1The Honorable Andrew W. Bogue, United States District Judge for the District

of South Dakota, sitting by designation.

2The Honorable Donald J. Stohr, United States District Judge for the Eastern

District of Missouri.

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 99-3048

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Claybran Powell, Jr. *

*

Appellant, * Appeal from the United States

* District Court for the 

v. * Eastern District of Missouri.

*

United States of America, * [PUBLISHED]

*

Appellee. *

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Submitted: September 14, 2000

Filed: November 17, 2000

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Before BOWMAN and BEAM, Circuit Judges, and BOGUE,1 District Judge.

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PER CURIAM.

Claybran Powell, Jr. appeals the order of the District Court2 denying his 28

U.S.C. § 2255 motion. Powell argues that the evidence was insufficient, in light of

Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137 (1995), to support the verdict of the jury that
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found him guilty under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) (1988 & Supp. V 1993) of using or carrying

a firearm during and in relation to a drug-trafficking crime. We affirm.

The police became aware of Powell's involvement in a drug operation when a

reliable informant provided a tip to the police that Powell was selling cocaine from an

apartment. The police put the apartment under surveillance for five days and observed

numerous interactions between Powell and several visitors to the apartment that were

consistent with drug dealing. The police obtained a search warrant for the apartment,

but as they prepared to execute the warrant they observed Powell arrive at the scene

and park his car across the street from the apartment building. The officers converged

on Powell and ordered him out of the car. When Powell emerged from the car, a

detective found a loaded handgun resting on the driver's seat, exactly where Powell had

been sitting. The officers arrested Powell and discovered that he was carrying five

hundred dollars in cash. The police subsequently executed the warrant and discovered

cocaine, two guns, and drug paraphernalia in the apartment. In addition, Powell made

incriminating statements about his drug operation.

In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the government, resolving evidentiary conflicts in favor of the

government, and accepting all reasonable inferences from the evidence that support the

jury's verdict. See United States v. Bates, 77 F.3d 1101, 1104-05 (8th Cir. 1996). The

jury's verdict must be upheld if there is an interpretation of the evidence that would

allow a reasonable jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See id.

at 1105.

Powell's sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge relies on Bailey, which held that

the term "use" in § 924(c)(1) denotes active employment of a firearm. See 516 U.S.

at 148 (requiring active employment of firearm, including "brandishing, displaying,

bartering, striking with, and most obviously, firing or attempting to fire"). Under

Bailey, this record does not support a finding that Powell "used" a firearm. The Court's
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opinion in Bailey did nothing, however, to affect the meaning of "carry" as used in

§ 924(c). See United States v. Willis, 89 F.3d 1371, 1378 (8th Cir. 1996). The

evidence is sufficient to show that Powell carried the firearm found in the vehicle within

the meaning of § 924(c). See United States v. Freisinger, 937 F.2d 383, 387 (8th Cir.

1991) ("'[W]hen a motor vehicle is used, "carrying a weapon" takes on a less restrictive

meaning than carrying on the person. The means of carrying is the vehicle . . . .'")

(quoting United States v. Cardenas, 864 F.2d 1528, 1535 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 491

U.S. 909 (1989)).

A conviction under § 924(c)(1) also requires the government to prove that

Powell carried the firearm "during and in relation to" a drug-trafficking crime. The

evidence establishes a strong nexus between the gun Powell carried, the five hundred

dollars in his possession at the time of arrest, the confidential informant's tip that Powell

was selling drugs, the police surveillance indicating Powell had sold drugs, and the

discovery of drugs and guns in the apartment. Powell was arrested outside the

apartment with a gun in his possession, presumably on his way back to the apartment.

The jury held Powell accountable for the cocaine in the apartment when they convicted

him of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. They had sufficient evidence to

find that Powell carried the firearm not as happenstance, but during and in relation to

the drug trafficking offense. See Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 238 (1993)

("[T]he phrase 'in relation to' . . . clarifies that the firearm must have some purpose or

effect with respect to the drug trafficking crime; its presence or involvement cannot be

the result of accident or coincidence."). The evidence was also sufficient for the jury

to find that Powell carried the firearm in order to protect the five hundred dollars cash

in his possession, which a reasonable jury could conclude was made up of drug

proceeds. Cf. United States v. Edwards, 994 F.2d 417, 421 (8th Cir. 1993)

("Protection of drug proceeds furthers a drug trafficking crime, and use of a firearm to

guard such proceeds therefore violates § 924(c)."). 
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In sum, while the evidence does not show that Powell "used" a firearm, it

sufficiently supports a finding that he "carried" the firearm found in the car.

Accordingly, Powell's challenge to his § 924(c) conviction fails.

The judgment of the District Court denying Powell's § 2255 motion is affirmed.

A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.