IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0567

Filed May 24, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF A.C. and A.C.,

Minor Children,

T.D., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Hamilton County, Hans Becker, 

Judge.

A mother appeals the order terminating her parental rights to two children. 

AFFIRMED.

Douglas Cook, Jewell, for appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Justin J. Kroona of Kroona Law Office, Webster City, attorney and guardian 

ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Schumacher, P.J., and Chicchelly and Buller, JJ.
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CHICCHELLY, Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her children.1 She 

asks for more time. In the alternative, she contends that termination is not in the 

children’s best interests and argues against termination based on one of the 

circumstances described in Iowa Code section 232.116(3) (2023). After a de novo 

review, see In re J.H., 952 N.W.2d 157, 166 (Iowa 2020), we affirm.

This appeal involves a child born in 2015 and a child born in 2016. In 

November 2021, the juvenile court removed the children from the mother’s custody 

and adjudicated them in need of assistance (CINA) based on the mother’s drug 

use. The State offered the mother services to address her substance abuse, but 

she waited until two weeks before the termination hearing to take a substanceabuse evaluation. The mother testified that she would not begin treatment until 

the week after the termination hearing. Based on her ongoing substance abuse 

and the risks it poses to the children’s safety, the juvenile court terminated the 

mother’s parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f).2

We begin with the mother’s request for more time under Iowa Code 

section 232.104(2)(b), which allows the court to continue the child’s placement for 

six months if doing so will eliminate the need for the child’s removal. Before 

continuing a placement, the court must “enumerate the specific factors, conditions, 

or expected behavioral changes which comprise the basis for the determination 

1 The juvenile court also terminated the father’s parental rights to the children, but 

he does not appeal.

2 The mother does not challenge the grounds for termination.
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that the need for removal of the child from the child’s home will no longer exist at 

the end of the additional six-month period.” Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b). 

Clear and convincing evidence shows that continuing the children’s 

placement for six months would not eliminate the need for the children’s removal. 

The mother argues she has shown “substantial progress,” claiming she had 

achieved “an extended period of sobriety” by the time of the termination hearing. 

But the mother admits using methamphetamine in January 2023 and marijuana in 

February 2023. The longest period of sobriety she could have attained was a few 

weeks at best, which is inconsequential compared with her twenty-year history of 

drug use. The same concerns that existed at the time of the CINA adjudication 

existed at the termination hearing. Weighing the mother’s substance-abuse 

history, ongoing drug use, and lack of treatment, the prognosis for her continued 

sobriety is poor. See In re B.H.A., 938 N.W.2d 227, 233 (Iowa 2020) (noting a 

parent’s past performance shows the quality of the future care that parent can 

provide); In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 112 (Iowa 2014) (“[W]e cannot deprive a 

child of permanency after the State has proved a ground for termination under 

section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will learn to be a parent and be 

able to provide a stable home for the child.” (citation omitted)). Because there is 

no basis for finding the need for removal will no longer exist in six months, we deny 

the mother’s request for more time.

The mother also challenges the finding that termination is in the children’s 

best interests. In determining best interests, we use the framework described in 

section 232.116(2). See In re A.H.B., 791 N.W.2d 687, 690–91 (Iowa 2010). That 

provision requires that we “give primary consideration to the child’s safety, to the 
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best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and 

to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child.” Iowa 

Code § 232.116(2). The “defining elements” of the best-interests analysis are the 

child’s safety and “need for a permanent home.” In re H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 748 

(Iowa 2011) (citation omitted).

The mother notes that the children have resided with their paternal 

grandmother since the CINA proceedings began. She claims that she will continue 

to have contact with the children through the paternal grandmother. On this basis, 

she argues that placing the children in a guardianship with the paternal 

grandmother, rather than termination, would serve the children’s best interests. 

But “a guardianship is not a legally preferable alternative to termination.” In re 

A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 477 (Iowa 2018). The impermanent nature of 

guardianships denies children the security and stability that a permanent home 

provides. See Iowa Code § 633.675(1)(c) (stating that a guardianship must 

terminate if the court determines it is no longer necessary); In re C.D., 509 N.W.2d 

509, 513 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993) (“[T]he permanency and stability needs of the 

children must come first.”). Because of the children’s ages, any guardianship 

would last more than a decade. Although a long-term guardianship may serve the 

mother’s best interests, it is not in the best interests of the children. The children’s 

caseworker and the guardian ad litem recommended termination. The 

grandmother is willing to adopt the children, which would provide the permanency 

the children need. Termination is in the children’s best interests.

Finally, the mother argues against termination by citing Iowa Code 

section 232.116(3). That section lists circumstances under which the court “need 
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not terminate the relationship between the parent and child.” Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(3). The decision to avoid termination under section 232.116(3) is 

“permissive, not mandatory.” A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 475. Whether to apply it 

depends on the unique facts of the case before us. Id. 

The mother argues against termination based on section 232.116(3)(c), 

which applies when clear and convincing evidence shows termination will be 

“detrimental” to the children because of “the closeness of the parent-child 

relationship.” To avoid termination under this provision, there must be clear and 

convincing evidence showing “that, on balance, [the closeness of] that bond makes 

termination more detrimental than not.” In re W.M., 957 N.W.2d 305, 315 (Iowa 

2021). The mother bears the burden of proof on this issue. See A.S., 906 N.W.2d 

at 476. 

The State argues the mother did not preserve error on her claim under 

section 232.116(3)(c) because she never argued the provision should be applied 

to prevent termination. Although failing to preserve error is sufficient reason to 

affirm, our de novo review shows the mother failed her burden on this issue. The 

stronger bond is between the children and the paternal grandmother. Because the 

evidence does not show that termination will cause the children detriment, we 

affirm the order terminating the mother’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED.