NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

NESLY MARIELA CARPIO-BATRES; 

ANDERSON DAVID RAMIREZ-CARPIO, 

Petitioners,

 v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney 

General,

Respondent.

No. 17-71235

Agency Nos. A208-447-788

A208-447-789

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted March 15, 2022**

San Francisco, California

Before: W. FLETCHER, GOULD, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.

Petitioners Nesly Carpio-Batres and Anderson Ramirez-Carpio seek review 

of a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision dismissing Petitioners’ appeal 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

MAR 17 2022

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

from denial of asylum and withholding of removal by an Immigration Judge (IJ).1 

We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Reviewing the factual findings in the 

BIA’s decision and the parts of the IJ’s decision adopted by the BIA, Cordon-Garcia 

v. INS, 204 F.3d 985, 990 (9th Cir. 2000), for substantial evidence, Rayamajhi v. 

Whitaker, 912 F.3d 1241, 1243 (9th Cir. 2019), we deny the petition.

1. In denying asylum and withholding of removal, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s 

conclusion that Petitioners’ putative particular social groups of Guatemalan single 

mothers and single mothers in Guatemala who have family ties in the United States 

are not cognizable. The BIA also concluded that Petitioners established no nexus 

between these putative particular social groups and past harm or a well-founded fear 

of future harm in Guatemala.

Petitioners do not raise in this court any challenge to the IJ’s cognizability 

findings. This omission is fatal to Petitioners’ claim because non-citizens seeking 

asylum or withholding of removal based on particular social group membership must 

set out a cognizable particular social group. See Diaz-Reynoso v. Barr, 968 F.3d 

1070, 1076 (9th Cir. 2020). And “[w]e will not manufacture arguments for [a 

petitioner].” Greenwood v. FAA, 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 1994). We deny the 

petition on forfeiture grounds. See Etemadi v. Garland, 12 F.4th 1013, 1026 (9th 

1 Anderson Ramirez-Carpio withdrew his separate application for relief, 

but he remains a derivative beneficiary on his mother’s application.
3 

Cir. 2021) (“[F]orfeiture is the failure to make a timely assertion of a right, whereas 

waiver is the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a right.” (quoting 

Claiborne v. Blauser, 934 F.3d 885, 893 (9th Cir. 2019))).

In any event, even assuming that Petitioners set out a cognizable particular 

social group, they did not make the requisite “show[ing] that there is a nexus between 

[the purported] mistreatment and a protected ground.” Khudaverdyan v. Holder, 778 

F.3d 1101, 1106 (9th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see 

also Garcia v. Wilkinson, 988 F.3d 1136, 1146 (9th Cir. 2021) (discussing the nexus 

requirement for withholding of removal). Petitioners’ bare assertion that such a 

nexus exists is insufficient to warrant relief. See Greenwood, 28 F.3d at 977. We 

deny the petition for the independent reason that Petitioners abandoned their 

arguments with regard to the agency’s nexus finding. See Martinez-Serrano v. INS, 

94 F.3d 1256, 1259 (9th Cir. 1996) (“Issues raised in a brief that are not supported 

by argument are deemed abandoned.”). 

We further conclude that the agency properly determined that Nesly CarpioBatres’s status as a Guatemalan single mother is not a reason, much less one central 

reason, why she was extorted there. See Santos-Ponce v. Wilkinson, 987 F.3d 886, 

890 (9th Cir. 2021) (“[W]here ‘there was no nexus at all,’ we draw ‘no distinction 

between the “one central reason” phrase in the asylum statute and the “a reason”

phrase in the withholding statute.’” (quoting Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 
4 

351, 360 (9th Cir. 2017))). She testified that this exchange took place during her 

initial phone call with her extorters: “And I asked them why? Why do you want us 

to give you money? And they said we know everything that you have. And we 

know that your family send you money.” The BIA validly concluded from this 

testimony that the extortion Nesly Carpio-Batres allegedly suffered in Guatemala 

was merely the product of “random criminal acts and a desire for money by the 

gang,” and not the fact she was a single mother. This conclusion that Petitioners 

have not shown any nexus between their purported extortion in Guatemala and any

protected ground is supported by substantial evidence. See Zetino v. Holder, 622 

F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir. 2010) (“An alien’s desire to be free from harassment by 

criminals motivated by theft or random violence by gang members bears no nexus 

to a protected ground.”). And, to the extent that Petitioners claim their extorters’ 

alleged death threats and armed attack inside their home in Guatemala constitutes 

past persecution and necessarily establishes a well-founded fear of future 

persecution, this assertion is unavailing for lack of a nexus to a protected ground. 

See id. We deny the petition for the separate reason that substantial evidence 

supports the BIA’s determination that Petitioners did not establish a nexus between 

their putative particular social groups and the harm they purportedly suffered or fear 

in Guatemala. See id.
5 

2. Petitioners did not discuss their Convention Against Torture claim in their 

opening brief, and as a result they forfeited any challenge to the agency’s decision 

with regard to this issue. See Etemadi, 12 F.4th at 1026.

PETITION DENIED.