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19-965-cr

United States v. Vargas

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY 

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN 

CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE 

EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION 

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON 

ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 27th day of March, two thousand twenty.

Present:

ROBERT A. KATZMANN,

Chief Judge,

RICHARD C. WESLEY,

MICHAEL H. PARK,

Circuit Judges.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v. No. 19-965-cr

LUIS OMAR VARGAS,

Defendant-Appellant,

MEHMET DIKENGIL, ANNA JONES,

KATHERINE RAMOS,

Defendants.

For Defendant-Appellant: ZACHARY A. MARGULIS-OHNUMA, Law Office 

of Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, New York, NY.
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For Appellee: ALEXANDRA N. ROTHMAN, Assistant United 

States Attorney (Ryan B. Finkel, Anna M. 

Skotko, Assistant United States Attorneys, on 

the brief), for Geoffrey S. Berman, United 

States Attorney for the Southern District of 

New York, New York, NY.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of 

New York (Abrams, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Defendant-appellant Luis Omar Vargas appeals from a judgment of conviction by the 

United States District Court of the Southern District of New York (Abrams, J.), entered after a 

jury found him guilty of (1) conspiracy to commit health care fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§§ 1347 and 1349; (2) health care fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1347; and (3) conspiracy to 

violate the Anti-Kickback Statute, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. We assume the parties’

familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

I. Preclusion of Testimony Concerning the Cellphone Search Warrant

Vargas argues that the district court erred in precluding him from questioning Special 

Agent Steven Kay as to how he executed the search warrant for the cellphone of Vargas’s 

codefendant, Mehmet Dikengil. Vargas argues that, contrary to the district court’s determination, 

such testimony would have been relevant and not unfairly prejudicial under Federal Rules of 

Evidence 401 and 403. This Court reviews a district court’s Rule 401 and 403 determinations 

“for abuse of discretion, which we will identify only if the ruling was arbitrary and irrational.” 
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United States v. Coppola, 671 F.3d 220, 244 (2d Cir. 2012).1 This review “is highly deferential 

in recognition of the district court’s superior position to assess relevancy and weigh the probative 

value of evidence against its potential for unfair prejudice.” Id. “Only rarely—and in 

extraordinarily compelling circumstances—will we, from the vista of a cold appellate record, 

reverse a district court’s on-the-spot judgment concerning the relative weighing of probative 

value and unfair effect.” United States v. Awadallah, 436 F.3d 125, 134 (2d Cir. 2006).

“Additionally, we will not order a new trial because of an erroneous evidentiary ruling if we 

conclude that the error was harmless.” United States v. Abreu, 342 F.3d 183, 190 (2d Cir. 2003). 

The district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that any probative value of 

Agent Kay’s testimony as to how he executed the cell phone search warrant was outweighed by a 

danger of unfair prejudice. After multiple colloquies on the subject and extended consideration 

of Vargas’s request, the district court reasonably found that there was no proper purpose for 

Kay’s testimony because there was no evidence that the search had been improperly conducted, 

the government was willing to stipulate as to the parameters of the search, and Vargas could 

argue that the government failed to present sufficient evidence of his guilt without questioning 

Kay. Moreover, any error in this determination would have been harmless, as Vargas was able to 

elicit on his cross-examination of Special Agent George Boresky that there were more messages 

on the phone than had been introduced into evidence; Vargas himself testified that he thought 

there might be missing messages; and Vargas argued in summation, based on Boresky’s 

1 Unless otherwise indicated, in quoting cases, all internal quotation marks, alterations, 

footnotes, and citations are omitted.
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testimony and his own, that the jury had seen a misleadingly small sample of the messages on the 

phone. 

Vargas also argues for the first time on appeal that the district court’s decision precluding 

his questioning of Agent Kay as to the search warrant violated his Sixth Amendment 

Confrontation Clause rights. Because Vargas did not raise a Confrontation Clause challenge 

below, we review for plain error. See United States v. Dukagjini, 326 F.3d 45, 59 (2d Cir. 2003). 

To demonstrate plain error, the defendant must show “(1) there is an error; (2) the error is clear 

or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute; (3) the error affected the appellant’s 

substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means it affected the outcome of the district court 

proceedings; and (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of

judicial proceedings.” United States v. Hsu, 669 F.3d 112, 118 (2d Cir. 2012). 

Vargas fails to demonstrate any error. The Confrontation Clause bars “admission of 

testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless he was unavailable to 

testify, and the defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” Crawford v. 

Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53–54 (2004). “[T]he proper Confrontation Clause inquiry should 

focus not on reliability as contemplated by the law of evidence, but on the ‘witnesses against the 

accused—in other words, those who bear testimony.’” United States v. James, 712 F.3d 79, 88 

(2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51). Here, Agent Kay was not a witness against 

Vargas and no testimonial statements of Agent Kay were introduced against Vargas. The 

pertinent evidence consisted of the contents of the cell phone examined by Agent Kay, not any 

statements made or conclusions drawn by Agent Kay. Agent Kay’s compilation of which text 
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messages were responsive to the search warrant was not itself a “statement” for purposes of the 

Confrontation Clause.

Accordingly, admission of the cellphone search warrant evidence without Agent Kay’s 

testimony did not violate Vargas’s Confrontation Clause rights. 

II. Preclusion of Out-of-Court Statements

Vargas argues that the district court abused its discretion by not admitting certain out-ofcourt statements of Jessica Alayo, the dental clinic’s former biller, as statements against penal 

interest pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(3). “Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(3) 

permits the admission of a statement against an unavailable declarant’s penal interest if the 

statement, when made, had so great a tendency to expose the declarant to criminal liability that a 

reasonable person in his position would have made the statement only if he believed it to be true, 

and corroborating evidence clearly indicates the trustworthiness of the statement.” United States 

v. Dupree, 870 F.3d 62, 80 (2d Cir. 2017). “We review a district court’s decision to exclude a 

statement under Rule 804(b)(3) for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Lumpkin, 192 F.3d 280, 

287 (2d Cir. 1999).

The district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Alayo’s statements, aside 

from two statements that defense counsel ultimately did not seek to admit, were not against 

Alayo’s penal interest, without reaching the question of whether the statements were trustworthy. 

“[A]lthough the word ‘statement’ might be read broadly to refer to a declarant’s entire 

confession, it must instead, in light of the principles underlying the Rule, be construed to refer to, 

and require assessment of, each assertion individually.” United States v. Ojudun, 915 F.3d 875, 

885 (2d Cir. 2019). “Thus, the district court may not just assume for purposes of Rule 804(b)(3) 

that a statement is self-inculpatory because it is part of a fuller confession, and this is especially 
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true when the statement implicates someone else.” Id. at 886. “[A]s to any particular statement, 

the question under Rule 804(b)(3) is always, in light of all surrounding circumstances, whether 

the statement was sufficiently against the declarant’s penal interest that a reasonable person in 

the declarant’s position would not have made the statement unless believing it to be true.” Id. 

(emphasis in original).

The individual statements that defense counsel sought to admit were either (1) 

characterizations of Dikengil’s role in the fraud as extensive, or (2) characterizations of Vargas 

as uninvolved, or less involved, in the fraud. As to the latter category, Vargas misreads

Williamson v. United States, 512 U.S. 594 (1994), to argue that a statement failing to implicate 

potential co-conspirators is a statement against the declarant’s interest. But Williamson merely 

stands for the principle that statements implicating co-conspirators are not necessarily against the 

declarant’s self-interest. See id. at 604. This does not mean that any failure to implicate a 

possible co-conspirator is always against the declarant’s self-interest. It was not against Alayo’s

self-interest to say that Vargas did not perform unauthorized dentistry or pay patients. 

Accordingly, these statements were correctly found to be inadmissible.

III. Prosecutorial Misconduct

Vargas argues that the government engaged in prosecutorial misconduct during its 

rebuttal at summation such that his conviction must be reversed. “[A] defendant who seeks to 

overturn his conviction based on alleged prosecutorial misconduct in summation bears a heavy 

burden.” United States v. Farhane, 634 F.3d 127, 167 (2d Cir. 2011). “He must show more than 

that a particular summation comment was improper. He must show that the comment, when 

viewed against the entire argument to the jury and in the context of the entire trial, was so severe 

and significant as to have substantially prejudiced him, depriving him of a fair trial.” Id. The 
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plain error standard of review applies where “the defendant did not object at trial to the 

statements forming the basis of his appeal.” United States v. Williams, 690 F.3d 70, 75 (2d Cir. 

2012).

None of the statements that Vargas identifies, some of which he objected to at trial and 

some of which he did not, constitutes prosecutorial misconduct significant enough to have 

deprived him of a fair trial. While the district court sustained some of his objections, counseling 

the prosecutor that he was straying too far towards defense counsel’s knowledge, these remarks 

were not prejudicial viewed in the context of an otherwise appropriate rebuttal. In addition, the 

judge gave a curative instruction that the prosecutor’s statements were only argument. The 

remarks that defense counsel identifies for the first time on appeal are permissible under our 

established precedent that it is not “improper or excessive, without more, for a prosecutor to 

criticize defense arguments as merely being attempts to ‘grasp at straws’ or ‘focus on 

distractions.’” Id. 

Accordingly, we see no error meriting reversal in these remarks.

IV. Cumulative Error

Finally, Vargas argues that the alleged errors by the district court, even if they do not 

individually merit reversal, “had the cumulative effect of depriving Mr. Vargas the right to put 

on a defense to the charged conduct.” Appellant’s Br. at 53. Vargas is correct that “the 

cumulative effect of a trial court’s errors, even if they are harmless when considered singly, may 

amount to a violation of due process requiring reversal of a conviction” where those errors in the 

aggregate “deprived the defendant[] of a fair trial.” United States v. Al-Moayad, 545 F.3d 139, 

178 (2d Cir. 2008); see also In re Terrorist Bombings of U.S. Embassies in E. Africa, 552 F.3d 

93, 147 (2d Cir. 2008) (“The cumulative error doctrine comes into play only where the total 
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effect of the errors found casts such a serious doubt on the fairness of the trial that the 

convictions must be reversed.”). However, as discussed above, the “errors” upon which Vargas 

relies were not, in fact, errors. Accordingly, his claim of cumulative error fails. 

V. Conclusion 

We have considered all of Vargas’s remaining contentions on appeal and have found in 

them no basis for reversal. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk