# Patent

## Title
High power optical switch

## Abstract

An optical system capable of routing primary and secondary high power lasers through a blocking switch is described.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/404,821 filed Dec. 1, 2014 which is a U.S. National Stage Application of PCT Application No. PCT/US2013/042641 filed on May 24, 2013 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/651,292 filed on May 24, 2012, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.


GOVERNMENT RIGHTS
This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. FA8650-05-C-7211 awarded by the U.S. Air Force. The Government may have certain rights in the invention.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The concepts, systems, circuits and techniques described herein relate to optical systems and more particularly to optical switches.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As is known in the art, there is a trend toward providing lasers having power ranges in the range of several hundred watts or greater (so-called “high power” lasers).
As is also known, as high-power lasers move into the mainstream, there is a concomitant growing need for non-mechanical means to switch (or route) high-power laser beams from one node to another. As one commercial example, in the laser material processing field it is frequently cost effective to have a single high-power laser feed multiple material processing stations. The only presently known means to switch high-power lasers are mechanical, which are costly, slow, inefficient, unreliable, and limited in the number of available switching ports. This is especially true if the beam to be switched is a single mode in a fiber delivery cable, such as used with coherent lasers. This is due, at least in part, to the fact that the energy must be coupled into a fiber core that is often on the order of 10 microns in diameter. As a further example, with increasing use of optical sensors on aircraft, there is an increasing need a single laser, mounted within the aircraft, be capable of rapidly routing optical signals to multiple optical windows located around an aircraft periphery. To date, there has been no known means to non-mechanically switch high-power laser beams, let alone to do it efficiently, quickly, cost effectively, and reliably.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Described herein are concepts, systems, circuits and techniques to non-mechanically switch high power laser beams efficiently, quickly, cost effectively and reliably. Variations are described for both polarized and unpolarized light.
In accordance with the concepts, systems, circuits and techniques described herein, a switch for switching high power laser beams between locations or between applications includes a switchable, high-power (HP) liquid crystal (LC) half-wave plate (HWP) oriented with a fast axis at an angle of forty-five (45) degrees to an input polarization direction and a polarizing beam splitter adjusted such that the HWP acts as a polarizing rotator.
With this particular arrangement, an optical switch which enables the switching of laser beams having power levels ranging from up to about 50 kW is provided. In one embodiment, the optical switch enables the switching of laser beams having power levels ranging from about 100 W to at least 10 kW.
In accordance with a further aspect of the concepts described herein, techniques for constructing a wide variety of non-mechanical high power switches are provided.
The novelty of at least some of the concepts, systems, circuits and techniques described herein lies, at least in part, within the means by which such switch architectures can be instantiated with novel high-power componentry, and thereby enable high-power switches.
A switch in accordance with the concepts, systems, circuits and techniques described herein is capable of switching a minimum of 1 kW, and possibly ten times higher powers. As such, the concepts, systems and techniques described herein offer several orders of magnitude improvement in power handling over the current state-of-the-art switches.
A switch provided in accordance with the techniques described herein on the other hand, is capable of switching in less than 50 microseconds which is a full three orders of magnitude faster than known prior art techniques.
Polarizing beam splitting (PBS) cubes are often used to provide low-power optical switches. The physical position of the PBS output beam depends upon the polarization state of the input beam. By switching a polarization, a beam can be switched from one place to another. Switching a polarization is typically accomplished with the use of a polarization rotator.
However, until now, there have been no high-power polarization rotators suitable for use in such systems.
It has, however, in accordance with the concepts, systems, circuits and techniques described herein, been recognized that a high-power phase retarder may be utilized as a high-power polarization rotator. This use, in turn, enables a wide variety of high-power switches to be provided. In particular, by coupling such a high-power polarization rotator with a high-power polarizing beam splitter, a basic building block for optical switches which are able to switch high power laser beams is provided.
In accordance with a still further aspect of the concepts, systems, circuits and techniques described herein, a high-power phase retarder, implemented as a polarization rotator is used to enable operation of switch architectures which were heretofore only suitable for use at relatively low power levels) at power levels two to three orders of magnitude higher than has been previously possible.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an optical switch having an input port and a pair of output ports (a 1×2 switch).
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a 1×2 high-power switch for coupling into fibers.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a 1×M high-power switch comprising M building blocks from FIG. 2
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a 2×2 Optical Cross Connect Switch.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a block diagram of non-blocking 2×2 Cross-connect Switch.
FIGS. 6A-6C are block diagrams of switches capable of use with unpolarized light.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a N×2 router capable of coupling light from unpolarized laser diode pumps to multiple arrays.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of which illustrates a operation of a polarizing beam splitter cube.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a liquid crystal (LC) phase retarder.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIG. 1, a switch 10 having an input 12 and a pair of outputs 14, 16 includes a switchable high-power (HP) liquid crystal (LC) half-wave plate (HWP) 18 disposed at the input 12 and a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) disposed adjacent the HWP 12.
It should be appreciated that switch 10 corresponds to a single input-two output switch (i.e. a 1×2 switch). Thus, switch 10 is capable of routing a high-power beam incident at the single input port 12 to either of the two output ports 14, 16.
In operation, an incident polarized laser beam (designated with reference numeral 22 in FIG. 1) is passed through a switchable high-power (HP) liquid crystal (LC) half-wave plate (HWP), oriented with its fast axis at 45° to the input polarization direction and subsequently through polarizing beam splitter (PBS) 20. When so adjusted, the HWP acts as a polarization rotator.
It should be appreciated that although beams 22, 24, 26 are here illustrated as free-space beams; those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any or all of beams 22, 24, 26 could equally well be provided as a beam from a fiber laser (e.g. an expanded, collimated beam from a fiber laser).
The HWP in its “off” state converts an optical signal having a first polarization (designated as “p” polarization in FIG. 1) to a second polarization (designated as “s” polarization in FIG. 1). In its “on” state, the HWP is a null polarization operator (i.e. no polarization change is affected by the HWP). The nomenclature of “off” and “on” refers to the preferred embodiment of the HWP as a LCHWP, which becomes a null operator when voltage is applied but a fixed-orientation HWP when the voltage is off or at least much lower.
It should also be appreciated that in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, the PBS is shown as a beam splitting cube. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the PBS could equally be provided as an optical window coated with an appropriate dielectric thin film (an arrangement known as a polarizing plate with the plate oriented at the proper angle to effect the same polarization discrimination as a PBS).
A PBS nominally passes light having a first polarization (e.g. the p polarized light in FIG. 1) and reflects (here downward) light having a second polarization (e.g. the s polarized light in FIG. 1). The HWP and PBS form a switching stage and when the HWP is on, p polarized input light is passed through this switching stage to the first output port. When the HWP is off the input p polarized light is converted to s and reflected downward to the second output port.
In FIG. 1 the light entering and exiting each port is shown as a collimated free-space beam; however, for many high-power applications it is preferable to couple the output light to and from a fiber.
Referring now to FIG. 2, in which like elements of FIG. 1 are provided having like reference designations, a high power switch providing light signals to optical fibers 38, 40 further includes a pair of optical phased arrays arranged as a tip/tilt/focus subsystem (TTFOPA) (i.e. two OPAs with their steering axes in different directions, preferably approximately perpendicular) provided at each port 14, 16 and lenses 30, 32 disposed to nominally focus output beams 24, 26 for matching of a fiber mode to respective ones of the optical fibers 38, 40.
The TTFOPA disposed at each port provides for very fine angular (azimuth and elevation) and very fine focus adjustments to match the fiber mode to a relatively high accuracy. Instead of having a TTFOPA at each output port, a single TTFOPA located upstream (in the common path) may be uses, as will be obvious to one of skill in the art. Furthermore, if the input beams may have significant positional variability as well as angular variability, a pair of TTFOPAs, separated by some propagation distance, may be used, to adjust both position and angle of the beams for optimum fiber coupling.
Re-coupling light back into a fiber is a notoriously sensitive process; the focussed spot must be within a few microns of the desired longitudinal position and a fraction of a micron of the desired transverse position to couple efficiently to the fiber mode. For a typical focal length of the coupling lens of some tens of mm, the required angular settability of the TTFOPA is of the order of 10 μrad. To ensure this, a control loop circuit 42 (or more simply control circuit 42) is coupled between the output optical fiber 40 and the TTFOPA 32.
Control circuit 42 samples the power level in the output fiber 40 via coupler 44 and provides the sampled signal to a processor which in turn provides signals to TTFOPA to adjust the two TTFOPA angles and focal powers in two dimensions for maximum power coupled into fiber 40. It should be appreciated that a similar control circuit can be provided at each additional output port.
In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2, control circuit 42 comprises a coupler 44 (here shown as a directional coupler) 44, a processor 46 and a signal path 48. Coupler 44 couples a portion of light signals propagating in optical fiber 40 to an input of processor 46 and signal path 48 couples signals from an output of processor 46 to TTFOPA 32. Thus, in this exemplary embodiment, coupler 44 couples a portion of the light signal propagating in the output fiber 40 to an SPGD processor which performs a stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) process on the signals provided thereto. SPGD processor then provides signals along signal path 46 to TTFOPA to adjust the two TTFOPA angles and focal powers in two dimensions for maximum power coupled into fiber 40. A similar circuit can be at each additional output port.
It should be appreciated that the combinations of HWP 18 and PBS 20 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 comprise basic building blocks for switching fabrics, the cascading of which enables the creation of many other complex switching fabrics.
It should of course be appreciated that embodiments may include a single TTFOPA, upstream of the HWP while other embodiments may include two TTFOPAs, either both upstream, both downstream, or one each.
Referring now to FIG. 3 in which like elements of FIGS. 1 and 2 are provided having like reference designations, a switch 50 is provided from a plurality of, here M, switch stages 52a-52M, generally denoted 52. Switch 50 has an input 53a and a plurality of outputs 54a-54M and thus switch 50 is provided as a 1×M switch.
In this exemplary embodiment, each switch stage 52 is comprised of a 1×2 switch element 10 (also sometimes referred to herein as elementary building blocks 10 or more simply building blocks 10). Thus, switch 50 is provided from a plurality of, here M, 1×2 switch elements 10 which may be the same as or similar to switch elements 10 described above in conjunction with FIGS. 1 and 2.
It should be noted that switch elements 10 are coupled to provide the 1×M switch 50. Switch 50 is capable of routing an optical signal provided to input 50a to any of output ports 54a-54M (i.e. M different output ports). It should be appreciated that in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3, an example of switching between high-power optical fibers is shown, however, it should be understood that switch 50 is also capable of switching free space beams.
Operation of switch 50 can be explained as follows. Assume p polarized light is provided from a laser (not shown in FIG. 3) to switch input 53a and coupled to switch a first switch stage 52a. When HWP1 of stage 52a is ‘on’ its retardance is zero and the light remains p polarized and passes straight through PBS1 to a first output port 54a. When HWP1 is ‘off’ its retardance is 180° and the polarization is transformed to s upon passage through HWP1, and the beam is consequently reflected downward from PBS1 and into the second switching stage 52b. 
If HWP2 in switch stage 52b is off, the light remains s polarized and reflects from PBS2 and exits port 54b. If HWP2 is ‘on’ the light is transformed to p polarization and passes through PBS2 into the third switching stage 52c, and so on. In this way M switching stages allow the light to be routed to any of M ports. Such a 1×M switch is required if it is desired to route a centrally located high-power laser to multiple apertures distributed about the periphery of an aircraft. Some embodiments include an optional TTFOPA located upstream of the input near HWP1 or downstream of the outputs (just upstream of the focussing lens), as described above in conjunction with FIG. 2. Thus, it should be appreciated that embodiments may include a single TTFOPA, upstream of the HWP while other embodiments may include two TTFOPAs, either both upstream, both downstream, or one each.
In view of the above and as will become further apparent from the description herein below, it should now be appreciated that a variety of optical components, such as cross-connect switches for example, can also be constructed from multiple units of the basic building block of FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 4, a cross connect switch is described. It should be noted that to promote clarity in the drawings and text a 2×2 cross connect 60 is described, but those of ordinary skill in the art will, after reading the description provided herein, appreciate that the same concepts may be applied to provide an N×N cross connect switch. Turning now to FIG. 4, the 2×2 cross connect 60 is provided if the input of a first 1×2 switch 50′, which may be the same as or similar to the type shown in FIG. 3, is connected to port 1′ and a second 1×M switch 50′′ of the same type is connected to port 2′, a 2×M switch results. Such a switch can be used to implement redundancy.
In operation, port 1 can be connected to either port 1′ or port 2′, and port 2 can likewise be connected to either of ports 1′ and 2′. With HWP1 on and HWP3 both ‘on’, a p-polarized beam at port 1 is transmitted straight through to port 1′. With HWP1 and HWP2 both ‘on’ and HWP4 ‘off’, a p-polarized beam at port 1 is transmitted to port 2′ via two reflections and a transmission through PBS cubes 1, 2, and 4. Switching from port 2 is accomplished similarly.
In one exemplary use, a primary high-power laser connected to port 1 can be routed to any of the M ports of the 1×M switch 50′. Should the primary laser fail, a backup high-power laser connected to port 2 of switch 50′′ can then be routed to any of the same M ports of the 1×M switch. This is a so-called blocking switch: one can switch either port 1 or port 2 to port 1′ or port 2′, but not both simultaneously.
Referring now to FIG. 5, a switch 70 having a so-called “non-blocking” switching architecture includes a first PBS 72, a HWP 74 and a second PBS 76 disposed in an optical path. PBSs 72, 76 and HWP 74 may be the same as or similar to PBS's and HWPs discussed above in conjunction with FIGS. 1-4. Switch 70 allows simultaneous switching of port 1 and port 2.
In operation, port 1 can be connected to either port 1′ or port 2′, and port 2 can likewise be connected to either of ports 1′ and 2′. In particular, with HWP 74 off, a p-polarized beam at port 1 is transmitted straight through to port 1′ and likewise an s-polarized beam at port 2 is reflected twice and transmitted thereby to port 2′. With HWP 74 ‘on’ a p-polarized beam at port 1 is transmitted through PBS 72 and HWP 74 and reflected to port 2′ as an s polarized beam via PBS 76. Likewise, the s polarized input at Port 2 is changed to p polarization and is transmitted to port 1′. Accordingly, a first input laser beam having a p polarization and designated with reference numeral 77 in FIG. 5 can be coupled to either of switch port 1′ or switch port 2′ through switch 70 by properly biasing HWP 74 to its on or off states.
Switching from port 2 is accomplished similarly. That is, with HWP 74 off, an s-polarized beam at port 2 is first reflected via PBS 72 through HWP 74 to PBS 76. PBS 76 which reflects the s polarized beam to port 2′. With HWP 74 ‘on’ an s-polarized beam at port 2 is reflected through PBS 72 to HWP 74 and is transmitted straight through PBS 76 to port 1′. Accordingly, a second input laser beam having a s polarization and designated with reference numeral 78 in FIG. 5 can be coupled to either of switch port 1′ or switch port 2′ through switch 70 by properly biasing HWP 74 to its on or off states.
It should be appreciated that the switches discussed above assume a polarized input beam. Not all beams, however, are polarized. Thus, switches for non-polarized light are described.
One important example of switches for non-polarized light is that of laser pump diodes. One system architecture which utilizes centralized lasers and distributed apertures is centralized pump diodes distributed to multiple apertures, each with an associated gain medium. Thus, there is considerable interest in being able to route laser diode pump beams, which are generally not polarized.
FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate a 1×2 switch 80 capable of operation with unpolarized light.
Referring now to FIG. 6A, an unpolarized input beam is split into s and p components at an input port 82a of a PBS cube 82. With the HWPs 84, 86 “off,” both signal components (i.e. both the s and p components) are routed to a first output port 82b (designated as “Aperture J, Array 1” in FIG. 6A), and recombined.
FIG. 6B shows the case of both HWPs “on,” in which case both of the s and p components are routed to a second output port 82c (designated as “Aperture J, Array 2” in FIG. 6B) where they are recombined.
FIG. 6C shows an alternate embodiment in which when both HWPs are “off,” in which case both of the s and p components are routed to the second output port 82c (designated as “Aperture 2, Array 2” in FIG. 6C) where they are recombined.
Referring now to FIG. 7, an N×2 switch 90 for switching unpolarized diode pumps (which are intended to be representative of any unpolarized laser source) is provided from a plurality of switch stages 92 (here N switch stages) each of which may be the same as or similar to a cascade of switches 70 described above in conjunction with the figure which replaces 6.
In this exemplary embodiment, a plurality of laser sources, here shown as N diode pumps 92, are switched to one of first and second phased arrays 94, 96. With no loss of generality, in this exemplary embodiment switch 90 is arranged such that diode pump N is routed to the Nth aperture of either of first or second arrays, 94, 96. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, of course, that other switch arrangements (e.g. to route diode pump N to other apertures) may be used.
In this switch, P and S polarizations traverse different paths and experience different losses. Typical losses for each switch interface are listed for both S and P components. The largest loss involves re-coupling the light back into a fiber. In this example, a large-core fiber is assumed, as is usually the case for the transport of unpolarized, incoherent pump lasers. Coupling losses would be higher, perhaps twice as high, for coupling into a single mode fiber. These coupling losses are not relevant for the free-space version of the switch. Pumps 1 through N experience similar losses as those tabulated in the Table.
It should be appreciated that the polarizing beam splitters appropriate for use as described herein are available as high-power options of COTS components.
Referring now to FIG. 8, a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) 100 capable of operation as a polarizer is described. An incident beam 102 comprises components of both p (parallel to the plane of incidence, depicted with arrows generally denoted 104) and s (perpendicular to the plane of incidence, depicted with dots generally denoted 106) polarization. A diagonal interface 108 between the two right-angle prisms 110, 112 is provided with a thin-film dielectric coating that allows p polarization to pass and s polarization to be reflected.
The types of thin-film coatings typically used limit the useful wavelength range to about ±10% about the center design wavelength. Consequently, switches are intended for use at or about standard laser wavelengths. Transmission through such a PBS is typically >95% for p polarization and reflection is >99% for s polarization. Note that the switch is arranged such that switching to port M requires M (low loss) s reflections but only a single (higher loss) p transmission.
The entrance and exit faces are typically provided with high-quality antireflection coatings. Commercially available PBS' comprised of thin-film coated fused silica glass prisms, as an example, have laser damage thresholds typically of the order of 5 MW/cm2 (cw) and 10 J/cm2 (10 ns), which is more than adequate for the 1 to 50 kW (cw) power levels contemplated for this switch. See lasercomponents.com/us/product/mirror-coatings/for typical performances.
Alternatively, thin-film polarization plates can be used in place of the polarization beam splitting cubes. These have similar damage thresholds, but offer somewhat higher transmissions, especially for p polarization, where T>97% is routinely offered for high-power versions. The use of polarization plates instead of prisms can reduce the amount of glass in the optical path, which is beneficial for preservation of high beam quality, which is needed for efficient coupling into a single-mode fiber.
The variable HWP retarder as described herein is based upon liquid crystal (LC) technology, and is used primarily as a two-state switch.
Referring now to FIG. 9, a phase retarder 120 comprises two transparent substrates, each provided with transparent, conducting thin-film electrodes and appropriate antireflection coatings, and a liquid crystal layer of appropriate thickness sandwiched between the substrates. The upper portion 122 illustrating the liquid crystals oriented such that an incident wave 123 sees an ordinary refractive index n0 (the voltage ‘on’ state); the lower portion 124 illustrates the liquid crystals oriented such that an incident wave sees the extraordinary refractive index ne (the voltage ‘off’ state).
The phase retardance δ is given by δ=2πdΔn/λ, where d is the cell thickness, Δ=ne−n0 is the LC birefringence, and λ the wavelength.
A HWP is constructed with sufficient LC thickness to provide a minimum of 180° retardance with zero applied voltage at a chosen wavelength. As the applied voltage is increased, the LC retardance decreases, and with sufficient voltage the retardance can be reduced effectively to zero. For HWPs fabricated using nematic liquid crystals the necessary ‘on’ voltage is typically less than 10 V. For HWPs fabricated using much faster switching polymer network liquid crystals, the ‘on’ voltage may be on the order of 100V. A typical LC thickness for a HWP varies from a few microns to ten microns or so, depending upon the LC used. The so-called “fast axis” of the HWP is oriented at 45° to the polarization direction of the input beam, such that the HWP acts as a 90° polarization rotator when the retardance is 180° (the voltage ‘off’ state). With sufficient applied voltage to reduce the retardance to zero (the voltage ‘on’ state) the device passes arbitrary polarization without change.
Phase retarders suitable for high-power operation have only recently been developed and demonstrated and in an Adaptive Photonic Phase Locked Element (APPLE).
It has been found that while typical LC retarders can only handle a few watts before heating to destruction or inducing unsatisfactory levels of aberrations, the high-power retarders as described herein are novel components, and it is their unique properties that enable the present switch.
High power operation in such phase retarders is achieved by: (1) reducing absorption losses of the transparent conducting thin-film electrodes; and (2) enabling efficient removal of thermal energy through the use of high thermal conductivity substrates such as sapphire substrates with an epitaxially grown gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) layer that acts as a very efficient transparent conducting thin film. The combination of sapphire substrates and GaN HEMT layers has enabled the fabrication of wave plates having total absorption as low as 0.3%. These devices have been tested with 1 kW laser input and have been shown to be capable of operation as phase retarders at the high energy levels, but also of crucial import, the transmitted wave front remains diffraction limited. Furthermore, modeling predicts operation at power levels as high as 50 kW may be practical with proper cooling.
An alternate substrate/thin-film system comprises indium oxide on either sapphire or spinel. Although the absorption loss is somewhat larger (about 1% per retarder), fabrication is simplified.
In practical systems, it is recognized such phase retarders will exhibit neither exactly zero phase retardance when fully ‘on’, nor exactly 180° phase shift when ‘off’. Consequently, even if the input polarization is pure p polarized, the polarization of the beam as input to the PBS is not purely p or purely s, but instead contains a small amounts of the cross polarization. As a result the switch suffers from cross-port leakage.
For the low-power switching fabrics used in telecommunications such cross-port leakage causes channel cross talk and often must be kept very small, typically −50 db or even less. However small amounts of power leakage are not usually an issue for the high-power applications supported by such switches, and fabrication tolerances are consequently not particularly stringent; it is not usually necessary that the switching states exhibit exactly zero or 180° phase retardance or that the input beam be perfectly polarized. However, where necessary, such leakage can be reduced or in some cases even minimized by constructing the wave plates to have retardations slightly greater than 180° and then tuning them for optimal performance by application of a small voltage, determined by prior calibration, or monitoring of the ports.
It is the nature of this switch that there will be fairly high levels of cross-port power exchanges during switching transients. For instance, as the switch of FIG. 3 is reprogrammed to transfer energy from port 1 to port 3, considerable energy can be transferred to port 2 during the finite switching times of the HWPs when the polarization state is neither completely s nor completely p. For applications where this is not acceptable, the input laser (with the term “input laser” used herein to mean any suitable light source) can be blanked for the duration of the switching transients.
Polarizing beam splitting cubes are often used to fabricate low-power optical switches. The physical position of the output beam depends upon the polarization state of the input beam. By switching the polarization state, typically using a polarization rotator, a beam can be switched from one place to another. Until now there have been no high-power polarization rotators. However, as discussed above, it has in accordance with the concepts, systems, circuits and techniques described herein, a high power phase retarder can be used as a high power polarization rotator, which in turn enables a wide variety of high power switches.
As also discussed above, the high power polarization rotator (switch) coupled with a high power polarizing beam splitter comprises a basic building block for optical switches (e.g. as shown and described in conjunction with FIG. 1).
Described herein are systems, circuits and techniques to replace low-power components of well-known switching architectures with novel high power versions. The result is non-mechanical switches that not only handle high power, but are significantly less vibration sensitive (no moving parts), maintain alignment in harsh environments, have high throughput, and switch very fast (microseconds instead of milliseconds). The new switches also scale to large port numbers. These switches appear to have all the properties needed for our intended applications on aircraft, as well as other venues.
The family of architectures of the switches to be claimed is well known for the low power regime. The novelty of at least some of the concepts described herein lies not necessarily in the switch architecture, but rather the in the means by which such well-known architectures can be emulated with novel high-power components (i.e. a high power wave plate and a polarizing beam splitter) which can be combined to enable high-power switches. In particular one innovation of the concepts, systems and techniques described herein entails the application of a high power phase retarder, implemented as a polarization rotator, to enable operation of these same low-power switch architectures at power levels at least two to three orders of magnitude higher than has been previously possible.

## Claims

1. An optical system comprising:
(a) a blocking switch having first and second input ports and M output ports, said blocking switch comprising;
a first 1×M switch having an input optically coupled to the first input of said blocking switch and adapted to be coupled to a first output port of the first 1×M switch;
a second 1×M switch having a first input optically coupled to the second input of said blocking switch, having a second input optically coupled to a second output port of the first 1×M switch and having an output optically coupled to a second output port of said blocking switch such that the combination of the first 1×M switch and second 1×M switch provide said block switch as a 2×M switch; and
at least one M switchable high-power liquid crystal (LC) half-wave plate (HWP) coupled to at least one input port of said blocking switch;

(b) a primary laser coupled to the first input port of said blocking switch, said primary laser capable of being routed to any of the M ports of said blocking switch; and
(c) a backup laser connected to the second input port of said blocking switch, said backup laser capable of being routed to any of the same M ports of said blocking switch.

2. An optical system comprising:
a blocking switch having first and second input ports and M output ports provided from a first 1×M switch having a first input coupled to the first input port of said blocking switch and coupled to a first output port of the first 1×M switch and a second 1×M switch having a first input coupled to the second input port of said blocking switch and having a second input coupled to a second output port of the first 1×M switch to provide said blocking switch as a 2×M switch;
a primary laser connected to the first input port of said blocking switch, said primary laser capable of being routed to any of the M ports of either 1×M switch; and
a backup laser connected to the second input port of said blocking switch, said backup laser capable of being routed to any of the same M ports of either 1×M switch;
a collimating lens optically coupled to at least one of:
the first and second input ports of said blocking switch; or
one of the output ports of said blocking switch; and

a tip/tilt/focus optical phased array (TTFOPA) disposed between said collimating lens and the respective one of the blocking switch input or output ports to which said collimating lens is coupled.

3. An optical system comprising:
a blocking switch having first and second input ports and M output ports; a first 1×M switch having an input coupled to a first output port of the first 1×M switch; and a second 1×M switch having an input coupled to the second output port of the first 1×M switch to provide a 2×M switch, wherein each of the first and second 1×M switches comprises:
M switchable high-power liquid crystal (LC) half-wave plates (HWP), oriented with its fast axis at 45° to an input polarization direction such that in response to an incident polarized laser beam provided to said switchable highpower liquid crystal, half-wave plate, said HWP acts as a polarization rotator; and M polarizing beam splitters (PBS) disposed in an optical path to intercept light signals output from said switchable high-power liquid crystal (LC) half-wave plate (HWP);

a primary laser connected to the first input port of said blocking switch, said primary laser capable of being routed to any of the M ports of the blocking switch; and
a backup laser connected to the second input port of said blocking switch, said backup laser capable of being routed to any of the same M ports of said blocking switch.

4. The optical system of claim 3 wherein the first and second 1×M switches are of the same type and do not allow simultaneous switching of the first and second input ports.

5. The optical system of claim 3 wherein:
in response to each HWP being in its off state, said HWP is capable of converting an optical signal having a first polarization to an optical signal having a second, different polarization; and
in response to each HWP being in its on state, said HWP operates as a null polarization operator.

6. The optical system of claim 3 wherein each PBS comprises:
a pair of right-angle prisms disposed such that here exists a diagonal interface there between with a thin-film dielectric coating disposed on the diagonal interface to allow p polarization to pass and s polarization to be reflected.

7. The optical system of claim 6, wherein the blocking switch is arranged such that switching to port M requires M s reflections but only a single p transmission wherein the M s reflections have a lower loss characteristic than the single p transmission.

8. The optical system of any of claim 3, wherein each HWP comprises:
two optically transparent substrates;
conducting thin-film electrodes provided on each of said transparent optically transparent substrates; and
a liquid crystal (LC) layer disposed between said two optically transparent substrates.

9. The optical system of claim 8 wherein each HWP further comprises antireflection coatings provided on each of said transparent optically transparent substrates.

10. The optical system of claim 9 wherein each HWP comprises:
an upper portion having liquid crystals oriented such that an incident wave sees the ordinary refractive index n0; and
a lower portion having liquid crystals oriented such that an incident wave sees the extraordinary refractive index ne.

11. An optical system comprising:
(a) a blocking switch having first and second input ports and M output ports, said blocking switch comprising;
a first 1×M switch having an input adapted to be coupled to a first output port of the first 1×M switch; and
a second 1×M switch having an input adapted to be coupled to the second output port of the first 1×M switch such that the combination of the first 1×M switch and second 1×M switch provide a 2×M switch;

(b) a primary laser coupled to the first input port of said blocking switch, said primary laser capable of being routed to any of the M ports of said blocking switch; and
(c) a backup laser connected to the second input port of said blocking switch, said backup laser capable of being routed to any of the same M ports of said blocking switch:
wherein at least one input port or output port of said blocking switch has a respective collimating lens coupled thereto, and a tip/tilt/focus optical phased arrays (TTFOPAs) disposed between said input port or output port and said respective collimating lens.

12. The optical system of claim 11 wherein the first and second 1×M switches are of the same type and do not allow simultaneous switching of the first and second input ports.