UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

REPORTERS COMMITTEE FOR :

FREEDOM OF THE PRESS, :

:

Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 17-1701 (RC)

:

v. : Re Document Nos.: 19, 21

:

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, :

et al., :

:

Defendants. :

MEMORANDUM OPINION

DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT;

GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT

I. INTRODUCTION

In this lawsuit under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, Plaintiff 

the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (“RCFP”) challenges the Federal Bureau of 

Investigation’s (“FBI’s”) response to a request for records relating to the FBI’s impersonation of 

documentary filmmakers and film crews. In early 2017, it was publicly disclosed that the FBI 

had impersonated a documentary film crew to investigate cattle rancher Cliven D. Bundy 

(“Bundy”) and his followers following a 2014 armed standoff between Bundy and law 

enforcement. RCFP subsequently filed an eight-part FOIA request seeking, inter alia, the 

production of records referencing any other instance of impersonation of a documentary 

filmmaker or film crew by the FBI in connection with a criminal investigation since 2010 (“Item 

6”), and records of professional credentials, websites, and business cards used by FBI agents in 

connection with the impersonation of documentary filmmakers or film crews since 2010

(“Item 7”). 
2

RCFP filed suit against the FBI and the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) in August 2017 

after the FBI failed to release any documents in response to its FOIA request. The FBI 

subsequently issued a so-called “Glomar” response pursuant to FOIA Exemption 7(E) as to all 

records responsive to Items 6 and 7 and not related to the criminal investigations of Bundy and

of one of his supporters, Gregory Burleson (“Burleson”), refusing to confirm or deny the 

existence of any such records. Defendants now move for summary judgment solely on the issue 

of whether the FBI’s Glomar response is appropriate, while RCFP cross-moves for summary 

judgment on the same issue. Because it finds that the impersonation of documentary film 

workers is an enforcement technique commonly known to the public, and that acknowledging the 

existence or absence of records would not reduce or nullify the effectiveness of that technique, 

the Court denies Defendants’ motion and grants RCFP’s cross-motion.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

A. The FBI’s Impersonation of News Media

While law enforcement impersonation of journalists is a practice that has been 

documented for decades, the FBI’s impersonation of news media has received increased scrutiny 

in recent years. In 2014, it was widely reported that the FBI had impersonated an Associated 

Press (“AP”) editor in a 2007 investigation of a Seattle high school student suspected of sending 

bomb threats. Compl. ¶ 13, ECF No. 1; see, e.g., FBI Says It Faked AP Story to Catch Bomb 

Suspect, Associated Press, Oct. 28, 2014, Declaration of Katie Townsend (“Townsend Decl.”)

Ex. N, at 147, 1 ECF No. 21-3.

2

 The story generated significant backlash, and AP’s general 

 1 Because of the volume of documents filed by the parties as exhibits to their respective 

declarations in support of summary judgment, the Court refers to PACER page numbers when 

citing to those exhibits throughout this opinion.

2 RCFP includes a number of news articles as exhibits to its summary judgment briefs, 

and asks that the Court take judicial notice of the articles pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 201. Pl.’s 
3

counsel delivered a letter to the Attorney General strongly condemning the FBI’s actions a few 

days later. Compl. ¶ 14; Letter from Karen Kaiser, AP General Counsel, to Eric Holder, United 

States Attorney General (Oct. 30, 2014), Townsend Decl. Ex. Q, at 165. Then FBI director 

James Comey sent a public letter to the editor of the New York Times on November 6, 2014 

acknowledging the operation, representing that the FBI’s impersonation of a journalist was a 

“proper and appropriate” technique under FBI and DOJ guidelines, and indicating that as of 

2014, “the use of such an unusual technique would probably require higher level approvals than 

in 2007, but would still be lawful and, in a rare case, appropriate.” Letter from James Comey, 

FBI Director, to the Editor of the New York Times (Nov. 6, 2014), Townsend Decl. Ex. E, at 53. 

In 2016, the DOJ Office of the Inspector General issued a detailed report reviewing the 

2007 impersonation. Compl. ¶ 12; Office of the Inspector Gen., A Review of the FBI’s 

Impersonation of a Journalist in a Criminal Investigation, U.S. Dep’t of Justice (Sept. 2016), 

Townsend Decl. Ex. F (“OIG Report”), at 55. The OIG Report revealed that, following the 2007 

impersonation, the FBI had implemented new guidelines for the procedures FBI agents were to 

follow before impersonating members of the news media or documentary filmmakers in 

connection with investigations. Compl. ¶ 15; see generally OIG Report. The OIG Report 

distinguished between the policies applicable to the impersonation of news media and those 

applicable to the impersonation of documentary filmmakers. Compl. ¶ 17; OIG Report 65 n.10. 

And in 2018, in response to one item of RCFP’s FOIA request at issue in this case, the FBI 

released current and past guidelines applicable to the impersonation of news media and 

 

Mem. Supp. Cross-Mot. 3 n.3, ECF No. 21-1. The Court grants the request and takes judicial 

notice of these documents. See, e.g., Sandza v. Barclays Bank PLC, 151 F. Supp. 3d 94, 113 

(D.D.C. 2015) (taking judicial notice of existence of news articles); Washington Post v. 

Robinson, 935 F.2d 282, 291 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (noting that “court[s] may take judicial notice of 

the existence of newspaper articles . . . that publicize[]” certain facts).
4

documentary filmmakers. See Pl.’s Mem. Supp. 6–7; Pl.’s Statement of Material Facts (“SMF”) 

¶ 46; FBI Guidelines, Townsend Decl. Ex. I, at 46. The guidelines also explicitly differentiate 

between the policies applicable to FBI impersonation of news media in the course of an 

investigation and those applicable to the impersonation of documentary filmmakers. See 

generally FBI Guidelines.

B. 2014 Bundy Standoff and Operation Longbow

Bundy is a Nevada cattle rancher involved in a long-running dispute with the U.S. 

government over grazing rights to federal land surrounding his ranch. See, e .g., United States v. 

Bundy, No. 2:12-cv-084, 2013 WL 3463610, at *1 (D. Nev. July 9, 2013). After the government 

obtained multiple judgments against Bundy in federal court, the United States Bureau of Land 

Management (“BLM”) attempted to seize and remove several hundred head of Bundy’s cattle 

from public land in early 2014. See Compl. ¶ 8; In re Bundy, 840 F.3d 1034, 1036 (9th Cir. 

2016). An armed confrontation erupted between BLM and hundreds of Bundy’s supporters, 

following which BLM released the cattle and withdrew from the area. See Compl. ¶ 8; In re 

Bundy, 840 F.3d at 1036. Bundy was eventually arrested and prosecuted in connection with the 

standoff. Compl. ¶ 8. So were several of his supporters, including Burleson. Id.

In the course of Bundy and Burleson’s criminal prosecution, the government revealed

that the FBI had impersonated documentary filmmakers to gain access to suspects as part of its 

investigation of the standoff. Id. ¶¶ 9–11. In January 2017, a court order in Burleson’s case 

indicated that the court had reviewed video-recorded statements Burleson had given to 

investigators posing as documentary filmmakers. Id. ¶ 10. In February 2017, Bundy claimed in 

a motion in limine that FBI agents had used fake professional credentials, websites, and business 

cards as part of the operation, to lend credibility to their fake documentary film company. Id. 
5

¶ 11 (citing Bundy Mot. in Limine, United States v. Bundy, No. 2:16-CR-00046 (D. Nev. Feb. 

16, 2017), ECF No. 1488). In its opposition to the motion, the government acknowledged that 

Bundy had spoken to undercover agents in a hotel room “under circumstances designed to make 

Bundy believe that he was participating in [a] documentary.” Id. ¶ 10 (quoting Gov’t Opp. Mot. 

in Limine 2, United States v. Bundy, No. 2:16-CR-00046 (D. Nev. Feb. 16, 2017), ECF No. 

1591). And in March 2017, an FBI agent testified at Burleson’s trial that FBI agents had 

impersonated a documentary film crew to lure Bundy and other suspects into talking with them. 

Id. ¶ 9.

The revelations generated significant media attention. See, e.g., Andrew Blake, FBI 

Posed as Documentary Filmmakers to Conduct Interview with Bundy Ranch Supporters, 

Washington Times (Mar. 24, 2017), Townsend Decl. Ex. B, at 12; Jenny Wilson, Bundy 

Defendants Interviewed in Undercover FBI Operation, Las Vegas Review-Journal (Mar. 22, 

2017), Townsend Decl. Ex. A, at 9. In a lengthy article, online newspaper The Intercept 

dissected the FBI operation, coined “Operation Longbow.” See Ryan Devereaux & Trevor 

Aaronson, America Reloaded: The Bizarre Story Behind the FBI’s Fake Documentary About the 

Bundy Family, The Intercept (May 16, 2017), Townsend Decl. Ex. C, at 15. The article 

described how the Bundy family was initially approached by undercover FBI agents, and 

discussed several interviews undertaken as part of the operation. See generally id.

C. RCFP’s FOIA Request

On April 12, 2017, RCFP submitted an eight-part FOIA request to the FBI regarding its 

impersonation of documentary filmmakers and film crews. Compl. ¶¶ 18–19; April 12, 2017 

FOIA Request, Compl. Ex. A, ECF No. 1-1; Defs.’ SMF ¶ 1, ECF No. 19-2. Items 1 through 5

of the request involved records related to Operation Longbow and to the criminal prosecution of 
6

Bundy and Burleson. Item 1 sought the production of all records mentioning the terms 

“Longbow” or “Longbow Productions” since January 1, 2010. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 1. Items 2 and 4 

sought all records concerning or referencing the impersonation of documentary film workers in 

connection with any criminal investigation of, respectively, Burleson and Bundy. Id. Item 3 

sought the October 2014 video recording of Burleson made as part of the operation, and Item 5 

sought a release form referenced in a government motion in Bundy’s criminal case. Id.

Items 6 through 8 of the request sought materials beyond the Bundy standoff 

investigation. Item 8 targeted “records of the FBI’s policies and practices concerning the 

impersonation of documentary filmmakers and/or documentary film crews.” Id. And items 6 

and 7 targeted records relating to the FBI’s impersonation of documentary filmmakers beyond 

the investigation of Bundy and Burleson. Id. Item 6 requested the production of “[a]ll records 

. . . referencing any other instance of impersonation of a documentary filmmaker and/or a 

documentary film crew by the FBI in connection with any criminal investigation since January 1, 

2010.” Id. Item 7 requested the production of “[r]ecords of any ‘professional credentials, 

websites and business cards’ used by FBI agents in connection with the impersonation of a 

documentary filmmaker and/or a documentary film crew since January 1, 2010.” Id.

In its initial response, the FBI split RCFP’s request into four distinct groups. Compl. 

¶ 23; see FBI FOIA Responses, Compl. Ex. B., ECF No. 1-2. The FBI assigned Request No. 

1372347-000 to items 2, 3, and 5, and gave a Glomar response to the request pursuant to FOIA 

Exemption 7(E). Defs.’ SMF ¶ 2; Declaration of David M. Hardy (“Hardy Decl.”) ¶ 12, ECF 

No. 19-3. The FBI assigned Request No. 1372342-000 to items 1 and 4, and asserted that FOIA 

Exemption 7(A) prevented the disclosure of any records in response to the request. Compl. ¶ 26; 

FBI FOIA Responses 15. Item 8 was assigned Request No. 1372351, with the FBI stating that 
7

processing of the request would be delayed due to unusual circumstances. Compl. ¶ 27. And 

items 6 and 7 were assigned Request No. NFP-71761, for which the FBI stated that RCFP’s 

request did not contain enough descriptive information to permit a search. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 7. On 

June 5, 2017, RCFP appealed the FBI’s responses to the entire request. Compl. ¶ 28; June 5, 

2017 FOIA Appeal, Compl. Ex. C, ECF No. 1-3. The appeal of Request No. 1372351-000 was 

dismissed on July 5, 2017 because the request was still pending. Compl. ¶ 33; July 5, 2017 

Denial, Compl. Ex. D, ECF No. 1-4.

D. Procedural History

After failing to receive any further update on the status of its appeal, RCFP filed suit on 

August 21, 2017. See generally Compl. Defendants filed their answer on September 25, 2017. 

Answer, ECF No. 8. Defendants asserted as a defense that some or all of the records were 

exempted from disclosure pursuant to FOIA exemptions. Id. at 1. On May 8, 2018, based on the 

parties’ proposal, the Court directed the parties to first brief summary judgment solely on the 

propriety of the FBI’s Glomar response. Min. Order (May 8, 2018).

Defendants filed their motion for partial summary judgment on July 23, 2018. Defs.’ 

Mot. Partial Summ. J., ECF No. 19. In the motion, Defendants indicated that the FBI has

modified its responses to RCFP’s request. Defs.’ Mem. Supp. Partial Summ. J. 6, ECF No. 19-1. 

The FBI now provides a Glomar response pursuant to exemption 7(E) to all records sought under 

items 6 and 7 that are not related to the criminal investigation of Bundy and Burleson. Defs.’ 

Mem. Supp. 6; Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 12–13. That is to say, the FBI now provides a Glomar response 

as to the existence of any records referencing the impersonation of documentary film workers, or 

of any records of credentials, websites, or business cards used in connection with such an 
8

impersonation, in connection with any criminal investigation outside of the two for which the use 

of the technique has already been revealed. See Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 12–13. 

On September 14, 2018, RCFP filed its cross-motion for summary judgment and 

opposition to Defendants’ motion as to the FBI’s new Glomar responses. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. 

Partial Summ. J., ECF No. 21. Defendants filed their opposition to RCFP’s motion and reply in 

further support of their motion on October 12, 2018, Defs.’ Reply, ECF No. 26, and RCFP filed 

its reply on November 2, 2018, Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 27. The cross-motions are now ripe for 

consideration. 

III. LEGAL STANDARD

The Freedom of Information Act “sets forth a policy of broad disclosure of Government 

documents in order ‘to ensure an informed citizenry, vital to the functioning of a democratic 

society.’” FBI v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 615, 621 (1982) (quoting NLRB v. Robbins Tire & Rubber 

Co., 437 U.S. 214, 242 (1978)). “[D]isclosure, not secrecy, is the dominant objective of the 

Act.” Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976). FOIA accordingly “mandates 

release of properly requested federal agency records, unless the materials fall squarely within one 

of nine statutory exemptions.” Hunton & Williams LLP v. U.S. EPA, 346 F. Supp. 3d 61, 72

(D.D.C. 2018) (citing Milner v. Dep’t of Navy, 562 U.S. 562, 565 (2011)). “[T]he exemptions 

are ‘explicitly exclusive,’” U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 151 (1989) 

(quoting FAA Adm'r v. Robertson, 422 U.S. 255, 262 (1975)), and “it is the agency’s burden to 

show that withheld material falls within one of those exemptions,” Taplin ex rel. Lacaze v. U.S. 

Dep’t of Justice, 967 F. Supp. 2d 348, 353 (D.D.C. 2013). 

“FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.” 

Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009). Summary 
9

judgment is appropriate when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any 

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). 

“Ultimately, an agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears 

‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’” Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374–75 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Gardels 

v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100, 1105 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). The reviewing court’s determination may be 

based on the record and agency affidavits “if the affidavits describe the documents and the 

justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information 

withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary 

evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Military Audit Project v. Casey, 

656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). Generally, a reviewing court should “respect the expertise 

of an agency” and not “overstep the proper limits of the judicial role in FOIA review.” Hayden 

v. Nat’l Sec. Agency/Cent. Sec. Serv., 608 F.2d 1381, 1388 (D.C. Cir. 1979).

Before invoking Exemption 7 of FOIA, an agency ‘“must, as a preliminary matter,’ make 

a ‘threshold’ showing ‘that the records were compiled for a law enforcement purpose.’” Pinson 

v. Dep’t of Justice, 313 F. Supp. 3d 88, 113 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting Kay v. FCC, 976 F. Supp. 

23, 37 (D.D.C. 1997). To withhold documents under exemption 7(E), the agency must then 

show that the documents sought contain law enforcement information that “would disclose 

techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose 

guidelines for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably 

be expected to risk circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). 

IV. ANALYSIS

Defendants move for partial summary judgment with respect to the FBI’s Glomar 

response to portions of Items 6 and 7 of RCFP’s request. Defendants argue that the records 
10

sought all relate to impersonation of documentary film workers, a purported law enforcement 

investigatory technique unknown to the public that could be disclosed and the effectiveness of 

which would be reduced by acknowledging the existence or nonexistence of records. Defs’ 

Mem. Supp. 12–13. RCFP cross-moves for summary judgment on the same issue, arguing that 

the FBI’s Glomar response is inappropriate because law enforcement impersonation of 

documentary film workers is already known and acknowledging the existence or absence of 

records would not risk circumvention of the law.

3

 Pl.’s Mem. Supp. 12–19. The Court first 

addresses whether Defendants have made a threshold showing under FOIA Exemption 7 that the

records over which the exemption is asserted were compiled for law enforcement purposes, 

before addressing whether Exemption 7(E) justifies a Glomar response. While Defendants have 

made the required threshold showing, the Court finds that the FBI’s Glomar response is not 

justified under Exemption 7(E). 

A. Threshold Showing Under Exemption 7

The Court first briefly reviews whether the records sought were compiled for a law 

enforcement purpose. “‘Ín order to withhold documents under Exemption 7, the agency must, as 

a preliminary matter,’ make a ‘threshold’ showing ‘that the records were compiled for a law 

enforcement purpose.’” Pinson, 313 F. Supp. 3d at 113 (quoting Kay, 976 F. Supp. at 37). 

“Agencies classified as law enforcement agencies receive a special deference in their claims of 

law enforcement purpose.” Id. (citing Pratt v. Webster, 673 F.2d 408, 418 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). 

The D.C. Circuit has explained that an agency’s investigatory records are considered law 

 3 RCFP alternatively argues that upholding the FBI’s use of the Glomar doctrine in this 

case would raise serious First Amendment concerns because it would chill journalists’ speech, 

Pl’s Mem. Supp. 19–25, and that the FBI has waived its ability to assert a Glomar response 

because it has officially acknowledged the existence of responsive records, id. at 25–29. 

Because it finds that Exemption 7(E) does not justify the FBI’s assertion of a Glomar response 

here, the Court does not address these arguments. 
11

enforcement records when “the investigatory activity that gave rise to the documents is ‘related 

to the enforcement of federal laws,’ and there is a rational nexus between the investigation at 

issue and the agency’s law enforcement duties.” Jefferson v. Dep’t of Justice, 284 F.3d 172, 177 

(D.C. Cir. 2002) (quoting Pratt, 673 F.2d at 420, 421). Non-investigatory records “may still 

meet the threshold requirement if they are akin to ‘guidelines, techniques, and procedures for law 

enforcement investigations and prosecutions outside of the context of a specific investigation.’” 

Pinson, 313 F. Supp. 3d at 114 (quoting Tax Analysts v. IRS, 294 F.3d 71, 78 (D.C. Cir. 2002)).

Defendants have made the required showing to assert Exemption 7.

Defendants argue that the FBI meets the Exemption 7 threshold because it is a law 

enforcement agency and it has presented a colorable claim that there is a rational nexus between 

the records sought and law enforcement activities. Defs.’ Mem. Supp. 9. Defendants point out 

that the records sought in Items 6 and 7 all relate to the impersonation of documentary 

filmmakers and film crews, “an FBI law-enforcement technique supposedly used in undercover 

investigations.” Id. (citing Defs.’ SMF ¶ 16); see Hardy Decl. ¶ 33. Defendants argue that 

records pertaining to investigations where the technique was used would necessarily have been 

compiled for law enforcement purposes, because the ultimate goal of any investigation would 

have been to investigate or thwart criminal activity. See Defs.’ Mem. Supp. 9; Hardy Decl. ¶ 33.

RCFP does not address the threshold showing under Exemption 7 in its briefs.

The Court finds that Defendants have made the threshold showing required under 

Exemption 7. The FBI is a law enforcement agency, see, e.g., 28 C.F.R. § 0.85; Willis v. U.S. 

Dep’t of Justice, 581 F. Supp. 2d 57, 75 (D.D.C. 2008), and “its decision to invoke exemption 7” 

is accordingly “entitled to deference,” Willis, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 75 (quoting Campbell v. U.S. 

Dep’t of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 32 (D.C. Cir. 1998)). And the parties do not dispute that the 
12

impersonation of documentary filmmakers and film crews is a law enforcement technique. The 

Court agrees with the FBI’s justification that any investigative record related to the use of the 

technique would necessarily have been compiled for a law enforcement purpose. And to the 

extent any records sought as part of Item 7 would not be investigative records,4 such records

would still be akin to “techniques[] and procedures for law enforcement investigations,” Tax 

Analysts, 294 F.3d at 78.

B. Glomar Response Under Exemption 7(E)

Next, the Court determines whether the FBI’s Glomar response pursuant to Exemption 

7(E) was appropriate. “An agency may issue a Glomar response when ‘to answer the FOIA 

inquiry would cause harm cognizable under’ an applicable statutory exemption.” Elec. Privacy 

Info. Ctr. v. NSA, 678 F.3d 926, 931 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (quoting Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374. That is to 

say, “[t]he agency must demonstrate that acknowledging the mere existence of responsive 

records would disclose exempt information.” Id. (citing Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374). Here, the Court 

finds that Exemption 7(E) does not justify the FBI’s refusal to confirm or deny the existence or 

nonexistence of responsive records.

As an initial matter, the parties disagree on which standard to apply when evaluating the 

withholding of records pursuant to Exemption 7(E). Exemption 7(E) provides for the 

withholding of records that “would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement 

investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations 

or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the 

law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). To invoke the “techniques and procedures” prong of the 

 4 Whereas Item 6 is explicitly restricted to records referencing impersonation of 

documentary film workers “in connection with any criminal investigation,” Item 7 does not 

contain such a restriction. April 12, 2017 FOIA Request 3.
13

exemption, courts in this circuit have generally required the government to satisfy a two-part 

inquiry, by showing “that the records contain law-enforcement techniques and procedures that 

are generally unknown to the public . . . [and that] disclosure could reasonably be expected to 

risk circumvention of the law.” Elkins v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 134 F. Supp. 3d 1, 4 (D.D.C. 

2015) (quoting Am. Immigration Council v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 950 F. Supp. 2d 221, 

245 (D.D.C. 2013)). 

While RCFP relies on this two-part test, Defendants point to a different standard. 

Defendants first argue that the phrase “if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk 

circumvention of the law” in Exemption 7(E) should only apply to guidelines, and not to 

techniques and procedures. Defs.’ Mem. Supp. 10 (citing Allard K. Lowenstein Int’l Human 

Rights Project v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 626 F.3d 678, 681 (2d Cir. 2010)). Defendants 

represent that courts are divided on the issue, but that “[t]he better reasoned decisions” have 

followed the Second Circuit in finding Exemption 7(E) to “categorically” protect records that 

would reveal law enforcement techniques or procedures not known to the public, regardless of 

the risk of harm. Defs.’ Mem. Supp. 10. RCFP points out in response that the circuit split on the 

issue is between the Second Circuit and the D.C. Circuit, which has applied the “circumvention 

of the law” requirement both to guidelines and to techniques and procedures, and which 

Defendants conveniently ignore in their briefs. See Pl’s Mem. Supp. 16 n.10 (citing Blackwell v. 

FBI, 646 F.3d 37, 42 (D.C. Cir. 2011)). 

Second, Defendants argue that RCFP’s standard is “erro[neous] on the law” because 

Exemption 7(E) can also protect records from disclosure even when a law enforcement technique 

or procedure is generally known to the public. Defs’ Reply 3. Defendants argue that courts,

including in this circuit, have allowed records to be withheld pursuant to Exemption 7(E) even 
14

for known techniques or procedures when “disclosure could reduce or nullify their 

effectiveness.” Id. at 3 (quoting Petrucelli v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 51 F. Supp. 3d 142, 171 

(D.D.C. 2014)). 

The Court first reviews whether the impersonation of documentary filmmakers is a 

technique generally unknown to the public. Because the technique is publicly known, the FBI’s 

Glomar response declining to acknowledge the existence or absence of records relating to it 

under Exemption 7(E) fails at the first step and the Court need not address whether unknown 

techniques and procedures are categorically protected under Exemption 7(E).

5

 The Court next 

reviews whether revealing the existence or absence of records relating to the impersonation of 

documentary film workers in other contexts than the investigation of the Bundy standoff could 

“reduce or nullify” the technique’s effectiveness. The Court concludes that it would not, and 

therefore that the FBI’s Glomar response is inappropriate even under that broader standard.

1. Public Knowledge of Law Enforcement Impersonation of Documentary Film Workers 

The Court first addresses whether the impersonation of documentary filmmakers and film 

crews is an investigation technique not known to the public. Because of the intense publicization 

of the Bundy standoff and of the government’s subsequent criminal investigation and 

prosecution, the Court finds that it is not.

In its motion for partial summary judgment, RCFP argues that the investigation technique 

at issue in this case is publicly known for two reasons. RCFP first contends that the 

 5 The Court briefly points out that the D.C. Circuit “has applied the ‘risk circumvention 

of the law’ requirement both to records containing guidelines and to records containing 

techniques and procedures,” Pub. Emps. for Envtl. Responsibility v. Int’l Boundary Water 

Comm’n (“PEER”), 740 F.3d 195, 204 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 2014). The D.C. Circuit acknowledged its 

conflict with the Second Circuit in PEER. See id. The Court would accordingly be hard-pressed 

to adopt the Second Circuit’s reading of Exemption 7(E) in this case, notwithstanding 

Defendants’ assertion that “[t]he better reasoned decisions” have disagreed with the D.C. Circuit 

on the issue, given that this Court is bound by D.C. Circuit precedent.
15

impersonation of documentary film workers is a type of impersonation of news media, and that

impersonation of news media has been a widely known law enforcement technique for decades. 

See Pl’s Mem. Supp. 14. Second, RCFP argues that the impersonation of documentary film 

workers as a separate law enforcement technique is also publicly known because the FBI 

released guidelines regarding the technique’s use and because of the revelations and media 

attention generated by the Bundy standoff prosecutions. Id. at 14–15. 

Defendants conclusorily assert in their motion for summary judgment that the records 

sought would reveal an unknown law enforcement technique. Defs’ Mem. Supp. 11, 14; Hardy 

Decl. ⁋ 30. In their response to RCFP’s motion, Defendants argue that RCFP’s focus on the 

impersonation of news media is a “blatant straw man” because documentary film workers are 

distinct from members of the news media. Defs.’ Reply 3. And Defendants argue that the 

technique is still unknown to the public because its use has never been acknowledged publicly 

outside of the Bundy standoff investigation. Id. at 4. The Court disagrees.

As an initial matter, the Court is not entirely convinced by Defendants’ arguments 

regarding the impersonation of news media. There may be some truth to the notion that “[a] 

documentary filmmaker is distinct from a member of the news media,” Defs’ Reply 3, but 

Defendants provide no authority to support that proposition.6

 And while the FBI’s guidance on 

the issue explicitly differentiates between the impersonation of news media and documentary 

filmmakers, see FBI Guidelines 91, RCFP points to the First Amendment context, where 

 6 In its broadest definition, several dictionaries define news as the reporting of any matter 

that is noteworthy. E.g. News, Oxford Dictionary, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/

news; News, Cambridge Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/news. 

Under such a definition, it would be entirely possible for all documentaries to qualify as news, 

and thus for documentary film workers to qualify as members of the news media. 
16

documentary filmmakers have consistently benefited from the journalist privilege.7 See Pl’s 

Reply at 8. At a minimum, Defendants appear to recognize that at least some documentary film 

workers are members of the news media. See Defs.’ Reply 3 (“Documentary filmmakers may or

may not be members of the news media, and not all members of the news media are 

documentary filmmakers.”). This leaves unclear how the impersonation of documentary 

filmmakers as a whole can be a secret technique when the impersonation of news media is not. 

In any event, the Court need not grapple with the semantics of what constitutes “news

media” because it finds that the impersonation of documentary film workers is itself a known 

law enforcement technique. The government’s public revelation that it had impersonated a 

documentary film crew to investigate Bundy and his supporters was widely disseminated in the 

media and triggered follow-up reports covering the details of the operation. See, e.g., Devereaux 

& Aaronson, America Reloaded. Defendants argue that the technique is not well-known 

“outside the single publically acknowledged instance in the Burleson/Bundy case,” Defs.’ Reply

4, but that is all that is needed in order for the technique itself to become known. The Court 

agrees with RCFP that it is implausible for Defendants to assert the technique is secret simply 

because it has only been acknowledged to have been used in one instance. What other situations

the technique may have been used in is still a secret, but the fact that it is a technique law 

enforcement uses is not, and Defendants accordingly cannot justify the FBI’s Glomar response 

on the grounds that revealing whether documents exist would disclose an unknown law 

enforcement technique. 

 7 RCFP also argues that the FBI’s guidelines on the impersonation of news media apply 

to the impersonation of documentary film workers. See Pl.’s Reply 5. But the guidelines

repeatedly refer to procedures that apply when “FBI employees represent, pose, or claim to be 

members of the news media or a documentary film crew.” E.g. FBI Guidelines 92 (emphasis 

added). The fact that the guidelines explicitly differentiate between the two suggests that the FBI 

does not consider documentary filmmakers to be included as part of news media.
17

2. Whether Acknowledging Records Would “Reduce or Nullify” the Technique’s Effectiveness

The Court next reviews Defendants’ argument that records relating to a technique that is 

already known to the public can still be withheld under Exemption 7(E) if disclosure could 

“reduce or nullify” the effectiveness of the technique. Defs’ Reply 2–3 (quoting Petrucelli, 51 F. 

Supp. 3d at 171). The Court is not entirely convinced that the line of cases cited by Defendants 

sets out a different standard from that articulated by RCFP.8

 But in any event, the Court finds 

that Exemption 7(E) does not warrant a Glomar response here because disclosing the existence 

or nonexistence of records relating to the impersonation of documentary film workers would not 

reduce or nullify the effectiveness of the technique. Defendants do not specifically argue that 

disclosure here would “reduce or nullify” the effectiveness of the technique, but extensively 

argue that such disclosure would risk circumvention of the law. Because those arguments are 

analogous, the Court considers them.

Defendants argue that a Glomar response is necessary to prevent a reasonable risk of 

circumvention of the law for two reasons. First, they contend that disclosing law enforcement’s

impersonation of documentary film workers in contexts other than the Bundy standoff 

 8 Cases in this circuit to consider whether records disclosure could “reduce or nullify” the 

effectiveness of a technique or procedure have involved circumstances where a technique or 

procedure was generally known, but where details of the technique or procedure’s application 

were still secret. E.g. Barnard v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 598 F. Supp. 2d 1, 23 (D.D.C. 2009) 

(allowing withholding of records describing the details of security clearance procedures, 

polygraph examinations, and drug investigatory techniques, even when techniques were publicly 

known to some extent); Coleman v. FBI, 13 F. Supp. 2d 75, 83 (D.D.C. 1998) (allowing 

withholding of records relating to personality profiles developed by FBI’s Behavioral Science 

Unit even when the underlying technique was publicly known); see also, e.g., Bishop v. U.S. 

Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 45 F. Supp. 3d 380, 391 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (citing cases to support 

proposition that details of investigatory technique can still be withheld when technique itself is 

known). All these cases involved the assertion of Exemption 7(E) to withhold records 

referencing parts of a technique or procedure, or context and circumstances in which the 

technique or procedure is utilized, that were unknown to the public, and the disclosure of which 

could have reasonably risked circumvention of the law by reducing or nullifying the 

effectiveness of the technique or procedure as a whole. 
18

investigation “would allow criminals to reasonably discern whether or not the FBI has employed 

this technique to investigate their own criminal activity.” Defs’ Mem. Supp. 11–12. This would 

in turn allow criminals to “predict FBI investigative efforts targeting their activities, thereby 

allowing them to pre-emptively destroy or tamper with valuable evidence, intimidate or 

eliminate potential witnesses, and create false alibis,” as well as “embolden some criminals to 

continue ongoing criminal activity” if the FBI has not used the technique against them. Id. at 12. 

Second, Defendants argue that acknowledging the existence or absence of records would provide 

criminals with “key information about the frequency of the technique’s use,” which in turn 

would allow criminals to “alter their patterns of behavior, areas of operation, contacts, and other 

behaviors to circumvent FBI undercover operations,” as well as to “judge whether they should 

completely avoid any contacts with documentary film crews.” Id. RCFP retorts that simply 

indicating whether records responsive to the request exist would not trigger the harms 

Defendants describe. Pl’s Mem. Supp. 16–19. RCFP further argues that the “reduce or nullify” 

standard has only been applied in non-Glomar cases and is inapplicable to the situation here. 

The Court agrees. 

On their face, none of Defendants’ arguments support the conclusion that revealing 

whether the FBI has records relating to additional instances of law enforcement impersonation of 

documentary film workers would reduce or nullify the effectiveness of the technique. Simply 

revealing that the FBI has any such records would not allow criminals to discern whether or not 

the FBI has used the technique to investigate their own, specific criminal activity, because all a 

criminal would know is the existence of an unquantified number of records. For the same 

reason, acknowledging the existence of records, without any indication about the number or type 

of records found, would not provide any information about the frequency of the technique’s use. 
19

Revealing that the FBI does not have any responsive records would conclusively 

establish that the FBI has not used the technique outside of the Bundy investigation since 2010, 

which might well “embolden some criminals to continue ongoing criminal activity,” Defs’ Mem. 

Supp. 12.9 And revealing that the FBI has responsive records would establish that it has used the 

technique at least once more, suggesting that the Bundy standoff investigation was not an 

isolated, one-off case. But given the information already publicly available to criminals, this 

would not reduce or nullify the effectiveness of the technique when it is actually used. 

With the information already in the public sphere, criminals can already discern that the 

FBI has used the technique in the past—with the extensive media coverage of the Bundy 

standoff investigation even yielding information on various missteps made by FBI agents when 

using the technique, see Devereaux & Aaronson, America Reloaded 28 (describing the poor 

filmmaking techniques used by FBI agents during Operation Longbow and noting that “[h]ad 

[the suspects] known anything about filmmaking, the FBI’s on-camera interviews would have 

blown their cover”). While former FBI director James Comey described the impersonation of 

news media as a “rare” and “unusual” technique in 2014, he also acknowledged that deception in 

undercover operations “has long been a critical tool in fighting crime.” Letter from James 

Comey to the Editor of the New York Times 2. And criminals can further determine that the FBI 

has gone through the effort of issuing detailed guidance on the impersonation of documentary 

filmmakers and crews. See generally FBI Guidelines.

 9 Even then, such a disclosure would not conclusively establish that no law enforcement 

agency has used the technique since 2010. It is thus unclear that a hypothetical criminal who 

was approached by a documentary film crew seeking to discuss his or her criminal activity in the 

past nine years would necessarily conclude from the FBI’s disclosure that the film crew was 

legitimate, rather than a law enforcement agency, either federal or local, other than the FBI.
20

This publicly available information suggests that the impersonation of documentary film 

workers in the Bundy standoff investigation was not an isolated instance, and that the FBI has 

either used the technique elsewhere, or may use it elsewhere. Accordingly, with the information 

available today, a criminal approached by purported documentary film workers pitching an 

upcoming project would already be able to conclude that the film workers are unlikely to be FBI 

agents, but that they could be. The FBI does not explain how the existence or absence of 

additional documents would change this calculus at all in the criminal’s decision as to what to 

do.

Ultimately, the Court agrees with RCFP that the type of disclosure sought to be prevented 

by the FBI’s Glomar response would not reduce or nullify the effectiveness of law enforcement 

impersonation of documentary film workers. Unlike in Petrucelli, which involved the invocation 

of Exemption 7(E) to withhold specific records relating to a law enforcement technique, here the 

exemption is used to withhold the potential existence of any such records in the first place. The 

Court does not see how disclosing whether any records exist could reduce or nullify the 

technique’s effectiveness. The determination of whether disclosure of any information in the 

documents sought could cause harm must be made utilizing the standard FOIA tools applied on a 

document-by-document basis. 

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion for partial summary judgment (ECF No. 

19) is DENIED and Plaintiff’s cross-motion for partial summary judgment (ECF No. 21) is 

GRANTED. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and 

contemporaneously issued.

Dated: March 1, 2019 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS

United States District Judge