* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

JUL 29 1999

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

PAUL J. HERNANDEZ,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

THE DENVER POST, a Colorado

corporation; THOMAS F.

McCARTHY, Senior Customer

Service Manager,

Defendants-Appellees,

and

RYAN McKIBBEN, LORA

KREAGER, and THE DENVER

NEWSPAPER GUILD, LOCAL 74,

AFL-CIO,

Defendants.

No. 98-1302

(D.C. No. 96-WM-2644)

(D. Colo.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before BRORBY , EBEL , and BRISCOE , Circuit Judges.
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After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Plaintiff Paul J. Hernandez appeals the district court’s judgment in favor of

all defendants on his claims for breach of contract, interference with contractual

relations, conspiracy against probationary employees, and negligence. We affirm

the judgment entered in favor of defendants The Denver Post and Thomas

McCarthy, but remand for modification of the judgment to reflect the district

court’s dismissal of the other defendants without prejudice. 

From August 13, 1996, to October 10, 1996, plaintiff was employed by The

Denver Post as a probationary employee. Thomas McCarthy was his supervisor. 

When hired, plaintiff was given a training manual containing department policies

and procedures, including The Denver Post’s policies regarding absenteeism and

tardiness. On September 12, 1996, plaintiff was given a warning because he was

absent three times during his first month of employment. Plaintiff then sought

and received a copy of the collective bargaining agreement between his union and

The Denver Post. On September 28, 1996, plaintiff was required to read and sign

a form containing The Denver Post’s tardiness and absenteeism policies. On
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October 10, 1996, the Denver Post terminated plaintiff because of excessive

absenteeism and poor performance. 

Plaintiff originally brought this action in state court against defendants The

Denver Post, Thomas McCarthy, Ryan McKibben, the Denver Newspaper Guild,

and Lora Kreager. Over his objection, the case was removed to federal court. In

June 1997, plaintiff voluntarily dismissed his claims against Ryan McKibben, the

Denver Newspaper Guild, and Lora Kreager, and on July 7, 1997, the district

court entered an order dismissing the case against these three defendants “without

prejudice.” R. I, doc. 71. 

On August 5, 1998, the district court granted The Denver Post’s and

McCarthy’s motions to dismiss, holding that plaintiff’s state law claims were

preempted by § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act (LMRA), 29 U.S.C.

§ 185, and that the claims could not be treated as § 301 claims because plaintiff

had not exhausted his administrative remedies. The court’s order noted that only

the claims against these two defendants remained after its earlier dismissal of the

other defendants. See R. II, doc. 102 at 1-2. The court’s judgment, however,

purported to enter in favor of all five defendants, including Ryan McKibben,

Denver Newspaper Guild, and Lora Kreager. See id., doc. 103. 

On appeal, plaintiff argues the case should not have been removed from

state court, that his claims were not preempted by the LMRA, and that all five of
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the original defendants are parties to this appeal. We review both the district

court’s removal decision and its preemption decision de novo. See Leffall v.

Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist. , 28 F.3d 521, 524 (5th Cir. 1994) (removal); Mount

Olivet Cemetery Ass’n v. Salt Lake City , 164 F.3d 480, 486 (10th Cir. 1998)

(preemption). 

Section 1441(a) of Title 28 authorizes the removal of “any civil action

brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have

original jurisdiction.” Actions arising under § 301 of the LMRA are within the

federal court’s original jurisdiction. See Avco Corp. v. Aero Lodge No. 735, Int’l

Ass’n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers , 390 U.S. 557, 559-60, 562 (1968)

(holding claim under collective bargaining agreement was within “original

jurisdiction”of federal court as used in removal statute); 29 U.S.C. § 185(a). 

Further, § 301 preempts any state claim alleging the violation of a

collective bargaining agreement or requiring an analysis of the terms of such an

agreement. See Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Lueck , 471 U.S. 202, 210-13 (1985)

(holding § 301 preempts both state contract claims arising under a collective

bargaining agreement and state tort claims that are “inextricably intertwined with

consideration of the terms of the labor contract”); Saunders v. Amoco Pipeline

Co., 927 F.2d 1154, 1155 (10th Cir. 1991) (“When resolution of a state law claim
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depends upon analysis of the terms of a labor agreement, section 301 will preempt

that claim.”). 

Here, plaintiff’s complaint alleged that defendants violated the collective

bargaining agreement by failing to give him reasonable advance notice of his

performance weaknesses, by terminating him without sufficient cause, and by

ignoring his challenge to the policy of providing taxi money for female employees

but not for males. See R. I, doc. 1, attached complaint at 3-4. He alleged also

that his employment contract consisted of both the collective bargaining

agreement and The Denver Post’s company policies, that defendants breached this

contract by dismissing him on pretextual grounds, that defendant McCarthy

conspired to breach plaintiff’s employment contract and interfere with plaintiff’s

contractual relations by dismissing him without cause, and that defendant The

Denver Post was negligent in failing to prevent this conspiracy or protect the

rights of probationary employees by fully explaining the collective bargaining

agreement and company policies. See id. at 4-6. As these allegations directly

implicated the collective bargaining agreement between the union and The Denver

Post, defendants were entitled to remove the case to federal court. See

Caterpillar, Inc. v. Williams , 482 U.S. 386, 399 (1987) (“When a plaintiff invokes

a right created by a collective-bargaining agreement, the plaintiff has chosen to
1 We note that plaintiff, as a probationary employee, was not entitled to

grieve his termination. Even if we assume this limitation somehow excused his

(continued...)

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plead what we have held must be regarded as a federal claim, and removal is at

the defendant’s option.”). 

Plaintiff argues that his complaint referenced the collective bargaining

agreement only to show that the agreement was repudiated by The Denver Post’s

training manual, and that therefore his state claims did not arise under the

collective bargaining agreement. A careful reading of plaintiff’s complaint does

not support this argument, however. Instead, plaintiff expressly relied on the

terms of the collective bargaining agreement to establish his breach of contract

and tort claims. 

When a party’s state law claims are preempted under § 301, the court must

either dismiss the claims as preempted or treat them as arising under § 301. See

Allis-Chalmers Corp. , 471 U.S. at 220-21. Here, the district court held that

plaintiff’s claims could not be treated as § 301 claims because he failed to

exhaust the grievance procedures set out in the collective bargaining agreement. 

As plaintiff does not challenge this ruling on appeal, we will assume it is correct. 

See GFF Corp. v. Associated Wholesale Grocers, Inc. , 130 F.3d 1381, 1387-88

(10th Cir. 1997) (holding appellant’s failure to address district court’s alternative

ground was tantamount to conceding the ruling was correct). 1
1

(...continued)

duty to exhaust, plaintiff cannot maintain an action under § 301 because he had

no enforceable rights under the collective bargaining agreement. The agreement

specifically withheld tenure rights from probationary employees, thereby

permitting their termination without cause. See R. I, doc. 88, attached collective

bargaining agreement at 6-7. One of the very provisions relied upon by plaintiff,

in fact, requiring “reasonable advance notice” of performance weaknesses to

probationary employees, clarified that the requirement did not create tenure rights

or the right to grieve a termination. See id. As § 301 does not create rights

beyond those contained in the collective bargaining agreement, plaintiff may not

obtain relief under the statute. 

Plaintiff’s lack of remedy does not affect the removal analysis, however,

because his suit to enforce rights under the collective bargaining agreement is

preempted by § 301 regardless of whether he actually has a remedy under the

statute. See, e.g. , Avco Corp. , 390 U.S. at 560-61 (holding § 301 case properly

removed even if requested remedy not available upon removal); Chmiel v.

Beverly Wilshire Hotel Co. , 873 F.2d 1283, 1287 (9th Cir. 1989) (holding § 301

preempted employee’s state claims and case was properly removed even if he was

not entitled to a “for cause” standard or access to the grievance procedures under

the collective bargaining agreement). This ensures the primacy of the bargainedfor procedures to be used in disputes under the collective bargaining agreement,

even if the employee’s remedy is thereby eliminated. 

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Plaintiff has asked us to reinstate his claims against defendants Ryan

McKibben, the Denver Newspaper Guild, and Lora Kreager, and to treat them as

parties to this appeal. Although such relief would be inappropriate, we agree that

the district court erred in entering judgment in favor of these three defendants. 

Therefore, the case must be remanded with directions to correct the judgment to

reflect the district court’s dismissal of the claims against these defendants

“without prejudice.” 
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Plaintiff’s motion for in forma pauperis status is GRANTED. The

judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Colorado is

AFFIRMED as to defendants The Denver Post and Thomas McCarthy, and the

case is REMANDED for correction of the judgment.

Entered for the Court

Wade Brorby 

Circuit Judge