*This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under

the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

DEC 11 1997

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

ROBERT ALLEN LITTLE, JR.,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 96-4136

(D. Ct. No. 95-CR-149)

(D. Utah)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TACHA, BRISCOE, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

Defendant Robert Allen Little, Jr. was convicted of violating federal law

for bombing a dormitory at Dixie College in St. George, Utah in October of 1993. 

He raises four issues on appeal. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291

and affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

Robert Allen Little, Jr. moved to St. George, Utah in the summer of 1993. 
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There, he associated with members of a skinhead organization and engaged in

activities manifesting a hatred for Jews and African-Americans. During late

September or early October, 1993, on at least two separate occasions, Mr. Little

told acquaintances that he was going to cause a bomb to explode. On one of these

occasions, he specified that the bomb would explode at a local college dormitory. 

On October 10, 1993, a homemade pipe bomb exploded outside a dormitory room

occupied by two black students who attended Dixie College. The explosion

damaged the building extensively and destroyed the property of the two students. 

The bomb had “KKK” written on it. 

On the day of the bombing, Mr. Little’s roommate, Jennifer Price, had seen

Mr. Little build a pipe bomb and cause a small explosion to test the device. Mr.

Little told Ms. Price that he was “going to get some niggers.” Tr. 326. That same

night, when Ms. Price returned with a friend, Mr. Little told them that he had just

“got some niggers” by setting off a bomb at a college dormitory. Tr. 328. He

also said that he had left a note on another student’s door.

The morning after the bombing, a different black student found a note at

his door that read, “All niggers ought to die,” had “KKK” written on it, and had

drawings of swastikas and a man hanging from a tree. Tr. 252-54. The student

transferred from the college because of the bombing and the note. The night after

the bombing, Mr. Little told three acquaintances that he was responsible for the
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bombing and commented that had the two black students been killed, he would

not have committed murder because blacks are “subhuman.” Tr. 454. He also

told them that he was “going down to the college” to “shoot all the niggers.” Tr.

455, 470. Immediately after this conversation, two of the acquaintances reported

what Mr. Little had said to the police. The next day, the police searched Mr.

Little’s apartment. They found a PVC pipe, 53 fuses, and lead fragments similar

to those found at the scene of the explosion. During the search, Mr. Little ran

from the apartment and fled the state. Mr. Little was sixteen years old at the time

of the bombing. 

During the summer of 1995, Mr. Little surrendered himself to a juvenile

facility in California and was serving a sentence there when the United States

initiated this action. His jail term in California relates to his involvement in the

firebombing of the house of an African-American family on February 14, 1993,

several months before he moved to Utah and the bombing of the Dixie College

dormitory.

On August 23, 1995, the United States filed a four-count sealed information

under 18 U.S.C. § 5032 charging Mr. Little with acts of juvenile delinquency. A

federal grand jury charged Mr. Little with a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 844(i)

(malicious damage and destruction by fire and explosive), a violation of 26

U.S.C. § 5861(d) (possession of an unregistered firearm), and two violations of 42
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U.S.C. § 3631(a) (interference with housing rights of person on the basis of race).

The government filed a certification under § 5032, asserting that the federal

district court had jurisdiction over Mr. Little because he was a juvenile at the time

of the alleged offenses, he was charged with a felonious crime of violence in

which the government had a substantial interest, and local authorities had refused

to prosecute Mr. Little. The government evidenced the local authorities’ refusal

by attaching a letter from the county attorney stating that the local courts would

not assume jurisdiction over the case. 

The government also filed a motion under § 5032, requesting that the

district court proceed against Mr. Little as an adult because he was charged with

violent crimes involving the attempted use of physical force and because he had

been found guilty of committing violent crimes in the past. The district court

granted this motion and proceeded against Mr. Little as an adult. 

At trial, the government introduced the above-recounted evidence,

including Mr. Little’s involvement in the firebombing of the house in California

eight months before the dormitory bombing. The government also introduced

evidence that 10 percent of the Dixie College student body were out-of-state

residents who paid rent to live in the school’s dormitories, approximately 25

percent of the school’s educational materials came from out-of-state, and that a

large amount of its electricity and power were furnished by out-of-state sources.
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Mr. Little testified at trial and denied all involvement in the Dixie College

bombing. He testified that he never told anyone that he was responsible for the

bombing. He did admit that he was responsible for the firebombing in California,

but he contended that he committed that crime because of a dispute over a bicycle

and not because of the victims’ race. 

On May 13, 1996, a jury found Mr. Little guilty of all counts. On July 22,

1996, the district court sentenced Mr. Little to twelve years in prison, fined him

$12,000, and ordered him to pay $190 in restitution.

II. DISCUSSION

Mr. Little raises four issues on appeal. He asserts that (1) under 18 U.S.C.

§ 5032, federal jurisdiction was improper and he should not have been charged as

an adult, (2) 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) is unconstitutional under the rule of United States

v. Lopez, 115 S. Ct. 1624 (1995), (3) the district court abused its discretion by

granting the government’s motion in limine to limit cross-examination of a

government witness, and (4) the evidence presented by the government at trial

was not sufficient to sustain a conviction. 

We first turn to the question whether, under 18 U.S.C. § 5032, the district

court properly exercised jurisdiction over Mr. Little and whether he was properly

charged as an adult. We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. 

See United States v. Angelo D, 88 F.3d 856, 859 (10th Cir. 1996). Section 5032
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addresses two issues relevant to this case: the requirements for certification of

federal jurisdiction over a juvenile and mandatory transfer to adult status.

A federal district court may only exercise jurisdiction over a juvenile if the

Attorney General certifies to the court that (1) the local state court does not have

or refuses to exercise jurisdiction over the case, (2) the state does not have

adequate programs and services to meet the needs of juveniles, or (3) the offense

charged is a felony crime of violence in which the United States has a substantial

federal interest. See 18 U.S.C. § 5032. For there to be a proper exercise of

federal jurisdiction, the Attorney General only needs to certify to one of these

three. We conclude that the district court properly exercised federal jurisdiction

over Mr. Little under the first option because the government certified to the

federal district court that the local state court in Utah refused to assume

jurisdiction over the case and evidenced that certification by a letter from the

county attorney stating that he would not prosecute the case. 

Mr. Little also contends that the district court should not have transferred

him to adult status under § 5032. We disagree. Section 5032 requires a federal

district court to transfer the juvenile defendant to adult status if (1) the juvenile

was at least 16 years old when the criminal act was alleged to have occurred, (2)

the alleged act would be, if committed by an adult, a felony that has as an element

the use or attempted use of physical force against another person, and (3) the
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juvenile has previously been found guilty of an act that would be, if committed by

an adult, a felony that has as an element the use or attempted use of physical force

against another person. See 18 U.S.C. § 5032. Mr. Little was 16 years old at the

time of the Dixie College bombing; the alleged crime involved the attempted use

of physical force against another person; and he was previously found guilty of

firebombing the house in California, an act which involved the attempted use of

physical force against another person. The district court was required to transfer

Mr. Little to adult status because all three of the statutory conditions existed. See

18 U.S.C. § 5032 (“[A] juvenile . . . shall be transferred . . . for criminal

prosecution.”) (emphasis added).

We next address the constitutionality of 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) in light of

United States v. Lopez, 115 S. Ct. 1624 (1995), a question that we review de

novo. See United States v. 829 Calle de Madero Chaparral, 100 F.3d 734, 736

(10th Cir. 1996). Mr. Little argues that § 844(i) is unconstitutional as applied in

this case. Section 844(i) provides, in relevant part:

Whoever maliciously damages or destroys . . . , by means of fire or

an explosive, any building . . . used in interstate or foreign commerce

or in any activity affecting interstate foreign commerce shall be

imprisoned for not more than 10 years or fined not more than

$10,000, or both . . . .

18 U.S.C. § 844(i). The Supreme Court held, ten years before its decision in

Lopez, that § 844(i) is an exercise by Congress of its full power under the
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Commerce Clause. See Russell v. United States, 471 U.S. 858, 859 (1985). In

Lopez, the Supreme Court held that Congress had exceeded its authority under

the Commerce Clause when it enacted the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990,

18 U.S.C. § 922(q)(1)(A). That statute made possession of a firearm in a school

zone a federal crime. The Court held that the statute had “nothing to do with

‘commerce’ or any sort of economic enterprise,” nor did it require the firearm

possession to be connected in any manner to interstate commerce. Lopez, 115 S.

Ct. at 1630-31. Lopez does not change the Court’s conclusion in Russell because

the statute under consideration here, unlike the one at issue in Lopez, contains a

“jurisdictional element which . . . ensure[s], through case-by-case inquiry, that the

[arson] in question affects interstate commerce.” Lopez, 115 S. Ct. at 1631.

Mr. Little asserts that the jurisdictional element cannot be established in

this case because, as a matter of law, the Dixie College dormitory cannot be

considered a “building . . . used in interstate . . . commerce.” 18 U.S.C. § 844(i). 

Because Congress sought to exercise its full Constitutional power in § 844(i), see

Russell, 471 U.S. at 860, the question that we must answer is whether Congress

would have the authority under the Commerce Clause to prohibit the destruction

of the Dixie College dormitory. See United States v. Pappadopoulos, 64 F.3d

522, 525 (9th Cir. 1995) (asking the same question as to the destruction of a

private residence). The Court’s disposition in Russell controls here. In Russell,
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the Court addressed whether § 844(i) applies to a two-unit apartment building that

is used as rental property. See Russell, 471 U.S. at 858. The Court concluded: 

[T]he local rental of an apartment unit is merely an element of a

much broader commercial market in rental properties. The

congressional power to regulate the class of activities that constitute

the rental market for real estate includes the power to regulate

individual activity within that class.

Id. at 862. In this case, the government presented evidence that Dixie College

collected rent from students living in the dormitory that Mr. Little bombed. 

Indeed, some of the students living in the dormitory were out-of-state residents.

Because the dormitory was rental property, there is no question that Congress

would have the authority under its commerce power to prohibit its destruction. 

Therefore, § 844(i) was constitutionally applied in this case.

Mr. Little next asserts that the district court erred by denying him the right

to cross-examine Ms. Price, his roommate at the time of the bombing, regarding

her past psychiatric treatment. Review of a trial court’s decision to limit crossexamination of a witness is reviewed for abuse of discretion, and the ruling will

be reversed only if the abuse of discretion suggests a manifestly unreasonable

judgment. See United States v. Hinkle, 37 F.3d 576, 579 (10th Cir. 1994). 

Ruling upon the government’s motion in limine to restrict cross-examination of

Ms. Price, the district court determined that Mr. Little could inquire into her

psychiatric treatment so long as he could demonstrate that the treatment both
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“related in time” to the events about which she was going to testify and was

serious enough so as to be “relevant . . . to [her] ability to accurately perceive

conditions.” Tr. 309, 310-11. The burden placed on Mr. Little was quite minimal

and, we think, a reasonable restriction on his right to impeach Ms. Price through

cross-examination, particularly given the very sensitive nature of this line of

questioning. Given the broad discretion that the trial court possesses in

controlling cross-examination, we conclude that the limitations imposed by the

trial court were well within its discretion.

Finally, we turn to Mr. Little’s argument that the evidence that the

government presented at trial was not sufficient, as a matter of law, to sustain a

conviction. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we will reverse only if

we conclude that “no rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Lopez, 100 F.3d 113,

118 (10th Cir. 1996) (quotations omitted). Mr. Little asserts that the evidence

presented at trial is insufficient because (1) all evidence was circumstantial; (2)

the jury discounted his testimony; and (3) there was no evidence of his racial

animus to support the two civil rights violations. We are not persuaded by his

argument.

The evidence of Mr. Little’s guilt was substantial. The government

presented numerous witnesses who corroborated the government’s assertions and
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accounted for virtually every move Mr. Little made the day of and the two days

following the bombing. The government adduced evidence that the pipe bomb

that exploded was labeled “KKK” and testimony that directly linked that pipe

bomb to Mr. Little. Furthermore, the government presented several witnesses

who testified about Mr. Little’s hatred for blacks and his desire to kill them. We

conclude that there was ample evidence to support the jury’s verdict.

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in all respects.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT,

Deanell Reece Tacha

Circuit Judge