# Patent

## Title
Oligonucleotide analogues having modified intersubunit linkages and/or terminal groups

## Abstract

Oligonucleotide analogs comprising modified intersubunit linkages and/or modified 3′ and/or 5′-end groups are provided. The disclosed compounds are useful for the treatment of diseases where inhibition of protein expression or correction of aberrant mRNA splice products produces beneficial therapeutic effects.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/349,783 filed on May 28, 2010; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/361,878 filed on Jul. 6, 2010 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/386,428 filed on Sep. 24, 2010, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.


STATEMENT REGARDING SEQUENCE LISTING
The Sequence Listing associated with this application is provided in text format in lieu of a paper copy, and is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification. The name of the text file containing the Sequence Listing is 120178_487C1_SEQUENCE_LISTING.txt. The text file is about 18 KB, was created on Jun. 5, 2014, and is being submitted electronically.
BACKGROUND
1. Technical Field
The present invention is generally related to oligonucleotide compounds (oligomers) useful as antisense compounds, and more particularly to oligomer compounds comprising modified intersubunit linkages and/or terminal groups, and the use of such oligomer compounds in antisense applications.
2. Description of the Related Art
Antisense oligomers are generally designed to bind to DNA or RNA of disease-causing proteins to prevent the production of such proteins. Requirements for successful implementation of antisense therapeutics include (a) stability in vivo, (b) sufficient membrane permeability and cellular uptake, and (c) a good balance of binding affinity and sequence specificity. Many oligonucleotide analogues have been developed in which the phosphodiester linkages of native DNA are replaced by other linkages that are resistant to nuclease degradation (see, e.g., Barawkar, D. A. et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 95(19):11047-52 (1998); Linkletter, B. A. et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 29(11):2370-6 (2001); Micklefield, J., Curr, Med, Chem, 8(10):1157-79 (2001)). Antisense oligonucleotides having other various backbone modifications have also been prepared (Crooke, S. T., Antisense Drug Technology: Principles, Strategies, and Applications, New York, Marcel Dekker (2001); Micklefield, J., Curr, Med, Chem, 8(10):1157-79 (2001); Crooke, S. T., Antisense Drug Technology, Boca Raton, CRC Press (2008)). In addition, oligonucleotides have been modified by peptide conjugation in order to enhance cellular uptake (Moulton, H. M. et al., Bioconjug Chem 15(2):290-9 (2004); Nelson, M. H. et al., Bioconjug. Chem. 16(4):959-66 (2005); Moulton, H. M. et al., Biochim Biophys Acta (2010)).
The performance of such nucleic acid analogues as antisense or antigene drugs has been hampered by certain characteristics of the various analogues. For example, analogues with negatively charged linkages, including phosphorothioate-linked analogues, suffer from considerable electrostatic repulsion between the negative charges of the oligomer and the DNA or RNA target. The phosphorothioates also exhibit non-specific binding to other cellular components such as proteins. These attributes limit the therapeutic effectiveness of antisense oligomers comprised of native RNA, native DNA, and negatively charged analogues (Crooke, S. T., Antisense Drug Technology: Principles, Strategies, and Applications, New York, Marcel Dekker (2001); Crooke, S. T., Antisense Drug Technology, Boca Raton, CRC Press (2008)). The nonionic methylphosphonate-linked oligonucleotide analogues can be transported into cells by passive diffusion and/or fluid phase endocytosis, but their use is hampered by stereoisomeric complexity and poor solubility (Crooke, S. T., Antisense Drug Technology: Principles, Strategies, and Applications, New York, Marcel Dekker (2001); Micklefield, J., Curr, Med, Chem, 8(10):1157-79 (2001)).
Several groups have reported the synthesis of positively charged oligonucleotides (Bailey, C. P. et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 26(21):4860-7 (1998); Micklefield, J., Curr, Med, Chem, 8(10):1157-79 (2001); Egli, M. et al., Biochemistry 44(25):9045-57 (2005)). For example, a class of guanidinium linked nucleosides (designated DNG), formed by replacement of the phosphate linkages in DNA and RNA by achiral guanidino groups, has been reported (Dempcy, R. O. et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 91(17):7864-8 (1994); Dempcy, R. O. et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 93(9):4326-30 (1996); Barawkar, D. A. et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 95(19):11047-52 (1998); Linkletter, B. A. et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 29(11):2370-6 (2001)). Oligomers linked with positively charged methylated thiourea linkages have also been reported (Arya, D. P. et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci USA 96(8): 4384-9 (1999)). Replacement of some of these linkages with neutral urea linkages has been reported to reduce the tendency of such positively charged oligomers towards non-sequence-specific binding (Linkletter, B. A. et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 8(8):1893-901 (2000)). Morpholino oligomers containing (1-piperazino) phosphinylideneoxy and (1-(4-(ω-guanidino-alkanoyl))-piperazino) phosphinylideneoxy linkages have been described previously (see e.g., WO2008036127).
Although significant progress has been made, there remains a need in the art for oligonucleotide analogues with improved antisense or antigene performance. Such improved antisense or antigene performance includes; stronger affinity for DNA and RNA without compromising sequence selectivity; improved pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution; improved cellular delivery and reliable and controllable in vivo distribution.
BRIEF SUMMARY
Compounds of the present invention address these issues and provide improvements over existing antisense molecules in the art. Modification of the intersubunit linkages and/or conjugation of terminal moieties to the 5′ and/or 3′ terminus of an oligonucleotide analogue, for example a morpholino oligonucleotide, results in an antisense oligomer having superior properties. For example, in certain embodiments the disclosed oligomers have enhanced cell delivery, potency, and/or tissue distribution compared to other oligonucleotide analogues and/or can be effectively delivered to the target organs. These superior properties give rise to favorable therapeutic indices, reduced clinical dosing, and lower cost of goods.
In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides an oligomer comprising a backbone, the backbone comprising a sequence of morpholino ring structures joined by intersubunit linkages, the intersubunit linkages joining a 3′-end of one morpholino ring structure to a 5′-end of an adjacent morpholino ring structure, wherein each morpholino ring structure is bound to a base-pairing moiety, such that the oligomer can bind in a sequence-specific manner to a target nucleic acid, wherein the intersubunit linkages have the following general structure (I):




or a salt or isomer thereof, and wherein each of the intersubunit linkages (I) are independently linkage (A) or linkage (B):

wherein for linkage (A):

    
    
        W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O;
        X is, at each occurrence, independently —N(CH3)2, —NR1R2, —OR3 or;
    
    






    
    
        Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR2,
        R1 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl;
        R2 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or -LNR4R5R7;
        R3 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
        R4 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl, —C(═NH)NH2, —Z-L-NHC(═NH)NH2 or —[C(O)CHR′NH]mH, where Z is carbonyl (C(O)) or a direct bond, R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid or a one- or two-carbon homolog thereof, and m is 1 to 6;
        R5 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl or an electron pair;
        R6 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl;
        R7 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkoxyalkyl;
        L is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length comprising alkyl, alkoxy or alkylamino groups, or combinations thereof; and
    
    


wherein for linkage (B):

    
    
        W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O;
        X is, at each occurrence, independently —NR8R9 or —OR3; and
        Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR10,
        R8 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C2-C12 alkyl;
        R9 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aralkyl or aryl;
        R10 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl or -LNR4R5R7;
        wherein R8 and R9 may join to form a 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle or R8, R9 or R3 may join with R10 to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle, and wherein when X is 4-piparazino, X has the following structure (III):
    
    






wherein:

    
    
        R11 is, at each occurrence, independently C2-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, C1-C12 alkylcarbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; and
        R is, at each occurrence, independently an electron pair, hydrogen or C1-C12 alkyl; and
        R12 is, at each occurrence, independently, hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, —NH2, —CONH2, —NR13R14, —NR13R14R15, C1-C12 alkylcarbonyl, oxo, —CN, trifluoromethyl, amidyl, amidinyl, amidinylalkyl, amidinylalkylcarbonyl guanidinyl, guanidinylalkyl, guanidinylalkylcarbonyl, cholate, deoxycholate, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —SR13 or C1-C12 alkoxy, wherein R13, R14 and R15 are, at each occurrence, independently C1-C12 alkyl; and
        wherein at least one of the intersubunit linkages is linkage (B).
    
    


In another embodiment the present disclosure provides an oligomer comprising modified terminal groups, for example in one embodiment the disclosure provides an oligomer comprising a backbone, the backbone comprising a sequence of morpholino ring structures joined by intersubunit linkages of type (A), (B), or combinations thereof, wherein each morpholino ring structure supports a base-pairing moiety, such that the oligomer compound can bind in a sequence-specific manner to a target nucleic acid, and wherein the oligomer comprises a 3′ terminus, a 5′ terminus and has the following structure (XVII):




or a salt or isomer thereof, and

wherein for linkage (A):

    
    
        W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O;
        X is, at each occurrence, independently —N(CH3)2, —NR1R2, —OR3 or;
    
    






    
    
        Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR2,
        R1 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl;
        R2 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or -LNR4R5R7;
        R3 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
        R4 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl, —C(═NH)NH2, —Z-L-NHC(═NH)NH2 or —[C(O)CHR′NH]mH, where Z is carbonyl (C(O)) or a direct bond, R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid or a one- or two-carbon homolog thereof, and m is 1 to 6;
        R5 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl or an electron pair;
        R6 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl;
        R7 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkoxyalkyl;
        L is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length comprising alkyl, alkoxy or alkylamino groups, or combinations thereof; and
    
    


wherein for linkage (B):

    
    
        W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O;
        X is, at each occurrence, independently —NR8R9 or —OR3; and
        Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR10,
        R8 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C2-C12 alkyl;
        R9 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aralkyl or aryl;
        R10 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl or -LNR4R5R7;
        wherein R8 and R9 may join to form a 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle or R8, R9 or R3 may join with R10 to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle, and wherein when X is 4-piparazino, X has the following structure (III):
    
    






wherein:

    
    
        R10 is, at each occurrence, independently C2-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, C1-C12 alkylcarbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; and
        R11 is, at each occurrence, independently an electron pair, hydrogen or C1-C12 alkyl;
        R12 is, at each occurrence, independently, hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, —NH2, —CONH2, —NR13R14, —NR13R14R15, C12 alkylcarbonyl, —CN, trifluoromethyl, amidyl, amidinyl, amidinylalkyl, amidinylalkylcarbonyl, guanidinyl, guanidinylalkyl, guanidinylalkylcarbonyl, cholate, deoxycholate, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —SR13 or C1-C12 alkoxy, wherein R13, R14 and R15 are, at each occurrence, independently C1-C12 alkyl; and
        R17 is, at each occurrence, independently absent, hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
        R18 and R19 are, at each occurrence, independently absent, hydrogen, a cell-penetrating peptide, a natural or non-natural amino acid, C2-C30 alkylcarbonyl —C(═O)OR21 or R20;
        R20 is, at each occurrence, independently guanidinyl, heterocyclyl, C1-C30 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl; C6-C30 aryl, C7-C30 aralkyl, C3-C30 alkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C7-C30 arylcarbonyl, C7-C30 aralkylcarbonyl, C2-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C7-C30 aryloxycarbonyl, C8-C30 aralkyloxycarbonyl, or —P(═O)(R22)2;
        R21 is C1-C30 alkyl comprising one or more oxygen or hydroxyl moieties or combinations thereof;
        each R22 is independently C6-C12 aryloxy;
        B is a base-pairing moiety;
        L1 is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length comprising bonds selected from alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, amide, ester, disulfide, carbonyl, carbamate, phosphorodiamidate, phosphoroamidate, phosphorothioate, piperazine and phosphodiester;
        x is an integer of 0 or greater; and
        wherein at least one of R18 or R19 is R20 and provided that both of R17 and R18 are not absent.
    
    


In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of inhibiting production of a protein, the method comprising exposing a nucleic acid encoding the protein to an oligomer of the present disclosure.
In another embodiment, the disclosure is directed to a method of treating a disease in a subject, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an oligomer. Methods of making the oligomers and methods for their use are also provided.
These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent upon reference to the following detailed description. To this end, various references are set forth herein which describe in more detail certain background information, procedures, compounds and/or compositions, and are each hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A shows an exemplary morpholino oligomer structure comprising a phosphorodiamidate linkage.
FIG. 1B shows a morpholino oligomer as in FIG. 1A, but where the backbone linkages comprise one piperazino phosphorodiamidate linkage.
FIG. 1C shows a conjugate of an arginine-rich peptide and an antisense oligomer.
FIGS. 1D-G show the repeating subunit segment of exemplary morpholino oligonucleotides, designated 1D through 1G.
FIG. 2 depicts exemplary intersubunit linkages linked to a morpholino—T moiety.
FIG. 3 is a reaction scheme showing preparation of a linker for solid-phase synthesis.
FIG. 4 demonstrates preparation of a solid support for oligomer synthesis.
FIG. 5 shows exon skipping activity of representative oligomers.
FIG. 6 is a bar graph showing exon skipping in the mdx mouse model.
FIGS. 7A-7C provides results of treatment of transgenic eGFP mice with exemplary oligomers.
FIG. 8 shows reduction in viral M2 protein levels from cells treated with exemplary oligomers.
FIG. 9 shows antiviral activity and weight loss in mice treated with exemplary oligomers.
FIG. 10 provides body weight data of mice treated with exemplary oligomers.
FIG. 11 is eGFP splice-correction activity data in various tissues from mice treated with exemplary oligomers compared to PMO and PMO+ oligomers.
FIG. 12 shows a subset of eGFP splice-correction activity data in various tissues from mice treated with exemplary oligomers compared to PMO and PMO+ oligomers.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
I. Definitions
In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as “including, but not limited to.” Further, headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed invention.
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Also, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
The terms below, as used herein, have the following meanings, unless indicated otherwise:
“Amino” refers to the —NH2 radical.
“Cyano” or “nitrile” refers to the —CN radical.
“Hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” refers to the —OH radical.
“Imino” refers to the ═NH substituent.
“Guanidinyl” refers to the —NHC(═NH)NH2 substituent.
“Amidinyl” refers to the —C(═NH)NH2 substituent.
“Nitro” refers to the —NO2 radical.
“Oxo” refers to the ═O substituent.
“Thioxo” refers to the ═S substituent.
“Cholate” refers to the following structure:




“Deoxycholate” refers to the following structure:




“Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical which is saturated or unsaturated (i.e., contains one or more double and/or triple bonds), having from one to thirty carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Alkyls comprising any number of carbon atoms from 1 to 30 are included. An alkyl comprising up to 30 carbon atoms is referred to as a C1-C30 alkyl, likewise, for example, an alkyl comprising up to 12 carbon atoms is a C1-C12 alkyl. Alkyls (and other moieties defined herein) comprising other numbers of carbon atoms are represented similarly. Alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C15 alkyl, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C2 alkyl, C2-C8 alkyl, C3-C8 alkyl and C4-C8 alkyl. Representative alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (iso-propyl), n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, ethenyl, prop-1-enyl, but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-1,4-dienyl, ethynyl, propynyl, but-2-ynyl, but-3-ynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.
“Alkylene” or “alkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group. Alkylenes may be saturated or unsaturated (i.e., contains one or more double and/or triple bonds). Representative alkylenes include, but are not limited to, C1-C12 alkylene, C1-C8 alkylene, C1-C6 alkylene, C1-C4 alkylene, C1-C3 alkylene, C1-C2 alkylene, C1 alkylene. Representative alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, ethenylene, propenylene, n-butenylene, propynylene, n-butynylene, and the like. The alkylene chain is attached to the rest of the molecule through a single or double bond and to the radical group through a single or double bond. The points of attachment of the alkylene chain to the rest of the molecule and to the radical group can be through one carbon or any two carbons within the chain. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylene chain may be optionally substituted as described below.
“Alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —ORa where Ra is an alkyl radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxy group may be optionally substituted as described below.
Alkoxyalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —RbORa where Ra is an alkyl radical as defined and where Rb is an alkylene radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxyalkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.
“Alkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)Ra where Ra is an alkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.
“Alkyloxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)ORa where Ra is an alkyl radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyloxycarbonyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.
“Alkylamino” refers to a radical of the formula —NHRa or —NRaRa where each Ra is, independently, an alkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylamino group may be optionally substituted as described below.
“Amidyl” refers to a radical of the formula —N(H)C(═O) Ra where Ra is an alkyl or aryl radical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an amidyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.
“Amidinylalkyl” refers a radical of the formula —Rb—C(═NH)NH2 where Rb is an alkylene radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an amidinylalkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.
“Amidinylalkylcarbonyl” refers a radical of the formula —C(═O)Rb— C(═NH)NH2 where Rb is an alkylene radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an amidinylalkylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.
“Aminoalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —Rb—NRaRa where Rb is an alkylene radical as defined above, and each Ra is independently a hydrogen or an alkyl radical.
“Thioalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —SRa where Ra is an alkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a thioalkyl group may be optionally substituted.
“Aryl” refers to a radical derived from a hydrocarbon ring system comprising hydrogen, 6 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. The aryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems. Aryl radicals include, but are not limited to, aryl radicals derived from the hydrocarbon ring systems of aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pleiadene, pyrene, and triphenylene. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term “aryl” or the prefix “ar-” (such as in “aralkyl”) is meant to include aryl radicals that are optionally substituted.
“Aralkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —Rb—Rc where Rb is an alkylene chain as defined above and Rc is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, benzyl, diphenylmethyl, trityl and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aralkyl group may be optionally substituted.
“Arylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)Rc where Rc is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, phenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an arylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.
“Aryloxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)ORc where Rc is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, phenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aryloxycarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.
“Aralkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)Rb—Rc where Rb is an alkylene chain as defined above and Rc is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, phenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aralkylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.
“Aralkyloxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)ORb—Rc where Rb is an alkylene chain as defined above and Rc is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, phenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aralkyloxycarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.
“Aryloxy” refers to a radical of the formula —ORc where Rc is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, phenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an arylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.
“Cycloalkyl” refers to a stable, non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic ring, which may include fused or bridged ring systems, which is saturated or unsaturated, and attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Representative cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cycloaklyls having from three to fifteen carbon atoms and from three to eight carbon atoms, Monocyclic cycicoalkyl radicals include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic radicals include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl, decalinyl, and 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl. Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.
“Cycloalkylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —RbRd where Rb is an alkylene chain as defined above and Rd is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkylalkyl group may be optionally substituted.
“Cycloalkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)Rd where Rd is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.
Cycloalkyloxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)ORd where Rd is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyloxycarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.
“Fused” refers to any ring structure described herein which is fused to an existing ring structure. When the fused ring is a heterocyclyl ring or a heteroaryl ring, any carbon atom on the existing ring structure which becomes part of the fused heterocyclyl ring or the fused heteroaryl ring may be replaced with a nitrogen atom.
“Guanidinylalkyl” refers a radical of the formula —Rb—NHC(═NH)NH2 where Rb is an alkylene radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a guanidinylalkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.
“Guanidinylalkylcarbonyl” refers a radical of the formula —C(═O)Rb—NHC(═NH)NH2 where Rb is an alkylene radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a guanidinylalkylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.
“Halo” or “halogen” refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo.
“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a haloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.
“Perhalo” or “perfluoro” refers to a moiety in which each hydrogen atom has been replaced by a halo atom or fluorine atom, respectively.
“Heterocyclyl”, “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic ring” refers to a stable 3- to 24-membered non-aromatic ring radical comprising 2 to 23 carbon atoms and from one to 8 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocyclyl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the heterocyclyl radical may be partially or fully saturated. Examples of such heterocyclyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl, 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, 21-crown-7, aza-18-crown-6, diaza-18-crown-6, aza-21-crown-7, and diaza-21-crown-7. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocyclyl group may be optionally substituted.
“Heteroaryl” refers to a 5- to 14-membered ring system radical comprising hydrogen atoms, one to thirteen carbon atoms, one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur, and at least one aromatic ring. For purposes of this invention, the heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. Examples include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 1-oxidopyridinyl, 1-oxidopyrimidinyl, 1-oxidopyrazinyl, 1-oxidopyridazinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, quinuclidinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e., thienyl). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted.
All the above groups may be either substituted or unsubstituted. The term “substituted” as used herein means any of the above groups (i.e., alkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylamino, amidyl, amidinylalkyl, amidinylalkylcarbonyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, guanidinylalkyl, guanidinylalkylcarbonyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl and/or heteroaryl), may be further functionalized wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to a non-hydrogen atom substituent. Unless stated specifically in the specification, a substituted group may include one or more substituents selected from: oxo, —CO2H, nitrile, nitro, —CONH2, hydroxyl, thiooxy, alkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, dialkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines, diarylamines, N-oxides, imides, and enamines; a silicon atom in groups such as trialkylsilyl groups, dialkylarylsilyl groups, alkyldiarylsilyl groups, triarylsilyl groups, perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroalkoxy, for example, trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy. “Substituted” also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a higher-order bond (e.g., a double- or triple-bond) to a heteroatom such as oxygen in oxo, carbonyl, carboxyl, and ester groups; and nitrogen in groups such as imines, oximes, hydrazones, and nitriles. For example, “substituted” includes any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with —NRgC(═O)NRgRh, —NRgC(═O)ORh, —NRgSO2Rh, —OC(═O)NRgRh, —ORg, —SRg, —SORg, —SO2Rg, —OSO2Rg, —SO2ORg, ═NSO2Rg, and —SO2NRgRh. “Substituted” also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with —C(═O)Rg, —C(═O)ORg, —CH2SO2Rg, —CH2SO2NRgRh, —SH, —SRg or —SSRg. In the foregoing, Rg and Rh are the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, N-heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, N-heteroaryl and/or heteroarylalkyl. In addition, each of the foregoing substituents may also be optionally substituted with one or more of the above substituents. Furthermore, any of the above groups may be substituted to include one or more internal oxygen or sulfur atoms. For example, an alkyl group may be substituted with one or more internal oxygen atoms to form an ether or polyether group. Similarly, an alkyl group may be substituted with one or more internal sulfur atoms to form a thioether, disulfide, etc. Amidyl moieties may be substituted with up to 2 halo atoms, while other groups above may be substituted with one or more halo atoms. With the exception of alkyl groups, all other groups may also be substituted with amino or monoalklyamino. With the exception of alkyl and alkylcarbonyl groups, all other groups may also be substituted with guanidinyl or amidynyl. Optional substitutents for any of the above groups also include arylphosphoryl, for example —RaP(Ar)3 wherein Ra is an alkylene and Ar is aryl moiety, for example phenyl.
The terms “antisense oligomer” or “antisense compound” are used interchangeably and refer to a sequence of subunits, each having a base carried on a backbone subunit composed of ribose or other pentose sugar or morpholino group, and where the backbone groups are linked by intersubunit linkages that allow the bases in the compound to hybridize to a target sequence in a nucleic acid (typically an RNA) by Watson-Crick base pairing, to form a nucleic acid:oligomer heteroduplex within the target sequence. The oligomer may have exact sequence complementarity to the target sequence or near complementarity. Such antisense oligomers are designed to block or inhibit translation of the mRNA containing the target sequence, and may be said to be “directed to” a sequence with which it hybridizes.
A “morpholino oligomer” or “PMO” refers to a polymeric molecule having a backbone which supports bases capable of hydrogen bonding to typical polynucleotides, wherein the polymer lacks a pentose sugar backbone moiety, and more specifically a ribose backbone linked by phosphodiester bonds which is typical of nucleotides and nucleosides, but instead contains a ring nitrogen with coupling through the ring nitrogen. An exemplary“morpholino” oligomer comprises morpholino subunit structures linked together by (thio)phosphoramidate or (thio)phosphorodiamidate linkages, joining the morpholino nitrogen of one subunit to the 5′ exocyclic carbon of an adjacent subunit, each subunit comprising a purine or pyrimidine base-pairing moiety effective to bind, by base-specific hydrogen bonding, to a base in a polynucleotide. Morpholino oligomers (including antisense oligomers) are detailed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,698,685; 5,217,866; 5,142,047; 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,521,063; 5,506,337 and pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/271,036; 12/271,040; and PCT publication number WO/2009/064471 all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Representative PMOs include PMOs wherein the intersubunit linkages are linkage (A1).
“PMO+” refers to phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers comprising any number of (1-piperazino)phosphinylideneoxy, (1-(4-(ω-guanidino-alkanoyl))-piperazino)phosphinylideneoxy linkages (A2 and A3) that have been described previously (see e.g., PCT publication WO/2008/036127 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
“PMO-X” refers to phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers disclosed herein comprising at least one (B) linkage or at least one of the disclosed terminal modifications.
A “phosphoramidate” group comprises phosphorus having three attached oxygen atoms and one attached nitrogen atom, while a “phosphorodiamidate” group (see e.g., FIGS. 1D-E) comprises phosphorus having two attached oxygen atoms and two attached nitrogen atoms. In the uncharged or the modified intersubunit linkages of the oligomers described herein and co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 61/349,783 and Ser. No. 11/801,885, one nitrogen is always pendant to the backbone chain. The second nitrogen, in a phosphorodiamidate linkage, is typically the ring nitrogen in a morpholino ring structure.
“Thiophosphoramidate” or “thiophosphorodiamidate” linkages are phosphoramidate or phosphorodiamidate linkages, respectively, wherein one oxygen atom, typically the oxygen pendant to the backbone, is replaced with sulfur.
“Intersubunit linkage” refers to the linkage connecting two morpholino subunits, for example structure (I).
“Charged”, “uncharged”, “cationic” and “anionic” as used herein refer to the predominant state of a chemical moiety at near-neutral pH, e.g., about 6 to 8. For example, the term may refer to the predominant state of the chemical moiety at physiological pH, that is, about 7.4.
“Lower alkyl” refers to an alkyl radical of one to six carbon atoms, as exemplified by methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, isoamyl, n-pentyl, and isopentyl. In certain embodiments, a “lower alkyl” group has one to four carbon atoms. In other embodiments a “lower alkyl” group has one to two carbon atoms; i.e. methyl or ethyl. Analogously, “lower alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl radical of two to six, preferably three or four, carbon atoms, as exemplified by allyl and butenyl.
A “non-interfering” substituent is one that does not adversely affect the ability of an antisense oligomer as described herein to bind to its intended target. Such substituents include small and/or relatively non-polar groups such as methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, or fluoro.
An oligonucleotide or antisense oligomer “specifically hybridizes” to a target polynucleotide if the oligomer hybridizes to the target under physiological conditions, with a Tm greater than 37° C., greater than 45° C., preferably at least 50° C., and typically 60° C.-80° C. or higher. The “Tm” of an oligomer is the temperature at which 50% hybridizes to a complementary polynucleotide. Tm is determined under standard conditions in physiological saline, as described, for example, in Miyada et al., Methods Enzymol. 154:94-107 (1987). Such hybridization may occur with “near” or “substantial” complementary of the antisense oligomer to the target sequence, as well as with exact complementarity.
Polynucleotides are described as “complementary” to one another when hybridization occurs in an antiparallel configuration between two single-stranded polynucleotides. Complementarity (the degree that one polynucleotide is complementary with another) is quantifiable in terms of the proportion of bases in opposing strands that are expected to form hydrogen bonds with each other, according to generally accepted base-pairing rules.
A first sequence is an “antisense sequence” with respect to a second sequence if a polynucleotide whose sequence is the first sequence specifically binds to, or specifically hybridizes with, the second polynucleotide sequence under physiological conditions.
The term “targeting sequence” is the sequence in the oligonucleotide analog that is complementary (meaning, in addition, substantially complementary) to the target sequence in the RNA genome. The entire sequence, or only a portion, of the analog compound may be complementary to the target sequence. For example, in an analog having 20 bases, only 12-14 may be targeting sequences. Typically, the targeting sequence is formed of contiguous bases in the analog, but may alternatively be formed of non-contiguous sequences that when placed together, e.g., from opposite ends of the analog, constitute sequence that spans the target sequence.
Target and targeting sequences are described as “complementary” to one another when hybridization occurs in an antiparallel configuration. A targeting sequence may have “near” or “substantial” complementarity to the target sequence and still function for the purpose of the presently described methods, that is, still be “complementary.” Preferably, the oligonucleotide analog compounds employed in the presently described methods have at most one mismatch with the target sequence out of 10 nucleotides, and preferably at most one mismatch out of 20. Alternatively, the antisense oligomers employed have at least 90% sequence homology, and preferably at least 95% sequence homology, with the exemplary targeting sequences as designated herein. For purposes of complementary binding to an RNA target, and as discussed below, a guanine base may be complementary to either a cytosineor uracil RNA base.
A “heteroduplex” refers to a duplex between an oligonculeotide analog and the complementary portion of a target RNA. A “nuclease-resistant heteroduplex” refers to a heteroduplex formed by the binding of an antisense oligomer to its complementary target, such that the heteroduplex is substantially resistant to in vivo degradation by intracellular and extracellular nucleases, such as RNAse H, which are capable of cutting double-stranded RNA/RNA or RNA/DNA complexes.
An agent is “actively taken up by mammalian cells” when the agent can enter the cell by a mechanism other than passive diffusion across the cell membrane. The agent may be transported, for example, by “active transport”, referring to transport of agents across a mammalian cell membrane by e.g. an ATP-dependent transport mechanism, or by “facilitated transport”, referring to transport of antisense agents across the cell membrane by a transport mechanism that requires binding of the agent to a transport protein, which then facilitates passage of the bound agent across the membrane.
The terms “modulating expression” and/or “antisense activity” refer to the ability of an antisense oligomer to either enhance or, more typically, reduce the expression of a given protein, by interfering with the expression or translation of RNA. In the case of reduced protein expression, the antisense oligomer may directly block expression of a given gene, or contribute to the accelerated breakdown of the RNA transcribed from that gene. Morpholino oligomers as described herein are believed to act via the former (steric blocking) mechanism. Preferred antisense targets for steric blocking oligomers include the ATG start codon region, splice sites, regions closely adjacent to splice sites, and 5′-untranslated region of mRNA, although other regions have been successfully targeted using morpholino oligomers.
An “amino acid subunit” is preferably an α-amino acid residue (—CO—CHR—NH—); it may also be a β- or other amino acid residue (e.g. —CO—CH2CHR—NH—), where R is an amino acid side chain.
The term “naturally occurring amino acid” refers to an amino acid present in proteins found in nature. The term “non-natural amino acids” refers to those amino acids not present in proteins found in nature; examples include beta-alanine (β-Ala) and 6-aminohexanoic acid (Ahx).
An “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of antisense oligomer administered to a mammalian subject, either as a single dose or as part of a series of doses, which is effective to produce a desired therapeutic effect, typically by inhibiting translation of a selected target nucleic acid sequence.
“Treatment” of an individual (e.g. a mammal, such as a human) or a cell is any type of intervention used in an attempt to alter the natural course of the individual or cell. Treatment includes, but is not limited to, administration of a pharmaceutical composition, and may be performed either prophylactically or subsequent to the initiation of a pathologic event or contact with an etiologic agent.
II. Antisense Oligomers
A. Oligomers with Modified Intersubunit Linkages
As noted above, one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to oligomers comprising novel intersubunit linkages. In some embodiments, the oligomers have higher affinity for DNA and RNA than do the corresponding unmodified oligomers and demonstrate improved cell delivery, potency, and/or tissue distribution properties compared to oligomers having other intersubunit linkages. In one embodiment, the oligomers comprise at least one intersubunit linkage of type (B) as defined above. The oligomers may also comprise one or more intersubunit linkages of type (A) as defined above. The structural features and properties of the various linkage types and oligomers are described in more detail in the following discussion.
1. Linkage (A)
Applicants have found that enhancement of antisense activity, biodistribution and/or other desirable properties can be optimized by preparing oligomers having various intersubunit linkages. For example, the oligomers may optionally comprise one or more intersubunit linkages of type (A), and in certain embodiments the oligomers comprise at least one linkage of type (A). In some other embodiments each linkage of type (A) has the same structure. Linkages of type (A) may include linkages disclosed in co-owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,762 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Linkage (A) has the following structure (I), wherein 3′ and 5′ indicate the point of attachment to the 3′ and 5′ ends, respectively, of the morpholino ring (i.e., structure (i) discussed below):




or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein:

W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O;
X is, at each occurrence, independently —N(CH3)2, —NR1R2, —OR3 or;




Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR2,
R1 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl;
R2 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or -LNR4R5R7;
R3 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R4 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl, —C(═NH)NH2, —Z-L-NHC(═NH)NH2 or —[C(═O)CHR′NH]mH, where Z is —C(═O)— or a direct bond, R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid or a one- or two-carbon homolog thereof, and m is 1 to 6;
R5 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl or an electron pair;
R6 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl;
R7 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkoxyalkyl; and
L is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length comprising alkyl, alkoxy or alkylamino groups, or combinations thereof.
In some examples, the oligomer comprises at least one linkage of type (A). In some other embodiments, the oligomer includes at least two consecutive linkages of type (A). In further embodiments, at least 5% of the linkages in the oligomer are type (A); for example in some embodiments, 5%-95%, 10% to 90%, 10% to 50%, or 10% to 35% of the linkages may be linkage type (A). In some specific embodiments, at least one type (A) linkage is —N(CH3)2. In other embodiments, each linkage of type (A) is —N(CH3)2. In other embodiments, at least one type (A) linkage is piperizin-1-yl, for example unsubstituted piperazin-1-yl (e.g., A2 or A3). In other embodiments, each linkage of type (A) is piperizin-1-yl, for example unsubstituted piperazin-1-yl.
In some embodiments, W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O, and in certain embodiments W is O.
In some embodiments, X is, at each occurrence, independently —N(CH3)2, —NR1R2, —OR3. In some embodiments X is —N(CH3)2. In other aspects X is —NR1R2, and in other examples X is —OR3.
In some embodiments, R1 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl. In some embodiments, R1 is hydrogen. In other embodiments X is methyl.
In some embodiments, R2 is, at each occurrence, hydrogen. In other embodiments R2 is, at each occurrence, -LNR4R5R7. In some embodiments, R3 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R3 is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R3 is ethyl. In some other embodiments, R3 is n-propyl or isopropyl. In some other embodiments, R3 is C4 alkyl. In other embodiments, R3 is C5 alkyl. In some embodiments, R3 is C6 alkyl.
In certain embodiments, R4 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen. In other embodiments, R4 is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R4 is —C(═NH)NH2, and in other embodiments, R4 is —Z-L-NHC(═NH)NH2. In still other embodiments, R4 is —[C(═O)CHR′NH]mH. Z is —C(═O)— in one embodiment and Z is a direct bond in another embodiment. R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid. In some embodiments R′ is a one- or two-carbon homolog of a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid.
m is and integer from 1 to 6. m may be 1. m may be 2 m may be 3 m may be 4 m may be 5 m may be 6
In some embodiments, R5 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl or an electron pair. In some embodiments, R5 is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R5 is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R5 is an electron pair.
In some embodiments, R6 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl. In some embodiments, R6 is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R6 is methyl.
In other embodiments, R7 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen C1-C6 alkyl or C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl. In some embodiments R7 is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R7 is C1-C6 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R7 is C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl. In some embodiments, R7 is methyl. In other embodiments, R7 is ethyl. In yet other embodiments, R7 is n-propyl or isopropyl. In some other embodiments, R7 is C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R7 is C5 alkyl. In some embodiments, R7 is C6 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R7 is C2 alkoxyalkyl. In some other embodiments, R7 is C3 alkoxyalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R7 is C4 alkoxyalkyl. In some embodiments, R7 is C5 alkoxyalkyl. In other embodiments, R7 is C6 alkoxyalkyl.
The linker group L, as noted above, contains bonds in its backbone selected from alkyl (e.g. —CH2-CH2-), alkoxy (e.g., —C—O—C—), and alkylamino (e.g. —CH2-NH—), with the proviso that the terminal atoms in L (e.g., those adjacent to carbonyl or nitrogen) are carbon atoms. Although branched linkages (e.g. —CH2-CHCH3-) are possible, the linker is generally unbranched. In one embodiment, the linker is a hydrocarbon linker. Such a linker may have the structure (CH2)n—, where n is 1-12, preferably 2-8, and more preferably 2-6.
Oligomers having any number of linkage type (A) are provided. In some embodiments, the oligomer contains no linkages of type (A). In certain embodiments, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90 percent of the linkages are linkage (A). In selected embodiments, 10 to 80, 20 to 80, 20 to 60, 20 to 50, 20 to 40, or 20 to 35 percent of the linkages are linkage (A).
2. Linkage (B)
In some embodiments, the oligomers comprise at least one linkage of type (B). For example the oligomers may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more linkages of type (B). The type (B) linkages may be adjacent or may be interspersed throughout the oligomer. Linkage type (B) has the following structure (I):




or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein:

W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O;
X is, at each occurrence, independently —NR8R9 or —OR3; and
Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR10,
R3 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R8 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C2-C12 alkyl;
R9 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aralkyl or aryl;
R10 at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl or -LNR4R5R7;
wherein R8 and R9 may join to form a 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle or R8, R9 or R3 may join with R10 to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle, and wherein when X is 4-piparazino, X has the following structure (III):




wherein:

R11 is, at each occurrence, independently C2-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, C1-C12 alkylcarbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;
R is, at each occurrence, independently an electron pair, hydrogen or C1-C12 alkyl; and
R12 is, at each occurrence, independently, hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, —NH2, —CONH2, —NR13R14, —NR13R14R15, C1-C12 alkylcarbonyl, oxo, —CN, trifluoromethyl, amidyl, amidinyl, amidinylalkyl, amidinylalkylcarbonyl guanidinyl, guanidinylalkyl, guanidinylalkylcarbonyl, cholate, deoxycholate, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —SR13 or C1-C12 alkoxy, wherein R13, R14 and R15 are, at each occurrence, independently C1-C12 alkyl.
In some examples, the oligomer comprises one linkage of type (B). In some other embodiments, the oligomer comprises two linkages of type (B). In some other embodiments, the oligomer comprises three linkages of type (B). In some other embodiments, the oligomer comprises four linkages of type (B). In still other embodiments, the linkages of type (B) are consecutive (i.e., the type (B) linkages are adjacent to each other). In further embodiments, at least 5% of the linkages in the oligomer are type (B); for example in some embodiments, 5%-95%, 10% to 90%, 10% to 50%, or 10% to 35% of the linkages may be linkage type (B).
In other embodiments, R3 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R3 may be methyl. In some embodiments, R3 may be ethyl. In some other embodiments, R3 may be n-propyl or isopropyl. In yet other embodiments, R3 may be C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R3 may be C5 alkyl. In some embodiments, R3 may be C6 alkyl.
In some embodiments, R8 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C2-C12 alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is hydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R8 is ethyl. In some other embodiments, R8 is n-propyl or isopropyl. In some embodiments, R8 is C4 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R8 is C5 alkyl. In other embodiments, R8 is C6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is C7 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R8 is C8 alkyl. In other embodiments, R8 is C9 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R8 is C10 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R8 is C11 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R8 is C12 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R8 is C2-C12 alkyl and the C2-C12 alkyl includes one or more double bonds (e.g., alkene), triple bonds (e.g., alkyne) or both. In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted C2-C12 alkyl.
In some embodiments, R9 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aralkyl or aryl. In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R9 is C1-C12 alkyl. In other embodiments, R9 is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R9 is ethyl. In some other embodiments, R9 is n-propyl or isopropyl. In some embodiments, R9 is C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R9 is C5 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R9 is C6 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R9 is C7 alkyl. In some embodiments, R9 is C8 alkyl. In some embodiments, R9 is C9 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R9 is C10 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R9 is C11 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R9 is C12 alkyl.
In some other embodiments, R9 is C1-C12 aralkyl. For example, n some embodiments R9 is benzyl and the benzyl may be optionally substituted on either the phenyl ring or the benzylic carbon. Substituents in this regards include alkyl and alkoxy groups, for example methyl or methoxy. In some embodiments, the benzyl group is substituted with methyl at the benzylic carbon. For example, in some embodiments, R9 has the following structure (XIV):




In other embodiments, R9 is aryl. For example, in some embodiments R9 is phenyl, and the phenyl may be optionally substituted. Substituents in this regard substitutents include alkyl and alkoxy groups, for example methyl or methoxy. In other embodiments, R9 is phenyl and the phenyl comprises a crown ether moiety, for example a 12-18 membered crown ether. In one embodiment the crown ether is 18 membered and may further comprise and additional phenyl moiety. For example, in one embodiment R9 has one of the following structures (XV) or XVI):




In some embodiments, R10 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl or -LNR4R5R7, wherein R4, R5 and R7 are as defined above with respect to linkage (A). In other embodiments, R10 is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R10 is C1-C12 alkyl, and in other embodiments R10 is -LNR4R5R7. In some embodiments, R10 is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R10 is ethyl. In some embodiments, R10 is C3 alkyl. In some embodiments, R10 is C4 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R10 is C5 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R10 is C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R10 is C7 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R10 is C8 alkyl. In some embodiments, R10 is C9 alkyl. In other embodiments, R10 is C10 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R10 is C11 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R10 is C12 alkyl.
In some embodiments, R8 and R9 join to form a 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle. In some embodiments the heterocycle is a 5 or 6 membered monocyclic heterocycle. For example, in some embodiments linkage (B) has the following structure (IV):




In other embodiments, heterocycle is bicyclic, for example a 12-membered bicyclic heterocycle. The heterocycle may be piperizinyl. The heterocycle may be morpholino. The heterocycle may be piperidinyl. The heterocycle may be decahydroisoquinoline. Representative heterocycles include the following:




In some embodiments, R11 is, at each occurrence, independently C2-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl.
In some embodiments, R11 is C2-C12 alkyl. In some embodiments, R11 is ethyl. In other embodiments, R11 is C3 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R11 is isopropyl. In some other embodiments, R11 is C4 alkyl. In other embodiments, R11 is C5 alkyl. In some embodiments, R11 is C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R11 is C7 alkyl. In some embodiments, R11 is C8 alkyl. In other embodiments, R11 is C9 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R11 is C10 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R11 is C11 alkyl. In some embodiments, R11 is C12 alkyl.
In other embodiments, R11 is C1-C12 aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R11 is methylamino. In some embodiments, R11 is ethylamino. In other embodiments, R11 is C3 aminoalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R11 is C4 aminoalkyl. In some other embodiments, R11 is C5 aminoalkyl. In other embodiments, R11 is C6 aminoalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R11 is C7 aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R11 is C8 aminoalkyl. In other embodiments, R11 is C9 aminoalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R11 is C10 aminoalkyl. In some other embodiments, R11 is C11 aminoalkyl. In other embodiments, R11 is C12 aminoalkyl.
In other embodiments, R11 is C1-C12 alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R11 is C1 alkylcarbonyl. In other embodiments, R11 is C2 alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R11 is C3 alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R11 is C4 alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R11 is C5 alkylcarbonyl. In some other embodiments, R11 is C6 alkylcarbonyl. In other embodiments, R11 is C7 alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R11 is C8 alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R11 is C9 alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R11 is C10 alkylcarbonyl. In some other embodiments, R11 is C11 alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, is C12 alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R11 is —C(═O)(CH2)nCO2H, where n is 1 to 6. For example, in some embodiments, n is 1. In other embodiments, n is 2. In yet other embodiments, n is 3. In some other embodiments, n is 4. In yet other embodiments, n is 5. In other embodiments, n is 6.
In other embodiments, R11 is aryl. For example, in some embodiments, R11 is phenyl. In some embodiments, the phenyl is substituted, for example with a nitro group.
In other embodiments, R11 is heteroaryl. For example, in some embodiments, R11 is pyridinyl. In other embodiments, R11 is pyrimidinyl.
In other embodiments, R11 is heterocyclyl. For example, in some embodiments, R11 is piperidinyl, for example piperidin-4-yl.
In some embodiments, R11 is ethyl, isopropyl, piperidinyl, pyrimidinyl, cholate, deoxycholate, or —C(═O)(CH2)nCO2H, where n is 1 to 6.
In some embodiments, R is an electron pair. In other embodiments, R is hydrogen, and in other embodiments R is C1-C12 alkyl. In some embodiments, R is methyl. In some embodiments, R is ethyl. In other embodiments, R is C3 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R is isopropyl. In some other embodiments, R is C4 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R is C5 alkyl. In some embodiments, R is C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R is C7 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R is C8 alkyl. In other embodiments, R is C9 alkyl. In some embodiments, R is C10 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R is C11 alkyl. In some embodiments, R is C12 alkyl.
In some embodiments, R12 is, at each occurrence, independently, hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, —NH2, —CONH2, —NR13R14, —NR13R14R15, oxo, —CN, trifluoromethyl, amidyl, amidinyl, amidinylalkyl, amidinylalkylcarbonyl guanidinyl, guanidinylalkyl, guanidinylalkylcarbonyl, cholate, deoxycholate, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —SR13 or C1-C12 alkoxy, wherein R13, R14 and R15 are, at each occurrence, independently C1-C12 alkyl
In some embodiments, R12 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R12 is C1-C12 alkyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C1-C12 aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R12 is —NH2. In some embodiments, R12 is —CONH2. In some embodiments, R12 is —NR13R14. In some embodiments, R12 is —NR13R14R15. In some embodiments, R12 is C1-C12 alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R12 is oxo. In some embodiments, R12 is —CN. In some embodiments, R12 is trifluoromethyl. In some embodiments, R12 is amidyl. In some embodiments, R12 is amidinyl. In some embodiments, R12 is amidinylalkyl. In some embodiments, R12 is amidinylalkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R12 is guanidinyl, for example mono methylguanidynyl or dimethylguanidinyl. In some embodiments, R12 is guanidinylalkyl. In some embodiments, R12 is amidinylalkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R12 is cholate. In some embodiments, R12 is deoxycholate. In some embodiments, R12 is aryl. In some embodiments, R12 is heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R12 is heterocycle. In some embodiments, R12 is —SR13. In some embodiments, R12 is C1-C12 alkoxy. In some embodiments, R12 is dimethyl amine.
In other embodiments, R12 is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R12 is ethyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C3 alkyl. In some embodiments, R12 is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C4 alkyl. In other embodiments, R12 is C5 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R12 is C6 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R12 is C7 alkyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C8 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R12 is C9 alkyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C10 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R12 is C11 alkyl. In other embodiments, R12 is C12 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl moiety is substituted with one or more oxygen atom to form an ether moiety, for example a methoxymethyl moiety.
In some embodiments, R12 is methylamino. In other embodiments, R12 is ethylamino. In yet other embodiments, R12 is C3 aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C4 aminoalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R12 is C5 aminoalkyl. In some other embodiments, R12 is C6 aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C7 aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C8 aminoalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R12 is C9 aminoalkyl. In some other embodiments, R12 is C10 aminoalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R12 is C11 aminoalkyl. In other embodiments, R12 is C12 aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, the amino alkyl is a dimethylamino alkyl.
In yet other embodiments, R12 is acetyl. In some other embodiments, R12 is C2 alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C3 alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R12 is C4 alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C5 alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R12 is C6 alkylcarbonyl. In some other embodiments, R12 is C7 alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C8 alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R12 is C9 alkylcarbonyl. In some other embodiments, R12 is C10 alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C11 alkylcarbonyl. In other embodiments, R12 is C12 alkylcarbonyl. The alkylcarbonyl is substituted with a carboxy moiety, for example the alkylcarbonyl is substituted to form a succinic acid moiety (i.e., a 3-carboxyalkylcarbonyl). In other embodiments, the alkylcarbonyl is substituted with a terminal —SH group.
In some embodiments, R12 is amidyl. In some embodiments, the amidyl comprises an alkyl moiety which is further substituted, for example with —SH, carbamate, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the amidyl is substituted with an aryl moiety, for example phenyl. In certain embodiments, R12 may have the following structure (IX):




wherein R16 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 alkoxy, —CN, aryl or heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R12 is methoxy. In other embodiments, R12 is ethoxy. In yet other embodiments, R12 is C3 alkoxy. In some embodiments, R12 is C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, R12 is C5 alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R12 is C6 alkoxy. In other embodiments, R12 is C7 alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R12 is C8 alkoxy. In some embodiments, R12 is C9 alkoxy. In other embodiments, R12 is C10 alkoxy. In some embodiments, R12 is C11 alkoxy. In yet other embodiments, R12 is C12 alkoxy.
In certain embodiments, R12 is pyrrolidinyl, for example pyrrolidin-1-yl. In other embodiments, R12 is piperidinyl, for example piperidin-1-yl or piperidin-4-yl. In other embodiment, R12 is morpholino, for example morpholin-4-yl. In other embodiments, R12 is phenyl, and in even further embodiments, the phenyl is substituted, for example with a nitro group. In still other embodiments, R12 is pyrimidinyl, for example pyrimidin-2-yl.
In other embodiments, R13, R14 and R15 are, at each occurrence, independently C1-C12 alkyl. In some embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is ethyl. In other embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is C3 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is isopropyl. In other embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is C5 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is C7 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is C8 alkyl. In other embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is C9 alkyl. In some embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is C10 alkyl. In some embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is C11 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R13, R14 or R15 is C12 alkyl.
As noted above, in some embodiments, R12 is amidyl substituted with an aryl moiety. In this regard, each occurrence of R16 may be the same or different. In certain of these embodiments, R16 is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R16 is —CN. In other embodiments, R16 is heteroaryl, for example tretrazolyl. In certain other embodiments, R16 is methoxy. In other embodiments, R16 is aryl, and the aryl is optionally substituted. Optional substitutents in this regard include: C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 alkoxy, for example methoxy; trifluoromethoxy; halo, for example chloro; and trifluoromethyl.
In other embodiments, R16 is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R16 is ethyl. In some embodiments, R16 is C3 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R16 is isopropyl. In yet other embodiments, R16 is C4 alkyl. In other embodiments, R16 is C5 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R16 is C6 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R16 is C7 alkyl. In some embodiments, R16 is C8 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R16 is C9 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R16 is C10 alkyl. In other embodiments, R16 is C11 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R16 is C12 alkyl.
In some embodiments, R16 is methoxy. In some embodiments, R16 is ethoxy. In yet other embodiments, R16 is C3 alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R16 is C4 alkoxy. In other embodiments, R16 is C5 alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R16 is C6 alkoxy. In yet other embodiments, R16 is C7 alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R16 is C8 alkoxy. In yet other embodiments, R16 is C9 alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R16 is C10 alkoxy. In some embodiments, R16 is C11 alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R16 is C12 alkoxy.
In some other embodiments, R8 and R9 join to form a 12-18 membered crown ether. For example, in some embodiments, the crown ether s 18 membered, and in other embodiments the crown ether is 15 membered. In certain embodiments, R8 and R9 join to form a heterocycle having one of the following structures (X) or (XI):




In some embodiments, R8, R9 or R3 join with R10 to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle. For example, in some embodiments, R3 joins with R10 to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle. In some embodiments, the heterocycle is 5-membered. In other embodiments, the heterocycle is 6-membered. In other embodiments, the heterocycle is 7-membered. In some embodiments, the heterocycle is represented by the following structure (XII):




wherein Z′ represents a 5-7 membered heterocycle. In certain embodiments of structure (XI), R12 is hydrogen at each occurrence. For example, linkage (B) may have one of the following structures (B1), (B2) or (B3):





In certain other embodiments, R12 is C1-C12 alkylcarbonyl or amidyl which is further substituted with an arylphosphoryl moiety, for example a triphenyl phosporyl moiety. Examples of linkages having this structure include B56 and B55.
In certain embodiment, linkage (B) does not have any of the structures A1-A5. Table 1 shows representative linkages of type (A) and (B).







TABLE 1







Representative Intersubunit Linkages









No.
Name
Structure





A1 
PMO






 


A2 
PMO+ (unprotonated form depicted)






 


A3 
PMO+ (+)






 


A4 
PMOmepip (m+)






 


A5 
PMOGUX






 


B1 
PMOcp






 


B2 
PMOcps






 


B3 
PMOcpr






 


B4 
PMOShc






 


B5 
PMOmorpholino (m)






 


B6 
PMOtri (t)






 


B7 
PMOhex (h)






 


B8 
PMOdodec






 


B9 
PMOdihex






 


B10
PMOapn (a)






 


B11
PMOpyr (p)






 


B12
PMOpyr (HCl Salt)






 


B13
PMOrba






 


B14
PMOsba






 


B15
PMOdimethylapn






 


B16
PMOetpip






 


B17
PMOiprpip






 


B18
PMOpyrQMe






 


B19
PMOcb






 


B20
PMOma






 


B21
PMObu






 


B22
PMObi






 


B23
PMOpip






 


B24
PMOodmb






 


B25
PMOtfb






 


B26
PMOctfb






 


B27
PMOptfb






 


B28
PMOdcd






 


B29
PMOdmb






 


B30
PMOhy






 


B31
PMO6ce






 


B32
PMOb






 


B33
PMOq






 


B34
PMOnpp






 


B35
PMOo






 


B36
PMO4ce






 


B37
PMO5ce






 


B38
PMOf3p






 


B39
PMOcyp






 


B40
PMOmop






 


B41
PMOpp






 


B42
PMOdmepip






 


B43
PMONPpip






 


B44
PMObipip






 


B45
PMOsuc






 


 46
PMOglutaric






 


B47
PMOtet






 


B48
PMOthiol (SH)






 


B49
PMOpros






 


B50
PMOpror






 


B51
PMOtme






 


B52
PMOca






 


B53
PMOdca






 


B54
PMOguan (g)






 


B55
PMO+phos






 


B56
PMOapnphos













In the sequences and discussion that follows, the above names for the linkages are often used. For example, a base comprising a PMOapn linkage is illustrated as apnB, where B is a base. Other linkages are designated similarly. In addition, abbreviated designations may be used, for example, the abbreviated designations in parentheses above may be used (e.g., aB, refers to apnB). Other readily identifiable abbreviations may also be used.
B. Oligomers with Modified Terminal Groups
As noted above, the present disclosure also provides an oligomer comprising modified terminal groups. Applicants have found that modification of the 3′ and/or 5′ end of the oligomer with various chemical moieties provides beneficial therapeutic properties (e.g., enhanced cell delivery, potency, and/or tissue distribution, etc.) to the oligomers. In various embodiments, the modified terminal groups comprise a hydrophobic moiety, while in other embodiments the modified terminal groups comprise a hydrophilic moiety. The modified terminal groups may be present with or without the linkages described above. For example, in some embodiments, the oligomers comprise one or more modified terminal group and linkages of type (A), for example linkages wherein X is —N(CH3)2. In other embodiments, the oligomers comprise one or more modified terminal group and linkages of type (B), for example linkages wherein X is 4-aminopiperidin-1-yl (i.e., APN). In yet other embodiments, the oligomers comprise one or more modified terminal group and a mixture of linkages (A) and (B). For example, the oligomers may comprise one or more modified terminal group (e.g., trityl or triphenyl acetyl) and linkages wherein X is —N(CH3)2 and linkages wherein X is 4-aminopiperidin-1-yl. Other combinations of modified terminal groups and modified linkages also provide favorable therapeutic properties to the oligomers.
In one embodiment, the oligomers comprising terminal modifications have the following structure (XVII):




or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein X, W and Y are as defined above for any of linkages (A) and (B) and:

R17 is, at each occurrence, independently absent, hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R18 and R19 are, at each occurrence, independently absent, hydrogen, a cell-penetrating peptide, a natural or non-natural amino acid, C2-C30 alkylcarbonyl, —C(═O)OR21 or R20;
R20 is, at each occurrence, independently guanidinyl, heterocyclyl, C1-C30 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl; C6-C30 aryl, C7-C30 aralkyl, C3-C30 alkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C7-C30 arylcarbonyl, C7-C30 aralkylcarbonyl, C2-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C7-C30 aryloxycarbonyl, C8-C30 aralkyloxycarbonyl, or —P(═O)(R22)2;
B is a base-pairing moiety;
L1 is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length comprising bonds selected from alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, amide, ester, disulfide, carbonyl, carbamate, phosphorodiamidate, phosphoroamidate, phosphorothioate, piperazine and phosphodiester; and
x is an integer of 0 or greater; and wherein at least one of R18 or R19 is R20; and
wherein at least one of R18 or R19 is R20 and provided that both of R17 and R18 are not absent.
The oligomers with modified terminal groups may comprise any number of linkages of types (A) and (B). For example, the oligomers may comprise only linkage type (A). For example, X in each linkage may be —N(CH3)2. Alternatively, the oligomers may only comprise linkage (B). In certain embodiments, the oligomers comprise a mixture of linkages (A) and (B), for example from 1 to 4 linkages of type (B) and the remainder of the linkages being of type (A). Linkages in this regard include, but are not limited to, linkages wherein X is aminopiperidinyl for type (B) and dimethyl amino for type (A).
In some embodiments, R17 is absent. In some embodiments, R17 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R17 is C1-C6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R17 is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R17 is ethyl. In some embodiments, R17 is C3 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R17 is isopropyl. In other embodiments, R17 is C4 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R17 is C5 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R17 is C6 alkyl.
In other embodiments, R18 is absent. In some embodiments, R18 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R18 is a cell-penetrating peptide as described in more detail below. In some embodiments, R18 is a natural or non-natural amino acid, for example trimethylglycine. In some embodiments, R18 is R20.
In other embodiments, R19 is absent. In some embodiments, R19 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R19 is a cell-penetrating peptide as described in more detail below. In some embodiments, R19 is a natural or non-natural amino acid, for example trimethylglycine. In some embodiments, R19 is —C(═O)OR17, for example R19 may have the following structure:




In other embodiments R18 or R19 is C2-C30 alkylcarbonyl, for example —C(═O)(CH2)nCO2H, where n is 1 to 6, for example 2. In other examples, R18 or R19 is acetyl.
In some embodiments, R20 is, at each occurrence, independently guanidinyl, heterocyclyl, C1-C30 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl; C6-C30 aryl, C7-C30 aralkyl, C3-C30 alkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C6-C30 arylcarbonyl, C7-C30 aralkylcarbonyl, C2-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C7-C30 aryloxycarbonyl, C8-C30 aralkyloxycarbonyl, —C(═O)OR20, or —P(═O)(R22)2, wherein R21 is C1-C30 alkyl comprising one or more oxygen or hydroxyl moieties or combinations thereof and each R22 is C6-C12 aryloxy.
In certain other embodiments, R19 is —C(═O)OR21 and R18 is hydrogen, guanidinyl, heterocyclyl, C1-C30 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl; C6-C30 aryl, C3-C30 alkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C7-C30 arylcarbonyl, C7-C30 aralkylcarbonyl, C2-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C7-C30 aryloxycarbonyl, C8-C30 aralkyloxycarbonyl, or —P(═O)(R22)2, wherein each R22 is C6-C12 aryloxy.
In other embodiments, R20 is, at each occurrence, independently guanidinyl, heterocyclyl, C1-C30 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl; C6-C30 aryl, C3-C30 alkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C7-C30 arylcarbonyl, C7-C30 aralkylcarbonyl, C2-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C7-C30 aryloxycarbonyl, C8-C30 aralkyloxycarbonyl, or —P(═O)(R22)2. While in other examples, R20 is, at each occurrence, independently guanidinyl, heterocyclyl, C1-C30 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl; C6-C30 aryl, C7-C30 aralkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C7-C30 arylcarbonyl, C7-C30 aralkylcarbonyl, C2-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C7-C30 aryloxycarbonyl, C8-C30 aralkyloxycarbonyl, or —P(═O)(R22)2.
In some embodiments R20 is guanidinyl, for example mono methylguanidynyl or dimethylguanidinyl. In other embodiments, R20 is heterocyclyl. For example, in some embodiments, R20 is piperidin-4-yl. In some embodiments, the piperidin-4-yl is substituted with trityl or Boc groups. In other embodiments, R20 is C3-C8 cycloalkyl. In other embodiments, R20 is C6-C30 aryl.
In some embodiments, R20 is C7-C30 arylcarbonyl. For example, In some embodiments, R20 has the following structure (XVIII):




wherein R23 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, halo, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C1-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl, C7-C30 aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclalkyl, and wherein one R23 may join with another R23 to form a heterocyclyl ring. In some embodiments, at least one R23 is hydrogen, for example, in some embodiments, each R23 is hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one R23 is C1-C30 alkoxy, for example in some embodiments, each R23 is methoxy. In other embodiments, at least one R23 is heteroaryl, for example in some embodiments, at least one R23 has one of the following structures (XVIIIa) of (XVIIIb):





In still other embodiments, one R23 joins with another R23 to form a heterocyclyl ring. For example, in one embodiment, R20 is 5-carboxyfluorescein.
In other embodiments, R20 is C7-C30 aralkylcarbonyl. For example, in various embodiments, R20 has one of the following structures (XIX), (XX) or (XXI):




wherein R23 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, halo, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C1-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl, C7-C30 aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclalkyl, wherein one R23 may join with another R23 to form a heterocyclyl ring, X is —OH or halo and m is an integer from 0 to 6. In some specific embodiments, m is 0. In other embodiments, m is 1, while in other embodiments, m is 2. In other embodiments, at least one R23 is hydrogen, for example in some embodiments each R23 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, X is hydrogen. In other embodiments, X is —OH. In other embodiments, X is Cl. In other embodiments, at least one R23 is C1-C30 alkoxy, for example methoxy.

In still other embodiments, R20 is C7-C30 aralkyl, for example trityl. In other embodiments, R20 is methoxy trityl. In some embodiments, R20 has the following structure (XXII):




wherein R23 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, halo, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C1-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl, C7-C30 aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclalkyl, and wherein one R23 may join with another R23 to form a heterocyclyl ring. For example, in some embodiments each R23 is hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one R23 is C1-C30 alkoxy, for example methoxy.

In yet other embodiments, R20 is C7-C30 aralkyl and R20 has the following structure (XXIII):




In some embodiments, at least one R23 is halo, for example chloro. In some other embodiments, one R23 is chloro in the para position.
In other embodiments, R20 is C1-C30 alkyl. For example, In some embodiments, R20 is a C4-C20 alkyl and optionally comprises one or more double bonds. For example, In some embodiments, R20 is a C4-10 alkyl comprising a triple bond, for example a terminal triple bond. In some embodiments, R20 is hexyn-6-yl. In some embodiments, R20 has one of the following structures (XXIV), (XXV), (XXVI) or (XXVII):




In still other embodiments, R20 is a C3-C30 alkylcarbonyl, for example a C3-C10 alkyl carbonyl. In some embodiments, R20 is —C(═O)(CH2)pSH or —C(═O)(CH2)pSSHet, wherein p is an integer from 1 to 6 and Het is a heteroaryl. For example, p may be 1 or p may be 2. In other example Het is pyridinyl, for example pyridin-2-yl. In other embodiments, the C3-C30 alkylcarbonyl is substituted with a further oligomer, for example in some embodiments the oligomer comprises a C3-C30 alkyl carbonyl at the 3′ position which links the oligomer to the 3′ position of another oligomer. Such terminal modifications are included within the scope of the present disclosure.
In other embodiments, R20 is a C3-C30 alkyl carbonyl which is further substituted with an arylphosphoryl moiety, for example triphenyl phosphoryl. Examples of such R20 groups include structure 33 in Table 2.
In other examples, R20 is C3-C8 cycloalkylcarbonyl, for example C5-C7 alkyl carbonyl. In these embodiments, R20 has the following structure (XXVIII):




wherein R23 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, halo, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C1-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl, C7-C30 aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclalkyl, and wherein one R23 may join with another R23 to form a heterocyclyl ring. In some embodiments, R23 is heterocyclylalkyl, for example in some embodiments R23 has the following structure:





In some other embodiments, R20 is C3-C8 cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl. In other embodiments, R20 is C2-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl. In other embodiments, R20 is C3-C5 cycloalkyloxycarbonyl. In other embodiments, R20 is C7-C30 aryloxycarbonyl. In other embodiments, R20 is C8-C30 aralkyloxycarbonyl. In other embodiments, R20 is —P(═O)(R22)2, wherein each R22 is C6-C12 aryloxy, for example in some embodiments R20 has the following structure (C24):




In other embodiments, R20 comprises one or more halo atoms. For example, in some embodiments R20 comprises a perfluoro analogue of any of the above R20 moieties. In other embodiments, R20 is p-trifluoromethylphenyl, trifluoromethyltrityl, perfluoropentyl or pentafluorophenyl.
In some embodiments the 3′ terminus comprises a modification and in other embodiments the 5′ terminus comprises a modification. In other embodiments both the 3′ and 5′ termini comprise modifications. Accordingly, in some embodiments, R18 is absent and R19 is R20. In other embodiments, R19 is absent and R′8 is R20. In yet other embodiments, R18 and R19 are each R20.
In some embodiments, the oligomer comprises a cell-penetrating peptide in addition to a 3′ or 5′ modification. Accordingly, in some embodiments R19 is a cell-penetrating peptide and R18 is R20. In other embodiments, R18 is a cell-penetrating peptide and R19 is R20. In further embodiments of the foregoing, the cell-penetrating peptide is an arginine-rich peptide.
In some embodiments, the linker L1 which links the 5′ terminal group (i.e., R19) to the oligomer may be present or absent. The linker comprises any number of functional groups and lengths provided the linker retains its ability to link the 5′ terminal group to the oligomer and provided that the linker does not interfere with the oligomer's ability to bind to a target sequence in a sequence specific manner. In one embodiment, L comprises phosphorodiamidate and piperazine bonds. For example, in some embodiments L has the following structure (XXIX):




wherein R24 is absent, hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R24 is absent. In some embodiments, R24 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R24 is C1-C6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R24 is methyl. In other embodiments, R24 is ethyl. In yet other embodiments, R24 is C3 alkyl. In some other embodiments, R24 is isopropyl. In yet other embodiments, R24 is C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R24 is C5 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R24 is C6 alkyl.

In yet other embodiments, R20 is C3-C30 alkylcarbonyl, and R20 has the following structure (XXX):




wherein R25 is hydrogen or —SR26, wherein R26 is hydrogen, C1-C30 alkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and q is an integer from 0 to 6.

In further embodiments of any of the above, R23 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, halo, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclalkyl.
In some other embodiments, only the 3′ terminus of the oligomer is conjugated to one of the groups noted above. In some other embodiments, only the 5′ terminus of the oligomer is conjugated to one of the groups noted above. In other embodiments, both the 3′ and 5′ termini comprise one of the groups noted above. The terminal group may be selected from any one of the groups noted above or any of the specific groups illustrated in Table 2.







TABLE 2







Representative Terminal Groups









No.
Name
Structure





C1 
Trimethoxybenzoyl






 


C2 
9-fluorene-carboxyl






 


C3 
4-carbazolylbenzoyl






 


C4 
4-indazolylonebenzoyl






 


C5 
Farnesyl






 


C6 
Geranyl






 


C7 
Prenyl






 


C8 
Diphenylacetyl






 


C9 
Chlorodiphenylacetyl






 


C10
Hydroxydiphenylacetyl






 


C11
Triphenylpropionyl






 


C12
Triphenylpropyl 






 


C13
Triphenylacetyl






 


C14
Trityl (Tr)






 


C15
Methoxytrityl (MeOTr)






 


C16
Methylsuccinimidyl- cyclohexoyl






 


C17
Thioacetyl






 


C18
COCH2CH2SSPy






 


C19
Guanidinyl






 


C20
Trimethylglycine






 


C21
Lauroyl






 


C22
Triethyleneglycoloyl (EG3)






 


C23
Succinicacetyl






 


C24
Diphenylphosphoryl






 


C25
Piperidin-4-yl






 


C26
Tritylpiperidin-4-yl






 


C27
Boc-Piperidin-4-yl






 


C28
Hexyn-6-yl






 


C29
5-carboxyfluorescein






 


C30
Benzhydryl






 


C31
p-Chlorobenzhydryl






 


C32
Piperazinyl (pip)






 


C33
Triphenylphos






 


C34
Dimerized













1. Peptide Transporters
In some embodiments, the subject oligomer is conjugated to a peptide transporter moiety, for example a cell-penetrating peptide transport moiety, which is effective to enhance transport of the oligomer into cells. For example, in some embodiments the peptide transporter moiety is an arginine-rich peptide. In further embodiments, the transport moiety is attached to either the 5′ or 3′ terminus of the oligomer, as shown, for example, in FIG. 1C. When such peptide is conjugated to either termini, the opposite termini is then available for further conjugation to a modified terminal group as described herein.
In some embodiments of the foregoing, the peptide transport moiety comprises 6 to 16 subunits selected from X′ subunits, Y′ subunits, and Z′ subunits,
where

    
    
        (a) each X′ subunit independently represents lysine, arginine or an arginine analog, said analog being a cationic α-amino acid comprising a side chain of the structure R33N═C(NH2)R34, where R33 is H or R; R34 is R35, NH2, NHR, or NR34, where R35 is lower alkyl or lower alkenyl and may further include oxygen or nitrogen; R33 and R34 may together form a ring; and the side chain is linked to said amino acid via R33 or R34;
        (b) each Y′ subunit independently represents a neutral amino acid —C(O)—(CHR)n—NH—, where n is 2 to 7 and each R is independently H or methyl; and
        (c) each Z′ subunit independently represents an α-amino acid having a neutral aralkyl side chain;
        wherein the peptide comprises a sequence represented by one of (X′Y′X′)p, (X′Y′)m, and (X′Z′Z′)p, where p is 2 to 5 and m is 2 to 8.
    
    


In selected embodiments, for each X′, the side chain moiety is guanidyl, as in the amino acid subunit arginine (Arg). In further embodiments, each Y′ is —CO—(CH2)n—CHR—NH—, where n is 2 to 7 and R is H. For example, when n is 5 and R is H, Y′ is a 6-aminohexanoic acid subunit, abbreviated herein as Ahx; when n is 2 and R is H, Y′ is a β-alanine subunit.
In certain embodiments, peptides of this type include those comprising arginine dimers alternating with single Y′ subunits, where Y′ is Ahx. Examples include peptides having the formula (RY′R)p or the formula (RRY′)p, where Y′ is Ahx. In one embodiment, Y′ is a 6-aminohexanoic acid subunit, R is arginine and p is 4.
In a further embodiment, each Z′ is phenylalanine, and m is 3 or 4.
In some embodiments, the conjugated peptide is linked to a terminus of the oligomer via a linker Ahx-B, where Ahx is a 6-aminohexanoic acid subunit and B is a β-alanine subunit.
In selected embodiments, for each X′, the side chain moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of guanidyl (HN═C(NH2)NH—), amidinyl (HN═C(NH2)C—), 2-aminodihydropyrimidyl, 2-aminotetrahydropyrimidyl, 2-aminopyridinyl, and 2-aminopyrimidonyl, and it is preferably selected from guanidyl and amidinyl. In one embodiment, the side chain moiety is guanidyl, as in the amino acid subunit arginine (Arg).
In some embodiments, the Y′ subunits are either contiguous, in that no X′ subunits intervene between Y′ subunits, or interspersed singly between X′ subunits. However, in some embodiments the linking subunit may be between Y′ subunits. In one embodiment, the Y′ subunits are at a terminus of the peptide transporter; in other embodiments, they are flanked by X′ subunits. In further embodiments, each Y′ is —CO—(CH2)n—CHR—NH—, where n is 2 to 7 and R is H. For example, when n is 5 and R is H, Y′ is a 6-aminohexanoic acid subunit, abbreviated herein as Ahx. In selected embodiments of this group, each X′ comprises a guanidyl side chain moiety, as in an arginine subunit. Exemplary peptides of this type include those comprising arginine dimers alternating with single Y′ subunits, where Y′ is preferably Ahx. Examples include peptides having the formula (RY′R)4 or the formula (RRY′)4, where Y′ is preferably Ahx. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid analog is linked to a terminal Y′ subunit, preferably at the C-terminus, as shown, for example, in FIG. 1C. In other embodiments, the linker is of the structure AhxB, where Ahx is a 6-aminohexanoic acid subunit and B is a (3-alanine subunit.
The peptide transport moieties as described above have been shown to greatly enhance cell entry of attached oligomers, relative to uptake of the oligomer in the absence of the attached transport moiety, and relative to uptake by an attached transport moiety lacking the hydrophobic subunits Y′. Such enhanced uptake may be evidenced by at least a two-fold increase, or in other embodiments a four-fold increase, in the uptake of the compound into mammalian cells relative to uptake of the agent by an attached transport moiety lacking the hydrophobic subunits Y′. In some embodiments, uptake is enhanced at least twenty fold or at least forty fold, relative to the unconjugated compound.
A further benefit of the peptide transport moiety is its expected ability to stabilize a duplex between an antisense oligomer and its target nucleic acid sequence. While not wishing to be bound by theory, this ability to stabilize a duplex may result from the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged transport moiety and the negatively charged nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the number of charged subunits in the transporter is less than 14, as noted above, or in other embodiments between 8 and 11, since too high a number of charged subunits may lead to a reduction in sequence specificity.
Exemplary arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide transporters comprising linkers (B or AhxB) are given below in Table 3:







TABLE 3







Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating


Peptide Transporters









Name

SEQ ID


(Designation)
Sequence
NO.a





rTAT
RRRQRRKKR
56


 


Tat
RKKRRQRRR
57


 


R9F2
RRRRRRRRRFF
58


 


R5F2R4
RRRRRFFRRRR
59


 


R4
RRRR
60


 


R5
RRRRR
61


 


R6
RRRRRR
62


 


R7
RRRRRRR
63


 


R8
RRRRRRRR
64


 


R9
RRRRRRRRR
65


 


(RAhxR)4;
RAhxRRAhxRRAhxRRAhxR
66


(P007)




 


(RAhxR)5;
RAhxRRAhxRRAhxRRAhxRRAhxR
67


(CP04057)




 


(RAhxRRBR)2;
RAhxRRBRRAhxRRBR
68


(CP06062)




 


(RAR)4F2
RARRARRARRARFFC
69


 


(RGR)4F2
RGRRGRRGRRGRFFC
70









aSequences assigned to SEQ ID NOs do not include the linkage portion (e.g., C, G, Ahx, B, AhxB where Ahx and B refer to 6-aminohexanoic acid and beta-alanine, respectively).

C. Properties of the Oligomers
As noted above, the present disclosure is directed to oligomer comprising various modifications which impart desirable properties (e.g., increased antisense activity) to the oligomers. In certain embodiments, the oligomer comprises a backbone comprising a sequence of morpholino ring structures joined by intersubunit linkages, the intersubunit linkages joining a 3′-end of one morpholino ring structure to a 5′-end of an adjacent morpholino ring structure, wherein each morpholino ring structure is bound to a base-pairing moiety, such that the oligomer can bind in a sequence-specific manner to a target nucleic acid. The morpholino ring structures may have the following structure (i):




wherein B is, at each occurrence, independently a base-pairing moiety.

Each morpholino ring structure supports a base pairing moiety (Pi), to form a sequence of base pairing moieties which is typically designed to hybridize to a selected antisense target in a cell or in a subject being treated. The base pairing moiety may be a purine or pyrimidine found in native DNA or RNA (A, G, C, T, or U) or an analog, such as hypoxanthine (the base component of the nucleoside inosine) or 5-methyl cytosine. Analog bases that confer improved binding affinity to the oligomer can also be utilized. Exemplary analogs in this regard include C5-propynyl-modified pyrimidines, 9-(aminoethoxy)phenoxazine (G-clamp) and the like.
As noted above, the oligomer may be modified, in accordance with an aspect of the invention, to include one or more (B) linkages, e.g. up to about 1 per every 2-5 uncharged linkages, typically 3-5 per every 10 uncharged linkages. Certain embodiments also include one or more linkages of type (B). Optimal improvement in antisense activity is seen where up to about half of the backbone linkages are type (B). Some, but not maximum enhancement is typically seen with a small number e.g., 10-20% of (B) linkages.
In one embodiment, the linkage types (A) and (B) are interspersed along the backbone. In some embodiments, the oligomer does not have a strictly alternating pattern of (A) and (B) linkages along its entire length. The oligomers may optionally comprise a 5′ and/or 3′ modification as described above.
Also considered are oligomers having blocks of (A) linkages and blocks of (B) linkages; for example, a central block of (A) linkages may be flanked by blocks of (B) linkages, or vice versa. In one embodiment, the oligomer has approximately equal-length 5′, 3; and center regions, and the percentage of (B) or (A) linkages in the center region is greater than about 50%, o greater than about 70%. Oligomers for use in antisense applications generally range in length from about 10 to about 40 subunits, more preferably about 15 to 25 subunits. For example, an oligomer of the invention having 19-20 subunits, a useful length for an antisense oligomer, may ideally have two to seven, e.g. four to six, or three to five, (B) linkages, and the remainder (A) linkages. An oligomer having 14-15 subunits may ideally have two to five, e.g. 3 or 4, (B) linkages and the remainder (A) linkages.
The morpholino subunits may also be linked by non-phosphorus-based intersubunit linkages, as described further below, where at least one linkage is linkage (B).
Other oligonucleotide analog linkages which are uncharged in their unmodified state but which could also bear a pendant amine substituent can also be used. For example, a 5′ nitrogen atom on a morpholino ring could be employed in a sulfamide linkage (or a urea linkage, where phosphorus is replaced with carbon or sulfur, respectively).
In some embodiments for antisense applications, the oligomer may be 100% complementary to the nucleic acid target sequence, or it may include mismatches, e.g., to accommodate variants, as long as a heteroduplex formed between the oligomer and nucleic acid target sequence is sufficiently stable to withstand the action of cellular nucleases and other modes of degradation which may occur in vivo. Mismatches, if present, are less destabilizing toward the end regions of the hybrid duplex than in the middle. The number of mismatches allowed will depend on the length of the oligomer, the percentage of G:C base pairs in the duplex, and the position of the mismatch(es) in the duplex, according to well understood principles of duplex stability. Although such an antisense oligomer is not necessarily 100% complementary to the nucleic acid target sequence, it is effective to stably and specifically bind to the target sequence, such that a biological activity of the nucleic acid target, e.g., expression of encoded protein(s), is modulated.
The stability of the duplex formed between an oligomer and the target sequence is a function of the binding Tm and the susceptibility of the duplex to cellular enzymatic cleavage. The Tm of an antisense compound with respect to complementary-sequence RNA may be measured by conventional methods, such as those described by Hames et al., Nucleic Acid Hybridization, IRL Press, 1985, pp. 107-108 or as described in Miyada C. G. and Wallace R. B., 1987, Oligonucleotide hybridization techniques, Methods Enzymol. Vol. 154 pp. 94-107.
In some embodiments, each antisense oligomer has a binding Tm, with respect to a complementary-sequence RNA, of greater than body temperature or in other embodiments greater than 50° C. In other embodiments Tm's are in the range 60-80° C. or greater. According to well known principles, the Tm of an oligomer compound, with respect to a complementary-based RNA hybrid, can be increased by increasing the ratio of C:G paired bases in the duplex, and/or by increasing the length (in base pairs) of the heteroduplex. At the same time, for purposes of optimizing cellular uptake, it may be advantageous to limit the size of the oligomer. For this reason, compounds that show high Tm (50° C. or greater) at a length of 20 bases or less are generally preferred over those requiring greater than 20 bases for high Tm values. For some applications, longer oligomers, for example longer than 20 bases may have certain advantages. For example, in certain embodiments longer oligomers may find particular utility for use in exon skippin or splice modulation.
The targeting sequence bases may be normal DNA bases or analogues thereof, e.g., uracil and inosine that are capable of Watson-Crick base pairing to target-sequence RNA bases.
The oligomers may also incorporate guanine bases in place of adenine when the target nucleotide is a uracil residue. This is useful when the target sequence varies across different viral species and the variation at any given nucleotide residue is either cytosine or uracil. By utilizing guanine in the targeting oligomer at the position of variability, the well-known ability of guanine to base pair with uracil (termed C/U:G base pairing) can be exploited. By incorporating guanine at these locations, a single oligomer can effectively target a wider range of RNA target variability.
The compounds (e.g., oligomers, intersubunit linkages, terminal groups) may exist in different isomeric forms, for example structural isomers (e.g., tautomers). With regard to stereoisomers, the compounds may have chiral centers and may occur as racemates, enantiomerically enriched mixtures, individual enantiomers, mixture or diastereomers or individual diastereomers. All such isomeric forms are included within the present invention, including mixtures thereof. The compounds may also possess axial chirality which may result in atropisomers. Furthermore, some of the crystalline forms of the compounds may exist as polymorphs, which are included in the present invention. In addition, some of the compounds may also form solvates with water or other organic solvents. Such solvates are similarly included within the scope of this invention.
The oligomers described herein may be used in methods of inhibiting production of a protein or replication of a virus. Accordingly, in one embodiment a nucleic acid encoding such a protein is exposed to an oligomer as disclosed herein. In further embodiments of the foregoing, the antisense oligomer comprises either a 5′ or 3′ modified terminal group or combinations thereof, as disclosed herein, and the base pairing moieties B form a sequence effective to hybridize to a portion of the nucleic acid at a location effective to inhibit production of the protein. In one embodiment, the location is an ATG start codon region of an mRNA, a splice site of a pre-mRNA, or a viral target sequence as described below.
In one embodiment, the oligomer has a Tm with respect to binding to the target sequence of greater than about 50° C., and it is taken up by mammalian cells or bacterial cells. In another embodiment, the oligomer may be conjugated to a transport moiety, for example an arginine-rich peptide, as described herein to facilitate such uptake. In another embodiment, the terminal modifications described herein can function as a transport moiety to facilitate uptake by mammalian and/or bacterial cells.
The preparation and properties of morpholino oligomers is described in more detail below and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,185,444 and WO/2009/064471, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
D. Formulation and Administration of the Oligomers
The present disclosure also provides for formulation and delivery of the disclosed oligomer. Accordingly, in one embodiment the present disclosure is directed to a composition comprising an oligomer as disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
Effective delivery of the antisense oligomer to the target nucleic acid is an important aspect of treatment. Routes of antisense oligomer delivery include, but are not limited to, various systemic routes, including oral and parenteral routes, e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular, as well as inhalation, transdermal and topical delivery. The appropriate route may be determined by one of skill in the art, as appropriate to the condition of the subject under treatment. For example, an appropriate route for delivery of an antisense oligomer in the treatment of a viral infection of the skin is topical delivery, while delivery of a antisense oligomer for the treatment of a viral respiratory infection is by inhalation. The oligomer may also be delivered directly to the site of viral infection, or to the bloodstream.
The antisense oligomer may be administered in any convenient vehicle which is physiologically and/or pharmaceutically acceptable. Such a composition may include any of a variety of standard pharmaceutically acceptable carriers employed by those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, saline, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), water, aqueous ethanol, emulsions, such as oil/water emulsions or triglyceride emulsions, tablets and capsules. The choice of suitable physiologically acceptable carrier will vary dependent upon the chosen mode of administration.
The compounds (e.g., oligomers) of the present invention may generally be utilized as the free acid or free base. Alternatively, the compounds of this invention may be used in the form of acid or base addition salts. Acid addition salts of the free amino compounds of the present invention may be prepared by methods well known in the art, and may be formed from organic and inorganic acids. Suitable organic acids include maleic, fumaric, benzoic, ascorbic, succinic, methanesulfonic, acetic, trifluoroacetic, oxalic, propionic, tartaric, salicylic, citric, gluconic, lactic, mandelic, cinnamic, aspartic, stearic, palmitic, glycolic, glutamic, and benzenesulfonic acids. Suitable inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids. Base addition salts included those salts that form with the carboxylate anion and include salts formed with organic and inorganic cations such as those chosen from the alkali and alkaline earth metals (for example, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, barium and calcium), as well as the ammonium ion and substituted derivatives thereof (for example, dibenzylammonium, benzylammonium, 2-hydroxyethylammonium, and the like). Thus, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” of structure (I) is intended to encompass any and all acceptable salt forms.
In addition, prodrugs are also included within the context of this invention. Prodrugs are any covalently bonded carriers that release a compound of structure (I) in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a patient. Prodrugs are generally prepared by modifying functional groups in a way such that the modification is cleaved, either by routine manipulation or in vivo, yielding the parent compound. Prodrugs include, for example, compounds of this invention wherein hydroxy, amine or sulfhydryl groups are bonded to any group that, when administered to a patient, cleaves to form the hydroxy, amine or sulfhydryl groups. Thus, representative examples of prodrugs include (but are not limited to) acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups of the compounds of structure (I). Further, in the case of a carboxylic acid (—COOH), esters may be employed, such as methyl esters, ethyl esters, and the like.
In some instances, liposomes may be employed to facilitate uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide into cells. (See, e.g., Williams, S. A., Leukemia 10(12):1980-1989, 1996; Lappalainen et al., Antiviral Res. 23:119, 1994; Uhlmann et al., antisense oligonucleotides: a new therapeutic principle, Chemical Reviews, Volume 90, No. 4, pages 544-584, 1990; Gregoriadis, G., Chapter 14, Liposomes, Drug Carriers in Biology and Medicine, pp. 287-341, Academic Press, 1979). Hydrogels may also be used as vehicles for antisense oligomer administration, for example, as described in WO 93/01286. Alternatively, the oligonucleotides may be administered in microspheres or microparticles. (See, e.g., Wu, G. Y. and Wu, C. H., J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432, 1987). Alternatively, the use of gas-filled microbubbles complexed with the antisense oligomers can enhance delivery to target tissues, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,747. Sustained release compositions may also be used. These may include semipermeable polymeric matrices in the form of shaped articles such as films or microcapsules.
In one embodiment, antisense inhibition is effective in treating infection of a host animal by a virus, by contacting a cell infected with the virus with an antisense agent effective to inhibit the replication of the specific virus. The antisense agent is administered to a mammalian subject, e.g., human or domestic animal, infected with a given virus, in a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. It is contemplated that the antisense oligonucleotide arrests the growth of the RNA virus in the host. The RNA virus may be decreased in number or eliminated with little or no detrimental effect on the normal growth or development of the host.
In one aspect of the method, the subject is a human subject, e.g., a patient diagnosed as having a localized or systemic viral infection. The condition of a patient may also dictate prophylactic administration of an antisense oligomer of the invention, e.g. in the case of a patient who (1) is immunocompromised; (2) is a burn victim; (3) has an indwelling catheter; or (4) is about to undergo or has recently undergone surgery. In one preferred embodiment, the oligomer is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer, contained in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and is delivered orally. In another preferred embodiment, the oligomer is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer, contained in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and is delivered intravenously (i.v.).
In another application of the method, the subject is a livestock animal, e.g., a chicken, turkey, pig, cow or goat, etc, and the treatment is either prophylactic or therapeutic. The invention also includes a livestock and poultry food composition containing a food grain supplemented with a subtherapeutic amount of an antiviral antisense compound of the type described above. Also contemplated is, in a method of feeding livestock and poultry with a food grain supplemented with subtherapeutic levels of an antiviral, an improvement in which the food grain is supplemented with a subtherapeutic amount of an antiviral oligonucleotide composition as described above.
In one embodiment, the antisense compound is administered in an amount and manner effective to result in a peak blood concentration of at least 200-400 nM antisense oligomer. Typically, one or more doses of antisense oligomer are administered, generally at regular intervals, for a period of about one to two weeks. Preferred doses for oral administration are from about 1-1000 mg oligomer per 70 kg. In some cases, doses of greater than 1000 mg oligomer/patient may be necessary. For i.v. administration, preferred doses are from about 0.5 mg to 1000 mg oligomer per 70 kg. The antisense oligomer may be administered at regular intervals for a short time period, e.g., daily for two weeks or less. However, in some cases the oligomer is administered intermittently over a longer period of time. Administration may be followed by, or concurrent with, administration of an antibiotic or other therapeutic treatment. The treatment regimen may be adjusted (dose, frequency, route, etc.) as indicated, based on the results of immunoassays, other biochemical tests and physiological examination of the subject under treatment.
An effective in vivo treatment regimen using the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention may vary according to the duration, dose, frequency and route of administration, as well as the condition of the subject under treatment (i.e., prophylactic administration versus administration in response to localized or systemic infection). Accordingly, such in vivo therapy will often require monitoring by tests appropriate to the particular type of viral infection under treatment, and corresponding adjustments in the dose or treatment regimen, in order to achieve an optimal therapeutic outcome. Treatment may be monitored, e.g., by general indicators of disease and/or infection, such as complete blood count (CBC), nucleic acid detection methods, immunodiagnostic tests, viral culture, or detection of heteroduplex.
The efficacy of an in vivo administered antiviral antisense oligomer of the invention in inhibiting or eliminating the growth of one or more types of RNA virus may be determined from biological samples (tissue, blood, urine etc.) taken from a subject prior to, during and subsequent to administration of the antisense oligomer. Assays of such samples include (1) monitoring the presence or absence of heteroduplex formation with target and non-target sequences, using procedures known to those skilled in the art, e.g., an electrophoretic gel mobility assay; (2) monitoring the amount of viral protein production, as determined by standard techniques such as ELISA or Western blotting, or (3) measuring the effect on viral titer, e.g. by the method of Spearman-Karber. (See, for example, Pari, G. S. et al., Antimicrob. Agents and Chemotherapy 39(5):1157-1161, 1995; Anderson, K. P. et al., Antimicrob. Agents and Chemotherapy 40(9):2004-2011, 1996, Cottral, G. E. (ed) in: Manual of Standard Methods for Veterinary Microbiology, pp. 60-93, 1978).
In some embodiments, the oligomer is actively taken up by mammalian cells. In further embodiments, the oligomer may be conjugated to a transport moiety (e.g., transport peptide) as described herein to facilitate such uptake.
E. Preparation of the Oligomers
The morpholino subunits, the modified intersubunit linkages and oligomers comprising the same can be prepared as described in the examples and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,185,444 and 7,943,762 which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The morpholino subunits can be prepared according to the following general Reaction Scheme I.




Referring to Reaction Scheme 1, wherein B represents a base pairing moiety and PG represents a protecting group, the morpholino subunits may be prepared from the corresponding ribinucleoside (1) as shown. The morpholino subunit (2) may be optionally protected by reaction with a suitable protecting group precursor, for example trityl chloride. The 3′ protecting group is generally removed during solid-state oligomer synthesis as described in more detail below. The base pairing poiety may be suitable protected for sold phase oligomer synthesis. Suitable protecting groups include benzoyl for adenine and cytosine, phenylacetyl for guanine, and pivaloyloxymethyl for hypoxanthine (I). The pivaloyloxymethyl group can be introduced onto the N1 position of the hypoxanthine heterocyclic base. Although an unprotected hypoxanthine subunit, may be employed, yields in activation reactions are far superior when the base is protected. Other suitable protecting groups include those disclosed in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 12/271,040, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Reaction of 3 with the activated phosphorous compound 4, results in morpholino subunints having the desired linkage moiety (5). Compounds of structure 4 can be prepared using any number of methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, such compounds may be prepared by reaction of the corresponding amine and phosphorous oxychloride. In this regard, the amine starting material can be prepared using any method known in the art, for example those methods described in the Examples and in U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,762. Although the above scheme depicts preparation of linkages of type (B) (e.g., X is —NR8R9), linkages of type (A) (e.g., X is dimethyl amine) can be prepared in an analogous manner.
Compounds of structure 5 can be used in solid-phase automated oligomer synthesis for preparation of oligomers comprising the intersubunit linkages. Such methods are well known in the art. Briefly, a compound of structure 5 may be modified at the 5′ end to contain a linker to a solid support. For example, compound 5 may be linked to a solid support by a linker comprising L1 and/or R19. An exemplary method is demonstrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. In this manner, the oligo may comprise a 5′-terminal modification after oligomer synthesis is complete and the oligomer is cleaved from the solid support. Once supported, the protecting group of 5 (e.g., trityl) is removed and the free amine is reacted with an activated phosphorous moiety of a second compound of structure 5. This sequence is repeated until the desired length oligo is obtained. The protecting group in the terminal 5′ end may either be removed or left on if a 5′-modification is desired. The oligo can be removed from the solid support using any number of methods, or example treatment with a base to cleave the linkage to the solid support.
In one embodiment, the disclosure provides morpholino subunits for preparation of the oligomers, as well as related methods. The morpholino subunits have the following structure (XXXI)




Wherein W, X and Y are as defined for linkage (B) above, B is a base pairing moiety, Z is a linkage to a solid support or a suitable leaving group and PG is a protecting group, for example C7-C30 aralkyl. In some embodiments, PG is trityl, for example methoxytrityl. In other embodiments, the linkage to the solid support comprises L2 and/or R19 as defined above. L2 is an optional linker comprising bonds selected from alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, amide, ester, disulfide, carbonyl, carbamate, phosphorodiamidate, phosphoroamidate, phosphorothioate, piperazine and phosphodiester. The length of L2 is not particularly limited. In some embodiments, L2 is less than 60 atoms in length, less than 50 atoms in length or less than 40 atoms length. In some other embodiments, Z is halo, for example chloro.

In still another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing any of the disclosed oligomers. The method comprises use of a compound of structure (XXXI) for preparation of the oligomer.
The preparation of modified morpholino subunits and morpholino oligomers are described in more detail in the Examples. The morpholino oligomers containing any number of modified linkages may be prepared using methods described herein, methods known in the art and/or described by reference herein. Also described in the examples are global modifications of PMO+ morpholino oligomers prepared as previously described (see e.g., PCT publication WO2008036127).
F. Antisense Activity of the Oligomers
The present disclosure also provides a method of inhibiting production of a protein, the method comprising exposing a nucleic acid encoding the protein to an oligomer as disclosed herein. Accordingly, in one embodiment a nucleic acid encoding such a protein is exposed to an antisense oligomer comprising at least one linkage of type (B), or in other embodiments 10% to 50% such modified linkages, as disclosed herein, where the base pairing moieties Pi form a sequence effective to hybridize to a portion of the nucleic acid at a location effective to inhibit production of the protein. The oligomer may target, for example, an ATG start codon region of an mRNA, a splice site of a pre-mRNA, or a viral target sequence as described below. In another embodiment, the method comprises exposing a nucleic acid encoding such a protein to an antisense oligomer comprising at least one terminal modification (e.g., at least one R20 moiety).
In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of enhancing antisense activity of an oligomer having a sequence of morpholino subunits, joined by intersubunit linkages, supporting base-pairing moieties, the method comprises modifying an oligomer as described herein to contain at least one of the modified terminal groups, at least one intersubunit linkage of type (B) or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, enhancement of antisense activity may be evidenced by:
(i) a decrease in expression of an encoded protein, relative to that provided by a corresponding unmodified oligomer, when binding of the antisense oligomer to its target sequence is effective to block a translation start codon for the encoded protein, or
(ii) an increase in expression of an encoded protein, relative to that provided by a corresponding unmodified oligomer, when binding of the antisense oligomer to its target sequence is effective to block an aberrant splice site in a pre-mRNA which encodes said protein when correctly spliced. Assays suitable for measurement of these effects are described further below. In one embodiment, modification provides this activity in a cell-free translation assay, a splice correction translation assay in cell culture, or a splice correction gain of function animal model system as described herein. In one embodiment, activity is enhanced by a factor of at least two, at least five or at least ten.
Described below are various exemplary applications of the oligomers of the invention including antiviral applications, treatment of neuromuscular diseases, bacterial infections, inflammation and polycystic kidney disease. This description is not meant to limit the invention in any way but serves to exemplify the range of human and animal disease conditions that can be addressed using oligomers comprising the modified intersubunit linkages described herein.
G. In Vitro Activity in Cell Free Assays
The oligomers with partially modified linkages, such as PMOapn (b10) and PMOsuc (b45), have higher affinity for DNA and RNA than do the corresponding neutral compounds, demonstrated by enhanced antisense activity in vitro and in vivo. The oligomers of the invention were shown to provide superior antisense activity compared to fully unmodified oligomers when directed to a variety of different targets. In a first series of experiments, various unmodified, modified and peptide-conjugated PPMO targeting exon 23 of the MDX mouse dystrophin gene were prepared, as described in Materials and Methods and Example 27. The sequences are shown as in Example 27, with the previously described (1-piperazino) phosphinylideneoxy linkage (as shown in FIG. 1B) at each position indicated with a “+” for SEQ ID NOs: 2-5; the 4-aminopiperidinyl linkage (structure (b10); FIG. 2) indicated with an “a” for SEQ ID NO: 5 or; the 4-succinamidopiperazinyl linkage (structure (b45); FIG. 2) indicated with an “s”. As described in Example 27, PMO oligomers containing an exemplary linkage (e.g., PMOapn) of the invention were more active compared to previously described PMO+ compounds.
1. Targeting Stem-Loop Secondary Structure of ssRNA Viruses
One class of an exemplary antisense antiviral compound is a morpholino oligomer as described herein, for example and oligomer comprising at least one linkage of type (B) and/or at least one terminal modification (e.g., at least one R20) or combinations thereof, having a sequence of 12-40 subunits and a targeting sequence that is complementary to a region associated with stem-loop secondary structure within the 5′-terminal end 40 bases of the positive-sense RNA strand of the targeted virus. (See, e.g., PCT Pubn. No. WO/2006/033933 or U.S. Appn. Pubn. Nos. 20060269911 and 20050096291, which are incorporated herein by reference.)
The method comprises first identifying as a viral target sequence, a region within the 5′-terminal 40 bases of the positive strand of the infecting virus whose sequence is capable of forming internal stem-loop secondary structure. There is then constructed, by stepwise solid-phase synthesis, an oligomer comprising at least one linkage of type (B) and/or at least one terminal modification (e.g., at least one R20) or combinations thereof, and in other embodiments containing 20% to 50% such modified linkages, and having a targeting sequence of at least 12 subunits that is complementary to the virus-genome region capable of forming internal duplex structure, where the oligomer is able to form with the viral target sequence, a heteroduplex structure composed of the positive sense strand of the virus and the oligonucleotide compound, and characterized by a Tm of dissociation of at least 45° C. and disruption of such stem-loop structure.
The target sequence may be identified by analyzing the 5′-terminal sequences, e.g., the 5′-terminal 40 bases, by a computer program capable of performing secondary structure predictions based on a search for the minimal free energy state of the input RNA sequence.
In a related aspect, the oligomers can be used in methods of inhibiting in a mammalian host cell, replication of an infecting RNA virus having a single-stranded, positive-sense genome and selected from one of the Flaviviridae, Picornoviridae, Caliciviridae, Togaviridae, Arteriviridae, Coronaviridae, Astroviridae or Hepeviridae families. The method includes administering to the infected host cells, a virus-inhibitory amount of an oligomer as described herein, having a targeting sequence of at least 12 subunits that is complementary to a region within the 5′-terminal 40 bases of the positive-strand viral genome that is capable of forming internal stem-loop secondary structure. The compound is effective, when administered to the host cells, to form a heteroduplex structure (i) composed of the positive sense strand of the virus and the oligonucleotide compound, and (ii) characterized by a Tm of dissociation of at least 45° C. and disruption of such stem-loop secondary structure. The compound may be administered to a mammalian subject infected with the virus, or at risk of infection with the virus.
Exemplary targeting sequences that target the terminal stem loop structures of the dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses are listed below as SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2, respectively.
Additional exemplary targeting sequences that target the terminal stem loop structures of ssRNA viruses can also be found in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/801,885 and PCT publication WO/2008/036127 which are incorporated herein by reference.
2. Targeting the First Open Reading Frame of ssRNA Viruses
A second class of exemplary antisense antiviral compounds for use in inhibition of growth of viruses of the picornavirus, calicivirus, togavirus, coronavirus, and flavivirus families having a single-stranded, positive sense genome of less than 12 kb and a first open reading frame that encodes a polyprotein containing multiple functional proteins. In particular embodiments, the virus is an RNA virus from the coronavirus family or a West Nile, Yellow Fever or Dengue virus from the flavivirus family. The inhibiting compounds comprise antisense oligomers described herein, for example oligomers comprising at least one linkage of type (B) and/or at least one terminal modification (e.g., at least one R20) or combinations thereof, having a targeting base sequence that is substantially complementary to a viral target sequence which spans the AUG start site of the first open reading frame of the viral genome. In one embodiment of the method, the oligomer is administered to a mammalian subject infected with the virus. See, e.g., PCT Pubn. No. WO/2005/007805 and US Appn. Pubn. No. 2003224353, which are incorporated herein by reference.
The preferred target sequence is a region that spans the AUG start site of the first open reading frame (ORF1) of the viral genome. The first ORF generally encodes a polyprotein containing non-structural proteins such as polymerases, helicases and proteases. By “spans the AUG start site” is meant that the target sequence includes at least three bases on one side of the AUG start site and at least two bases on the other (a total of at least 8 bases). Preferably, it includes at least four bases on each side of the start site (a total of at least 11 bases).
More generally, preferred target sites include targets that are conserved between a variety of viral isolates. Other favored sites include the IRES (internal ribosome entry site), transactivation protein binding sites, and sites of initiation of replication. Complex and large viral genomes, which may provide multiple redundant genes, may be efficiently targeted by targeting host cellular genes coding for viral entry and host response to viral presence.
A variety of viral-genome sequences are available from well known sources, such as the NCBI Genbank databases. The AUG start site of ORF1 may also be identified in the gene database or reference relied upon, or it may be found by scanning the sequence for an AUG codon in the region of the expected ORF1 start site.
The general genomic organization of each of the four virus families is given below, followed by exemplary target sequences obtained for selected members (genera, species or strains) within each family.
3. Targeting Influenza Virus
A third class of exemplary antisense antiviral compounds are used in inhibition of growth of viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family and in the treatment of a viral infection. In one embodiment, the host cell is contacted with an oligomer as described herein, for example an oligomer comprising at least one linkage of type (B) and/or at least one terminal modification (e.g., at least one R20) or combinations thereof, or in other embodiments comprising 20% to 50% such modified linkages, and comprising a base sequence effective to hybridize to a target region selected from the following: 1) the 5′ or 3′ terminal 25 bases of the negative sense viral RNA segments; 2) the terminal 25 bases of the 5′ or 3′ terminus of the positive sense cRNA; 3) 45 bases surrounding the AUG start codons of influenza viral mRNAs and; 4) 50 bases surrounding the splice donor or acceptor sites of influenza mRNAs subject to alternative splicing. (See, e.g., PCT Pubn. No. WO/2006/047683; U.S. Appn. Pubn. No. 20070004661; and PCT Appn. Num. 2010/056613 and U.S. application Ser. No. 12/945,081, which are incorporated herein by reference.)
Experiments in support of the invention and designed to target the M1/M2 segment of influenza A virus (H1N1 strain PR8) using PMO with modified linkages of the invention were performed using oligomers based on SEQ ID NO:3, listed below in Table 4 and described in Example 29.







TABLE 4





Influenza targeting sequences that  


incorporate modified intersubunit


linkages or terminal groups

















NG-10-0038
PMOhex
CGG ThTA GAA GAC




hTCA TChT TT


 


NG-10-0039
PMOhex
CGG ThTA GAA GAC




hTCA hTCT hTT


 


NG-10-0096
PMOapn
CGG TaTA GAA GAC




aTCA TCaT TT


 


NG-10-0097
PMOapn
CGG aTaTA GAA GAC




aTCA aTCaT TT


 


NG-10-0099
PMOpyr
CGG pTpTA GAA GAC




pTCA pTCpT TT


 


NG-10-0107
PMOthiol
CGG TSHTA GAA GAC




SHTCA TCSHT TT


 


NG-10-0108
PMOsucc
CGG TsTA GAA GAC




sTCA TCsT TT


 


NG-10-0111
PMOguan
CGG TgTA GAA GAC




gTCA TCgT TT


 


NG-10-0141
PMOpyr
CGG TpTA GAA GAC




pTCA TCpT TT


 


NG-10-0142
PMOpyr
CGG TpTA GAA GAC




pTCA pTCpT TT


 


NG-10-0158
PMOglutaric
CGG TgluTA GAA GAC




gluTCA TCgluT TT


 


NG-10-0159
PMOcyclo-glut
CGG TcpgluTA GAA GAC




cpgluTCA TCcpgluT TT


 


NG-10-0160
PMOcholic acid
CGG TcaTA GAA GAC 




caTCA TCcaT TT


 


NG-10-0161
PMOdeoxyCA
CGG TdcaTA GAA GAC




dcaTCA TCdcaT TT


 


NG-10-0180
PMOapn
TTaT CGA CAaT CGG




TaTA GAA GAC aTCA T


 


NG-10-0174
PMOm
CGG TmTA GAA GAC




mTCA TCmT TT


 


NG-10-0222
PMO MeT
CGG TMeTA GAA GAC




+TCA TC+T TT


 


NG-10-0223
PMO FarnT
CGG TFarnTA GAA GAC




+TCA TC+T TT


 


NG-10-0538
PMOapn-trityl
CGG TaTA GAA GAC




aTCA TCaT TT


 


NG-10-0539
PMOapn-trityl
CGG TpTA GAA GAC




pTCA TCpT TT


 


NG-10-0015
PMO
CGG TTA GAA GAC




TCA TCT TT


 


NG-11-0170
PMOplus
CGG +TTA GAA GAC




+TCA TC+T TT


 


NG-11-0145
PMOplus-
CGG T+TA GAA GAC



benzhydryl
+TCA TC+T TT**


 


NG-11-0148
PMOisopropylPip
CGG TiprpipTA GAA




GAC iprpipTCA 




TCiprpipT TT


 


NG-11-0173
PMOpyr
CGG pTTA GAA GAC




pTCA TCpT TT


 


NG-11-0291
Trimethyl Gly
CGG T*+TA GAA GAC




*+TCA TC*+T TT





**3′-benzhydryl;


*+ linkages are trimethyl glycine acylated at the PMOplus linkages;


PMOm represents T bases with a methyl group on the 3-nitrogen position.






The compounds are particularly useful in the treatment of influenza virus infection in a mammal. The oligomer may be administered to a mammalian subject infected with the influenza virus, or at risk of infection with the influenza virus.
4. Targeting Viruses of the Picornaviridae Family
A fourth class of exemplary antisense antiviral compounds are used in inhibition of growth of viruses of the Picornaviridae family and in the treatment of a viral infection. The compounds are particularly useful in the treatment of Enterovirus and/or Rhinovirus infection in a mammal. In this embodiment, the antisense antiviral compounds comprise morpholino oligomers, for example morpholino oligomers comprising at least one linkage of type (B) and/or at least one terminal modification (e.g., at least one R20) or combinations thereof, and having a sequence of 12-40 subunits, including at least 12 subunits having a targeting sequence that is complementary to a region associated with viral RNA sequences within one of two 32 conserved nucleotide regions of the viral 5′ untranslated region. (See, e.g., PCT Pubn. Nos. WO/2007/030576 and WO/2007/030691 or copending and co-owned U.S. application Ser. Nos. 11/518,058 and 11/517,757, which are incorporated herein by reference.) An exemplary targeting sequence is listed below as SEQ NO: 6.
5. Targeting Viruses of the Flavivirus Family
A fifth class of exemplary antisense antiviral compounds are used in inhibition of replication of a flavivirus in animal cells. An exemplary antisense oligomer of this class is a morpholino oligomer comprising at least one linkage of type (B) and/or at least one terminal modification (e.g., at least one R20) or combinations thereof, between 8-40 nucleotide bases in length and having a sequence of at least 8 bases complementary to a region of the virus' positive strand RNA genome that includes at least a portion of the 5′-cyclization sequence (5′-CS) or 3′-CS sequences of the positive strand flaviviral RNA. A highly preferred target is the 3′-CS and an exemplary targeting sequence for dengue virus is listed below as SEQ ID NO: 7. (See, e.g., PCT Pubn. No. (WO/2005/030800) or copending and co-owned U.S. application Ser. No. 10/913,996, which are incorporated herein by reference.)
6. Targeting Viruses of the Nidovirus Family
A sixth class of exemplary antisense antiviral compounds are used in inhibition of replication of a nidovirus in virus-infected animal cells. An exemplary antisense oligomer of this class is a morpholino oligomer comprising at least one linkage of type (B) and/or at least one terminal modification (e.g., at least one R20) or combinations thereof, as described in the present disclosure, and containing between 8-25 nucleotide bases, and has a sequence capable of disrupting base pairing between the transcriptional regulatory sequences (TRS) in the 5′ leader region of the positive-strand viral genome and negative-strand 3′ subgenomic region (See, e.g., PCT Pubn. No. WO/2005/065268 or U.S. Appn. Pubn. No. 20070037763, which are incorporated herein by reference.)
7. Targeting of Filoviruses
In another embodiment, one or more oligomers as described herein can be used in a method of in inhibiting replication within a host cell of an Ebola virus or Marburg virus, by contacting the cell with an oligomer as described herein, for example and oligomer comprising at least one linkage of type (B) and/or at least one terminal modification (e.g., at least one R20) or combinations thereof, or in other embodiments 20% to 50% such modified linkages, and having a targeting base sequence that is complementary to a target sequence composed of at least 12 contiguous bases within an AUG start-site region of a positive-strand mRNA, as described further below.
The filovirus viral genome is approximately 19,000 bases of single-stranded RNA that is unsegmented and in the antisense orientation. The genome encodes 7 proteins from monocistronic mRNAs complementary to the vRNA.
Target sequences are positive-strand (sense) RNA sequences that span or are just downstream (within 25 bases) or upstream (within 100 bases) of the AUG start codon of selected Ebola virus proteins or the 3′ terminal 30 bases of the minus-strand viral RNA. Preferred protein targets are the viral polymerase subunits VP35 and VP24, although L, nucleoproteins NP and VP30, are also contemplated. Among these early proteins are favored, e.g., VP35 is favored over the later expressed L polymerase.
In another embodiment, one or more oligomers as described herein can be used in a method of in inhibiting replication within a host cell of an Ebola virus or Marburg virus, by contacting the cell with an oligomer as described herein, comprising at least one modified intersubunit linkage, or in other embodiments 20% to 50% such modified linkages, and having a targeting base sequence that is complementary to a target sequence composed of at least 12 contiguous bases within an AUG start-site region of a positive-strand mRNA of the Filovirus mRNA sequences. (See, e.g., PCT Pubn. No. WO/2006/050414 or U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,524,829 and 7,507,196, and continuation applications with U.S. application Ser. Nos. 12/402,455; 12/402,461; 12/402,464; and 12/853,180 which are incorporated herein by reference.)
8. Targeting of Arenaviruses
In another embodiment, an oligomer as described herein can be used in a method for inhibiting viral infection in mammalian cells by a species in the Arenaviridae family. In one aspect, the oligomers can be used in treating a mammalian subject infected with the virus. (See, e.g., PCT Pubn. No. WO/2007/103529 or U.S. Pat. No. 7,582,615, which are incorporated herein by reference.)
Table 5 is an exemplary list of targeted viruses targeted by oligomers of the invention as organized by their Old World or New World Arenavirus classification.







TABLE 5







Targeted Arenaviruses









Family
Genus
Virus





Arenaviridae
Arenavirus





Old World Arenaviruses




Lassa virus (LASV)




Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus




(LCMV)




Mopeia virus (MOPV)




New World Arenaviruses




Guanarito virus (GTOV)




Junín virus (JUNV)




Machupo virus (MACV)




Pichinide virus (PICV)




Pirital virus (PIRV)




Sabiá virus (SABV)




Tacaribe virus (TCRV)




Whitewater Arroyo virus (WWAV)









The genome of Arenaviruses consists of two single-stranded RNA segments designated S (small) and L (large). In virions, the molar ratio of S- to L-segment RNAs is roughly 2:1. The complete S-segment RNA sequence has been determined for several arenaviruses and ranges from 3,366 to 3,535 nucleotides. The complete L-segment RNA sequence has also been determined for several arenaviruses and ranges from 7,102 to 7,279 nucleotides. The 3′ terminal sequences of the S and L RNA segments are identical at 17 of the last 19 nucleotides. These terminal sequences are conserved among all known arenaviruses. The 5′-terminal 19 or 20 nucleotides at the beginning of each genomic RNA are imperfectly complementary with each corresponding 3′ end. Because of this complementarity, the 3′ and 5′ termini are thought to base-pair and form panhandle structures.
Replication of the infecting virion or viral RNA (vRNA) to form an antigenomic, viral-complementary RNA (vcRNA) strand occurs in the infected cell. Both the vRNA and vcRNA encode complementary mRNAs; accordingly, Arenaviruses are classified as ambisense RNA viruses, rather than negative- or positive-sense RNA viruses. The ambisense orientation of viral genes are on both the L- and S-segments. The NP and polymerase genes reside at the 3′ end of the S and L vRNA segments, respectively, and are encoded in the conventional negative sense (i.e., they are expressed through transcription of vRNA or genome-complementary mRNAs). The genes located at the 5′ end of the S and L vRNA segments, GPC and Z, respectively, are encoded in mRNA sense but there is no evidence that they are translated directly from genomic vRNA. These genes are expressed instead through transcription of genomic-sense mRNAs from antigenomes (i.e., the vcRNA), full-length complementary copies of genomic vRNAs that function as replicative intermediates.
An exemplary targeting sequence for the arenavirus family of viruses is listed below as SEQ ID NO: 8.
9. Targeting of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important respiratory pathogen in young children. RSV-caused lower respiratory conditions, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia, often require hospitalization in children less than one-year-old. Children with cardiopulmonary diseases and those born prematurely are especially prone to experience severe disorders from this infection. RSV infection is also an important illness in elderly and high-risk adults, and it is the second-most commonly identified cause of viral pneumonia in older persons (Falsey, Hennessey et al. 2005). The World Health Organization estimates that RSV is responsible for 64 million clinical infections and 160 thousand deaths annually worldwide. No vaccines are currently available for the prevention of RSV infection. Although many major advances in our understanding of RSV biology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and host-immune-response have occurred over the past few decades, there continues to be considerable controversy regarding the optimum management of infants and children with RSV infection. Ribavirin is the only licensed antiviral drug for treating RSV infection, but its use is limited to high-risk or severely-ill infants. The utility of Ribavirin has been limited by its cost, variable efficacy, and tendency to generate resistant viruses (Marquardt 1995; Prince 2001). The current need for additional effective anti-RSV agents is well-acknowledged.
It is known that peptide conjugated PMO (PPMO) can be effective in inhibiting RSV both in tissue culture and in an in vivo animal model system (Lai, Stein et al. 2008). Two antisense PPMOs, designed to target the sequence that includes the 5′-terminal region and translation start-site region of RSV L mRNA, were tested for anti-RSV activity in cultures of two human airway cell lines. One of them, (RSV-AUG-2; SEQ ID NO 10), reduced viral titers by >2.0 log10. Intranasal (i.n.) treatment of BALB/c mice with RSV-AUG-2 PPMO before the RSV inoculation produced a reduction in viral titer of 1.2 log10 in lung tissue at day 5 postinfection (p.i.), and attenuated pulmonary inflammation at day 7 postinfection. These data showed that RSV-AUG-2 provided potent anti-RSV activity worthy of further investigation as a candidate for potential therapeutic application (Lai, Stein et al. 2008). Despite the success with RSV-AUG-2 PPMO as described above, it is desirable to avoid incorporating peptide conjugation in an antisense anti-RSV therapeutic due to toxicity concerns and cost of goods considerations. Therefore, in another embodiment of the present invention, one or more oligomers as described herein can be used in a method of inhibiting replication within a host cell of RSV, by contacting the cell with an oligomer as described herein, for example an oligomer comprising at least one linkage of type (B) and/or at least one terminal modification (e.g., at least one R20) or combinations thereof, or in other embodiments 10% to 50% such modified linkages, and having a targeting base sequence that is complementary to a target sequence composed of at least 12 contiguous bases within an AUG start-site region of anmRNA from RSV, as described further below.
The L gene of RSV codes for a critical component of the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase complex. Antisense PPMO designed against the sequence spanning the AUG translation start-site codon of the RSV L gene mRNA in the form of RSV-AUG-2 PPMO is complementary to sequence from the ‘gene-start’ sequence (GS) present at the 5′ terminus of the L mRNA to 13 nt into the coding sequence. A preferred L gene targeting sequence is therefore complementary to any 12 contiguous bases from the 5′ end of the L gene mRNA extending 40 bases in the 3′ direction or 22 bases into the L gene coding sequence as shown below in Table 3 as SEQ ID NO: 9. Exemplary RSV L gene targeting sequences are listed below in Table 3 as SEQ ID NOs: 10-14. Any of the intersubunit modifications of the invention described herein can be incorporated in the oligomers to provide increased antisense activity, improved intracellular delivery and/or tissue specificity for improved therapeutic activity. Exemplary oligomers containing intersubunit linkages of the invention are listed below in Table 6.







TABLE 6







RSV target and targeting sequences











SEQ


Name
Sequence (5′ to 3′)
ID NO





L target
GGGACAAAATGGATCCCATTA
 9



TTAATGGAAATTCTGCTAA



 


RSV-AUG-2
TAATGGGATCCATTTTGTCCC
10


 


RSV-AUG3
AATAATGGGATCCATTTTGTC
11



CC



 


RSV-AUG4
CATTAATAATGGGATCCATTT
12



TGTCCC



 


RSV-AUG5
GAATTTCCATTAATAATGGGA
13



TCCATTTTG



 


RSV-AUG6
CAGAATTTCCATTAATAATGG
14



GATCCATT



 


RSV-AUG3apn*
AATAAapnTGGGAapnTCCAapnT
11



TapnTTGapnTCCC



 


RSV-AUG3guan
AATAAguanTGGGAguanTCCA
11



guanTTguanTTGguanTCCC









10. Neuromuscular Diseases
In another embodiment, a therapeutic oligomer is provided for use in treating a disease condition associated with a neuromuscular disease in a mammalian subject. Exemplary intersubunit oligomer modifications shown to enhance transport into muscle tissue include those having intersubunit linkages of structure b6, b10, b51 and b54. Antisense oligomers that incorporate such linkages into the M23D antisense oligomer (SEQ ID NO: 16) are tested for activity in the MDX mouse model for Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) as described in the Examples. Exemplary oligomers that incorporate the linkages used in some embodiments are listed below in Table 7. In some embodiments, the therapeutic compound may be selected from the group consisting of:
(a) an antisense oligomer targeted against human myostatin, having a base sequence complementary to at least 12 contiguous bases in a target region of the human myostatin mRNA identified by SEQ ID NO: 18, for treating a muscle wasting condition, as described previously (See, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/493,140, which is incorporated herein by reference; and PCT publication WO2006/086667). Exemplary murine targeting sequences are listed as SEQ ID NOs: 19-20.
(b) an antisense oligomer capable of producing exon skipping in the DMD protein (dystrophin), such as a PMO having a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 22 to 35, to restore partial activity of the dystrophin protein, for treating DMD, as described previously (See, e.g., PCT Pubn. Nos. WO/2010/048586 and WO/2006/000057 or U.S. patent Publication Ser. No. 09/061,960 all of which are incorporated herein by reference).
Several other neuromuscular diseases can be treated using the modified linkages and terminal groups of the present invention. Exemplary compounds for treating spinal muscle atrophy (SMA) and myotonic dystrophy (DM) are discussed below.
SMA is an autosomal recessive disease caused by chronic loss of alpha-motor neurons in the spinal cord and can affect both children and adults. Reduced expression of survival motor neuron (SMN) is responsible for the disease (Hua, Sahashi et al. 2010). Mutations that cause SMA are located in the SMN1 gene but a paralogous gene, SMN2, can allow viability by compensating for loss of SMN1 if expressed from an alternative splice form lacking exon 7 (delta7 SMN2). Antisense compounds targeted to inton 6, exon 7 and intron 7 have all been shown to induce exon 7 inclusion to varying degrees. Antisense compounds targeted to intron 7 are preferred (see e.g., PCT Publication Nos. WO/2010/148249, WO/2010/120820, WO/2007/002390 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,838,657). Exemplary antisense sequences that target the SMN2 pre-mRNA and induce improved exon 7 inclusion are listed below as SEQ ID NOs: 36-38. It is contemplated that selected modifications of these oligomer sequences using the modified linkages and terminal groups described herein would have improved properties compared to those known in the art. Furthermore, it is contemplated that any oligomer targeted to intron 7 of the SMN2 gene and incorporating the features of the present invention has the potential to induce exon 7 inclusion and provide a therapeutic benefit to SMA patients. Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2) are dominantly inherited disorders caused by expression of a toxic RNA leading to neuromuscular degeneration. DM1 and DM2 are associated with long polyCUG and polyCCUG repeats in the 3′-UTR and intron 1 regions of the transcript dystrophia myotonica protein kinase (DMPK) and zinc finger protein 9 (ZNF9), respectively (see e.g., WO2008/036406). While normal individuals have as many as 30 CTG repeats, DM1 patients carry a larger number of repeats ranging from 50 to thousands. The severity of the disease and the age of onset correlates with the number of repeats. Patients with adult onsets show milder symptoms and have less than 100 repeats, juvenile onset DM1 patients carry as many as 500 repeats and congenital cases usually have around a thousand CTG repeats. The expanded transcripts containing CUG repeats form a secondary structure, accumulate in the nucleus in the form of nuclear foci and sequester RNA-binding proteins (RNA-BP). Several RNA-BP have been implicated in the disease, including muscleblind-like (MBNL) proteins and CUG-binding protein (CUGBP). MBNL proteins are homologous to Drosophila muscleblind (Mbl) proteins necessary for photoreceptor and muscle differentiation. MBNL and CUGBP have been identified as antagonistic splicing regulators of transcripts affected in DM1 such as cardiac troponin T (cTNT), insulin receptor (IR) and muscle-specific chloride channel (ClC-1).
It is known in the art that antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the expanded repeats of the DMPK gene can displace RNA-BP sequestration and reverse myotonia symptoms in an animal model of DM1 (WO2008/036406). It is contemplated that oligomers incorporating features of the present invention would provide improved activity and therapeutic potential for DM1 and DM2 patients. Exemplary sequences targeted to the polyCUG and polyCCUG repeats described above are listed below as SEQ ID NOs: 39-55 and further described in U.S. application Ser. No. 13/101,942 which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
Additional embodiments of the present invention for treating neuralmuscular disorders are anticipated and include oligomers designed to treat other DNA repeat instability genetic disorders. These diseases include Huntington's disease, spino-cerebellar ataxia, X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy and spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) as described in WO2008/018795.
Experiments performed in support of the invention using the MDX mouse, a murine model for DMD, are described in Example 27.







TABLE 7







M23D sequences (SEQ ID NO: 15) that incorporate modified


intersubunit linkages and/or 3′ and/or 5′ terminal groups












PMO-X





NG
Modification
5′
Sequence
3′





NG-10-0383
PMO
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
triphenylacetyl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0325
triphenylphos
OH
GGC CAA ACC FCG GCF TAC CFG
triphenylphos





AAA T



 


NG-10-0272
PMO-farnesyl
OH
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
farnesyl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0102
PMO
OH
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
trityl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0330
trimethoxybenzoyl
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
trimethoxybenzoyl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0056
PMOplus 5′-pol
EG3
GGC C+A+A +ACC TCG GCT TAC
H





CTG AAA T



 


NG-07-0064
PMO-3′-trityl
H-Pip
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
trityl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0382
PMO
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
triphenylpropionyl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0278
PMOpyr
EG3
GGC CAA ACC pTCG GCpT pTAC
H





CpTG AAA pT



 


NG-10-0210
PMOapn
EG3
GGC CaAaA aACC TCG GCT TAC
H





CTG AAA T



 


NG-10-0098
PMOpyr
EG3
GGC CAA ACC pTCG GCpT TAC
H





CpTG AAA T



 


NG-10-0070
PMOapn
EG3
GGC CAA ACC aTCG GCaT TAC
H





CaTG AAA aT



 


NG-10-0095
PMOapn
EG3
GGC CAA ACC aTCG GCaT aTAC CaT
H





G AAA aT



 


NG-10-0317
PMO
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
farnesyl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0477
PMO triMe Gly
EG3
GGC CAA ACC FCG GCF TAC CFG
trimethyl Glycine





AAA F



 


NG-10-0133
PMOapn
OH
GGC CaAA aACC aTCG GCaT aTAC
H





CaTG AAA aT



 


NG-10-0387 
PMO
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
2-OH, diphenylacet





AAA T



 


NG-10-0104 
PMOguan
EG3
GGC CAA ACC gTCG GCgT TAC CgT
Δg





G AAA T



 


NG-10-0420 
PMOplus methyl
EG3
GGC CAA ACC m+TCG GCm+T TAC
Trityl





Cm+TG AAA m+T



 


NG-10-0065 
PMOtri
EG3
GGC CAA ACC tTCG GCtT TAC CtT
H





G AAA T



 


NG-10-0607 
PMO-X
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
9-fluorene-carboxyl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0060 
PMOcp
EG3
GGC CAA ACC cpTCG GCcpT TAC
H





CcpT G AAA T



 


NG-10-0162 
PMO-COCH2SH
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
COCH2SH





AAA T



 


NG-10-0328 
diphenylacetyl
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
diphenylacetyl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0134 
PMOapnPMOtri
OH
GGC CaAA aACC tTCG GCtT tTAC
H





CtTG AAA tT



 


NG-10-0386 
PMO
DPA
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
5′-diphenylac,3′-





AAA T
trity


 


NG-07-0064 
PMO-3′-trityl
H-Pip 
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
trityl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0059 
PMOcp
EG3
GGC CAA ACC cpTCG GCcpT cpTAC
H





CcpT G AAA cpT



 


NG-10-0135 
PMOtri
OH
GGC CAA ACC tTCG GCtT tTAC
H





CtTG AAA tT



 


NG-10-0168 
PMOapn PMOcys
OH
GGC CAA ACC aTCG GCaT aTAC
H





CaTG AAA SHcT



 


NG-10-0113 
PMOapnPMOtri
OH
GGC CAA ACC aTCG GCtT tTAC
H





CaTG AAA aT



 


NG-10-0385 
PMO
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
diphenylphosphoryl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0279 
PMO
OH
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
geranyl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0055 
PMOplus disp
EG3
GGC C+AA +ACC +TCG GC+T TAC
H





C+TG AAA T



 


NG-10-0105 
PMOsucc
EG3
GGC CAA ACC sTCG GCsT TAC CsT
ΔS





G AAA T



 


NG-10-0805
PMO-X
EG3
GGC CAA ACC EtpipTCG GCEtpipT TAC
H





CEtpipTG AAA EtpipT



 


NG-10-0811
PMO-X
EG3
GGC CAA ACC pyrQMeTCG GCpyrQMeT
H





TAC CpyrQMeTG AAA pyrQMeT



 


NG-10-0057
PMOplus 3′-pol
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC C+TG
H





+A+A+A T



 


NG-10-0625
PMO-X
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
5-carboxyfluorescein





AAA T



 


NG-10-0804
dimer
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
dimerized





AAA T



 


NG-10-0066
PMOtri
EG3
GGC CAA ACC tTCG GCtT TAC CtT
H





G AAA tT



 


NG-10-0280
PMO disulfide
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
COCH2 CH2SSPy





AAA T



 


NG-10-0212
PMOapn
EG3
GGC CaAaA aACC aTCG GCaT
H





aTaAC CaTG aAaAaA aT



 


NG-10-0156
3′-MeOtrityl
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
MeO-Tr





AAA T



 


NG-10-0062
PMOhex
EG3
GGC CAA ACC hTCG GChT TAC ChT
H





G AAA hT



 


NG-11-0043
PMO-X
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
guanidinyl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0206
PMOplus
EG3
GGC C+A+A +ACC +TCG GC+T
H





+T+AC C+TG +A+A+A +T



 


NG-10-0383
PMO
EG3
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
triphenylacetyl





AAA T



 


NG-10-0325
triphenylphos
OH
GGC CAA ACC FCG GCF TAC CFG
triphenylphos





AAA T



 


NG-10-0272
PMO-farnesyl
OH
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
farnesyl





AAA T





*Dimerized indicates the oligomer is dimerized by a linkage linking the 3′ ends of the two monomers. For example, the linkage may be -COCH2CH2-S-CH(CONH2)CH2-CO-NHCH2CH2CO- or any other suitable linkage.






11. Antibacterial Applications
The invention includes, in another embodiment, an antibacterial antisense oilgomer for use in treating a bacterial infection in a mammalian host. In some embodiments, the oligomer comprises at least one linkage of type (B) and/or at least one terminal modification (e.g., at least one R20) or combinations thereof, having between 10-20 bases and a targeting sequence of at least 10 contiguous bases complementary to a target region of the infecting bacteria's mRNA for acyl carrier protein (acpP), gyrase A subunit (gyrA), ftsZ, ribosomal protein S10 (rpsJ), leuD, mgtC, pirG, pcaA, and cma1 genes, where the target region contains the translational start codon of the bacterial mRNA, or a sequence that is within 20 bases, in an upstream (i.e., 5′) or downstream (i.e., 3′) direction, of the translational start codon, and where the oligomer binds to the mRNA to form a heteroduplex thereby to inhibit replication of the bacteria.
Also included are conjugates of the oligomers where conjugated to the oligomers is an arginine-rich carrier protein coupled to the oligonucleotide at the peptide's carboxyl terminus, and preferably represented by the peptide sequence (RXX)n— or (RXR)b, where X is an uncharged amino acid selected from the group consisting of alanine, β-alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, glycine threonine, phenyalanine, tryptophan, and 6-aminohexanoic acid, and n=2 to 4. In exemplary embodiments, the carrier peptide has the sequence (RFF)n, (RFF)nR, or (RXR)n where n=2 to 4. The carrier peptide may be linked at its C-terminus to one end of the oligomer, e.g., the 3′ or 5′-end, through a one- or two-amino acid linker, such as the linker AhxβAla, where Ahx is 6-aminohexanoic acid and βAla is β-alanine. The carrier peptide has the ability, when conjugated to the 3′ or 5′-end of the oligonucleotide, to enhance the anti-bacterial activity of the oligonucleotide, as measured by inhibition in bacterial growth in vitro over an eight-hour period, by a factor of at least 10, and preferably 102 or 103. In a preferred embodiment, the carrier peptide has the sequence (RAhxR)n—, where n=4.
12. Modulating Nuclear Hormone Receptors
In another embodiment the present invention relates to compositions and methods for modulating expression of nuclear hormone receptors (NHR) from the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily (NHRSF), mainly by controlling or altering the splicing of pre-mRNA that codes for the receptors. Examples of particular NHRs include glucocorticoid receptor (GR), progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR). In certain embodiments, the antisense oligonucleotides and agents described herein lead to increased expression of ligand-independent or other selected forms of the receptors, and decreased expression of their inactive forms.
Embodiments of the present invention include oligomers and oligonucleotide analogs, for example oligomers comprising at least one linkage of type (B) and/or at least one terminal modification (e.g., at least one R20) or combinations thereof, that are complementary to selected exonic or intronic sequences of an NHR, including the “ligand-binding exons” and/or adjacent introns of a NHRSF pre-mRNA, among other NHR-domains described herein. The term “ligand-binding exons” refers to exon(s) that are present in the wild-type mRNA but are removed from the primary transcript (the “pre-mRNA”) to make a ligand-independent form of the mRNA. In certain embodiments, complementarity can be based on sequences in the sequence of pre-mRNA that spans a splice site, which includes, but is not limited to, complementarity based on sequences that span an exon-intron junction. In other embodiments, complementarity can be based solely on the sequence of the intron. In other embodiments, complementarity can be based solely on the sequence of the exon. (See, e.g., U.S. application Ser. No. 13/046,356, which is incorporated herein by reference.)
NHR modulators may be useful in treating NHR-associated diseases, including diseases associated with the expression products of genes whose transcription is stimulated or repressed by NHRs. For instance, modulators of NHRs that inhibit AP-1 and/or NF-κB can be useful in the treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases and disorders such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, transplant rejection, and graft vs. host disease, among others described herein and known in the art. Compounds that antagonize transactivation can be useful in treating metabolic diseases associated with increased levels of glucocorticoid, such as diabetes, osteoporosis and glaucoma, among others. Also, compounds that agonize transactivation can be useful in treating metabolic diseases associated with a deficiency in glucocorticoid, such as Addison's disease and others.
Embodiments of the present invention include methods of modulating nuclear NHR activity or expression in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an antisense oligomer composed of morpholino subunits linked by phosphorus-containing intersubunit linkages joining a morpholino nitrogen of one subunit to a 5′ exocyclic carbon of an adjacent subunit, wherein the oligonucleotide contains between 10-40 bases and a targeting sequence of at least 10 contiguous bases complementary to a target sequence, wherein the target sequence is a pre-mRNA transcript of the NHR, thereby modulating activity or expression of the NHR. In certain embodiments, the oligomer alters splicing of the pre-mRNA transcript and increases expression of a variant of the NHR. In some embodiments, the oligomer induces full or partial exon-skipping of one or more exons of the pre-mRNA transcript. In certain embodiments, the one or more exons encode at least a portion of a ligand-binding domain of the NHR, and the variant is a ligand independent form of the NHR. In certain embodiments, the one or more exons encode at least a portion of a transactivation domain of the NHR, and the variant has reduced transcriptional activation activity. In certain embodiments, the one or more exons encode at least a portion of a DNA-binding domain of the NHR. In certain embodiments, the one or more exons encode at least a portion of an N-terminal activation domain of the NHR. In certain embodiments, the one or more exons encode at least a portion of a carboxy-terminal domain of the NHR. In specific embodiments, the variant binds to NF-KB, AP-1, or both, and reduces transcription of one or more of their pro-inflammatory target genes.
In certain embodiments, the oligomer agonizes a transactivational transcriptional activity of the NHR. In other embodiments, the oligomer antagonizes a transactivational transcriptional activity of the NHR. In certain embodiments, the oligomer agonizes a transrepression activity of the NHR. In other embodiments, the oligomer antagonizes a transrepression activity of the NHR. In specific embodiments, the oligomer antagonizes a transactivational transcriptional activity of the NHR and agonizes a transrepression activity of the NHR. (See, e.g., U.S. Appn. No. 61/313,652, which is incorporated herein by reference.)
EXAMPLES
Unless otherwise noted, all chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich-Fluka. Benzoyl adenosine, benzoyl cytidine, and phenylacetyl guanosine were obtained from Carbosynth Limited, UK.
Synthesis of PMO, PMO+, PPMO and PMO containing further linkage modifications as described herein was done using methods known in the art and described in pending U.S. application Ser. Nos. 12/271,036 and 12/271,040 and PCT publication number WO/2009/064471, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
PMO with a 3′ trityl modification are synthesized essentially as described in PCT publication number WO/2009/064471 with the exception that the detritylation step is omitted.
Example 1
tert-butyl 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)piperidine-1-carboxylate




To a suspension of tert-butyl 4-aminopiperidine-1-carboxylate (48.7 g, 0.243 mol) and DIPEA (130 mL, 0.749 mol) in DCM (250 mL) was added ethyl trifluoroacetate (35.6 mL, 0.300 mol) dropwise while stirring. After 20 hours, the solution was washed with citric acid solution (200 mL×3, 10% w/v aq) and sodium bicarbonate solution (200 mL×3, conc aq), dried (MgSO4), and filtered through silica (24 g). The silica was washed with DCM and the combined eluant was partially concentrated (100 mL), and used directly in the next step. APCI/MS calcd. for C12H19F3N2O3 296.1. found m/z=294.9 (M−1).
Example 2
2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(piperidin-4-yl)acetamide hydrochloride




To a stirred DCM solution of the title compound of Example 1 (100 mL) was added dropwise a solution of hydrogen chloride (250 mL, 1.0 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (4 M). Stirring was continued for 6 hours, then the suspension was filtered, and the solid washed with diethyl ether (500 mL) to afford the title compound (54.2 g, 96% yield) as a white solid. APCI/MS calcd. for C7H11F3N2O 196.1. found m/z=196.9 (M+1).
Example 3
(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)piperidin-1-yl)phosphonic dichloride




To a cooled (ice/water bath) suspension of the title compound of Example 2 (54.2 g, 0.233 mol) in DCM (250 mL) was added dropwise phosphorus oxychloride (23.9 mL, 0.256 mol) and DIPEA (121.7 mL, 0.699 mol) and stirred. After 15 minutes, the bath was removed and with continued stirring the mixture allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After 1 hour, the mixture was partially concentrated (100 mL), the suspension filtered, and the solid washed with diethyl ether to afford the title compound (43.8 g, 60% yield) as a white solid. The elutant was partially concentrated (100 mL), the resulting suspension filtered, and the solid washed with diethyl ether to afford additional title compound (6.5 g, 9% yield). ESI/MS calcd. for 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine derivative C17H22ClF3N5O4P 483.1. found m/z=482.1 (M−1).
Example 4
((2S,6S)-6-((R)-5-methyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl)methyl(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)piperidin-1-yl)phosphonochloridate




To a stirred, cooled (ice/water bath) solution of the title compound of Example 3 (29.2 g, 93.3 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was added dropwise over 10 minutes a DCM solution (100 mL) of Mo(Tr)T # (22.6 g, 46.7 mmol), 2,6-Lutidine (21.7 mL, 187 mmol), and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (1.14 g, 9.33 mmol). The bath was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After 15 hours, the solution was washed with a citric acid solution (200 mL×3, 10% w/v aq), dried (MgSO4), concentrated, and the crude oil was loaded directly onto column. Chromatography [SiO2 column (120 g), hexanes/EtOAc eluant (gradient 1:1 to 0:1), repeated×3] fractions were concentrated to provide the title compound (27.2 g, 77% yield) as a white solid. ESI/MS calcd. for the 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine derivative C46H50F3N8O8P 930.3. found m/z=929.5 (M−1).
Example 5
((2S,6R)-6-(6-benzamido-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl)methyl(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)piperidin-1-yl)phosphonochloridate




The title compound was synthesized in a manner analogous to that described in Example 4 to afford the title compound (15.4 g, 66% yield) as a white solid. ESI/MS calcd. for 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine derivative C53H53F3N11O7P 1043.4. found m/z=1042.5 (M−1).
Example 6
(R)-methyl(1-phenylethyl)phosphoramidic dichloride




To a cooled (ice/water bath) solution of phosphorus oxychloride (2.83 mL, 30.3 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was added sequentially, dropwise, and with stirring 2,6-lutidine (7.06 mL, 60.6 mmol) and a DCM solution of (R)-(+)-N,a-dimethylbenzylamine (3.73 g, 27.6 mmol). After 5 minutes, the bath was removed and reaction mixture allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After 1 hour, the reaction solution was washed with a citric acid solution (50 mL×3, 10% w/v aq), dried (MgSO4), filtered through SiO2 and concentrated to provide the title compound (3.80 g) as a white foam. ESI/MS calcd. for 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine derivative C19H25N4O4P 404.2. found m/z=403.1 (M−1).
Example 7
(S)-methyl(1-phenylethyl)phosphoramidic dichloride




The title compound was synthesized in a manner analogous to that described in Example 6 to afford the title compound (3.95 g) as a white foam. ESI/MS calcd. for 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine derivative C19H25N4O4P 404.2. found m/z=403.1 (M−1).
Example 8
((2S,6R)-6-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl)methyl methyl((R)-1-phenylethyl)phosphoramidochloridate




The title compound was synthesized in a manner analogous to that described in Example 4 to afford the title chlorophosphoroamidate (4.46 g, 28% yield) as a white solid. ESI/MS calcd. for C38H40ClN4O5P 698.2. found m/z=697.3 (M−1).
Example 9
((2S,6R)-6-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl)methyl methyl((S)-1-phenylethyl)phosphoramidochloridate




The title compound was synthesized in a manner analogous to that described in Example 4 to afford the title chlorophosphoroamidate (4.65 g, 23% yield) as a white solid. ESI/MS calcd. for C38H40ClN4O5P 698.2. found m/z=697.3 (M−1).
Example 10
(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)phosphonic dichloride hydrochloride




To a cooled (ice/water bath) solution of phosphorus oxychloride (5.70 mL, 55.6 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was added 2,6-lutidine (19.4 mL, 167 mmol) and a DCM solution (30 mL) of 4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-piperidine (8.58 g, 55.6 mmol) and stirred for 1 hour. The suspension was filtered and solid washed with excess diethyl ether to afford the title pyrrolidine (17.7 g, 91% yield) as a white solid. ESI/MS calcd. for 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine derivative C19H30N5O4P 423.2. found m/z=422.2 (M−1).
Example 11
((2S,6R)-6-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl)methyl(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)phosphonochloridate hydrochloride




To a stirred, cooled (ice/water bath) solution of the dichlorophosphoramidate 8 (17.7 g, 50.6 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was added a DCM solution (100 mL) of Mo(Tr)T # (24.5 g, 50.6 mmol), 2,6-Lutidine (17.7 mL, 152 mmol), and 1-methylimidazole (0.401 mL, 5.06 mmol) dropwise over 10 minutes. The bath was allowed to warm to ambient temperature as suspension was stirred. After 6 hours, the suspension was poured onto diethyl ether (1 L), stirred 15 minutes, filtered and solid washed with additional ether to afford a white solid (45.4 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography [SiO2 column (120 gram), DCM/MeOH eluant (gradient 1:0 to 6:4)], and the combined fractions were poured onto diethyl ether (2.5 L), stirred 15 min, filtered, and the resulting solid washed with additional ether to afford the title compound (23.1 g, 60% yield) as a white solid. ESI/MS calcd. for 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine derivative C48H57N8O7P 888.4. found m/z=887.6 (M−1).
Example 12
3-(tert-butyldisulfanyl)-2-(isobutoxycarbonylamino)propanoic acid




To S-tert-butylmercapto-L-cysteine (10 g, 47.8 mmol) in CH3CN (40 mL) was added K2CO3 (16.5 g, 119.5 mmol) in H2O (20 mL). After stirring for 15 minutes, iso-butyl chloroformate (9.4 mL, 72 mmol) was injected slowly. The reaction was allowed to run for 3 hours. The white solid was filtered through Celite; the filtrate was concentrated to remove CH3CN. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with 1N HCl (40 ml×3), brine (40×1), dried over Na2SO4. Desired product (2) was obtained after chromatography (5% MeOH/DCM).
Example 13
tert-butyl 4-(3-(tert-butyldisulfanyl)-2-(isobutoxycarbonylamino)propanamido)piperidine-1-carboxylate




To the acid (compound 2 from Example 12, 6.98 g, 22.6 mmol) in DMF (50 ml was added HATU (8.58 g, 22.6 mmol). After 30 min, Hunig base (4.71 ml, 27.1 mmol) and 1-Boc-4-amino piperidine (5.43 g, 27.1 mmol) were added to the mixture. The reaction was continued stirring at RT for another 3 h. DMF was removed at high vacuum, the crude residue was dissolved in EtAc (300 ml), washed with H2O (50 ml×3). The final product (3) was obtained after ISCO purification (5% MeOH/DCM).
Example 14
isobutyl 3-(tert-butyldisulfanyl)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-4-ylamino)propan-2-ylcarbamate




To compound 3 prepared in Example 13 (7.085 g, 18.12 mmol) was added 30 ml of 4M HCl/Dioxane. The reaction was completed after 2 h at RT. The HCl salt (4) was used for the next step without further purification.
Example 15
isobutyl 3-(tert-butyldisulfanyl)-1-(1-(dichlorophosphoryl)piperidin-4-ylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate




To compound 4 prepared in Example 15 (7.746 g, 18.12 mmol) in DCM (200 ml) at −78° C. was slowly injected POCl3 (1.69 ml, 18.12 mmol) under Ar, followed by the addition of Et3N (7.58 ml, 54.36 mmol). The reaction was stirred at RT for 5 h, concentrated to remove excess base and solvent. The product (5) was given as white solid after ISCO purification (50% EtAc/Hexane).
Example 16
isobutyl 3-(tert-butyldisulfanyl)-1-(1-(chloro(((2S,6R)-6-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl)methoxy)phosphoryl)piperidin-4-ylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate




To 1-((2R,6S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl)-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H, 3H)-dione (moT(Tr)) (5.576 g, 10.98 mmol) in DCM (100 ml) at 0° C., was added lutidine (1.92 ml, 16.47 mmol) and DMAP (669 mg, 5.5 mmol), followed by the addition of 4 (6.13 g, 12.08 mmol). The reaction was left stirring at RT for 18 h. The desired product (6) was obtained after ISCO purification (50% EtAc/Hexane).
Example 17
((2S,6R)-6-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl)methyl hexyl(methyl)phosphoramidochloridate




A DCM (80 ml) solution of N-hydroxylmethylamine (4.85 ml, 32 mmol) was cooled down to −78° C. under N2. A solution of phosphoryl chloride (2.98 ml, 32 mmol) in DCM (10 ml), followed by a solution of Et3N (4.46 ml, 32 mmol) in DCM (10 ml), was added slowly. The stirring was continued while the reaction was allowed to warm to RT overnight. The desired product (1) was given as clear oil after ISCO purification (20% EtAc/Hexane).
To moT(Tr) (5.10 g, 10.54 mmol) in DCM (100 ml) at 0° C., was added lutidine (3.68 ml, 31.6 mmol) and DMAP (642 mg, 5.27 mmol), followed by the addition of 1 (4.89 g, 21.08 mmol). The reaction was left stirring at RT for 18 h. The desired product (2) was obtained after ISCO purification (50% EtOAc/Hexane).
Example 18
((2S,6R)-6-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl)methyl dodecyl(methyl)phosphoramidochloridate




The title compound was prepared according to the general procedures described in Examples 6 and 8.
Example 19
((2S,6R)-6-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl)methyl morpholinophosphonochloridate




The title compound was prepared according to the general procedures described in Examples 6 and 8.
Example 20
((2S,6R)-6-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl)methyl(S)-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-ylphosphonochloridate




The title compound was prepared according to the general procedures described in Examples 6 and 8.
Example 21
((2S,6R)-6-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl)methyl 4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamido)piperidin-1-ylphosphonochloridate




To 1-Boc-4-piperidine (1 g, 5 mmol) in DCM (20 ml) was added Hunig base (1.74 ml, 10 mmol), followed by the addition of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl chloride (1.38 g, 6 mmol). The reaction was run at RT for 3 h, concentrated to remove solvent and excess base. The residue was dissolved in EtAc (100 ml), washed with 0.05N HCl (3×15 ml), sat. NaHCO3 (2×15 ml), dried over Na2SO4. Product (1) was obtained after ISCO purification (5% MeOH/DCM).
To 7 was added 15 ml of 4N HCl/Dioxane, reaction was terminated after 4 h. 8 was obtained as white solid.
A DCM (20 ml) solution of 8 (1.23 g, 4.18 mmol) was cooled down to −78° C. under N2. A solution of phosphoryl chloride (0.39 ml, 4.18 mmol) in DCM (2 ml), followed by a solution of Et3N (0.583 ml, 4.18 mmol) in DCM (2 ml), was added slowly. The stirring was continued while the reaction was allowed to warm to RT overnight. The desired product (9) was obtained after ISCO purification (50% EtAc/Hexane).
To moT(Tr) (1.933 g, 4.0 mmol) in DCM (20 ml) at 0° C., was added lutidine (0.93 ml, 8 mmol) and DMAP (49 mg, 0.4 mmol), followed by the addition of 9 (1.647 g, 4 mmol). The reaction was left stirring at RT for 18 h. The desired product (10) was obtained after ISCO purification (50% EtAc/Hexane).
Example 22
Synthesis of Cyclophosphoramide Containing Subunit (CPT)




The moT subunit (25 g) was suspended in DCM (175 ml) and NMI (N-methylimidazole, 5.94 g, 1.4 eq.) was added to obtain a clear solution. Tosyl chloride was added to the reaction mixture, and the reaction progress was monitored by TLC until done (about 2 hours). An aqueous workup was performed by washing with 0.5 M citric acid buffer (pH=5), followed by brine. The organic layer was separated and dried over Na2SO4. Solvent was removed with a rotavaporator to obtain the crude product which was used in the next step without further purification.
The moT Tosylate prepared above was mixed with propanolamine (1 g/10 ml). The reaction mixture was then placed in an oven at 45° C. overnight followed by dilution with DCM (10 ml). An aqueous workup was performed by washing with 0.5 M citric acid buffer (pH=5), followed by brine. The organic layer was separated and dried over Na2SO4. Solvent was removed with a rotavaporator to obtain the crude product. The curde product was analyzed by NMR and HPLC and determined to be ready for the next step without further purification.
The crude product was dissolved in DCM (2.5 ml DCM/g, 1 eq.) and mixed with DIEA (3 eq.). This solution was cooled with dry ice-acetone and POCl3 was added dropwise (1.5 eq.). The resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. An aqueous workup was performed by washing with 0.5 M citric acid buffer (pH=5), followed by brine. The organic layer was separated and dried over Na2SO4. Solvent was removed with a rotavaporator to obtain the crude product as a yellowish solid. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (crude product/silica=1 to 5 ratio, gradient DCM to 50% EA/DCM), and fractions were pooled according to TLC analysis. Solvent was removed to obtain the desired product as a mixture of diastereomers. The purified product was analyzed by HPLC (NPP quench) and NMR (H-1 and P-31).
The diastereomeric mixture was separated according to the following procedure. The mixture (2.6 g) was dissolved in DCM. This sample was loaded on a RediSepRf column (80 g normal phase made by Teledyne Isco) and eluted with 10% EA/DCM to 50% EA/DCM over 20 minutes. Fractions were collected and analyzed by TLC. Fractions were pooled according to TLC analysis, and solvent was removed with a rotavaporator at room temperature. The diastereomeric ratio of the pooled fractions was determined by P-31 NMR and NPP-TFA analysis. If needed, the above procedure was repeated until the diastereomeric ratio reached 97%.
Example 23
Global Cholic Acid Modification of PMOplus







The succinimide activated cholic acid derivative was prepared according to the following procedure. Cholic acid (12 g, 29.4 mmol), N-hydroxysuccinimide (4.0 g, 34.8 mmol), EDCI (5.6 g, 29.3 mmol), and DMAP (1 g, 8.2 mmol) were charged to a round bottom flask. DCM (400 ml) and THF (40 ml) were added to dissolve. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water (400 ml) was then added to the reaction mixture, the organic layer separated and washed with water (2×400 ml), followed by sat. NaHCO3 (300 ml) and brine (300 ml). The organic layer was then dried over Na2SO4. Solvent was removed with rotavaporator to obtain a white solid. The curde product was dissolved in chloroform (100 ml) and precipitated into heptane (1000 ml). The solid was collected by filtration, analyzed by HPLC and NMR and used without further purification.
An appropriate amount of PMOplus (20 mg, 2.8 μmol) was weighed into a vial (4 ml) and dissolved in DMSO (500 ul). The activated cholate ester (13 mg, 25 μmol) was added to the reaction mixture according to the ratio of two equivalent of active ester per modification site followed by stirring at room temperature overnight. Reaction progress was determined by MALDI and HPLC (C-18 or SAX).
After the reaction was complete (as determined by disappearance of starting PMOplus), 1 ml of concentrated ammonia was added to the reaction mixture once the reaction is complete. The reaction vial was then placed in an oven (45° C.) overnight (18 hours) followed by cooling to room temperature and dilution with 1% ammonia in water (10 ml). This sample was loaded on to an SPE column (2 cm), and the vial rinsed with 1% ammonia solution (2×2 ml). The SPE column was washed with 1% ammonia in water (3×6 ml), and the product eluted with 45% acetonitrile in 1% ammonia in water (6 ml). Fractions containing oligomer were identified by UV optical density measurement. Product was isolated by lyophilization. Purity and identity were determined by MALDI and HPLC (C-18 and/or SAX).
This same procedure is applicable to deoxycholic acid activation and conjugation to a PMO+.
Example 24
Global Guanidinylation of PMOplus
An appropriate amount of PMOplus (25 mg, 2.8 μmol) was weighed into a vial (6 ml). 1H-Pyrozole-1-carboxamidine chloride (15 mg, 102 μmol) and potassium carbonate (20 mg, 0.15 mmol) were added to the vial. Water was added (500 ul), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (about 18 hours). Reaction completion was determined by MALDI.
Once complete, the reaction was diluted with 1% ammonia in water (10 ml) and loaded on to an SPE column (2 cm). The vial was rinsed with 1% ammonia solution (2×2 ml), and the SPE column was washed with 1% ammonia in water (3×6 ml). Product was eluted with 45% acetonitrile in 1% ammonia in water (6 ml). Fractions containing oligomer were identified by UV optical density measurement. Product was isolated by lyophilization. Purity and identity were determined by MALDI and HPLC (C-18 and/or SAX).
Example 25
Global Thioacetyl Modification of PMOplus (M23D)




An appropriate amount of PMOplus (20 mg, 2.3 μmol) was weighed in to a vial (4 ml) and dissolved in DMSO (500 ul). N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate (SATA) (7 mg, 28 μmol) was added to the reaction mixture, and it was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. Reaction progress was monitored by MALDI and HPLC.
Once complete, 1% ammonia in water was added to the reaction mixture, and it was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. This solution was loaded on to an SPE column (2 cm), The vial was rinsed with 1% ammonia solution (2×2 ml), and the SPE column was washed with 1% ammonia in water (3×6 ml). Product was eluted with 45% acetonitrile in 1% ammonia in water (6 ml). Fractions containing oligomer were identified by UV optical density measurement. Product was isolated by lyophilization. Purity and identity were determined by MALDI and HPLC (C-18 and/or SAX).
Example 26
Global Succinic Acid Modification of PMOplus




An appropriate amount of PMOplus (32 mg, 3.7 μmol) was weighed in to a vial (4 ml) and dissolved in DMSO (500 ul). N-ethyl morpholino (12 mg, 100 μmol) and succinic anhydride (10 mg, 100 μmol) were added to the reaction mixture, and it was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. Reaction progress was monitored by MALDI and HPLC.
Once complete, 1% ammonia in water was added to the reaction mixture, and it was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. This solution was loaded on to an SPE column (2 cm), The vial was rinsed with 1% ammonia solution (2×2 ml), and the SPE column was washed with 1% ammonia in water (3×6 ml). Product was eluted with 45% acetonitrile in 1% ammonia in water (6 ml). Fractions containing oligomer were identified by UV optical density measurement. Product was isolated by lyophilization. Purity and identity were determined by MALDI and HPLC (C-18 and/or SAX).
The above procedure is applicable to glutartic acid (glutaric anhydride) and tetramethyleneglutaric acid (tetramethyleneglutaric anhydride) modification of PMOplus as well.




Example 27
Treatment of Mdx Mice with Exemplary PMO Oligomers of the Invention
The MDX mouse is an accepted and well-characterized animal model for Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD) containing a mutation in exon 23 of the dystrophin gene. The M23D antisense sequence (SEQ ID NO:15) is known to induce exon 23 skipping and restoration of functional dystrophin expression. MDX mice were dosed once (50 mg/kg) by tail vein injection with either M23D PMO+ oligomers (NG-09-0711, NG-10-0055, NG-10-0056) or two PMO compounds containing either the 4-aminopiperidinyl linkage (NG-10-0070 containing the PMOapn linkage described above and shown in FIG. 2) and the 4-succinamidopiperazinyl linkage (NG-10-0105 containing the PMOsuc linkage described above and shown in FIG. 2). A peptide-conjugated PMO (PPMO) was used as a positive control in the experiment (AVI-5225; SEQ ID NO: 16). All tested oligomer has the same antisense sequence, but varied by type of linkage or a peptide (in the case of AVI-5225, see Table 8)). One week post-injection, the MDX mice were sacrificed and RNA was extracted from various muscle tissues. End-point PCR was used to determine the relative abundance of dystrophin mRNA containing exon 23 and mRNA lacking exon 23 due to antisense-induced exon skipping. Percent exon 23 skipping is a measure of antisense activity in vivo. FIG. 5 shows the results from the quadriceps one week post-treatment. NG-10-0070 containing four cationic 4-aminopiperidinyl linkages shows a two-fold increase in activity compared to any of the PMO+ compounds (NG-10-0055, -0056 and -0057). The NG-10-0105 compound containing four anionic 4-succinamidopiperazinyl linkages was equally active compared to the PMO+ oligomers. As expected the AVI-5225 PPMO (peptide conjugated) compound was most effective due to the cell penetrating delivery peptide. The vehicle and WT C57 (wild-type mice) treatments were negative controls and did not express exon 23 skipped dystrophin mRNA.







TABLE 8







Sequences of Example 27











SEQ




ID


Name
Sequence (5′ to 3′)
NO





M23D
GGCCAAACCTCGGCTTACCTGAAAT
15


 


NG-09-0711
GGC CAA ACC +TCG GC+T TAC C+TG
N/A



AAA +T



 


NG-10-0055
GGC C+AA +ACC +TCG GC+T TAC C+TG
N/A



AAA T



 


NG-10-0056
GGC C+A+A +ACC TCG GCT TAC CTG
N/A



AAA T



 


NG-10-0057
GGC CAA ACC TCG GCT TAC C+TG
N/A



+A+A+A T



 


NG-10-0070
GGC CAA ACC apnTCG GCapnT TAC CapnTG
N/A



AAA apnT



 


NG-10-0105
GGC CAA ACC sucTCG GCsucT TAC CsucTG
N/A



AAA T



 


AVI-5225
GGCCAAACCTCGGCTTACCTGAAAT-
16



RAhxRRBRRAhxRRBRAhxB









Additional experiments in support of the invention were performed using a wider range of modified intersubunit linkages within the M23D PMO and used in the MDX mouse model as described above. A subset of the oligomers with the linkages are listed as above in Table 7. FIG. 6 shows the results from this expanded screen and shows the M23D oligomers with the highest activity are NG-10-0070, NG-10-0104, NG-10-0095 and NG-10-0133 comprising linkages b10, b54, b10 and b10, respectively (in FIG. 6, the labels on the x axis correspond to the last 3 digits of the compound ID#). The MDX mice received a single injection intravenously at a 50 mg/kg dose. Other active compounds shown in FIG. 6 are M23D PMO comprising terminal modifications and are described above in Table 6. All the compounds were compared to a PMO without any intersubunit or terminal modifications (SEQ ID NO:15).
Additional experiments in support of the invention used an even greater expansion of compounds with intersubunit and terminal linkages. Intersubunit linkage modifications are shown above in Table 9. Results using those compounds are shown below in Table 9. The results are ordered with the most active compounds at the top of the table.







TABLE 9







Exon 23 skipping in quadricep and diaphram tissue from MDX mice


treated with PMO-X compounds of the invention










Dose
Exon skip %











NG #
PMO-X modification
mg/kg
Quads
Diaph














NG-10-0383
PMO
30
61
20


NG-10-0325
triphenylphos
30
54
46


NG-10-0272
PMO-farnesyl
30
48
14


NG-10-0102
PMO
30
44
23


NG-10-0330
trimethoxybenzoyl
30
40
7


NG-10-0056
PMOplus 5′-pol
23
40
13


NG-07-0064
PMO-3′-trityl
30
37
24


NG-10-0382
PMO
30
36
18


NG-10-0278
PMOpyr
26
35
29


NG-10-0210
PMOapn
31
34
19


NG-10-0098
PMOpyr
30
31
19


NG-10-0070
PMOapn
30
30
10


NG-10-0095
PMOapn
30
30
11


NG-10-0317
PMO
30
30
17


NG-10-0477
PMO triMe Gly
30
28
32


NG-10-0133
PMOapn
30
28
17


NG-10-0387
PMO
30
28
25


NG-10-0104
PMOguan
30
27
14


NG-10-0420
PMOplus methyl
29
27
25


NG-10-0065
PMOtri
30
26
2


NG-10-0607
PMO-X
30
25
19


NG-10-0060
PMOcp
30
25
6


NG-10-0162
PMO-COCH2SH
30
25
8


NG-10-0328
diphenylacetyl
30
25
20


NG-10-0134
PMOapnPMOtri
30
23
2


NG-10-0386
PMO
30
22
11


NG-07-0064
PMO-3′-trityl
30
22
23


NG-10-0059
PMOcp
30
22
9


NG-10-0135
PMOtri
30
21
19


NG-10-0168
PMOapn PMOcys
30
21
6


NG-10-0113
PMOapnPMOtri
30
20
20


NG-10-0385
PMO
30
20
32


NG-10-0279
PMO
30
19
22


NG-10-0055
PMOplus disp
30
17
11


NG-10-0105
PMOsucc
30
16
4


NG-10-0805
PMO-X
30
16
21


NG-10-0811
PMO-X
32
16
6


NG-10-0057
PMOplus 3′-pol
30
15
16


NG-10-0625
PMO-X
28
15
11


NG-10-0804
Dimer
35
15
11


NG-10-0066
PMOtri
30
12
1


NG-10-0280
PMO disulfide
30
12
14


NG-10-0212
PMOapn
20
11
15


NG-10-0156
3′-MeOtrityl
30
10
22


NG-10-0062
PMOhex
30
9
10


NG-11-0043
PMO-X
30
9
16


NG-10-0206
PMOplus
31
8
10









Example 28
Treatment of Transgenic eGFP Mice with Exemplary PMO Oligomers of the Invention
Experiments in support of the invention used an eGFP-based assay for in vivo antisense activity and was used to evaluate oligomers comprising the modified intersubunit linkages of the invention. The transgenic eGFP mouse model in which the eGFP-654 transgene, is expressed uniformly throughout the body has been described (Sazani, Gemignani et al. 2002). This model uses a splicing assay for activity in which the modified oligomers of the present invention block aberrant splicing and restore correct splicing of the modified enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) pre-mRNA. In this approach, antisense activity of each oligomer is directly proportional to up-regulation of the eGFP reporter. As a result, the functional effects of the same oligomer can be monitored in almost every tissue. This is in contrast to oligomers targeted to genes whose expression is restricted to or is phenotypically relevant in only certain tissues. In the eGFP-654 mice, the pre-mRNA was readily detectable in all tissues although smaller amounts were found in the bone marrow, skin and brain. The level of translated eGFP is proportional to the potency of the antisense oligomers and their concentration at the site of action. RT-PCR of total RNA isolated from various tissues showed expression of eGFP-654 transcript in all tissues surveyed.
Tissues from eGFP-654 mice (n=6) treated with compound ranging from 5 to 150 mg/kg were collected 8 days post-dosing and frozen at −80° C. Tissues were thawed immediately prior to imaging on a GE Typhoon Trio, misted with PBS, and arrayed directly on the glass platen of the scanner. 50 micron scans to collect eGFP fluorescence were performed using the 488 nm excitation laser and 520 nm BP 40 emission filter with the focal plane at the platen surface. Tissue scans were analyzed using ImageQuant to determine average fluorescence across each tissue. Tissue fluorescence from 3-5 mice treated with vehicle only were averaged to yield an intrinsic background fluorescence measurement for each tissue type. Fold-fluorescence values of the corresponding tissues from compound-treated mice were calculated as the fraction of the vehicle tissue fluorescence. FIGS. 7B-C show the tissue specific activity in the eGFP-654 mouse model of two PMO containing exemplary intersubunit linkages of the invention, NG-10-0110 and NG-10-0323-, containing linkages b54 and b11, respectively. All of the oligomers tested are derived from the eGFP654 sequence (SEQ ID NO: 17). For comparison, results using a PMO having the same sequence, but lacking any intersubunit modifications is shown in FIG. 7A. NG-10-0110 (SEQ ID NO:17) had high activity in quadriceps and poor activity in liver (FIG. 7B) whereas NG-10-0323 had improved liver activity and muscle delivery (FIG. 7C).
Additional examples in support of the invention included experiments using eGFP (SEQ ID NO:17) oligomers modified using the linkages and terminal groups of the invention. As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, compared to PMO and PMOplus oligomers, several modified oligomers showed improved eGFP splice-correction activity in various tissues from mice treated as described above.
The specific PMO-X modifications of the compounds described in this example are shown below in Table 10.







TABLE 10





Sequences Used in Example 28


Showing Linkage Type


















NG-10-0110
GCguanT ATguanT ACC TguanTA ACC CAG


 



NG-10-0323
GCpyrT ATpyrT ACC TpyrTA ACC CAG


 



PMOplus; 
GC+T AT+T ACC +TTA ACC CAG



NG-10-0301



 



NG-10-0248
GCaT AaTaT ACC aTaTA ACC CAG


 



NG-10-0600 *
GCaT ATaT ACC TaTA ACC CAG


 



NG-10-0602 **
GCpT ATpT ACC TpTA ACC CAG


 



NG-10-0389
GCX ATX ACC TXA ACC CAG


 



NG-10-0247
GCpT ApTpT ACC TpTA ACC CAG


 



NG-10-0299
GCaT ATaT ACC TaTA ACC CAG


 



NG-10-0355 ***
GCaT ATaT ACC TaTA ACC CAG





* trimethyl glycine acylated product from NG-10-0299;


** pT = PMOpyr methylated to quaternary amine from NG-10-0323; X = PMOapn;


*** 3′ trityl






Example 29
Treatment of Influenza A Virus Infected Cells with Exemplary PMO Oligomers of the Invention
A series of PMO containing various modified intersubunit linkages was prepared and used to treat influenza A virus-infected cells in culture. The PMO and PMO containing the modified intersubunit linkages of the present inventions were all designed to target the viral M1/M2 segment at the AUG start codon and have one of two base sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4). PMO with the modified intersubunit linkages of the present invention are listed in Table 4 and identified by the NG number designation in the Sequence Listing Table below. Inhibition of influenza A virus replication by antisense targeting of multiple sites within the M1/M2 segment is described in co-owned and co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 12/945,081 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In addition to inhibition of translation by targeting the common M1/M2 AUG start site, splice donor and splice acceptor sites can also be targeted using compounds of the invention.
An alveolar murine macrophage cell line (ATCC; AMJ2-C11) was infected at 0.1 MOI with H1N1 (strain PR8) and 1 hour post-infection PMO were added. Cells were incubated at 35 degrees C. overnight. Viral supernatant was then taken and incubated with VNAR protease to release viral RNA. HA RNA was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Cells were washed, fixed, and permeabilized. M1 and M2 proteins were then probed with monoclonal antibodies for 30 min at 37 degrees C. Cells were washed and anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa 646 was added for 15 min at room temperature. M1 and M2 were then assayed by flow cytometry. To determine M1 and M2 protein levels, the percent of M1 or M2 positive cells was multiplied by the mean flourescent intensity of M1 or M2. Each sample was then divided by the untreated control to generate the percent of M1 or M2 compared to untreated scramble controls.
FIG. 8 shows the reduction in viral M2 protein levels from cells treated with various compounds of the disclosure. The flow cytometry method described above was used to determine relative M2 protein expression after treatment at 60 micromolar. The oligomers inhibited the production of the M2 protein to varying degrees with NG-10-180 (SEQ ID NO: 3) containing linkage b1 being the most active. Results using PMO without any intersubunit modifications is shown in FIG. 8 as NG-10-0015 (SEQ ID NO:3) for comparison.
Example 30
Treatment of Influenza A Virus Infected Mice In Vivo with Exemplary PMO Oligomers of the Invention
Additional experiments in support of the invention were performed using Balb/c mice infected with the PR8 strain of influenza A. Mice were infected with 3.5 TCID50 via an intranasal inoculation after being treated 4 hours prior with PMO-X compounds of the invention. In some experiments an additional dose of PMO-X was administered at 96 hr post-infection. All doses consisted of 100 micrograms of test compound in 50 microliters of PBS and were administered by intranasal insufflation. The weight of the animals were monitored daily and was used as a clinical endpoint for antiviral drug activity. At day 7 post-infection the animals were sacrificed and lungs were harvested for viral load determinations using the qRT-PCR method described above in Example 29.
TCID50 determinations were made using half-log serial dilutions of the lung homogenates and plated onto AMJ-C12 macrophage cells. After 24 hr at 35 degrees C., the media was changed and incubated for an additional 72 h at 35 degrees C. 50 mL of a solution of 0.5% chicken RBC in PBS was added and incubated for 1 h at 4 degrees C. Hemagglutination pattern was read and TCID50 were calculated using the Reed and Muench method. TCID50 values were then normalized to input tissue weight.
As shown in FIG. 9, PMO-X compounds show increased antiviral activity and decreased weight loss compared to a PMOplus compound after H1N1 infection. Balb/c mice (n=4) were infected with H1N1 and given a single 100 microgram dose of PMO 4 hours prior to infection. Mice were weighed daily and percent weight loss was determined from pre-infection weight. Lungs were harvested day 7 post-infection and assayed for viral load by TCID50. Results are presented as the fold increase in antiviral activity over naked PMO. This experiment shows approximately 50-fold increased antiviral activity of two PMO-X compounds (NG-10-0097 and NG-11-0173; SEQ ID NO:3) compared to un-modified PMO (NG-10-0015; SEQ ID NO: 3) and approximately 10-fold higher activity compared to a PMOplus compound (NG-11-0170; SEQ ID NO: 3).
FIG. 10 shows a similar experiment to that described for FIG. 9 using body weight as a clinical measurement of antiviral activity. Relative to the PMOplus compound (NG-11-0170) several PMO-X compounds showed superior results including compounds containing succinoyl (NG-10-0108), isopropyl piperazine (NG-11-0148) and pyrollidone (NG-11-0173) linkages and a PMOplus compound modified with a 3′ terminal benzhydryl group (NG-11-0145).
Example 31
Preparation of an Oligonucleotide Analogue Comprising a Modified Terminal Group
To a solution of a 25-mer PMO containing a free 3′-end (27.7 mg, 3.226 μmol) in DMSO (3004) was added farnesyl bromide (1.75 μl, 6.452 μmol) and diisopropylethylamine (2.24 μL, 12.9 mop. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. The crude reaction mixture was diluted with 10 mL of 1% aqueous NH4OH, and then loaded onto a 2 mL Amberchrome CG300M column. The column was then rinsed with 3 column volumes of water, and the product was eluted with 6 mL of 1:1 acetonitrile and water (v/v). The solution was then lyophilized to obtain the title compound as a white solid.
Example 32
Preparation of Morpholino Oligomers
Preparation of trityl piperazine phenyl carbamate 35 (see FIG. 3): To a cooled suspension of compound 11 in dichloromethane (6 mL/g 11) was added a solution of potassium carbonate (3.2 eq) in water (4 mL/g potassium carbonate). To this two-phase mixture was slowly added a solution of phenyl chloroformate (1.03 eq) in dichloromethane (2 g/g phenyl chloroformate). The reaction mixture was warmed to 20° C. Upon reaction completion (1-2 hr), the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water, and dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate. The product 35 was isolated by crystallization from acetonitrile. Yield=80%
Preparation of carbamate alcohol 36: Sodium hydride (1.2 eq) was suspended in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (32 mL/g sodium hydride). To this suspension were added triethylene glycol (10.0 eq) and compound 35 (1.0 eq). The resulting slurry was heated to 95° C. Upon reaction completion (1-2 hr), the mixture was cooled to 20° C. To this mixture was added 30% dichloromethane/methyl tert-butyl ether (v:v) and water. The product-containing organic layer was washed successively with aqueous NaOH, aqueous succinic acid, and saturated aqueous sodium chloride. The product 36 was isolated by crystallization from dichloromethane/methyl tert-butyl ether/heptane. Yield=90%.
Preparation of Tail acid 37: To a solution of compound 36 in tetrahydrofuran (7 mL/g 36) was added succinic anhydride (2.0 eq) and DMAP (0.5 eq). The mixture was heated to 50° C. Upon reaction completion (5 hr), the mixture was cooled to 20° C. and adjusted to pH 8.5 with aqueous NaHCO3. Methyl tert-butyl ether was added, and the product was extracted into the aqueous layer. Dichloromethane was added, and the mixture was adjusted to pH 3 with aqueous citric acid. The product-containing organic layer was washed with a mixture of pH=3 citrate buffer and saturated aqueous sodium chloride. This dichloromethane solution of 37 was used without isolation in the preparation of compound 38.
Preparation of 38: To the solution of compound 37 was added N-hydroxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid imide (HONB) (1.02 eq), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (0.34 eq), and then 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) (1.1 eq). The mixture was heated to 55° C. Upon reaction completion (4-5 hr), the mixture was cooled to 20° C. and washed successively with 1:1 0.2 M citric acid/brine and brine. The dichloromethane solution underwent solvent exchange to acetone and then to N,N-dimethylformamide, and the product was isolated by precipitation from acetone/N,N-dimethylformamide into saturated aqueous sodium chloride. The crude product was reslurried several times in water to remove residual N,N-dimethylformamide and salts. Yield=70% of 38 from compound 36. Introduction of the activated “Tail” onto the disulfide anchor-resin was performed in NMP by the procedure used for incorporation of the subunits during solid phase synthesis.
Preparation of the Solid Support for Synthesis of Morpholino Oligomers: This procedure was performed in a silanized, jacketed peptide vessel (custom made by ChemGlass, NJ, USA) with a coarse porosity (40-60 μm) glass frit, overhead stirrer, and 3-way Teflon stopcock to allow N2 to bubble up through the frit or a vacuum extraction. Temperature control was achieved in the reaction vessel by a circulating water bath.
The resin treatment/wash steps in the following procedure consist of two basic operations: resin fluidization and solvent/solution extraction. For resin fluidization, the stopcock was positioned to allow N2 flow up through the frit and the specified resin treatment/wash was added to the reactor and allowed to permeate and completely wet the resin. Mixing was then started and the resin slurry mixed for the specified time. For solvent/solution extraction, mixing and N2 flow were stopped and the vacuum pump was started and then the stopcock was positioned to allow evacuation of resin treatment/wash to waste. All resin treatment/wash volumes were 15 mL/g of resin unless noted otherwise.
To aminomethylpolystyrene resin (100-200 mesh;  ̃1.0 mmol/g N2 substitution; 75 g, 1 eq, Polymer Labs, UK, part #1464-X799) in a silanized, jacketed peptide vessel was added 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP; 20 ml/g resin) and the resin was allowed to swell with mixing for 1-2 hr. Following evacuation of the swell solvent, the resin was washed with dichloromethane (2×1-2 min), 5% diisopropylethylamine in 25% isopropanol/dichloromethane (2×3-4 min) and dichloromethane (2×1-2 min). After evacuation of the final wash, the resin was fluidized with a solution of disulfide anchor 34 in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (0.17 M; 15 mL/g resin,  ̃2.5 eq) and the resin/reagent mixture was heated at 45° C. for 60 hr. On reaction completion, heating was discontinued and the anchor solution was evacuated and the resin washed with 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (4×3-4 min) and dichloromethane (6×1-2 min). The resin was treated with a solution of 10% (v/v) diethyl dicarbonate in dichloromethane (16 mL/g; 2×5-6 min) and then washed with dichloromethane (6×1-2 min). The resin 39 (see FIG. 4) was dried under a N2 stream for 1-3 hr and then under vacuum to constant weight (±2%). Yield: 110-150% of the original resin weight.
Determination of the Loading of Aminomethylpolystyrene-disulfide resin: The loading of the resin (number of potentially available reactive sites) is determined by a spectrometric assay for the number of triphenylmethyl (trityl) groups per gram of resin.
A known weight of dried resin (25±3 mg) is transferred to a silanized 25 ml volumetric flask and  ̃5 mL of 2% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane is added. The contents are mixed by gentle swirling and then allowed to stand for 30 min. The volume is brought up to 25 mL with additional 2% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane and the contents thoroughly mixed. Using a positive displacement pipette, an aliquot of the trityl-containing solution (500 μL) is transferred to a 10 mL volumetric flask and the volume brought up to 10 mL with methanesulfonic acid.
The trityl cation content in the final solution is measured by UV absorbance at 431.7 nm and the resin loading calculated in trityl groups per gram resin (μmol/g) using the appropriate volumes, dilutions, extinction coefficient (ε: 41 μmol-1 cm-1) and resin weight. The assay is performed in triplicate and an average loading calculated.
The resin loading procedure in this example will provide resin with a loading of approximately 500 μmol/g. A loading of 300-400 in μmol/g was obtained if the disulfide anchor incorporation step is performed for 24 hr at room temperature.
Tail loading: Using the same setup and volumes as for the preparation of aminomethylpolystyrene-disulfide resin, the Tail can be introduced into the molecule. For the coupling step, a solution of 38 (0.2 M) in NMP containing 4-ethylmorpholine (NEM, 0.4 M) was used instead of the disulfide anchor solution. After 2 hr at 45° C., the resin 39 was washed twice with 5% diisopropylethylamine in 25% isopropanol/dichloromethane and once with DCM. To the resin was added a solution of benzoic anhydride (0.4 M) and NEM (0.4 M). After 25 min, the reactor jacket was cooled to room temperature, and the resin washed twice with 5% diisopropylethylamine in 25% isopropanol/dichloromethane and eight times with DCM. The resin 40 was filtered and dried under high vacuum. The loading for resin 40 is defined to be the loading of the original aminomethylpolystyrene-disulfide resin 39 used in the Tail loading.
Solid Phase Synthesis: Morpholino Oligomers were prepared on a Gilson AMS-422 Automated Peptide Synthesizer in 2 mL Gilson polypropylene reaction columns (Part #3980270). An aluminum block with channels for water flow was placed around the columns as they sat on the synthesizer. The AMS-422 will alternatively add reagent/wash solutions, hold for a specified time, and evacuate the columns using vacuum.
For oligomers in the range up to about 25 subunits in length, aminomethylpolystyrene-disulfide resin with loading near 500 μmol/g of resin is preferred. For larger oligomers, aminomethylpolystyrene-disulfide resin with loading of 300-400 μmol/g of resin is preferred. If a molecule with 5′-Tail is desired, resin that has been loaded with Tail is chosen with the same loading guidelines.
The following reagent solutions were prepared:
Detritylation Solution: 10% Cyanoacetic Acid (w/v) in 4:1 dichloromethane/acetonitrile; Neutralization Solution: 5% Diisopropylethylamine in 3:1 dichloromethane/isopropanol; Coupling Solution: 0.18 M (or 0.24 M for oligomers having grown longer than 20 subunits) activated Morpholino Subunit of the desired base and linkage type and 0.4 M N ethylmorpholine, in 1,3-dimethylimidazolidinone. Dichloromethane (DCM) was used as a transitional wash separating the different reagent solution washes.
On the synthesizer, with the block set to 42° C., to each column containing 30 mg of aminomethylpolystyrene-disulfide resin (or Tail resin) was added 2 mL of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and allowed to sit at room temperature for 30 min. After washing with 2 times 2 mL of dichloromethane, the following synthesis cycle was employed:
















Step
Volume
Delivery
Hold time






















Detritylation
1.5 mL
Manifold
15
seconds



Detritylation
1.5 mL
Manifold
15
seconds



Detritylation
1.5 mL
Manifold
15
seconds



Detritylation
1.5 mL
Manifold
15
seconds



Detritylation
1.5 mL
Manifold
15
seconds



Detritylation
1.5 mL
Manifold
15
seconds



Detritylation
1.5 mL
Manifold
15
seconds



DCM
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



Neutralization
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



Neutralization
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



Neutralization
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



Neutralization
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



Neutralization
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



Neutralization
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



DCM
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



Coupling
350 uL-500 uL
Syringe
40
minutes



DCM
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



Neutralization
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



Neutralization
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



DCM
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



DCM
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds



DCM
1.5 mL
Manifold
30
seconds










The sequences of the individual oligomers were programmed into the synthesizer so that each column receives the proper coupling solution (A,C,G,T,I) in the proper sequence. When the oligomer in a column had completed incorporation of its final subunit, the column was removed from the block and a final cycle performed manually with a coupling solution comprised of 4-methoxytriphenylmethyl chloride (0.32 M in DMI) containing 0.89 M 4-ethylmorpholine.
Cleavage from the resin and removal of bases and backbone protecting groups: After methoxytritylation, the resin was washed 8 times with 2 mL 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. One mL of a cleavage solution consisting of 0.1 M 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) and 0.73 M triethylamine in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone was added, the column capped, and allowed to sit at room temperature for 30 min. After that time, the solution was drained into a 12 mL Wheaton vial. The greatly shrunken resin was washed twice with 300 μL of cleavage solution. To the solution was added 4.0 mL conc aqueous ammonia (stored at −20° C.), the vial capped tightly (with Teflon lined screw cap), and the mixture swirled to mix the solution. The vial was placed in a 45° C. oven for 16-24 hr to effect cleavage of base and backbone protecting groups.
Initial Oligomer Isolation: The vialed ammonolysis solution was removed from the oven and allowed to cool to room temperature. The solution was diluted with 20 mL of 0.28% aqueous ammonia and passed through a 2.5×10 cm column containing Macroprep HQ resin (BioRad). A salt gradient (A: 0.28% ammonia with B: 1 M sodium chloride in 0.28% ammonia; 0-100% B in 60 min) was used to elute the methoxytrityl containing peak. The combined fractions were pooled and further processed depending on the desired product.
Demethoxytritylation of Morpholino Oligomers: The pooled fractions from the Macroprep purification were treated with 1 M H3PO4 to lower the pH to 2.5. After initial mixing, the samples sat at room temperature for 4 min, at which time they are neutralized to pH 10-11 with 2.8% ammonia/water. The products were purified by solid phase extraction (SPE).
Amberchrome CG-300M (Rohm and Haas; Philadelphia, Pa.) (3 mL) is packed into 20 mL fitted columns (BioRad Econo-Pac Chromatography Columns (732-1011)) and the resin rinsed with 3 mL of the following: 0.28% NH4OH/80% acetonitrile; 0.5M NaOH/20% ethanol; water; 50 mM H3PO4/80% acetonitrile; water; 0.5 NaOH/20% ethanol; water; 0.28% NH4OH.
The solution from the demethoxytritylation was loaded onto the column and the resin rinsed three times with 3-6 mL 0.28% aqueous ammonia. A Wheaton vial (12 mL) was placed under the column and the product eluted by two washes with 2 mL of 45% acetonitrile in 0.28% aqueous ammonia. The solutions were frozen in dry ice and the vials placed in a freeze dryer to produce a fluffy white powder. The samples were dissolved in water, filtered through a 0.22 micron filter (Pall Life Sciences, Acrodisc 25 mm syringe filter, with a 0.2 micron HT Tuffryn membrane) using a syringe and the Optical Density (OD) was measured on a UV spectrophotometer to determine the OD units of oligomer present, as well as dispense sample for analysis. The solutions were then placed back in Wheaton vials for lyophilization.
Analysis of Morpholino Oligomers: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used to determine the composition of fractions in purifications as well as provide evidence for identity (molecular weight) of the oligomers. Samples were run following dilution with solution of 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (sinapinic acid), 3,4,5-trihydoxyacetophenone (THAP) or alpha-cyano-4-hydoxycinnamic acid (HCCA) as matrices.
Cation exchange (SCX) HPLC was performed using a Dionex ProPac SCX-10, 4×250 mm column (Dionex Corporation; Sunnyvale, Calif.) using 25 mM pH=5 sodium acetate 25% acetonitrile (Buffer A) and 25 mM pH=5 sodium acetate 25% acetonitrile 1.5 M potassium chloride (buffer B) (Gradient 10-100% B in 15 min) or 25 mM KH2PO4 25% acetonitrile at pH=3.5 (buffer A) and 25 mM KH2PO4 25% acetonitrile at pH=3.5 with 1.5 M potassium chloride (buffer B) (Gradient 0-35% B in 15 min). The former system was used for positively charged oligomers that do not have a peptide attached, while the latter was used for peptide conjugates.
Purification of Morpholino Oligomers by Cation Exchange Chromatography: The sample is dissolved in 20 mM sodium acetate, pH=4.5 (buffer A) and applied to a column of Source 30 cation exchange resin (GE Healthcare) and eluted with a gradient of 0.5 M sodium chloride in 20 mM sodium acetate and 40% acetonitrile, pH=4.5 (buffer B). The pooled fractions containing product are neutralized with conc aqueous ammonia and applied to an Amberchrome SPE column. The product is eluted, frozen, and lyophilized as above.







TABLE 11







Sequence Listing











SEQ


Name
Sequence (5′ to 3′)
ID NO





Dengue
CGGTCCACGTAGACTAACAACT
 1


 


JEV
GAAGTTCACACAGATAAACTTCT
 2


 


M1/M2AUG.20.22
CGGTTAGAAGACTCATCTTT
 3


 


M1/M2AUG.25.26
TTTCGACATCGGTTAGAAGACTCAT
 4


 


NP-AUG
GAGACGCCATGATGTGGATGTC
 5


 


Picornavirus
GAAACACGGACACCCAAAGTAGT
 6


 


Dengue 3′-CS
TCCCAGCGTCAATATGCTGTTT
 7


 


Arenaviruses
GCCTAGGATCCACGGTGCGC
 8


 


RSV-L target
GGGACAAAATGGATCCCATTATTA
 9



ATGGAAATTCTGCTAA



 


RSV-AUG-2
TAATGGGATCCATTTTGTCCC
10


 


RSV-AUG3
AATAATGGGATCCATTTTGTCCC
11


 


RSV-AUG4
CATTAATAATGGGATCCATTTTGTCCC
12


 


RSV-AUG5
GAATTTCCATTAATAATGGGATCCATTTTG
13


 


RSV-AUG6
CAGAATTTCCATTAATAATGGGATCCATT
14


 


M23D
GGCCAAACCTCGGCTTACCTGAAAT
15


 


AVI-5225
GGCCAAACCTCGGCTTACCTGAAAT-
16/79



RAhxRRBRRAhxRRBRAhxB



 


eGFP654
GCTATTACCTTAACCCAG
17


 


huMSTN target
GAAAAAAGATTATATTGATTTTAAAATCAT
18



GCAAAAACTGCAACTCTGTGTT



 


muMSTN25-104
CATACATTTGCAGTTTTTGCATCAT
19


 


muMSTN25-183
TCATTTTTAAAAATCAGCACAATCTT
20


 


muMSTN25-194
CAGTTTTTGCATCATTTTTAAAAATC
21


 


Exon44-A
GATCTGTCAAATCGCCTGCAGGTAA
22


 


Exon44-B
AAACTGTTCAGCTTCTGTTAGCCAC
23


 


Exon44-C
TTGTGTCTTTCTGAGAAACTGTTCA
24


 


Exon45-A
CTGACAACAGTTTGCCGCTGCCCAA
25


 


Exon45-B
CCAATGCCATCCTGGAGTTCCTGTAA
26


 


Exon45-C
CATTCAATGTTCTGACAACAGTTTGCCGCT
27


 


Exon50-A
CTTACAGGCTCCAATAGTGGTCAGT
28


 


Exon50-B
CCACTCAGAGCTCAGATCTTCTAACTTCC
29


 


Exon50-C
GGGATCCAGTATACTTACAGGCTCC
30


 


Exon51-A
ACATCAAGGAAGATGGCATTTCTAGTTTGG
31


 


Exon51-B
CTCCAACATCAAGGAAGATGGCATTTCTAG
32


 


Exon51-C
GAGCAGGTACCTCCAACATCAAGGAA
33


 


Exon53-A
CTGAAGGTGTTCTTGTACTTCATCC
34


 


Exon53-B
TGTTCTTGTACTTCATCCCACTGATTCTGA
35


 


SMN2-A
CTTTCATAATGCTGGCAG
36


 


SMN2-B
CATAATGCTGGCAG
37


 


SMN2-C
GCTGGCAG
38


 


CAG 9mer
CAG CAG CAG
39


 


CAG 12mer
CAG CAG CAG CAG
40


 


CAG 15mer
CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG
41


 


CAG 18mer
CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG
42


 


AGC 9mer
AGC AGC AGC
43


 


AGC 12mer
AGC AGC AGC AGC
44


 


AGC 15mer
AGC AGC AGC AGC AGC
45


 


AGC 18mer
AGC AGC AGC AGC AGC AGC
46


 


GCA 9mer
GCA GCA GCA
47


 


GCA 12mer
GCA GCA GCA GCA
48


 


GCA 15mer
GCA GCA GCA GCA GCA
49


 


GCA 18mer
GCA GCA GCA GCA GCA GCA
50


 


AGC 25mer
AGC AGC AGC AGC AGC AGC
51



AGC AGC A



 


CAG 25mer
CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG
52



CAG CAG C



 


CAGG 9mer
CAG GCA GGC
53


 


CAGG 12mer
CAG GCA GGC AGG
54


 


CAGG 24mer
CAG GCA GGC AGG CAG GCA
55



GGC AGG



 







Arginine-Rich Cell Penetrating Peptides









rTAT
RRRQRRKKR
56


 


Tat
RKKRRQRRR
57


 


R9F2
RRRRRRRRRFF
58


 


R5F2R4
RRRRRFFRRRR
59


 


R4
RRRR
60


 


R5
RRRRR
61


 


R6
RRRRRR
62


 


R7
RRRRRRR
63


 


R8
RRRRRRRR
64


 


R9
RRRRRRRRR
65


 


(RAhxR)4;
RAhxRRAhxRRAhxRRAhxR
66


(P007)




 


(RAhxR)5;
RAhxRRAhxRRAhxRRAhxRRAhxR
67


(CP04057)




 


(RAhxRRBR)2;
RAhxRRBRRAhxRRBR
68


(CP06062)




 


(RAR)4F2
RARRARRARRARFFC
69


 


(RGR)4F2
RGRRGRRGRRGRFFC
70









The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.

## Claims

1. A morpholino subunit, wherein the morpholino subunit has the following structure (XXXI)




or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, wherein:
B is a base-pairing moiety;
W is S or O;
X is —NR8R9 or —OR3; and
Y is O or —NR10,
R8 is hydrogen or C2-C12 alkyl;
R9 is hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aralkyl or aryl;
R10 is hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl or LNR4R5R7, wherein:

R4 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl, —C(═NH)NH2, —J-L-NHC(═NH)NH2 or —[C(O)CHR′NH]mH, where —J is carbonyl (C(O)) or a direct bond, R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid or a one- or two-carbon homolog thereof, and m is 1 to 6;
R5 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl, or an electron pair;
R7 is, at each occurrence, independently C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkoxyalkyl; and
L is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length comprising alkyl, alkoxy, or alkylamino groups, or combinations thereof;
wherein R8 and R9, together with the atom to which they are attached, join to form a 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle, or
R8, R9 or R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, join with R10 to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle, and wherein when X is 4-piperazinyl, X has the following structure (III):




wherein:
R11 is C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, C1-C12 alkylcarbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, wherein the C1-C12 alkyl of the C1-C12 alkylcarbonyl is not C1-C3 haloalkyl; and
R is an electron pair, hydrogen or C1-C12 alkyl; and
R12 is at each occurrence, independently, hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, —NH2, —CONH2, —NR13R14, —NR13R14R15, C1-C12 alkylcarbonyl, oxo, —CN, trifluoromethyl, amidyl, amidinyl, amidinylalkyl, amidinylalkylcarbonyl guanidinyl, guanidinylalkyl, guanidinylalkylcarbonyl, cholate, deoxycholate, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —SR13 or C1-C12 alkoxy, wherein R13, R14 and R15 are, at each occurrence, independently C1-C12 alkyl; and
Z is halo or a linkage to a solid support; and
PG is C7-C30 aralkyl.

2. The morpholino subunit of claim 1, wherein Z is chloro.

3. The morpholino subunit of claim 1, wherein PG is trityl or methoxy trityl.

4. The morpholino subunit of claim 1, wherein R8 and R9, together with the atom to which they are attached, join to form a 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle, and the morpholino subunit has the following structure (IV′):




wherein Cy represents a 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle.

5. The morpholino subunit of claim 4, wherein the 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle has one of the following structures (III), (V), (VI), (VII) or (VIII):

6. The morpholino subunit of claim 5, wherein the 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle has structure (V).

7. The morpholino subunit of claim 5, wherein at least one R12 has the following structure (IX):




wherein R16 is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 alkoxy, —CN, aryl or heteroaryl.

8. The morpholino subunit of claim 5, wherein at least one R12 is —NH2, —N(CH3)2 or —N+(CH3)3.

9. The morpholino subunit of claim 5, wherein at least one R12 is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or morpholinyl.

10. The morpholino subunit of claim 5, wherein at least one R12 is oxo, trifluoromethyl guanidynyl or nitrile.

11. The morpholino subunit of claim 5, wherein R11 is ethyl, isopropyl, piperidinyl, pyrimidinyl, cholate, deoxycholate or —C(═O)(CH2)—CO2H, where n is 1 to 6.

12. The morpholino subunit of claim 4, wherein the 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle is a crown ether.

13. The morpholino subunit of claim 12, wherein the crown ether has one of the following structures (X) or (XI):

14. The morpholino subunit of claim 1, wherein R8, R9 or R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, join with R10 to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle, and the morpholino subunit has the following structure (XII′):




wherein Cy′ represents a 5-7 membered heterocycle.

15. The morpholino subunit of claim 14, wherein the morpholino subunit has the following structure (XIII′):

16. The morpholino subunit of claim 1, wherein the morpholino subunit has one of the following structures:

17. The morpholino subunit of claim 16, wherein the morpholino subunit has the following structure:

18. The morpholino subunit of claim 1, wherein B is selected from adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U), hypoxanthine, and 5-methyl cytosine.