* Honorable Edward S. Smith, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Federal Circuit, sitting by designation. United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.

No. 94-3139. UNITED STATES of America, Plai ntiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant,

v. William O. STEELE, Defendant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee. July 24, 1997. Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. (No. 94- 03055RV), Roger Vinson, Judge. Before TJOFLAT and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and SMITH * Senior Circuit Judge.
ON PETITION FOR REHEARING BIRCH, Circuit Judge. The government petitions for a panel rehearing. We grant the petition and substitute the following opinion for the previous opini on reported at 105 F.3d 603 (11th Cir.1997).
I. OVERVIEW This appeal presents the issue of whethe r an indictment charging a pharmacist with dispensing controlled substances in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) must allege conduct outside the scope of professional practice. The indictmentin this case did not allege that the pharmacist's conduct was outside the scope of professional conduct, but the pharmacist was convicted. Because we are bound by a prior panel decision holding that the indictment of a practitioner must allege behavior outside the scope of pr ofessional practice, we REVERSE.
II. BACKGROUND Defendant-appellant, William O. Steele, was a re gistered pharmacist at North Hill Pharmacy in Pensacola, Florida. Allegedly with full knowledge that the prescriptions for controlled substances were forged, Steele filled numerous prescriptions for Larry and Gloria Ellis over the course of several months. The Ellises, who were convicted for passing forged prescriptions at North HillPharmacy, testified against Steele and are serving their sentences. A four-count indictment charged Steele with dispensing the controlle d substances commonly known as Dilaudid, Xanax, Valium, and Percodan in violation of section 841(a)(1). Section 841(a)(1) provides that "[e]xcept as authorized by this subchapter, it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally—(1) to manufacture, distribute, or dispense ... a controlled substance."
Each count of the indictment track s the statutory language and is id entical to the other counts except
for the identification of a different controlled s ubstance in each count. Count One, for example, provides as follows: That from on or about July1, 1993, and continuously therea fter, up to and including on or about November 2, 1993, in the Northern District of Florida, the defendant, William O. Steele, did knowingly and intentionally disp ense hydromorphone hydrochloride, a schedule II controlled substance, commonly known as Dilaudid, in violation of Title 21, United States Code, Section 841(a)(1). Steele filed a motion for a bill of particulars or, alte rnatively, for dismissal of the indictment for lack of specificity. The district court denied the motion. The first trial ended in a mistrial when the jury could not reach a verdict. At the conclusion of the government's case in the second trial, St eele filed a motion for a judgment of acquittal and alleged in part that the indictment failed to charge that Steele had dispensed the controlled substances contrary to the ordinary course of his professional practice as a registered pharmacist. The court denied the motion, and the defense re sted without presenting evidence. Steele was
convicted on all four counts. Steele raises three issues on appeal: 1) insuffici ency of the indictment, 2) gender bias in the government's peremptory strikes during jury selection, and 3) insufficiency of the evidence. The government cross-appeals the court's downward departure from the Sentencing Guidelines. Because we find, in view of binding circuit precedent, that the indictment was insufficient and reverse the conviction, we do not reach the other issues raised by Steele or the government's cross-appeal related to sentencing.
III. DISCUSSION Whether an indictment sufficiently alleges a statutorily proscribed offense is a question of1 Although Steele makes several arguments to support his allegation that the indictment is insufficient, we need address only whether the indictment fails to allege each element of the offense.

2 The government first raised the statutory argument in this petition for rehearing.

3 Physicians and pharmacists are both defined as "practitioners" in 21 U.S.C. § 802(20). law. Rodriguez v. Ritchey, 556 F.2d 1185, 1191 n. 22 (5th Cir.1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1047, 98 S.Ct. 894, 54 L.Ed.2d 799 (1978). We review questions of law de novo. United States v. Shenberg, 89 F.3d 1461, 1478 (11th Cir.1996). Steele argue s that, because he is a registered pharmacist who lawfully can dispense contro lled substances under 21 U.S.C. § 822(b), the indictment must allege that he dispensed the controlled substances outside the scope of his professional practice. 1 The government contends that the i ndictment includes each element of the offense because it tracks the language of section 841(a)(1) and because the exception for practitioners is an affirmative defense which must be raised by the defendant. In addition, the government points to 21 U.S.C. § 885(a)(1), which pr ovides that the indictme nt need not negate a statutory exception. 2 Practitioners, such as physicians and pharmacists, 3 who legally can dispense controlled substances can be convicted under section 841(a)(1) when their actions fall outside the scope of legitimate professional practice. The Supreme C ourt previously has affirmed a conviction of a physician under section 841(a)(1) because he exceeded the bounds of legitimate medical practice. United States v. Moore, 423 U.S. 122, 96 S.Ct. 335, 46 L.Ed.2d 333 (1975). We subsequently held that pharmacists similarly are subject to conviction under the statute when their activities fall outside the usual course of professional practice. United States v. Hayes, 595 F.2d 258 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 866, 100 S.Ct. 138, 62 L.Ed.2d 89 (1979).
The issue here is whether behavior outside th e scope of professional practice must be alleged in the indictment when a pharmacist is charged under section 841(a)(1) for dispensing controlled
substances. It is an established rule that each e ssential element of an offense must be alleged in an
indictment. E.g., United States v. Debrow, 346 U.S. 374, 376, 74 S.Ct. 113, 114, 98 L.Ed. 92 (1953). Thus, an indictment usi ng only statutory language is suffici ent only if the statute itself sets4 In Outler, we based our ruling on the constitutional principles of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. We refused to speculate as to the grand jury's decision in view of the government's failure to allege each essential element of the offense without potentially "depri[ving] the defendant of a basic protecti on which the guarantee of the intervention of a grand jury was designed to secure." Outler, 659 F.2d at 1311 (quoting Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 770, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 1050, 8 L.Ed.2d 240 (1962)). forth all essential elements of the offense. United States v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611, 612, 26 L.Ed. 1135 (1881). "If the statute omits an essential element of the offense, or includes it only by implication, then pleading the statutory language will not suffice, and the omitted element must be alleged directly and with certainty." 1 Charles A. Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure§ 124, at 369-70 (2d ed.1982) (collecting cases). In contrast, an affirmative defense need not be negated in an
indictment. United States v. Sisson, 399 U.S. 267, 288, 90 S.Ct. 2117, 2128, 26 L.Ed.2d 608 (1970). Thus, in this case, the necessity of including an allegation of behavior outside the scope of professional practice in the indictment turns on whether it is an essential element of the offense or an affirmative defense, which should properly be proved by Steele. Under section 885, the United States [is not required] to negative any exemption or exception set forth in [the] subchapter [pertaining to control and enfo rcement of drug abuse prevention] in any complaint, information, indictment, or othe r pleading ..., and the burden of going forward with the evidence with respect to any such exemption or exception shall be upon the person claiming its benefit. 21 U.S.C. § 885. "Practitioners" fall within an exception to 21 U.S.C. § 841, which provides that it is illegal to make, sell, or possess controlle d substances "[e]xcept as authorized by this subchapter." Thus, under statutory law, status as a practitioner is an affirmative defense, and an
indictment for a violation of sec tion 841 need not allege that a pharmacist is acting outside the scope of professional practice. Our analysis, however, cannot stop with the statut e. We must also look to binding case law, even when it conflicts with the statutory law. In United States v. Outler, 659 F.2d 1306, 1309 (5th Cir. Unit B 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 950, 102 S.Ct. 1453, 71 L. Ed.2d 665 (1982), we held that behavior outside the scope of professional practice is an essential element of the offense when a physician is charged under section 841(a)(1). Without addressing section 885(a)(1), 4 we rejectedthe government's argument in Outler that acting within the scope of legitimate medical practice is an affirmative defense that a physician must raise. In reaching this determination, we reasoned that Congress did not intend a presumption that physicians who dispense controlled substances do so without legitimate reasons. Id. at 1309-10 & n. 3. The government seeks to distinguish Outler from the present case on the basis of language
in the Outler indictment that is lacking in Steele's i ndictment. The government argues that, because
the indictment in Outler included the phrase "by means of a prescription" and did not include an allegation that the drugs were prescribed without a legitimate medical purpose, the indictment on its face was misleading to the grand jury. The government further argues that use of the word "prescription" in the Outler indictment implied a practitioner wh ereas Steele's indictment made no reference to his status as a pharmacist and was, consequently, sufficient on its face. We are unpersuaded by the government's attempt to distinguish Outler. First, the word "dispense," like the word "prescribe," implies a practitioner. Section 802(10) defines "dispense" as
"deliver a controlled substance to an ultimate user ... by, or pursuant to the lawful order of, a practitioner, including the prescribing and administering of a controlled substance and the packaging, labeling, or compounding necessary to pr epare the substance for delivery." 21 U.S.C. § 802(10) (emphasis added). Thus, "dispense" by statutory definition is delivery performed by a practitioner. Second, the analysis in Outler did not turn on the use of the language "by means of a prescription." In fact, we used the terms "p rescribe" and "dispense" interchangeably in Outler. 659 F.2d at 1308 ("Counts One through Fifteen involved ch arges of prescribing or, in the language of the [Controlled Substances Act], "dispensing' controlled drugs."). Finally, we reject the government's attempt to distinguish Outler because an indictment which on its face does not identify the defendant as a practitioner does not change the essential elements of the offense when a practitioner is prosecuted under sec tion 841(a)(1) for illegally dispensing controlled substances. In Outler we held that the element of behavior beyond professional practice must be alleged in an indictment " whenever a physician is charged with5 "The law in this circuit is emphatic that "only a decision by this court sitting en bancor the United States Supreme Court can overrule a prior panel decision.' " United States v. Woodard, 938 F.2d 1255, 1258 (11th Cir.1991)(quoting United States v. Machado, 804 F.2d 1537, 1543 (11th Cir.1986)). Thus, even if it conflicts with statutory law, we are bound by Outler until such time as it is overruled. [dispensing] drugs in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841( a)." Id. at 1310 (emphasis added). The reasoning
in Outler logically extends to practitioners like pharmacists who "dispense" controlled substances. The holding in Outler stands in apparent conflict with section 885(a)(1). Nonetheless, we
find that the Outler decision controls in this case. 5 Because we are bound by Outler, we determine that the indictment is insufficient to support the conviction.
IV. CONCLUSION In this appeal, Steele argues that the indictment was insufficient to support his conviction under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) because it failed to allege each essential element of the offense. In an earlier panel decision by this court, we determined that behavior outside the scope of professional practice is an essential element of the offense whenever a practitioner is charged with dispensing drugs in violation of section 841(a)(1). This decision apparently conflicts with 21 U.S.C. § 885(a)(1), which provides that the practitioner exception is an affirmative defense that the government need not allege in the indictment. De spite this apparent conflict, however, we are bound by our circuit precedent holding that an indictment failing to allege behavior outside the scope of professional practice cannot support a conviction when a practitioner is charged with illegally dispensing controlled substances. We therefore conclude, as we did in our prior panel opinion, that
the indictment in this case was insufficient to support the conviction. Accordingly, we REVERSE.