IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION THREE

POWER CITY ELECTRIC INC.,

Appellant,

v.

WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT 

OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIES,

Respondent.

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No. 35676-1-III

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

KORSMO, J. — In a previous opinion, we directed the Board of Industrial 

Insurance Appeals (BIIA) to enter more detailed findings explaining its decision on an 

appeal by Power City Electric (PCE) contesting four safety violations assessed against 

PCE for a project in Pasco. Having received the findings, we now affirm.

FACTS

We previously summarized the facts of this case involving work done on a Pasco 

street:

PCE was hired to move the power cables and had to dig a hole on the side 

of Court Street to do so. A Department of Labor and Industries (DLI) 

compliance officer, Reynaldo Gomez, was driving by the scene when he 

noticed only the helmeted head of a worker in the hole. Concerned about 

the depth of the dig, he stopped to investigate. 

Two men stepped out of the excavation by use of a notch dug into the 

shallower south side of the hole. Dirt from the dig was piled immediately 

FILED

MAY 16, 2019

In the Office of the Clerk of Court

WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
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Power City Elec. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus.

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next to the deep end of the trench.1 The excavation measured about six feet 

wide by ten feet long. A one foot section on the north side of the dig was 

measured to be six feet deep. The depth ranged from 30 to 48 inches in the 

remainder of the dig. Gomez graded the sandy soil in the excavation as 

Type C—unstable. There were no measures in place to prevent collapse of 

either the hole or of the spoils pile. Photographs of the scene were taken.

The two workers had been clearing fiber optic lines by shovel in the 

shallower side of the trench. Their work zone was within 3.5 feet of the six 

foot deep section where the backhoe was excavating. 

DLI issued four major infraction notices, fining PCE $7,200. The 

Industrial Appeals Judge (IAJ) heard testimony from Mr. Gomez and the 

PCE foreman, Julian McCarthy. The IAJ upheld the citation for failure to 

provide a safe means of ingress and egress, but rejected the other citations. 

Both PCE and DLI appealed.

Power City Electric v. Washington State Dep’t of Labor and Indus., No. 35676-1-III, slip 

op. at 1-2 (Wash. Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2018) (Power City I) (unpublished) http://www

.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/356761.pdf.

On appeal, the BIIA found for DLI and concluded that there were four serious 

violations; it imposed $7,200 in total fines, although it rearranged the assessment 

amounts on the individual violations. Specifically, the BIIA determined that there was no 

system to prevent cave-ins, there was no safe means of ingress or egress, the spoils pile 

was too close to the excavation, and PCE failed to remove its employees from a 

hazardous location.

PCE appealed to this court. A panel heard argument and then issued an opinion 

remanding the case to the BIIA for additional findings. We retained jurisdiction.

 

1 This is referred to as the “spoils pile.”
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The additional findings were entered and the parties filed supplemental briefs 

addressing them. A panel then considered the case without hearing further argument.

ANALYSIS

PCE argues that the findings do not support the four violations and that the 

supplemental findings did not answer this court’s questions. The purpose of the example 

questions propounded in our last opinion was to seek sufficient detail from the BIIA to 

understand its reasoning. For better or for worse, that was accomplished. Accordingly, 

we now address the merits of PCE’s appeal after first considering the governing 

standards.

This court reviews a BIIA decision based on the record before the Board. Frank 

Coluccio Constr. Co. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 181 Wn. App. 25, 35, 329 P.3d 91

(2014). BIIA findings are conclusive if supported by substantial evidence on the record 

as a whole. Id.; RCW 49.17.150. “‘Substantial evidence’ is evidence in sufficient 

quantity to persuade a fair-minded person of the truth of the declared premise.”

Coluccio, 181 Wn. App. at 35. The appellate court views the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the party that prevailed below. Id. Courts construe workplace “statutes and 

regulations liberally to achieve their purpose of providing safe working conditions for 

workers in Washington.” Id. at 36. Accordingly, courts give “substantial weight to an 

agency’s interpretation within its area of expertise and uphold that interpretation if it 
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reflects a plausible construction of the regulation and is not contrary to legislative intent.” 

Id. 

The Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act of 1973 (WISHA) is found in 

chapter 49.17 RCW. That chapter distinguishes between serious violations and violations 

not of a serious nature. RCW 49.17.180(2), (3). An employer cited for a serious 

violation of an administrative rule adopted pursuant to chapter 49.17 RCW shall be 

assessed a civil penalty up to $7,000. RCW 49.17.180(2). An employer cited for a nonserious violation may be assessed a similar penalty, or none at all. RCW 49.17.180(3). A 

WISHA violation is serious if “there is a substantial probability that death or serious 

physical harm could result from a condition . . . unless the employer did not, and could 

not with the exercise of reasonable diligence, know of the presence of the violation.” 

RCW 49.17.180(6). The violation is non-serious if the employee is not endangered to the 

level of a serious violation. RCW 49.17.180(3). 

The previous opinion also addressed the statutory and regulatory requirements for 

establishing a serious violation: 

 In order to establish a serious violation of state worker safety standards, 

RCW 49.17.180 requires proof that “death or serious physical harm could 

result” from an existing condition. With respect to construction work, state 

safety standards are set out in chapter 296-155 WAC. Washington adopted 

the federal standards governing the role of likelihood of harm in assessing a 

violation of the state safety standards in Adkins v. Aluminum Company, 110 

Wn.2d 128, 750 P.2d 1257, 756 P.2d 142 (1988). A violation of safety 

standards is established when an employee has “access” to the unsafe 

condition; access is established when DLI shows “a reasonable 
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predictability that, in the course of their duties, employees will be, are, or 

have been in the zone of danger.” Id. at 147 (emphasis omitted). Accord,

Mid Mountain v. Labor & Indus., 136 Wn. App. 1, 5, 146 P.3d 1212 (2006) 

(applying Adkins standard to an excavation setting).

Power City I, No. 35676-1-III, slip op. at 3. All WAC provisions at issue in this case 

were adopted pursuant to chapter 49.17 RCW. See WAC 296-155-657 Credits; WAC 

296-155-655 Credits. 

The regulations found in WAC 296-155 Part N govern excavations. The 

regulations apply “to all open excavations made in the earth’s surface.” WAC 296-155-

650(1). An excavation is “Any person-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in the 

earth’s surface, formed by earth removal.” WAC 296-155-650(2). The construction 

project here was an excavation because it involved removing earth to create a cavity. Id. 

With these standards in mind, we turn to the four violations at issue.

Danger of Collapse

PCE argues that there was no serious violation because the excavation did not 

exceed safety limits and the employees were not working close to the deep end. The 

record supports the contrary conclusion drawn by the BIIA.

At issue here is the physical nature of the excavation. An employer must 

implement a system to protect employees working in an excavation from a cave-in unless 

(i) an excavation is made entirely in stable rock, or (ii) an excavation is less than four feet 

deep and a competent person determines there is no indication of a potential cave-in. 
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WAC 296-155-657(1)(a)(i)-(ii). A protective system is a measure designed to protect 

employees from cave-ins. WAC 296-155-650(2). A cave-in is the movement of a mass 

of earth from the side of an excavation or under certain protective measures that could 

cause injuries to workers in an excavation. Id. Even if only a portion of an excavation is 

over four feet deep, and employees are not working in that portion of the excavation, 

§ 657(1)(a) still applies. See Mid Mountain Contractors, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor and 

Indus., 136 Wn. App. 1, 6, 146 P.3d 1212 (2006) (“It is irrelevant that [appellant’s]

employees were in a portion of the trench less than four feet in depth.”).

The testimony led the BIIA to find that the hole was six feet in width and ten feet 

in length, with a maximum depth of six feet. The walls were almost vertical and the soil 

was “Type C”—the most unstable soil. Supp. Findings of Fact (SFF) at 2. A four foot 

high spoils pile sat immediately adjacent to the deepest side of the excavation. Id. The 

BIIA likened this case to Mid Mountain and determined that given the short length of the 

trench, even while in the shallower side, the workers were adjacent to the deep part with

but a single step. SFF at 1. It concluded that the worker “had access to the zone of 

danger within a reasonable predictability.” Id. at 1-2.

In Mid Mountain, a portion of a trench was dug to the depth of four feet six inches. 

136 Wn. App. at 3. While most of the walls were sloped, the southern wall adjacent to 

the deep end was not sloped. Id. There is no indication in the opinion how long the 

trench was. The employer challenged the violation citation on the basis that the 
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employees were not working at the deep end of the trench. Id. at 5-6. This court 

affirmed, agreeing with the BIIA that the employee working in the trench had access to 

the zone of danger even though he was not working at the deep end. Id. at 5-7.

 Similarly here, the workers were within a single step of the deep end of the 

trench. The depth exceeded four feet and there was no protective device to prevent a 

cave-in of the Type C soil in violation of WAC 296-155-657(1)(a)(i)-(ii). The workers 

were within the zone of danger recognized by Mid Mountain. The finding is supported 

by substantial evidence and the finding supports the conclusion that the workers were 

close enough to the dangerous area to be within the zone of danger.

The BIIA did not err in concluding that the excavation was a serious violation of 

WAC 296-155-657(1)(a)(i)-(ii). 

Ingress/Egress

PCE argues that the dimensions of the dig made it an excavation, not a trench, and 

therefore not subject to the ingress/egress standards set forth in the regulation at issue. 

This hole was a “trench” for purposes of the regulation.

The shallow end of the excavation was 30 inches deep at its most shallow; the 

employees used a notch cut in the side of the short wall to step in and out of the dig. SFF 

3 at 2; Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 162. A trench is “A narrow excavation in relation to its 

length made below the surface of the ground.” WAC 296-155-650(2). “In general, the 

depth is greater than the width.” Id. (emphasis added). For trenches, the regulations 
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require: “A stairway, ladder, ramp or other safe means of egress must be located in trench 

excavations that are 4 feet (1.22 m) or more in depth.” WAC 296-155-655(3)(b). 

PCE relies on the fact that the maximum depth of the dig was the same as the 

width—six feet. Because of this, it argues that the depth was not greater than the width 

and, thus, there was no trench requiring the specific means of ingress/egress. This 

argument, however, ignores the first sentence of the definition that a trench is narrow “in 

relation to its length.” While “in general” the depth exceeds the width, that description 

does not modify the definition of a trench—length exceeds width. 

The BIIA correctly determined that this dig constituted a trench built in unstable 

soil. Since the dig exceeded four feet in depth, it was required to have a stairway, ladder, 

or other safe means of entering and exiting the dig. WAC 296-155-655(3)(b). Those 

were lacking. This error, too, constituted a serious violation of WISHA.

Spoils Pile

The spoils pile, reaching a height of four feet, was found to be located 

immediately adjacent to the deep end of the excavation. SFF 2, 3, 4 at 2-3. There was no 

retaining device keeping the pile from the hole. SFF 6 at 3. PCE does not challenge this 

factual finding, but argues that the employees were not observed working at that end of 

the excavation. 

Employers “must protect employees from excavated or other materials or 

equipment that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into excavations.” WAC 296-
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155-655(10)(b). An employer satisfies this requirement by keeping excavated materials 

at least two feet from the excavation, or by using retaining devices to prevent such 

materials from falling into an excavation. Id. 

The spoils pile was immediately adjacent to the deep end of the trench and 

contributed to that end constituting the “zone of danger.” It also was a danger as a 

potential trigger to the unstable soil collapsing the trench. Thus, whether the workers 

were working immediately adjacent to the pile is less of a concern than the fact that it 

created a dangerous condition for the workers inside the trench.

The spoils pile was not at least two feet from the excavation, and there was no 

retaining device in place to prevent the spoils from falling into the excavation. Therefore, 

the conditions of the excavation site here violated the requirements of WAC 296-155-

655(10)(b). The evidence supports the finding of a serious violation. 

Failure to Remove Employees

Lastly, PCE contends that it was not established that it acted with knowledge of 

the dangerous conditions and could not, therefore, be held liable. Because its supervisors 

were on scene and the violations were visible to them, PCE had knowledge of the 

violations. PCE’s failure to remove the workers properly subjected it to liability.

Whenever a hazardous condition can be reasonably anticipated, WAC 296-155-

655(11)(a) requires that a competent person inspect an excavation for hazards, including 

the possibility of cave-ins. When the competent person finds evidence of potential cave-
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ins or other hazardous conditions, the employer must remove employees from the 

hazardous area until appropriate precautions are implemented. WAC 296-155-

655(11)(b). A “competent person” is one “who can identify existing or predictable 

hazards in the surroundings that are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees” 

and who is authorized “to take prompt corrective measures.” WAC 296-155-650(2). 

An employer has constructive notice of a violation when it is readily observable or 

in a conspicuous location where the employees are working. Erection Co. v. Dep’t of 

Labor & Indus., 160 Wn. App. 194, 207, 248 P.3d 1085 (2011). Here, supervisor 

McCarthy had been at the site until shortly before compliance officer Gomez inspected it.

Acting supervisor Schelske was present the entire day and was sitting in the trackhoe next 

to the trench when Gomez visited. 

The BIIA determined that depth of the excavation and the presence of the spoils pile 

immediately adjacent to the dig were obvious hazards visible to the two supervisors and 

they did not take steps to remove the employees. SFF 4, 6 at 2-3. The supervisors also 

knew that the two men were working in the trench and knew or should have known that 

they had to enter and leave it via the notch in the side. SFF 5 at 3; CP at 162. From these 

facts, the BIIA also found that PCE had knowledge of the four violations. SFF 6 at 3.

The evidence supported each factual determination. In turn, the findings 

supported the determination that PCE should have known about each violation and failed 
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to act to protect the workers. Substantial evidence supported the conclusion that PCE 

was liable. 

Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed. 

A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to 

RCW 2.06.040. 

WE CONCUR: 

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