SUMMARY MEMORANDUM AND OPINION; NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

PERFORMANCE CONTRACTING, INC., 

 

Plaintiff, 

 v. 

RAPID RESPONSE CONSTRUCTION, 

INC., 

 

Defendant. 

 

Civil Action No. 09-cv-00639 (RLW) 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

Plaintiff Performance Contracting, Inc. (“Performance”) brings this action against 

Defendant Rapid Response Construction, Inc. (“Rapid”). Performance alleges that it 

accidentally overpaid Rapid for its work under a construction subcontract. Performance further 

alleges that Rapid’s refusal to repay this amount results in a material breach of contract (Count 

I), and that Rapid is unjustly enriched as a result of its continued retention of this payment 

(Count II). This matter is presently before the Court on Rapid’s Motion to Dismiss the 

Complaint with Prejudice or, in the Alternative, for Summary Judgment. Having considered the 

Motion, Opposition, and Reply, Rapid’s Motion is denied. 

I. BACKGROUND1

Performance entered into a subcontract agreement with Rapid to perform certain 

construction work. Compl. ¶ 8. The subcontract included a provision that Performance would 

withhold five percent (5%) of the contract value owed to Rapid, called the retention, until 

                                                            

1

 Unless otherwise noted, this account of the facts reflects the factual allegations in 

Performance’s complaint and does not incorporate Rapid’s response to those factual allegations. 
SUMMARY MEMORANDUM AND OPINION; NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION. 

2

Performance received final payment from the general contractor, Hunt Construction Group, Inc. 

(“Hunt”), and the project was completed. Id. ¶ 9 and Ex. 1, Subcontract Attachment C § 7. 

Initially, Rapid and a company called Blake & Day Construction (“B&D”) subcontracted 

as a joint venture to Performance. Comp. ¶ 11. However, a dispute arose between the parties, 

and B&D filed a lawsuit naming Rapid, Hunt, and Performance as defendants. Id. The parties 

eventually settled the litigation, and as part of the settlement terms, Hunt and Performance 

agreed to escrow all proceeds from the contracts related to Rapid, with Rapid and B&D to decide 

independently how to distribute the escrowed proceeds. Id. 

After the project was completed, Performance performed a routine audit in September 

2006 and discovered that Performance had inadvertently paid Rapid the same $166,147.00 

retention amount twice. Id. ¶ 12. Performance informed Rapid of the double payment and 

attempted to make arrangements for refund/return of the extra $166,147.00. Id. ¶ 13. 

Thereafter, Performance met with officials from Rapid who acknowledged the overpayment and 

began negotiating how Rapid could repay Performance. Id. ¶ 14. On February 24, 2009, 

Performance sent Rapid a letter and supporting documentation regarding the overpayment via 

United Parcel Service (UPS). Id. ¶ 15 & Ex. 3 (2/24/2009 Letter & Exhibits). UPS delivered the 

package to Rapid on February 25, but it was returned to Performance a month later, having been 

opened and taped shut bearing a notation from UPS that “RECEIVER DID NOT WANT, 

REFUSED DELIVERY” and indicating that the original receiver was Rapid Response. Comp. ¶ 

15 & Ex. 5 (UPS Return). 

Rapid has failed or otherwise refused to refund the overpayment amount of $166,147.00. 

Comp. ¶ 16. In its Complaint, Performance claims that Rapid’s failure to remit a refund of the 

overpayment after being timely notified is a material breach of the subcontract agreement. 
SUMMARY MEMORANDUM AND OPINION; NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION. 

3

Comp. ¶¶ 17-23. Performance also claims that Rapid did not earn the additional $166,147.00, 

and has thus been unjustly enriched by the accidental overpayment. Id. ¶¶ 24-30. 

II. LEGAL STANDARD 

“To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain sufficient 

factual matter, acceptable as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” 

Anderson v. Holder, 691 F.Supp.2d 57, 61 (D.D.C. 2010) (brackets omitted) (quoting Ashcroft v. 

Iqbal, --- U.S. ----, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. 

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)) (internal quotes 

omitted). 

A court considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion must construe the complaint in the light most 

favorable to plaintiff and must accept as true all reasonable factual inferences drawn from wellpleaded factual allegations. In re United Mine Workers of Am. Employee Benefit Plans Litig., 

854 F.Supp. 914, 915 (D.D.C. 1994). 

In deciding a motion brought under Rule 12(b)(6), a court does not consider matters 

outside the pleadings, but may consider on a motion to dismiss “the facts alleged in the 

complaint, documents attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the complaint.” 

Gustave-Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F.Supp.2d 191, 196 (D.D.C.2002). 

However, when the Court must consider “matters outside the pleadings” to reach its 

conclusion, a motion to dismiss “must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d); see also Yates v. District of Columbia, 324 F.3d 724, 725 (D.C. Cir. 2003); 

Winston v. Clough, 712 F.Supp.2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2010) (“[W]here both parties submit material 

outside the pleadings and the parties are not taken by surprise or deprived of a reasonable 

opportunity to contest facts averred outside the pleadings and the issues involved are discrete 
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4

legal issues, the court may convert the motion to a motion for summary judgment without 

providing notice or the opportunity for discovery to the parties.”) (internal citations omitted). 

Summary judgment is appropriately granted when the moving party demonstrates that 

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that moving party is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law. Moore v. Hartman, 571 F.3d 62, 66 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) 

and Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986)). “In considering a motion for 

summary judgment, [a court is to draw] all ‘justifiable inferences' from the evidence ... in favor 

of the nonmovant.” Cruz-Packer v. Dist. of Columbia, 539 F.Supp.2d 181, 189 (D.D.C. 2008) 

(quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255); Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 

U.S. 574, 587 (1986). 

III. DISCUSSION 

Rapid argues that Performance’s claims should be dismissed because the claims are timebarred. Def.’s Mem. at 7. The parties agree that under District of Columbia law, a three-year 

statute of limitations applies to claims for breach of contract and unjust enrichment. See D.C. 

Code § 12-301(7)-(8). Plaintiff filed its complaint on April 6, 2009. Thus, any claims that 

accrue prior to April 6, 2006—three years before the filing of the complaint—are time-barred. 

Dismissal based on the affirmative defense of statute of limitations is appropriate when 

the facts giving rise to the defense are clear from the face of the complaint. Smith – Haynie v. 

Dist. of Columbia, 155 F.3d 575, 578 (D.C. Cir. 1998). “[B]ecause statute of limitations issues 

often depend on contested questions of fact, dismissal is appropriate only if the complaint on its 

face is conclusively time-barred.” Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1209 (D.C. Cir. 1996). 

The Court may dismiss a claim on statute of limitations grounds if “no reasonable person could 

disagree on the date” on which the cause of action accrued. Smith v. Brown & Williamson 
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5

Tobacco Corp., 3 F.Supp.2d 1473, 1475 (D.D.C. 1998) (citing Kuwait Airways Corp. v. Am. 

Sec. Bank, N.A., 890 F.2d 456, 463 n. 11 (D.C. Cir. 1989)). 

Rapid contends that Performance’s claims should be dismissed because the overpayment 

that serves as a basis for those claims occurred no later than May 6, 2005. Def.’s Mot. at 8. In 

its opposition, Performance explains that the overpayment actually occurred in August 2006, 

when Performance made its payment to Rapid pursuant to the 2006 Settlement Agreement. Pl.’s 

Opp’n at 3. While Performance does not explicitly state in the body of the Complaint when the 

alleged overpayment was made, the August 2006 payment is reflected in accounting statements 

attached as exhibits to the Complaint. Because Rapid has failed to satisfy its burden to 

demonstrate that Performance’s claims are “conclusively time-barred” on the face of the 

complaint, the Court declines to dismiss Performance’s claims on statute of limitations grounds 

at this time. 

Alternatively, Rapid asks the Court to grant summary judgment in its favor based on the 

same statute of limitations argument. Rapid argues that the August 2006 Settlement Agreement 

establishes that Performance’s August 9, 2006 payment made pursuant to the Settlement 

Agreement cannot form the basis for its claims, and that the operative date for accrual of 

Performance’s claims is December 14, 2005, the date of the last payment made to Rapid under 

the subcontract agreement. Def.’s Mot. at 10. However, it is not clear from the face of the 

Settlement Agreement that payments made pursuant to the agreement are unrelated to the 

subcontract agreement at issue in Performance’s breach of contract claim. Indeed, the 2006 

Settlement Agreement contains multiple references to the “PCI–Rapid Response Subsubcontract” that appear to be related to the construction of the Embassy Suites Hotel in 

Washington, D.C. Thus, the 2006 Settlement Agreement does not conclusively establish that the 
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6

alleged overpayment occurred more than three years before Performance filed its complaint.2 

Rapid has not met its burden to demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. The 

timing of the overpayment that forms the basis for Performance’s claims remains a genuine issue 

of material fact in dispute that precludes an award of summary judgment in Rapid’s favor. 

Accordingly, the Court denies Rapid’s motion on summary judgment grounds as well. 

IV. CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the Complaint, or in the 

Alternative, for Summary Judgment is DENIED. An Order consistent with this Memorandum 

will be issued. 

SO ORDERED. 

Date: June 27, 2011 /s/ 

 Robert L. Wilkins 

 United States District Judge 

                                                            

2

 Rapid’s motion includes additional arguments related to the 2006 Settlement Agreement. 

Rapid argues, inter alia, that the Settlement Agreement provided that payment be made to a trust 

account rather than Rapid directly; and that the Settlement Agreement contains “iron-clad 

releases” that were bargained for in settlement of the litigation. Pl.’s Mot. at 8. These additional 

arguments would appear to contradict Rapid’s claim that the 2006 Settlement Agreement has no 

relation to the contract at issue; nonetheless, these defenses are unrelated to Rapid’s statute of 

limitations defense and are not properly brought before the Court in the instant motion.