IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 98-KA-00077-SCT

JIMMY GREENWOOD a/k/a JIMMY D. GREENWOOD

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 08/22/1997

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JOHN B. TONEY

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: MADISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: WALTER E. WOOD

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

BY: BILLY L. GORE

DISTRICT ATTORNEY: RICHARD D. MITCHELL

NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 7/1/1999

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED: 7/22/99

BEFORE PRATHER, C.J., BANKS AND SMITH, JJ.

BANKS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. This appeal challenges appellant's conviction for attempted armed robbery. We conclude that there was

sufficient evidence of an overt act necessary to support the attempted armed robbery conviction. We

further conclude that appellant's separate convictions for aggravated assault and attempted armed robbery

do not violate double jeopardy protections because the offenses are separate and distinct. Accordingly, the

judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

I.

¶2. On December 9, 1996, Madison County Deputy Sheriff Scott Weeks responded to a shooting call at

John Axtell's home at 470 Heindl Road in Madison County. Upon arrival, Weeks was met by Axtell, who

complained of being shot in the head. Axtell informed the investigating officer that he had been sitting in his

recliner that evening watching television when he answered a knock at his door. Axtell said it was

Greenwood, known to him as Jimmy Sutton, and two other males at the door, claiming to have run out of

gas. Axtell related that he offered Greenwood gas from a gas can he kept on the back of his truck and

continued to watch television. Greenwood returned minutes later, requesting that Axtell carry him and his

companions to their car with the gas, but Axtell declined Greenwood's request. Axtell believed Greenwood

and his companions had finally left.
¶3. Shortly afterward, Axtell heard glass breaking and shots being fired. A concrete rock had been thrown

through the plate glass sliding door and shots had been fired through the door. At that time, Axtell realized

that he had been hit in the back of the head with a projectile. He then retrieved his hunting rifle and returned

gunfire. After he established that the boys were gone, he phoned the Madison County Sheriff's Department

for assistance.

¶4. Greenwood, Eric Wolfe and McCain Jackson were indicted on charges of aggravated assault and

attempted robbery. Greenwood entered a plea of guilty to the aggravated assault charge and was

subsequently sentenced to serve a term of eighteen (18) years in the custody of the Mississippi Department

of Corrections ("MDOC").

¶5. Later, following a jury trial, Greenwood was convicted of attempted armed robbery. He was sentenced

to serve nine years in the custody of the MDOC, to be served consecutively to his sentence received for

aggravated assault. Aggrieved, Greenwood appeals to this Court seeking relief.

II.

¶6. In his first assignment of error, Greenwood argues that there was no overt act committed which would

support a conviction of attempted armed robbery. He asserts that for the conviction to stand, there must be

some overt act which goes beyond mere planning or preparation. The State counters that there was

sufficient evidence of an overt act to uphold Greenwood's conviction for attempted armed robbery.

¶7. It is well settled in Mississippi that an intent to commit a crime consists of three elements: (1) an intent to

commit a particular crime; (2) a direct ineffectual act done toward its commission; and (3) the failure to

consummate its commission. Edwards v. State, 500 So. 2d 967, 969 (Miss. 1986) (citing Bucklew v.

State, 206 So. 2d 200, 202 (Miss. 1968). The overt act must be such as will apparently result, in the

ususal and natural course of events if not hindered by extraneous causes, in the commission of the crime

itself, and an act apparently adapted to produce the intended result is sufficient to constitute the overt act

essential to an attempt. Bucklew v. State, 206 So. 2d at 202. There must be an act that goes beyond

mere planning and preparation, as mere intention to commit a crime will not sustain a conviction for attempt.

Jackson v. State, 254 So. 2d 876, 878 (Miss. 1971); Bucklew v. State, 206 So. 2d at 202-03.

¶8. Count II of Greenwood's indictment charged that he "did willfully, unlawfully and feloniously attempt to

take the personal property of John Axtell, from his presence and against his will by violence to his person

by the use of a gun. . . . in violation of Mississippi Code Annotated § 97-3-79, as amended. The attempt

failed in that John Axtell was able to retrieve his weapon and shoot warning shots thereby causing Jimmy

Greenwood, Eric Wolfe, and McCain Jackson to flee. . . ."

¶9. Eric Wolfe testified for the State that Greenwood approached him on December 9, 1996, while he was

shooting pool at a store in Canton and asked Wolfe to ride around the city with him. During their ride

around Canton, according to Wolfe, when they approached the area near Axtell's house, Greenwood

stated that he was thinking about robbing Axtell because he knew that Axtell had a safe in his house with a

lot of money in it. Wolfe further testified that Greenwood told him that he had planned to knock on Axtell's

door and hold a pistol to his head once he opened the door. Greenwood did not, however, go through with

the plan to hold a gun to Axtell's head, but instead asked Axtell for gas when he opened the door.

¶10. The State also introduced Greenwood's voluntary statement in which he admitted to shooting Axtell
through the window and throwing the concrete rock through the plate glass door. Greenwood rested

without testifying or presenting any witnesses to testify on his behalf.

¶11. Although Greenwood did not carry out the initial plan to hold the gun to Axtell's head and rob him, his

actions of shooting Axtell and throwing the concrete block were clearly sufficient overt acts to support his

conviction for attempted armed robbery. Such actions by Greenwood went beyond mere planning and

preparation, and the jury was free to infer that the only reason no robbery was consummated was because

Axtell returned gunfire once he reached his own weapon, causing Greenwood and his cohorts to flee. This

assignment is without merit.

III.

¶12. Greenwood next asserts that his conviction of attempted armed robbery violates the double jeopardy

provisions of the federal and state constitutions. He argues that identical elements and acts supported his

convictions for both attempted armed robbery and aggravated assault. The State argues that Greenwood

committed two separate and distinct crimes which required proof of different elements.

¶13. Because there is nothing in the record to suggest that Greenwood raised this argument in the trial court,

this issue was not properly preserved for appeal. Ross v. State, 603 So. 2d 857, 860-61 (Miss. 1992).

However, because Greenwood asserts an error which may affect a fundamental constitutional right, the

procedural bar should be excepted in this case. See Bevill v. State, 669 So. 2d 14, 17 (Miss. 1996).

¶14. Double jeopardy protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, against a

second prosecution for the same offense after conviction, and against multiple punishments for the same

offense. White v. State, 702 So. 2d 107, 109 (Miss. 1997). "Where the two offenses for which the

defendant is punished or tried cannot survive the same elements test, the double jeopardy bar applies....[t]

he same elements test, sometimes referred to as the "Blockburger" test, inquires whether each offense

contains an element not contained in the other; if not, they are the "same offense" and double jeopardy bars

additional punishment and successive prosecution. Id. (quoting United States v. Dixon, 509 U.S. 688,

696, (1993)). Even though there may be a substantial overlap in the proof supporting the convictions of the

different crimes, the Blockburger test is met where each offense requires proof of an element not

necessary to the other. Bannister v. State, No. 97-CP-01060-SCT, 1999 WL 12823, *3 ¶ 12 (Miss.

Jan. 14, 1999). Double jeopardy does not protect a defendant against different prosecutions for different

offenses. Moore v. State, 617 So. 2d 272, 274-75 (Miss. 1993).

¶15. Under Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-7(2)(1994), "a person is guilty of aggravated assault if he:

(a) attempts to cause serious bodily injury to another, or causes such injury purposely, knowingly, or

recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life; or (b)

attempts to cause or purposely or knowingly causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon or

other means likely to produce death or serious bodily harm...."

¶16. Greenwood's indictment for aggravated assault charged that he "did purposely, knowingly, and

feloniously cause or attempt to cause bodily injury to John Axtell by shooting him in his head with a gun, a

deadly weapon. . . ."

¶17. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-79 (1994) provides the definition of armed robbery:
Every person who shall feloniously take or attempt to take from the person or from the presence the

personal property of another and against his will by violence to his person or by putting such person in

fear of immediate injury to his person by the exhibition of a deadly weapon shall be guilty of robbery. .

. .

¶18. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-1-7, (1994) the general attempt statute, provides that:

Every person who shall design and endeavor to commit an offense, and shall do any overt act toward

the commission thereof, but shall fail therein, or shall be prevented from committing the same, on

conviction thereof , shall, where no provision is made by law for the punishment of such offense, be

punished . . . .

¶19. An attempt to commit a crime consists of three elements: (1) an intent to commit a particular crime; (2)

a direct effectual act done toward its commission; and (3) the failure to consummate its commission.

Edwards v. State, 500 So. 2d at 969.

¶20. The offenses for which Greenwood was convicted require different elements of proof, defeating the

"same elements" test set out in Blockburger. Moreover, an overt act toward the commission of one crime

can constitute a separate independent crime. Bannister v. State, 1999 WL 12823, *3 ¶ 12 (Jan. 14);

Hughes v. State, 401 So. 2d 1100, 1102-05 (Miss. 1981). Thus, the overt act in this case which

supported the aggravated assault conviction can also support Greenwood's conviction for attempted armed

robbery without violating double jeopardy. This Court concludes that Greenwood committed two separate

and distinct offenses, making his double jeopardy contention meritless.

IV.

¶21. For the foregoing reasons, the conviction and sentence imposed in this case are affirmed.

¶22. COUNT II: CONVICTION OF ATTEMPTED ARMED ROBBERY AND SENTENCE OF

NINE YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF

CORRECTIONS AFFIRMED. SENTENCE SHALL RUN CONSECUTIVELY TO THE

SENTENCE RECEIVED IN COUNT I OF MADISON COUNTY CAUSE NO. 3039-A.

APPELLANT SHALL PAY ALL COURT COSTS, FEES AND ASSESSMENTS.

PRATHER, C.J., SULLIVAN AND PITTMAN, P.JJ., McRAE, SMITH, MILLS, WALLER

AND COBB, JJ., CONCUR.