FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

March 27, 2012

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

__________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

ARMANDO JUAN CANO,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 11-8054

(D.Ct. No. 2:10-CR-00276-WFD-1)

(D. Wyo.)

______________________________

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before PORFILIO, ANDERSON, and BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination

of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Appellant Armando Juan Cano pled guilty to one count of attempted carjacking in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119 and one count of illegal use of a firearm

*

 This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,

however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th

Cir. R. 32.1.
during and in relation to a crime of violence in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c)(1)(A)(iii). The district court sentenced him to fifty-seven months

imprisonment for the car-jacking count and 120 months imprisonment for the

firearm count, to be served consecutively. While Mr. Cano appeals his

convictions and sentences, his attorney has filed an Anders brief and motion to

withdraw as counsel. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). In

turn, Mr. Cano has filed an opening brief in response, raising multiple issues for

appeal and requesting appointment of appellate counsel. The government opposes

the appeal, except for the procedural reasonableness of his car-jacking sentence,

which it concedes requires reversal and remand. Exercising jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), and for the reasons set forth hereafter, we

affirm Mr. Cano’s convictions, affirm his sentence for illegal use of a firearm,

and reverse and remand to the district court to vacate his sentence for attempted

car-jacking and resentence him in accordance with this Order and Judgment. We

further deny counsel’s Anders motion to withdraw1

 and Mr. Cano’s pro se request

for appointment of appellate counsel. 

1

 See United States v. Mihaly, 67 F.3d 894, 897 (10th Cir. 1995) (denying

counsel’s motion to withdraw based on meritorious argument raised on appeal and

our reversal and remand for resentencing).

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I. Background

Witnesses and a Wyoming Highway Patrolman provided the following

uncontested facts contained in the prosecutor’s statement and incorporated into

the presentence report. On June 23, 2010, while traveling on Interstate 80 in

Wyoming, Mr. Cano swerved his car and collided with a car containing a man and

woman. The male driver of the car stopped on the shoulder of the road and exited

his vehicle while Mr. Cano stopped his car in the middle of the highway. On

exiting, Mr. Cano waved his arms, yelled, and asked the male driver for help,

claiming someone was chasing him, he had been stabbed, and his car was filled

with poisonous gas. Mr. Cano then took off all of his clothes except for his pants,

which had fallen around his ankles, and stepped in front of another vehicle

traveling on the interstate, a Volvo, forcing the female driver to stop. Once she

stopped, Mr. Cano forced his way into the back seat of the Volvo, where he found

the female driver’s pistol. After Mr. Cano chambered a round of ammunition in

the gun and fired a round at her head, narrowly missing her, she ducked down and

shifted her car into park, causing him to scream at her to drive and lean across the

seat in an attempt to shift her car into drive. Mr. Cano then fired a second round

through the front passenger window toward the male driver he encountered

earlier. 

At that time the female driver exited the Volvo and attempted to hide next

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to the front left tire of her car when she heard another gun shot and saw Mr. Cano

exit her car with her pistol in his hand. Mr. Cano then pointed the gun at the male

driver but the gun failed to fire. The male driver then got back into his car and

drove away. Mr. Cano also got back into his car, pursuing the couple and

ultimately swerving into their car, causing them to drive off the road. However,

Mr. Cano did not stop but continued on the highway until he reached milepost

181, where he stopped and was eventually arrested by a Wyoming Highway

Patrolman. 

The patrolman’s inspection of the Volvo revealed a live round of

ammunition on the rear passenger floor, a fired casing, and bullet holes in the

dash, passenger-side window, and front windshield. Inside Mr. Cano’s vehicle,

the patrolman found the female driver’s firearm, which was jammed with a fired

casing but contained six rounds of live ammunition in the magazine. Mr. Cano’s

blood and urine later tested positive for methamphetamine. 

Following a competency evaluation, the parties’ stipulation on Mr. Cano’s

competency, and a hearing in which Mr. Cano was deemed competent to stand

trial, he entered into a formal plea agreement, pleading guilty to one count of

attempted car-jacking in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119 and one count of illegal

use of a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence in violation of 18

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U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(iii). During the change of plea hearing, the government

read into the record the prosecutor’s statement containing the government’s

factual version based on witness accounts, which Mr. Cano stated he believed to

be accurate based on the fact the witnesses who recounted those facts were sober,

while he was “intoxicated” on methamphetamine. Mr. Cano did not deny any of

the events recounted in that statement and consented to the district court taking

the statement into account as part of his factual basis in pleading guilty. 

After the district court accepted Mr. Cano’s guilty plea, a probation officer

prepared a presentence report calculating his sentence under the applicable 2010

United States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines” or “U.S.S.G.”). With respect

to the count for illegal use of a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence

under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(iii), the probation officer noted under U.S.S.G.

§ 2K2.4 the Guidelines range for a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) is a

minimum term of imprisonment of ten years, required by statute to be served

consecutive to any other sentence. 

With respect to the count for attempted car-jacking, the probation officer

set Mr. Cano’s base offense level at 20 under U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(a) for robbery2

2

 As the government points out, car-jacking is not assigned its own

Guidelines provision and, instead, is found under U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(a) for

(continued...)

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and added two levels under § 2B3.1(b)(5) as required for robbery offenses

involving car-jacking; one level under § 2B3.1(b)(6) for taking a firearm from a

victim; and one level under § 2B3.1(b)(7)(B) because the loss caused due to the

taking of the female driver’s vehicle and firearm exceeded $10,000 but was less

than $50,000. The probation officer also recommended decreasing the offense

level three levels for acceptance of responsibility, for a total base offense level of

21. The probation officer determined an offense level of 21, together with a

criminal history category of II, resulted in an advisory sentencing range of fiftyone to sixty-three months imprisonment. The probation officer also noted no

factors existed which would warrant a departure or variance outside of the

advisory Guidelines. 

While Mr. Cano did not contest the factual findings, he filed several

objections to the presentence report regarding the procedural and substantive

reasonableness of his sentences and requests for both a downward departure and

variance. However, none of these contentions are presented on appeal by Mr.

Cano or his counsel, other than his counsel’s Anders argument, as presented

hereafter, that his statutory mandatory minimum sentence of 120 months on the

firearm count is unconstitutional as a violation of the separation of powers

2

(...continued)

robbery, extortion, and blackmail, with directions to add two levels if the offense

involved car-jacking in order to account for that element of the crime. 

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between the legislative and judicial branches. 

At the sentencing hearing, the district court denied all of Mr. Cano’s

objections and his requests for a downward departure and variance. After

considering the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors, the district court stated it

would “accept the recommendations of the probation department, determining the

total offense level is 21, and the criminal history category is II, which results in a

guideline imprisonment range under Count One of fifty-one to sixty-three months. 

Count Two, 120 months ....” It then imposed a sentence of fifty-seven months on

the attempted car-jacking count and 120 months on the firearm count, to run

consecutively. 

After Mr. Cano filed a timely notice of appeal and his request for

appointment of counsel was granted, his counsel, who represented Mr. Cano

before the district court, filed an Anders motion and appeal brief, explaining the

district court fully addressed all sentencing issues, no valid or meritorious

grounds for an appeal exist, and moving for an order permitting his withdrawal as

counsel. See Anders, 386 U.S. at 744. However, counsel renewed his assertion

the mandatory minimum sentence for the firearm offense is unconstitutional, for

the purpose of preserving the issue for appeal in the event the Supreme Court

declares such sentences unconstitutional. 

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Pursuant to Anders, this court gave Mr. Cano an opportunity to respond to

his counsel’s Anders brief. See id. Mr. Cano filed a response, arguing his

conviction is invalid because the State of Wyoming, rather than the federal

government, possessed jurisdiction over the crime committed given the offense

happened on state land. He also contends his car-jacking sentence is procedurally

and substantively unreasonable, arguing the district court: (1) treated the

Guidelines as “mandatory,” rather than advisory; (2) erred in calculating his

“relevant conduct” in determining his sentence; (3) improperly applied a onelevel increase for the loss amount calculation; and (4) impermissibly adopted the

probation officer’s factual findings, rather than making its own findings of fact or

having the government prove the facts to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. He

also alleges a miscarriage of justice occurred based on his waiver of his appeal

rights and cursorily suggests ineffective assistance of counsel due to counsel’s

“trying to deny this Petitioner ... an appeal.” Finally, on a page attached to his

certificate of service, Mr. Cano points to the Guidelines sentencing range for the

car-jacking count, explaining the presentence report contains an error because an

offense level of 21 and criminal history category of II results in a Guidelines

range of forty-one to fifty-one months, rather than fifty-one to sixty-three months.

In response, the government contends Mr. Cano’s appeal lacks merit with

respect to all of his arguments, except for the procedural reasonableness of his

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attempted car-jacking sentence. After its own review of Mr. Cano’s sentence and

the applicable Guidelines sentencing table, the government admits the sentence

imposed is procedurally unreasonable and must be remanded for resentencing

because, as Mr. Cano contends, the Guidelines range for an offense level of 21

and criminal history category of II should have been forty-one to fifty-one months

imprisonment. After arguing Mr. Cano’s sentence is not otherwise procedurally

or substantively unreasonable, it also points out Mr. Cano did not waive his right

to appeal in his plea agreement, making his argument on his waiver of his

appellate rights “simply irrelevant.” It further advises Mr. Cano’s attorney did

not deny him an appeal and that, in any event, any ineffective assistance claim

Mr. Cano may be making should be deferred for collateral proceedings under 28

U.S.C. § 2255. 

II. Discussion

As required by Anders, we have conducted a full examination of the record

before us. See 386 U.S. at 744. To begin, Mr. Cano seems to be summarily

raising an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. We have long held ineffective

assistance of counsel claims should be brought in collateral proceedings and not

on direct appeal, see United States v. Calderon, 428 F.3d 928, 931-32 (10th Cir.

2005), even when, as here, it is raised in the context of an Anders filing, see

United States v. Banuelos-Barraza, 639 F.3d 1262, 1263 (10th Cir. 2011). Not

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only has Mr. Cano’s ineffective assistance claim not been adequately developed

in this appeal, but we have held that “[e]ven if the record appears to need no

further development, the claim should still be presented first to the district court

in collateral proceedings ... so the reviewing court can have the benefit of the

district court’s views.” United States v. Delacruz-Soto, 414 F.3d 1158, 1168

(10th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Galloway, 56 F.3d 1239, 1240 (10th

Cir. 1995)). As a result, we decline to consider Mr. Cano’s ineffective assistance

of counsel claim on direct appeal. 

With respect to his convictions, neither Mr. Cano nor the record presented

on appeal suggests he failed to understand his rights and the possible penalties

against him or that he entered his plea agreement involuntarily or unknowingly. 

Moreover, because Mr. Cano did not waive his right to appeal and his right of

appeal has not been contested, we need not address his argument on that issue. 

As to his jurisdictional argument, Mr. Cano pled guilty to two offenses in

violation of federal law and the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction in such

a federal criminal prosecution arose from 18 U.S.C. § 3231, which states “[t]he

district courts of the United States shall have original jurisdiction, exclusive of

the courts of the States, of all offenses against the laws of the United States.” As

a result, we conclude no nonfrivolous issues exist to challenge his convictions.

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As to Mr. Cano’s sentences, we review them for reasonableness, which

includes both a procedural component, encompassing the method by which a

sentence was calculated, as well as a substantive component, which relates to the

length of the resulting sentence under the sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a). See United States v. Kristl, 437 F.3d 1050, 1053-55 (10th Cir. 2006)

(per curiam). While our reasonableness review requires we review factual

findings for clear error and legal determinations de novo, id. at 1053, we review

for plain error any issues not previously raised with respect to the procedural

reasonableness of the sentence. See United States v. Romero, 491 F.3d 1173,

1176 (10th Cir. 2007). Having made such a review, it is clear neither we nor the

Supreme Court have held statutory mandatory minimum sentences are

unconstitutional and, therefore, we need not further address this sentencing issue

which Mr. Cano’s counsel raised before the district court and raises here to

preserve it for future appeal. Accordingly, we conclude the district court did not

err in sentencing Mr. Cano to the mandatory minimum of 120 months for his

firearm offense under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4(b) and 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).

As to Mr. Cano’s other sentence, for attempted car-jacking, we review his

newly-raised procedural reasonableness arguments for plain error. A review of

the record, including the presentence report and transcript of the sentencing

hearing, reveals nothing to indicate the district court considered the Guidelines to

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be mandatory or that it mandatorily applied them. As to Mr. Cano’s argument the

district court improperly considered his “relevant conduct,” nothing in the record

shows relevant conduct was a part of the sentence calculation, and Mr. Cano did

not plead guilty to any drug offense to which a “relevant conduct” determination

would apply. Similarly, Mr. Cano’s argument against the district court’s onelevel offense increase to his sentence, based on the loss calculation, lacks merit

given the value of the items he took–the vehicle and firearm–may be considered

under the Guidelines for the purpose of such an increase. See U.S.S.G.

§ 2B3.1(b)(7)(B). Moreover, as the government contends, Mr. Cano does not

claim the items he took were not worth over $10,000 for the purpose of such an

enhancement. 

We also reject Mr. Cano’s argument the district court impermissibly failed

to make factual findings for the purpose of sentencing him under the Guidelines

or that a jury should have made such findings beyond a reasonable doubt. The

Supreme Court has definitively held sentencing factors can be proved to a judge

at sentencing by a preponderance of the evidence. See United States v. O’Brien,

130 S. Ct. 2169, 2174 (2010). Moreover, in this case, the government did not

need to prove such facts given Mr. Cano admitted to the evidence contained in the

prosecutor’s statement which was incorporated without objection into the findings

of fact provided in the presentence report–both on which the district court relied

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in sentencing Mr. Cano. 

While we conclude the district court did not commit plain error on the

aforementioned issues and Mr. Cano’s arguments are meritless, it is clear, as the

parties contend, that an offense level of 21 and criminal history category of II,

result in a Guidelines range of forty-one to fifty-one months imprisonment, rather

than the range of fifty-one to sixty-three months applied by the district court. See

U.S.S.G., Ch. 5, Pt. A (Sentencing Table). As a result, Mr. Cano’s sentence for

attempted car-jacking is procedurally unreasonable and we must remand for

resentencing on this issue. Because of our remand, we will not address the

substantive reasonableness of Mr. Cano’s sentence. See United States v.

Martinez, 602 F.3d 1156, 1157 (10th Cir. 2010).

III. Conclusion

For these reasons, we AFFIRM Mr. Cano’s convictions, AFFIRM his 120-

month sentence for illegal use of a firearm, and REVERSE and REMAND to the

district court to vacate Mr. Cano’s fifty-seven-month sentence for attempted carjacking and resentence him in accordance with this Order and Judgment. Because

counsel based his motion to withdraw on his belief no meritorious arguments

existed on appeal and the government has since conceded, and because we have

determined the district court did commit reversible error, we DENY counsel’s

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motion to withdraw. See Mihaly, 67 F.3d at 897. We further DENY Mr. Cano’s

pro se request for appointment of appellate counsel.

Entered by the Court:

WADE BRORBY

United States Circuit Judge

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