II 

113TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 2887 

To expand access to transportation services for individuals with disabilities. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

SEPTEMBER 18, 2014 

Mr. HARKIN introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred 

to the Committee on Finance 

A BILL 

To expand access to transportation services for individuals 

with disabilities. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Accessible Transpor5 tation for All Act’’. 

6 SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 

7 In this Act: 

8 (1) ACCESSIBLE VEHICLE FOR HIRE.—The 

9 term ‘‘accessible vehicle for hire’’ means a vehicle 

10 used in a demand responsive system by private enti11 ties to provide non-fixed route transportation servVerDate Sep 11 2014 00:11 Oct 01, 2014 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S2887.IS S2887

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1 ice, including taxi service and transportation net2 work operator vehicles, which— 

3 (A) is designed to enable persons who use 

4 wheelchairs or other mobility devices to be 

5 transported, and to remain in their wheelchairs 

6 or other mobility devices if they so choose; and 

7 (B) affords independent access for people 

8 with disabilities to all in-vehicle functions gen9 erally available to other passengers in such ve10 hicles, including credit card payment devices. 

11 (2) ACCESSIBLE PASSENGER CAR.—The term 

12 ‘‘accessible passenger car’’ means a passenger car 

13 that is designed to enable persons who use wheel14 chairs or other mobility devices as a result of a sig15 nificant mobility impairment— 

16 (A) to independently enter and exit the car 

17 via a ramp, lift, or similar device that permits 

18 access to the driver’s seat, while remaining in 

19 a manual wheelchair, power wheelchair, or 

20 other mobility device; 

21 (B) to safely store a wheelchair or other 

22 mobility device in the car, if desired; and 

23 (C) to independently operate the car, in24 cluding through using hand controls or other 

25 optional modifications. 


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1 (3) ACCESSIBLE TAXI VEHICLE.—The term 

2 ‘‘accessible taxi vehicle’’ means an accessible vehicle 

3 for hire operated by a taxi company or other com4 pany that provides immediate service through on5 street hailing or on-demand dispatch by telephone or 

6 electronic means. 

7 (4) ADMINISTRATION.—The term ‘‘Administra8 tion’’ means the Federal Transit Administration. 

9 (5) ADMINISTRATOR.—The term ‘‘Adminis10 trator’’ means the Administrator of the Federal 

11 Transit Administration. 

12 (6) DISCRIMINATORY TERMS OR CONDITIONS.— 

13 The term ‘‘discriminatory terms or conditions’’ in14 cludes— 

15 (A) denial of participation (as described in 

16 section 302(b)(1)(A)(i) of the Americans with 

17 Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 

18 12182(b)(1)(A)(i))); 

19 (B) participation in an unequal benefit (as 

20 described in section 302(b)(1)(A)(ii) of such 

21 Act); 

22 (C) the imposition or application of eligi23 bility criteria described in section 

24 302(b)(2)(A)(i) of such Act; 


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1 (D) a failure to make reasonable accom2 modations in policies, practices, or procedures 

3 (as described in section 302(b)(2)(A)(ii) of such 

4 Act); 

5 (E) imposing a surcharge for the use of an 

6 accessible taxi or an accessible for-hire vehicle 

7 by a person with a disability; and 

8 (F) failing to permit an individual with a 

9 disability with his service animal. 

10 (7) FOR HIRE TRANSPORTATION COMPANY.— 

11 The term ‘‘for hire transportation company’’ means 

12 a public or private entity operating a demand re13 sponsive system, including a taxi service, a transpor14 tation network company, or other public or private 

15 entity providing transportation or access to non16 fixed route transportation services. 

17 (8) PASSENGER CAR.—The term ‘‘passenger 

18 car’’ has the meaning given the term ‘‘passenger 

19 automobile’’ in section 32901(a) of title 49, United 

20 States Code. 

21 (9) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 

22 the Secretary of Transportation. 

23 (10) TRANSPORTATION NETWORK COMPANY.— 

24 The term ‘‘transportation network company’’ means 

25 a company that uses a digital network, a software 


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1 application, or other means to connect a passenger 

2 to transportation network services provided by a 

3 transportation network operator. 

4 (11) TRANSPORTATION NETWORK OPERATOR.— 

5 The term ‘‘transportation network operator’’ means 

6 an individual who operates a motor vehicle that is— 

7 (A) owned or leased by the individual; 

8 (B) not licensed as a taxi or other public 

9 vehicle for hire; and 

10 (C) used to provide services through a 

11 transportation network or transportation net12 work company. 

13 SEC. 3. ACCESSIBILITY AND NONDISCRIMINATION. 

14 (a) ADEQUATE PROVISION OF ACCESSIBLE VEHI15 CLES.—Any person who owns, leases, operates, or ar16 ranges for the operation of transportation services to 

17 members of the public through a for hire transportation 

18 company, taxi service, or transportation network company 

19 shall provide, or arrange for, the adequate provision of ac20 cessible vehicles for hire to serve individuals with disabil21 ities who require such services. 

22 (b) RIGHTS OF DISABLED INDIVIDUALS.—An indi23 vidual with a disability may not, as a result of such dis24 ability— 


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1 (1) be denied full and equal access to appro2 priate and usable transportation by a person pro3 viding transportation services, including services— 

4 (A) through a transportation network com5 pany; 

6 (B) through a for hire transportation com7 pany; 

8 (C) through a taxi service; or 

9 (D) by a driver, owner, or operator of a 

10 taxi vehicle; or 

11 (2) be subject to discriminatory terms or condi12 tions by any person who owns, leases, or operates a 

13 transportation vehicle, or arranges for such trans14 portation services, to members of the public, includ15 ing the services set forth in subparagraphs (A) 

16 through (D) of paragraph (1). 

17 (c) APPLICABLE REMEDIES AND PROCEDURES.—The 

18 remedies and procedures set forth in sections 308(a) and 

19 505 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 

20 U.S.C. 12188(a) and 12205) shall be available to any per21 son aggrieved by the failure of a person to comply with 

22 this section. 

23 SEC. 4. MODEL ACCESSIBLE TAXI COMPETITION. 

24 (a) IN GENERAL.— 


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1 (1) COMPETITION AUTHORIZED.—Not later 

2 than 180 days after the date of the enactment of 

3 this Act, the Administrator shall organize a national 

4 competition to design 1 or more model accessible 

5 taxi vehicles. 

6 (2) PURPOSE.—The purpose of the competition 

7 under this section shall be to develop 1 or more de8 signs for an accessible taxi vehicle which, without 

9 additional modification, can be manufactured for an 

10 amount not to exceed the sum of the average manu11 facturing cost of a minivan that is generally avail12 able for purchase by consumers in the United 

13 States. 

14 (b) ELIGIBLE COMPETITORS.—Any automobile man15 ufacturer that manufactures vehicles for sale in the United 

16 States may submit a proposal for the competition author17 ized under this section, regardless of size. 

18 (c) GUIDELINES.— 

19 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Administration shall es20 tablish guidelines for the competition authorized 

21 under this section in accordance with paragraphs (2) 

22 through (5). 

23 (2) COST.—A proposal may not be selected for 

24 a cash prize under subsection (d) unless the Admin25 istrator determines that the cost for manufacturing 


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1 the proposed accessible taxi vehicle does not exceed 

2 the average manufacturing cost of a minivan that is 

3 generally available for purchase by consumers in the 

4 United States. 

5 (3) COLLABORATION REQUIREMENT.—Each 

6 proposal submitted under this section shall represent 

7 designs collaboratively developed by— 

8 (A) an eligible automobile manufacturer; 

9 and 

10 (B) at least 1 national organization serving 

11 people with disabilities. 

12 (4) ADOPTABILITY.—Proposals submitted 

13 under this section shall be judged on whether the de14 sign for an accessible taxi vehicle represents a design 

15 that a local taxi commission could realistically adopt. 

16 The Administrator shall encourage competitors to 

17 seek feedback on their designs from members of a 

18 local taxi commission before such submission. 

19 (5) VEHICLE ATTRIBUTES.—Each proposal sub20 mitted under this section shall describe the specifica21 tions of the proposed accessible taxi vehicle, includ22 ing— 

23 (A) accessibility features and the extent to 

24 which such features allow for the full inclusion 

25 of individuals with various disabilities; 


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1 (B) estimated highway and city fuel econ2 omy; 

3 (C) the cost of the vehicle; 

4 (D) the extent to which the vehicle pro5 vides adequate space for passengers and any 

6 mobility devices, including wheelchairs; 

7 (E) the relative comfort provided for pas8 sengers with disabilities and others; and 

9 (F) available luggage or storage space. 

10 (d) SELECTION.—The Administrator shall convene a 

11 selection panel to select the winning proposals for the com12 petition that includes representatives from the taxi indus13 try, the for-hire transportation industry, and the disability 

14 community. 

15 (e) PAYMENT.— 

16 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall 

17 award automobile manufacturers that are selected 

18 pursuant to subsection (d) with cash prizes in an 

19 amount to be determined by the Administrator. 

20 (2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 

21 There are authorized to be appropriated such sums 

22 as may be necessary to carry out this section. 

23 SEC. 5. MODEL ACCESSIBLE PASSENGER CAR COMPETI24 TION. 

25 (a) IN GENERAL.— 


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1 (1) COMPETITION AUTHORIZED.—Not later 

2 than 180 days after the date of the enactment of 

3 this Act, the Administrator shall organize a national 

4 competition to design 1 or more model accessible 

5 passenger cars. 

6 (2) PURPOSE.—The purpose of the competition 

7 under this section shall be to develop 1 or more de8 signs for an accessible passenger car which, without 

9 additional modification— 

10 (A) can be manufactured for an amount 

11 not to exceed 75 percent of the average manu12 facturing cost of a passenger car that is avail13 able for purchase by consumers in the United 

14 States; and 

15 (B) can be sold to the public for an 

16 amount not to exceed 75 percent of the average 

17 sale price of a new passenger car that is avail18 able for purchase by consumers in the United 

19 States. 

20 (b) ELIGIBLE COMPETITORS.—Any automobile man21 ufacturer that manufactures passenger cars for sale in the 

22 United States may submit a proposal for the competition 

23 authorized under this section, regardless of size. 

24 (c) GUIDELINES.— 


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1 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall es2 tablish guidelines for the competition authorized 

3 under this section in accordance with paragraphs (2) 

4 through (5). 

5 (2) COST.—A proposal may not be selected for 

6 a cash prize under subsection (d) unless the Admin7 istrator determines that— 

8 (A) the cost for manufacturing the pro9 posed accessible passenger car does not exceed 

10 75 percent of the average manufacturing cost of 

11 a passenger car that is generally available for 

12 purchase by consumers in the United States; 

13 and 

14 (B) the sale price of the proposed acces15 sible passenger car will not to exceed 75 percent 

16 of the average sale price of a new passenger car 

17 that is available for purchase by consumers in 

18 the United States. 

19 (3) COLLABORATION REQUIREMENT.—Each 

20 proposal submitted under this section shall represent 

21 designs collaboratively developed by— 

22 (A) an eligible automobile manufacturer; 

23 (B) a postsecondary school of design; and 

24 (C) at least 1 national organization serving 

25 people with disabilities. 


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1 (4) STANDARDS.—Proposals submitted under 

2 this section shall meet the general requirements set 

3 by the Department of Transportation for all pas4 senger cars available for purchase in the United 

5 States. 

6 (5) VEHICLE ATTRIBUTES.—Each proposal sub7 mitted under this section shall describe the specifica8 tions of the proposed accessible passenger car, in9 cluding— 

10 (A) the extent to which the car meets the 

11 requirements of an accessible passenger car set 

12 forth in subsection (a)(2); 

13 (B) estimated highway and city fuel econ14 omy; 

15 (C) the cost of the vehicle; 

16 (D) the extent to which the vehicle pro17 vides adequate space for using and storing mo18 bility devices, including wheelchairs; 

19 (E) whether the car includes hand con20 trols, either as standard equipment or as an op21 tion available from the manufacturer; 

22 (F) the ease and comfort with which driv23 ers with disabilities can enter and exit the car; 

24 (G) the ease with which drivers with dis25 abilities can reach and utilize car controls; 


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1 (H) the ease of making additional modi2 fications to the car, if necessary; and 

3 (I) available luggage or storage space. 

4 (d) SELECTION.—The Administrator shall convene a 

5 selection panel to select the winning proposals for the com6 petition that includes representatives from the automobile 

7 industry and the disability community. 

8 (e) PAYMENT.— 

9 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall 

10 award cash prizes, in an amount to be determined 

11 by the Administrator, to the automobile manufactur12 ers, postsecondary schools of design, and disability 

13 organizations that collaborated on a design that was 

14 selected under subsection (d). 

15 (2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 

16 There are authorized to be appropriated such sums 

17 as may be necessary to carry out this section. 

18 SEC. 6. ACCESSIBLE TAXI AND FOR-HIRE TRANSPORTATION 

19 BOARD. 

20 (a) ESTABLISHMENT.—Chapter 1 of subtitle I of title 

21 49, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end 

22 the following: 


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1 ‘‘§ 116. Accessible Taxi and For-Hire Transportation 

2 Board 

3 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—There is established in the Ad4 ministration an Accessible Taxi and For-Hire Transpor5 tation Board (referred to in this section as the ‘Board’). 

6 ‘‘(b) MEMBERSHIP.—The Board shall be composed of 

7 9 members, who shall be appointed as follows: 

8 ‘‘(1) PUBLIC MEMBERS.— 

9 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of 

10 Transportation shall appoint 5 people with dis11 abilities to the Board, including— 

12 ‘‘(i) at least 1 person who uses a 

13 wheelchair for mobility; 

14 ‘‘(ii) at least 1 person who is deaf or 

15 hard of hearing; 

16 ‘‘(iii) at least 1 person who is blind or 

17 visually impaired; and 

18 ‘‘(iv) at least 1 person with an intel19 lectual disability or a developmental dis20 ability. 

21 ‘‘(B) TERM.—Each public member ap22 pointed under this paragraph shall be appointed 

23 for a 2-year term. 

24 ‘‘(2) ADMINISTRATION REPRESENTATIVES.— 

25 The Administrator shall designate 2 officials of the 


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1 Administration to represent the Administration on 

2 the Board. 

3 ‘‘(3) TAXI INDUSTRY MEMBERS.—The Sec4 retary shall appoint 2 members from the taxi and 

5 for-hire transportation industry to the Board. 

6 ‘‘(c) CHAIRPERSON.—The Secretary shall designate 

7 a Chairperson of the Board from among the appointed 

8 public members of the Board. 

9 ‘‘(d) MEETINGS.—The Board shall meet at the call 

10 of the Chairperson, but not less frequently than 4 times 

11 per year. 

12 ‘‘(e) DUTIES.—The Board shall conduct activities to 

13 increase the availability of accessible taxis and other for14 hire vehicles, including— 

15 ‘‘(1) coordinating with the Federal Transit Ad16 ministration to provide information and technical as17 sistance to local municipalities, taxi commissions, 

18 and for hire transportation companies (as defined in 

19 section 2 of the Accessible Transportation for All 

20 Act)— 

21 ‘‘(A) to increase the availability of acces22 sible taxi vehicles and accessible vehicles for 

23 hire; and 


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1 ‘‘(B) to facilitate improvements to access 

2 to taxis and other accessible for-hire transpor3 tation options for people with disabilities; and 

4 ‘‘(2) submitting an annual report to the Sec5 retary that includes studies, findings, conclusions, 

6 and recommendations about the availability of acces7 sible taxi vehicles and accessible vehicles for hire 

8 throughout the Nation, including— 

9 ‘‘(A) the number of accessible taxi vehicles 

10 and accessible vehicles for hire in the various 

11 States and localities, including in the 25 most 

12 populated cities in the United States; 

13 ‘‘(B) improvements, increases, or changes 

14 in the availability of accessible taxi vehicles and 

15 accessible vehicles for hire to access to taxis 

16 and other for-hire transportation in the States, 

17 localities, and cities referred to in subparagraph 

18 (A); 

19 ‘‘(C) any State or local policies, ordi20 nances, regulations, or statutes that led to the 

21 increases or changes referred to in subpara22 graph (B); 

23 ‘‘(D) barriers to further increases in the 

24 availability of accessible taxi vehicles and acces25 sible vehicles for hire; and 


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1 ‘‘(E) recommendations about how best to 

2 address the barriers described in subparagraph 

3 (D). 

4 ‘‘(f) PERSONNEL MATTERS.— 

5 ‘‘(1) TRAVEL EXPENSES.—The members of the 

6 Board may not receive compensation for the per7 formance of services for the Board, but shall be al8 lowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of 

9 subsistence, at rates authorized for employees of 

10 agencies under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, 

11 United States Code, while away from their homes or 

12 regular places of business in the performance of 

13 services for the Board. Notwithstanding section 

14 1342 of title 31, United States Code, the Secretary 

15 may accept the voluntary uncompensated services of 

16 members of the Board. 

17 ‘‘(2) STAFF.—The Secretary may designate 

18 such personnel as may be necessary to enable the 

19 Board to perform its duties. 

20 ‘‘(3) DETAIL OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES.— 

21 Any Federal Government employee, with the ap22 proval of the head of the appropriate Federal agen23 cy, may be detailed to the Board without reimburse24 ment, and such detail shall be without interruption 

25 or loss of civil service status or privilege. 


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1 ‘‘(4) FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT, AND SERV2 ICES.—The Secretary shall make available to the 

3 Board necessary office space and furnish the Board, 

4 under such arrangements respecting financing as 

5 may be appropriate, with necessary equipment, sup6 plies, and services.’’. 

7 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections 

8 in chapter 1 of title 49, United States Code, is amended 

9 by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘116. Accessible Taxi and For-Hire Transportation Board.’’. 

10 SEC. 7. STATE STRATEGIC PLANS FOR IMPROVING ACCESS 

11 TO TAXIS AND FOR-HIRE TRANSPORTATION. 

12 (a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than the last day of the 

13 first calendar year beginning after the date of the enact14 ment of this Act, each State shall develop a strategic plan 

15 that describes ways to increase the availability of acces16 sible taxi vehicles, accessible vehicles for hire, and other 

17 accessible for-hire transportation options for people with 

18 disabilities in the State. 

19 (b) BEST PRACTICES.—Each strategic plan devel20 oped under this section shall describe— 

21 (1) current best practices, if any, for increasing 

22 the availability of accessible taxi vehicles, accessible 

23 vehicles for hire, and other accessible for hire trans24 portation options for people with disabilities within 

25 local municipalities in the State; and 


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1 (2) any policies, ordinances, or regulations 

2 adopted by municipalities to achieve the highest pos3 sible standard for accessibility and lowest possible 

4 cost for accessible taxi vehicles and accessible vehicle 

5 for hire. 

6 (c) GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.—Each strategic plan 

7 developed under this section— 

8 (1) shall outline long-term goals and specific 

9 objectives for increasing the availability of accessible 

10 taxi vehicles, accessible vehicles for hire, and other 

11 accessible for hire transportation options for people 

12 with disabilities; 

13 (2) shall consider options, including incentives, 

14 to help reduce the cost of implementing an increase 

15 in the availability of accessible taxi vehicles, acces16 sible vehicles for hire, and other accessible for hire 

17 transportation options for people with disabilities in 

18 the State; and 

19 (3) may examine how to reduce costs through 

20 the use of low-cost model taxis and other means. 

21 (d) COLLABORATION.—Each strategic plan developed 

22 under this section— 

23 (1) set yearly goals for the number and avail24 ability of accessible taxi vehicles and accessible vehi25 cles for hire throughout the State; 


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1 (2) describe how the State will meet the goals 

2 referred to in paragraph (1); 

3 (3) describe how the State will encourage inter4 state and intrastate collaboration to increase the 

5 availability of accessible taxi vehicles, accessible vehi6 cles for hire, and other accessible for hire transpor7 tation options for people with disabilities through 

8 collaboration— 

9 (A) among municipalities; 

10 (B) between municipalities and the State; 

11 and 

12 (C) between municipalities and private in13 dustry. 

14 (e) DISTRIBUTION.— 

15 (1) SUBMISSION.—Not later than April 1st of 

16 each year, each State shall submit the strategic plan 

17 developed under this section to the Secretary. 

18 (2) REVIEW.—The Secretary shall review each 

19 State plan submitted under paragraph (1). Fol20 lowing each such review, the Secretary shall post the 

21 State strategic plan on a publicly available website 

22 to facilitate collaboration and to share information 

23 and best practices. 


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1 SEC. 8. ACCESSIBILITY AND SERVICE STANDARDS FOR AC2 CESSIBLE TAXI VEHICLES AND ACCESSIBLE 

3 VEHICLES FOR HIRE. 

4 (a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 18 months after 

5 the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator, 

6 in collaboration and consultation with the Access Board 

7 established under section 502 of the Rehabilitation Act 

8 (29 U.S.C. 792), shall promulgate regulatory standards, 

9 in accordance with this section, including— 

10 (1) accessibility standards for accessible taxi ve11 hicles and accessible vehicles for hire; and 

12 (2) service standards for vehicles referred to in 

13 paragraph (1). 

14 (b) ACCESSIBILITY STANDARDS.—Accessibility 

15 standards for accessible taxi vehicles and accessible vehi16 cles for hire promulgated under this section shall ensure 

17 that such vehicles are fully accessible to, and usable by, 

18 passengers with disabilities, including individuals that use 

19 wheelchairs or other mobility devices. 

20 (c) SERVICE STANDARDS.—Service standards for ac21 cessible taxi vehicles and accessible vehicles for hire pro22 mulgated under this section shall, at a minimum, ensure 

23 that such vehicles— 

24 (1) are readily available in a manner (including 

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1 sible taxi vehicles or nonaccessible vehicles for hire 

2 in the area being served; 

3 (2) can be requested using a variety of techno4 logical methods or systems; and 

5 (3) are operated by individuals who are trained 

6 in properly loading, unloading, securing, and trans7 porting individuals with disabilities. 

8 SEC. 9. TAX CREDIT FOR EXPENDITURES FOR ACCESSIBLE 

9 TAXI VEHICLES. 

10 (a) IN GENERAL.—Subsection (c) section 44 of the 

11 Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended— 

12 (1) in paragraph (1)— 

13 (A) by striking ‘‘paid or incurred by an eli14 gible small business’’ and inserting ‘‘paid or in15 curred— 

16 ‘‘(A) by an eligible small business’’; 

17 (B) by striking ‘‘section).’’ and inserting 

18 ‘‘section), and’’; and 

19 (C) by inserting at the end the following: 

20 ‘‘(B) by an eligible small business which is 

21 a qualified taxi company for the purpose of pur22 chasing or adapting a vehicle for use as an ac23 cessible taxi vehicle that meets the guidelines 

24 established under section 8 of the Accessible 

25 Transportation for All Act.’’; and 


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1 (2) by adding at the end the following: 

2 ‘‘(6) DEFINITIONS.— 

3 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Any term used in 

4 paragraph (1)(B), which is defined in section 2 

5 of the Accessible Transportation for All Act 

6 shall have the meaning given such term in such 

7 section, as in effect on the date of the enact8 ment of this paragraph. 

9 ‘‘(B) QUALIFIED TAXI COMPANY.—The 

10 term ‘qualified taxi company’ means a person 

11 that provides passenger land transportation for 

12 a fixed fare by a taxicab and is licensed to en13 gage in the trade or business of furnishing such 

14 transportation by a Federal, State, or local au15 thority having jurisdiction over transportation 

16 furnished by such person.’’. 

17 (b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by 

18 this section shall apply to expenses paid or incurred in 

19 taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment 

20 of this Act. 

Æ 


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