2010 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

7-6-2010

USA v. Raymond Horne

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 09-4639

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Recommended Citation

"USA v. Raymond Horne" (2010). 2010 Decisions. Paper 1017.

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

____________

No. 09-4639

____________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

RAYMOND HORNE,

 Appellant

____________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of New Jersey

(D.C. No. 09-cr-00521)

District Judge: Honorable Garrett E. Brown, Junior

___________

Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

July 2, 2010

Before: SLOVITER, BARRY and HARDIMAN, Circuit Judges.

Filed: July 6, 2010

____________

OPINION OF THE COURT

____________
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HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.

Raymond Horne appeals his judgment of conviction for violating 18 U.S.C.

§ 922(g)(1). Horne claims the District Court erred when it denied his motion to suppress. 

We will affirm.

I.

Because we write for the parties, we recite only the essential facts. 

The Felix Fuld public housing complex, also known as “Little Bricks,” is located

in a high-crime area of Newark, New Jersey. In the evening of February 15, 2009, Horne

drove to Little Bricks to drop off relatives who lived there, and to visit briefly with other

family members. Horne left the complex at about 11:30 p.m., carrying his car keys in his

right pants pocket and a .25-caliber semiautomatic handgun in the right lower pocket of

his hooded sweatshirt. Horne was returning to his car, walking across the Little Bricks

courtyard and parking lot, when he was spotted by two plainclothes Newark police

officers driving past the complex in an unmarked construction van.

At this point the parties’ versions of the facts diverge. Detective Pedro Torres, a

13-year veteran of the Newark Police Department, stated that he and his partner were on

patrol driving very slowly while looking for illicit activity in the Little Bricks complex. 

As Torres and his partner drove by, they could see Horne making his way through the

illuminated parking lot, and slowed further to take a look at him. According to Torres,

Horne slowed his walk, stared at the van and its occupants, and “kind of like just put his
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hand on [his] side which led us to believe that he may have a gun or trying to show us that

he may have a gun to intimidate us.” Torres noted that in high crime areas, he had

previously been mistaken for a robber while driving in an unmarked van and dressed in

plainclothes. Based on his training and experience, as well as the totality of the situation

confronting him, Torres stated: “I took [Horne’s actions] as—he probably thought we

were there to rob him or do something and he demonstrated to us that he had a weapon

and he was ready.” Torres and his partner then jumped out of the van with weapons

drawn, and effected the stop that resulted in the discovery of Horne’s gun.

Horne, by contrast, testified that he took no notice of the unmarked police van until

the officers emerged from it. He also stated that his only motion towards his right side

was to reach into his pants pocket, grab his car keys, and push the button that would

unlock his car doors remotely.

II.

Horne’s sole claim on appeal is that the District Court should have suppressed his

gun because the investigative stop to which he was subjected was not supported by

reasonable articulable suspicion. We review the District Court’s factual findings for clear

error, giving “due weight to inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and

local law enforcement officers.” Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996). We

review de novo the District Court’s ultimate determination as to the existence of

reasonable suspicion. Id.
 The law of New Jersey includes a presumption that a person carrying a firearm 1

lacks a permit to do so. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:39-2(b). We have previously reserved

judgment as to “under what circumstances New Jersey’s presumption would provide

reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop.” United States v. Valentine, 232 F.3d 350, 357 (3d

Cir. 2000). Taken at face value, however, the presumption would dictate that when police

in New Jersey reasonably suspect that a person is carrying a firearm, they also have

reasonable suspicion that he is committing a crime unless the circumstances affirmatively

suggest he has a permit.

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The District Court found credible Detective Torres’s statements that Horne stared

at the van and “held onto his right side, as though he was indicating to the person or

people in the van that he had a weapon,” in an attempt to “intimidat[e]” the occupants of

the van and “communicate . . . that they should stay away from him.” In light of this

“nervous or even intentional gesture to his right side,” as well as the late hour of the night

and the prevalence of crime in the area, the District Court found that the officers

possessed reasonable suspicion to make an investigative stop. On appeal, Horne does 1

not challenge the District Court’s factual findings; instead, he maintains that his conduct

was not sufficient to justify the investigatory stop.

“[A]n officer may, consistent with the Fourth Amendment, conduct a brief,

investigatory stop when the officer has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal

activity is afoot.” Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123 (2000) (citing Terry v. Ohio,

392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968)). The requisite “level of suspicion is considerably less than proof

of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S.

1, 7 (1989). In determining whether reasonable suspicion exists, “the totality of the
 We also note that the District Court had the benefit of physical demonstrations by 2

both Torres and Horne of precisely the types of motions that Horne made during their

encounter, and determined that Torres reasonably concluded that Horne was armed. We

are especially loathe to second-guess the factual findings of trial courts when, as in this

case, those findings were made following in-court movements and gestures that

supplemented the verbal testimony.

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circumstances—the whole picture—must be taken into account.” United States v. Cortez,

449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981). Even a series of lawful acts or occurrences may give rise to

reasonable suspicion. Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125 (citing Terry, 392 U.S. at 5-6, 30). A

suspect’s “nervous, evasive behavior is a pertinent factor,” Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 124

(citations omitted), as is the fact that the encounter occurs in a high-crime area, id. at 124,

and the time of day at which it occurs, id. at 129 (Stevens, J., concurring in part and

dissenting in part). Police are permitted to “draw on their own experience and specialized

training to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information

available to them that ‘might well elude an untrained person.’” United States v. Arvizu,

534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002) (quoting Cortez, 449 U.S. at 418).

Here, Horne presents the case as if Detective Torres testified that Horne merely

stared at the van and reached to his side. But Detective Torres testified—and the District

Court found—not only that Horne stared and reached to his side, but that he stared in an

intimidating way and motioned as if he had a gun. In light of the late hour and the

prevalence of crime in the neighborhood, this is precisely the type of inference that

Detective Torres’s 13 years of experience entitled him to draw. See id. 2
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For these reasons, the District Court did not clearly err when it found that Horne

acted as if he illegally possessed a gun. Because there was no clear error regarding this

fact, it follows that police had reasonable articulable suspicion to justify a Terry stop. 

Accordingly, we will affirm Horne’s judgment of conviction.