Interim Decision #2979 

MAT-TER OF BENITEZ 

In Deportation Proceedings 

A-26433002 

Decided by Board October 3, 1984 

(1) The burden and presumption of section 291 of the Immigration and Nationality 

Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1361 (1982), are applicable not only to a charge of entry without 

inspection, but to any charge of deportability which draws into question the time, 

place, or manner of the alien's entry into the United States. 

(2) Deportability under section 241(aX1) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(aX1) (1982), as one 

who was excludable at entry as a stowaway under section 212(aX18) of the Act, 8 

U.S.C. § 11 82(aX18) (1982), is established by the respondent's admission of birth in 

Colombia and the presumption of section 291 of the Act, where the respondent 

failed to inset his burden to show the time, place, and manner of his entry into 

the United. States. 

CHARGE 

Order: Act of 1952—Sec. 241(aXl) [8 U.S.C. § 1251(aX1))—Excludable at entry 

under section 212(a)(18) [8 U.S.C. § 1182(aXl8)]—Stowaway 

ON BEHALF OP RESPONDENT: ON BEHALF OF SERVICE: 

Lisa S. Bradyaga, Esquire William P. Joyce 

301 East IVIadicua Acting Appellate 

Harlingen Texas 78550 Trial Attorney 

BY: Milhollan, Chairman; Maniatis, Dunne, Morris, and Vacca, Board Members 

In a decision dated March 5, 1982, an immigration judge found 

the respondent deportable on the charge set forth above and ordered him. deported. The respondent has appealed. The record will 

be remanded to the immigration judge for further proceedings. 

The respondent is a 22-year-old male, a native and citizen of Colombia, who entered the United States approximately October 1, 

1981, at Tampa, Florida. On December 4, 1981, an Order to Show 

Cause, Notice of Hearing, and Warrant for Arrest of Alien Worm 

I-221S) was issued, charging the respondent with deportability 

under section 241(a)(1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 

U.S.C. § 1251(a)(1) (1976), for having been excludable at entry under 

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section 212(a)(18) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(18) (1976), as a stowaway. 

At his deportation hearing, the respondent identified himself as 

Javier Benitez-Tavarez and testified that he was born in Colombia. 

The respondent then refused to answer further questions_ The Immigration and Naturalization Service also offered into evidence an 

affidavit dated December 4, 1981, in which the respondent allegedly 

admitted that he was a native and citizen of Colombia and that he 

came to the United States as a stowaway aboard a ship called the 

"Union Reefer," arriving at Tampa, Florida. 

At the hearing, the respondent, through counsel, asked the immigration judge to continue the case to permit the Service to answer 

his Freedom of Information Act request for items of evidence in the 

Service's files. The Service opposed the motion and the immigration judge denied it. The respondent also filed a motion to suppress 

information contained in his A-file. The immigration judge denied 

this motion. The respondent objected to the admission of his affidavit, contending that it should be suppressed because of the failure 

to warn him of his rights. He objected on the ground that the document shows on its face that no interpreter was used, while the document is written in English and this respondent neither speaks nor 

reads English. The respondent also objected to the admission of 

this document because it was not authenticated and because the officer who completed the document was not present for cross-examination. The immigration judge overruled these objections and admitted the affidavit into evidence. 

On appeal, the respondent contends that the immigration judge 

erred in failing to grant his request for a continuance; that the immigration judge erred in admitting his affidavit because it was not 

authenticated and admission of the document denied him his right 

to cross-examine the officer who completed that document; that the 

immigration judge erred in denying his motion to suppress the evidence because of a violation of his constitutional rights; that the 

immigration judge erred in denying him a separate suppression 

hearing; and finally, that the evidence is insufficient to prove deportability. 

The respondent's request for a continuance was in essence a request for discovery. We note that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are not applicable in deportation proceedings, and there is no 

requirement that a request for discovery be honored. gee Federal 

Rules of Civil Procedure 1, describing the scope of the rules; see 

also Matter of Magaaa, 17 I&N Dec. 111 (131A 1979). The regulations provide that a continuance may be granted by the immigration judge, in his discretion, if good cause is shown. 8 C.F.R. 

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§ 242.13 (1984). A decision to deny a continuance will not be overturned on appeal unless it appears that the respondent was deprived of a full and fair hearing. Matter of Leyva, 16 I&N Dec. 118 

(BIA 1977); Matter of Namio, 14 I&N Dec. 412 (BIA 1973). We conclude that the immigration judge did not abuse his discretion in denying the respondent's request for a continuance. 

There is no independent motion practice in deportation proceedings. Neither the Immigration and Nationality Act, the regulations, nor case law gives a respondent the right to a separate hearing on a motion to suppress evidence. Indeed, the Supreme Court 

has recently ruled that deportation proceedings are civil, not criminal, and the exclusionary rule is not applicable in deportation proceedings as a remedy for a violation of a respondent's fourth 

amendment rights. INS v. Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S. 1032 (1984). 

We need not resolve the issue whether the respondent's affidavit 

was properly admitted into evidence despite the lack of opportunity 

to cross-examine the officer who reduced it to writing. We find the 

record sufficient to support the finding of deportability without 

that affidavit, based upon the respondent's admissions at the hearing and the presumption of section 291 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1361 

(1982). 

The respondent testified at the hearing that he is Javier BenitezTavarez and that he was born in Colombia. He refused to answer 

when asked for the name of the city in which he was born or how 

he last entered the United States. The immigration judge concluded that the respondent's admission of birth in Colombia established 

his alienage and shifted to him the burden under section 291 of the 

Act of establishing the time, place, and manner of his entry into 

the United States. 

Counsel for the respondent questioned the sufficiency of the respondent's admission and suggested that the respondent might 

have meant Columbia, Maryland, or some other Columbia in the 

United States. This argument is also brought forward on appeal. 

Counsel's suggestion that the respondent could have meant Columbia, Maryland, is frivolous. It is clear from the record that the 

immigration judge and the general attorney interpreted the respondent to mean Colombia, South America, as well they might 

since the hearing was being conducted utilizing the services of a 

Spanish interpreter. The respondent had the benefit of legal counsel, who would know that birth in the United States would almost 

certainly mean United States citizenship and no deportation for 

this respondent. Therefore, if the respondent had meant Columbia, 

Maryland, or Columbia anywhere else, United States, he would 

have said so when this issue came up at the hearing. Instead, he 

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refused to testify further. Furthermore, even now on appeal, he 

does not explain that he meant Columbia, United States, but he 

argues that what he said was ambiguous. 

One born abroad is presumed to be an alien until he or she 

shows otherwise. Corona-Palomera v. INS, 661 F.2d 814 (9th Cir. 

1981); United States ex rel. Rongetti v. Neelly, 207 F.2d 281 (7th. Cir. 

1953); Matter of Ponco, 15 I&N Dec. 120 (BIA 1974); Matter of Tijerina-Villarreal, 13 I&N Dec. 327 (BIA 1969); Matter of A-M-, 7 I&N 

Dec. 332 BIA 1956). 

In reaching his decision, the immigration judge relied in part 

upon the presumption of section 291 of the Act which arises from 

an alien's failure to show the time, place, and manner of his entry 

into the United States. We recognize that the United States Court 

of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has stated that the presumption of 

section 291 is inapplicable in a deportation case in which the 

charge is entry as a nonimmigrant and remaining beyond the time 

authorized. The Court said in dicta that the presumption of section 

291 applies only in cases involving illegal entry. Iran v. INS, 656 

F.2d 469, 471 (9th Cir. 1981). We will now examine this issue. 

To determine what the statute means, we look first at the language of the statute. INS v. Phinpathya, 464 U.S. 183 (1984); United 

States v. Rodgers, 466 U.S. 475 (1984). Section 291 of the Act, in pertinent part, provides: 

In any deportation proceeding under Chapter 5 against any person, the burden of 

proof shall be upon such person to show the time, place, and manner of his entry 

into the United States, but in presenting such proof he shall be entitled to the 

production of his visa or other entry document, if any, and of any other documents and records, not considered by the Attorney General to be confidential, pertaining to ouch entry in the custody of the Service. If such burden of proof is not 

sustained, such person shall be presumed to be in the United States in violation of 

law. 

The language chosen by Congress does not suggest that it intended that the burden and presumption of section 291 would be limited to a single ground of deportability or a single class of aliens. 

Indeed the language of section 291 provides, "[i]n any deportation 

proceeding under Chapter 5." (Emphasis added.) Chapter 5 indicates that it pertains to "[a]ny alien in the United States." 

While section 291 does not specify the precise nature of the presumed unlawful status, we have held that it must operate in conjunction with the grounds of deportability set forth in section 

241(a) (Chapter 5) of the Act. Matter of Pereira, 14 I&N Dec. 509 

(BIA 1973). One of the grounds set forth therein, section 241(a)(2), is 

very similar to the presumption of section 291. It provides for the 

deportation of any alien who "entered the United States without 

inspection . . . or is in the United States in violation of this Act or 

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in violation of any other law of the United States." (Emphasis 

added.) 

The United States Supreme Court has held that in deportation 

proceedings there is no presumption of citizenship similar to the 

presumption of innocence which exists in criminal cases. LopezMendoza v. INS supra (quoting United States ex rel. Bilokumsky v. 

Tod, 263 U.S. 149 (1923)). The literal language of section 291 indicates that once alienage is established, the presumption is that the 

alien is in the United States in violation of law until he or she establishes the time, place, and manner of entry into the United 

States. The significance of this information is that it will normally 

establish whether the alien has or ever had any right to be in the 

United States, i.e., whether he was admitted as a lawful permanent 

resident, as a nonimmigrant visitor for business or pleasure, or on 

any other lawful basis. This information permits the Service to 

verify the respondent's claim by checking the records relative to 

the time and place of the alleged entry. It also facilitates the regulation of aliens in the United States by hindering their ability to 

thwart the law by simply refusing to disclose information. If an 

alien refuses to provide information about the time, place, and 

manner of his entry, he is presumed to be in the United States unlawfully_ 

We also note that section 291 has been in our current law since 

1952, and a similar provision has been in our immigration law 

since the Immigration Act of 1924. Although we have not attempted fully to define its applicability, we have held it applicable with 

respect to charges of deportability laid under section 241(a)(1) alleging that the respondent was excludable at entry under section 

212(a)(20) for lack of a valid visa, Matter of R-S, 7 I&N Dec. 271 

(BIA, A.G. 1956); with respect to a charge under section 241(a)(2) 

for entry after denial of permission to land as a crewman, Matter 

of Pang, 11 I&N Dec. 213 BIA 1965); with respect to a charge 

under section 241(a)(2) as a crewman who remained longer, Matter 

of Wong and Chan, 13 I&N Dec. 141 (BIA 1969), and Matter of 

Wong, 13 I&N Dec. 820 (BIA 1971); and with respect to a charge 

under section 241(a)(2) as a nonimmigrant visitor who remained 

longer than permitted, Matter of Davila, 15 I&N Dec. 781 (BIA 

1976), remanded, Davila-Villacaba v. INS, 594 F.2d 242 (9th Cir. 

1979). Of course we have also held it applicable with respect to a 

charge under section 241(a)(2) of the Act alleging entry without inspPetiori. Matter of Carrillo, 17 I&N Dec. 30 (BIA 1979); Matter of 

Castro, 16 I&N Dec. 81 (BIA 1976); Matter of Gonzalez, 16 I&N Dec. 

44 (BIA 1976); Matter of Bulos, 15 I&N Dec. 645 (BIA 1976); Matter 

of Pereira, supra. 

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We hold that the burden and presumption of section 291 of the 

Act are applicable with respect to any charge of deportability 

which draws into question the time, place, or manner of the alien's 

entry into the United States. The dicta of Iran v. INS, supra, will 

not be applied here because this case does not arise within the jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and because we do 

not find the reasoning of Iran to be persuasive. 

In Iran, the court noted that section 291, by its terms applies to 

"any deportation proceeding" and, if read literally, could be applied in all deportation proceedings. However, the court stated that 

it must be read to apply only in deportation proceedings which involve illegal entry 1for three reasons. We will repeat and examine 

these reasons. 

First, the court said there would be no reason to require proof on 

the issue of illegal entry in cases not involving that issue. This reasoning assumes the question in issue—that is, that the "the time, 

place, and manner" of an alien's entry has significance in a deportation proceeding only if the entry is illegal and/or these facts 

serve to prove the alien deportable. In fact, in any case in which 

the lawfulness of the alien's presence in the United States is at 

issue, proof of the alien's time, place, and manner of entry into the 

United States may well establish his right to be in the United 

States, and thus, accomplish the purpose of a deportation hearing. 2 

For instance, it could establish that he was admitted to the United 

States as an immigrant for permanent residence or as a nonimmigrant student, visitor, fiance, etc., or even that he is in the United 

States lawfully as a parolee pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Act. 

Moreover, the time, place, and manner of an alien's entry into 

the United States are material to charges of deportability other 

than the single charge of entry without inspection. Section 241(a)(1) 

provides for the deportation of any alien who, at the time of entry 

was within one or more of the classes of aliens excludable by the 

law existing at the time of such entry. Section 241(a)(2) provides for 

the deportation of any alien who entered the United States (a) 

entry" is not one of the grounds of deportability spelled out in section 

241(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. The court did not explain what it 

meant by this term, but we assume that it was referring to "entry without inspection," as that is a ground of deportability under section 241(aX2) and entry without 

inspection was the charge in Tejeda-Mata v. INS, 626 F.2d 721 (9th Cir. 1980), cited 

by the court. Entry without inspection is also a criminal violation under section 275 

of the Act, 8 U.S.C. *1325 (1982). 

2 A deportation proceeding is initiated with the ironer= of an order to the alien 

to show cause why he should not be deported. 8 C.F.R. § 242.1 (1984). The fact that 

the alien has a right to remain in the United States would satisfy this requirement 

and indicate that the proceedings should be terminated. 

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without inspection or (b) at any time or place other than as designated by the Attorney General, or any alien who is in the United 

States (c) in violation of this Act or, (d) in violation of any other 

law of the United States. Sections 241(a) (3) and (4) both provide 

grounds of deportability for offenses arising within 5 years after 

entry. s 

Section 291 of the Act itself also contains a significant indication 

that Congress did not intend that these provisions apply only with 

respect to entry without inspection. The statute provides in connection with the respondent's burden of showing the time, place, and 

manner of entry into the United States that "he shall be entitled 

to the production of his visa or other entry document, if any, and of 

any other documents and records, not considered by the Attorney 

General to be confidential, pertaining to such entry in the custody 

of the Service." 

An alien does not need a visa to enter the United States without 

inspection and if an alien has a valid visa, he has no reason to 

enter without inspection and substantial reason to submit himself 

for inspection. Further, since an alien who enters without inspection by definition is not inspected, the Attorney General could not 

normally be expected to have a record of such an event. By entitling the respondent to the production of entry documents in section 291, Congress clearly contemplated that that section, including 

the presumption, would apply to all entries into the United States, 

not just entries without inspection. 

We have examined the legislative history of section 291 in an 

effort to find out what Congress intended. We found nothing dispositive. However, we did find that there was a provision similar to 

section 291 in the previous Act. See Immigration Act of 1924, ch. 

190, § 23, 43 Stet. 165-66, repealed by Immigration and Nationality 

Act of 1952, ch. 477, Title TV, § 403(a)(23), 66 Stat. 279. That section 

provided: 

[Nil& in any deportation proceeding against any alien the burden of proof shall be 

upon such alien to show that he entered the United States lawfully, and the time, 

place, and manner of such entry into the United States, but in presenting such 

proof he shall be entitled to the production of his immigration visa, if any, or of 

other documents concerning such entry, in the custody of the Department of Justice. 

This provision was changed in two important respects when it 

was incorporated into section 291 of the 1952 Act. Congress deleted 

3 We do not here attempt to present an exhaustive list of all the grounds of do 

portability to which the time, place, or manner of the alien's entry into the United 

States might be material. We only cite these to demonstrate that these elements are 

material to charges of deportability in addition to entry without inspection. 

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the requirement for the alien to show that he entered the United 

States lawfully. It retained the provision placing the burden upon 

the alien to show the time, place, and manner of entry into the 

United States, and it added the provision that if the alien fails to 

meet his burden, he is presumed to be in the United States in violation of law. 

We note that neither the former statute, nor the current one, 

even mentions illegal entry into the United States. Rather, section 

291 provides that the alien who fails to meet his burden shall be 

presumed to be in the United States in violation of law. 

In its second reason for limiting section 291 to charges of illegal 

entry, the Iran court found it apparent that section 291 was not intended to be an independent source of substantive law but a procedural rule modifying the allocation of proof on the issue of illegal 

entry. 

It is not apparent to us that section 291 was not intended as an 

independent source of substantive law. We have held that it is not 

a charge upon which to base deportability. Matter of Li, 12 I&N 

Dec. 293 (MA 196'1). Bases for deportability appear in Chapter 5 of 

the Act, which is entitled "Deportation; Adjustment of Status," 

while section 291 appears in Chapter 9, "Miscellaneous." However, 

section 291 does not have to stand alone, and when it is combined 

with a charge under section 241(a)(2) of the Act (that the alien "is 

in the United States in violation of this Act or in violation of any 

other law of the United States"), it provides a substantive basis for 

deportation. Further, the similarity of the wording between the 

presumption set forth in section 291 and that portion of the charge 

set forth in 241(a)(2), above, strongly suggests that Congress intended that these two sections be read together. 

The court's third reason why section 291 should be limited to 

cases of illegal entry is that applying section 291 in cases where illegal entry was not an element of the charge of deportability would 

raise a serious constitutional question because deportation on a 

charge not presented in the Order to Show Cause or at the hearing 

offends due process, at least in the Ninth Circuit. Whetstone v. INS, 

561 F.2d 1303 (9th Cir. 1977); Hirsch v. INS, 308 F.2d 562 (9th Cir. 

1962). The court commented that "Rif section 1361 were applied in 

such cases, and the person who is the subject of the proceedings 

failed to meet his or her burden, that person would be deportable 

on the ground of illegal entry, a ground not charged." Iran v. INS, 

supra, at 471-72. 

This reason does raise the question whether section 291 can be 

used as a basis for deportability when the Order to Show Cause 

does not indicate to the alien that he will be required to establish 

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the time, place, and manner of his entry into the United States at 

his deportation hearing. We need not decide this issue here because 

the matter eras raised at the hearing below. 4We share the court's 

concern about the fairness of a deportation proceeding in which the 

respondent does not have notice of the nature of the charges 

against which he must defend. See section 242(b)(1) of the Act, 8 

U.S.C. § 1252(bX1) (1982); 8 C.F.R. § 242.16 (1984). However, this 

should not normally present a problem because the mutter will 

come to the alien's attention during the hearing, and if the alien is 

surprised by the requirement, he can request a continuance. 

In this case, the respondent admitted that he was born in Colombia. The respondent is charged with deportability under section 

241(a)(1) of the Act for being excludable at entry under section 

212(aX18) of the Act as a stowaway. This charge draws his entry 

into question and therefore section 291 is applicable. The respondent was apprised at the hearing of his obligation under section 291 

to show the time, place, and manner of entry into the United 

States. As he made no effort to meet his burden, he is presumed to 

be in the United States in violation of law, and his deportability is 

established. 

The respondent applied for voluntary departure but refused to 

testify in support of his application because he feared that his testimony would be used to establish deportability. Both the immigration judge and counsel for the respondent were under the impression that the respondent's testimony in support of his application 

for voluntary departure could be used to establish deportability. 

IIowever, this assumption was wrong_ In Matter of Baas, supra, we 

held that the testimony of a respondent in connection with his application for voluntary departure must. not be used for purposes of 

establishing or confirming alienage or deportability. See also 8 

C.F.R. § 242.17(e) (1984); Matter of Sandoval, 17 I&N Dec. 70 (BIA 

1979). 

Under the circumstances, we will remand the case to give the respondent an opportunity to establish that he is eligible for and deserving of a grant of voluntary departure. Accordingly, the following order will be entered. 

ORDER: The record is remanded to the immigration judge for 

further proceedings consistent with the foregoing opinion and the 

entry of a new decision. 

4 We note, initially, that the question of the applicability of section 291 was raised 

by the general attorney at the hearing. The respondent did not object, request a continuance, or argue that the presumption was not applicable. 

1Q1