IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2000-CA-02101-SCT

LORRAINE C. CRAFT

v.

JAY DOUGLAS CRAFT

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 12/14/2000

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. SEBE DALE, JR.

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LAMAR COUNTY CHANCERY COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: WILLIAM R. WRIGHT

W. BENTON GREGG

DEBORAH H. BELL

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: DAVID ALAN PUMFORD

ERIK M. LOWREY

ROBERT R. MARSHALL

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - DOMESTIC RELATIONS

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 6/06/2002

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: 7/8/2002; denied 9/19/2002

MANDATE ISSUED: 9/26/2002

BEFORE McRAE, P.J., DIAZ AND CARLSON, JJ.

DIAZ, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. On February 19, 1999, Lorraine C. Craft filed for divorce against Jay Douglas Craft on the ground of

irreconcilable differences. Lorraine amended her complaint on April 12, 2000, and alleged that Jay

committed adultery with her best friend. In his answer, filed on June 19, 2000, Jay admitted to both

grounds for divorce. The matter was heard before the Chancery Court of Lamar County, Mississippi on

August 29, 2000. The chancellor issued his Memorandum Opinion on November 7, 2000, and entered his

Final Judgment of Divorce on December 18, 2000. The chancery court granted a divorce to Lorraine on
the ground of adultery. Lorraine appeals the property distribution, contending that the chancellor erred in

classifying Jay's partnership with his brother as non-marital property.

FACTS

¶2. Lorraine and Jay were married for about 12 years. The couple had no children together, although Jay

has a son, Matthew, who lived with Jay and Lorraine from the age of five. It was undisputed that Lorraine

contributed significantly to Matthew's upbringing. Lorraine's niece testified that Lorraine did a lot of the

cooking and helped Matthew with his homework. She also testified that Jay did some cooking.

¶3. In 1979 Jay and his brother, Brad Craft, entered into a partnership to operate a used car business in

Hattiesburg, Mississippi under the name of Craft Auto Sales. This partnership existed prior to Lorraine and

Jay's marriage on May 30, 1987. Although Brad and Jay did not formalize the partnership until 1994, the

brothers have filed tax returns as a partnership since 1980. The partnership agreement also provided for a

$500,000 life insurance policy on the life of each partner with the beneficiary being the surviving brother.

The proceeds would be paid to the decedent's estate which would effect a transfer of the total interest in the

partnership to the surviving partner. Sometime after the marriage, Brad and Jay started acquiring real estate

properties with some of the earnings from the dealership. This real estate was considered an asset of the

partnership. Craft Auto Sales paid the property taxes. All of the property was acquired equally by Brad and

Jay as joint tenants or tenants-in-common.

¶4. The value of the dealership and of the real estate investments increased during Jay and Lorraine's

marriage. The real estate holdings grew to a value of $2,000,000. Jay's interest in the partnership was

valued at approximately $1.16 million, according to Lorraine's expert, $850,000 according to Jay's expert,

and $750,000 according to Jay himself as owner of half of the interest of Craft Auto Sales.

¶5. Both Lorraine and Jay were employed throughout their marriage. In 1996 Lorraine was a loan officer

for UC Lending where her income was about $33,000 per year. She was promoted to office manager, and

her income increased in 1998 to about $64,500 per year, not including "large bonuses" she received up until

May of 1999, a company car, fully paid health insurance, and an allowance on company credit cards.

Lorraine testified that she changed jobs in May of 1999 due to the stress of the divorce. She now works for

a different loan institution. Her current base salary is $44,000 per year. Jay's income is approximately $128,

000 per year. In the years that Lorraine and Jay lived together, they had combined earnings of $850,800,

with Jay contributing approximately $588,000 and Lorraine contributing approximately $262,700. These

figures were undisputed. The chancellor found that Lorraine was in good health, had no children, and was

capable of earning an income of $65,000 to $75,000 a year.

¶6. Of the marital assets, Lorraine was awarded the marital home, valued at $225,000, subject to the

mortgage, but with equity of $94,000. Sometime after Jay and Lorraine separated, she withdrew $80,000

cash from the marital funds. She used $30,000 of the withdrawn funds to purchase a 1999 Mazda

automobile. She was awarded the automobile, as well as the $80,000 she had withdrawn. She was also

awarded a $15,000 retirement account. She was awarded $7,000 to contribute to her attorney's fees.

Furthermore, after the separation, and when Jay moved out, on or about February 5, 1999, Jay voluntarily

paid Lorraine $500 per week, plus $50 per month for her cellular phone and $50-70 per week for the maid

service. He continued the voluntary payments until April, after which time the chancery court ordered Jay to

continue with the payments. Jay made the payments on a timely basis throughout the separation.
¶7. Of the remaining marital assets, which were classified as Jay's non-marital property according to the

exhibit, Jay was left with a little over $10,000, not including a stock account valued at $35,000 which he

purchased in March of 2000, after the marital estate was settled. As for Loraine's non-marital assets, she

has a one-third future interest in her father's life estate in Lamar County, which consists of 129 acres. This

asset was not included on her list of financial assets submitted to the chancery court. Also relevant to the

division of marital assets, the chancery court established that Jay sustained net gambling losses of

approximately $67,000 over a three to four year period.

¶8. As for Lorraine's contention that Jay's half of Craft Auto Sales should be classified as marital, Lorraine

testified that, during the early years of their marriage, when Jay and Brad would rotate Saturdays running the

business, she helped Jay with some general clerical work for the partnership on his Saturday rotation. She

also stated that she was involved with the business when she once helped Jay to audit Regal Financial

Services, a lending company started by Jay, Brad, and two other partners. She testified that she

encouraged Jay and Brad to invest in real estate. Jay's testimony, on the other hand, was that Lorraine did

not do any work for Craft Auto Sales and that when she was there, she "just mainly hung around" and that

she had not been there on a Saturday at all for the past 7 to 8 years.

¶9. At trial, Loraine requested $504,153.29 in lump sum alimony or real estate and $3000 per month in

permanent periodic alimony. The chancery court classified Jay's interest in the partnership as a non-marital

asset. The court equitably distributed the marital assets and awarded Lorraine $175,000 in lump sum

alimony, as well as periodic alimony in the amount of $2000 per month for twenty-four months. The

chancellor determined that when dividing the marital assets, which totaled slightly less than $350,000, there

remained a marked deficit on the part of Lorraine. Therefore, the chancellor awarded the lump sum and

periodic alimony as an adjunct to the equitable distribution of the marital estate. The primary contention on

appeal is the division and classification of assets. Jay's interest in the partnership and in the real estate was

not included in the marital assets. Lorraine contends that those assets should have been classified as marital.

The following issues are now before this Court:

I. Whether the court erred in determining the ownership and classification of assets.

II. Whether the court erred in not awarding Lorraine an interest in the business and real

estate assets.

III. Whether the court erred in finding Lorraine had not contributed to the appreciated value

of the assets.

IV. Whether the court erred in finding that Jay's brother would have to be joined before

equitable distribution of the marital assets.

V. Whether the court erred in failing to grant Lorraine permanent or long-term periodic

rehabilitative alimony.

DISCUSSION

¶10. This Court's scope of review in domestic relations matters is limited. Montgomery v. Montgomery,

759 So. 2d 1238, 1240 (Miss. 2000). Absent an abuse of discretion, this Court will uphold the decision of

the chancellor. Hollon v. Hollon, 784 So. 2d 943, 946 (Miss. 2001). This Court will not disturb the

findings of a chancellor unless the chancellor was manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous or an erroneous legal
standard was applied. Henderson v. Henderson, 757 So. 2d 285, 289 (Miss. 2000).

I. WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN DETERMINING THE OWNERSHIP AND

CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS.

¶11. According to this Court's ruling in Johnson v. Johnson, 650 So. 2d 1281, 1287 (Miss. 1984), the

first step before division of the assets is for the chancellor to characterize the parties' assets as marital or

non-marital. This Court also ruled, in Hemsley v. Hemsley, 639 So. 2d 909, 915 (Miss. 1994), that assets

accumulated during the marriage are marital assets and are subject to equitable division unless it can be

proven that such assets are attributable to one of the parties' separate estates either prior to the marriage or

outside of the marriage. The second step is for the chancellor to equitably divide the marital property

according to the guidelines set forth in Ferguson v. Ferguson, 639 So. 2d 921, 928 (Miss. 1994). In

Johnson, this Court stated that "[i]f there are sufficient marital assets which, when equitably divided and

considered with each spouse's marital assets, will adequately provide for both parties, no more need be

done." Johnson, 650 So. 2d at 1287. Where there is a deficit left for one of the parties, "then alimony

based on the value of non-marital property should be considered." Id. Lorraine does not dispute the

division of the stipulated marital property. She does, however, dispute the chancellor's finding that Jay's

one-half interest in Craft Auto Sales is not marital property.

¶12. Lorraine contends that she is entitled to one-half of Jay's interest in Craft Auto Sales, while Jay

contends that the property of the partnership is not a marital asset. The chancellor found that the partnership

existed several years prior to the marriage and that it remained outside of the marriage. The chancellor

found that Lorraine was never a significant contributor to the partnership. She took no active part in the

business, did not participate in business decisions, and did not invest or contribute money to its ongoing

operations. The chancellor found that Lorraine was merely present to drop Jay off a few times to repossess

a car or to go with him to observe an auction, or to go with him to the office to simply be with him. There

was no commingling of partnership money and affairs with personal money and affairs. See Pearson v.

Pearson, 761 So. 2d 157, 164 (Miss. 2000). The chancellor ultimately concluded that Lorraine's active

contributions to the business were negligible.

¶13. As for Lorraine's economic and domestic contributions to the marital estate, this Court has held that

"the contributions and efforts of the marital partners whether economic, domestic, or otherwise are of equal

value." Hemsley, 639 So. 2d at 915. On the other hand, it is well-established that a spouse is not

automatically entitled to an equal share of property accumulated through the contributions of both parties.

Brown v. Brown, 574 So.2d 688, 691 (Miss.1990). Furthermore, this Court has stated that the "[a]

ppreciation of the value of any non-marital asset may be taken into account to arrive at a fair division to the

extent the non-titled spouse had made a contribution toward the appreciation of value." Carrow v. Carrow,

642 So. 2d 901, 907 (Miss. 1994).

¶14. Property may not always be easily classified as either strictly marital or non-marital. As far as

classifying Jay's one-half interest in the partnership as non-marital property, the business portion and

ownership of the partnership did remain non-marital in character during the course of Jay and Lorraine's

marriage. However, while Lorraine may not be entitled to one-half of Jay's interest in the partnership, she is

entitled to an equitable distribution of the accumulated portion or the increase in value of Jay's one-half

interest, as per Hemsley. The accumulated portion of Jay's one-half interest in the partnership would be

considered marital property. Therefore, this Court must decide whether the chancellor properly considered
the accumulation of assets when dividing the marital estate. This Court finds that the chancellor did

ultimately consider Lorraine's indirect contributions to the increase in value of Jay's interest in the

partnership. Lorraine was awarded the majority of the marital assets, as well as a significant amount of lump

sum and periodic alimony.

¶15. If the trial judge committed any error at all, it was only in failing to recognize that the accumulated or

increased value of Jay's interest in the partnership should be labeled marital property subject to equitable

division. Neither party could establish with any degree of accuracy how much Jay's one-half interest in the

business had increased from the time Jay and Lorraine were married up to the time they separated. Lorraine

testified that the partnership was worth very little when Jay and Lorraine got married. On the other hand, the

partnership did operate for at least 6-7 years prior to the marriage, and Jay was at least able to verify that

his income from the partnership in 1987 was $16,000. The value of Jay's interest in the partnership

increased to somewhere between $750,000 and $1.16 million and the value of the real estate holdings of

the partnership increased to about $2 million; so, while we do not know the difference of the increase, we

can at least conclude that Lorraine's indirect contributions to the accumulation of assets are worth some

significant amount.

¶16. The chancellor stated that the marital estate was worth a little less than $350,000, of which Jay

contributed approximately two-thirds. Despite the fact that Jay was only awarded a little more than $10,

000 out of the marital assets, the chancellor stated that there remained a marked disparity when considering

the non-marital property, namely, Jay's interest in the partnership. The chancellor implicitly considered the

accumulated value of Jay's interest in the partnership when he equitably divided the marital estate,

evidenced by the award of nearly all of the marital estate to Lorraine.

¶17. Additionally, based on Johnson, the chancellor also awarded lump sum and period alimony to

account for the remaining disparity created by the accumulated value of Jay's interest in the partnership.

Had the chancellor determined beforehand that the accumulated value of Jay's one-half interest in the

partnership and real estate was marital property, he may not have found a disparity at the end. Ultimately,

the chancellor reached a fair distribution of the entire estate. Lorraine's indirect contributions to the

accumulation of assets in the partnership were satisfied through the lump sum alimony, periodic alimony, and

through the award of the nearly the entire marital estate. This Court will not disturb the chancellor's

discretionary determination of the value of Lorraine's interest in the accumulation of the partnership and real

estate. It is clear, based on the record, that "fairness [was] the prevailing guideline in [this] marital division."

Ferguson, 639 So.2d at 929.

II. WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN NOT AWARDING LORRAINE AN

INTEREST IN THE BUSINESS AND REAL ESTATE ASSETS.

¶18. This issue is closely related to the first issue. Lorraine is not entitled to an interest in the business and

real estate assets of the partnership. However, she is entitled to an equitable distribution of the accumulated

value of Jay's interest in the partnership and of Jay's interest in the real estate holdings. This Court finds that

Lorraine did receive an equitable portion from her indirect contributions to the partnership in the form of

alimony and in the the award of the bulk of the marital estate.

III. WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN FINDING LORRAINE HAD NOT

CONTRIBUTED TO THE APPRECIATED VALUE OF THE ASSETS.
¶19. This issue was considered along with the first issue. This Court finds that the chancellor considered the

appreciated value of the partnership and real estate in his final distribution of the marital assets and in the

awards of alimony.

IV. WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT JAY'S BROTHER WOULD

HAVE TO BE JOINED BEFORE EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF THE MARITAL

ASSETS.

¶20. Under M.R.C.P. 19, joinder of parties is only necessary if complete relief cannot be accorded among

those who are already parties to the suit. Craft Auto Sales was not joined as a party in this lawsuit. This

issue is not relevant to a final resolution of the case, since this Court finds that the accumulated value of Jay's

interest in the partnership and in the real estate was considered in the overall distribution of assets.

V. WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO GRANT LORRAINE

PERMANENT OR LONG-TERM PERIODIC REHABILITATIVE ALIMONY.

¶21. Lorraine's main contention was that she should be awarded more alimony because she believed Jay's

interest in Craft Auto Sales should be included in the marital assets. Jay's interest in the partnership, as

discussed in issue I., was considered by the chancellor. However, this Court has considered the following

factors when awarding alimony:

1) the income and expense of the parties;

2) the health and earning capacity of the parties;

3) the needs of each party;

4) the obligations and assets of each party;

5) the length of the marriage;

6) the presence or absence of minor children in the home, which may require that one or both of the

parties either pay, or personally provide, child care;

7) the age of the parties;

8) the standard of living of the parties, both during the marriage and at the time of the support

determinations;

9) the tax consequences of the spousal support order;

10) fault or misconduct;

11) wasteful dissipation of assets by either party; or

12) any other factor deemed by the court to be "just and equitable' in connection with the setting of

spousal support.

Pearson, 761 So. 2d at 165.
¶22. Lorraine has a separate income with the capacity to earn more. Lorraine was 39 years old at the time

of the divorce, and Jay was 42. The chancellor stated that there was nothing to detract from Lorraine's

employability and that she was in good health. The marriage lasted about 13 years. Any direct assistance in

the husband's business was negligible. The fault of Jay in committing adultery, his dissipation of assets due to

the gambling, and the standard of living of the parties were properly considered in determining the equitable

division of the marital assets, as well as the award of alimony, which amounted to $175,000 in lump sum

and $2,000 per month in periodic alimony for 2 years. The chancellor has considerable discretion in

determining the amount and type of alimony. Id. This Court sees no reason to disturb that discretion in this

case.

CONCLUSION

¶23. Based on a review of the record, we find that the chancellor was fair in his determination of the amount

of alimony to award to Lorraine. Furthermore, we find that the chancellor considered the accumulation of

Jay's interest in the partnership and in the real estate when equitably dividing the marital estate. The

chancellor, using his discretion, awarded an overall fair amount of alimony based on the total estate.

Therefore, the judgment is affirmed.

¶24. AFFIRMED.

McRAE AND SMITH, P.JJ., EASLEY, CARLSON AND GRAVES, JJ., CONCUR.

COBB, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY PITTMAN,

C.J., AND WALLER, J.

COBB, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶25. The majority concludes that the chancellor erred by not including the appreciation of Jay's 50% share

of Craft Auto Sales(1) as a marital asset, but somehow made up for this error in his award of alimony,(2) and

reached a fair distribution of the entire estate. Because I disagree strongly, I respectfully dissent.

¶26. The chancellor correctly determined that the "first order of business" should be the resolution of

whether Jay's half of Craft Auto Sales is a marital asset subject to equitable distribution. Unfortunately, the

chancellor committed manifest error in this initial step of classification, tainting the entire process, and

necessitating reversal.

¶27. According to Johnson v. Johnson, 650 So.2d 1281, 1287 (Miss. 1994), to equitably divide the

assets pursuant to a divorce, a chancellor is directed as follows:

Division of marital assets is now governed under the law as stated in Hemsley and Ferguson. First,

the character of the parties' assets, i.e., marital or nonmarital, must be determined pursuant to

Hemsley. The marital property is then equitably divided, employing the Ferguson factors as

guidelines, in light of each parties' nonmarital property.

¶28. The chancellor correctly cited Hemsley v. Hemsley, 639 So.2d 909, 914 (Miss. 1994) for the rule

that assets accumulated during the marriage are marital assets and subject to equitable distribution unless it

can be proven that such assets are attributable to one of the parties' separate estates prior to the marriage

or outside the marriage. The chancellor then concluded that the partnership existed prior to the marriage,

and its assets at all pertinent times was outside the marriage. In doing so, the chancellor misstated and
misapplied the facts of this case, and misstated and misapplied Mississippi's law of equitable distribution.

A. Who owned the Assets?

¶29. The chancellor considered the car business and the real estate holdings to be the property of the

partnership. He did so, even though the evidence was uncontroverted that the partnership had no assets.

Jay admitted that all of the property purportedly owned by the partnership is titled in Jay's and Brad's

names. Jay further admitted that the only asset owned prior to the marriage and still owned at the time of the

trial was the lot on which the car business was located. Even though Craft Auto Sales existed as a

partnership at the time of the marriage, Craft Auto Sales acquired no assets during the marriage. All of Jay's

interest in Craft Auto Sales, save for the lot, was actively acquired in his name during the marriage. Thus,

pursuant to Hemsley, all of Jay's interest in Craft Auto Sales, save for the lot, is clearly marital property.

However, even if the assets had been in the name of the partnership, instead of Jay's name, it would not

change the ultimate classification of Jay's share of those assets as marital property.

B. Classifying the Assets.

¶30. One of the basic principles of our equitable distribution law is that assets acquired by the active efforts

of either spouse during the marriage are considered marital property. As we stated in A & L, Inc. v.

Grantham, 747 So.2d 832, 839 (Miss. 1999):

The burden is upon one claiming assets to be non-marital to demonstrate to the court their non-marital

character. This burden goes beyond a mere demonstration that the asset was acquired prior to

marriage. Where, as here, there is a suggestion that the net equity in the assets may have increased

due to the spouse/owner's efforts, as opposed to enhanced value passively acquired, there must be a

showing such as would allow the chancellor to separate the former, a marital asset, from the latter, a

non-marital asset.

¶31. In the case sub judice, the chancellor found that "the worth of the partnership has increased from a

quite modest but unstated value at the time of the marriage of Jay and Lorraine to a quite substantial value."

According to James A. Koerber, a CPA and expert business evaluator, Jay's one-half interest in the

partnership had a value of $1,159,000, at the time of the trial. Further, the chancellor correctly found that

the substantial increase in value of the partnership was an active, as opposed to passive, appreciation. Then,

inexplicably, the chancellor concluded that "Lorraine cannot be credited with any direct participation in or

contribution to that appreciation, and no distribution of any part thereof can be made to her." This

conclusion is clearly erroneous. If the appreciation of an asset is the result of the efforts of either spouse, it is

considered active appreciation and becomes a marital asset. While Jay's share of the value of the

partnership prior to the marriage is arguably non-marital property, the burden was on him to prove that

value at trial. He offered no evidence in this regard, and thus failed to meet his burden of proof. As such,

Jay's share of the partnership was clearly marital property and the chancellor committed manifest error in

determining otherwise.

C. Dividing the Assets.

¶32. After erroneously classifying the assets, the chancellor then compounded that error by finding that

Lorraine had contributed one-third and Jay had contributed two-thirds to the accumulation of the marital

assets. In doing so, the chancellor was clearly basing the division of property only on the number of dollars
brought into the marriage. This was clearly erroneous. "In Ferguson v. Ferguson, we directed the

chancery courts to evaluate the division of marital assets by following a nonexclusive list of eight guidelines

and "to support their decisions with findings of fact and conclusions of law for purposes of appellate

review.'" Kilpatrick v. Kilpatrick, 732 So.2d 876, 880 (Miss. 1999)(emphasis in original). Further, "We

assume for divorce purposes that the contributions and efforts of the marital partners, whether economic,

domestic or otherwise are of equal value." Hemsley, 639 So.2d at 914.

¶33. The facts of this case certainly indicate that Lorraine was certainly entitled to more of the marital

property than one-third, in fact she was clearly entitled to more than one-half.

¶34. First, Jay admitted that Lorraine was the primary care-giver of his son of a previous marriage from age

five until age eighteen. In fact, Lorraine testified that she was often home caring for his son, while Jay was

out drinking and gambling. Lorraine further testified that she was the one who helped Jay's son with his

homework, and encouraged him in his sports activities. In Cork v. Cork, 811 So.2d 427. 429 (Miss. Ct.

App. 2001), the Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed the husband receiving sixty-five percent of the

marital assets, where both he and his wife worked throughout the marriage, and the husband had helped

support the wife's child from a previous marriage, as follows:

The court found that Mr. Cork had supported Mrs. Cork's child throughout the marriage and

determined it appropriate that he receive a larger share of the marital estate. The chancellor awarded

Mrs. Cork thirty-five percent (35%) of the marital assets and Mr. Cork sixty-five percent (65%) of

the marital assets.

¶35. Second, Jay admitted, and the chancellor concluded that the break-up of the marriage was entirely

Jay's fault. One of the factors to consider in equitable distribution is "Contribution to the stability and

harmony of the marital and family relationships as measured by quality, quantity of time spent on family

duties and duration of the marriage." Ferguson v. Ferguson, 639 So.2d 921, 928 (Miss. 1994).

¶36. Third, Jay admitted that he had sustained gambling losses of around $67,000 over just the previous

few years. Further, prior to the divorce, Jay had moved in with and was supporting his new girlfriend.

Dissipation of assets by one spouse is another of the eight factors to consider. See Ferguson, 639 So.2d

at 928.

¶37. In Owen v. Owen, 798 So.2d 394, 398 (Miss. 2001), we stated:

Margaret alleges that the chancellor committed reversible error in basing the division of marital assets

upon one factor--financial contributions to the accumulation of marital property--rather than upon all

eight Ferguson factors. This Court finds that the chancellor's division of property did improperly

focus only on Kenneth's economic contributions to the marriage, and accordingly we reverse the

decision.

We went on to hold:

Chancellors are to consider those factors on the record and are to "support their decisions with

findings of fact and conclusions of law for appellate review." This Court has reversed decisions where,

even though the chancellor may have actually applied the Ferguson factors, the chancellor failed to

make specific findings on the record. At the same time, not every case requires consideration of all

eight of the factors. This Court has stated that the chancellor "may consider only those factors he finds
'applicable' to the property in question." However, in this case, there were certainly more Ferguson

factors that were "applicable" other than just Kenneth's economic contributions. Accordingly, the

chancellor should have addressed these factors on the record.

Owen, 798 So.2d at 399 (citations & parenthetical omitted).

¶38. In sum, equitable distribution of marital property begins with the assumption that the contribution of the

spouses is equal, whether that contribution is made in the workforce or at home. From that starting point,

the chancellor can adjust the award in the favor of one of the spouses, after making findings of fact and

conclusions of law, if the application of the Ferguson factors so warrants doing so. In applying the factors

to this case, it is clear that the relevant factors favor adjusting the award beyond the 50% starting point in

Lorraine's favor. Instead, the chancellor concluded that because Jay contributed two-thirds of the income to

the family, he had further contributed two-thirds to the accumulation of the marital assets. This conclusion is

manifest error. Further, the chancellor's division of property improperly focuses only on Jay's economic

contributions to the marriage, and accordingly, pursuant to Owens, we should reverse that decision.

D. Awarding Alimony.

¶39. Finally, even though the chancellor awarded Lorraine lump sum alimony of $175,000 and periodic

rehabilitative alimony of $48,000, this award is woefully inadequate. In Ferguson, 639 So.2d at 934, we

said, "it must be remembered, the goal in a divorce case is to do equity." Further, this Court will interfere

with an alimony award "where the decision is seen to be oppressive, unjust, or grossly inadequate so as to

evidence an abuse of discretion." Chapel v. Chapel, 700 So.2d 593, 598 (Miss. 1997). In Ferguson, this

Court stated:

Alimony and equitable distribution are distinct concepts, but together they command the entire field of

financial settlement of divorce. Therefore, when one expands, the other must recede. . . In the final

analysis, all awards should be considered together to determine that they are equitable and

fair.

Ferguson, 639 So.2d at 929 (emphasis added).

¶40. In Tilley v. Tilley, 610 So.2d 348 (Miss. 1992), this Court discussed the four factors to be

considered in whether to award lump sum alimony:

1) Substantial contribution to accumulation of total wealth of the payor either by quitting a job to

become a housewife, or by assisting in the spouse's business.

2) A long marriage.

3) Where recipient spouse has no separate income or the separate income is meager by comparison.

4) Without the lump sum award the receiving spouse would lack any financial security.

Id. at 352 (citations omitted). We went on to say, "the single most important factor is the disparity of

the separate estates." Id. (emphasis added)(citing Cheatham v. Cheatham, 537 So.2d 435, 438 (Miss.

1988)). Further, "lump sum alimony is intended as an equalizer between the parties to serve equity amongst

them completely once and for all." Hubbard v. Hubbard, 656 So.2d 124, 130 (Miss. 1995).
¶41. The majority has concluded that the chancellor compensated for his errors in equitable distribution by

his award of alimony. With all due respect, this is just not true. Although the chancellor did not specifically

total the respective estates after equitable distribution, from the record, the following is a rough estimate:

Lorraine Jay

1. House equity $ 90,000 1. Craft Auto Sales $1,159,000

2. Furniture 17,000 2. Personal Property 10,000

3. Automobile 25,000 3. Ameri-trade Stock 35,000

4. Retirement Acct. 15,000

Total $147,000 Total $ 1,204,000

add alimony 223,000 subtract alimony 223,000

Adjusted total $ 370,000 Adjusted Total $ 981,000

¶42. As can be seen, Jay's estate was nearly eight times larger, or over a million dollars more than

Lorraine's estate after equitable distribution. To do equity, the chancellor awarded Lorraine $223,000 in

total alimony. Even after that award, Jay's estate is two and one-half times larger, or over six hundred

thousand dollars more than Lorraine's estate.

¶43. Besides the inequity in the size of their estates, there is great disparity between their respective

incomes. At the time of the trial, Jay's income was around $126,000 per year, while Lorraine was making

less than a third of that amount. Thus, the two and one-half times disparity is guaranteed to widen with time.

Even if the chancellor had not committed reversible error in classifying and dividing the assets, the

inadequate alimony award alone is sufficient to reverse this case.

E. Conclusion.

¶44. The chancery court's finding that Jay's share of Craft Auto Sales is non-marital property should be

reversed for either of two reasons. First, the partnership did not own any property, and all the property was

in fact titled in the name of Jay and Brad, and all property except the car lot was acquired during the

marriage. Second, Craft Auto Sales was worth very little at the time of the marriage, and its increase in

value was the result of active appreciation, thus marital property.

¶45. The chancery court further erred by not properly considering all of the relevant Ferguson factors, by

concluding that Lorraine had only contributed one-third to the accumulation of the marital assets, making its

inequitable alimony award.

¶46. For all the reasons stated herein, I respectfully dissent.

PITTMAN, C.J., AND WALLER, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.

1. Craft Auto Sales is a partnership with Jay and his brother Brad equal partners. They began the

partnership in 1979, buying and selling used cars. Sometime after Jay's marriage to Lorraine, the partnership

diversified into investment real estate. Although they called this new activity Craft Investments, it seems as

though the two business entities were operated as one, and I will similarly treat them as one entity.

2. I can find no authority that states that a chancellor can misstate and misapply the law of equitable
distribution, but somehow correct this error by granting alimony. We did say in Ferguson that equitable

distribution and alimony must be considered together and when one expands, the other must recede.

However, I do not interpret that as affirming manifest error in one because a setoff is made in the other.