CERTIFICATIONOF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

|   | a. | Designed such disclosure controls      and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be      designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information      relating to the      registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us      by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which      this report is being prepared;  |
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|   | b. | Designed such internal control      over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over      financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide      reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and      the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in      accordance with generally accepted accounting      principles;              |

|   | c. | Evaluated the effectiveness of the      registrant’s disclosure controls and      procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the      effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the      end of the period      covered by this report based on such evaluation; and                                                                                                                       |
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|   | d. | Disclosed in this report any      change in the registrant’s internal control over financial      reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the      registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the      case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably      likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial      reporting; and |

|   | a. | All significant deficiencies and      material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over      financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the      registrant’s ability to record, process,      summarize and report financial information; and |
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|   | b. | Any fraud, whether or not      material, that involves management or other employees who have a      significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial      reporting. |
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