In the United States Court of Federal Claims

OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS

No. 16-171V

(to be published)

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chief Special Master Corcoran

C.N., by his mother and natural *

guardian, PHUONG DINH, *

* Filed: February 14, 2022

Petitioner, *

v. *

*

SECRETARY OF HEALTH *

AND HUMAN SERVICES, *

*

Respondent. *

*

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Renee J. Gentry, Vaccine Injury Clinic, George Washington Univ. Law School, 

Washington, DC, for Petitioner.

Sarah B. Rifkin, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

ENTITLEMENT DECISION1

On February 4, 2016, Phuong Dinh filed a petition for compensation under the National 

Vaccine and Injury Compensation Program (the “Vaccine Program”).2 (ECF No. 1) (“Pet.”). 

Petitioner alleged that her child, C.N., developed chronic eczema, also called atopic dermatitis 

(“AD”), as a result of vaccines he received on May 29 and June 26, 2013, when he was 

approximately two to three months old. Pet. at 1. 

1 This Decision shall be posted on the Court of Federal Claims’ website in accordance with the E-Government Act of 

2002, 44 U.S.C. § 3501 (2012)). This means that the Decision will be available to anyone with access to the 

internet. As provided by 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)(B), however, the parties may object to the Decision’s inclusion 

of certain kinds of confidential information. Specifically, under Vaccine Rule 18(b), each party has fourteen days 

within which to request redaction “of any information furnished by that party: (1) that is a trade secret or commercial 

or financial in substance and is privileged or confidential; or (2) that includes medical files or similar files, the 

disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.” Vaccine Rule 18(b). Otherwise, the 

whole Decision will be available to the public. Id.

2 The Vaccine Program comprises Part 2 of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 

100 Stat. 3758, codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-10 through 34 (2012) [hereinafter “Vaccine Act” or “the 

Act”]. Individual section references hereafter will be to Section 300aa of the Act (but will omit the statutory prefix).
2 

 I have determined the matter could best be resolved via ruling on the record. Now, based 

on review of the medical records and expert reports submitted by each side, I deny an entitlement 

award. C.N.’s medical history suggests his AD preceded the relevant vaccinations, and 

insufficient evidence has been offered to prove that any symptoms experienced thereafter were 

more than temporally associated. 

I. Medical History

 

Birth and Early History

 C.N. (Petitioner’s fourth child) was born on March 29, 2013, and had a normal newborn 

screening. Ex. 7 at 4, 26. His skin was described as “well-perfused, warm and dry; brisk capillary 

refill; no rashes or lesions noted.” Ex. 5 at 12. At a one-month check-up, on April 30, 2013, C.N.

was deemed to be healthy, although he experienced frequent spit-ups that were noted as evidence 

of possible reflux. Ex. 7 at 25. 

 Vaccinations and First Clinical Indicia of Dermatitis

C.N. had his two-month checkup on May 29, 2013. Ex. 7 at 24. At this point, his 

pediatrician noticed “dry cheeks + scalp” and “eczema—vaseline” under “assessment”—and thus 

some kind of eczema was present even before C.N. received any of the vaccines at issue. Id. C.N. 

received the HiB, Prevnar 13, and Rotarix vaccines3 that day as well. Id. at 6. Petitioner has alleged

that the night of May 29th, C.N. was unable to sleep, had a fever, and was crying. Ex. 19 at 4. Then,

two days after (May 31, 2013) he allegedly developed red spots on his face and his skin became 

dry, later becoming itchy, although it gradually improved by June 2013. Id. 

There is a several-week gap in the treatment history filed in this case, with no evidence that 

Petitioner sought treatment for C.N. due to rash or skin concerns. Then, on June 26, 2013, C.N. 

returned to his pediatrician and received his four-month-old vaccines—including Pediarix, a 

combination of Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, and polio vaccines. Ex. 7 at 6. The 

concerns Petitioner has included in her fact affidavit about a reaction to the May 2013 vaccinations 

are not memorialized in this particular record, although it does contain notes observing the 

presence of “red scaly dry cheeks + scalp.” Id. at 23. 

3 The HiB vaccine is the Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine usually given at a child’s two-month vaccination. Hib 

VIS, CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/visstatements/hib html (last visited Jan. 11, 2022). The Prevnar 13 vaccine is the “pneumococcal 13-valent Conjugate 

Vaccine” that is an “[a]ctive immunization for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae 

serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F in children 6 weeks through 5 years of age.” Prevnar 

13, FDA, https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/prevnar-13 (last visited Jan. 11, 2022). Rotavirus 

vaccines are “an oral solution containing a live, attenuated human rotavirus strain; active against serotypes G1, G3, 

G4, and G9.” Rotavirus vaccines, DORLAND’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY ONLINE, 

https://www.dorlandsonline.com/dorland/definition?id=119634 (last visited Jan. 11, 2022).
3 

Petitioner alleges that (as with the May vaccinations) on the night of the June vaccinations 

C.N. experienced a fever reaching 102 °F, cried the entire night, and resisted drinking his formula. 

Ex 19 at 5. She adds that the following day (June 27, 2013), C.N. did not smile or make eye contact, 

developing red spots on his face, arms, legs, and body. Id. These then turned into big reddishpurple patches over his body and he “continued to refuse his formula and would cry often, 

especially after he woke up from his short naps.” Id. There are no contemporaneous medical 

records confirming these contentions, however. 

Dermatitis Diagnosis and Efforts at Treatment 

C.N.’s next visit to his pediatrician was on July 15, 2013, with concerns of continued “red 

dry cheeks w/ scaly dry scalp.” Ex. 7 at 22. At that visit C.N. was diagnosed with moderate to 

severe atopic dermatitis. Id. A week later, on July 22, 2013, Dr. Tung Duc Nguyen, a pediatrician, 

made notes of C.N. having scaly patches on his skin and “yellow crusted patches” on his scalp. 

Ex. 9 at 3. C.N. was subsequently diagnosed with a cow milk protein allergy, with his AD 

exacerbation noted (along with some reflux), and he was referred to a children’s hospital allergist 

and dermatologist for further work-up. Ex. 7 at 20, 21. 

Dr. Lan Tu saw C.N. at Potomac Medical Center on August 19, 2013, with the chief 

complaint of a “[b]ody rash, sticky eyes. Itching skin.” Ex. 10 at 1. There were notes of “onset of 

intermittent body skin itching, aggravated by dry weather.” Id. Examination revealed “scattered 

erythematous, maculopapular lesions scattered all over body, with some excoriations noted, some 

urticaria.” Id. at 2. C.N. was diagnosed with dermatitis likely attributable to “recent onset of 

intermittent body skin itching, aggravated by dry weather.” Id. at 3. The recommendation was for 

C.N. to “avoid strong soaps and cleaners, some perfumes and makeup, substances such as chlorine 

(as in swimming pool), mineral oil, or solvents, dust and cigarette smoke” along with using 

“enough lubricants after bath” and “avoid long or hot baths and showers.” Id. Two days later 

(August 21, 2013), C.N. returned for an allergy skin test and the finding was of dermatitis, with

“scattered erythematous, maculopapular lesions scattered all over body, with some excoriations 

noted, some urticaria.” Id. at 4.

C.N. went to visit Nurse Practitioner Laura Noonan on August 22, 2013, and August 28, 

2013. Ex. 17 at 3–4. At that point his condition had improved, and he was eating better after his 

formula version had been changed. Id. C.N.’s labs showed “very elevated absolute eosinophil 

counts, elevated RAST to peanut, egg, and wheat. Negative to corn, milk, and soy,” and a normal 

hypereosinophilia panel. Id. He was again diagnosed with AD plus eosinophilia.4 Id. 

4 Eosinophilia is “the formation and accumulation of an abnormally large number of eosinophils in the blood.” 

Eosinophilia, DORLAND’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY ONLINE, 

https://www.dorlandsonline.com/dorland/definition?id=16719&searchterm=eosinophilia (last visited Jan. 12, 2022). 
4 

In September 2013, C.N. was taken to a dermatologist, who observed the existence of a

full body rash and provided treatment instructions for additional topical ointments plus 

medications (including antibiotics and antihistamines). Ex. 11 at 4–5. C.N. also saw NP Noonan 

again that same month. Ex. 17 at 2. His eczema has worsened, and the rash at this time was patchy 

and very irritated, with erythema and popular rash on bilateral cheeks and around his eyes. Id. The 

rash and associated dermatitis continued on into that fall, despite treatment efforts. Ex. 7 at 16; Ex. 

12 at 17. At an October 24, 2013 doctor’s visit, exam revealed “worsening red dry skin lesions on 

ext x 4 and lower back.” Ex. 7 at 16. 

Worsening of Condition into 2014 

Despite Petitioner’s best efforts, C.N.’s condition remained resistant to treatment, and by 

March 2014 he was hospitalized for severe eczema and fever. Ex. 7 at 50. His physical examination 

noted the presence of “diffuse disseminated eczematous rash surrounded by multiple uniform and 

crusted vesicles.” Id. at 52. C.N. was now diagnosed with eczema herpeticum after he tested

positive for HSV 1.

5 Ex. 5 at 103. On his second day of hospitalization, C.N.’s skin lesions had 

improved without any new outbreaks. Ex. 7 at 52. The following month, on April 2, 2014, C.N. 

was noted as having improved slightly, but with continued flare-ups. Ex. 8 at 3. At an appointment 

with NP Noonan, he displayed on exam two to three “very swollen and inflamed patches on his 

right forearm.” Id. 

 C.N.’s AD persisted into 2015, with his family even trying to go to Vietnam in February 

2015 to see if the condition would improve. Ex. 7 at 9; Ex. 19 at 8. C.N. was referred to an allergist 

and dermatologist in April 2015. Ex. 7 at 7. A different dermatologist who saw him on May 13, 

2015, recorded dermatitis on his face and body, eczematous inflammation characterized, and he 

was not using medication, so he was prescribed additional treatments. Ex. 14 at 1, 3. The records 

filed in this case reveal that continuing into 2016, C.N. was still displaying “red swollen wet 

eczema lesions,” with cellulitis and eczema. Ex. 18 at 8. Homeopathic remedies have also been 

attempted. Ex. 20. 

II. Expert Reports

A. Joseph Bellanti, M.D. 

 

Dr. Bellanti filed four expert reports on behalf of C.N. Report, dated April 12, 2017, filed 

as Ex. 22 (ECF No. 34-2) (“First Bellanti Rep.”); Report, dated November 8, 2017, filed as Ex. 28 

5 HSV 1, also called human herpes simplex virus, often causes cold sores and “is an etiologic agent of herpes simplex 

and causes predominantly nongenital infections.... The virus can pass along nerves and remain latent in ganglia, from 

which it may be reactivated.” Human Herpesvirus 1, DORLAND’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY ONLINE, 

https://www.dorlandsonline.com/dorland/definition?id=80846 (last visited Jan. 12, 2022). 
5

(ECF No. 43-2) (“Second Bellanti Rep.”); Report, dated May 17, 2018, filed as Ex. 33 (ECF No. 

52-2) (“Third Bellanti Rep.”); Report, dated March 6, 2019, filed as Ex. 35 (ECF No. 61-2)

(“Fourth Bellanti Rep.”). Dr. Bellanti opines that the vaccines C.N. received in May–June 2013 

caused his AD.

Dr. Bellanti is a board-certified physician. Ex. 23, dated February 3, 2013, at 4 (ECF No. 

34-3) (“Bellanti CV”). He currents works as a Professor of Pediatrics and MicrobiologyImmunology at the Georgetown University School of Medicine, and is the Director at the 

International Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Immunology at Georgetown University.

Bellanti CV at 1. Dr. Bellanti also works as a Pediatrician at the Georgetown University Hospital; 

at the Children’s Hospital National Medical Center as an Academic Staff in Pediatrics; at the 

Virginia Hospital Center in the Department of Pediatrics; at the INOVA Fairfax Hospital in the 

Department of Pediatrics; and as the Medical Director of SmarTravel International Health and 

Advanced Health Resources, L.L.C. Id.

Dr. Bellanti attended the University of Buffalo for undergraduate and medical school.

Bellanti CV at 3. He then did a residency in Pediatrics at the Children’s Hospital of Buffalo. Id.

He continued on with a Special NIH Trainee in Immunology at the J. Hillis Miller Health Center 

at the University of Florida and was a Research Virologist at the Walter Reed Army Institute of 

Research. Id. Dr. Bellanti has given multiple international lectures in immunology. Id. at 9–11. He 

has also published numerous articles, abstracts, and books/book chapters on the immune response, 

pediatrics, and vaccines. Id. at 12–46.

First Report

Dr. Bellanti’s first report (three pages in substantive length, and hence somewhat summary 

in nature) described the series of vaccines that C.N. received in May–June 2013, noting the 

symptoms Petitioner alleges were experienced immediately thereafter. First Bellanti Rep. at 2. He 

then proposed several possible mechanisms of how the vaccines could in combination cause C.N.’s 

eczema. Id.

Although the majority of those who get vaccinated do not experience adverse reactions, 

Dr. Bellanti noted, some patients do—likely in part because of their genetics and immune status.

First Bellanti Rep. at 2. Vaccination in that kind of susceptible individual can result in pathology. 

In particular, he maintained, vaccines “can result in immune dysregulation and inflammation” 

through their contents, causing “an abnormal alteration of macrophage function, and inflammatory 

reactions (i.e. atopic dermatitis).” Id. at 3.

Dr. Bellanti’s causation theory was rooted in the nature of AD. As he explained, “[s]everal

cofactors” are relevant to AD’s course, and he listed impairment of the skin barrier, immune 
6 

system issues, and genetic background as all relevant. First Bellanti Rep. at 2. Macrophages (a 

kind of immune cell)

6 are pivotal to this process at a cellular level, since they can accumulate

acutely in inflamed skin. Id. at 3; S. Kasraie & T. Werfel, Role of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis 

of Atopic Dermatitis, 13 Mediators of Inflammation 1 (2013), filed as Ex. 24 (ECF No. 35-2) 

(“Kasraie & Werfel”). Although in the early stages of an inflammatory process these macrophages 

can help resolve inflammation, the persistence of it and accompanying “altered function of 

macrophages” can lead to chronic inflammatory diseases like AD. First Bellanti Rep. at 3. 

Kasraie & Werfel does not say anything about how vaccination might cause aberrant 

macrophage activity in association with AD’s pathogenesis. But Dr. Bellanti attempted to connect 

the two with other evidence. Vaccines, he explained, are multi-ingredient preparations, often 

containing adjuvants such as “cationic aluminum compounds and virus-like particles (VLPs).” 

First Bellanti Rep. at 2. One recent study observed (via electron-microscope) the presence of solid 

contaminants (identified in other literature to be non-biodegradable and non-biocompatible) left 

after vaccination. Id. at 3; A. Gatti & S. Montanari, New Quality-Control Investigations on 

Vaccines: Micro- and Nanocontamination, 4 Int. J. Vaccin. & Vaccination 72 (2017), filed as Ex. 

25 (ECF No. 35-3) (“Gatti & Montanari”). Gatti & Montanari evaluated 44 vaccines administered 

in Italy and France through an in vitro/laboratory test, and revealed the presence of a variety of 

compounds or metallic elements left after vaccination but not identified in the vaccine package 

inserts as components. Gatti & Montanari at 75. These unexpected foreign bodies had the 

capability to induce inflammatory responses (although the study did not specifically analyze that 

capacity), and the study’s authors urged better manufacturing quality control to limit the problem. 

Id. at 85. 

More specifically, Dr. Bellanti maintained that “intracytoplasmic inclusions” consistent 

with aluminum hydroxide (commonly used as a vaccine adjuvant to spur the immune response) 

had been detected in macrophages of certain kinds of studied individuals. First Bellanti Rep. at 3; 

R. Gherardi et al., Macrophagic Myofasciitis Lesions Assess Long-Term Persistence of VaccineDerived Aluminium Hydroxide in Muscle, 124 Brain 1821 (2001), filed as Ex. 26 (ECF No. 35-4) 

(“Gherardi”). Gherardi used electron microscopy to look for the presence of this aluminum 

adjuvant in the macrophages of 40 individuals who had been diagnosed with macrophagic 

myofasciitis (“MMF”)—a wholly-distinguishable condition from AD, involving muscle tissue 

6 Macrophages are “any of the many forms of mononuclear phagocytes found in tissues.” Macrophage, Dorland’s 

Medical Dictionary Online, https://www.dorlandsonline.com/dorland/definition?id=29296&searchterm=macrophage

(last visited Feb. 7, 2022). They have many functions including “nonspecific phagocytosis and pinocytosis, specific 

phagocytosis of opsonized microorganisms (mediated by Fc receptors and complement receptors); killing of ingested 

microorganisms; digestion and presentation of antigens to T and B lymphocytes; and secretion of many different 

productions, including enzymes (lysozyme, collagenases, elastase), acid hydrolases, several complement components 

and coagulation factors, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and regulatory molecules such as interferon and interleukin1.” Id. 
7

inflammation (rather than skin).

7 Gherardi at 1822. The adjuvant was detected in the lesions 

associated with MMF and deemed to have persistence there was well (when measured from the 

time of vaccination). Id. at 1829. In addition, certain animal studies specific to MMF (not the same 

condition as AD, it should be noted) revealed that “biopersistent nanomaterials” in MMF-impacted 

tissue (specifically the alum-based adjuvant) would later be taken up through an immune systemmediated process to the lymph nodes, eventually to circulate in the brain. First Bellanti Rep. at 3.

An infant like C.N., Dr. Bellanti concluded, was likely to experience “persistent systemic 

abnormalities in the skin and other organs” after vaccination. First Bellanti Rep. at 3. This, coupled 

with some underlying sensitivity to vaccination (as reflected in the fact that his siblings had also 

experienced eczema or other allergic conditions)8 and/or genetic predisposition to AD generally, 

explained how vaccination might have caused C.N.’s symptoms. Id.

Second Report

Dr. Bellanti’s next report was longer than the first, and was mostly a reaction to the opinion 

set forth by Respondent’s expert (Dr. Gary Rachelefsky), contesting the accuracy of certain 

rebuttal points contained therein. Second Bellanti Rep. at 1. 

First, Dr. Bellanti discussed Dr. Rachelefsky’s contentions about susceptibility and what 

he termed “human immune system variation.” Second Bellanti Rep. at 2. Vaccine reactions were 

not merely random, unpredictable transient occurrences (as Dr. Rachelefsky proposed), but instead 

reflected “human immune system variation”—a concept supported by literature. Id. at 2; P. Brodin 

& M. Davis, Human Immune System Variation, 17 NAT. REV. IMMUNOLOGY 21 (2017), filed as 

Ex. 29 (ECF No. 44-2) (“Brodin”). Brodin, Dr. Bellanti explained, observed the existence of 

specific “immunotypes,” or subgroups of individuals whose reaction to different vaccines would 

be uncharacteristic of most individuals (and could in fact experience aberrant responses more 

often). Second Bellanti Rep. at 2. 

Second, Dr. Bellanti attempted to bulwark his assertion that vaccination could effectively 

“prime” an aberrant immune response against unrelated antigens. Second Bellanti Rep. at 3. 

Viruses like the cytomegalovirus (“CMV”), he observed, had been found to have the capability to 

induce change in a host’s immune response, even on reactivation, and could specifically increase 

7 In another case, I considered MMF, a “condition manifested by diffuse pain in the muscle(s) and highly specific 

myopathological [] alterations.” Morris v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 12-415V, 2016 WL 3022141, at *3 n.9 

(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 1, 2016). But I denied compensation, finding (among several things) that (a) the petitioner 

did not likely suffer from MMF, and (b) that the vaccines in question were not otherwise demonstrated to be capable 

of causing mylagias due to the adjuvants they contained. Id. at *11–13.

8 As to the siblings, one had allergic rhinitis, which is closely tied to AD. Ex. 34 at 8 (ECF No. 56-2). Another sister 

also suffered from allergic rhinitis that was acute. Id. at 20, 22. C.N.’s final sibling also suffered from dermatitis and 

mild eczema. Id. at 26, 35. 
8

the number of CMV-specific T cells. Id.; D. Furman et al., Cytomegalovirus Infection Enhances 

the Immune Response to Influenza, 7 SCIENCE TRANSLATES MEDICINE 281 (2015), filed as Ex. 30

(ECF No. 44-3) (“Furman”). The response to CMV could even impact the immune response to 

different viruses, like influenza. Second Bellanti Rep. at 3.

Finally, Dr. Bellanti took issue with what he deemed Dr. Rachelefsky’s failure to 

acknowledge literature supporting the connection between several vaccines and AD. Second 

Bellanti Rep. at 3–4. One article, for example, had observed an increase of AD in approximately 

eight percent of children receiving the HiB vaccine (which was among the vaccines administered 

to C.N. on May 29, 2013). I. Wang et al., Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Combination Vaccines 

and Atopic Disorders: A Prospective Cohort Study, 111 J. of Formosan Medical Association 711, 

716 (2012), filed as Ex. 32 (ECF No. 44-5) (“Wang”). Wang specifically used a prospective 

longitudinal cohort from Taiwan with a random sampling of 24,200 pairs of parents and newborns, 

after follow-up 20,172 children were part of the study. Wang at 712–13. A statistical analysis was 

then conducted dependent upon vaccination status. Id. at 713. But Wang’s authors deemed the 

vaccine to have a “trivial adverse impact” risk, and noted the need for further investigation. Id. at 

716–17.

Dr. Bellanti otherwise repeated his prior contentions that causation was established. Second 

Bellanti Rep. at 4. And he deemed the onset of C.N.’s AD to have occurred “in an appropriate 

timing” after receipt of the vaccines, although he did not expressly set forth (in this or his prior 

report) any details of how long a timeframe was medically acceptable, or why. Id.

Third Report

Dr. Bellanti’s third report continued the back-and-forth with Dr. Rachelefsky. In particular, 

Dr. Bellanti critiqued Dr. Rachelefsky’s rejection of the possible general association between 

vaccines and allergy/asthma, noting that the point was raised rhetorically by Dr. Rachelefsky but 

never addressed directly. Third Bellanti Rep. at 1. In so doing, Dr. Bellanti maintained that Dr. 

Rachelefsky had engaged in a “pedantic and somewhat rambling” discussion that was outdated in 

parts and ultimately did not support the conclusion that vaccines could not cause or exacerbate an 

allergic disease.

Dr. Bellanti then submitted in full an abstract that he reported had been presented at the 

Annual Meeting of the American College of Allergy, Asthma Immunology. Third Bellanti Rep. at 

1–2; H. Mehta et al., Allergic Reactions to Vaccines, Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunology P148 

(2012), filed as Ex. 38 (ECF No. 76-2) (“Mehta”). Mehta was a case report on two patients, one 

being an 11-year-old male and the second a 6-year-old male. Mehta at P148. The first had

“developed respiratory distress, seizure-like stiffening, and a fever after administration of DTaP, 

Hib and Polio at his 2 month visit.” Id. The second patient, after receiving boosters of DTaP and 
9 

pneumococcal vaccine “developed nodules at the injection site 1–2 days following administration, 

which thus far have persisted for 6 years.” Id. This patient had “hypersensitivity to aluminum, 

neomycin and formaldehyde by patch testing which were present in these vaccines.” Id. Its authors 

noted that reactions could be both local or systemic and immediate or delayed. Id.

 Fourth Report 

Dr. Bellanti’s fourth report noted that he had reviewed C.N.’s siblings’ medical records as 

well, determining that they also likely possessed a susceptibility for AD, albeit of a milder sort. 

Fourth Bellanti Rep. at 1. This difference did not, however, weigh against causation, since AD (the 

product of an interplay of environmental, genetic, and immunological factors) could result in 

different presentations in different individuals. Id. at 1–2. 

Next, Dr. Bellanti offered two recently published articles or textbook selections (one of 

which he was the author) that he felt further underscored his theory’s validity. Fourth Bellanti Rep. 

at 3; J. Bellanti, Genetics/epigenetics/allergy: The Gun is Loaded...but What Pulls the Trigger?, 

40 Allergy Asthma Proc. 76 (2019), filed as Ex. 36 (ECF No. 62-2) (“Bellanti”); J. Kim et al., 

Pathophysiology of Atopic Dermatitis: Clinical Implications, 40 Allergy Asthma Proc. 84 (2019), 

filed as Ex. 37 (ECF No. 62-3) (“Kim”). Dr. Bellanti’s own article discussed “the relationship of 

epigenetics9 with genetics,” showing how the latter was responsible for the former in determining 

expression of the genes. Fourth Bellanti Rep. at 3. Further, the article discussed how in general 

allergic diseases reflect chronic inflammation mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE). Bellanti at 

76. The article goes into detail on epigenetics and how the genotype is expressed into the 

phenotype of an allergic disease. Id. at 77, 81. The article reiterated the interplay between genetics, 

immunological development and environmental factors in the development of AD that Dr. 

Bellanti’s prior reports had proposed. Id. at 82. 

The second article, Kim, looked at “the role of genetic predisposition, epidermal barrier 

disruption, and dysregulation of the immune system are described together with epigenetics as 

critical components of AD.” Fourth Bellanti Rep. at 3. This article addressed the filaggrin (“FLG”) 

gene that encodes the FLG protein, and that, when mutated, could be associated with severe AD. 

Kim at 84. It also addressed the role of epigenetics in the regulation of gene expression without 

affecting the DNA sequence, specifically that environmental exposure induces such changes. Id.

at 85. Kim also discussed the importance of damage to the skin barrier as encouraging heightened 

sensitization that could lead to the development of AD. Id. at 86. The rest of Kim focused mostly 

on the treatment of AD and different studies that have looked at treatment options. Id. at 87–89. 

9 Epigenetics is “the study of heritable changes in the function of genes that occur without changes in the DNA 

sequence, occurring during development and cell proliferation and including mechanisms such as DNA methylation, 

histone modification, and RNA interference.” Epigenetics, DORLAND’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY ONLINE, 

https://www.dorlandsonline.com/dorland/definition?id=16848 (last visited Jan. 21, 2022).
10

B. Dr. Gary Rachelefsky

Dr. Rachelefsky filed three expert reports on behalf of Respondent. Report, dated July 18, 

2017, filed as Ex. A (ECF No. 38-1) (“First Rachelefsky Rep.”); Report, dated February 9, 2018, 

filed as Ex. B (ECF No. 47-1) (“Second Rachelefsky Rep.”); Report, dated August 2018, filed as 

Ex. C (ECF No. 53-1) (“Third Rachelefsky Rep.”). Dr. Rachelefsky proposed that C.N.’s AD 

predated vaccination, and could not otherwise be attributed to the vaccines he received regardless 

of C.N.’s genetic susceptibility to the skin condition.

Dr. Rachelefsky is a board-certified pediatrician with sub-specialties in allergy and 

immunology. Ex. A, Tab 29, dated November 21, 2016, at 1 (ECF No. 40-10) (“Rachelefsky CV”).

He currently is a professor of allergy and immunology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at 

UCLA. Id. He also serves as the associate director of allergy-immunology training program at the 

UCLA School of Medicine. Id. He received his B.A. in Chemistry from Columbia University in 

New York, New York, and then attended Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, for his 

medical degree. Id. He did a residency for pediatrics at the John Hopkins Hospital and two 

fellowships one at the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia for epidemiology and the 

second at the UCLA School of Medicine in Los Angeles, California for allergy and immunology. 

Id. He currently holds memberships in several associations related to allergy, asthma, 

immunology, and pediatrics. Id. at 4. Dr. Rachelefsky has several other board member roles, 

trusteeships, and director positions. Id. at 6–9. He has published articles on immunity, 

epidemiology, pediatrics, rheumatic disease, and dermatitis. Id. at 12–24. He also has written

chapters in books on allergies, pediatrics, and antihistamine and drug safety. Id. at 27–28. 

First Report

Dr. Rachelefsky began his comment on the case by reviewing the clinical characteristics 

of AD. First Rachelefsky Rep. at 9. He defined AD as “a chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease 

that occurs most frequently in children, but also affects adults.” Id; J. Spergel, From Atopic 

Dermatitis to Asthma: The Atopic March, 105 ANN. ALLERGY ASTHMA IMMUNOLOGY 99 (2010), 

filed as Ex. A, Tab 2 (ECF No. 38-3); L. Eichenfield et al., Atopic Dermatitis and Asthma: 

Parallels in the Evolution of Treatment, 111 PEDIATRICS 608 (2003), filed as Ex. A, Tab 3 (ECF 

No. 38-4). AD often has a familial association, with roughly “70 percent of patients hav[ing] a 

positive family history of atopic diseases.” First Rachelefsky Rep. at 9.

Next, Dr. Rachelefsky discussed the pathogenesis of eczema. First Rachelefsky Rep. at 12. 

Although it has long been considered primarily an immunological disease, more recently epithelial 

barrier dysfunction has been found to be a likely factor in its development. Id. Thus, AD’s 

pathophysiology most likely reflects the interaction between “[a] leaky skin epithelial barrier 

combined with abnormal immune responsiveness.” Id. He added that “a genetically impaired skin 
11

barrier function...may be present at birth and predict the development of atopic dermatitis in the 

first year of life.” Id. at 13 (emphasis added); M. Moore et al., Perinatal Predictors of Atopic 

Dermatitis Occurring in the First Six Months of Life, 113 PEDIATRICS 468 (2004), filed as Ex. A, 

Tab 14 (ECF No. 39-5) (“Moore”).

Dr. Rachelefsky then opined as to whether vaccination could also play a role in AD’s 

development. Vaccines, he explained, are used to enhance antibody responses in individuals, in 

many instances through the inclusion of adjuvants. First Rachelefsky Rep. at 14. Aluminum salt 

adjuvants are approved in vaccines for this very purpose, and are well understood to be safe. Id. at 

14, 15; N. Garçon et al., Evolution of Adjuvants Across the Centuries, in VACCINES 58 (Plotkin S. 

Orenstein et al. eds., 6th ed. 2013), filed as Ex. A, Tab 25 (ECF No. 40-6). Dr. Rachelefsky was 

otherwise unable to find any literature connecting vaccines and AD, or anything suggesting that 

they could prime the body to be more sensitive in reaction to external stimuli. First Rachelefsky 

Rep. at 17. And none of the vaccines C.N. received were live vaccines that would require an actual 

response to viral replication (and thus the risk of a heightened immune reaction). Id. He thus 

expressed the view that “routine vaccination would have no role in the pathogenesis of atopic 

dermatitis.” Id. at 13. 

In addition, Dr. Rachelefsky opined that the medical literature evidence offered by Dr. 

Bellanti to show how vaccination might propagate AD was ultimately insufficient. Kasraie &

Werfel, for example, merely observed that macrophage immune cells were one of several 

pathogenic factors driving AD—not that their existence or behavior was impelled by vaccination.

First Rachelefsky Rep. at 17. The second, Gatti & Montonardi, just provided a hypothesis with no 

evidentiary support, and otherwise did not reliably show vaccines could be causal of AD. Id. at 19. 

And Gherardi focused on MMF—an extremely rare disease that is found in middle-aged adults, 

and thus has nothing to do with this case. Id.

Dr. Rachelefsky concluded with observations about the actual medical record and how it 

was inconsistent with Petitioner’s causation theory. He emphasized that Dr. Bellanti had neglected 

to note that, as the record established, C.N.’s AD began prior to his immunizations. First 

Rachelefsky Rep. at 16. In addition, C.N. had other warning signs in his medical history: “infantile 

eczema [], including positive family history, onset by 0-3 months of age, its persistence through 

childhood, the significant atopic component, food desensitization, the ‘march’ to asthma and 

allergic rhinitis, etc.” Id. at 17. The fact that C.N.’s siblings had experienced AD as well only 

underscored the genetic basis for the condition as more likely than vaccination. Id. at 18. 

Second Report

Dr. Rachelefsky’s second report proposed two ways vaccines could be causal of AD—

either by enhancing the “immune response to allergen via TH2 cells [a kind of T cell that assists 
12

the production of antibodies],” or by “preventing childhood infection (that would normally cause 

a shift from newborn TH2 immune response to a TH1 response)” that would have the adverse 

impact of more allergies, a theory he characterized as the “hygiene hypothesis.” Second 

Rachelefsky Rep. at 2. He dismissed out of hand the second, reasoning that children were exposed 

to far more different wild viruses than the more limited number of vaccines specific to only a 

handful of viruses, making it unlikely that “the immune system would rely on only a few 

infections” to balance the T-cell helper response. Id. 

But the first theory (in which vaccination more directly impacted the T helper cell response 

to allergens) was also in his view flawed. Existing vaccine surveillance data reviewed little in the 

way of “environmental allergen priming” attributable to vaccines, even though they were often 

manufactured from components that could trigger an allergic response (like egg proteins). Second 

Rachelefsky Rep. at 2. Moreover, it appeared that vaccines might actually be capable of preventing 

allergy. Id. at 3; C. Grüber et al., Do Early Childhood Immunizations Influence the Development of 

Atopy and Do They Cause Allergic Reactions?, 12 PEDIATR. ALLERGY IMMUNOL. 296 (2001), filed 

as Ex. B, Tab 4 (ECF No. 47-5) (“Grüber”). And vaccine adjuvants had not been demonstrated to 

cause allergic responses at the situs of inoculation. Second Rachelefsky Rep. at 3; H. Kobayashi 

et al., Immunostimulatory DNA Prepriming: A Novel Approach for Prolonged Th1-Biased 

Immunity, 198 CELL IMMUNOL. 69 (1999), filed as Ex. B, Tab 7 (ECF No. 47-8).

Relatedly, Dr. Rachelefsky observed, there were two theories for AD pathogenesis 

generally (independent of the role a vaccine might play): “inside out” (dysregulation of the 

immune response at the locus of the skin, causing rash) versus “outside in” (defects in the skin 

barrier attributable to some internal body pathologic process). Second Rachelefsky Rep. at 1. Dr. 

Bellanti’s causation theory relied on an “inside out” mechanism (with the vaccine triggering an 

aberrant immune reaction leading to AD’s clinical symptoms), but Dr. Rachelefsky could not find 

literature support for it. Id. at 3–4. More recently-filed items of literature like Brodin, he 

maintained, largely focused on immune variation in the human population or different autoimmune 

diseases like lupus—not AD. Id. at 4–5. Furman similarly addressed only the impact a CMV 

infection would have on antibody responses to a subsequent flu vaccine, and did not otherwise 

address vaccine causality in the context of AD. Id. at 5. And Wang’s own authors emphasized the 

weakness of their findings in associating the HiB vaccine (in limited circumstances) with AD. Id.

at 6; Wang at 713, 717.

In fact, Dr. Rachelefsy reasoned, given the prevalence of AD in children in the U.S., its 

incidence should be far more common if vaccination were so capable of triggering it, given the 

number of vaccines infants received. Second Rachelefsky Rep. at 7. The fact that AD was not 

undermined the conclusion that vaccines could be causal—and Dr. Rachelefsy offered many items 

of literature to support this point. Id. at 8–13; I. Kummeling et al., Diptheria Pertussis, 

Poliomyelitis, Tetanus, and Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Vaccinations and Risk of Eczema and 

Recurrent Wheeze in the First Year of Life: The KOALA Birth Cohort Study, 119 PEDIATR. e367 
13

(2007), filed as Ex. B, Tab 14 (ECF No. 48-5) (“Kummeling”). Kummeling’s authors evaluated 

2,764 families with infants six months old, comparing the unvaccinated or incompletelyvaccinated (for the three kinds of vaccines considered) with those who had been vaccinated for 

incidence of eczema or recurrent wheeze, finding that no difference. Kummeling at e368. By 

contrast, other studies did show risk increases from different environmental factors, like fungi in 

the home. Second Rachelefsky Rep at 8; I. Wang et al., Environmental Risk Factors for Early 

Infantile Atopic Dermatitis, 18 PEDIATR. ALLERGY IMMUNOL. 441 (2007), filed as Ex. B, Tab 15

(ECF No. 48-6). Some studies similarly found genetic risks and different environmental 

contributing factors to be significant to AD’s development—but not vaccines. D. Purvis et al., Risk 

Factors for Atopic Dermatitis in New Zealand Children at 3.5 Years of Age, 152 BRITISH J.

DERMATOLOGY 742 (2005), filed as Ex. B, Tab 16 (ECF No. 48-7) (“Purvis”); Moore. He also 

referenced literature suggesting that AD was more prevalent in Asian children, like C.N., and more 

severe as well. Moore at 472.

Third Report

Dr. Rachelefsky’s third report attempted to refute or address certain rebuttal points leveled 

against his second report by Dr. Bellanti.

In particular, Dr. Rachelefsky denied that he had failed to “answer” his question of whether 

vaccines can cause allergies and asthma, noting that the numerous items of literature he had 

referenced had consistently failed to identify vaccines as causal. Third Rachelefsky Rep. at 2. 

While the underlying ingredients of vaccines, like egg proteins, might be the source of allergic 

reactions in some instances, there was in his view no support for the conclusion that the vaccine’s 

primary antigenic components could trigger atopic disease. Id. The same was true of vaccine 

preservatives or adjuvants, all of which might occasionally cause a delayed-type hypersensitivity 

reaction but not disease itself. Id. at 3. At most, a variety of “[n]on-allergic systemic reactions” 

were possible (malaise, transient skin rash, muscle pain, etc.), but this was not congruent with 

“systemic IgE [antibody] mediated reactions” resulting in a chronic form of eczema/AD. Id. And 

Dr. Rachelefsky reiterated his earlier assertion that literature refuted the contention that vaccines 

were correlated with asthma.

In the context of the above, Dr. Rachelefsky also repeated his argument that T helper cell 

balances were not likely impacted by vaccination (whether due to a vaccine’s adjuvants or 

otherwise). Third Rachelefsky Rep. at 4. He allowed that this class of T cells (which itself is 

diverse) was part of the “complex immune network that contributes to the cutaneous inflammation 

in [AD]. Id. In particular, such immune cells promoted the cytokines associated with the 

inflammation characteristic of, and required for, AD. Id. Nevertheless, he again emphasized that

larger studies identified no relationship between atopy and vaccines. Id. at 5; J. Kelso et al., 

Adverse Reactions to Vaccines Practice Parameter, 103 J. ALLERGY CLIN. IMMUNOLOGY S1 
14

(2009), filed as Ex. C, Tab 15 (ECF No. 54-6) (“Kelso”).

10 At most, vaccines could produce rare 

allergic responses due to their ingredients, or transient localized reactions (although they would 

have non-allergic mechanism). Third Rachelefsy Rep. at 6.

Finally, Dr. Rachelefsky addressed Mehta, the abstract Dr. Bellanti included in his third 

report that considered two cases of post-vaccination allergic responses. Dr. Rachelefsky disputed 

its relevance, noting that (a) it involved older children rather than infants like C.N., (b) did not 

involve AD specifically, and (c) was a mere abstract was not scientifically reliable for purposes of 

evaluating causation. Third Rachelefsky Rep. at 7. 

II. Procedural History

The claim was initiated in February 2016, with medical records filed on several occasions 

thereafter. Respondent filed his Rule 4(c) Report on June 30, 2016. ECF No. 19. The parties then 

exchanged expert reports, with four from Petitioner and three from Respondent, as detailed above. 

The case was reassigned to me on March 2, 2021. Order, dated March 2, 2021 (ECF No. 68). I 

thereafter proposed that the matter be resolved via ruling on the record, and both sides filed briefs 

in support of their positions. Petitioner’s Motion, dated May 5, 2021 (ECF No. 71) (“Mot.”); 

Respondent’s Opposition, dated July 13, 2021 (ECF No. 73) (“Opp.”); Reply, dated Aug. 8, 2021 

(ECF No. 75) (“Reply”). This case is now ripe for resolution.

III. Parties’ Arguments

A. Petitioner

Petitioner maintains that C.N. had a pre-vaccination susceptibility to AD11 that was likely

aggravated by the vaccines he received. Mot. at 12. As to Althen prong one, Petitioner argues that

“microbial antigens, adjuvants, or other excipient materials found in vaccines,” cause immune 

dysregulation and inflammation leading to “systemic abnormalities in the skin and other organs.” 

Id. at 12–13; First Bellanti Rep. at 3. Medical literature has also shown that immune cytokines can 

influence the skin barrier and allergic inflammation. Mot. at 13; Kim at 85. Thus, although genetics 

play a large role in determining the risk factor for a specific individual, C.N.’s individual genetic 

susceptibility only manifested after his exposure to the vaccines. Mot. at 13–15; Brodin at 10.

Although Petitioner to some extent defended the lack of direct evidence associating

vaccination with AD on the grounds that the injury was rare (and therefore somewhat undetectable 

by epidemiologic studies), she did highlight a number of filed articles supporting her claim. For 

10 Kelso actually lists Dr. Bellanti as a co-editor. Third Rachelefsky Rep. at 5; Kelso at S1.

11 Petitioner does not formally maintain a significant aggravation claim, however, and does not concede C.N.’s AD 

had already begun pre-vaccination but was worsened by it.
15

example, she pointed to Wang as supporting the conclusion that aluminum salts “can induce an 

elevated humoral response that is associated with a predominant TH2-type immune response.” 

Mot at 16; Wang at 4. She also stressed the fact that some articles filed in this case by Respondent 

in fact showed an increased risk of post-vaccination AD (or comparable allergic conditions), 

involving vaccines comparable to what C.N. had received. Mot. at 18-19; S. Bremner et al., Timing 

of Routine Immunisations and Subsequent Hay Fever Risk, 90 ARCH. DIS. CHILD 567, 570 (2005), 

filed as Ex. B, Tab 20 (ECF No. 49-1) (“Bremner”) (finding a protective impact from delay of 

infant receipt of DPT or MMR vaccines, although adding that those vaccinated in accordance with 

usual schedules were not at any greater risk than unvaccinated infants); E. Farooqi & J. Hopkin, 

Early Childhood Infection and Atopic Disorder, 53 THORAX 927 (1998), filed as Ex. B, Tab 13 

(ECF No. 48-4) (“Farooqi”) (stating the receipt of whole-cell pertussis vaccine (not equivalent to 

the acellular version at issue) associated with development of atopic disease).

In addition (and although not a specific requirement to prove causation), Petitioner argued

that Dr. Bellanti had established a likely biological mechanism for causing C.N.’s injury. Mot. at 

17. Specifically, in AD macrophages cause or promote inflammatory activity that persists, 

resulting in chronic inflammation. Kasraie & Werfel at 1. Relying on literature specific to MMF, 

Dr. Bellanti had demonstrated how the persistence of these adjuvants can stimulate these 

macrophages. Mot at 17. Overall, medical literature filed in this case supported the determination 

that C.N.’s AD is an “allergic disease” triggered by receipt of multiple vaccines at once. Id. at 19–

20.

Petitioner further maintained that the record supported the conclusion that C.N.’s 

vaccinations caused his AD. Mot. at 22 (citing Fourth Bellanti Rep. at 3). She noted that C.N.’s 

two siblings also displayed a history of eczema, establishing his own genetic susceptibility even if

their manifestations were much milder. Mot. at 21–22. Prior to his vaccinations, C.N. was 

healthy—and any AD-like symptoms he may have displayed were nothing more than “routine, 

childhood eczema”—distinguishable from his later symptoms. Id. at 23. Thereafter, however, he 

had a fever and would not sleep. Id. at 24. The reaction worsened more after the four-month 

vaccines in June 2013, and his symptoms were resistant to treatment. Id. at 25. Finally, Petitioner 

noted that the one-week onset of AD after C.N.’s May vaccinations was consistent with the 

timeframe proposed in Dr. Bellanti’s report. Mot. at 28. Thus, the third causation test prong was 

met.

Petitioner’s reply almost solely addressed a single new article submitted by Respondent

with their opposition brief. M. Ayasse et al, Vaccines Do Not Cause Atopic Dermatitis: A 

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, 39 Vaccine 1805 (2021), filed as Ex. D (ECF No. 74) 

(“Ayasse”).12 Ayasse is a meta-analysis of 37 previous articles published from 1997 to 2018, 

12 Although Ayasse was filed late in the proceedings, it was only accepted for publication in February 2021—and 

hence a few months before briefing the ruling on the record. Ayasse at 1. It is therefore in fact a relatively new 
16

including some of those cited by the experts in this case. Id. at 2, 4–5 (including Kummeling in 

meta-analysis). Its authors found “no consistent associations of vaccination” with AD regardless 

of vaccine regimen. Id. at 6. Moreover, the prevalence of AD amongst the unvaccinated exceeded 

that of recipients of any particular vaccine (although amongst vaccines specifically, AD was most 

associated with pertussis-containing vaccines). Id. at 3–5. AD was also more prevalent among the 

population of studied patients who received single vaccines than multiples (as was the case here), 

although in this sub-analysis the odds of AD were comparable amongst the vaccinated and 

unvaccinated. Id. at 5.

Ayasse, Petitioner maintained, is “seriously misleading,” and ultimately not reliable. Reply 

at 1–2. The fact that Ayasse was nothing more than a summary of individual studies meant that 

error or bias in any single considered study infected the whole, Petitioner argued. Indeed, Petitioner 

observed “carelessness in abstracting and summarizing appropriate studies, failure to consider 

important covariates, bias on the part of the meta-analyst and overstatements of the strength and 

precision of the results of the studies included in the analysis all have contributed to an invalid 

meta-analysis” (Id. at 2)—although the Reply does not specifically identify any examples. At most, 

Petitioner argued, Ayasse corroborated the rareness of vaccine injury (and the concordant 

difficulty Program petitioners invariably have in locating literature to support their claim). Reply 

at 2. 

B. Respondent

Respondent argues that Petitioner has not established that Dr. Bellanti’s medical theory of 

“immune dysregulation and inflammation specifically applies to C.N.’s case.” Opp. at 10.

Although much of Dr. Bellanti’s theory discusses how immune reactions are person-specific, or 

how individuals may be genetically predisposed to conditions like AD, all this establishes simply 

that these factors, rather than the vaccine, better explain the injury’s etiology. Id. at 11. Otherwise, 

as Dr. Rachelefsky established, Petitioner did not offer sufficient proof linking vaccines to AD’s 

pathogenesis, while Respondent cited in his reports literature (including epidemiologic evidence) 

that refuted the alleged association. Id at 11–12. 

As to Althen prong two, Respondent argued that C.N.’s genetic susceptibility to AD was a 

better causal explanation for the injury. Opp. at 13. In addition, no treaters opined the vaccinations 

were causal, and no record evidence showed elevated post-vaccination levels of vaccine adjuvants 

or other contaminants that could (under Dr. Bellanti’s theory) purportedly encourage macrophage 

activity. Id. at 14–15. The medical record also revealed that C.N. was experiencing eczema the 

same day he received his two-month vaccinations in May 2013. Id.

publication—and Petitioner did have the opportunity to consider its contents (reflected in the fact that her Reply 

focused closely upon it).
17

C.N.’s pre-vaccination AD also undercut Petitioner’s prong three showing. Opp. at 16. Dr. 

Bellanti’s contention that the literature supported a short timeframe for vaccine-induced onset only 

tended to demonstrate that AD’s onset often occurred concurrently, and hence coincidentally, at 

the same time children were receiving early-infant vaccinations. Id. at 16–17; Second Bellanti Rep.

at 4; Third Bellanti Rep. at 3. Thus, the fact that “[t]emporally-speaking, many AD sufferers 

develop symptoms around the time they receive childhood vaccinations . . . does not imply that 

vaccines cause atopic disorders.” Opp. at 17. 

Finally, Respondent addressed the prongs required to establish significant aggravation

(even though Petitioner does not style her claim as such). Opp. at 17. And Respondent filed, and 

discussed, Ayasse, noting that it found “no consistent associations of vaccination by any regimen” 

with AD. Id. at 6.

IV. Applicable Law

A. Standards for Vaccine Claims

To receive compensation in the Vaccine Program, a petitioner must prove that: (1) they 

suffered an injury falling within the Vaccine Injury Table (i.e., a “Table Injury”); or (2) they 

suffered an injury actually caused by a vaccine (i.e., a “Non-Table Injury.) See Sections 

13(a)(1)(A), 11(c)(1), and 14(a), as amended by 42 C.F.R. § 100.3; § 11(c)(1)(C)(ii)(I); see also 

Moberly v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 592 F.3d 1315, 1321 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Capizzano, 440 

F.3d at 1320. In this case, Petitioner does not assert a Table claim.

For both Table and Non-Table claims, Vaccine Program petitioners bear a “preponderance 

of the evidence” burden of proof. Section 13(1)(a). That is, a petitioner must offer evidence that 

leads the “trier of fact to believe that the existence of a fact is more probable than its nonexistence 

before [he] may find in favor of the party who has the burden to persuade the judge of the fact's 

existence.” Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1322 n.2; see also Snowbank Enter., Inc. v. United States, 6 Cl. 

Ct. 476, 486 (1984) (explaining that mere conjecture or speculation is insufficient under a 

preponderance standard). On one hand, proof of medical certainty is not required. Bunting v. Sec'y 

of Health & Hum. Servs., 931 F.2d 867, 873 (Fed. Cir. 1991). But on the other hand, a petitioner 

must demonstrate that the vaccine was “not only [the] but-for cause of the injury but also a 

substantial factor in bringing about the injury.” Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1321 (quoting Shyface v. 

Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 165 F.3d 1344, 1352–53 (Fed. Cir. 1999)); Pafford v. Sec'y of 

Health & Hum. Servs., 451 F.3d 1352, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2006). A petitioner may not receive a 

Vaccine Program award based solely on his assertions; rather, the petition must be supported by 

either medical records or by the opinion of a competent physician. Section 13(a)(1). 

In attempting to establish entitlement to a Vaccine Program award of compensation for a 
18

Non-Table claim, a petitioner must satisfy all three of the elements established by the Federal 

Circuit in Althen v. Sec’y of Health and Hum. Servs., 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005): “(1) a 

medical theory causally connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause 

and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) a showing of 

proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and injury.” Each Althen prong requires a 

different showing and is discussed in turn along with the parties’ arguments and my findings. 

Under Althen prong one, petitioners must provide a “reputable medical theory,” 

demonstrating that the vaccine received can cause the type of injury alleged. Pafford, 451 F.3d at 

1355–56 (citations omitted). To satisfy this prong, a petitioner's theory must be based on a “sound 

and reliable medical or scientific explanation.” Knudsen v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 35 F.3d 

543, 548 (Fed. Cir. 1994). Such a theory must only be “legally probable, not medically or 

scientifically certain.” Id. at 549. 

However, the Federal Circuit has repeatedly stated that the first prong requires a 

preponderant evidentiary showing. See Boatmon v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 941 F.3d 1351, 

1360 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (“[w]e have consistently rejected theories that the vaccine only “likely 

caused” the injury and reiterated that a “plausible” or “possible” causal theory does not satisfy the 

standard”); see also Moberly v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 592 F.3d 1315, 1321 (Fed. Cir. 

2010); Broekelschen v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 618 F.3d 1339, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2010). This 

is consistent with the petitioner’s ultimate burden to establish his overall entitlement to damages 

by preponderant evidence. W.C. v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 704 F.3d 1352, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 

2013) (citations omitted). If a claimant must overall meet the preponderance standard, it is logical 

that they be required also to meet each individual prong with the same degree of evidentiary 

showing (even if the type of evidence offered for each is different).

Petitioners may offer a variety of individual items of evidence in support of the first Althen

prong, and are not obligated to resort to medical literature, epidemiological studies, demonstration 

of a specific mechanism, or a generally accepted medical theory. Andreu v. Sec'y of Health & Hum.

Servs., 569 F.3d 1367, 1378–79 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citing Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1325–26). No one 

“type” of evidence is required. Special masters, despite their expertise, are not empowered by 

statute to conclusively resolve what are essentially thorny scientific and medical questions, and 

thus scientific evidence offered to establish Althen prong one is viewed “not through the lens of 

the laboratorian, but instead from the vantage point of the Vaccine Act's preponderant evidence 

standard.” Andreu, 569 F.3d at 1380. Nevertheless, even though “scientific certainty” is not 

required to prevail, the individual items of proof offered for the “can cause” prong must each 

reflect or arise from “reputable” or “sound and reliable” medical science. Boatmon, 941 F.3d at 

1359-60.

The second Althen prong requires proof of a logical sequence of cause and effect, usually 
19

supported by facts derived from a petitioner’s medical records. Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278; Andreu, 

569 F.3d at 1375–77; Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1326; Grant v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 956 

F.2d 1144, 1148 (Fed. Cir. 1992). In establishing that a vaccine “did cause” injury, the opinions 

and views of the injured party's treating physicians are entitled to some weight. Andreu, 569 F.3d 

at 1367; Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1326 (“medical records and medical opinion testimony are favored 

in vaccine cases, as treating physicians are likely to be in the best position to determine whether a 

‘logical sequence of cause and effect show[s] that the vaccination was the reason for the injury’”) 

(quoting Althen, 418 F.3d at 1280). Medical records are generally viewed as particularly 

trustworthy evidence, since they are created contemporaneously with the treatment of the patient. 

Cucuras v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 993 F.2d 1525, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1993).

However, medical records and/or statements of a treating physician's views do not per se

bind the special master to adopt the conclusions of such an individual, even if they must be 

considered and carefully evaluated. Section 13(b)(1) (providing that “[a]ny such diagnosis, 

conclusion, judgment, test result, report, or summary shall not be binding on the special master or 

court”); Snyder v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 88 Fed. Cl. 706, 746 n.67 (2009) (“there is 

nothing . . . that mandates that the testimony of a treating physician is sacrosanct—that it must be 

accepted in its entirety and cannot be rebutted”). As with expert testimony offered to establish a 

theory of causation, the opinions or diagnoses of treating physicians are only as trustworthy as the 

reasonableness of their suppositions or bases. The views of treating physicians should also be 

weighed against other, contrary evidence also present in the record—including conflicting 

opinions among such individuals. Hibbard v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 100 Fed. Cl. 742, 

749 (2011) (stating it is not arbitrary or capricious for special master to weigh competing treating 

physicians' conclusions against each other), aff'd, 698 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2012); Veryzer v. Sec'y 

of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 06–522V, 2011 WL 1935813, at *17 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 29, 

2011), mot. for review den'd, 100 Fed. Cl. 344, 356–57 (2011), aff'd without opinion, 475 F. App’x. 

765 (Fed. Cir. 2012).

The third Althen prong requires establishing a “proximate temporal relationship” between 

the vaccination and the injury alleged. Althen, 418 F.3d at 1281. That term has been equated to the 

phrase “medically-acceptable temporal relationship.” Id. A petitioner must offer “preponderant 

proof that the onset of symptoms occurred within a timeframe which, given the medical 

understanding of the disorder's etiology, it is medically acceptable to infer causation.” de Bazan v. 

Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 539 F.3d 1347, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2008). The explanation for what is 

a medically acceptable timeframe must also coincide with the theory of how the relevant vaccine 

can cause an injury (Althen prong one's requirement). Id. at 1352; Shapiro v. Sec'y of Health & 

Hum. Servs., 101 Fed. Cl. 532, 542 (2011), recons. den'd after remand, 105 Fed. Cl. 353 (2012), 

aff'd mem., 2013 WL 1896173 (Fed. Cir. 2013); Koehn v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 11–

355V, 2013 WL 3214877 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 30, 2013), mot. for review den'd (Fed. Cl.

Dec. 3, 2013), aff'd, 773 F.3d 1239 (Fed. Cir. 2014).
20

B. Law Governing Analysis of Fact Evidence

The process for making determinations in Vaccine Program cases regarding factual issues 

begins with consideration of the medical records. Section 11(c)(2). The special master is required 

to consider “all [ ] relevant medical and scientific evidence contained in the record,” including 

“any diagnosis, conclusion, medical judgment, or autopsy or coroner's report which is contained 

in the record regarding the nature, causation, and aggravation of the petitioner's illness, disability, 

injury, condition, or death,” as well as the “results of any diagnostic or evaluative test which are 

contained in the record and the summaries and conclusions.” Section 13(b)(1)(A). The special 

master is then required to weigh the evidence presented, including contemporaneous medical 

records and testimony. See Burns v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 3 F.3d 415, 417 (Fed. Cir. 

1993) (determining that it is within the special master's discretion to determine whether to afford 

greater weight to contemporaneous medical records than to other evidence, such as oral testimony 

surrounding the events in question that was given at a later date, provided that such determination 

is evidenced by a rational determination).

As noted by the Federal Circuit, “[m]edical records, in general, warrant consideration as 

trustworthy evidence.” Cucuras, 993 F.2d at 1528; Doe/70 v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 95 

Fed. Cl. 598, 608 (2010) (“[g]iven the inconsistencies between petitioner's testimony and his 

contemporaneous medical records, the special master's decision to rely on petitioner's medical 

records was rational and consistent with applicable law”), aff'd, Rickett v. Sec'y of Health & Hum.

Servs., 468 F. App’x 952 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (non-precedential opinion). A series of linked 

propositions explains why such records deserve some weight: (i) sick people visit medical 

professionals; (ii) sick people are likely to honestly report their health problems to those 

professionals; and (iii) medical professionals record what they are told or observe when examining

their patients in as accurate a manner as possible, so that they are aware of enough relevant facts 

to make appropriate treatment decisions. Sanchez v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 11–685V, 

2013 WL 1880825, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 10, 2013); Cucuras v. Sec'y of Health & Hum.

Servs., 26 Cl. Ct. 537, 543 (1992), aff'd, 993 F.2d at 1525 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (“[i]t strains reason to 

conclude that petitioners would fail to accurately report the onset of their daughter's symptoms”).

Accordingly, if the medical records are clear, consistent, and complete, then they should 

be afforded substantial weight. Lowrie v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 03–1585V, 2005 WL 

6117475, at *20 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec. 12, 2005). Indeed, contemporaneous medical records 

are often found to be deserving of greater evidentiary weight than oral testimony—especially 

where such testimony conflicts with the record evidence. Cucuras, 993 F.2d at 1528; see also 

Murphy v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 23 Cl. Ct. 726, 733 (1991), aff'd per curiam, 968 F.2d 

1226 (Fed. Cir. 1992), cert. den'd, Murphy v. Sullivan, 506 U.S. 974 (1992) (citing United States 

v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 396 (1947) (“[i]t has generally been held that oral 
21

testimony which is in conflict with contemporaneous documents is entitled to little evidentiary 

weight.”)).

However, the Federal Circuit has also noted that there is no formal “presumption” that 

records are automatically deemed accurate, or superior on their face to other forms of evidence. 

Kirby v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 997 F.3d 1378, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 2021). There are certainly 

situations in which compelling oral or written testimony may be more persuasive than written 

records, such as where records are deemed to be incomplete or inaccurate. Campbell v. Sec'y of 

Health & Hum. Servs., 69 Fed. Cl. 775, 779 (2006) (“like any norm based upon common sense 

and experience, this rule should not be treated as an absolute and must yield where the factual 

predicates for its application are weak or lacking”); Lowrie, 2005 WL 6117475, at *19 (“[w]ritten 

records which are, themselves, inconsistent, should be accorded less deference than those which 

are internally consistent”) (quoting Murphy, 23 Cl. Ct. at 733)). Ultimately, a determination 

regarding a witness's credibility is needed when determining the weight that such testimony should 

be afforded. Andreu, 569 F.3d at 1379; Bradley v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 991 F.2d 1570, 

1575 (Fed. Cir. 1993).

When witness testimony is offered to overcome contemporaneous medical records, such 

testimony must be “consistent, clear, cogent, and compelling.” Sanchez, 2013 WL 1880825, at *3 

(citing Blutstein v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 90–2808V, 1998 WL 408611, at *5 (Fed. 

Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 30, 1998)). In determining the accuracy and completeness of medical records, 

the Court of Federal Claims has listed four possible explanations for inconsistencies between 

contemporaneously created medical records and later testimony: (1) a person's failure to recount 

to the medical professional everything that happened during the relevant time period; (2) the 

medical professional's failure to document everything reported to her or him; (3) a person's faulty 

recollection of the events when presenting testimony; or (4) a person's purposeful recounting of 

symptoms that did not exist. La Londe v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 110 Fed. Cl. 184, 203–

04 (2013), aff'd, 746 F.3d 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2014). In making a determination regarding whether to 

afford greater weight to contemporaneous medical records or other evidence, such as testimony at 

hearing, there must be evidence that this decision was the result of a rational determination. Burns, 

3 F.3d at 417.

C. Evaluation of Expert Opinions

Establishing a sound and reliable medical theory often requires a petitioner to present 

expert testimony in support of his claim. Lampe v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 219 F.3d 1357, 

1361 (Fed. Cir. 2000). Vaccine Program expert testimony is usually evaluated according to the 

factors for analyzing scientific reliability set forth in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 

U.S. 579, 594–96 (1993). See Cedillo v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 617 F.3d 1328, 1339 (Fed. 
22

Cir. 2010) (citing Terran v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 195 F.3d 1302, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 1999). 

Under Daubert, the factors for analyzing the reliability of testimony are: 

(1) whether a theory or technique can be (and has been) tested; (2) whether the 

theory or technique has been subjected to peer review and publication; (3) whether 

there is a known or potential rate of error and whether there are standards for 

controlling the error; and (4) whether the theory or technique enjoys general 

acceptance within a relevant scientific community. 

Terran, 195 F.3d at 1316 n.2 (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592–95).

In the Vaccine Program the Daubert factors play a slightly different role than they do when 

applied in other federal judicial settings, like the district courts. Typically, Daubert factors are 

employed by judges (in the performance of their evidentiary gatekeeper roles) to exclude evidence 

that is unreliable or could confuse a jury. By contrast, in Vaccine Program cases these factors are 

used in the weighing of the reliability of scientific evidence proffered. Davis v. Sec'y of Health & 

Hum. Servs., 94 Fed. Cl. 53, 66–67 (2010) (“uniquely in this Circuit, the Daubert factors have 

been employed also as an acceptable evidentiary-gauging tool with respect to persuasiveness of 

expert testimony already admitted”). The flexible use of the Daubert factors to evaluate the 

persuasiveness and reliability of expert testimony has routinely been upheld. See, e.g., Snyder, 88 

Fed. Cl. at 742–45. In this matter (as in numerous other Vaccine Program cases), Daubert has not 

been employed at the threshold, to determine what evidence should be admitted, but instead to 

determine whether expert testimony offered is reliable and/or persuasive.

Respondent frequently offers one or more experts in order to rebut a petitioner’s case. 

Where both sides offer expert testimony, a special master's decision may be “based on the 

credibility of the experts and the relative persuasiveness of their competing theories.” 

Broekelschen v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 618 F.3d 1339, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing 

Lampe, 219 F.3d at 1362). However, nothing requires the acceptance of an expert's conclusion 

“connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert,” especially if “there is simply too 

great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.” Snyder, 88 Fed. Cl. at 743 

(quoting Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 146 (1997)); see also Isaac v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. 

Servs., No. 08–601V, 2012 WL 3609993, at *17 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 30, 2012), mot. for 

review den'd, 108 Fed. Cl. 743 (2013), aff'd, 540 F. App’x. 999 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing Cedillo, 

617 F.3d at 1339). Weighing the relative persuasiveness of competing expert testimony, based on 

a particular expert's credibility, is part of the overall reliability analysis to which special masters 

must subject expert testimony in Vaccine Program cases. Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1325–26 

(“[a]ssessments as to the reliability of expert testimony often turn on credibility determinations”); 

see also Porter v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 663 F.3d 1242, 1250 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (“this court 

has unambiguously explained that special masters are expected to consider the credibility of expert 

witnesses in evaluating petitions for compensation under the Vaccine Act”).
23 

D. Consideration of Medical Literature 

Both parties filed numerous items of medical and scientific literature in this case, but not 

every filed item factors into the outcome of this Decision. While I have reviewed all the medical 

literature submitted in this case, I discuss only those articles that are most relevant to my 

determination and/or are central to Petitioner’s case—just as I have not exhaustively discussed 

every individual medical record filed. Moriarty v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 844 F.3d 1322, 

1328 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (“[w]e generally presume that a special master considered the relevant record 

evidence even though he does not explicitly reference such evidence in his decision”) (citation 

omitted); see also Paterek v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 527 F. Appx. 875, 884 (Fed. Cir. 

2013) (“[f]inding certain information not relevant does not lead to—and likely undermines—the 

conclusion that it was not considered”). 

E. Disposition of Case Without Hearing 

I am resolving this case on the papers, rather than by holding a hearing. The Vaccine Act 

and Rules not only contemplate but encourage special masters to decide petitions on the papers 

where (in the exercise of their discretion) they conclude that doing so will properly and fairly 

resolve the case. Section 12(d)(2)(D); Vaccine Rule 8(d). The decision to rule on the record in lieu 

of hearing has been affirmed on appeal. Kreizenbeck v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 945 F.3d 

1362, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2020); see also Hooker v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 02-472V, 

2016 WL 3456435, at *21 n.19 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 19, 2016) (citing numerous cases where 

special masters decided case on the papers in lieu of hearing and that decision was upheld). I am 

simply not required to hold a hearing in every matter, no matter the preferences of the parties. 

Hovey v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 38 Fed. Cl. 397, 402–03 (1997) (determining that special 

master acted within his discretion in denying evidentiary hearing); Burns, 3 F.3d at 417; Murphy 

v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 90-882V, 1991 WL 71500, at *2 (Ct. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 

19, 1991). 

ANALYSIS

I. Atopic Dermatitis as Vaccine Injury

The parties largely agreed on what AD is, and there is no dispute that C.N. has been 

properly diagnosed with it. AD is thought to begin in children before they are five, and may persist 

into adolescence and adulthood. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema), Mayo Clinic, 

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/symptoms-causes/syc20353273 (last visited Jan. 20, 2022). Symptoms can flare and wane over several years. Id. The

primary risk factor for its development is thought to be a personal or family history related to 

“eczema, allergies, hay fever or asthma.” Id. An affected child’s skin may then be further impacted 

by environment or irritants. Id. 
24

Very few Program cases have addressed AD as a vaccine injury—and none have resulted 

in entitlement determinations for the claimant. See, e.g., Perekotiy v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. 

Servs., No. 16-997V, 2020 WL 12904810, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 20, 2020), mot. for 

review den’d 2020 WL 5887548 (Fed. Cl. Sep. 17, 2020) (unreported decision). In Perekotiy (a 

case I decided), a claimant argued that her child had developed a dermatological reaction after 

receiving the Hepatitis B vaccine, and then that the DTaP and IPV vaccines worsened it. Perekotiy, 

2020 WL 12904810, at *14. That petitioner specifically reasoned that the vaccines produced a 

“delayed IgE-mediated response, leading to an increased production of inflammatory eosinophils.” 

Id. In denying compensation, I found that insufficient evidence supported the theory, while reliable 

literature (some of which was also filed in this case)

13 undercut the proposed association. Id. at 

*27. In addition, I found significant aggravation by vaccination was unlikely, since a patient with 

AD will display future additional sensitivity to any stimuli, vaccine or not, rendering them more 

disposed to experience other IgE-mediated inflammatory reactions regardless of what first 

instigated the condition. Id. at *29. 

The result was the same in an earlier case involving the allegation that the DTaP 

vaccination caused the claimant’s minor child’s food allergies and skin disease. Wood v. Sec’y of 

Health & Hum. Servs., No. 15-1568V, 2018 WL 1150730, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 1, 

2018). The child therein had experienced a dry rash a week after vaccination, but later tested 

positive for a number of food allergies. Wood, 2018 WL 1150730, at *2 The claimant alleged that 

a beef residue contained in the vaccine worked in tandem with a milk allergy to result in a reaction. 

Id. at *3. But the special master deciding the case found the theory unpersuasive, noting as well

the lack of increase in food sensitivities from epidemiological studies, undermining the idea that 

they could trigger an immune response of the kind the child experienced. Id.

II. Petitioner Has Not Carried Her Burden of Proof

A. Althen Prong One

The causation theory offered by Dr. Bellanti never rose above the level of mere plausibility, 

and thus was not preponderantly established with sufficient reliable evidence to meet the “can 

cause” Althen element. Admittedly, the theory was rooted in several persuasive and 

medically/scientifically reliable points. Thus, Dr. Bellanti established that immune system 

reactions likely vary from person to person due to inherent genetic differences; that AD itself has 

a strong genetic component, making some individuals more susceptible; and that an immune 

reaction plays a role in AD’s clinical presentation as well as likely pathogenesis.

But far less reliable proof was offered to link vaccinations—whether specific ones 

13 See e.g. Grüber.
25

commonly administered to infants, like the DTaP, or a series of several administered 

simultaneously—to AD, even in a susceptible person. Dr. Bellanti unpersuasively invoked 

distinguishable diseases, like MMF, attempting to draw a parallel between them and AD simply 

because MMF is associated with adjuvants found in macrophages (the same immune cells he 

proposed were driving AD). He could not reference his own specific immunologic research into 

vaccines to connect them to AD, and instead cited articles like Wang, which (although it showed 

some degree of HiB vaccine/AD association) were by their own terms not especially probative as 

to causation. Or he referenced case reports like Mehta, which are well understood in the Program 

to provide small support for causation. Crutchfield v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 09-39V, 

2014 WL 1665227, at *19 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 7, 2014) (“single case reports of Disease X 

occurring after Factor Y . . . do not offer strong evidence that the temporal relationship is a causal 

one—the temporal relationship could be pure random chance”) (emphasis in original), aff'd, 125 

Fed. Cl. 251 (2014). In the end, Dr. Bellanti simply seemed to conclude that that temporal 

association between purported onset and C.N.’s vaccinations suggested a causal relationship—for 

reasons that relied on general knowledge about the immune response rather than sufficient specific 

evidence demonstrating how the response to vaccination (driven by an innate immune response 

involving cytokines or some reaction to other vaccine components) would “open the door” to AD.

Dr. Rachelfsky, by comparison, did a better job undermining Petitioner’s causation 

conclusions. Both experts possessed sufficient general qualifications to comment on immunologic 

issues as well as allergic conditions comparable to AD. But overall Dr. Rachelefsky’s reports more 

directly addressed the issue of whether vaccines could cause AD. And he did not merely deny 

knowledge of reliable science in the medical community to support the contention, but instead 

referenced specific items of literature that backed up his arguments. See, e.g., Grüber; Kummeling; 

Kelso. (By contrast, other than Wang, Petitioner mostly looked for evidence of a vaccine 

association in literature filed by Respondent, like Bremner and Farooqi—even though Dr. 

Rachelefsky filed far more items that were unsupportive of Petitioner’s theory). While both experts 

engaged in a bit of “tit for tat” in attacking the other’s contentions that reduced the overall value 

of their exchanges, my ultimate conclusion is that Dr. Rachelefsky’s reports were more specific in 

their exploration of whether and how vaccines, singularly or administered together, could cause 

AD—and his reliance on more direct science pertaining to that topic (rather than Dr. Bellanti’s 

broader discussion of immune variance in the human population) made his overall opinions more 

persuasive.

There is also the matter of Ayasse—a review article referencing numerous smaller-scale 

epidemiologic studies and other scientific assays, and strongly undermining Petitioner’s theory as 

a result. In reaction, Petitioner has not raised specific reasons for doubting Ayasse’s conclusions—

for example, by identifying, among the 37 studies it relies on, examples of bias or scientificallyunreliable methodologies. Instead, she has attempted to minimize Ayasse categorically, deeming 

it contrary to the evidentiary standards of the Program. Since vaccine injuries are rare, Petitioner 
26

reasons, and since they can never be completely ruled out by even the most statistically-reliable 

epidemiologic evidence, then what use is this kind of evidence at all? Reply at 2–3. If I give it 

weight, am I not then requiring Petitioner to offer counter-epidemiologic evidence—something 

the Circuit prohibits?

The answer is no—although some elaboration on the evidentiary standards applicable to 

Program cases (and to the “can cause” prong specifically) helps to illustrate why. As is well 

understood, Vaccine Program claimants must only prove their claim preponderantly, not to a 

scientific/medical degree of certainty. Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1322. This means that claimants can

carry their burden of proof, and receive compensation as a result, despite an abundance of 

uncertainty that the relevant vaccine could, or in fact did, cause the injury. A showing that is 52 

percent preponderant carries the day but still leaves 48 percent of doubt.14 Although (unlike with 

a Table claim, where causation is presumed) establishing the “can cause” prong is never a given 

(and claimants often fail to do so), the standard’s general leniency reflects the remedial and 

generous nature of the Program, and implicitly takes into account the fact that it is inherently 

difficult for claimants to prove causation “in a field bereft of complete and direct proof of how 

vaccines affect the human body.” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1280.

The benefit the preponderant standard provides to petitioners is also reflected in a second, 

related accommodation: petitioners may satisfy their evidentiary standard with a wide array of 

evidence, all of which the special master must consider. No one category of evidence is required 

(beyond core issues like proof of vaccination or medical record proof of an injury). Thus, in some 

cases a petitioner could prevail without offering a single item of literature, or an expert opinion. 

However, in all cases a preponderant showing must be made, no matter the combination of 

evidence used to do it. The absence of some kinds of evidence (for example, an expert report in a 

case involving a complex causation theory or thorny diagnostic issue) can limit a petitioner’s 

success in crossing the preponderant “line,” depending upon the case or science involved. As a 

result, it is very common for claimants to offer types of evidence that they are otherwise not 

literally required to marshal. Petitioners’ experts, for example, often propose a biologic mechanism 

for how a vaccine could provoke an aberrant immune response resulting in disease, since such a 

showing (if reliable and persuasive) may go a long way to establishing preponderance. This occurs 

despite ample Federal Circuit precedent establishing that proof of mechanism is not required. 

Andreu, 569 F.3d at 1378–79.

The Respondent is similarly not prohibited from offering any class of evidence in 

14 Of course, special masters never calculate the degree of preponderance established in terms of percentages. But I 

do note distinction in the degree of proof offered in deciding entitlement cases—some matters result in a near “tie” 

(in which case the goals of the Program support a decision for the claimant), some clearly do not cross the preponderant 

line, and some can satisfy preponderance even where Respondent has raised reasonable objections to the theory 

presented.
27

attempting to rebut a petitioner’s theory of causation. It is for this reason Respondent will in some 

cases identify relevant, on-point epidemiologic evidence that undercuts the petitioner’s showing.

The Circuit has recognized the relevance of such evidence to Vaccine Act cases, and the 

reasonableness of special masters in evaluating it. D'Tiole v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 726 

F. App'x 809, 811 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“[n]othing in Althen or Capizzano requires the Special Master 

to ignore probative epidemiological evidence that undermines petitioner’s theory”). 

Petitioners can make any number of persuasive and compelling points against an item of 

epidemiologic literature (that the study is not reliable, that its sample size is inadequate, that it 

would not have included in the sample individuals comparable to the petitioner, etc.), and I have 

credited such arguments in my weighing of a specific item of literature. But petitioners cannot 

simply disclaim the relevance of such literature outright by arguing that considering it amounts to 

requiring they produce it as well. This is wholly incorrect, and the mere assertion of such an 

argument reflects more the petitioner’s desire to lower the burden (by stopping the special master 

from weighing all evidence offered pro and con) than a proper interpretation of the Vaccine 

Program’s evidentiary standards.

In short: I am empowered to consider an article like Ayasse despite the fact that it cannot 

conclusively disprove causation, and I may give it evidentiary weight. Here, I conclude that 

although Ayasse does not fully rebut Petitioner’s arguments—and certainly makes her theory no 

less plausible, especially since vaccine injuries are rare events—it does greatly undermine the 

conclusion that AD could be caused by an infant’s receipt of several vaccines at once. And it is 

consistent with Dr. Rachelefsky’s opinion, plus the literature he initially offered in support. 

Petitioner has not in this case carried her preponderant burden of proof on the first Althen prong.

B. Althen Prong Two

As noted, there is no dispute about C.N.’s diagnosis—but there is some disagreement as to 

whether he already had AD as of May 29, 2013, when he received the first series of vaccines 

relevant to this claim. I find the record more likely than not suggests that he did, since he presented 

with AD symptoms at that time (dry cheeks and scalp, eczema). Petitioner tries to distinguish these 

presenting symptoms by suggesting they reflect “routine” eczema inconsistent with what he later 

displayed, but the fact that initial symptoms were less severe does not prevent the conclusion that 

they were the onset of a progressive condition that may in fact have worsened somewhat later. 

Thus, the initial series of vaccines C.N. received on the same day (but slightly after) his symptoms 

were first noted could not have caused his AD. Shalala v. Whitecotton, 514 U.S. 268, 273–274 

(1995) (a Vaccine Act claim must establish that the injury in question did not precede the relevant 

vaccine's administration).

Absent the above, resolution of the second prong would present a slightly more difficult 
28

question, but I find on this record the evidence would still preponderate against Petitioner. I give 

some weight to Petitioner’s contentions that C.N. experienced fever and malaise the day of his 

May 2013 vaccinations—although there is a subsequent lack of record corroboration for the 

conclusion that his reaction had a significant skin-related component. The next medical records 

filed in this case are from late June 2013, when C.N. received the next set of vaccines—and 

comments in those records about his skin condition do not display considerable concerns that can 

be meaningfully differentiated from what was expressed in May. Ex. 7 at 23. The subsequent 

records thereafter do not disclose an effort to treat him in reaction to the next round of vaccines. 

And no treaters have embraced the contention that any of these vaccines caused C.N.’s AD, despite 

its persistence.

C. Althen Prong Three

The literal timeframe in which C.N. is alleged to have experienced vaccine-induced onset 

of AD—within several days to a week of vaccination, as primarily evidenced by Petitioner’s 

personal testimony of C.N.’s post-vaccination fever/malaise, and then her observations of rash—

is certainly consistent with Dr. Bellanti’s theory for how long it would take for a cytokine-driven 

innate immune response from the vaccines to manifest skin problems, via his “inside-out” theory. 

But there are two problems that ultimately result in this prong not being successfully established.

First, and of greatest significance, is my finding that C.N. likely already had AD as of the 

date of his May 29, 2013 vaccinations. Onset predated vaccination—meaning it could not have 

been vaccine-caused, regardless of the theory for when it might be thought to appear due to a 

vaccine. But there is also a second deficiency in Petitioner’s showing on this prong, which stems 

from imprecision in Dr. Bellanti’s opinion. Dr. Bellanti devotes little of his analysis to showing 

how onset was medically reasonable, relying instead on conclusory declarations that the timeframe 

has been preponderantly established, but with no discussion (bulwarked with other evidence) for 

why or how. See, e.g., Second Bellanti Rep. at 4; Third Bellanti Rep. at 3. Petitioner’s briefing 

attempts to fill that hole, but she only offers studies, like Wang, that observe the time of life when

infants develop AD (i.e., between 18 months and two years of age)

15—not how long after 

vaccination it would clinically appear. There is simply not enough in this record to find that a 

medically acceptable timeframe for AD’s vaccine-induced onset has been established.

III. Petitioner Did Not Establish Significant Aggravation of C.N.’s AD

Petitioner has not formally alleged that C.N.’s AD was significantly aggravated by the 

vaccines he received, based on the six-prong test set in Loving v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 

15 I also note that these ranges are longer than when C.N. (who was less than four months old during the timeframe of 

vaccination) is alleged to have developed AD, although Petitioner’s intent in offering the 18 months to two-year 

timeframe may have been to set forth age limits rather than narrow windows in which AD might first manifest.
29

86 Fed. Cl. 135, 144 (2009).

16 Indeed, she maintains any presenting symptoms of AD at the time 

of vaccination in May 2013 were distinguishable. Mot. at 23. At most, she argues that C.N. was 

predisposed to experience AD, and that the vaccines he received unmasked it and/or “worsened” 

it only to the extent that he was asymptomatic before. Id. at 12, 24–25. This amounts to a regular 

claim under Althen—since in many non-Table causation cases, a number of factors (some genetic) 

may contribute to the injury, but there was no injury before, and the vaccine is the main reason for 

it. 

A significant aggravation claim, by contrast, has as its foundation the admission by a 

claimant that he did have some pre-vaccination injury but that the injury worsened due to the 

vaccine. Hennessey v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 01-190V, 2009 WL 1709053, at *42 

(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 29, 2009) (critical point of examination is “whether the change for the 

worse in [petitioner’s] clinical presentation was aggravation or a natural progression” of the 

underlying condition), mot. for review denied, 91 Fed. Cl 126 (2010). And Petitioner does highlight 

in her brief the fact that C.N. was largely healthy and without symptoms before the vaccination 

series began. Mot. at 1–2.

Regardless, Petitioner also seems to “hedge her bets,” allowing for a possible finding that 

the skin rash symptoms C.N. presented with on May 29, 2013, could be construed as the onset of 

his AD—in which case, she conclusory states in her brief, “C.N.’s subsequent AD symptoms 

would certainly be characterized as a significant aggravation.” Mot. at 23. As a result, Respondent 

has gone to the trouble of briefing the Loving elements. Opp. at 17–21.

I again emphasize that Petitioner has made no effort to substantiate a significant 

aggravation claim as an alternative basis for entitlement, and thus her brief is silent on how she 

16 The Loving test’s elements require establishing:

(1) the person’s condition prior to administration of the vaccine, (2) the person’s current condition (or the 

condition following the vaccination if that is also pertinent), (3) whether the person’s current condition 

constitutes a ‘significant aggravation’ of the person's condition prior to vaccination, (4) a medical theory 

causally connecting such a significantly worsened condition to the vaccination, (5) a logical sequence of 

cause and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the significant aggravation, and (6) 

a showing of a proximate temporal relationship between the vaccination and the significant aggravation.

Loving, 86 Fed. Cl. at 144. 

In Sharpe v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 964 F.3d 1072 (Fed. Cir. 2020), the Federal Circuit further elaborated on 

the Loving framework. Under Prong (3) of the Loving test, the Petitioner need not demonstrate an expected outcome, 

but merely that her current-post vaccination condition was worse than pre-vaccination. Sharpe, 964 F.3d at 1081. And 

a claimant may make out a prima facie case of significant aggravation overall without eliminating a preexisting 

condition as the potential cause of her significantly aggravated injury (although the Circuit’s recasting of the 

significant aggravation standard still permits Respondent to attempt to establish alternative cause, where a petitioner’s 

showing is enough to make out a prima facie case and thereby shift the burden of proof to Respondent). Id. at 1083.
30

meets the Loving prongs. However, even if she had attempted to do so, I would not be able to find 

on the present record that C.N.’s AD (which I have found was already in existence as of the day 

of the May 2013 vaccinations) was worsened thereafter. At best, the record supports the 

determination that his AD was only first manifesting the day of the May 29th vaccinations, and 

thus literally became “worse” thereafter, in clinical terms, as time progressed, and thus arguably 

the first three Loving prongs could be met. But Petitioner’s causation theory does not at all establish 

that vaccines could worsen an existing case of AD, or how. Nor does the record establish vaccineinduced worsening, as opposed to a progression that would be expected for any child with severe 

AD (Loving prong five).

IV. This Case Was Reasonably Resolved Without a Hearing

I have opted to resolve this case on the existing record, and without holding a hearing, in 

accordance with my discretion. Although the parties’ briefing was silent on the propriety of this 

determination, I shall explain my reasoning in choosing to decide the case on the papers alone.

Prior decisions have recognized that a special master’s discretion in deciding whether to 

conduct an evidentiary hearing “is tempered by Vaccine Rule 3(b),” or the duty to “afford[] each 

party a full and fair opportunity to present its case.” Hovey, 38 Fed. Cl. at 400–01 (citing Rule 

3(b)). But that rule also includes the obligation of creation of a record “sufficient to allow review 

of the special master’s decision.” Id. Thus, the fact that a claim is legitimately disputed, such that 

the special master must exercise his intellectual faculties in order to decide a matter, is not itself 

grounds for a trial (for if it were, trials would be required in every disputed case). Special masters 

are expressly empowered to resolve fact disputes without a hearing—although they should only 

so act if a party has been given the proper “full and fair” chance to prove their claim.

Here, and despite the number of expert report “rounds,” the matter was reasonably

decided on the papers. C.N.’s condition is not in dispute, and the medical records are 

straightforward in identifying his course (even if the parties dispute the significance of prevaccination symptoms). Dr. Bellanti’s reports were concise, and his theory easy to understand—

its deficiencies arose from its lack of sufficient substantiation, not from its clarity or plausibility, 

and evaluation of the theory could be performed without the aid of live testimony. The record 

(which included many items of literature) provided what was needed to decide the case.
31

CONCLUSION

For the aforementioned reasons, this claim is dismissed. In the absence of a timely-filed 

motion for review (see Appendix B to the Rules of the Court), the Clerk shall enter judgment in 

accord with this Decision.17

IT IS SO ORDERED.

 s/ Brian H. Corcoran

 Brian H. Corcoran

 Chief Special Master

17 Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 11(a), the parties may expedite entry of judgment by filing a joint notice renouncing their 

right to seek review.