IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0365

Filed May 8, 2024

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

CHRISTY ANN GAINVORS,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Casey D. Jones, Judge.

Defendant appeals her conviction for third-degree theft. AFFIRMED.

Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Nan Jennisch, Assistant 

Appellate Defender, for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Martha E. Trout, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee.

Considered by Bower, C.J., Badding, J., and Carr, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 

(2024).
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CARR, Senior Judge.

Christy Gainvors appeals the judgment and sentence entered following a 

jury verdict finding her guilty of theft in the third degree, by deception, in violation 

of Iowa Code sections 714.1(3) and 714.2(3) (2020). She challenges the 

sufficiency of the evidence. 

Gainvors was an employee of All Tune and Lube Total Car Care. Over her 

fifteen-month employment, Gainvors had her personal vehicle as well as the 

vehicles of her mother and son serviced at the business. Under the employer’s

policy, employees were allowed to get personal vehicles serviced, but as was 

expected of any other customer, they were to pay for the work once completed. 

The owner, Russ Hotchkiss explained that if a vehicle left the premises with repairs 

unpaid “we have no leverage” to secure payment. On a few occasions, Gainvors 

paid for work to her personal or family vehicles using a debit or credit card. Other 

times, however, Gainvors charged the repairs to an account she opened in her 

own name with the business. Such charge accounts were ordinarily used for “fleet” 

customers, such as a business with many vehicles that are routinely brought in for 

service work. Employees were only permitted to charge service work to an 

account if Hotchkiss authorized the charge. And even then, Hotchkiss required an 

agreement and promissory note to be signed.1 

By the end of Gainvors’s employment, she had an outstanding balance of 

$1400.30 on her account. Hotchkiss first learned of the existence of the account 

1 Mechanics were not required to give security for work charged because their tools 

were at the business and Hotchkiss could hold their tools as collateral if they did 

not pay as required. This exception for mechanics did not extend to service 

advisors like Gainvors.
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at the end of 2021, as he was reviewing the business’s accounts in preparation for 

January 2022 tax work with his accountant. He promptly sent Gainvors a message

about the debt demanding payment by the end of the week or he would send her 

debt to collections. Gainvors replied with some profanity and insults. 

We review sufficiency challenges for correction of errors at law. State v. 

Crawford, 974 N.W.2d 510, 516 (Iowa 2022). Under this standard, we view the 

record “in the light most favorable to the State” and “draw all legitimate inferences 

in support of the verdict.” Id. A jury verdict is binding if it is supported by substantial 

evidence. Id. Evidence is substantial if it could persuade a rational jury that 

Gainvors is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See id.

The court’s trial instructions to the jury included Instruction 13, the 

marshalling instruction, tracking the statutory language of section 702.9(3) and (5), 

obligating the State to prove that:

1.. . . [T]he defendant did create a charge account under her 

name while employed at All Tune & Lube and had services 

performed on vehicles without the authorization of All Tune & Lube 

and did not pay for the parts, labor, or services to the vehicles.

2.The defendant knowingly deceived All Tune & Lube in one 

or more of the following ways:

a. Prevented All Tune & Lube from acquiring information 

pertinent to the disposition of the property involved in any commercial 

or noncommercial transaction or transfer.

b. Promised payment, the delivery of goods, or other 

performance which the defendant did not intend to perform or knew 

the defendant would not be able to perform. Failure to perform, 

standing alone, is not evidence the defendant did not intend to

perform.

3.The defendant obtained one or more of the following from 

All Tune & Lube by deception:

a. labor or services, or

b. transfer of possession or control of property, or

c. beneficial use of property, or

d. transfer of ownership of property, or

e. the beneficial use of property.
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Gainvors argues that the evidence is insufficient to support her conviction 

for theft in the third degree under the theft-by-deception alternative because the 

State failed to prove that she knowingly deceived the employer as the second 

element requires. See Iowa Code § 714.1(3). Gainvors asserts that she received 

verbal permission from both Hotchkiss and the service manager, Kevin Bullard, to 

charge to her account. But Hotchkiss testified at trial that he never gave Gainvors 

permission to charge to her account and was never even asked to do so. Bullard 

testified that Gainvors did ask him about opening a charge account but instead of 

giving her permission, he told her to ask Hotchkiss. 

The jury did not have to believe Gainvors’s version of the facts; it could and 

did find that Gainvors deceived the employer when she created the charge account 

without authorization and charged services to the unauthorized account on eight 

separate occasions. See State v. Thornton, 498 N.W.2d 670, 673 (Iowa 1993) 

(finding the jury is free to believe or disbelieve any testimony as it chooses). By 

surreptitiously creating and on eight occasions using the charge account, Gainvors 

was able to secure automotive goods and labor without paying at the time of 

service as required. Each time she took a vehicle to the business for service, her 

promise was that the cost of service would be paid when rendered. However, her 

clear but undisclosed intent was not to do so, but instead, to post the charge to her 

unauthorized account. Her possible general intent to pay her account at some 

indeterminate point in the future does not negate the effect of her deception, which 

was to unilaterally convert a cash transaction to one of credit. Concerning her
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intent, we note that even upon quitting her employment, she did not disclose the 

existence of the account, pay it, or make any arrangement to do so. 

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a jury could 

have reasonably found that Gainvors knowingly deceived her employer. 

Accordingly, we affirm. 

AFFIRMED.