin Moore,

Jarvis Moore, Ketrick Buck, and John Jamison, walked across campus from their dorm,

Friends Hall, to Moore Hall to get a video game from their friend, Kendrick Harris.1

Kendrick lived on the bottom floor of Moore Hall. When these four men arrived at Moore

Hall, a verbal altercation began between them and a group of students congregating on the

second-floor balcony. The group on the second floor included Vincent Cross, Jonathan

Haney, and Fernando Parker. 

¶3. Justin Moore, Buck, and Haney testified at trial that the verbal altercation quickly

turned into a physical altercation, after which Parker pulled out a gun and began shooting.

Justin Moore and Buck also testified that Parker shot and killed Jarvis Moore and shot and

injured Justin Moore. Both Justin Moore and Buck testified that Parker aimed directly at

Jarvis Moore. Haney hid in a dorm room during the actual shooting, but he testified to seeing

Parker with the gun immediately after the shooting ceased.

¶4. According to law enforcement testimony, officers arrested Parker the following day.

Parker gave a written statement to police after waiving his rights. Parker’s statement, dated

October 27, 2004, reads as follows:
3

I have been going to school at Coahoma Community College for 2 years. I

have lived in the Moore Building the whole time I have been in school. I

started having problems with these guys about a week ago. I only know one

guy’s nickname which is “J Streel”. There are four other guys but I do not

know their names. I was in the dorms, laying on the bench outside my

bedroom when I heard cussing and yelling outside on the balcony. I walked

to the door, which was open, and I got punched in the face. J Streel and

another guy started punching me and I punched them back. I had been

carrying a .380 pistol in my pocket for about a week, and it fell out of my

pocket. I saw J Streel and the guy and I had been fighting punching Vincent

Cross, and I picked up the gun, aimed at the guy I had been fighting, and shot

at least five times. I did not see any other weapons, only people throwing

punches. I shot the guy to get him off me. Everybody started running, and I

ran down the stairs and behind the dorm building. I threw the gun into the

woods, hoping it would land in the water. I ran back to my room, and locked

myself in the closet because I was scared the police would come and I did not

know what they would do. I stayed in the closet a long time until I called my

mother. I told her what happened, and she told me to turn myself in to the

police. I came out the door and did what the officers told me to do.

The statement was signed by Parker and witnessed by then-Officer John Marsh of the

Mississippi Bureau of Investigation. Marsh testified at trial and identified the statement as

having been made by Parker.

¶5. According to trial testimony, the gun used at the shooting was never found. An

Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms trace, however, revealed that Parker owned a Cobra FS380

(or a .380 caliber pistol), which officers identified as the same type of weapon used to kill

Jarvis Moore. The trace document also was entered into evidence. Further, Mississippi

Bureau of Investigation Officer Allen Thompson testified to finding a box of .380 cartridges

in Parker’s dorm room, and Ken Gill, the forensic lab technician, testified to finding six .380

caliber shell casings at the scene. Parker did not testify on his own behalf.

COURSE OF PROCEEDINGS
4

¶6. A grand jury returned an indictment on November 30, 2004, charging Parker with: (1)

possession of a firearm on educational property, (2) the murder of Jarvis Moore, and (3) the

aggravated assault of Justin Moore. The Coahoma County Circuit Court appointed an

attorney for Parker and set the trial date for December 20, 2004. The case was continued five

times over the next three years as different attorneys were appointed, retained, withdrawn,

and reappointed, all while Parker’s status fluctuated between indigent and non-indigent.

¶7. Parker first filed a Motion for Appointment of Attorney on December 7, 2004,

swearing that he had insufficient funds to employ an attorney. The court appointed David

Tisdell, a licensed and practicing Mississippi attorney, to represent Parker. On February 1,

2005, Tisdell filed a Motion to Withdraw because Parker had retained attorney Michael

Robinson of Smith, Rushing, Cotton & Robinson law firm to represent him at trial.

Robinson filed a Motion to Withdraw on May 11, 2005, due to health reasons. The court

denied this request. The court further noted that the firm would not be relieved of its

obligation, though it would entertain another request should Parker retain a different lawyer.

Robinson filed a Motion to Reconsider or in the alternative a Motion to Withdraw one month

later, based again on Robinson’s deteriorating health, the inability of the firm’s other

attorneys to represent Parker due to scheduling conflicts, and the fact that Parker had agreed

to pay the firm $10,000 for representation, but had only paid $2,100 to date. The court

denied the Motion to Reconsider, but granted Robinson’s Motion to Withdraw due to

Parker’s failure to pay. However, the court ordered the firm to refund Parker’s $2,100,

which Parker could use to obtain the attorney of his choice. 
5

¶8. The court also refused to appoint Parker another attorney. Nevertheless, on July 15,

2005, the trial court authorized Parker to proceed in forma pauperis and reappointed Tisdell

to represent Parker. On February 14, 2006, Judge Larry Lewis conducted a jury trial that

ended in a mistrial.

¶9. On February 22, 2006, Tisdell again withdrew due to a conflict of interest with one

of the State’s potential witnesses, and Allan D. Shackleford was appointed as Parker’s

attorney. Shackleford continued to represent Parker through the trial, which finally began

on December 5, 2007. The State’s evidence included eyewitnesses, law enforcement, and

forensic testimony, as well as photographs of physical evidence recovered from the crime

scene. The actual gun was not admitted into evidence, because it was never recovered. 

¶10. After the State rested, the defense moved for a directed verdict, but the trial court

denied this motion. Parker’s trial counsel then rested without making an opening statement

In fact, Parker’s counsel did not call a single witness to the stand (Parker stated at trial that

he chose not to testify). In his summation, Parker’s trial counsel admitted to count one,

firearm possession, but claimed that further testimony was not needed for the other charges

of murder and aggravated assault because the State had not met its burden of proof for these

charges. 

¶11. The trial judge then met with counsel regarding jury instructions. The defense moved

for the inclusion of manslaughter and self-defense instructions; the judge heard arguments

regarding these two instructions. Based only on Parker’s statement, the trial judge allowed

these instructions. Parker’s trial counsel again moved for directed verdict, which the trial

court denied.
6

¶12. The trial concluded on December 7, 2007, with the jury returning guilty verdicts for

firearm possession, murder, and aggravated assault. Judge Kenneth L. Thomas held Parker’s

sentencing hearing on February 8, 2008. Judge Thomas sentenced Parker to three years and

a $1,000 fine for firearm possession, life without parole for murder, and fifteen years for

aggravated assault. Parker was remanded to the custody of the Coahoma County Sheriff’s

Department to be transported to the Mississippi Department of Corrections. Parker’s trial

counsel did not file a motion for a new trial or judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Parker

appeals, and asks that this Court reverse the trial court or, in the alternative, remand for

resentencing.

ANALYSIS

¶13. Parker asserts the following six errors on appeal:

I. Whether the Trial Court Illegally Imposed a Sentence of Life

Without Parole for Parker’s Murder Conviction.

II. Whether the Trial Court Subjected Parker to Double Jeopardy.

III. Whether the Trial Court Erred by Failing to Order a Competency

Hearing.

IV. Whether the Trial Court Erred by Denying Parker’s Motions for

Directed Verdict.

V. Whether Parker’s Trial Counsel Rendered Ineffective Assistance

of Counsel.

VI. Whether Parker Is Entitled to Relief Based on Cumulative Error.

DISCUSSION

¶14. Except for the denial of the motion for directed verdict, all issues are raised for the

first time on appeal. Generally, a party who fails to make a contemporaneous objection at
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trial must rely on plain error to raise the issue on appeal, because otherwise it is procedurally

barred. Walker v. State, 913 So. 2d 198, 216 (Miss. 2005). Plain error exists where such

error affects the defendant’s substantive/fundamental rights, even though no objection was

made at trial. Thus, where Parker’s substantive and fundamental rights are affected, this

Court will apply the plain-error doctrine in reviewing the alleged errors. 

I. Whether the Trial Court Imposed an Illegal Sentence.

¶15. On appeal, Parker argues that the trial court illegally imposed a sentence of life

imprisonment without parole for the murder conviction. This Court agrees with Parker on

this assignment of error, and finds that trial court illegally sentenced Parker to life

imprisonment without parole. The trial court should have sentenced Parker to no more than

life imprisonment. 

¶16. Mississippi Code Section 97-3-21 states:

Every person who shall be convicted of murder shall be sentenced by the court

to imprisonment for life in the State Penitentiary.

Every person who shall be convicted of capital murder shall be sentenced (a)

to death; (b) to imprisonment for life in the State Penitentiary without parole;

or (c) to imprisonment for life in the State Penitentiary with eligibility for

parole as provided in Section 47-7-(1)(f).

Miss. Code. Ann. § 97-3-21 (Rev. 2006) (emphasis added). Parker was indicted and

convicted of deliberate-design murder pursuant to Mississippi Code Section 97-3-19.

Section 97-3-21 permitted the trial court to impose a sentence of only imprisonment for life.

Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-21 (Rev. 2006). The trial court imposed a sentence of life

imprisonment without parole, which exceeded the statutory maximum. Therefore, we find
The statute defines “nonviolent crime” to mean “a felony other than homicide, robbery, 2

manslaughter, sex crimes, arson, burglary of an occupied dwelling, aggravated assault, kidnapping,

felonious abuse of vulnerable adults, felonies with enhanced penalties, the sale or manufacture of

a controlled substance under the Uniform Controlled Substances Law, felony child abuse, or

exploitation or any crime under Section 97-5-33 or Section 97-5-39(2) or 97-5-39(1)(b), 97-5-

39(1)(c) or a violation of Section 63-11-30(5).” Miss. Code Ann. § 47-7-3-(1)(g)(Rev. 2004)

(emphasis added).

8

that Parker should be resentenced in accordance with Mississippi Code Section 93-3-21 on

his murder conviction only.

¶17. Additionally, we take this opportunity to address the argument put forth by the State

that Parker’s sentence was legal under Mississippi Code Section 47-7-3. Mississippi Code

Section 47-7-3 provides, in pertinent part: 

No person shall be eligible for parole who is convicted or whose suspended

sentence is revoked after June 30, 1995, except that an offender convicted of

only nonviolent crimes after June 30, 1995, may be eligible for parole if the

offender meets the requirements in subsection (1) and this paragraph.

Miss. Code Ann. § 47-7-3(1)(g) (Rev. 2004). The Court of Appeals has interpreted this 2

statute to mean that “Mississippi has abolished parole for crimes occurring after June 30,

1995, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 47-7-3(1)(g) (Rev.1993 & Supp.1998)[.]” Wade v.

State, 724 So. 2d 1007, 1007-08 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

¶18. Section 47-7-3 applies only to the internal operating procedures of the Department of

Corrections and the prisons and does not affect a judge’s sentencing prerogative under the

criminal statutes. Thus, the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of Section 47-7-3 is incorrect

because the statute does not “abolish parole.” See Wade, 724 So. 2d at 1007-08. 

II. Whether the Trial Court Subjected Parker to Double Jeopardy.
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¶19. Parker argues that the trial court erred by subjecting him to double jeopardy.

Specifically, Parker claims that he was convicted of capital murder instead of deliberatedesign murder. Parker further argues that capital murder and possession of a firearm on

educational property have the same elements, and that firearm possession on educational

property is a lesser-included offense of capital murder. This Court reviews a claim of double

jeopardy de novo. Boyd v. State, 977 So. 2d 329, 334 (Miss. 2008). 

¶20. The Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall be “subject for the same offence

to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” U.S. Const. amend. V; Deeds v. State, WL

4350783, at * 2 (Miss. Dec. 3, 2009). “Similarly, Section 22 of the Mississippi Constitution

of 1890 provides that ‘no person’s life or liberty shall be twice placed in jeopardy for the

same offense; but there must be an actual acquittal or conviction on the merits to bar another

prosecution.’” Miss. Const. art. 3, § 22; id. at *2.

¶21. In the instant appeal, Parker cites Edwards v. State, 737 So. 2d 275, 321 (Miss. 1999),

to support his position that possession of a firearm on educational property was the

underlying felony in the capital-murder charge and thus the grounds for his double-jeopardy

claim. The defendant in Edwards was charged with two counts of capital murder while

engaged in the commission of an armed robbery, as well as one count of armed robbery. Id.

at 284. This Court held that it was double jeopardy to convict the defendant of both capital

murder with armed robbery as the underlying offense and armed robbery, and reversed the

armed-robbery conviction. Id. at 321.

¶22. The present case is easily distinguished from Edwards. Parker’s indictment charged

him with one count of deliberate-design murder pursuant to Mississippi Code Section 97-3-
10

19, as well as one count of possession of a firearm on educational property pursuant to

Mississippi Code Section 97-37-17. Section 97-3-19(1)(a) defines murder, in part, as “the

killing of a human being without the authority of law by any means or in any manner shall

be murder in the following cases: (a) [w]hen done with deliberate design to effect the death

of the person killed, or of any human being.” Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19(1)(a) (Rev. 2006)

(emphasis added). The elements of firearm possession on educational property include

possessing or carrying a gun, either openly or concealed, on a community college campus.
 Mississippi Code Section 97-37-17 provides, specifically: 3

(1)(a) “Educational property" shall mean any public or private school

building or bus, public or private school campus, grounds, recreational

area, athletic field, or other property owned, used or operated by any

local school board, school, college or university board of trustees, or

directors for the administration of any public or private educational

institution or during a school-related activity, and shall include the

facilities and property of the Oakley and Columbia juvenile training

schools operated by the Department of Human Services; provided,

however, that the term "educational property" shall not include any

sixteenth section school land or lieu land on which is not located a

school building, school campus, recreational area or athletic field. 

(2) It shall be a felony for any person to possess or carry, whether

openly or concealed, any gun, rifle, pistol or other firearm of any kind,

or any dynamite cartridge, bomb, grenade, mine or powerful explosive

on educational property. However, this subsection does not apply to a

BB gun, air rifle or air pistol. Any person violating this subsection shall

be guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not

more than Five Thousand Dollars ($5,000.00), or committed to the

custody of the State Department of Corrections for not more than three

(3) years, or both. 

Miss. Code Ann. § 97-37-17 (Rev. 2006)

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Miss. Code Ann. § 97-37-17(2) (Rev. 2006). The pertinent language of the indictment 3

reads:

(1) [Parker] did unlawfully, willfully and feloniously, without the authority of

law, and with deliberate design effect death, kill and murder a human being,”

and (2) “did unlawfully, willfully and feloniously and without authority of law,

possess a firearm, to-wit: a pistol, while on the campus of Coahoma

Community College . . . .

¶23. Parker’s claim that “the charge in count one encompassed the charge in count II” is

unsupported by the record. Parker was charged with and convicted of separate crimes, as
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evinced by the language in the indictment and the jury instructions. Each charge consists of

entirely different elements, requiring different facts. Double jeopardy is not violated where

a defendant is convicted of separate crimes. See Lee v. State, 469 So. 2d 1225, 1228-29

(Miss. 1985). Thus, it is illogical for Parker to argue on appeal that trial court subjected him

to double jeopardy, as he was not tried twice for the same crime. 

¶24. Additionally, Mississippi Code Section 99-7-2 states:

(1) Two (2) or more offenses which are triable in the same court may be

charged in the same indictment with a separate count for each offense if: (a)

the offenses are based on the same act or transaction; or (b) the offenses are

based on two (2) or more acts or transactions connected together or

constituting parts of a common scheme or plan.

(2) Where two (2) or more offenses are properly charged in separate counts of

a single indictment, all such charges may be tried in a single proceeding.

Miss. Code Ann. § 99-7-2 (Rev. 2007). Here, the trial court correctly tried Parker in a single

proceeding, and Parker’s criminal charges were based on a single, continuous act. Parker’s

offenses were properly charged in separate counts; thus the trial court did not subject Parker

to double jeopardy.

III. Whether the Trial Court Erred by Failing to Order a Mental

Examination.

¶25. Parker further avers that the trial court erred by failing to order a competency hearing

at trial. Parker implies, but does not specifically state, that he is entitled to a new trial, or at

least a competency hearing, because the trial testimony indicated that there was an issue of

the defendant’s competency at the time of the alleged crime. Parker argues that the trial court
 The pertinent language of Uniform Circuit and County Court Rule 9.06 states: 4

If before or during trial the court, of its own motion or upon motion of an

attorney, has reasonable ground to believe that the defendant is incompetent

to stand trial, the court shall order the defendant to submit to a mental

examination by some competent psychiatrist selected by the court in

accordance with § 99-13-11 of the Mississippi Code Annotated of 1972.

After examination the court shall conduct a hearing to determine if the

defendant is competent to stand trial. After hearing all the evidence, the court

shall weigh the evidence and make a determination of whether the defendant

is competent to stand trial. 

Miss. Unif. Cir. & Cty. R. 9.06.

13

never raised an issue of competency or confirmed Parker’s competency as he believes the

law requires, citing Mississippi Uniform Circuit and County Court Rule 9.06 as support.4

¶26. The determination of whether there are reasonable grounds for a competency test is

discretionary with the court. Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1248 (Miss. 1997) overruled

on other grounds by Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 162 (Miss. 1999). The test for

competency to stand trial and thereby whether reasonable grounds exist is “whether the

defendant has ‘sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree

of rational understanding’ and has a rational as well as factual understanding of the

proceedings against him.” Dunn v. State, 693 So. 2d 1333, 1340 (Miss. 1997) (quoting

Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 113 S. Ct. 2680, 125 L. Ed. 2d 321(1993)). 

¶27. We find that Parker’s argument is fatally flawed in two ways. First, Parker alleges

that there were issues surrounding his competency at the time of the crime, and not at the

time of trial, as the rule requires. See Miss. Unif. Cir.& Cty. R. 9.06. Since Parker avers on
 The record lacks any evidence that Parker intended to put forth an insanity defense 5

at trial. 

14

appeal that he was allegedly incompetent at the time of the crime, an insanity defense would

have been more appropriate. 

5

¶28. Second, Parker’s argument fails because he claims, incorrectly, that the rule required

the trial court to bring forth the issue on its own motion. The rule, however, provides that

the court must order a mental examination by some competent psychiatrist only if it has

“reasonable grounds” to do so. Miss. Unif. Cir. & Cty. R. 9.06. Thus, if reasonable grounds

exist, the rule requires that the court order the defendant to submit to a mental examination,

and after such examination, then the court shall conduct a hearing to determine if the

defendant is competent to stand trial. The trial court may raise the issue of competency to

stand trial sua sponte or an attorney may make a motion concerning the defendant’s ability

to stand trial. Miss. Unif. Cir. & Cty. R. 9.06. Here, Parker fails to present any facts on

appeal that the trial court had reasonable grounds to order Parker to submit to a mental

examination; further, the record lacks any evidence to show that Parker’s counsel raised the

issue of his competency to stand trial. Thus, after a thorough review of the record, this Court

finds that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to order a mental examination,

as it had no reasonable grounds to do so.

IV. Whether the Trial Court Erred by Denying Parker’s Motions for

Directed Verdict.

¶29. Parker argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion and renewed motion for

directed verdict. Specifically, Parker claims that the State failed to prove all of the elements
15

of deliberate-design murder. Parker further avers that Buck and Justin Moore, two of the

State’s witnesses testifying against Parker, had an interest in Parker’s conviction, but never

states how or why this was so. On the contrary, the record shows that neither Buck nor Justin

Moore would gain anything from Parker’s conviction, as neither men were ever considered

suspects in the case.

¶30. This Court reviews the denial of a motion for a directed verdict de novo. Branch v.

State, 998 So. 2d 411, 416 (Miss. 2008). “In reviewing a denial of a motion for a directed

verdict, if we determine the evidence points in favor of the defendant on any element of the

offense such that a reasonable juror could not have found the defendant guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt, we must reverse the conviction.” Id. (quoting Coleman v. State, 947 So.

2d 878, 881 (Miss. 2006)).

¶31. The elements for deliberate-design murder are: (1) the defendant killed the victim, (2)

without authority of law, and (3) with deliberate design to effect his death. Miss. Code Ann.

§ 97-3-19 (Rev. 2006). Parker argues that the State never presented proof of each of these

elements, and that, if anything, it minimally made a prima facie case against him. However,

considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence presented was

legally sufficient to support the murder conviction. 

¶32. The evidence in the record clearly shows (1) that Parker was in possession of a .380

caliber weapon and cartridges on the night in question, (2) that Parker shot and injured Justin

Moore, (3) that Parker shot and killed Jarvis Moore, and (4) that Jarvis Moore’s death

resulted from several gunshot wounds originating from a .380 caliber weapon. The
16

evidence further shows that Parker killed Jarvis Moore without the authority of law, as

nothing in the record demonstrates that Parker’s life was in imminent danger. 

¶33. Finally, there is evidence in the record to support the jury’s finding that Parker killed

Jarvis Moore with the deliberate design to effect his death. This Court has acknowledged

“that ‘deliberate design’ to take the life of another connotes intent to kill.” Jones v. State,

710 So. 2d 870, 878 (Miss. 1998) (citing Peterson v. State, 242 So. 2d 420, 427 (Miss.

1970)). “[D]eliberate design to kill a person may be formed very quickly, and perhaps only

moments before the act of consummating the intent.” Brown, 965 So. 2d 1023, 1030 (Miss.

2007) (quoting Gossett v. State, 660 So. 2d 1285, 1293 (Miss. 1995)). Parker admitted in his

statement that he had possessed the gun at least a week prior to the shooting. He further

admitted that, during the shooting, he deliberately aimed at the person who punched him.

Ketrick Buck testified that Parker “popped off a couple of rounds,” paused, then fired more

rapidly, all while aiming at Jarvis Moore. The evidence supports the finding that Parker had

the requisite intent, even if it formed just moments before the act. 

¶34. In light of these facts, this Court finds that the evidence is sufficient to support

Parker’s murder conviction, and that any rational juror could have found beyond a reasonable

doubt that the State proved each element of deliberate-design murder. Thus, the trial court

properly denied Parker’s motion for a directed verdict. 

V. Whether Parker’s Trial Counsel Rendered Ineffective Assistance.

¶35. Next, Parker avers that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to effective

assistance of counsel. Parker assigns the following errors on direct appeal: (1) trial counsel

failed to object to the trial court’s illegal sentence of life without parole; (2) trial counsel
 Rule 22(b) of the Mississippi Rules of Appellate Procedure provides: 6

Issues which may be raised in post-conviction proceedings may also be raised on

direct appeal if such issues are based on facts fully apparent from the record. Where

the appellant is represented by counsel who did not represent the appellant at trial, the

failure to raise such issues on direct appeal shall constitute a waiver barring

consideration of the issues in post-conviction proceedings. 

17

failed to defend Parker against double jeopardy; (3) trial counsel failed to file a motion for

a new trial; and (4) trial counsel failed to raise the issue of competency before the trial court.

¶36. This Court has addressed the proper procedures for reviewing claims for ineffective

assistance of counsel on direct appeal. See Read v. State, 430 So. 2d 832, 841-842 (Miss.

1983). Generally, “ineffective assistance claims are more appropriately brought during postconviction proceedings.” Archer v. State, 986 So. 2d 951, 955 (Miss. 2008). “This is

because on direct appeal the Court is limited to the trial court record in its review of the

claim.” Id. Where the record lacks sufficient evidence to adequately address the claim, this

Court should deny relief, preserving the defendant’s right to argue the issue through a postconviction-relief petition. Id. (citing Wilcher v. State, 863 So. 2d 776, 825 (Miss. 2003)).

This Court may, however, address an ineffectiveness claim on direct appeal if the presented

issues are based on facts fully apparent from the record. Id.; Miss. R. App. P. 22(b). Since 6

the facts and issues are apparent from the record, we will address the merits of Parker’s claim

of ineffective assistance of counsel. 

¶37. The substantive standard of review for an ineffective-assistance claim is a well-settled,

two-pronged principle of law.

In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant

must prove that his attorney's performance was deficient, and that the
18

deficiency was so substantial as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-696, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed.

2d 674 (1984); Wilcher v. State, 479 So. 2d 710, 713 (Miss. 1985); Stringer

v. State, 454 So. 2d 468, 477 (Miss. 1984). This Court looks at the totality of

circumstances to determine whether counsel's efforts were both deficient and

prejudicial. Carney v. State, 525 So. 2d 776, 780 (Miss. 1988); Read v. State,

430 So. 2d 832, 839 (Miss. 1983). “Judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance

[is] highly deferential.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. There is a strong but

rebuttable presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of

reasonable professional assistance. Carney, 525 So. 2d at 780; Gilliard v.

State, 462 So. 2d 710, 714 (Miss. 1985). Only where it is reasonably probable

that but for the attorney's errors, the outcome of the trial would have been

different, will we find that counsel's performance was deficient. Dickey v.

State, 662 So. 2d 1106, 1109 (Miss. 1995); Reed v. State, 536 So. 2d 1336,

1339 (Miss. 1988).

Holly v. State, 716 So. 2d 979, 989 (Miss. 1998). 

¶38. Furthermore, the appellant bears “the burden of proving that counsel's performance

was deficient and prejudicial.” Branch v. State, 882 So. 2d 36, 52 (Miss. 2004) (citing

Hansen v. State, 649 So. 2d 1256, 1258 (Miss.1994)). Additionally, there is no constitutional

right to errorless counsel. Id.(citing Stack v. State, 860 So. 2d 687, 696 (Miss. 2003));

Cabello v. State, 524 So. 2d 313, 315 (Miss. 1988); Mohr v. State, 584 So. 2d 426, 430

(Miss. 1991) (Court held that the right to effective counsel does not entitle defendant to have

an attorney who makes no mistakes at trial; defendant merely has right to have competent

counsel).

A. Failure to object to trial court’s imposition of an

illegal sentence.

¶39. First, Parker argues that he was constitutionally denied effective assistance of counsel,

because his trial counsel failed to object to the trial court’s imposition of an illegal sentence.
19

Parker believes that his trial counsel should have objected to this error by the trial court, and,

because he did not, that he was denied effective assistance of counsel. 

¶40. Generally, the decision to make certain objections falls within the realm of trial

strategy and is not grounds for a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Spicer v. State,

973 So. 2d 184, 203 (Miss. 2007). In the instant case, however, we cannot say that trial

counsel’s failure to object falls within the realm of trial strategy, as Parker’s trial counsel

should have objected to such error by the trial court. 

¶41. Nevertheless, Parker fails to show on appeal how such conduct by the trial counsel

prejudiced his case. Despite there being no objection by Parker’s trial counsel, this Court

reviewed this issue under the plain-error doctrine; we therefore direct that Parker shall be

sentenced properly on remand. 

B. Failure to defend against double jeopardy.

¶42. Next, Parker argues ineffective assistance based on the trial counsel’s failure to defend

Parker against double jeopardy. Parker avers that he was convicted of capital murder, and

that this, along with his conviction for possession of a firearm on school property, somehow

implicates the Double Jeopardy Clause of the federal and state constitutions. As discussed

above, we find this argument to be without merit. 

¶43. The record is clear that Parker was charged with and convicted of deliberate-design

murder, as evinced by the language in the indictment and the jury instructions. Therefore,

Parker’s possession of a firearm on school property was not a lesser-included offense,

because Parker was not charged with or convicted of capital murder. Parker was charged

with and convicted of three separate crimes that required different facts and different
20

elements of proof. See Miss. Code Ann. §§ 97-3-19, 97-3-7(2)(b) and 97-37-17 (Rev. 2006).

Thus, Parker was not subjected to double jeopardy, and failing to defend against such in this

case does not constitute deficient performance under prong one of Strickland. 

C. Failure to raise competency issue.

¶44. Parker also argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to

raise the issue of competency at trial. The record is devoid of any evidence to show that the

trial court had reasonable grounds to order a mental examination pursuant to Mississippi

Uniform Circuit and County Court Rule 9.06. Because the record lacks any evidence that

would suggest Parker was incompetent, we cannot conclude that Parker’s counsel acted

ineffectively under this assignment of error. See Jordan v. State, 995 So. 2d 94, 110 (Miss.

2008) (citing Conley v. State, 790 So. 2d 773, 784 (Miss. 2001)); Miss. R. App. P. 28(a)(6).

D. Failure to Make Post-trial Motions. 

¶45. Finally, Parker argues that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to

make a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) or, in the alternative, a new

trial. In fact, the record lacks any post-trial motions except for Parker’s notice of appeal. 

¶46. In Holland v. State, this Court dealt with whether a lawyer’s failure to make any posttrial motions constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Holland v. State, 656 So. 2d 1192

(Miss. 1995). The trial lawyer in Holland failed to make any post-trial motions, to move for

a directed verdict, or even to ask for a peremptory instruction. Id. at 1197. On appeal, the

Court found that the lawyer’s performance amounted to ineffective assistance of counsel

because the omissions (1) “deprived the trial judge of the of the opportunity to reexamine
21

possible errors at trial” which (2) “deprived Holland of a fair trial.” Id. (following the

Strickland standard). 

¶47. In Simon v. State, this Court distinguished Holland somewhat by stating that, “[I]n

Holland this Court was concerned with the fact that the trial counsel had completely failed

to give the trial court the opportunity to review the sufficiency of the evidence at the end of

the trial.” Simon, 857 So. 2d 668, 690 (Miss. 2003) (citing Holland v. State, 656 So. 2d at

1197) (emphasis added). In Simon, trial counsel failed to move for a directed verdict at the

close of all evidence, but did file a motion for JNOV, or, in the alternative, a new trial. Id.

The Simon Court found that trial counsel’s conduct did not constitute ineffective assistance

of counsel. Id. In the instant case, Parker moved for a directed verdict both at the close of

the State’s case-in-chief and again at the end of the trial. Thus, the trial judge had two

opportunities to review the legal sufficiency of the evidence, as previously discussed in Issue

IV. 

¶48. We note, however, that “[I]n a criminal proceeding, motions for a directed verdict

[and JNOV] challenge the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the guilty verdict.”

Croft v. State, 992 So. 2d 1151, 1157 (Miss. 2008). Here, the trial court had an opportunity

to review the legal sufficiency of the evidence, but did not have an opportunity to review the

weight of the evidence, as Parker’s counsel failed to file a motion for a new trial. Stewart v.

State, 909 So. 2d 52, 56 (Miss. 2005) (citing Sheffield v. State, 749 So. 2d 123, 127 (Miss.

1999)) (outlining the standard of review for motions for a new trial). Thus, if the rules from

Holland and Simon are applied to this case, the failure to file a motion for a new trial

constituted a deficient performance under prong one of Strickland, since the trial judge did
22

not have an opportunity to reconsider whether the verdict was contrary to the overwhelming

weight of the evidence. However, Parker’s argument must also satisfy prong two under

Strickland. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674

(1984).

¶49. Even though the trial counsel’s failure to move for a new trial constituted deficient

performance, Parker fails to show how such deficiency prejudiced his case. Specifically,

Parker failed to show how the filing of a motion for JNOV or, in the alternative, a new trial

would have changed the outcome of the proceedings. There was no reasonable probability

that the trial judge would have granted the motion for a new trial had he been afforded a

second chance to review the evidence, as two eyewitnesses testified at trial to seeing Parker

use a gun on school property to injure Justin Moore and to kill Jarvis Moore. The evidence

in the record overwhelmingly supports the verdict. Further, Parker bears the burden of

proving ineffective assistance of counsel, and without showing how trial counsel’s failure

to make a post-trial motion prejudiced the outcome of his case, he simply does not meet that

burden. Thus, this issue is without merit.

VI. Whether Parker Is Entitled to Relief Based on Cumulative Error.

¶50. In this assignment of error, Parker argues individual errors occurred that, when

considered cumulatively, denied him the right to a fair and impartial trial. In cases where this

Court finds harmless error or error that is not reversible in and of itself, the Court has the

discretion to determine on a case-by-case basis whether the errors require reversal due to the

resulting cumulative prejudicial effect. Byrom v. State, 863 So. 2d 836, 847 (Miss. 2003).

However, if there is no “reversible error in any part, so there is no reversible error to the
23

whole.” Duncan v. State, 939 So. 2d 772, 784 (Miss. 2006) (citing McFee v. State, 511 So.

2d 130, 139 (Miss. 1987)). 

¶51. Parker avers that the cumulative effect of the alleged errors at trial prejudiced his case

and deprived him of his fundamental right to a fair trial. The issues addressed previously,

however, do not rise to the level of reversible error, either standing alone or when considered

as a whole. Therefore, this assignment of error is without merit.

CONCLUSION

¶52. For the foregoing reasons, the jury convictions of murder, aggravated assault, and

possession of a firearm on educational property are affirmed. However, we vacate the

sentence of life without parole for the murder conviction and remand for resentencing within

the statutory guidelines.

¶53. COUNT I: CONVICTION OF POSSESSION OF A FIREARM ON CAMPUS

AND SENTENCE OF THREE (3) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI

DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, AFFIRMED. COUNT II: CONVICTION OF

MURDER, AFFIRMED. SENTENCE OF LIFE WITHOUT PAROLE IS VACATED

AND THIS CASE IS REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING AS TO COUNT II.

COUNT III: CONVICTION OF AGGRAVATED ASSAULT AND SENTENCE OF

FIFTEEN (15) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT

OF CORRECTIONS, AFFIRMED. THE SENTENCES IMPOSED IN COUNTS I

AND III OF THIS CAUSE SHALL RUN CONCURRENTLY WITH EACH OTHER

AND CONSECUTIVELY TO ANY AND ALL SENTENCES PREVIOUSLY

IMPOSED.

WALLER, C.J., CARLSON, P.J., DICKINSON, RANDOLPH, LAMAR,

KITCHENS AND CHANDLER, JJ., CONCUR. GRAVES, P.J., CONCURS IN

RESULT ONLY.