United States Court of Appeals 

For the Seventh Circuit 

Chicago, Illinois 60604 

Submitted April 2, 2020*

Decided April 2, 2020 

Before 

DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge 

JOEL M. FLAUM, Circuit Judge 

AMY C. BARRETT, Circuit Judge

No. 19-2849 

LARRY D. HARRIS, JR., 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

JEFFREY C. MANLOVE and 

AMY GUNDERSON, 

 Defendants-Appellees.

 Appeal from the United States District 

Court for the Western District of Wisconsin. 

No. 17-cv-362-jdp 

James D. Peterson, 

Chief Judge. 

O R D E R 

After he assaulted and bloodied a correctional officer, Wisconsin prisoner Larry 

Harris consented to undergo a blood draw and testing for HIV. He did not consent, 

however, to have his blood tested for hepatitis, so when he found out that his blood had 

been tested for that purpose, he sued two prison health officials. The district court 

entered summary judgment for the defendants, concluding that qualified immunity 

shielded them from liability. We agree with the district court and affirm the judgment. 

*

 We have agreed to decide this case without oral argument because the briefs 

and record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would 

not significantly aid the court. FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C). 

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION 

To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 
No. 19-2849 Page 2 

In early 2016, while incarcerated at Columbia Correctional Institution, Harris 

assaulted a correctional officer. Other officers responding to the assault reported seeing 

“a lot” of blood on the floor. Harris maintains that he himself did not sustain any 

injuries and that he did not expose the officer to any bodily fluids. 

Wisconsin’s Department of Corrections has a policy that a prisoner who 

“significantly exposes” a prison employee to blood or other bodily fluid must be tested 

for HIV and hepatitis B and C. See DAI Policy #500.20.03. If a physician certifies that the 

employee has been significantly exposed to blood or bodily fluids, then the inmate must 

consent to be tested for HIV. If the inmate refuses testing, the prison may ask the local 

district attorney to seek a court order to compel the test. The inmate is also asked to 

authorize disclosure of the test results to the medical professionals treating the exposed 

employee. The policy does not mention whether additional consent is needed to test for 

hepatitis. 

Shortly after the assault, Harris was transferred to Waupun Correctional 

Institution, where a prison doctor, Jeffrey Manlove, was told to initiate the “significant 

exposure” protocol. Dr. Manlove attested that he did not recall who told him to initiate 

the protocol and did not know any details of the assault. He wrote an order for Harris 

to be tested for HIV and hepatitis B and C. Based on that order, prison nurse Amy 

Gunderson was instructed by her supervisor to ask Harris to consent to HIV testing and 

disclosure of the results. According to Harris, Gunderson told him that the assault 

necessitated HIV testing and that the test results would be sent to the primary-care 

provider of the officer whom he assaulted. Gunderson, Harris added, did not tell him 

about testing for hepatitis B and C. 

Harris signed the consent and disclosure form. On the form, he wrote that he 

agreed to the disclosure of his HIV test results, but not any other category of 

information, like drug abuse or mental health. His blood was then drawn. The sample, 

however, was sent for both HIV and hepatitis testing. The tests all came back negative. 

 

After learning that he had been tested for hepatitis in addition to HIV, Harris 

sued Dr. Manlove and Gunderson for misleading him about the scope of the blood 

draw and the intended use of the results. Had Dr. Manlove and Gunderson told him 

that he was going to be tested for hepatitis, he asserted, he would have refused consent 

(based on his belief that the testing for hepatitis is flawed). He next stated that 

Dr. Manlove used the “significant exposure” policy as a pretext to test him for HIV and 

hepatitis. Finally, he asserted that the defendants did not send the test results to the 
No. 19-2849 Page 3 

assaulted officer’s primary-care provider, further calling into question the purported 

justification for the blood draw. 

The district court screened the complaint and allowed Harris to proceed on 

claims that the defendants violated the Fourth Amendment by misleading him about 

being tested for only HIV and by testing his blood for an improper purpose. The court 

also allowed Harris to proceed on a claim that the blood draw violated his due-process 

rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. 

The defendants moved for summary judgment based on qualified immunity, 

arguing that no clearly established law would have put them on notice that it would be 

unconstitutional to test Harris’s blood for hepatitis B and C, given that he already had 

consented to testing for HIV. The district court agreed with the defendants and entered 

judgment against Harris. The court concluded first that the law was unsettled on 

whether it is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment for prison officials to conduct 

warrantless, unconsented blood draws of prisoners. To the extent Harris argued that the 

defendants lacked a legitimate reason to conduct the blood test, the court determined 

that Harris presented no evidence of any improper purpose: He had not refuted 

Dr. Manlove’s assertion that he initiated the testing protocol after being told that there 

was a significant-exposure incident, and the blood-test results were shared with a 

medical professional who was treating the officer who had been assaulted. Finally, the 

court concluded that inmates such as Harris had no clearly established right to due 

process under the Fourteenth Amendment to avoid an investigatory blood draw. 

 

On appeal, Harris primarily challenges the district court’s qualified immunity 

analysis on three related grounds. First, he maintains that the unconsented blood draw, 

which he contends was conducted without justification, was an unreasonable search 

under the Fourth Amendment and thus not protected by qualified immunity. 

In determining whether qualified immunity applies, we look to (1) whether the 

defendants violated a constitutional right, and (2) whether the constitutional right was 

clearly established. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009); Armstrong v. Daily, 

786 F.3d 529, 537 (7th Cir. 2015). The second prong here is dispositive: Even if we accept 

Harris’s argument at face value—that he did not give consent to the blood draw or 

testing, and that the defendants had no reason under Wisconsin’s “significant 

exposure” policy to test his blood—there is no clearly established law that such conduct 

violates the Fourth Amendment. True, a blood draw is a search, see Mitchell v. Wisconsin, 

139 S. Ct. 2525, 2534 (2019), but the scope of Fourth Amendment protections for 
No. 19-2849 Page 4 

prisoners in this context remains undefined. See, e.g., Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 

757, 771 (1966) (warrantless attempt to secure evidence of blood-alcohol content 

appropriate incident to petitioner’s arrest); Sparks v. Stutler, 71 F.3d 259, 261–62 (7th Cir. 

1995) (forced catheterization of inmate for urinalysis protected by qualified immunity). 

The closest corollary from our circuit is an unpublished order, Holm v. Casiana, 

759 F. App’x 500, 501–02 (7th Cir. 2019), in which we upheld the application of qualified 

immunity for the prison defendants because no clearly established law held that 

drawing blood from prisoners to test for drugs, without first obtaining a warrant, 

violates the Fourth Amendment. At most, the case law is unsettled over whether blood 

draws—conducted with or without cause—violate an inmate’s rights under the Fourth 

Amendment. 

Harris’s second qualified-immunity challenge is that the testing of his blood, 

apart from the draw itself, was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. But he 

cites no case in support, and the sparse case law addressing blood tests suggests that a 

blood draw is inseparable from testing for purposes of the Fourth Amendment. 

See United States v. Snyder, 852 F.2d 471, 473–74 (9th Cir. 1988) (“It seems clear, however, 

that Schmerber viewed the seizure and separate search of the blood as a single event for 

fourth amendment purposes.”). 

 

Third, Harris argues that the district court erred by dismissing his claim based on 

qualified immunity because, in his view, his protected interest in bodily integrity under 

the Fourteenth Amendment applied to the unconsented blood draw. Harris does not 

point us to any case recognizing an inmate’s due-process right to avoid a blood draw, 

nor have we found any. Although due-process claims under the Fourteenth 

Amendment include “matters relating to ... the right to bodily integrity,” Albright 

v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 272 (1994), case law has not clearly established that the 

Fourteenth Amendment protects against warrantless blood draws (whether under a 

theory of bodily integrity or another). The district court, therefore, properly entered 

judgment in favor of the defendants based on qualified immunity. 

Finally, Harris contends that the district court wrongly entered judgment for the 

defendants because their violation of the Department of Corrections’ blood test policy 

creates an independent federal cause of action. Harris is mistaken, however, as a 

violation of a state policy by itself does not give rise to a constitutional claim. See Tucker 

v. City of Chi., 907 F.3d 487, 494 (7th Cir. 2018). 

AFFIRMED