201 6 IL App (2d) 1 51248 No. 2

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- 1248 O pinion filed December 15, 2016

______________________________________________________________________________ IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ ROBERT CARLSON, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of Lake County. Plaintiff

- Appell ant , ) ) v. ) No. 14

- L

- 264 ) JAMES JEROUSEK, I ndividually and as ) Agent and/or Employee of Olson ) T ransportation , and ROBERT OLSON, ) d/b/a Midwest Motorcoach , ) Honorable ) Diane E. Winter , Defendant s - Appell ees . ) Judge, Presiding.

______________________________________________________________________________ JUSTICE SCHOSTOK delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justice J orgensen concurred in the judgment and opinion. Justice McLaren specially concurred, with opinion. OPINION ¶ 1 In this personal injury case, the defendants sought to have their expert make a copy of the entire contents of the plaintiff ’s five personal computers as well as the laptop provided to him by his employer for work. (This copying process is referred to as forensic imaging.) The plaintiff, Robert Carlson, refused to comply with this demand despite being ordered to do so by the trial court and was found in “friendly” contempt. He now appeals the contempt order, arguing that the trial court abused its discretion i n ordering the forensic imaging. He also asserts that the trial co urt erred in denying him leave to file an affidavit stat ing that his employer owned his work laptop and that thus he could not produce it. We find that the trial court failed2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- to conduct the balancing test required for a r equest for forensic imaging. Acco rdingly , we reverse and remand for the trial court to conduct the proper analysis. ¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND ¶ 3 In February 2012, Carlson began working as a senior computer analyst for Baxter Healthcare. A little less than two months later, on April 11, 2012, Carlson’s vehicle was

rear - ended by a bus operated by the defendants , James Jerousek, an agent or employee of Olson Transportation, and Robert Olson, doing business as Midwest Motorcoach. In April 2014, Carlson sued the defendants for personal injury, alleging tha t he suffered disability (including cognitive difficulties) , emotional distress, disfigurement, and loss of a normal life after the collision. The defendants admitted liability but contested the extent of Carlson’s damages. ¶ 4 In May 2014, t he defendants ser ved Carlson with interrogatories and requests to produce. The interrogatories asked Carlson to provide “the name, web address and user name for all blogs, online forums, and/or social networking websites that Plaintiff has belonged [to] and/or had a membership” in since the collision ; his “internet/e

- mail, telephone and cell phone providers; *** his internet/e

- mail password [;] and all login information with address.” Carlson objected on the grounds of overbreadth, undue burden, and irre levance . However, without waiving these objections , he stated that he had Facebook and LinkedIn accounts and provided his personal web address, cell phone number, and cell phone carrier. The defendants did not move to compel any further responses to any of the interrogatories. ¶ 5 The requests to produce served on Carlson de fin ed “document” to include not only physical documents but also electron ically stored information. The requests sought emails , online posts , and communications relati ng to the issues in the lawsuit. There was also a “catch

- all” request for any statement or communication in any form relating to those issues. Finally, Carlson was asked to identify any destroyed or deleted documents responsive to these2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- requests. In July 2014 , Carl son r esponded to the requests. He objected to all of them on the grounds of overbreadth, undue burden, and irrelevance. W ithout waiving these objections, he also responded to the request s for emails, online posts, and the like by stat ing that there were no responsive items other than those “already available to the defendant [s] ” ; to the “catch

- all” request by stating that all responsive items had already been disclosed or produced to the defendant s ; and to the request for de stroyed or deleted document s by st ating that there were no such items. ¶ 6 After exchanging correspondence, the defendants filed a motion to compel , arguing that Carlson had not produced any “electronically retrievable information , ” such as emails or other electronic communications. The defen dants asked that Carlson be required to search his computer storage to identify responsive items. There was no request, at this point, for forensic imaging of Carlson’s computers. After a hearing, the trial court granted the motion in part , ordering that , as to request N o s . 10 and 12, Carlson must “perform due diligence to recover all emails , during the relevant period , relating to issues in the complaint , and must provide a privilege log if necessary,” and, as to request N o. 11, Carlson must “perform due diligence to recover [the requested] information *** from plaintiff’s social networ king accounts.” As to request N o. 13, plaintiff was ordered to identify the responsive items he believed were already disclosed or provided to the defendants. ¶ 7 In Septemb er 2014 , Carlson tendered supplemental answers. There is no record of any motion to compel Carlson to provide any further responses to this discovery

. ¶ 8 Six months later, the defendants filed a motion seeking an order requiring Carlson to “retain, preserve, and protect” any “computers and/or electronic devices ** * so that they [could] be inspected by the defendants.” I n t heir motion , they noted that Carlson had testified, at his deposition, that he possessed at least five such computers or devices. Asserting only that2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- Carlson’s “knowledge and/or research of such topics has been put at issue in this case,” the defendants sought “the opportunity to inspect and investigate the computers and/or electronic devices in possession of [ sic ] , used, o wned, or operated by” Carlson since the collision. The defendants therefore asked the trial court to enter the proposed order. ¶ 9 The trial court heard this motion on March 3, 2015. The trial court ordered the retention and preservation of Carlson’s compu ters but struck the language in the proposed order allow ing the defendants to inspect the computers

. It also entered a briefing schedule. The parties filed their briefs , but, for reasons not apparent from the record, on May 13, 2015, the trial court

ente red an order striking the defendants’ motion , allowing them to refile it, and schedul ing the briefing of that refiled motion. ¶ 10 The defendants filed a new motion “to compel the inspection of plaintiffs’ [ sic ] computers and the disclosure of plaintiff’s ema ils, web a dd resses and social media sites.” In it, they argued that they should be allowed to inspect Carlson’s computers because he performed his work almost entirely on computers and he was claiming that his ability to perform some of his work tasks had been damag ed by the collision. Specifically, Carlson had testified at his deposition that he experienced a lack of concentration, lost focus, became fatigued, and had to lie down. The defendants were suspicious about whether these claims were overstated , noting that Carlson’s supervisor, Andrea Schwartz, had testified at her deposition that Carlson was very competent at his job and was an asset to his team. In addition, Carlson had prep ared a log of his symptoms on a computer. Although the log had been produced to the defendants, they argued that he had continued to update it and had not produced the updated log to them. Further, the symptoms were recorded using sophisticated language that the defendants believed Carls on might have acquired through i nt ernet searches relating to symptoms of brain injury. Accordingly, the defendants wanted to inspect Carlson’s “computer usage, research, and creation2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- of litigation exhibits,” including any stored record of hi s I nternet searches since the collision. Withou t defining the term “metadata,” the defendants requested the ability to “inspect the metadata on [Carlson’s] computers *** to determine what work he ha[d] performed for his lawsuit, what changes, if any, he ha[d] made to the exhibits and documents he creat ed concerning damages, what research he ha[d] conducted concerning traumatic brain injuries, how much time [Carlson] spen[t] on his computers, and what data he ha[d] recorded that he ha[d] failed to provide ” to the defendants. Although they asserted that their requests were “narrowly tailored,” the defendants did not propose any limitations or protections to be applied to their requested inspection. Finally, they argued that information from any online social networking sites used by Carlson was relevant to determining the extent of his injuries and thus should be produced. The defendants asked the trial court to allow them to inspect all of Carlson’ s computers and electronic devices and to “allow the discovery of” his presence on social media, his webpag es, and his emails. ¶ 11 In response, Carlson argued that there was no basis for allowing such a wide

- ranging and intrusive discovery method ; the computers were not the focal point of the case , and the defendants were able to obtain information about the exte nt of his brain injuries in many other
ways , including the written discovery already answer ed, multiple depos itions of several witnesses who direct ly observe d his work, and testing by the defendants’ own expert witness, a neuropsychologist. In reply, the defendants argued that computerized information is, generally speaking, discoverable, and that to deny their motion would prejudice them. At no point did the defendants support their motion with an y affidavit s or other evidence from an expert in computer technology describing the information retrievable through such an inspection or the methods that would be used to conduct the search

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- ¶ 12 In July 2015, t he trial court heard oral argument on the defendants’ motion to compel. For the first time, the defendan ts clearly expressed th eir desire to search the computer that Baxter provided to Carlson for work as well as his own computers. The defendan ts argu ed that they wanted to view metadata from Carlson’s work computer in order to learn whether , since the accid ent, it was really taking Carlson longer to complete work tasks and whether he was really staying later at work to complete his work . The trial court asked how the computer could tell them that. The defendants’ attorneys acknowledged that they themselves did not know how to use a computer to discover this information, but they asserted that a computer expert could “pull the metadata” that would “show the task [s] that [Carlson]’s working on and how long he’s working on them.” ( Although th is assertion migh t be correct , t he record does not contain any actual evidence support ing i t.) The defendants also wanted to view Carlson’s own computers t o determine whether he was staying up late playing computer games, so that , if so, they could argue that (a) he was still able to concentrate sufficiently to play these games, and ( b ) it was this activity, not the injur ies related to the accident, that was causing him to be fatigued at work. The defendants asserted that they “were not asking for personal information,” only the metadata about Carlson’s use of the computer s , because Carlson “ha[d] made this an issue in the case” by claiming that he was less able to perform his work, which involved using the computer. ¶ 13 Carlson pointed out the extremely broad nature of the proposed search and the relative lack of any justification for it other than the possibility that he and the other witnesses previously deposed were lying about the extent of his injuries. In response, the defe ndants sai d that they were “in no way asserting” that Carlson was lying but that they had “a right to discover all relevant information.” ¶ 14 The trial court initially expressed skepticism, noting that , although Carlson’s use of computers was potentially relevant beca use he used computers in his work and for relaxation, th e2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- same thing was potentially true of “every plaintiff in every case.” As to any inspection of Carlson’s work computer , that was “a no start right there” because Baxter would certainly object.
As to Carlson’s own computers , t here were many other ways to get similar information without the defendants comb ing th rough th os e computers: for instance, information about the extent of Carlson’s computer gaming and even his game scores over time could be obta ined through directed s ubpoenas to the operators of the online games he played. Such narrowly tailored searches would be preferable to allowing the defendants to “rifle though the plaintiff’s mail every day to pick out what you like.” The defendants suggested that perhaps they could draft a protective order that would identify the narrow information they sought. The trial court indicate d that it was open to such an approach but that it would have to see the draft order , and that it would be cautious because “people put their whole lives on a computer, and that’s not acceptable for the defense to be able to search through their entire lif e.” In addition, the trial court would need expert input about exactly what information could and would be retrieved. The trial court therefore continued the motion to compel. ¶ 15 On September 23, 2015, the motion to compel the inspection of the computers ag ain came before the trial court. After hearing other discovery disputes and admonishing the parties for not treating each other in a civil or professional manner, the trial court turned to the motion. The defendants stated that they had drafted a protect ive order and had sent it to Carlson , but Carlson would not agree to it. They tendered the draft to the trial court, characterizing it as providing that any data pulled from the computers would be given to Carlson’s attorney first, so that privileged mate rial could be identified and a privilege log could be prepared. ¶ 16 In fact, the draft protective order provided that an expert (presumably retained by the defendants , although this point wa s not specifically addressed) would make a mirror copy (forensic ima ge) of the entire contents of all of the hard drives on all of Carlson’s personal2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- computers and the computer he used for work

. (Although Carlson’s attorney or an other designated representative could be present during the forensic imaging process , the util ity of this as a safeguard is dubious, as the order di d not allow the representative any input into the imaging
process . ) T he defendants’ expert would then search all of the hard drives , “looking for evidence of the existence of information relating to issues in this lawsuit, including: [1] Time stamps indicating duration of computer usage at work or for work purposes; [2] Time stamps indicating duration of usage for purposes of using co mputer games; [3] Search terms with respect to head trauma, traumatic brain injury , icepick headaches, memory loss , unbalanced IQ, fatigue, personality disorders, hand tremors, sleep apnea, and lack of concentration; [and] [4] Documents created by Plaintif f with respect to his symptoms and/or research regarding the search terms contained in subparagraph 3.” The defendants’ expert would catalogue the result s of this search in a report of findings and would also prepare an executive summary of the findings. The expert would file both of these in their entirety with the trial court , although only the executive summary would be public ; the findings themselves would be filed under seal . The expert would also serve a copy of the findings on Carlson’s attorney, who would have 10 business days to redact any privileged material and prepare a privilege log. Carlson’s attorney would then serve the redacted findings and the privilege log on the defendant s’ counsel

. Any “data” claimed to be subject to the attorney

- cl ient privilege would be treated as confidential information, which the defendants’ expert would not reveal to or discuss with the defendants’ counsel . (No mention was made of any other potentially applicable privileges.) The protective order also include d a clawback provision pursuant to which the disclosure of such confidential information would not be deemed a waiver and counsel would cooperate to “restore the confidentiality” of any confidential information inadvertently disclosed. However, any2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- other “relevant, non

- confidential information derived from the inspection” could be used in any later hearing, motions, or at the trial of the action. ¶ 17 The defendants also represented to the trial court that they “now had testimony” that the work computer used by Carlson ( a laptop which he was permitted to and frequently did take home) was “leased by him” and thus was with in his control and should be produced by him. ( The defendants did not identify the testimony they were referring to, and no such testimony appears in any of the depositions filed as exhibits. ) Carlson disputed this, saying that the laptop was Baxter’s and that the defendants needed to “get Baxter in here” ( i.e. , subpoena Baxter) in order to gain access to that computer. The trial court resp onded with irritation , asking Carlson’s attorney why he had not brought Baxter into the proceedings on the motion to compel, saying that “ [t] his is the attitude I am talking about” and that the parties should not be pointing to each other as the one respon sible for taking action to move the case forward. Despite commenting that it seemed strange that Baxter would lease work computers to its employees, the trial court apparently accepted the defendants’ representation that this was the case. It entered

an order requiring the forensic imaging of the computers , including the work computer, and also entered the protective order draf t ed by the defendants, saying that it would “leave it to Baxter to come in and tell us why” Carl son’s work computer should not be produced. ¶ 18 Carlson forwarded a copy of the trial court’s order to his supervisor at Baxter. On October 6, 2015, Sarah Padgitt, senior litigation counsel at Baxter, wrote Carlson to tell him that Baxter’s corporate information policies prevented the shari ng of Baxter computers and any restricted information on them with persons outside of Baxter . The attorneys for both parties were copied on the letter. ¶ 19 Carlson filed a “motion to advise ” the trial court that he would not produce his computers for inspecti on and sought an order holding him in “friendly” contemp t so that he could appeal the2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- trial court’s ruling. On October 21, 2015, a t the presentation of that motion, Carlson also orally sought leave to file an affidavit by Padgitt, which Carlson’s attorney said he had received only the day before. In the affidavit, Padgitt stat ed that Carlson neither owned nor leased his computer from Baxter, which owned both the computer and its contents. Padgitt stated that
Baxter ’s computer cont ained personal ly identifiable information of Baxter customers and other information restricted under Baxter’s global information classification and trade secret policy. Padg itt further averred that , if Carlson were to delive r his work computer (and his pa ssword, which would be necessary to access the contents of the computer) to the defendants’ expert for inspection and copying , he would be violating several of Baxter’s corporate policies and would be subject to disciplinary measures including termination

. ¶ 20 The defendants objected to the filing of the affidavit, saying that it was not an exhibit to anything and should have been filed earlier. The trial court told Carlson that it would not entertain the motion to advise , because the motion was not in a for m sufficient to inform the

court regarding the terms of the order with which Carlson did not wish to comply. Further, the trial court would not allow the filing of the affidavit standing alone. However, Carlson could refile the motion, and he could attac h whatever support the motion required, “such as affidavits.” ¶ 21 One week later, Carlson filed an amended motion to advise , explaining in greater detail the reasons he did not wish to comply with the trial court’s order of September 23, 2015, and attaching a copy of the order. He did not attach the Padgitt affidavit to his amended motion.
O n November 17, 2015 (the court dat e for the amended motion to advise), Carlson filed a motion to reconsider the trial court’s denial of leave to file the Padgitt affidavit , arguing that the oral motion to file the affidavit had not been untimely , because he had received the affidavit from Padgitt only the afternoon before , and attaching the previous correspondence from Padgitt to show that the defendants had received advance notice of Baxter’s contention that the work2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- computer belonged to Baxter . Carlson attached the Padgitt affidavit to the motion to reconsider. The defendants again objected to the filing of the affidavit, saying that it should have been attached to Carlson’s r esponse to the motion to compel and that its inclusion now would allow Carlson to “bolster” his pos ition on appeal without allowing the defendants an opportunity to respond. In separate orders, t he trial court denied the motion to reconsider its ruling denying leave to file the affidavit and found Carlson in “friendly” contempt , fining him $500

. ¶ 22 Carlso n filed a timely notice of appeal , pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(b)(5) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010) , from the order dated September 23, 2015 (compel ling the inspection of his computers and his work laptop) ; the order dated October 21, 2015 ( denying h is oral motion for leave to file the Padgitt affidavit ) ; and both of the orders of November 17, 2015

. ¶ 23 II. ANALYSIS ¶ 24 Although discovery orders are not final orders and thus ordinarily are not appealable, the correctness of a discovery order may be tested th rough contempt proceedings where, as here, a party is found in contempt for refusing to comply with a discovery order. Norskog v. Pfiel , 197 Ill. 2d 60, 69 (2001) ; see Ill. S. Ct. R. 304(b)(5) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010) (contempt orders are immediately appealable) . In such an appeal, our review of the contempt order necessarily involves a review of the order s on which the finding of contempt was based

. Norskog , 197 Ill. 2d at 69. Unless the appeal raises a purely legal issue, we review discovery order s for abuse of discretion. Kaull v. Kaull , 2014 IL App (2d) 130175, ¶ 22. ¶ 25 The issue at the heart of this appeal is the circumstances under which a party to a civil suit may inspect the contents of a nother p erson ’s computer through forensic imaging , seeki ng metadata and other information . T here appears to be a dearth of case law on this issue in2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- Illinois. Accordingly, we begin with a review of the rules applicable to discovery in civil litigation and the constitutional privacy concerns protected by those rules

. ¶ 26 A. Civil Discovery ¶ 27 In Illinois, discovery in civil actions is governed by Illinois Supreme Court Rules 201 through 224 . Rule 201 (Ill. S. Ct. R. 201 ( eff. July 30, 2014) ) sets out several of the general principles regarding such discovery. A party may serve discovery upon another party to obtain “full disclosure regarding any matter relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action, whether it relates to the claim or defense.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(b)(1) (eff. July 1, 2014)

. Howev er, “discovery requests that are disproportionate in terms of burden or expense should be avoided.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(a ) (eff. July 1, 2014)

. Discovery from nonparties may be sought pursuant to Rule 204, which permits the service of subpoenas for deposi tion or for the production of documents or other tangible things. Ill. S. Ct. R. 20 4 ( a ) (eff. July 1, 2014)

. ¶ 28 Interrogatories under Rule 213 and requests to produce under Rule 214(a) must be served in writing upon the responding party, which then has “a reasonable time” to respond or object to each request

. Ill. S. Ct. R. 213 (eff. Jan. 1, 2007) ; Ill. S. Ct. R. 214(a) (eff. July 1, 2014)

. One ground for objecting is that “ the burden or expense of producing the requested materials would be disproportionate to the likely benefit, in light of the factors set out in Rule 201(c)(3). ” Ill. S. Ct. R. 214( c) (eff. July 1, 2014)

. ¶ 29 Significantly, t he discovery rules envision that the responding party will search for, identify, and produce the infor mation specifically requested by the other party. They do not permit the requesting party to rummage through the responding party’s files for helpful information. Under Rules 213 and 214, a party must request specific information relevant to the issues i n the lawsuit from the other party, which then searches its own files and electronic2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- storage media for responsive information and produces that information. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 213 (eff. Jan. 1, 2007); Ill. S. Ct. R. 214(a) (eff. July 1, 2014). ¶ 30 Rule 201( c) (Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(c) ( eff. July 30 , 2014 ) ) , which aim s to prevent discovery abuse, contains several provisions for limiting discovery

. One approach is a protective order, which may be entered “as justice requires , denying, limiting, conditioning, or regulating discovery to prevent unreasonable annoyance, expense, embarrassment, disadvantage, or oppression. ” Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(c)(1) ( eff. July 1, 2014)

. Another protection is the relatively new “proportionality” provision, which states:

“ When making a n order under this Section, the court may determine whether the likely burden or expense of the proposed discovery , including electronically stored information, outweighs the likely benefit , taking into account the amount in controversy, the resources of the parties, the importance of the issues in the litigation, and the importance of the requested discovery in resolving the issues. ” (Emphasis added.) Ill. S. Ct. R. 201( c )( 3 ) ( eff. July 1, 2014)

. The protections of Rule 201(c) apply to discov ery directed to parties and non parties alike. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(c)(1), (c) (2) ( eff. July 1, 2014) (the court may act upon a motion by “any party or witness”); Ill. S. Ct. R. 204( a )(1) (eff. July 1, 2014) (subpoenas issued to non parties are “subject to an y limitations imposed under Rule 201(c)”)

. As a whole, “ Rule 201 and related rules governing specific discovery methods form a comprehensive scheme for fair and efficient discovery with judicial oversight to protect litigants from harassment.” Kunkel v. Walton , 179 Ill. 2d 519, 531 (1997). ¶ 31 T he civil discovery r ules are not blind to t he pr i vacy interests of the party responding to discovery. Although the scope of permissible discovery can be quite broad, “parties engaged in litigation do not sacrifice all aspects of privacy or their proprietary information simply because2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- of a lawsuit.” In re Mirapex Prod ucts Liability Litigation , 246 F.R.D. 668, 673 (D. Minn. 2007). We briefly review the nature of those privacy concerns and the ways in which the discovery rules address those concerns. ¶ 32 B . Constitutional Right to Privacy and Civil Discovery ¶ 33 The fourth a mendment to the United States Constitution protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const., amend

. IV. The Illinois C onstitution contains even broade r protection, providing that “[t]he people shall have the right to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and other possessions against unreasonable searches, seizures, invasions of privacy or interceptions of communications by eavesdropping devices o r other means.” (Emphasis added.) Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 6. The Illinois Supreme Court has observed that “the Illinois Constitution goes beyond federal constitutional guarantees by expressly recognizing a zone of personal privacy, and *** the prote ction of that privacy is stated broadly and without restrictions.” Kunkel , 179 Ill. 2d at 537 (citing In re May 1991 Will County Grand Jury , 152 Ill. 2d 381, 39 1 (1992) ). ¶ 34 The constitutional right embodied in the privacy clause of the Illinois C onstitution arose from the desire to safeguard against the collection and exploitation of intimate personal
in formation. People v. Mitchell , 165 Ill. 2d 211, 220 (1995) (citing the comments of the drafters of the privacy clause, which was added to the con stitution in 1970) ; see also Peopl e v. Caballes , 221 Ill. 2d 282, 33 0

- 3 1 (2006) ( the drafters of the privacy clause intended to protect against infringe ments on “ the zone of personal privacy , ” such as those that “ reveal private medical information” or “the contents of diaries or love letters; *** the individual’s choice of reading materials, whether religious, political, or pornographic; *** [or] sexual orientation or marital infidelity”); In re Will County Grand Jury , 152 Ill. 2d at 396 ( privacy clause pro tects2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- against disclosure of personal medical and financial records). In short, under the privacy clause, “ a person has a reasonable expectation that he will not be forced to submit to a close scrutiny of his personal characteristics, unless for a valid re ason .” In re Will County Grand Jury , 152 Ill. 2d at 39 1

- 92. ¶ 35 T hese constitutional provisions do not forbid all invasions of privacy, but o nly those that are unreasonable. U.S. Const., amend

. IV ( free dom from “ unreasonable search es and seizure s” ) ; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 6 (freedom from “ unreasonable *** invasions of privacy ” )

. The civil discovery rules adopt two safeguards to ensure that the discovery of private information will be “reasonable” ( and hence constitutional ) : relevance and proportiona lity. ¶ 36 1. Relevance ¶ 37 “In the context of civil discovery, reasonableness is a function of relevance.” Kunkel , 179 Ill. 2d at 538

. The s upreme court r ules governing civil discovery advance this principle by limiting discovery to information that is relevant to the issues in the lawsuit. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(b)(1) (eff. July 1, 2014) (parties may discover “any matter relevant to the subject matter [of] the pending action”)

. Although relevan t (discoverable) information is defined broadly to
encompa ss not only admissible information but also information calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible information ( In re Estate of O’Hare , 2015 IL App (2d) 140073, ¶ 14 ), this definition is not intended as an invitation to invent attenuated chains of p ossible relevanc y . The corollary to the relevance requirement is that the compell ed disclosure of highly personal information “having no bearing on the issues in the lawsuit” is an unconstitutional invasion of privacy. Kunkel , 179 Ill. 2d at 539; see als o Firebaugh v. Traff , 353 Ill. 82, 85 (1933) (a court order “cannot be used to procure a general investigation of a transaction not material to the issue ”). The concept of relevance provides a foundation in balancing constitutional privacy2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- concerns with t he need for reasonable discovery, “ facilitat [ing] trial preparation while safeguarding against improper and abusive discovery.” Kunkel , 179 Ill. 2d at 531

. ¶ 38 2. Proportionality 1 ¶ 39 Proportionality imposes a second limitation on what is discoverable: even if it is relevant, information need not be produced if the benefits of producing it do not outweigh the burdens. The legitimate privacy concerns of the responding party are one of the burdens that a
court can and should consider in conducting this balancing test.

1 There is little Illinois case law interpreting the proportionality rule, which was added only two years ago. However, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure include a similar proportionality provision (Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1) ) , and there is a substantial body of case law interpreting that provision. Further, t he 2014 amendments to the Illinois civil discovery rules explicitly draw upon the f ederal r ules. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 201, Committee Comments (adopted May 29, 2014) (Rule 201(b)(1) was amended to conform with the definition of electronically stored information ( ESI ) in Rule 201 (b)(4) and “complies with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure”; Rule 201( b)(4), the defi nition of ESI, “comports with the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34(a)(1)(a)”; and the committee comments to Rule 201 (c) cite the United States Seventh Circuit Court of Appeal s ’ “Principles Relating to the Discovery of Electronically Stored Information” a s the source for the list of categories of ESI that “often *** should not be discoverable” under the proportionality balancing test); Seventh Circuit Electronic Discovery Committee , Principles Relating to the Discovery of Electronically Stored Information (rev. Aug. 1, 2010), http://www.discoverypilot.com/sites/default/files/Principles8_10.pdf

. Accordingly, we draw on federal case law as necessary for guidance in applying the Illinois proportionality rule.2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- ¶ 40 The proportionality balancing test requires a court to consider both monetary and

non monetary factors in determining “whether the likely burden or expense of the proposed discovery *** outweighs the likely benefit.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(c)(3) (eff. July 1, 2014) . The monetary factors expressly identified in Rule 201(c)(3) include “the expense of the proposed discovery,” “the amount in controversy,” and “the resources of th e parties

. ” Id

. N on monetary factors include “the importance of the issues in the litigation” ( i.e. , the societal importance of the issues at stake) and “the importance of the requested discovery in resolving the issues.” Id

. All of these factors must b e considered to the extent that they are relevant to the circumstances of each case. ¶ 41 However, Rule 201(c) also give s trial courts the power and responsibility to li mit or deny discovery as necessary to prevent unreasonable “embarrassment” and “oppression.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(c)(1) (eff. July 1, 2014). Given this overarching purpose, courts should also consider other factors that m ight be present in a particular case. One such factor is the extent to which the discovery sought represents a substantial inv asion of the privacy interests of the responding party. See Johnson v. Nyack Hospital , 169 F.R.D. 550, 562 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) (the trial court’s power to limit discovery may be employed where the burden is not monetary expense but “lies instead in the advers e consequences of the disclosure of sensitive, albeit unprivileged, material”); Agnieszka A. McPeak, Social Media, Smartphones, and Proportional Privacy in Civil Discovery , 64 U. Kan. L. Rev. 235, 236 ( Nov. 2015) (“non

- pecuniary burdens on privacy should be factored into the proportionality analysis”). Another potentially relevant factor is whether the discovery is sought from a non party without any direct stake in the outcome of the litigation.
See Tucker v. American International Group, Inc. , 281 F.R.D. 85, 92 (D. Conn. 2012) (nonparty status is “a significant factor in determining whether discovery is unduly burdensome” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Katz v. Batavia Marine & Sporting Suppl ies, Inc. , 984 F.2d2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- 422, 424 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (nonparty status weighs against requiring disclosure of confidential information). Given the trial court’s obligation to conduct the balancing test so as to

“ facilitat e [ ] trial preparation while safeguarding against improper and abusive discovery” ( Kunkel , 179 Ill. 2d at 531 ) , the proportionality analysis must take all of these factors into consideration as appropriate in each case. ¶ 42 C. Electronically Stored Information ¶ 43 Recognizing the growing use of compute rs in every aspect of daily life, in 2014 the Illinois Supreme Court amended its rules to explicitly provide for the discovery of ESI. Rule 201(b)(4) defines ESI to include, among other things, a ny “ data or data compilations in any medium from which elect ronically stored information can be obtained .” Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(b)( 4 ) (eff. July 1, 2014)

. This definition of ESI “comports with the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34(a)(1)(a) and is intended to be flexible and expansive as technology changes.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 201, Committee Comments (adopted May 29, 2014). Rule 201(b)(1), which permits the discovery of any relevant matter , including documents and other tangible things, was amended to note that the word “documents” includes ESI. Ill

. S. Ct. R. 201(b) (1) (eff. July 1, 2014). As we discuss in more detail below, o ther amendments, such as the addition of the proportionality provision to Rule 201(c), were intended to provide additional protection against abusive requests to discover ESI. Ill. S. Ct. R. 201, Committee Comments (adopted May 29, 2014). ¶ 44 T he discovery of ESI presents some challenges that do not arise with paper documents or other tangible items, including the risk of substantially higher production costs, the need for technic al expert involvement in production, and increased privacy concerns. “For example, ESI is retained in exponentially greater volume than hardcopy documents, is dynamic rather than static, and is sometimes incomprehensible when separated from its system.” Jeffrey A. Parness, Managing Discovery of Electronically Stored Information in Illinois , 101 Ill. B.J. 316 (June2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- 2013). Most litigators are familiar with the effort and expense involved in reviewing documents prior to production to ensure that privileged, confidential, and irrelevant information is identified and protected from inadvertent production. That effort and expense can be much higher when dealing with the volume of information t hat can be stored electronically. Further, d epending on the form of the discovery responses , significant metadata m ay be produced alongside the r esponsive documents , sometimes without the realization of the responding party. These facts, along with technical unfamiliarity on the part of m any attorneys, m ay require the
pa rticipation of experts in electronic discovery to ensure that relevant and discoverable information is produced, in a usable form, and that privileged, confidential, and irrelevant information is not produced. ¶ 45 Further, examining the information stored on electronic devices can raise unique privacy
concerns. As the United States Supreme Court noted in Riley v. California , 573 U.S. ___, ___, 134 S. Ct. 2473, 2484 (2014), digital content is different from physical objects, and an attempt to search that cont ent must be considered differently. “Most people cannot lug around every piece of mail they have received for the past several months, every picture they have taken, or every book or article they have read

— nor would they have any reason to attempt to do s o. ” Id

. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2489. However, because of the enormous storage capacity of most computers, the search of a computer can reveal all of these items and more

— “a digital record of nearly every aspect of their lives

— from the mundane to the intim ate.” Id

. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2490. In addition, computer content can reveal individuals’ “private intere sts or concerns” through their i nternet browsing history; information about where they travel and the people with whom they communicate; and intimate details ranging from weight

- control efforts to banking and shopping records. Id

. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2490. Indeed, computer programs a nd networks frequently acc ess information beyond th e data stored on a singl e computer ( id . at ___,2016 IL App (2d) 151248

- 20

- 134 S. Ct. at 2491) , and the search of one person’s computer m ay provide access to the private information of third parties without their knowledge or consen t

. The Supreme Court observed that the privacy concerns raised by searches of computerized devices 2 “dwarf” those raised by the inspection of physical items. Id

. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2491. ¶ 46 D. Limit s on the Discovery of ESI Under the Proportionality R ule ¶ 47 Although it is worded broadly to apply to all discovery requests, the p rop ortionality requirement of Rule 201(c)(3) s pecifically targets the challenges posed by the discovery of ESI

. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 201, Committee Comments (adopted May 29, 2014) ( the proportionality provision “was added to address the production of materials when benefits do not outweigh the burden of producing them, especially in the area of electronically stored information ( ESI ) ” (e mphasis added) )

. ¶ 48 The proportionality rule “re quires a case

- by

- case analysis.” Id

. However, the rules

c ommittee has identified several categories of ESI that the proportionality balancing test “often may indicate *** should not be discoverable , ” presumably because the burden of producing such
ESI generally is high. (Emphasis added.) Id

. These categories includ e:

“ (A) ‘deleted,’ ‘slack,’ ‘ fragmented, ’ or ‘unallocated’ data on hard drives; (B) random

access memo ry (‘ RAM ’ ) or other ephemeral data; (C) on

- line access data; (D) data in metadata fiel ds that are frequently updated automatically; (E) backup data that is substantially duplicative of data that is more accessible elsewhere; (F) legacy data; (G)

2 Although Riley involved cell phones, the Supreme Court’s comments are equally applicable to any modern computerized device that can store great quantities of data. Indeed, the Court noted that smartphones are essentially “minicomputers.” Id . at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2489.2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- information whose retrieval cannot be accomplished without substantial additional programming or without transforming it into another form before search and retrieval can be achieved; and (H) other forms of ESI whose preservation or production requires extraordinary affirmative measures.” Id . (citing Seventh Circuit E lectronic Discovery Committee, P rinciples Relating to the Discovery of Ele ctronically Stored Information (rev. Aug. 1, 2010), at 4, http://www.discoverypilot.com/sites/default/files/ Principles8_ 10.pdf ( Principle 2.04(d) ) ). Discovery of t hese categories of ESI is not absolutely prohibited; such discovery may be ordered where warranted in a particular case. Id . However, i f a party intends to seek any of these types of ESI, that intent “should be addressed at the initial case management conference.” Id

. ¶ 49 In essen ce, the c ommittee comments suggest that these categories of ESI a r e presumptively nondiscoverable, shifting the burden to t he requesting party to justify the making of an exception based on the particular circumstances of the case. Illinois has yet to dev elop a framework for analyzing such requests. However, we find helpful the analysis that Colorado’s supreme court has developed over the last several years in cases involving requests for forensic imaging of computers

. See In re Gateway Logistics , Inc. , 2013 CO 25 ; In re District Court, City & County of Denver , 256 P.3d 687 (Colo. 2011) ; People v. Spykstra , 234 P.3d 662 (Colo. 2010) ; In re Cantrell , 195 P.3d 659 (Colo. 2008). Carlson urges us to adopt this analysis for all discovery requests involving ES I or forensic imaging. We think that this argument is better directed to our supreme court and thus we decline to formally adopt the analysis. Nevertheless,

we agree that t he Colorado cases lay out an easy

- to

- apply approach that could be adapted for disc overy requests for information in the categories listed in the committee comments to Rule
201 , as follows : once the responding party objects on the ground that the information sought falls into one of those categories , the burden shifts to the requesting party to show that: (1) there2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- is a compelling need for the information; (2) the information is not available from other sources; and (3) the requesting party is using the least intrusive means to obtain the information. See,

e.g. , Gateway Logistics , 2013 CO 25, ¶ 15 ; District Court , 256 P.3d at 691

- 92

. We believe that this analysis is consistent with the policies embodied in the 2014 amendments and the committee comments to Rule 201. ¶ 50 E. Forensic Imaging of Carlson’s Computers 3 ¶ 51 We now turn to the c entral issue in this appeal : did the trial court abuse its discretion in ordering the forensic imaging of Carlson’s computers, subject only to the limitations in the protective order? The answer is yes, for the reasons that follow. ¶ 52 1. The Request is Contrary to Discovery Protocol ¶ 53 First, the defendants’ request to create and search a forensic image of Carlson’s computers runs counter to the traditional protocol of discovery , in which one party requests specific information and the other party searches its own f iles (and computers) to identify and produce responsive information. See, e.g. , Ill. S. Ct. R. 214 (eff. July 1, 2014) (setting out framework of requests to produce and responses). As we have already noted, the supreme court rules governing civil discove ry contemplate that the responding party has both the right and the obligation to conduct the search for the information responsive to a discovery request. See

supra ¶ 29. There is no provision allowing the requesting party to conduct its own search of t he responding party’s files

— regardless of whether those files are physical or electronic. ¶ 54 W hen faced with a similar request to search another party’s computers for relevant information, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals commented that Rule 34(a) (the federal

3 For the moment, we leave aside the question of whether Baxter owns or controls Carlson’s work computer.2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- counterpart to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 214) “ allows the responding party to search his records to produce the required, relevant data. Rule 34(a) does not give the requesting party the right to conduct the actual search.” In re Ford Motor Co

. , 345 F.3d 1315, 1317 ( 11th Cir. 2003) ; see also Menke v. Broward County School Board , 916 So. 2d 8, 10 (Fla. Ct. App. 2005) (“In civil litigation, we have never heard of a discovery request which would simply ask a party litigant to produce its business or personal filing cabinets for inspection by its adversary to see if they contain any information useful to the litigation.”)

. ¶ 55 It is possible that such an inversion of traditional discovery protocol might be appropriate in rare circumstances

. However, foreign case law has identified only two circumstances in which a search of another party’s computer is appropriate : where the computer itself is directly involved in the cause of action, or where there is evidence of substantial prior discovery violation s by the responding party. Examples of the first include Genworth Financial Wealth Management, Inc. v. McMullan , 267 F.R.D. 443, 447 (D. Conn. 2010) (claim that defendant used the comput ers at issue to disseminate plaintiff’s confidential information) , an d G.D. v. Monarch Plastic Surgery, P.A. , 239 F.R.D. 641 , 643 (D. Kan

. 2007) (claim that defendant medical practice impro perly left computer containing plaintiffs’ confidential informa tion on the curb for disposal). ¶ 56 As to the second possible situation, w hen a party seeks forensic imaging on the basis of prior noncompliance with traditional discovery, courts have required a significant history of demonstrated noncompliance. See Ford Motor Co ., 345 F.3d at 1317; A.M. Castle & Co. v. Byrne , 123 F. Supp. 3 d 895, 900

- 01 (S.D. Tex. 2015) ; Menke , 916 So. 2d at 12 (noting that, “in the few cases we have found across the country permitting access to another party’s computer, all have been in situations where evidence of intentional deletion of data was present,” a nd citing cases) ; c f

. Bennett v. Martin , 186 Ohio App. 3d 412 , 2009

- Ohio

- 6195, 928 N.E.2d 763 (ordering inspection of defendant’s computers where defendant produced almost 16,000 pages of email2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- strings in “seemingly random disorder ,” defendant refused to comply with multiple court order s regarding discovery, and defendant’s general counsel admitted in deposition that defendant had withheld responsive documents)

. When a court weighs whether this factor is present, the requesting party’s mere suspicion t hat the responding party m ight not have produced all responsive information is not sufficient to justify forensic imaging. McCurdy Group , LLC v. American Biomedical Group, Inc. , 9 F ed . App’x 822, 831 (10 th Cir. 2001) (general skepticism about the complete ness of production, standing alone, was not sufficient to justify the “drastic discovery measure” of requiring the production of the entire contents of the plaintiff’s computer drives); John B. v. Goetz , 531 F.3d 448, 460 (6th Cir. 2008) (same). ¶ 57 In this c ase, neither circumstance is present: there is no record of noncompliance with discovery, and there is no particular nexus between Carlson’s computers and the legal claim, as this is an ordinary personal injury case . Accordingly, there is no support for t he defendants’ request to invert the traditional discovery protocol. ¶ 58 2. Relevance and Proportionality ¶ 59 Further, a careful consideration of relevance and proportionality reveals that forensic imaging was not justified in this case . T he information sought was not clearly specified and the probative value of that information wa s questionable, while the burden to Carlson’s privacy interest wa s significant. (These considerations would apply to any discovery request, but they have special significance here, where the defendants specifically requested forensic imaging.) ¶ 60 T he defendants sought a copy of the entire contents of all of Carlson’s computers in order

to search for : (1) time stamps showing when Carlson ha d used each particular compu ter “at work or for work purposes”; (2) time stamps showing when Carlson ha d used each computer to play “computer games”; (3) “search terms with respect to ” various symptoms Carlson claims to have2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- experienced as a result of the collision ; and (4) any docum ents Carlson created “with respect to his symptoms and/or research regarding” these search terms. ¶ 61 As an initial matter, the list of items sought by the defendants is ambiguous and lack s crucial details about the information the defendants seek

. For inst ance, the information sought in the first item on the list presumably would require an examination of the laptop Carlson uses for work, but how do the defendants propose to identify whether Carlson’s past use of the laptop occurred while he was “at work” (on site at Baxter) or whether his use of it was “for work purposes”? Does the phrase “search terms” in the third item mean that the defendants wan t to know if Carlson performed I nternet searches using those phrases, or th at the defendants want to search the copy of his computers’ hard drives for those terms? And how do the defendants propose to identify the documents they seek in the fourth item? ¶ 62 Questions like these often lead parties seeking forensic imaging to submit affidavits from computer experts, explaining the type of information the expert s expect to find on the computer s at issue, the metho ds by which they will identify and recover only the information sought, and the cost s of the entire procedure. Expert invo lvement in formulating the parameters of the search is often essential, both to ensure that what is s ought can actually be recovered and to provide information about the search process so that the court and the responding party can appropriately monitor th e process. As one court has noted, even a seemingly basic task like formulating appropriate search terms “is a complicated question i n volving the interplay, at least, of the sciences of computer technol ogy, statistics and linguistics ” and is “clearly beyo nd the ken of a layman,” requiring the participation of an expert. United States v. O’Keefe , 537 F. Supp. 2d 14, 24 (D.D.C. 2008). In this case, the transcript of the hearing on the motion to compel shows that the trial court was hampered by the lack of any expert testimony regarding the proposed forensic imaging and search . T he defendants’ attempt to substitute their own2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- assertions on these topics could not cure the lack of such evidence. Indeed, at oral argument on appeal, the defendants conceded that they could not answer technical ques tions about the proposed search without consulting with their expert. The trial court abused its discretion in permitting forensic imaging despite the lack of adequate definitions and par ameters for the proposed search

. ¶ 63 Further, the proposed forensic imaging had little relevanc e to the litigation. Rule 201 requires that the information sought be relevant to the issues in the lawsuit. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(b)(1) (eff. July 1, 2014). The trial court apparently accepted the defendants’ argument that information about when Carlson wa s working and when he was playing computer games could be relevant to determining the extent of the damage caused by the accident

. Carlson’s research on his symptoms could also possibly be relevant, although we note that evidence of such research may have limited probative value, as it could be motivated by either proper purposes (researching one’s own symptoms to allay personal health concerns) or improper p urposes (discovering the symptoms one would report to support a claim of brain injury). However, as a request for forensic imaging was involved, the court had to consider not only the relevance of the information sought by the defendants but also the broa d means by which they propose d to discover it

— forensic imaging of all of the computers’ hard drives

. As noted above, t he contents of Carlson’ s computers would have greater relevanc e if the computers themselves were at the heart of the claims raised

. Howe ver, that is not the case here, where the discovery method chosen by the defendants has no particular relevanc e to the cause of action. ¶ 64 Moreover, there were ample avenues open to the defendants to discover the information they sought without granting them the broad a ccess to Carlson’s computers that they sought. For instance, there is no indication that they ever sought to determine, through requests to admit or deposition questi ons, whether Carlson performed I nternet searches on the symptom terms they2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- fou nd suspicious, n or did they ever request that Carlson supplement his previous produc tion of
hi s symptoms log. And, as the trial court itself noted, they could have subpoenaed from the game companies the information they sought about Carlson’s online game

- playing

— but they did not. Instead, the defendants appear to have abandoned traditional methods of discovery to pursue far more intrusive methods of gaining the information they sought. ¶ 65 It is here that the balancing test of the proportionality rule comes into play. The potential utility of the discovery sought by the defendants must be weighed against the burden imposed by the discovery method the defendants have requested. Forensic imaging of all of the contents of Carlson’s computers will yield an eno rmous amount of data that goes far beyond the issues that are relevant to this suit, potentially including personal photographs, declarations of love, bank records and other financial information, records of online purchases , confidential information about family and friends contained in communications with them, and private online activiti es utterly unconnected to this s uit. A request to search the forensic imag e of a computer is like asking to search the entire contents of a house merely bec ause some ite ms in the house might be relevant. Because such a search is not narrowly restricted to yield only relevant information, it poses a high risk of being overbroad and intrusive in a manner that viol ates the constitutional right to privacy. See Kunkel , 179 I ll. 2d at 538

- 39 (broad measure that required the disclosure of confidential personal information , “without regard to the issues being litigated , ” was “unreasonable and unconstitutional”); People v . Lurie , 39 Ill. 2d 331, 3 35 (1968) (“a subpoena *** which is unreasonably broad in its demand , ” seeking irrelevant information, is unconstitutional). The low probative valu e of the information being sought does not justify a broad and intrusive method of obtaining that information that is likely to sweep in substantial amounts of irrelevant information. A party may not “dredge an ocean of *** electronically2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- stored information and records in an effort to capture a few elusive, perhaps non

- existent, fish.” Tucker , 281 F.R.D. at 95. ¶ 66 Finally, most of the information sought by the defendants here appears to fall into the categories of ESI identified by the r ules c ommittee as presumptively not discoverable under the proportionality balancing test. Ill. S. Ct. R. 201, Committee Comment s (adopted May 29, 2014)

. For instance, the defendants’ request for “time stamps” for work

- related tasks and online game - playing appears to seek “ data in metadata fields that are frequently updated automatically ” and “ on - line access data .” Id

. Likewise, the request for a history of Carlson’s online searches regarding his reported symptoms constitutes a request for “on

- line access data.” Id

. Indeed, the forensic imaging process itself m ight fall into th is category as seeking “ ‘d eleted, ’

‘ slack, ’ ‘ fragm ented, ’ or ‘ u nallocated’ data on hard drives.” Id

. ; s ee, e.g. , United States v. Triumph Capital Group, Inc. , 211 F.R.D. 31, 48 (D. Conn. 2002) (“A mirror image is an exact duplicate of the entire hard drive, and includes all the scattered clusters of the active and deleted files and the slack and free space.”). ¶ 67 If the information sought is presumptively nondiscoverable, the defendants would have to establish that discovery of the particular information was warranted in order to gain access to the informa tion. (The Gateway Logistics test may be helpful in making the determination, but as noted above we do not formally adopt that test; a trial court may consider any factors it considers helpful to the determination, bearing in mind the restrictive intent expressed in the committee

com ments to Rule 201.) However, as the record in this case lacks any technical expert opinions on this point, we do not reach a conclusion on this question. Instead, we focus on the larger proportionality considerations that apply to a request for forensic imaging.2016 IL App (2d) 151248

- 29

- ¶ 68 T he drafting committee for the 2006 amendments to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34 expressly identified privacy interests as a substantial concern raised by requests for forensic imaging or other direct searches of an opposing party ’ s computers :

“ [ I ] nspection or testing of *** a responding party’s electronic information system [ e.g. , a computer] may raise issues of confidentiality or privacy. The addition of [provisions for] testing and sampling to Rule 34(a) with regard to *** electronically stored information is not meant to create a routine right of direct access to a party’s electronic information system *** .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a), Committee Comments ( adop ted Apr

. 12, 2006 ). Indeed , because “the mere imaging of the media, in and of its elf, raises privacy and confidentiality concerns” and “[d]uplication, by its very nature, increases the risk of improper exposure, whether purposeful or inadvertent” ( John B. , 531 F.3d at 457 ) , even the entry of a carefully draf ted protective order might n ot be enough to overcome the privacy concerns arising in a particular case. “Thus courts are very cautious about ordering mirror imaging of computers, especially where the request is overly broad and where the connection between the party’s claims and the computer is vague and unproven.” A.M. Castle , 123 F. Supp. 3 d at 900. For all of these reasons, compelled forensic imaging should be a last resort. See 10 Jeffrey S. Kinsler & Jay E. Grenig , Illinois Practice § 2 3.72 (2d rev

. ed. 2016) (“A very high threshold will have to be cleared in order t o conduct such discovery.”). Further, in makin g such a determination, a court must consider the balancing test of the proportionality rule, considering

t he appropriate monetary and non monetary fac tors present in the case before it to determine whether the burdens resulting from forensic imaging outweigh the likely benefit. ¶ 69 Here, the trial court did not conduct the balancing test required by the proportionality rule. This failure to apply the cor rect legal analysis was an abuse of discretion. Koon v.2016 IL App (2d) 151248

- 30

- United States , 518 U.S. 81, 100 (1996) (a trial court “by definition abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law”). Accordingly, the trial court’s order compelling the forensic imaging of Ca rlson’s computers cannot stand. ¶ 70 Because the trial court did not apply the correct legal analysis in deciding whether to order forensic imaging of Carlson’s co mputers, we must remand to allow it to reconsider its decision under the correct standard. Befor e conclu ding our work, however, we address two other issue s raised by Carlson on appeal: whether he must produce t he computer he use s for his work for Baxter , and whether he may file an affidavit relevant to this point

. ¶ 71 F. Carlson’s Work Computer and the Padgitt Affidavit ¶ 72 Under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 214 (a) (eff. July 1, 2014) a party may obtain the production of documents or other tangible things, including ESI, only from another party. If the responding party does not have the requested it em in his “possession or control,” he must notify the requesting party of this fact, providing any information he has about the item’s ownership or whereabouts. Ill. S. Ct. R. 214(c) (eff. July 1, 2014)

. When a party seeks the p roduction of an item from a non party, it must issue a subpoena to that party. Ill. S. Ct. R. 204(a)(4) (eff. July 1, 2014) ; cf

. Redmond v. Central Community Hospital , 65 Ill. App. 3d 669, 674 (1978) ( “it is obvious that the [discovery] rules were intended to provide *** the means to discover relevant matter from other parties by motion or upon written request and, from third person s, through the

u se of subpoenas ” )

. ¶ 73 In this case, Carlson has asserted that he cannot produce the laptop provided to him by
Baxter , because it does not belong to him . All of the evidence in the record thus far supports this assertion

. E ven apart from the Padgitt affidavit

— wh ich was filed as an exhibit to Carlson’s motion to reconsider and was never ordered stricken, and thus is contained within the reco rd on2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- appeal although it was not formally received into the record

— Ca rlson testified to this at his deposition. ¶ 74 The defendants have not argued that Carlson’s actions in occasionally taking the laptop home constitute “possession or control ” of it. Even if they had raised this argument , the occasional past possession of an item does not mean that a party can now be required to produce it if it is no longer in his possession. See Wiebusch v. Taylor , 97 Ill. App. 3d 210, 214 (1981) (where party no longer h ad possession of the car he had dropped off for repairs, which he did not own, he could no t be required to produce it )

. Further, even present possession of an item might

not constitute legal “possession or control ” requiring production of the item if the party holds it as an agent for another under a restrictive agreement. See, e.g. , In re Shell E&P, Inc. , 179 S.W.3d 125, 13 0 (Tex. Ct. App. 2005) ( where an agent or employee has permissive “temporary custody” of an item subject to a restrictive confidentia lity agreement, the agent or employee cannot be ordered to produce the item; instead, the requesting party must seek the item from the principal or employer). Thus, the trial court abused its discretion in ordering Carlson to produce the laptop for inspec tion by the defendants. ¶ 75 Carlson also contends that the trial court erred in denying him leave to file the Padgitt affidavit (in its order of October 21, 2015, denying his oral motion for leave to file, and its order of November 17, 2015, denying his motion for reconsideration)

. The defendants argue that we cannot entertain this contention because our jurisdiction in an appeal from the order finding Carlson in contempt does not encompass a review of the order s denying leave to file the Padgitt affidavit. Carlson responds that the Padgitt affidavit is relevant to a consideration of whether his noncompliance with the order for f orensic imaging was justifiable , an d so we may review th e trial court’ s rulings regarding the affidavit

. We agree with Carlson.2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- ¶ 76 T he trial court ordered Carlson to produce for inspection not only his own computers, but also the computer he used for work. Carlson contended that he did not o wn the work computer, which was provided to him by Baxter, and he offere d th e affidavit as proof of his non ownership. Accordingly, the testimony provided by the affidavit was directly relevant to the issue of whether Carlson could be compelled to produce that computer (or sanctioned for failing to produce it). As such, the correctness of the trial court’s order sanctioning Carlson is intertwined with the correctness of the orders denying Carlson leave to file the affidavit, and all of these orders are wit hin the scope of our review

. Norskog , 197 Ill. 2d at 69. For the same reason

— the clear relevance of the Padgitt affidavit to a disputed factual issue, the ownership of the work laptop

— we find that the trial court abused its discretion in denying Carlson leave to file the affidavit. See Workforce Solutions v. Urban Services of America, Inc. , 2012 IL App (1st) 111410, ¶ 41 (where an issue is disputed, the trial court must conduct an evidentiary hearing; the dispute must be resolved through the consideratio n of evidence, not the arguments of counsel). On remand, if the ownership of the work laptop remains a disputed issue, the trial court must allow the parties to present evidence on the issue. ¶ 77 III. CONCLUSION ¶ 78 For all of these reasons, we vacate the trial court ’ s September 23, 2015, order com pelling Carlson to produce his computers for forensic imaging , the protective order of the same date , and the trial court’s October 21 and November 17, 2015, orders denying leave to file the Padgitt affidavit . Further, the record reflects that Carlson showed no disdain for the court and merely refus ed to comply with its September 23, 2015, order in good faith to secure appellate interpretation of this lega l issue. We therefore vacate the contempt order dated November 17,
2015 . See In re Marriage of Earlywine , 2013 IL 114779, ¶ 36. ¶ 79 Vacated and remanded.2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- ¶ 80 JUSTICE Mc LAREN , specially concurring. ¶ 81 I specially concur because I wish to expound on what should be addressed by the trial court upon remand. The majority opinio n is well reasoned as far as it goes. It touches upon the issue of relevance in the classical sense that there may be evidence that , despite being digit i zed on a computer , would still be relevant in proving or disproving injuries proximately caused by the admitted liability of the defendant s . However, the majority fails to address the lack of discourse and evidence regarding the admissibility of and , therefore , the need fo r the discovery of the metadata from the sundry computers. ¶ 82 D efendants claim that , because plaintiff operates computers , and computers have metadata that records how the computers are operated , the metadata can somehow be correlated to establish the existen ce or nonexistence of any change to plaintiff’s brain by determining how plaintiff’s brain was operating the computers

. There is virtually no evidence in the record to support th is “expert” supposition. I say “expert” because it is beyond the ken of a re asonable juror. See generally Binge v. J. J. Borders Const ruction Co. , 95 Ill. App. 3d 238 (1981). ¶ 83 D efendants relate that a computer expert or experts will have to be consulted to extract and interpret the metadata. The trial court took it on faith that it could be done. Extracting the information is one thing ; interpreting it in the manner suggested is another. ¶ 84 The injuries that are contested relate to brain trauma and the effects thereof. I would submit that compu ter experts do not normally have expertise in the diagnosis and prognosis of brain damage , let alone damage allegedly caused by the impact of a rear

- end collision. Thus, it seems appropriate that a medical expert who has been certified in the area s of diagnosis and prognosis of traumatic brain damage (rather than a computer expert) would be required to opine within a reasonable degree of medical or scientific certainty whether plaintiff has experienced brain damage. And if so, its nature and extent

.2016 IL App (2d) 151248

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- ¶ 85 The problem with defendant s’ argument is that they do not cite any authority that suggests or implies that the collection and interpretation of metadata relating to the operation of a computer is an acceptable procedure for the diagnosis of the computer operator’s possible brain damage , regardless of the type of expert involved. As stated by our supreme court: “Under the rule of Frye , scientific evidence is admissible at trial only ‘ if the methodology or scientific principle upon which the opinion is b ased is “ sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs. ” ’ In re Commitment of Simons , 213 Ill. 2d 523, 529

- 30 (2004), quoting Frye , 293 F. at 1014. Further, the Frye test is necessary only if the scientific principle, technique or test offered by the expert to support his or her conclusion is ‘ new ’ or ‘ novel. ’ [Citation].” People v.
McKown , 236 Ill. 2d 278, 282

- 83 (2010). ¶ 86 I am not aware of any authority that suggests that there is a certifiable correlation between any particular computer’s metadata and the abil ity to diagnose brain damage , let alone traumatic brain damage. Therefore , I conclude that the tests and techniques that defendants have proposed to base discovery upon are new and novel a nd subject to the Frye t est. If there is evidence to satisfy the Frye t est , I submit that it should be presented along with any other evidence that would validate this discovery request

. ¶ 87 I am not pr ejudging the outcome. I am merely determining that this record presents an instance that requires a Frye hearing. If this fails the Frye test then there is no reason for allowing discovery for inadmissible evidence based upon an unproven, unacceptable correlation between a computer’s metadata and the alleged b rain damage of its operator.