IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2002-CA-00231-SCT

IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF 

BYRON KEITH MILLER, DECEASED, 

KENNETH MILLER, ADMINISTRATOR:

JEANETTE PAGE, ADMINISTRATRIX 

OF THE ESTATE OF MARTHA 

JEANETTE PAGE MILLER

v.

ANN H. MILLER, GUARDIAN 

OF THE ESTATE OF 

HUNTER KEITH MILLER

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 1/23/2002

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JAMES H. C. THOMAS, JR.

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LAMAR COUNTY CHANCERY COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: SHEILA HAVARD SMALLWOOD

GLENN LOUIS WHITE

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: LEIGH KENNINGTON BERRY

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - WILLS, TRUSTS, AND ESTATES

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 03/20/2003

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE SMITH, P.J., AND WALLER AND COBB, JJ.

WALLER, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. This appeal involves the tragic murder/suicide of a husband and wife where the order of death

cannot be determined. On October 30, 1999, Byron Keith Miller shot his wife Martha Jeanette Page

Miller. Byron then shot himself shortly thereafter. Byron and Martha died from their gunshot wounds, but
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the order of their deaths could not be determined. They had no children together, but Byron had a sixyear-old son, Hunter Keith Miller, by his ex-wife Ann Miller. 

¶2. On December 1, 1999, Kenneth Miller, Byron's father, was appointed administrator of Byron's

estate. Jeanette Page, Martha's mother and administratrix of her estate, filed a petition on April 26, 2000,

to determine heirship of Byron. Jeanette asserted that Martha's estate should be recognized as an heir at

law to Byron's estate thereby entitling it to a child's share. See Miss. Code Ann. § 91-1-7 (1994).

Jeanette reasoned that since Byron killed Martha, Byron was deemed to have predeceased Martha by

virtue of Mississippi's slayer statute, Miss. Code Ann. § 91-1-25 (1994), which would allow Martha's

estate to inherit from Byron's estate. Finding that Miss. Code Ann. § 91-1-25 was inapplicable, the

learned chancellor entered judgment holding that Hunter Keith Miller was Byron's sole heir at law. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶3. We will not disturb a chancellor's findings unless manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous, or an

erroneous legal standard was applied. In re Estate of Smith, 827 So. 2d 673, 675 (Miss. 2002);

Miller v. Pannell, 815 So. 2d 1117, 1119 (Miss. 2002); Morris v. Morris, 804 So. 2d 1025, 1027

(Miss. 2002).
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DISCUSSION

I. WHETHER THE CHANCELLOR ERRED IN

FINDING THAT THE SLAYER'S STATUTE, MISS.

CODE ANN. § 91-1-25, DID NOT PROVIDE THAT

THE ESTATE OF MARTHA JEANETTE PAGE

MILLER COULD BE RECOGNIZED AS AN HEIR

OF BYRON KEITH MILLER.

¶4. Under the Mississippi slayer's statute, a slayer cannot inherit from the victim and is deemed to have

predeceased his victim for succession purposes: 

If any person wilfully cause or procure the death of another in any way, he

shall not inherit the property, real or personal, of each other; but the same

shall descend as if the person so causing or procuring the death had

predeceased the person whose death he perpetrated.

Miss. Code Ann. § 91-1-25. Jeanette argues that since Byron is deemed to have predeceased Martha

under Miss. Code Ann. § 91-1-25, the order of death was established for purposes of distributing Byron's

estate by intestate succession. As a result, Martha's estate would be entitled to a child's share allowed to

a widow under Miss. Code Ann. § 91-1-7 (1994).

¶5. We have held that one who wilfully causes the death of another is barred from participating in the

victim's estate. Genna v. Harrington, 254 So. 2d 525, 527 (Miss. 1971). We have not, however,

addressed the question of whether a victim's estate can participate in his slayer's estate. Slayer's statutes

are strictly construed and narrow in purpose:

Many states have enacted "slayer statutes" intended to prevent a

person who has feloniously caused the death of a decedent from inheriting

or receiving any part of the estate of that decedent. These statutes intend

to govern the inheritance rights of a claimant who has caused the death of

a decedent by a specific statute, rather than by general equitable

principles. The sole purpose of a "slayer statute" is to prevent

the slayer from benefitting from the death of the victim or

profiting from the wrongdoing.
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26B C.J.S. Descent and Distribution § 57, at 362-63 (2001) (footnotes omitted & emphasis

added).

¶6. For example, this strict construction was applied in Mothershed v. Schrimsher, 412 S.E.2d

123 (N.C. Ct. App. 1992), a murder/suicide case involving a similar slayer's statute where a son killed his

mother and each was the other's sole heir. The North Carolina Court of Appeals held that the victim was

not entitled to participate in the slayer's estate:

The Statute's plain language clearly bars the slayer from

participating in the victim's estate. Nowhere does the Statute

authorize the victim to participate in the slayer's estate. That

may or may not occur. The Statute does not indulge in the fiction that the

slayer's date of death is other than the actual date of death, but merely

establishes a presumption to exclude the slayer. Had the Statute been

enacted for the dual purpose of adjudicating slayer status and

for altering the intestate succession of both the slayer and

victim, it would have so stated.

Our reading of the Slayer Statute does not work an injustice in the

case at bar. Plaintiff argues that the coroner's report indicates that the

order of death is uncertain and survivorship will, therefore, be difficult to

prove. Survivorship is often difficult to prove but the Slayer Statute was

not enacted to ease this burden. The Statute is one of exclusion, not

of inclusion. When applicable, it acts to exclude a slayer from

participation in the victim's estate. It does not act to include the

victim in the slayer's estate due to the slayer's crime. This

would contradict the Statute's stated purpose.

412 S.E.2d at 125-26 (emphasis added & citations omitted). We find this resolution persuasive and adopt

the same in Mississippi. Martha's estate cannot be declared an heir to Byron's estate by virtue of Section

91-1-25. 

II. WHETHER THE CHANCELLOR ERRED IN

FAILING TO APPLY THE UNIFORM

SIMULTANEOUS DEATH LAW, MISS. CODE ANN.

§§ 91-3-1 TO -15 (1994).
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¶7. Jeanette next argues that the chancellor erred in failing to apply the provisions of the Uniform

Simultaneous Death Law (USDL), Miss. Code Ann. §§ 91-3-1 to -15 (1994), because the death

certificates of Martha and Byron both indicate a time of death of 9:45 a.m. on October 30, 1999.

However, at approximately 10:00 a.m., Byron called his ex-wife Ann stating that he had shot Martha. At

approximately 10:03 a.m., Ann contacted the Lamar County Sheriff's Department, deputies of which

arrived at 10:12 a.m. to find both Martha and Byron dead. As will be explained, Jeanette is correct in her

assertion that the USDL applies; however, her interpretation that Miss. Code Ann. § 91-3-5 deems Martha

an heir to Byron's estate is incorrect. 

¶8. Though it was enacted in 1956, this is our first opportunity to apply and interpret the dictates of the

USDL. In adopting the USDL, the Mississippi Legislature recognized the need for consistent application

and stated that the statute "shall be so construed and interpreted as to effectuate its general purpose to

make uniform the law in those states which enact the Uniform Simultaneous Death Law." Miss. Code Ann.

§ 91-3-3. As such, we will rely on the jurisprudence of our sister states that have addressed the application

of the USDL. See Elizabeth T. Tsai, Annotation, Construction, Application, and Effect of Uniform

Simultaneous Death Act, 39 A.L.R.3d 1332 (1971). 

¶9. The main provision of the USDL states, "Where the title to property or the devolution thereof

depends on priority of death and there is no sufficient evidence that the persons have died otherwise than

simultaneously, the property of each person shall be disposed of as if he had survived, except as provided

otherwise in this chapter." Miss. Code Ann. § 91-3-5. Our analysis requires first a determination of

whether there is "sufficient evidence" Byron and Martha "died otherwise than simultaneously" and, if not,

the proper disposition under the USDL. 

Sufficiency of Evidence of Order of Death
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¶10. Courts have consistently held that the burden of proof for "sufficient evidence" of survivorship is

a preponderance of the evidence. Fiumefreddo v. Scudder, 313 S.E.2d 683, 686 (Ga. 1984); In re

Estate of Moran, 395 N.E.2d 579, 581 (Ill. 1979); In re Estates of Perry, 40 P.3d 492, 493 (Okla.

Ct. App. 2001). For the USDL to apply, there must be a lack of sufficient evidence to prove that Martha

predeceased Byron, or vice-versa.

¶11. In the instant case, there is insufficient proof to establish an order of death. While Ann testified that

Byron called her at approximately 10:00 a.m. and told her he had shot Martha, there is no evidence

confirming that she died before him. The fact that Byron shot Martha before he shot himself might lead one

to presume that she succumbed to her injuries prior to Byron succumbed to his; however, the USDL does

not allow presumptions of survivorship:

No presumptions as to survivorship as between persons killed in

a common disaster arise under the act, except possibly in the case of

death of a beneficiary and donor in a common disaster or in case of

beneficiaries in life or accident policies. Also, there is no presumption that

the deaths were simultaneous, although it has been stated that the act

creates a presumption that the persons died simultaneously. The burden

of proof is on the party whose claim depends on survivorship to establish

the fact. 

25A C.J.S. Death § 16, at 179 (2002). There being no presumption in which we can indulge as to order

of death and no sufficient evidence indicating survivorship, the USDL governs the distribution of Byron's

estate.

Distribution Under the USDL

¶12. Jeanette's interpretation of the Section 91-3-5 would deem Martha an heir at law of Byron's estate

and not exclude her. She cites no authority in support of such an interpretation. However, the chancellor

was correct in his finding that the USDL would eliminate both Byron and Martha as heirs to each other's
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estate. As quoted above, if the USDL applies, "the property of each person shall be disposed of as if he

had survived . . . ." Miss. Code Ann. § 91-3-5.

¶13. The Kansas Court of Appeals' decision in Estate of Schweizer v. Estate of Schweizer, 638

P.2d 378 (Kan. Ct. App. 1981), is illuminating as an example of the practical application of a simultaneous

death statute. In Schweizer, Roland and Nancy Schweizer were killed in an accident in which it was

impossible to determine the order of death. 638 P.2d at 379. The administratrix of Nancy's estate filed

a claim in Roland's estate for a spouse's share. Id. Affirming the trial court's conclusion that neither Nancy

nor her distributees had an interest in Roland's estate, the Court gave the following explanation of Kansas's

simultaneous death statute in action:

In this case, the estate of Mrs. Schweizer, because she is presumed to

have died before Mr. Schweizer, is not entitled to a share. Likewise, Mr.

Schweizer's estate is not entitled to any share of Mrs. Schweizer's estate,

because in her probate case she is presumed to have survived him.

Id. See In re Estate of Parisi, 765 N.E.2d 123, 127-28 (Ill. App. Ct. 2002) (stating "[e]ach

individual's property passes to that individual's relatives and not to the other person's relatives. . . Thus,

neither decedent inherits from the other."). See also In re Spatafora's Estate, 229 N.Y.S.2d 601

(N.Y. Surr. Ct. 1962). Byron's property was properly distributed as if he had survived Martha, meaning

in effect that, for purposes of distribution under the USDL, she predeceased him, thereby leaving Hunter

Keith Miller as Byron's sole heir at law.

III. WHETHER THE CHANCELLOR ERRED IN

FAILING TO DETERMINE THAT EQUITY SHOULD

DECLARE MARTHA JEANETTE PAGE MILLER TO

BE BYRON KEITH MILLER'S SURVIVOR

THEREBY ENTITLING HER ESTATE TO AN

INTESTATE SHARE UNDER HIS ESTATE.
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¶14. Jeanette finally argues that the chancellor failed to determine that equity should declare Martha to

be Byron's survivor for succession purposes. However, she cites no authority in support of this position.

That aside, courts have consistently held that under the equitable doctrine that "equity follows the law,"

courts of equity cannot modify or ignore an unambiguous statutory principle in an effort to shape relief.

See, e.g., Dep't of Transp. v. Am. Ins. Co., 491 S.E.2d 328, 331 (Ga. 1997); Kuehl v. Eckhart,

608 N.W.2d 475, 477 (Iowa 2000); Guy Dean's Lake Shore Marina, Inc. v. Ramey, 518 N.W.2d

129, 133 (Neb. 1994); Mello v. Woodhouse, 872 P.2d 337, 341 (Nev. 1994); In re Estate of

Voeller, 534 N.W.2d 24, 26 (N.D. 1995). The slayer's statute does not allow a victim's estate to inherit

from the slayer's estate, and the USDL does not deem Martha an heir. This argument is without merit.

CONCLUSION

¶15. We hold that the slayer's statute, Miss. Code Ann. § 91-1-25, does not authorize Martha's estate

to participate in Byron's estate. We further hold the Uniform Simultaneous Death Law, Miss. Code Ann.

§§ 91-3-1 to -15, is applicable in this case given the lack of sufficient evidence to establish the order of

death. As such, the learned chancellor was correct in his conclusion that Hunter Keith Miller is the sole

heir at law of Byron Keith Miller, and the chancellor's judgment is affirmed.

¶16. AFFIRMED.

PITTMAN, C.J., McRAE AND SMITH, P.JJ., COBB, DIAZ, CARLSON AND

GRAVES, JJ., CONCUR. EASLEY, J., DISSENTS WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN

OPINION.