# Patent

## Title
Erosion control substrate and methods of use

## Abstract

A substrate and a slurry for erosion control are disclosed. The substrate includes mulch and a cover composition including bentonite clay and cellulosic water dispersible polymer or starch. Other desired optional ingredients may also be included. Methods of controlling or reducing erosion control are also disclosed.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/179,641, filed on Feb. 13, 2014, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to compositions for use in hydroseeding, for example, for hydroseeding landfills. Particularly, the invention relates to sprayable cover materials for seeding.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Hydroseeding is a process used for seeding large areas for vegetation growth. Hydroseeding may be used to seed an area in order to grow vegetation for soil erosion control, for instance, on sloped surfaces such as steep hillsides, or to replace lost vegetation after a large-scale fire. In other instances, landfill caps or other contaminated sites may be seeded. Grass may be applied by hydroseeding to large areas like golf courses.
Hydroseeding generally is performed by dispersing the hydroseed composition, which often includes water, seed and mulch, from a hose or a spray turret of a hydroseeding machine. For large-scale dispersion, tankers or helicopters are utilized.
There are a number of challenges with some currently used hydroseed. Some hydroseed is provided in a hard, brick-like format. This requires the user to break up the hydroseed brick prior to use, for instance, by using a hammer, so that the brick is adequately separated for application. Similarly, the hydroseed is prone to separating from water, especially if there is any delay in the use of the product once it is mixed. Current hydroseed products often clog the dispersal equipment, especially the hoses and pumps. Finally, the incorporated grass seed often tends to float in hydroseed, rather than remaining well dispersed.
Aspects of the present invention overcome these and other limitations of the prior art and provide an effective, easily applied hydroseed material.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides an improved hydroseeding material and a method for applying the hydroseeding material to an area. In one aspect, the invention relates to a hydroseeding substrate. The hydroseeding substrate includes 1 part by weight of mulch; and 0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of a cover composition. The cover composition includes about 50 to about 99 weight percent of a bentonite clay and 0.5 to about 25 weight percent cellulosic water dispersible polymer or starch. The cover composition may additionally comprise fiber, colorant, a mixture containing lipid essential oil and ethoxylated alkylphenol, synthetic polymer, soda ash, and/or cement.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a hydroseeding slurry. The hydroseeding slurry includes a hydroseeding substrate described herein, water, and seed. The hydroseeding slurry may also optionally include fertilizer and one or more soil adjuvants.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of forming a hydroseeding slurry. This method includes providing the hydroseeding substrate described herein; and mixing the hydroseeding substrate with water and seed. The method may also optionally include mixing with fertilizer and one or more soil adjuvants.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of seeding. This method includes providing the hydroseeding slurry recited herein and spraying the hydroseeding slurry on soil. In some situations, it is advantageous for the soil to be prepared to better receive the hydroseeding slurry. Soil preparation is well known in the art and will not be described here.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Details of these aspects of the invention, as well as further aspects of the invention, will become more readily apparent upon review of the following detailed description and the accompanying claims.
The invention provides compositions and methods for hydroseeding of soils, often for areas that are sloped. The hydroseeding substrate comprises, in its simplest form, mulch, bentonite clay, and a water-dispersable polymer and/or starch. The compositions may additionally comprise fiber, colorant, a mixture containing lipid essential oil and ethoxylated alkylphenol, synthetic polymer, soda ash, and/or cement.
In one aspect, the invention provides a hydroseeding substrate. The hydroseeding substrate includes mulch and a cover composition. The cover composition includes bentonite clay and cellulosic water dispersible polymer or starch. In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 1 part by weight of mulch. Any organic material, or mixtures of organic materials, may be used as mulch. For instance, bark, sawdust, woodchips, seashells, paper products (such as cardboard or newspaper), leaves, vegetation clippings (such as grass), straw, and/or manure may be used. In certain instances, non-organic materials, such as rubber, plastic, or rock, may be used as mulch. In some embodiments, the mulch is wood mulch.
In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of a cover composition. In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 0.5 to 1.0 parts by weight of a cover composition. In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 1.0 to 1.5 parts by weight of a cover composition. In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 0.75 to 1.25 parts by weight of a cover composition. In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 0.75 to 1.0 parts by weight of a cover composition. In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 1.0 to 1.25 parts by weight of a cover composition. In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 0.8 to 1.2 parts by weight of a cover composition. In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 0.7 to 1.1 parts by weight of a cover composition. In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 0.9 to 1.1 parts by weight of a cover composition.
In one embodiment, the cover composition may be a product marketed under the registered trademark POSI-SHELL by LSC Environmental Products, LLC of Apalachin, N.Y. The cover composition includes bentonite clay, which provides a source of both substantivity and bulk. Bentonite clay enhances the smoothness and consistency of the mixture and also increases its tackiness and viscosity, enabling it to better adhere to soil and cohere to itself. Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, consisting mostly of montmorillonite. There are different types of bentonite, each named after the respective dominant element, such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminium (Al). For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium and calcium bentonites. Many forms of bentonite clay may be used in the cover composition. The bentonite clay may comprise commercial bentonite clay, for example, Hi-Yield bentonite provided by Wyo-Ben of Billings, Mont., or its equivalent. In one embodiment, the bentonite clay may be finely ground bentonite, for example, bentonite provided in the form of PSM-200TM setting agent provided by Landfill Service Corporation. PSM-200 setting agent typically contains finely ground natural bentonite clay (for example, which can pass through a minus 200 sieve); a synthetic polymer, for example, less than 10% synthetic polymer by weight; pregelatinized wheat starch and soda ash.
In some embodiments, the cover composition includes about 50 to about 99 weight percent of a bentonite clay. In other embodiments, the cover composition includes about 90 to about 99 weight percent of a bentonite clay. In some embodiments, the bentonite clay is sodium bentonite, or its principal constituent, sodium montmorillonite.
The cover composition includes cellulosic water dispersible polymer or starch. In some embodiments, the cover composition includes about 0.5 to about 25 weight percent cellulosic water dispersible polymer or starch. In other embodiments, the cover composition includes about 0.5 to 5 weight percent cellulosic water dispersible polymer. All water-dispersible cellulosic polymers are envisioned, but those that are cold-water dispersible (i.e. under 40° C.) are preferred. Suitable polymers include one or more of methylcellulose, ethyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic water dispersible polymer is hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. In other embodiments, the water dispersible polymer or starch comprises pregelatinized wheat starch. As an adhesive agent in place of—or in addition to—the cellulosic polymer, one may include wheat starch, for instance, pregelatinized wheat starch.
In some embodiments, the cover composition additionally includes 0.01 to 0.15 parts by weight of fiber. In some embodiments, the cover composition additionally includes 0.05 to 0.1 parts by weight of fiber. In some embodiments, the cover composition additionally includes 0.05 to 0.15 parts by weight of fiber. In some embodiments, the cover composition additionally includes 0.05 to 0.075 parts by weight of fiber. The constituents which may be used as fibers include high density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, or polyethylene terephthalate polymer, as well as other types of plastics, shredded into thin hair-like fibers. In some embodiments, the hair-like fibers are between one-quarter to one-half inch in length. In some embodiments, the fibers are about one-quarter inch in length. In another aspect, the fiber may be cellulose fibers or synthetic fibers, for example, polyester fibers, such as those included in the formulation “P-100” provided by LSC Environmental Products. Polyethylene terephthalate fibers, such as LSC P-100 fiber, which are manufactured from recycled products such as plastic soda containers, have been found suitable. The polymer may be a semi-synthetic polymer, for example, a cellulosic water dispersible polymer, such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) treated water dispersible polymer or hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) treated water dispersible polymer. In some aspects, the fibers may be treated with organic lubricants as a surface treatment, which allows the fibers to disperse in water. In some aspects, the fibers are 1 denier strands, and further may be pre-stretched and chopped to the desired length. In some embodiments, the fibers are pre-stretched, 1 denier strands of polyethylene terephthalate polymer treated organic lubricants as a surface treatment, chopped to 0.25 inch lengths.
The cover composition may optionally include a colorant. A colorant may be added to provide the desired opacity or to provide an aesthetically pleasing shade of color to the composition. In one aspect, the colorant may comprise any conventional coloring agent, for example, a mortar dye; for instance, TRUE-TONE® mortar dye provided by Davis Color Corporation may be added if desired, though other colorants may be used.
An essential oil may be included in the cover composition in certain applications, for instance, if a landfill, which may be odiferous, is to be seeded. An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils and ethereal oils or simply as the “oil of” the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An oil is “essential” in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the plant. Examples of essential oils include orange, lemon, lime, field mint (Mentha arvensis), peppermint, spearmint, wintergreen, menthol, camphor, anise, allspice, clove, almond, vanilla, celery, nutmeg, cassia (Cinnamomum cassia), ginger, sage, buchu (Agathosma sp.), cedarwood, eucalyptus, May chang (Litsea cubeba), sassafras, rosewood, sandalwood, pine, balsam, juniper, tea tree (Melaleuca sp.) and patchouli. Citrus oils (e.g. orange, lemon, lime) and mint oils (e.g. field mint (Mentha arvensis), peppermint, spearmint, wintergreen, menthol) are readily available, effective and relatively inexpensive, which recommend them for application in the compositions described herein. In certain embodiments of the compositions of the invention, tea tree, eucalyptus and pine oils may be absent.
Ethoxylated alkylphenols are well known in the surfactant and emulsifier art. Two common classes are the nonoxynols and the octoxynols, many embodiments of which are commercially available from Rhodia/Solvay as their IGEPAL® series of emulsifiers. The IGEPAL® CO series of nonyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanols are preferred, and octoxynol-9 is particularly preferred.
A water-conditioning agent, for example soda ash (Na2CO3), may also be added to the compositions described above to improve the efficiency of the wetting of the bentonite. This property of soda ash may be particularly useful when hard water is used as the source of liquid for the composition. In some embodiments, soda ash may be introduced at, for instance, 0.5 to 10 weight percent of the bentonite. Other optional constituents that can be added to the compositions of the invention include Portland cement, cement kiln dust, fly ash, or stone dust, or any combination of these. In many embodiments, the composition will be free of zeolites, cyclodextrins, urease inhibitors, antimicrobials, borates, boric acid and metal salts other than alkali and alkaline earth metal salts. By “free of” it is meant that the named constituent is substantially absent; it may be present in trace, non-functional amounts as an impurity, typically less than 0.1% by weight.
In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 1 part by weight of mulch and 0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of a cover composition, and the cover composition includes about 50 to about 99 weight percent of a bentonite clay and about 0.5 to about 25 weight percent cellulosic water dispersible polymer or starch. In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 1 part by weight of mulch and 0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of a cover composition, and the cover composition includes 90 to 99 weight percent of a bentonite clay and 0.5 to 5 weight percent cellulosic water dispersible polymer. In some embodiments, the hydroseeding substrate includes 1 part by weight of mulch; 0.75 to 1.0 parts by weight of a cover composition; and 0.05 to 0.1 parts by weight of fiber. In some embodiments, the mulch in the hydroseeding substrate is wood mulch; and the cover composition includes 90 to 99 weight percent of sodium montmorillonite; and 0.5 to 5 weight percent hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose; and the fiber is polyethylene terephthalate polymer.
Mixing of the hydroseeding substrate may be accomplished in any convenient fashion. For instance, the hydroseeding substrate can be prepared by mechanically mixing the bentonite and, if not already present, the water-dispersable polymer. In one aspect the cover composition (that is, the dry powder) is mixed with the mulch to form the hydroseeding substrate. The hydroseeding substrate may then be provided in bulk or packaged in the form of unit packages. While these unit packages may be of any size, a weight of 50 or 100 pounds may be desirable.
Table I shows representative examples of the constituents of a 50-pound bag of the hydroseeding substrate. In these examples, the cover composition is PSM-200TM setting agent provided by Landfill Service Corporation:










TABLE I










Example No.













1
2
3







Wood Mulch
25 pounds
23.5 pounds
26.5 pounds



Cover Composition
25 pounds
23.5 pounds
22.0 pounds



Fiber
 0 pounds
  3 pounds
 1.5 pounds










In some embodiments, the invention relates to a hydroseeding slurry. This slurry contains a hydroseeding substrate described supra, water, seed, and optionally one or more of fertilizer and at least one soil adjuvant. According to aspects of the invention, the water used may be any source of water that is readily available and that would not be harmful to the seed or impermissible due to regulations related to groundwater contamination. As an example, untreated pond water or water that contains amounts of contaminants that would make it unsuitable as drinking water could be used as the source of the liquid.
The amount of water added to the hydroseeding substrate and the seed may be adjusted to accommodate the soil surface and the vegetation to be grown. For instance, a steeper slope may require the addition of less water to the hydroseeding substrate to provide a thicker slurry, while more water may be added in those situations where the soil is dryer or where the vegetation to be grown requires more liquid. In some embodiments, between 70 gallons and 100 gallons of water are added to 50 pounds of hydroseeding substrate. In some embodiments, between 80 gallons and 100 gallons of water are added to 50 pounds of hydroseeding substrate. In some embodiments, 80 gallons of water are added to 50 pounds of hydroseeding substrate.
Soil adjuvants, for purposes of this application, include any additive that may aid in the growth of the desired vegetation. Such adjuvants include, but are not limited to, additives which may adjust the pH of the growing medium (i.e., the soil and/or the hydroseeding substrate or slurry), additional fertilizers, or other nutrients. Additional adjuvants that may be added to change the viscosity or strength of the slurry, or to improve resistance to rain before cure, include cellulosic polymers (for example, Xtreme Rain Shield, LSC Environmental Products, LLC, Apalachin, N.Y.) additional fibers, or cement.
In order to facilitate the description of aspects of the present invention, the following discussion will primarily refer to the present invention as it is applied to hydroseeding grass. It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that the hydroseeding compositions and application process described may also be applied for other vegetation.
According to a further aspect, a method of forming a hydroseeding slurry is provided. This method includes providing the hydroseeding substrate described supra. The hydroseeding substrate is mixed with water and seed (and, if desired, other optional components such as fertilizer and/or one or more soil adjuvants) to prepare the hydroseeding slurry. The method is accomplished in any convenient fashion. For instance, in one embodiment, the water and hydroseeding substrate may be mixed first. The mixture may be mixed continuously with a mixing agitator while the ingredients are added. If preferred, seed for the desired vegetation, and optionally fertilizer and/or a soil adjuvant, such as a nutrient or a pH adjuster, may be added at this point. In another instance, water may be added to the hydroseeding substrate, seed, and optional fertilizer and/or soil adjuvant at the same time.
Typically, the mixture of liquid, hydroseeding substrate, seed, and optional additional ingredients may be allowed to thicken to form a viscid slurry with the consistency of pudding. The mixing time necessary to yield a mixture with the proper consistency may vary depending upon the percentage of each constituent added to the mixture. Once mixed, the composition may continue to be agitated, for example, slowly agitated. As an example, a commercial mixing device, such as a Landfill Service Corporation PSA 2000 Applicator mixer or its equivalent may be used. If the composition requires transport to the point of application, the mixture may be agitated during transport.
As a commercial example, a hydroseeding substrate of the invention may be brought to a job site. The user mixes the hydroseeding substrate with water and seed in a hydroseeding machine, in addition to any desired optional ingredients discussed herein, such as fertilizer. When the mixture is properly agitated, a spray applicator allows the mixture to be sprayed using a motion similar to spray painting. The resulting hydroseeding slurry is then sprayed on to the desired surface. In some embodiments, the surface is soil. The hydroseeding slurry may be applied in any thickness, as long as the thickness is sufficient to cover the desired surface (that is, the soil/landscape) without leaving gaps. The mixture is sprayed in such a manner that a uniform layer approximately one-sixteenth to one-half of an inch (1.5 mm to 13 mm) thick exists. It has been found that a thickness of one-quarter of an inch often will provide adequate coverage without wasting material, although thicker coverage may be used.
The hydroseeding slurry disclosed herein is “sticky”, due to the presence of the bentonite clay in the hydroseeding substrate. This texture adds benefits: when grass seed is used with traditional hydroseed products, which are not sticky, it often will float and will not remain in suspension. However, the seed will “stick” to the clay of the disclosed hydroseeding slurry and remain in suspension, resulting in a more even application of seed. This stickiness also allows the hydroseeding slurry to be applied to vertical and highly sloped surfaces to grow vegetation. In short, the hydroseeding substrate gives the mixture better performance properties.
The combination of mulch and the cover composition disclosed herein overcomes many of the challenges found in prior art hydroseeding mixtures. The disclosed hydroseeding substrate is softer, and thus easier to separate, than traditional brick-like hydroseed products. Further, traditional hydroseed products tend to harden, while the hydroseeding slurry disclosed herein remains in a more liquid-like form. In some embodiments, the consistency of the hydroseeding slurry is of pudding. This consistency of the hydroseeding slurry not only prevents the clogging of hydroseeding machinery and equipment that one finds when using traditional hydroseeding products, but even allows the hoses and pumps being used to be lubricated. Further, the reliability of the consistency of the hydroseeding slurry results in a quicker, easier application process.
Although this invention is susceptible to embodiment in many different forms, certain embodiments of the invention are shown. It should be understood, however, that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of this invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiments illustrated. While several aspects of the present invention have been described and depicted herein, alternative aspects may be effected by those skilled in the art to accomplish the same objectives. Accordingly, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such alternative aspects as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A slurry comprising:
a substrate comprising:
(A) 1 part by weight of mulch; and
(B) 0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of a cover composition;
wherein said cover composition comprises:
(a) 50 to 99 weight percent of a bentonite clay; and
(b) 0.5 to 25 weight percent cellulosic water dispersible polymer or starch;

water; and
optionally one or more members selected from the group consisting of fertilizer and soil adjuvant,

wherein the water is present in an amount that, by weight, is 11.7 to 16.7 times the weight of the substrate.

2. The slurry according to claim 1 wherein the mulch comprises straw.

3. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the cover composition comprises:
(a) 90 to 99 weight percent of a bentonite clay; and
(b) 0.5 to 5 weight percent cellulosic water dispersible polymer.

4. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the water dispersible polymer or starch comprises one or more members selected from the group consisting of methylcellulose, ethyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose.

5. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the water dispersible polymer or starch comprises pregelatinized wheat starch.

6. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the bentonite clay is sodium montmorillonite.

7. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the mulch is wood mulch.

8. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein said cover composition additionally comprises 0.01 to 0.15 parts by weight of fiber.

9. The slurry according to claim 8, wherein the fiber is polyethylene terephthalate polymer.

10. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises:
(A) 1 part by weight of mulch; and
(B) 0.75 to 1.0 parts by weight of cover composition.

11. The slurry according to claim 10, wherein the cover composition comprises 0.05 to 0.15 parts by weight of fiber.

12. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein:
said mulch comprises wood mulch; and
said cover composition comprises:
(a) 90 to 99 weight percent of sodium montmorillonite; and
(b) 0.5 to 5 weight percent hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.

13. The slurry according to claim 12, wherein said cover composition additionally comprises 0.01 to 0.15 parts by weight of fiber, said fiber comprising polyethylene terephthalate polymer.

14. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein said cover composition additionally comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
(c) colorant;
(d) a mixture containing lipid essential oil and ethoxylated alkylphenol;
(e) synthetic polymer;
(f) soda ash; and
(g) cement.

15. A method of controlling or reducing erosion of a surface, the method comprising:
providing the slurry recited in claim 1; and
spraying said slurry on the surface.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the surface comprises soil.

17. The method according to claim 15, wherein spraying said slurry forms on the surface a slurry layer having a thickness of 1.5 mm to 13 mm.

18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the cover composition comprises:
(a) 90 to 99 weight percent of a bentonite clay; and
(b) 0.5 to 5 weight percent cellulosic water dispersible polymer.

19. The method according to claim 15, wherein the water dispersible polymer or starch comprises one or more members selected from the group consisting of methylcellulose, ethyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose.

20. The method according to claim 15, wherein the substrate comprises:
(A) 1 part by weight of mulch; and
(B) 0.75 to 1.0 parts by weight of cover composition.