1

Filed 6/22/18; Certified for Publication 7/11/18 (order attached)

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

ALAN C. RICHARDSON,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR 

VEHICLES,

Defendant and Respondent.

 A148613

 (Sonoma County

 Super. Ct. Nos. SCV255389,

 SCV255861)

Alan Richardson appeals from an order granting a motion for summary judgment 

in favor of defendant, Department of Motor Vehicles (hereinafter, DMV). Richardson 

sued the DMV for lifting a suspension against the driver’s license of a 93-year-old 

woman, Elsie Dembowsky, who caused a motor vehicle collision that severely injured 

him. Concluding, like the trial court, that the DMV is entitled to immunity for the 

licensing action taken in this case pursuant to Government Code section 818.4,1 we 

affirm the judgment.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The relevant facts are not in dispute. Appellant Alan Richardson (hereinafter, 

Richardson) was seriously injured when Dembowsky unlawfully turned left in her 

vehicle into oncoming traffic and collided with Richardson’s motorcycle. Richardson 

 

1 All further statutory references are to the Government Code unless otherwise 

indicated.
2

had the right of way. The accident severed Richardson’s left leg, broke his right leg and 

pelvis, damaged his spine, and left him paralyzed from the waist down.

Dembowsky was issued a driver’s license on June 25, 2009, with an expiration 

date of July 3, 2014. On March 4, 2011, following an accident where Dembowsky hit a 

parked car several times, an officer with the Santa Rosa Police Department requested that 

the DMV perform a regular reexamination of Dembowsky. Accordingly, on April 13, 

2011, the DMV mailed Dembowsky a Notice of Re-Examination Appointment scheduled 

for May 2, 2011.

On May 2, 2011, Dembowsky thus appeared before a hearing officer for an 

examination of “her driving patterns, her health conditions, and vision.” Following this 

exam, the hearing officer requested that Dembowsky take both a written and an in-person 

driving test and submit to medical and vision evaluations. Dembowsky passed the 

written test on the same day of the hearing.

Her subsequent vision examination by ophthalmologist Patrick J. Caskey, M.D., 

revealed that, aside from macular degeneration that affected her nighttime driving, 

Dembowsky had no apparent condition that would affect her ability to drive safely. 

Similarly, her physical examination by Larry Marianella, M.D., revealed no medical 

condition that would interfere with her ability to safely operate a vehicle.

With respect to her driving test, Dembowsky failed to appear on the scheduled 

date of May 17, 2011. Due to her noncompliance, the DMV issued a Driver Safety 

Report imposing a suspension of Dembowsky’s license, effective May 18, 2011.2

On February 1, 2012, Dembowsky caused another accident by making an unsafe 

left turn. Although no serious injuries resulted, both vehicles sustained major damage

and Dembowsky’s right ankle was injured. That same day, a Santa Rosa police officer 

verbally notified Dembowsky that she was driving with a suspended license. 

Dembowsky later testified that she had no knowledge prior to the accident that her 

 

2 This report noted that “ ‘favorable medical information [had been] received,’ ” 

and that “Dembowsky [had] ‘completed the written law test with satisfactory results.’ ”
3

license was suspended. However, the record reflects that on February 3, 2012, the DMV 

verbally advised her by phone that her license was suspended.

After Dembowsky failed to appear for a telephone interview appointment that had 

been scheduled for February 13, 2012, the DMV sustained her suspension on the ground 

that she “has not completed the reexamination process.” The DMV also issued a Notice 

of Interview Appointment, for February 24, 2012, and reviewed Dembowsky’s accident 

history another time.

On February 24, 2012, Dembowsky appeared for the scheduled interview 

appointment. The hearing officer found Dembowsky could not perform her scheduled 

driving test due to the ankle injury she sustained in her February 1 accident. The hearing 

officer thus recommended her license remain suspended “for noncompliance.” The 

hearing officer also advised Dembowsky that, because six months had passed, she would 

need to submit updated vision and medical evaluations in order to complete the 

reexamination process.

On May 15, 2012, Dembowsky submitted updated medical and vision evaluations 

by her personal physicians, which again revealed no condition that would affect her 

ability to drive safely during the day time.

On June 6, 2012, Dembowsky appeared again for a hearing, after which the 

hearing officer referred her for another behind-the-wheel driving test. On June 18, 2012, 

the DMV issued a special instruction permit, allowing Dembowsky to drive during the 

day if accompanied by a driving instructor.

As referred through the latest hearing, Dembowsky took her behind-the-wheel 

driving test on July 5, 2012. The examiner gave Dembowsky an unsatisfactory score due 

to her commission of seven critical errors. However, noting that Dembowsky’s errors 

were correctable, the examiner recommended her for another driving test. In the 

meantime, the DMV issued a Notice of Findings and Decision to continue Dembowsky’s 

license suspension based on her unsatisfactory test.

Dembowsky thereafter enrolled in a private driving school and participated in 

several lessons. Following these lessons, the driving school requested that the DMV give 
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Dembowsky another driving test (without communicating her performance or grade 

during her course).

On September 13, 2012, Dembowsky took her second behind-the-wheel driving 

test and, this time, received a satisfactory score. In addition, in a DMV vision 

examination, Dembowsky scored 20/25 in both eyes tested together without corrective 

lenses. Consequently, on September 14, 2012, the DMV released an Order of Set Aside 

or Reinstatement stating: “After a review of the information on file, including any 

evidence which you may have presented, the action effective 5/18/2011, pursuant to 

§13801, of the Vehicle Code (VC), is ended. [¶] You may: [¶] Retain any valid license 

which you have in your possession.” This order effectively ended the suspension on 

Dembowsky’s driver’s license.

During the next 10 months, Dembowsky had a safe driving record. However, on 

July 3, 2013, the aforementioned accident occurred in which Richardson was severely 

injured when Dembowsky made the unlawful left turn without yielding to his oncoming 

motor vehicle. As a result, on August 7, 2014, Richardson sued collectively Dembowsky 

(who is no longer a party), the State of California and the DMV.

On October 15, 2015, the DMV moved for summary judgment, which the trial 

court granted after a contested hearing. In doing so, the court found, first, that there was 

no material disputed fact regarding whether the DMV’s decision to lift Dembowsky’s 

license suspension was a discretionary act (it was) and, second, that the DMV was 

therefore entitled to immunity pursuant to section 818.4.

On June 1, 2016, judgment was thus entered in favor of the DMV and against 

Richardson. This timely appeal followed.3

 

3 The trial court entered judgment “in favor of defendant State of California by and 

through Department of Motor Vehicles and against Plaintiff Alan C. Richardson . . . .” 

(Italics added.) Because the record includes other references to the State of California 

and the DMV as separate defendants, for the purposes of this opinion, we treat the DMV 

as the sole defendant/respondent, because the action is against the DMV as a state 

department and not against the state itself.
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LEGAL PRINCIPLES AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

The governing legal principles are well established. To obtain summary 

judgment, the moving party (here, the DMV) must show based on undisputed material 

facts that either the action has no merit or there is a complete defense to the action. 

(Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subds. (a)(1), (b)(1), (o)(2).) On the other hand, the opposing 

party, in order to defeat the motion, must demonstrate “the existence of a triable issue of 

material fact.” (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 850.)

In reviewing a summary judgment, the appellate court reviews the lower court’s 

decision de novo, considering all the evidence set forth in the moving and opposing 

papers except that to which objections were made and sustained. (Lonicki v. Sutter 

Health Central (2008) 43 Cal.4th 201, 206.)

DISCUSSION

Richardson challenges the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the 

DMV on two grounds. First, Richardson contends the trial court erred in finding the 

DMV immune from liability under section 818.4, because the statute, by its language,

immunizes only particular licensing actions, none of which were taken here. Second, in 

the alternative, Richard contends that, even assuming the DMV is entitled to the 

immunity afforded by section 818.4 when, in ordinary circumstances, it lifts the 

suspension on a driver’s license, the DMV’s conduct in this case falls under an exception 

to the statute—namely, the authority of section 815.6, pursuant to which a public entity 

remains liable for an injury proximately caused by its failure to discharge a mandatory 

duty. We address these contentions as appropriate below after setting forth the relevant 

legal scheme.

“The California Tort Claims Act [now the Government Claims Act] provides that 

a public entity is not liable for injury arising from an act or omission except as provided 

by statute.” (Creason v. Department of Health Services (1998) 18 Cal.4th 623, 630 

(Creason), citing § 815, subd. (a).) Relevant here, section 818.4 confers immunity upon 

a public entity “for an injury caused by the issuance, denial, suspension or revocation of, 

or by the failure or refusal to issue, deny, suspend or revoke” a license. (§ 818.4.) 
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Section 815.6, in turn, carves out an exception to this grant of immunity: specifically, 

where “a public entity is under a mandatory duty imposed by an enactment that is 

designed to protect against the risk of a particular kind of injury, the public entity is liable 

for an injury of that kind proximately caused by its failure to discharge the duty unless 

the public entity establishes that it exercised reasonable diligence to discharge the duty.” 

(§ 815.6.) As the California Supreme Court explains: “Under Government Code section 

815.6, as we have construed it, ‘a public entity is liable for an injury proximately caused 

by its failure to discharge a mandatory duty designed to protect against the risk of a 

particular kind of injury . . . .’ [Citations.] Whether a particular statute is intended to 

impose a mandatory duty, rather than a mere obligation to perform a discretionary

function, is a question of statutory interpretation for the courts.” (Creason, supra, at 

p. 631.)

Richardson’s first argument is one of statutory interpretation. In Richardson’s

view, the DMV’s action that proximately caused his injury was not covered by section 

818.4, which immunizes only “the issuance, denial, suspension or revocation of, or . . . 

the failure or refusal to issue, deny, suspend or revoke” a license. (§ 818.4.) Rather, he 

argues, the injury-causing action was “the DMV’s decision to ‘lift the suspension’ of Ms. 

Dembowsky’s license,” and as such falls outside the statutory grant of immunity.

We disagree. Section 818.4, in full, provides as follows: “A public entity is not 

liable for an injury caused by the issuance, denial, suspension or revocation of, or by the 

failure or refusal to issue, deny, suspend or revoke, any permit, license, certificate, 

approval, order, or similar authorization where the public entity or an employee of the 

public entity is authorized by enactment to determine whether or not such authorization 

should be issued, denied, suspended or revoked.” In this case, the DMV’s action of 

“lift[ing] the suspension” of Dembowsky’s license falls squarely within the scope of this 

statutory language when it is given its plain and ordinary meaning. Specifically, 

reasonably interpreted on this basis, we conclude that lifting the suspension of 

Dembowsky’s license is a “similar authorization” to issuing or failing or refusing to 

suspend a license by a DMV employee who is “authorized by enactment to determine 
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whether or not [her license] should be issued, denied, suspended or revoked.” To read 

section 818.4 otherwise, we conclude, would require distorting the ordinary meaning of 

the chosen words in such a way as to endanger the very thing we are charged to protect—

the Legislature’s intent. (Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. LaMarche (2003) 31 Cal.4th 728, 733 

[“Our primary task in construing a statute is to determine the Legislature’s intent. 

[Citation.] Where possible, ‘we follow the Legislature’s intent, as exhibited by the plain

meaning of the actual words of the law’ ”].) Accordingly, we decline Richardson’s 

invitation to effectively read out of section 818.4 the precise act taken by the DMV in this 

case with respect to Dembowsky’s license—namely, its act of determining “whether or 

not [her license] should be . . . suspended,” and thereafter authorizing the termination of 

the previously imposed suspension of it.

Turning now to his alternative argument, as stated above, Richardson contends 

that, notwithstanding section 818.4’s general grant of immunity for the DMV’s act of 

ending the suspension on a licensee’s driving privilege, the DMV remains liable for his 

particular injury because it breached a mandatory duty within the meaning of section 

815.6 not to “lift the suspension” placed on the driver’s license of an individual, like 

Dembowsky, found by its agents to lack the ability to drive safely. As Richardson’s 

authority holds, “Under section 12800 et seq. of the Vehicle Code . . . , the department 

shall not issue a driver’s license to any person who is unable as shown by examination to 

understand traffic signs (etc.) and shall not issue a driver’s license when it appears by

examination or other evidence that such person is unable to operate a motor vehicle upon 

a highway safely because of physical or mental defect or lack of skill.” (Papelian v. State 

of California (1976) 65 Cal.App.3d 958, 963.)

The DMV counters, and the trial court below agreed, that the alleged accidentcausing act in this case was the DMV’s decision to lift the suspension placed on 

Dembowsky’s license after its agents determined she had met certain statutory 

prerequisites, a discretionary function shielded from liability by section 818.4 rather than 
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a mandatory ministerial function within the meaning of section 815.6. For reasons that 

follow, we conclude the DMV again has the stronger argument.4

“ ‘Government officials are liable for the negligent performance of their 

ministerial duties [citation omitted] but are not liable for their discretionary acts within 

the scope of their authority [citations omitted], even if it is alleged that they acted 

maliciously [citations omitted].’ ” (Elson v. Public Utilities Commission (1975) 51 

Cal.App.3d 577, 583; accord, Morris v. County of Marin (1977) 18 Cal.3d 901, 913 

[immunity under section 818.4 applies where the public entity “was under a statutory 

obligation to make such a discretionary decision” and “[i]n the absence of such 

discretion, . . . no immunity is afforded”]; see § 820.2 [statutory immunity for 

discretionary acts and omissions].)

Relevant to the DMV’s discharge of duties as to Dembowsky, the record is 

undisputed the agency proceeded under Vehicle Code section 13801 at the request of a 

police officer who observed Dembowsky hit a parked car several times in a lot on 

March 8, 2011. Vehicle Code section 13801 provides in relevant part: “[T]he 

department may require the re-examination of the licensee, and shall give 10 days’ 

written notice of the time and place thereof. If the licensee refuses or fails to submit to 

the re-examination, the department may peremptorily suspend the driving privilege of the 

person until such time as the licensee shall have submitted to re-examination. The 

suspension shall be effective upon notice.” Here, the record reflects that, in April 2011, 

the DMV mailed notice to Dembowsky that she was under order to perform a regular 

reexamination due to her March 8th accident. Accordingly, on May 2, 2011, 

Dembowsky appeared before a DMV hearing officer for an in-person interview and 

 

4 Courts usually address the issue of duty or liability before addressing 

immunities. (See Masters v. San Bernardino County Employees Retirement Assn. (1995) 

32 Cal.App.4th 30, 43.) “If defendants owed [no duty] of the kind [plaintiff] claims, our 

inquiry ends there, and we need not reach the issue of immunity.” (Ibid.) However, as it 

is true here, when the issue of liability presents a more difficult question, we may choose 

to address the statutory immunity first. (Caldwell v. Montoya (1995) 10 Cal.4th 972, 978 

fn. 3.)
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examination. Afterward, the hearing officer ordered her to perform a written law test and 

an in-person driving test, and have both a vision and a medical examination in order to 

complete her reexamination. On the same date (May 2, 2011), Dembowsky took and 

passed the written law test.

As Richardson notes, Dembowsky subsequently failed to appear on the scheduled 

date for the in-person driving test. As a consequence of Dembowsky’s noncompliance 

with the scheduled test, the DMV issued a Driver Safety Report imposing a suspension of 

her license effective May 18, 2011. This DMV report reiterated the instruction that 

Dembowsky would need to submit to a complete agency reexamination in order to regain 

her driving privilege. Dembowsky complied. In particular, on May 16, 2011, 

Dembowsky provided the DMV with updated medical evaluations from both her 

physician and her ophthalmologist indicating she was physically and mentally capable of 

safe driving during daytime hours. She also took the DMV’s vision exam and scored 

20/40 in both eyes tested together without corrective lenses, thereby meeting and 

surpassing the statutory minimum standard. (See Veh. Code, § 12805, subd. (a)(2)

[requiring licensees to have at least 20/200 vision in one eye].) And lastly, on 

September 13, 2012, after being issued a special instruction permit allowing her to drive 

during the day if accompanied by a driving instructor, and after participating in lessons 

with a private driving school, Dembowsky received a satisfactory score on the DMV’s inperson driving test. Notably, in giving Dembowsky a satisfactory score on her driving 

test, the DMV examiner reported, among other things, that she “maintained proper speed 

and lane position at all times reacting properly to all vehicular and pedestrian traffic. She 

[also] scanned often and effectively.”

Accordingly, on September 14, 2012, based upon her successful performance on 

this series of tests and evaluations, the DMV issued an Order of Set Aside or 

Reinstatement pursuant to Vehicle Code section 13801, stating: “After a review of the 

information on file, including any evidence which you may have presented, the action [of 

suspension] effective 5/18/2011, pursuant to §13801, of the Vehicle Code (VC), is ended. 

[¶] You may: [¶] Retain any valid license which you have in your possession.” In other 
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words, the suspension of Dembowsky’s driver’s license was formally lifted, and she was 

expressly authorized to “[r]etain” her existing license, in accordance with the applicable 

Vehicle Code provision. (See Veh. Code, § 13801 [“the department may require the reexamination of the licensee . . . . If the licensee refuses or fails to submit to the reexamination, the department may peremptorily suspend the driving privilege of the 

person until such time as the licensee shall have submitted to re-examination,” italics 

added].)

As this record reflects, contrary to Richardson’s argument, the discretionary action 

at the heart of this case was not the issuance of a new license to Dembowsky or the 

renewal or reissuance of her old license; rather, it involved the reinstatement of her 

driving privilege following her completion of the statutory reexamination process. (See

Veh. Code, § 13102 [“When used in reference to a driver’s license, ‘suspension’ means 

that the person’s privilege to drive a motor vehicle is temporarily withdrawn. The 

department may, before terminating any suspension based upon a physical or mental 

condition of the licensee, require such examination of the licensee as deemed appropriate 

in relation to evidence of any condition which may affect the ability of the licensee to 

safely operate a motor vehicle,” italics added]; see Veh. Code, § 12805 [“(Grounds 

requiring refusal of license),” providing in subdivision (a)(4) that the DMV “shall not” 

issue or renew the driver’s license of any person when “it is determined, by examination 

or other evidence, that the person is unable to safely operate a motor vehicle upon a 

highway”].)

All the evidence is in accord. The DMV never, as a formal matter, “determined, 

by examination or other evidence, that [Dembowsky was] unable to safely operate a 

motor vehicle upon a highway.”5 (See People v. Superior Court (Wilson) (1993) 18 

 

5 As mentioned above (ante, p. 2), the DMV sustained the suspension of 

Dembowsky’s license on noncompliance grounds when she failed to appear for a driving 

test scheduled for May 17, 2011. Her suspension was then sustained two other times, 

once when she was unable to perform the requisite in-person driving test due to an ankle 

injury and again on noncompliance grounds, when she failed to appear for a telephone 

interview scheduled for February 13, 2012. As this record reflects, contrary to 
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Cal.App.4th 31, 36 [“Only if DMV determines the ‘person is unable to safely operate a 

motor vehicle upon a highway’ (Veh. Code, § 12805, subd. [(a)(4)]) is DMV mandated to 

terminate driving privileges”].) To the contrary, on September 14, 2012, the DMV 

determined the opposite—that Dembowsky was, based upon all the evidence in the file, 

capable of safe vehicle operation. And while Richardson repeatedly refers to facts in the 

record regarding Dembowsky’s incidents of unsafe driving (including a driving test on 

July 5, 2012, in which she committed seven critical errors documented by the instructor), 

these facts do not require us to reach a different conclusion. As explained above, the 

DMV was authorized by the Vehicle Code to exercise its discretion to decide whether 

Dembowsky was entitled to the driving privilege. (Veh. Code, § 13801; see Veh. Code, 

§ 12814, subd. (a) [a driver’s age “may not constitute evidence of a condition requiring 

an examination of the driving ability”].) Richardson directs us to no facts in this record, 

nor do we know of any, that would authorize this court to override the DMV’s valid 

exercise of discretion on this matter. (See Waschek v. Department of Motor Vehicles

(1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 640, 646–647 [rejecting appellant’s argument that the DMV was

not entitled to section 818.4 immunity because evidence of the licensee’s medical

disabilities established “that DMV had determined [licensee] was ‘unable to safely’

drive” where there “was no disputed material fact DMV had determined [he] was able to

safely drive and, in its discretion, issued him a license”]; People v. Superior Court

(Wilson), supra, 18 Cal.App.4th at pp. 37–38 [concluding there was no triable issue of 

fact in the summary judgment record tending to show the state had made a finding or 

determination that licensee was “unable to safely operate a motor vehicle”]; cf. Trewin v.

State of California (1984) 150 Cal.App.3d 975, 980–981 [holding that it was error to 

enter judgment on the pleadings in favor of the state because the complaint by inference 

stated a cause of action for violation of a mandatory duty].) And the law under such 

circumstances is clear. We must presume, in the absence of contrary evidence, that a

 

Richardson’s suggestions, the lifting of the suspension on Dembowsky’s license was 

delayed several times due to her failures to appear and ankle injury rather than due to any 

determination by a DMV agent that she was not able to safely operate a vehicle.
12

public agency follows its official duties as prescribed by the applicable statutory law 

(here, the Vehicle Code). (Papelian v. State of California, supra, 65 Cal.App.3d at 

p. 963 [“It is to be presumed that the defendant department followed its official duties as 

required by the Vehicle Code for issuing the driver’s license”].)

Thus, having applied the governing law to the by-all-means unfortunate 

circumstances of this case, we must affirm the judgment. The undisputed evidence 

proves the DMV validly exercised its discretion to lift the suspension on Dembowsky’s 

license after determining that she had passed the requisite written law test, in-person 

driving test, and vision and medical examinations. Accordingly, the trial court correctly 

ruled the DMV was immune from liability pursuant to section 818.4 and entered 

judgment in its favor.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.6

 

6 The DMV’s motion to strike portions of Richardson’s opening brief is denied as 

moot in light of the opinions reached herein.
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_________________________

Jenkins, J.

We concur:

_________________________

Pollak, Acting P.J.

_________________________

Siggins, J.
1

Filed 7/11/18

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

ALAN C. RICHARDSON,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR 

VEHICLES,

Defendant and Respondent.

 A148613

 (Sonoma County

 Super. Ct. Nos. SCV255389,

 SCV255861)

 ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION

 FOR PUBLICATION;

 NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT

THE COURT:

The opinion in the above-entitled matter filed on June 22, 2018, was not certified 

for publication in the Official Reports. For good cause it now appears that the opinion 

should be published in the Official Reports, and it is so ordered.

Date: __July 11, 2018__ __Pollak, J. ________ , Acting P.J.
2

A148613/Richardson v. Dept. of Motor Vehicles

Trial Court: Superior Court of Sonoma County

Trial Judge: Nancy Case Shaffer, J.

Counsel: Spiegel Liao & Kagay, Charles M. Kagay; Demeo, Demeo & West, Joshua 

M. West; Smith Dollar, Joshua M. West for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Kristin G. Hogue, Senior Assistant 

Attorney General, Jeffrey R. Vincent, Supervising Deputy Attorney 

General, Daniel B. Alweiss, Deputy Attorney General, for 

Defendant and Respondent Department of Motor Vehicles.