# Patent

## Title
Associating consumer states with interests in a content-centric network

## Abstract

One embodiment provides a system that facilitates associating consumer states with interests in a Content-Centric Network (CCN). During operation, the system generates an interest for a content object comprising a name of the content object in a remote node. The name in the interest is location independent and uniquely identifies the content object in the CCN. The interest is routed in the CCN based on the name. The system also associates the consumer states, which are associated with the content object, with the interest.

## Background
BACKGROUND
1. Field
This disclosure is generally related to object interests. More specifically, this disclosure is related to expressing an interest with state information based on network names.
2. Related Art
In many computing applications, it is often important for devices in a network to express interests for their respective collections of data. The proliferation of digital content creates a vast number of collections, which require reconciliation. Content-Centric Network (CCN) architectures have been designed to facilitate accessing such digital content. These networks include entities, or nodes, such as network clients, forwarders (e.g., routers and switches), and content producers, which communicate with each other by sending “interest” packets for various content items and receiving “response” packets comprising content objects in return. Unlike a traditional Internet Protocol (IP) network, where an object is tied to its location and its IP address, the content objects in a CCN are identified based on a specific name, which is location independent.
For example, a border router that is connected to multiple areas of a computer network can subscribe to namespaces for those areas (e.g., “Area 1” and “Area 2”). Other routers that are not border routers may only subscribe to a single area. This way, a router that subscribes to the namespace “Area 1” only obtains network-configuration items for Area 1, and a router that subscribes to the namespace “Area 2” only obtains network-configuration items for Area 2. The border router that subscribes to both namespaces can obtain network-configuration items for Area 1 and Area 2.
Because a network-configuration item's structured name is unique and persistent, a node in a CCN can generate a hash value for each network-configuration item based on the structured name, without having to process the data for each content item. The node can also generate an additive hash for each routing-data collection, based on the hashes for the individual network-configuration items of a routing-data collection, so that the additive hash represents the contents of the routing-data collection. For example, the node can generate the additive hash by using an addition operation (or some other mathematical function) to process the hashes for the individual network-configuration items of the routing-data collection.
In a CCN, a node requests an object using an interest based on the persistent name of the object. A node requesting the object can be referred to as a consumer. Any producer node of the object sends back the object using a response. Some content can be associated with states of the consumer, which can be referred to as consumer states. For example, accessing a video file content object can require consumer states comprising a username and password. Hence, an interest for the video file should incorporate the consumer states. Though CCN brings many desirable features to a network, some issues remain unsolved for providing consumer states with interests for associated content objects.
SUMMARY
One embodiment provides a system that facilitates associating consumer states with interests in a Content-Centric Network (CCN). During operation, the system generates an interest for a content object comprising a name of the content object in a remote node. The name in the interest is location independent and uniquely identifies the content object in the CCN. The interest is routed in the CCN based on the name. The system also associates the consumer states, which are associated with the content object, with the interest.
In a variation on this embodiment, the system generates the consumer states and a state identifier for the consumer states.
In a further variation, the system creates a state content object of the consumer states and associates the state identifier with the state content object.
In a further variation, the system associates the state identifier with the state content object based on one or more of: embedding the consumer states in the interest, embedding the state content object in the interest, encoding the state identifier in the interest, encoding the name of a state content object in the interest, encoding the consumer state identifier in the interest name, and encoding the state content object in the interest name.
In a further variation, the system caches the consumer states.
In a further variation, the system generates the consumer states based on: calculating a difference between new consumer states and the consumer states, including the difference in the interest and one or more of: the state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary Content-Centric Network (CCN) with state-associated interest support, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary communication in a CCN with state-associated interest support based on integrated consumer states, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2B presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a consumer node expressing interests with integrated consumer states, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2C presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a producer node responding to interests with integrated consumer states, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary communication in a CCN with state-associated interest support based on integrated consumer states and associated state identifiers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3B presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a consumer node expressing interests with integrated consumer states and associated state identifiers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3C presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a producer node responding to interests with integrated consumer states and associated state identifiers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary communication in a CCN with state-associated interest support based on state identifiers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4B presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a consumer node expressing interests with state identifiers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4C presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a producer node responding to interests with state identifiers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary communication in a CCN with state-associated interest support based on state identifiers and associated state differences, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5B presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a consumer node expressing interests with state identifiers and associated state differences, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5C presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a producer node responding to interests with state identifiers and associated state differences, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 presents a flowchart illustrating the process of selecting suitable state-associated interest support technique, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary computer and communication system facilitating state-associated interest support in a CCN, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.



In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same figure elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the embodiments, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
Overview
In embodiments of the present invention, the problem of incorporating consumer states into interests for content objects is solved by integrating the states and/or their identifiers into the corresponding interest. In a Content-Centric Network (CCN), a consumer node can obtain a content object (CO) (i.e., a new content item), or an object, at any time by broadcasting an interest packet comprising the persistent name of the object. This interest packet can be referred to as an interest. In this disclosure, the terms “content object” and “object” are used interchangeably. Any producer node (e.g., a server) hosting the content object can respond to that interest and send a response packet comprising the content object to the consumer node. This response packet can be referred to as a response. Some content objects can be associated with consumer states. For example, if the content object is an email from a web-mail service, the consumer states can be the username and password of a valid subscriber. In another example, if the content object is a data file requiring backing up, the consumer states can be the time window when the file should be backed up.
Furthermore, a consumer node may send multiple interests to obtain related content objects associated with the same states. For example, the consumer node can send multiple interests to obtain an e-mail and its attachments from a producer, each of which is associated with the username and password. However, because such a content object can be served from any producer node in the CCN, the interest for the email and the interest for an attachment can go to different producers. When a producer node already has the consumer states in its local cache, the producer node does not need the consumer states in the subsequent interests. On the other hand, if a different producer node responds to the subsequent interest, this different producer needs the consumer states to respond. Consequently, distribution of interest for content objects associated with consumer states can become inefficient in a CCN.
To solve this problem, embodiments of the present invention facilitate a consumer node to associate consumer states with an interest for a content object. In this way, a producer node becomes aware of the consumer states upon receiving the interest and can act accordingly. In some embodiments, the consumer node integrates the consumer states into the interest. The consumer node can include the consumer states as part of the network name in the interest. As a result, whichever producer node receives the interest can have the consumer states. However, if the consumer states are large, they may not be suitable for integration with the interest. Furthermore, even if the producer node already has the consumer states in its local cache, the producer node still receives the consumer states.
In some embodiments, the consumer node creates the consumer states and assigns a state identifier, which can be a network name, to the consumer states, and includes the state identifier in the interest. Upon receiving the interest, the producer node generates an interest based on the state identifier and obtains the consumer states. The state identifier can be small compared to the consumer states. If the producer node already has the consumer states, the producer node does not need to obtain the consumer states. If the consumer states are updated and a new corresponding state identifier is generated, the consumer node includes the new state identifier in a subsequent interest. The producer node then obtains the updated consumer states. However, this may lead to additional round trip time.
In some embodiments, when consumer states are updated, the consumer node includes the identifier of the previous consumer states, which has a higher probability of being cached at a producer node, and the difference between the corresponding previous consumer states and the updated consumer states. Because this difference is typically small, such a difference can be integrated in a subsequent interest. Upon receiving the interest, the producer node extracts the difference from the interest, identifies the cached consumer states based on the state identifier, and updates the cached consumer states based on the difference. In this way, the producer node can update the consumer states without obtaining the updated consumer states from the consumer node, thereby saving the round trip time.
In some embodiments, the network clients, network nodes (e.g., forwarders such as routers), and publishers communicate over an information-centric network (ICN). In ICN, each piece of content is individually named, and each piece of data is bound to a unique name that distinguishes the data from any other piece of data, such as other versions of the same data or data from other sources. This unique name allows a network device to request the data by disseminating a request or an interest that indicates the unique name, and can obtain the data independently from the data's storage location, network location, application, and means of transportation. In other words, the name can be used to route the interest and the data in ICN. Named-Data Network (NDN) or a CCN are examples of ICN architecture; the following terms describe elements of an NDN or CCN architecture:
Content Object:
A single piece of named data, which is bound to a unique name. Content Objects are “persistent,” which means that a Content Object can move around within a computing device, or across different computing devices, but does not change. If any component of the Content Object changes, the entity that made the change creates a new Content Object that includes the updated content, and binds the new Content Object to a new unique name.
Unique Names:
A name in an ICN is typically location independent and uniquely identifies a Content Object. A data-forwarding device can use the name or name prefix to forward a packet toward a network node that generates or stores the Content Object, regardless of a network address or physical location for the Content Object. In some embodiments, the name may be a hierarchically structured variable-length identifier (HSVLI). The HSVLI can be divided into several hierarchical components, which can be structured in various ways. For example, the individual name components parc, home, ndn, and test.txt can be structured in a left-oriented prefix-major fashion to form the name “/parc/home/ndn/test.txt.” Thus, the name “/parc/home/ndn” can be a “parent” or “prefix” of “/parc/home/ndn/test.txt.” Additional components can be used to distinguish between different versions of the content item, such as a collaborative document.
In some embodiments, the name can include a non-hierarchical identifier, such as a hash value that is derived from the content object's data (e.g., a checksum value) and/or from elements of the content object's name. A hash-based name is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/847,814, titled “Ordered-Element Naming for Name-Based Packet Forwarding,” by inventor Ignacio Solis, filed 20 Mar. 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. A name can also be a flat label. Hereinafter, “name” is used to refer to any name for a piece of data in an NDN, such as a hierarchical name or name prefix, a flat name, a fixed-length name, an arbitrary-length name, or a label (e.g., a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) label).
Interest:
A packet that indicates a request for a piece of data, and includes a name (or a name prefix) for the piece of data. A data consumer can disseminate a request or interest across an information-centric network, which CCN/NDN routers can propagate toward a storage device (e.g., a cache server) or a data producer that can provide the requested data to satisfy the request or interest.
In some embodiments, the ICN system can include a CCN architecture. However, the methods disclosed herein are also applicable to other ICN architectures as well. A CCN architecture is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/338,175, titled “Controlling the Spread of Interests and Content in a Content Centric Network,” by inventors Van L. Jacobson and Diana K. Smetters, filed 18 Dec. 2008, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
In this disclosure, the term “consumer states” is used in a generic sense. Any information which is associated with a consumer can be referred to as “consumer states.” Examples of consumer states include, but are not limited to, consumer information related to authentication, control, policy, and network.
Network Architecture
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary CCN with state-associated interest support, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Network 100 includes nodes 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, and 114. These nodes can be CCN routers or other forwarders, and consumer and/or producer nodes. For example, node 112 can be coupled to a device 118 and operate as a producer node for content objects 142, 144, and 146, which are associated with network names 122, 124, and 126, respectively. On the other hand, node 102 can be coupled to a client device 116 and operate as a consumer node with consumer states 130, which can be associated with a state identifier 132. Consumer node 102 can create consumer states 130, creates state identifier 132, and assigns state identifier 132 to consumer states 130. In some embodiments, consumer node 102 creates a state content object (e.g., by signing consumer states 130 with a key of consumer node 102) of consumer states 130. Consumer node 102 associates state identifier 132 with the state content object. In some embodiments, consumer node 102 creates a network name (e.g., a routable name, such as an HSVLI) for the state content object based on state identifier 132.
During operation, consumer node 102 generates an interest for content object 142 based on name 122. This interest is disseminated in network 100 and reaches producer node 112. Node 112 determines that it hosts content object 142 and sends a response comprising content object 142 back to consumer node 102. Consumer node 102 also generates an interest for content objects 144 and 146 based on names 124 and 126, respectively. However, content objects 142, 144, and 146 can be associated with consumer states 130. For example, content objects 142, 144, and 146 represent an email and its attachments, while consumer states 130 can be the username and password.
Furthermore, consumer node 102 sends multiple interests to obtain these related content objects associated with consumer states 130. Suppose that node 106 is also a producer node for content objects 142, 144, and 146. As a result, content objects 142, 144, and 146 can be served from producer node 112 or 106, and the interest for the email and the interest for an attachment can go to different producers. Furthermore, if producer node 112 has received consumer states 130, producer node 112 does not need consumer states 130 in subsequent interests. On the other hand, when producer node 106 responds to the subsequent interests, producer node 106 needs consumer states 130.
To solve this problem, consumer node 102 associates consumer states 130 with the interest for content objects 142, 144, and 146. In this way, producer node 112 or 106 becomes aware of the consumer states 130 upon receiving the interest and can act accordingly. In some embodiments, consumer node 102 embeds consumer states 130 into the interest. Furthermore, consumer node can also embed the state content object of consumer states 130 in the interest. Consumer node 102 can embed consumer states 130 (and/or the corresponding state content object) as part of the network name. For example, for an interest for content object 142, the interest includes a network name which includes name 122 as well as consumer states 130 (and/or the corresponding state content object). As a result, whichever producer node (e.g., producer node 106 or 112) receives the interest can receive consumer states 130 as part of the network name in the interest. However, if consumer states 130 are large, they may not be suitable for integration with the interest.
In some embodiments, consumer node 102 assigns a state identifier 132 to consumer states 130. Consumer node 102 can generate a network name based on the state identifier 132, and includes state identifier 132 (and/or the corresponding network name) in the interest. Upon receiving the interest, producer node 112 generates an interest based on state identifier 132. Upon receiving that interest, consumer node 102 send the state content object of consumer states 130 to producer node 112. State identifier 132 can be small compared to consumer states 130 and its state content object. If producer node 112 already has consumer states 130, producer node 112 does not need to obtain consumer states 130. If consumer states 130 are updated to consumer states 150 (denoted with dotted lines) (e.g., due to a password change or a new item in a shopping cart), and consumer node 102 generates a new corresponding state identifier 152, consumer node 102 includes state identifier 152 in a subsequent interest. Producer node 112 then obtains updated consumer states 150 based on state identifier 152. However, this may lead to additional round trip time.
In some embodiments, when consumer states 130 are updated, consumer node 102 includes an identifier of the previous consumer states (i.e., state identifier 132). Because node 102 has already disseminated state identifier 132, consumer states 130 have a higher probability of being cached at a producer node compared to consumer states 150. Consumer node 102 also includes the difference between previous consumer states 130 and updated consumer states 150. Because this difference is typically small, such a difference can be integrated in a subsequent interest. Upon receiving the interest, producer node 112 extracts the difference from the interest, identifies cached consumer states 130 based on state identifier 132, and updates cached consumer states 130 to consumer states 150 based on the difference. In this way, producer node 112 can update locally cached consumer states 130 without obtaining updated consumer states 150 from consumer node 102, thereby saving the round trip time.
Integrated Consumer States
FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary communication in a CCN with state-associated interest support based on integrated consumer states, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, consumer node 102 in CCN 100 sends an initial interest 220 comprising a name 122 associated with content object 142 and consumer states 130. As interest 220 moves through CCN 100 from consumer node 102, producer node 112 receives interest 220 and, based on name 122 in interest 220, determines that producer node 112 hosts content object 142. Producer node 112 extracts consumer states 130 from interest 220 and performs procedure verify_states 222. For example, if interest 220 is for a video file (i.e., content object 142 is a video file), consumer states 130 can carry the username and password. Producer node 112 can locally cache consumer states 130. Procedure 222 then verifies whether the username and password correspond to a valid subscriber of content object 142. In other words, the verification procedure can include the caching of consumer states. In some embodiments, the verification procedure includes authentication of the consumer node.
Upon verification, producer node 112 sends a response message 224 comprising content object 142. Suppose that consumer node 102 performs procedure update_states 226 and updates consumer states 130 (e.g., updates the password) to consumer states 150, as described in conjunction with FIG. 1. Then, consumer node 102 sends another interest 228 comprising a name 124 associated with content object 144 (which can be another video file) and updated consumer states 150. Producer node 112 receives interest 228 and determines that producer node 112 hosts content object 144. Producer node 112 extracts consumer states 150 and performs procedure verify_states 230. In this state, producer node 112 verifies consumer states 150. Upon verification of consumer states 150, producer node 112 locally caches consumer states 150 and sends a response message 232 comprising content object 144.
FIG. 2B presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a consumer node expressing interests with integrated consumer states, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, the node obtains consumer states associated with an intended content object (operation 252). The node generates an interest for content object expressed in a corresponding network name (operation 254) and embeds the consumer states in the generated interest (operation 256). In some embodiments, the node includes the consumer states as part of the network name. The node forwards the interest based on the network name (operation 258).
The node checks whether more content objects are associated with the obtained consumer states (operation 260). If so, the node checks whether the consumer states have been updated (operation 262), as described in conjunction with FIG. 2A. If the consumer states have not been updated, the node continues to generate interest for the next content object expressed in a corresponding network name (operation 254). If the consumer states have been updated, the node obtains updated consumer, states which are also associated with the next content object (operation 264) and continues to generate interest for the content object expressed in a corresponding network name (operation 254).
FIG. 2C presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a producer node responding to interests with integrated consumer states, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, the node receives an interest for a content object with associated consumer states (operation 272) and verifies the consumer states in the interest (operation 274). The node checks whether the consumer states are valid (operation 276), as described in conjunction with FIG. 2A. If the consumer states are valid, the node sends the content object expressed in interest (operation 278). Otherwise, the node discards the interest (operation 280).
Integrated Consumer States with State Identifiers
In some embodiments, a consumer node can generate a state identifier for consumer states. This state identifier can be part of the network name in the interest. FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary communication in a CCN with state-associated interest support based on integrated consumer states and associated state identifiers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, consumer node 102 in CCN 100 sends an initial interest 320 comprising a name 122 associated with content object 142 and consumer states 130 with its state identifier 132. In some embodiments, state identifier 132 is embedded in interest 320 as a routable network name of state identifier 132.
As interest 320 moves through CCN 100 from consumer node 102, producer node 112 receives interest 320 and determines that producer node 112 hosts content object 142 based on name 122 in interest 320. Producer node 112 extracts consumer states 130 and state identifier 132 from interest 320, and performs procedure verify_states 322. In some embodiments, producer node 112 derives state identifier 132 from its network name embedded in interest 320. For example, if interest 320 is for a video file (i.e., content object 142 is a video file), consumer states 130 can carry the username and password. Producer node 112 can locally cache consumer states 130. Procedure 322 then verifies whether the username and password correspond to a valid subscriber of content object 142. In other words, the verification procedure can include the caching of consumer states. In some embodiments, the verification procedure includes authentication of the consumer node.
Upon verification, producer node 112 sends a response message 324 comprising content object 142. Suppose that consumer node 102 performs procedure update_states 326 and updates consumer states 130 (e.g., updates the password) to consumer 150, as described in conjunction with FIG. 1. Then, consumer node 102 sends another interest 328 comprising a name 124 associated with content object 144 (which can be another video file) and updated consumer states 150 with its state identifier 152. In some embodiments, state identifier 152 is embedded in interest 328 as a network name of state identifier 152. Producer node 112 receives interest 328, locally caches consumer states 150, and performs procedure verify_states 330. In some embodiments, producer node 112 derives state identifier 152 from its network name embedded in interest 328. In this state, producer node 112 verifies consumer states 150. Upon verification of consumer states 150, producer node 112 sends a response message 334 comprising content object 144.
However, if consumer states 150 are unsuitable (e.g., too large) to fit in interest 328, consumer node 102 includes a name 124, state identifier 132 of previous consumer states 130, and a difference 310 between consumer states 130 and 150 in interest 328. In some embodiments, consumer node 102 assigns an identifier to difference 310 and includes the identifier of the difference in interest 328. State identifier 132 can be embedded in interest 328 as the network name of state identifier 132. Difference 310 can be small compared to consumer states 150 and can be more suitable to fit in interest 328 than consumer states 150. Producer node 112 receives interest 328, and determines that producer node 112 hosts content object 144. Producer node 112 extracts consumer identifier 132 and difference 310, and determines that consumer states 130 are locally cached and have been updated at consumer node 102. In some embodiments, producer node 112 derives state identifier 132 from its network name embedded in interest 328. Producer node 112 integrates difference 310 into cached consumer states 130 to perform procedure construct_and_verify_states 332 to construct and verify consumer states 150. Upon verification of consumer states 150, producer node 112 sends a response message 334 comprising content object 144.
FIG. 3B presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a consumer node expressing interests with integrated consumer states and associated state identifiers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, the node obtains the consumer states associated with an intended content object (operation 352). The node generates an interest for the content object expressed in a corresponding network name (operation 354) and embeds the consumer states and the associated state identifier in the generated interest (operation 356). In some embodiments, the state identifier is embedded in the interest as a network name of the state identifier. The node can also embed the consumer states as part of the network name. The node forwards the interest based on the network name (operation 358).
The node checks whether more content objects are associated with the obtained consumer states (operation 360). If so, the node checks whether the consumer states have been updated (operation 362), as described in conjunction with FIG. 3A. If the consumer states have not been updated, the node continues to generate interest for the next content object expressed in a corresponding network name (operation 354). If the consumer states have been updated, the node obtains updated consumer states, which are also associated with the next content object, and the corresponding updated state identifier (operation 364) and checks whether the updated content object is suitable for an interest (e.g., fits in the interest) (operation 366).
If the updated content object is suitable for an interest, the node continues to generate interest for the next content object expressed in a corresponding network name (operation 354) and embed the updated consumer states and the associated state identifier in the generated interest (operation 356). If the updated content object is not suitable for an interest, the node determines the difference between the updated and the previous consumer states (operation 368) and generates an interest for a content object expressed in a corresponding network name (operation 370). The node embeds the previous state identifier and the difference between the consumer states in the generated interest (operation 372) and forwards the interest based on the network name (operation 358). In some embodiments, the previous state identifier is embedded in the interest as a network name of the state identifier.
FIG. 3C presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a producer node responding to interests with integrated consumer states and associated state identifiers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, the node receives an interest for a content object with complete or difference of consumer states and a state identifier (operation 380). In some embodiments, the state identifier is embedded in the interest as a network name and the node obtains the state identifier from the name. The node checks whether received consumer states are complete consumer states (operation 382). If the received consumer states are not complete consumer states, the node checks whether the consumer states are locally cached (i.e., have already been received) (operation 390). If the consumer states are not locally cached, the node generates and sends an interest for the consumer states based on the state identifier (operation 392), and receives the state content object of the consumer states associated with the state identifier (operation 394). In some embodiments, the node generates the interest for the consumer states based on a routable network name of the state identifier.
If the consumer states are locally cached (operation 390) or upon obtaining the consumer states (operation 394), the node constructs complete consumer states by incorporating the difference with the locally cached consumer states associated with the state identifier (operation 396), as described in conjunction with FIG. 3A. If the states are complete states (operation 382) or upon constructing the complete consumer states (operation 396), the node verifies the consumer states in the interest (operation 384). The node checks whether the consumer states are valid (operation 386), as described in conjunction with FIG. 2A. If the consumer states are valid, the node sends the content object expressed in interest (operation 388); otherwise, the node discards the interest (operation 398).
Integrated State Identifiers
In some embodiments, a consumer node integrates a state identifier for consumer states into an interest. This state identifier can be part of the network name in the interest. FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary communication in a CCN with state-associated interest support based on state identifiers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, consumer node 102 in CCN 100 sends an initial interest 420 comprising a name 122 associated with content object 142 and state identifier 132 associated with consumer states 130. In some embodiments, state identifier 132 is embedded in interest 420 as a routable network name of state identifier 132. As interest 420 moves through CCN 100 from consumer node 102, producer node 112 receives interest 420 and, based on name 122 in interest 420, determines that producer node 112 hosts content object 142. Producer node 112 obtains state identifier 132 from interest 420 (e.g., from the network name of state identifier 132) and performs procedure generate_state_interest 422. In procedure 422, producer node 112 generates and sends an interest 424 for consumer states 130 based on state identifier 132. In some embodiments, interest 424 is based on the network name of state identifier 132. Consumer node 102 receives interest 424, and generates and sends a response message 426 comprising the state content object of consumer states 130.
Upon receiving response message 426, producer node 112 extracts the state content object of consumer states 130 (e.g., using a key of consumer node 102) and obtains consumer states 130. Producer node 112 performs procedure verify_states 428 to verify consumer states 130. For example, if interest 420 is for a video file (i.e., content object 142 is a video file), consumer states 130 can carry the username and password. Producer node 112 can locally cache consumer states 130. Procedure 428 then verifies whether the username and password correspond to a valid subscriber of content object 142. In other words, the verification procedure can include the caching of consumer states. In some embodiments, the verification procedure includes authentication of the consumer node.
Upon verification, producer node 112 sends a response message 430 comprising content object 142. Consumer node 102 then sends another interest 432 for the next content object 144 (which can be another video file) comprising a name 124 associated with content object 144 and state identifier 132. In some embodiments, state identifier 132 is embedded in interest 432 as the network name of state identifier 132. Since provider node 112 has already cached consumer states 130 associated with state identifier 132, provider node 112 performs procedure verify_states 434 to verify consumer states 130. Upon verification, producer node 112 sends a response message 436 comprising content object 144.
Suppose that consumer node 102 performs procedure update_states 438 and updates consumer states 130 (e.g., updates the password) to consumer states 150, as described in conjunction with FIG. 1. Then, consumer node 102 sends another interest 440 comprising a name 126 associated with content object 146 (which can be another video file) and state identifier 152. In some embodiments, state identifier 152 is embedded in interest 440 as a routable network name of state identifier 152. Producer node 112 receives interest 440 and obtains state identifier 152 from interest 440 (e.g., from the network name of state identifier 152). Producer node 112 determines that consumer states 150 associated with state identifier 152 are not locally cached. Producer node 112 then performs procedure generate_state_interest 442. In procedure 442, producer node 112 generates an interest 444 for consumer states 150 based on state identifier 152. In some embodiments, interest 442 is based on the network name of state identifier 152. In this way, if producer node 112 has the consumer states locally cached, producer node 112 does not need to generate an interest for the consumer states. However, if producer node 112 does not have the consumer states locally cached, producer node 112 generates an interest for the consumer states, obtains and verifies the consumer states, and locally caches the consumer states.
FIG. 4B presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a consumer node expressing interests with state identifiers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, the node obtains consumer states and a corresponding state identifier associated with an intended content object (operation 452). The node generates an interest for the content object expressed in a corresponding network name (operation 454) and embeds the state identifier in the generated interest (operation 456). In some embodiments, the node includes the network name of the state identifier in the network name in the interest. The node forwards the interest based on the network name (operation 458).
The node checks whether the current consumer states have been sent (operation 460). If not, the node receives an interest for consumer states based on the network name of the state identifier (operation 462) and sends the state content object of the consumer states associated with the state identifier (operation 464). If the current consumer states have been sent (operation 460 or 464), the node checks whether more content objects are associated with the obtained consumer states (operation 466). If more content objects are associated with the consumer states, the node checks whether the consumer states have been updated (operation 468), as described in conjunction with FIG. 4A. If the consumer states have not been updated, the node continues to generate interest for the next content object expressed in corresponding network name (operation 454) and embed the state identifier in the generated interest (operation 456). If the consumer states have been updated, the node obtains updated consumer states, which is also associated with the next content object, and the corresponding updated state identifier (operation 470). The node then generates an interest for the next content object expressed in corresponding network name (operation 454) and embed the state identifier of the updated consumer states in the generated interest (operation 456).
FIG. 4C presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a producer node responding to interests with state identifiers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, the node receives an interest for a content object with a state identifier (operation 472). In some embodiments, the state identifier is embedded in the interest as a network name and the node obtains the state identifier from the name. The node checks whether the consumer states associated with the state identifier are locally cached (i.e., have already been received) (operation 474). If not, the node generates and sends an interest for consumer states based on the received state identifier (operation 476), and receives the state content object of the consumer states associated with the state identifier (operation 478). In some embodiments, the node generates the interest for the consumer states based on a routable network name of the state identifier.
If the consumer states are locally cached (operation 474) or upon obtaining the consumer states (operation 478), the node verifies the consumer states in the interest (operation 480). The node checks whether the consumer states are valid (operation 482), as described in conjunction with FIG. 4A. If the consumer states are valid, the node sends the content object expressed in the interest (operation 484). Otherwise, the node discards the interest (operation 486).
Integrated State Identifiers and State Differences
In some embodiments, a consumer node integrates a state identifier for consumer states into an interest. This state identifier can be part of the network name in the interest. FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary communication in a CCN with state-associated interest support based on state identifiers and associated state differences, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, consumer node 102 in CCN 100 sends an initial interest 520 comprising a name 122 associated with content object 142 and state identifier 132 associated with consumer states 130. In some embodiments, state identifier 132 is embedded in interest 520 as a routable network name of state identifier 132.
As interest 520 moves through CCN 100 from consumer node 102, producer node 112 receives interest 520 and, based on name 122 in interest 520, determines that producer node 112 hosts content object 142. In some embodiments, producer node 112 derives state identifier 132 from its network name embedded in interest 520. Producer node 112 extracts state identifier 132 from interest 520 and performs procedure generate_state_interest 522. In procedure 522, producer node 112 generates and sends an interest 524 for consumer states 130 based on state identifier 132. In some embodiments, state identifier 132 can be a network name in CCN 100. Consumer node 102 receives interest 524 and generates and sends a response message 526 comprising consumer states 130.
Upon receiving response message 526, producer node 112 extracts consumer states 130 and performs procedure verify_states 528 to verify consumer states 130. For example, if interest 520 is for a video file (i.e., content object 142 is a video file), consumer states 130 can carry the username and password. Producer node 112 can locally cache consumer states 130. Procedure 528 then verifies whether the username and password correspond to a valid subscriber of content object 142. In other words, the verification procedure can include the caching of consumer states. In some embodiments, the verification procedure includes authentication of the consumer node.
Upon verification, producer node 112 sends a response message 530 comprising content object 142. Consumer node 102 then sends another interest 532 for the next content object 144 (which can be another video file) comprising a name 124 associated with content object 144 and state identifier 132. In some embodiments, state identifier 132 is embedded in interest 520 as a network name of state identifier 132. Since provider node 112 has already cached consumer states 130 associated with state identifier 132, provider node 112 performs procedure verify_states 534 to verify consumer states 130. Upon verification, producer node 112 sends a response message 536 comprising content object 144.
Suppose that consumer node 102 performs procedure update_states 538 and updates consumer states 130 (e.g., updates the password) to consumer states 150, as described in conjunction with FIG. 1. When consumer node 102 sends another interest 540 for another content object 146 (which can be another video file) associated with the same consumer states, consumer node 102 includes a name 126, state identifier 132 of previous consumer states 130, and a difference 510 between consumer states 130 and 150 in interest 540. In some embodiments, consumer node 102 assigns an identifier to difference 510 and includes the identifier of the difference in interest 540. State identifier 132 can be embedded in interest 540 as the network name of state identifier 132. Difference 510 can be small compared to consumer states 150 and can be more suitable to fit in interest 540 than consumer states 150.
Producer node 112 receives interest 540 and determines that producer node 112 hosts content object 146. Producer node 112 obtains state identifier 132 and difference 510, and determines that consumer states 130 are locally cached and have been updated at consumer node 102. Producer node 112 incorporates difference 510 into cached consumer states 130 to perform procedure construct_and_verify_states 542 to construct and verify consumer states 150. Upon verification of consumer states 150, producer node 112 sends a response message 544 comprising content object 146.
FIG. 5B presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a consumer node expressing interests with state identifiers and associated state differences, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, the node obtains the consumer states and a corresponding state identifier associated with an intended content object (operation 552). The node generates an interest for the content object expressed in a corresponding network name (operation 554) and embeds the state identifier in the generated interest (operation 556). In some embodiments, the state identifier is embedded in the interest as a routable network name of the state identifier. The node forwards the interest based on the network name (operation 558).
The node checks whether the current consumer states have been sent (operation 560). If not, the node receives an interest for consumer states based on the state identifier (operation 562). In some embodiments, the interest is generated based on the network name of the state identifier. Upon receiving the interest, the node sends the state content object of the consumer states associated with the state identifier (operation 564). If the current consumer states have been sent (operation 560 or 564), the node checks whether more content objects are associated with the obtained consumer states (operation 566). If more content objects are associated with the consumer states, the node checks whether the consumer states have been updated (operation 568), as described in conjunction with FIG. 5A.
If the consumer states have not been updated, the node continues to generate interest for the next content object expressed in the corresponding network name (operation 554) and embed the state identifier in the generated interest (operation 556). If the consumer states have been updated, the node obtains the updated consumer states, which is also associated with the next content object, and the corresponding updated state identifier (operation 570). The node determines the difference between the updated and the previous consumer states (operation 572). The node generates an interest for the content object expressed in the corresponding network name (operation 574) and embeds the previous state identifier and the difference between the consumer states in the generated interest (operation 576). In some embodiments, the state identifier is embedded in the interest as a network name of the state identifier. The node forwards the interest based on the network name (operation 578) and continues to check whether more content objects are associated with the obtained consumer states (operation 566).
FIG. 5C presents a flowchart illustrating the process of a producer node responding to interests with state identifiers and associated state differences, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, the node receives an interest for a content object with a state identifier (operation 580). If the consumer states of the corresponding consumer node have been updated, the interest can also include the difference between the updated and the previous consumer states (operation 580), as described in conjunction with FIG. 5A. In some embodiments, the state identifier is embedded in the interest as a network name and the node obtains the state identifier from the name. The node then checks whether the consumer states associated with the state identifier are locally cached (i.e., have already been received) (operation 582). If not, the node generates and sends an interest for consumer states based on the received state identifier (operation 584). In some embodiments, the interest is generated based on the network name of the state identifier. The node receives the state content object of the consumer states associated with the state identifier (operation 586).
If the consumer states are locally cached (operation 582), the node checks whether a difference is included in the interest (operation 594). If so, the node constructs complete consumer states by incorporating the difference with the locally cached consumer states associated with the state identifier (operation 596), as described in conjunction with FIG. 5A. Upon obtaining the consumer states (operation 586) or constructing the complete consumer states (operation 596), the node verifies the consumer states in the interest (operation 588). The node checks whether the consumer states are valid (operation 590), as described in conjunction with FIG. 5A. If the consumer states are valid, the node sends the content object expressed in the interest (operation 592). Otherwise, the node discards the interest (operation 598).
Determining State Association
FIG. 6 presents a flowchart illustrating the process of selecting suitable state-associated interest support technique, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, the node obtains one or more network conditions and/or policies (operation 602). The node determines a suitable state-associated interest support technique (operation 604) and applies the determined state integration (operation 606).
Depending on the goals, a consumer node can use different techniques to decide what type of information in consumer states to include in the interest. Examples of the goals include, but are not limited to, minimizing latency, minimizing transmitted data, minimizing fragmentation of interests, and any (weighted) combination thereof. Depending on the probability that the producer node has access to the previous consumer states and the optimization goals, the consumer node has to select which information to include in the interest. It should be noted that making a correct prediction about whether the server has access to the consumer states can increase the efficiency. Hence, additional knowledge regarding the producer node can be included to increase the accuracy of the prediction.
To be able to determine differences for all possible types of data, the VCDIFF Generic Differencing and Compression Data Format can be used. This data format is described in Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments (RFC) 3284, titled “The VCDIFF Generic Differencing and Compression Data Format,” the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. It should be noted that it is possible to decrease the size of the difference by increasing processing time. Since the VCDIFF format is independent of the encoder of the difference, VCDIFF allows different clients to select different tradeoffs, wherein the decoder always remains the same.
Apparatus and Computer System
FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary computer and communication system facilitating state-associated interest support in a CCN, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Computer and communication system 702 includes a processor 704, a memory 706, and a storage device 708. Memory 706 can include a volatile memory (e.g., RAM) that serves as a managed memory, and can be used to store one or more memory pools. Furthermore, computer and communication system 702 can be coupled to a display device 710, a keyboard 712, and a pointing device 714. Storage device 708 can store an operating system 716, an interest-processing system 718, and data 732.
Interest-processing system 718 can include instructions, which when executed by computer and communication system 702, can cause computer and communication system 702 to perform methods and/or processes described in this disclosure. Specifically, interest-processing system 718 can facilitate associating consumer states with interests in a CCN. In some embodiments, interest-processing system 718 can be executed on a plurality of computer and communication systems, which are able to exchange data that describes the state of the operation associated with interest-processing system 718.
In summary, embodiments of the present invention provide a computer system and a method that facilitates associating consumer states with interests in a CCN. During operation, the system generates an interest for a content object comprising a name of the content object in a remote node. The name in the interest is location independent and uniquely identifies the content object in the CCN. The interest is routed in the CCN based on the name. The system also associates the consumer states, which are associated with the content object, with the interest.
The data structures and code described in this detailed description are typically stored on a computer-readable storage medium, which may be any device or medium that can store code and/or data for use by a computer system. The computer-readable storage medium includes, but is not limited to, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, magnetic and optical storage devices such as disk drives, magnetic tape, CDs (compact discs), DVDs (digital versatile discs or digital video discs), or other media capable of storing computer-readable media now known or later developed.
The methods and processes described in the detailed description section can be embodied as code and/or data, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium as described above. When a computer system reads and executes the code and/or data stored on the computer-readable storage medium, the computer system performs the methods and processes embodied as data structures and code and stored within the computer-readable storage medium.
Furthermore, the methods and processes described above can be included in hardware modules or apparatus. The hardware modules or apparatus can include, but are not limited to, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), dedicated or shared processors that execute a particular software module or a piece of code at a particular time, and other programmable-logic devices now known or later developed. When the hardware modules or apparatus are activated, they perform the methods and processes included within them.
The foregoing descriptions of embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description only. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the forms disclosed. Accordingly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. Additionally, the above disclosure is not intended to limit the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A computer-executable method, comprising:
generating, by a computing device, an interest which is a request for a content object, wherein the interest includes a name for the requested content object, and wherein the name is a hierarchically structured variable length identifier which comprises contiguous name components ordered from a most general level to a most specific level;
generating consumer states, wherein the consumer states are associated with the requested content object;
generating a state identifier for the consumer states;
calculating a difference between updated consumer states and the consumer states;
integrating in the interest the difference and one or more of a state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference;
transmitting the interest to a content-hosting device, wherein transmitting the interest causes the content-hosting device to:
in response to determining that the updated consumer states are not stored in a local cache of the content-hosting device, extract the difference and one or more of a state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference from the interest, identify the consumer states from the local cache based on the state identifier of the consumer states, update the consumer states to the updated consumer states without obtaining the updated consumer state from the computing device, thereby saving roundtrip time; and
in response to determining that the updated consumer states are stored in the local cache, avoid extracting the difference and one or more of a state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference from the interest, thereby eliminating time spent for the content-hosting device to extract the difference and one or more of a state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference in the interest.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
creating a state content object of the consumer states; and associating the state identifier with the state content object.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein associating the state identifier with the state content object further comprises assigning a network name to the state content object based on the consumer state identifier.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein integrating the consumer states into the interest comprises one or more of:
embedding the consumer states in the interest;
embedding the state content object in the interest;
encoding the state identifier in the interest;
encoding the name of the state content object in the interest;
encoding the state identifier in the name for the content object in the interest; and
encoding the state content object in the name for the content object in the interest.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising caching the consumer states.

6. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that when executed by a computer causes the computer to perform a method, the method comprising:
generating, by a computing device, an interest which is a request for a content object, wherein the interest includes a name for the requested content object, and wherein the name is a hierarchically structured variable length identifier which comprises contiguous name components ordered from a most general level to a most specific level;
generating consumer states, wherein the consumer states are associated with the requested content object;
generating a state identifier for the consumer states;
calculating a difference between updated consumer states and the consumer states;
integrating in the interest the difference and one or more of a state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference;
transmitting the interest to a content-hosting device, wherein transmitting the interest causes the content-hosting device to:
in response to determining that the updated consumer states are not stored in a local cache of the content-hosting device, extract the difference and one or more of a state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference from the interest, identify the consumer states from the local cache based on the state identifier of the consumer states, update the consumer states to the updated consumer states without obtaining the updated consumer state from the computing device, thereby saving roundtrip time; and
in response to determining that the updated consumer states are stored in the local cache, avoid extracting the difference and one or more of a state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference from the interest, thereby eliminating time spent for the content-hosting device to extract the difference and one or more of a state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference in the interest.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
creating a state content object of the consumer states; and associating the state identifier with the state content object.

8. The storage medium of claim 7, wherein associating the state identifier with the state content object further comprises assigning a network name to the state content object based on the consumer state identifier.

9. The storage medium of claim 8, wherein integrating the consumer states into the interest comprises one or more of:
embedding the consumer states in the interest;
embedding the state content object in the interest;
encoding the state identifier in the interest;
encoding the name of the state content object in the interest;
encoding the state identifier in the name for the interest; and
encoding the state content object in the name for the interest.

10. The storage medium of claim 6, wherein the method further comprises caching the consumer states.

11. A computer system comprising:
a processor;
a storage device coupled to the processor and storing instructions that when executed by the a computer cause the computer to perform a method, the method comprising:
generating, by a computing device, an interest which is a request for a content object, wherein the interest includes a name for the requested content object, and wherein the name is a hierarchically structured variable length identifier which comprises contiguous name components ordered from a most general level to a most specific level;
generating consumer states, wherein the consumer states are associated with the requested content object;
generating a state identifier for the consumer states;
calculating a difference between updated consumer states and the consumer states;
integrating in the interest the difference and one or more of a state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference;
transmitting the interest to a content-hosting device, wherein transmitting the interest causes the content-hosting device to:
in response to determining that the updated consumer states are not stored in a local cache of the content-hosting device, extract the difference and one or more of a state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference from the interest, identify the consumer states from the local cache based on the state identifier of the consumer states, update the consumer states to the updated consumer states without obtaining the updated consumer state from the computing device, thereby saving roundtrip time; and
in response to determining that the updated consumer states are stored in the local cache, avoid extracting the difference and one or more of a state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference from the interest, thereby eliminating time spent for the content-hosting device to extract the difference and one or more of a state identifier of the consumer states, an identifier of the new consumer states, and an identifier of the difference in the interest.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
creating a state content object of the consumer states; and associating the state identifier with the state content object.

13. The computer system of claim 12, wherein associating the state identifier with the state content object further comprises assigning a network name to the state content object based on the consumer state identifier.

14. The computer system of claim 13, wherein integrating the consumer states into the interest comprises one or more of:
embedding the consumer states in the interest;
embedding the state content object in the interest;
encoding the state identifier in the interest;
encoding the name of the state content object in the interest;
encoding the state identifier in the name for the interest; and
encoding the state content object in the name for the interest.

15. The computer system of claim 11, wherein the method further comprises caching the consumer states.