# Patent

## Title
Aviation fuel composition

## Abstract

The present invention relates to an aviation fuel composition comprising

    
    
        a) a jet fuel;
        b) an alkyl ester or a mixture of alkyl esters obtained from reaction between
        
            i) saturated fatty acids with carbon chain length ranging from 8 to 10 (C8-C10 saturated fatty acids); and
            ii) monohydric alcohols with carbon chain length ranging from 1 to 4 (C1-C4 monohydric alcohols);

wherein the alkyl ester or mixture of alkyl esters can be blended with jet fuel in an amount up to 50% (vol/vol).

## Background
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to an aviation fuel composition, more particularly, to an aviation fuel composition comprising biofuel.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Aviation turbine fuels (also known as jet fuels) are used for powering turbine engine aircraft. One of the key performance properties of jet fuels is their fluidity measured in terms of freezing point and viscosity.
For powering civilian or commercial aircraft, there are two main grades of jet fuel: Jet A-1 and Jet A. Jet fuels of both grades are kerosene-type fuel and the difference between them is that jet fuel of grade Jet A-1 fulfills the freezing point requirement of maximum −47° C. whereas jet fuel of grade Jet A fulfills the freezing point requirement of maximum −40° C. There is another grade of jet fuel: Jet B for usage in very cold climate. Jet fuel of grade Jet B is a wide-cut fuel covering fractions from naphtha and kerosene, which fulfills the freezing point requirement of maximum −50° C.
Greener jet fuels are being sought for replacing the existing petroleum-based jet fuels. Several alternatives have been considered for this purpose. The alternatives considered are alcohols including methanol and ethanol; cryogenic fuels including hydrogen and methane; and biofuel including vegetable oils and methyl esters derived from vegetable oils. For feasible replacement of the existing petroleum-based jet fuels, such alternatives must be compatible with the quality requirements of existing aircrafts, for example, they must have sufficient energy content and adequate lubricity and they must also be compatible with all the materials used in the engine's fuel system.
Alcohols are impractical as jet fuel because of their low volumetric energy content and their chemical incompatibility with materials used in the engine's fuel system. Furthermore, alcohols have very low flash point making them very hazardous to be used.
Cryogenic fuels are not compatible with the fueling system of existing aircrafts. Introduction of any cryogenic fuel as jet fuel would require the design and development of new aircraft as well as new supporting airport infrastructure for the storage and handling of such fuel. Cryogenic fuels also have low volumetric energy content making it necessary for the new aircraft to have larger fuel tank than existing aircrafts to take up a larger fuel load.
Although vegetable oils have the highest volumetric energy content among the alternatives considered but they are totally unsuitable to be used as jet fuel because they cannot meet the freezing point requirement. Even when methyl esters derived from vegetable oils are used, they can only be added to jet fuel in an amount of not more than 2%. If they are added in an amount of more than 2%, the resultant fuel blend would fail the freezing point requirement.
Till present, there is no feasible alternative for the existing petroleum-based jet fuel.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an aviation fuel composition comprising

    
    
        a) a jet fuel;
        b) an alkyl ester or a mixture of alkyl esters obtained from reaction between
        
            i) saturated fatty acids with carbon chain length ranging from 8 to 10 (C8-C10 saturated fatty acids); and
            ii) monohydric alcohols with carbon chain length ranging from 1 to 4 (C1-C4 monohydric alcohols);
        
        
        wherein the alkyl ester or mixture of alkyl esters can be blended with jet fuel in an amount up to 50% (vol/vol).
    
    


The jet fuel can be a kerosene-type fuel or a wide-cut fuel.
The C8-C10 saturated fatty acids are selected from the group comprising caprylic (C8) acid and capric (C10) acid, or a mixture thereof.
The C1-C4 monohydric alcohols are selected from the group comprising methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol and t-butanol, or mixtures thereof. Preferably, the C1-C4 monohydric alcohols are selected from those having branch-chain structure, for example isopropanol, isobutanol and t-butanol, or mixtures thereof.
The alkyl ester or mixture of alkyl esters preferably has ester content of not less than 99% and acidity of not more than 0.10 mg KOH/g.
The aviation fuel composition fulfills the freezing point requirement of: not higher than −40° C. for jet fuel of grade Jet A; not higher than −47° C. for jet fuel of grade Jet A-1; not higher than −50° C. for jet fuel of grade Jet B.
The aviation fuel composition fulfills the ASTM Standard Specification D 1655 for Aviation Turbine Fuels.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an aviation fuel composition which comprises

    
    
        a) a jet fuel;
        b) an alkyl ester or a mixture of alkyl esters obtained from reaction between
        
            i) saturated fatty acids with carbon chain length ranging from 8 to 10 (hereinafter referred to as C8-C10 saturated fatty acids); and
            ii) monohydric alcohols with carbon chain length ranging from 1 to 4 (hereinafter referred to as C1-C4 monohydric alcohols);

wherein the alkyl ester or mixture of alkyl esters can be blended with jet fuel in an amount up to 50% (vol/vol).

        
        
    
    


The jet fuel can be a kerosene-type fuel or a wide-cut fuel. The C8-C10 saturated fatty acids are particularly caprylic (C8) acid and capric (C10) acid. These fatty acids can be derived from vegetable oils especially palm oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil.
The C1-C4 monohydric alcohols can be straight-chained or branch-chained. They are selected from the group comprising methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol and t-butanol, or mixtures thereof. Preferably, they are selected from those having branch-chain structure, for example isopropanol, isobutanol and t-butanol.
The alkyl ester or mixture of alkyl esters are produced according to known methods. Preferably, they have ester content of not less than 99% and acidity of not more than 0.10 mg KOH/g.
The aviation fuel composition of present invention fulfills the quality requirements for jet fuels of grade Jet A-1, Jet A and Jet B. With addition of suitable additives such as fuel system icing inhibitor, the aviation fuel composition can even fulfill the requirements for certain grades of military jet fuels, for example military jet fuel of grade JP-8.
As the alkyl ester or mixture of alkyl esters used in the aviation fuel composition of present invention are derived from vegetable oils, they are considered vegetable oil derivatives which is a form of renewable fuel. For the first time, a suitable jet fuel has been successfully developed from blending vegetable oil derivatives with conventional jet fuels. It is now possible to blend up to 50% of the vegetable oil derivatives with conventional jet fuels and the resultant blends are still able to meet the freezing point requirement for all grades of commercial jet fuels. A reduced consumption of petroleum-based jet fuels would be seen if the aviation fuel composition of present invention is used in place of conventional jet fuels.
Various embodiment of the aviation fuel composition of present invention are presented as examples in a non-limiting sense.
Example 1
Freezing points of the alkyl ester or mixture of alkyl esters obtained from reaction between C8-C10 saturated fatty acids and C1-C4 monohydric alcohols are determined according to ASTM D 2386 and tabulated in Table 1.








TABLE 1






FREEZING


ALKYL ESTER OR MIXTURE OF ALKYL ESTERS
POINT (° C.)
















Methyl Caprylate
−35.5


Isopropyl Caprylate
−50


n-Butyl Caprylate
−43


2-Butyl Caprylate
−50


Isobutyl Caprylate
−55


2-Butyl Caprate
−39


Mixture of n-Butyl Caprylate and n-Butyl Caprate
−31









Example 2
n-Butyl Caprylate is blended with a jet fuel of grade Jet A-1 in an amount of 50% (vol/vol). Various properties of the resultant blend are determined according to ASTM test methods used for jet fuel specification testing. The properties determined are listed in Table 2 and they are being compared ASTM Standard Specification D 1655 for Aviation Turbine Fuels.













TABLE 2










n-Butyl
Standard



Test


n-Butyl
Caprylate:Jet
Specification


Properties
Method
Unit
Jet A-1
Caprylate
A-1 (50:50)
ASTM D 1655







Purity
GC
%
—
 99.99
—
—


Density at
ASTM
kg/L
   0.7931
  0.8666
  0.8299
0.775-0.840


15° C.
D4052


Flash Point
ASTM
° C.
 42.0
102.0 
53.0 
Min 38



D93


Viscosity
ASTM
cSt
  3.383
  7.400
  4.796
Max 8


at −20° C.
D445


Freezing
ASTM
° C.
−54.0 
−43.0 
−50.0 
Max - 47 (Jet A-1)


Point
D2386




Max - 40 (Jet A)








Max - 50 (Jet B)


Interface
ASTM
—
1
1b
1b
1


Rating
D1094


Existent
ASTM
mg/100 ml
1
5 
1 
Max 7


Gum
D381


Copper Strip
ASTM
—
 1a
1a
1a
1


Corrosion
D130


Electric
ASTM
pS/m
78 
440  
420  
Max 450


Conductivity
D2624


at 25° C.


Appearance
—
—
Colourless
Light
Light
Colourless






Yellow
Yellow









Example 3
2-Butyl Caprylate is blended with a jet fuel of grade Jet A-1 in an amount of 50% (vol/vol). Various properties of the resultant blend are determined according to ASTM test methods used for jet fuel specification testing. The properties determined are listed in Table 3 and they are being compared ASTM Standard Specification D 1655 for Aviation Turbine Fuels.













TABLE 3










2-Butyl
Standard



Test


2-Butyl
Caprylate:Jet
Specification


Properties
Method
Unit
Jet A-1
Caprylate
A-1 (50:50)
ASTM D 1655







Purity
GC
%
—
 99.97
—
—


Density at
ASTM
kg/L
   0.7931
  0.8609
  0.8299
0.775-0.840


15° C.
D4052


Flash Point
ASTM
° C.
 42.0
93.0 
53.0 
Min 38



D93


Viscosity
ASTM
cSt
  3.383
  7.135
  4.796
Max 8


at −20° C.
D445


Freezing
ASTM
° C.
−54.0 
−50.0 
−50.0 
Max - 47 (Jet A-1)


Point
D2386




Max - 40 (Jet A)








Max - 50 (Jet B)


Interface
ASTM
—
1
1b
1b
1


Rating
D1094


Existent
ASTM
mg/100 ml
1
7 
4 
Max 7


Gum
D381


Copper Strip
ASTM
—
 1a
1a
1a
1


Corrosion
D130


Electric
ASTM
pS/m
78 
420  
400  
Max 450


Conductivity
D2624


at 25° C.


Appearance
—
—
Colourless
Light
Light
Colourless






Yellow
Yellow

## Claims

1. An aviation fuel composition comprising
a) a jet fuel;
b) one or more alkyl esters obtained from a reaction between:
i) C8-C10 saturated fatty acids; and
ii) C1-C4 monohydric alcohols;

wherein the one or more alkyl esters is selected from the group consisting of methyl caprylate, isopropyl caprylate, 2-butyl caprylate, isobutyl caprylate, n-butyl caprylate, and 2-butyl caprate;

wherein the one or more alkyl esters is blended with jet fuel in an amount up to 50% (vol/vol).

2. An aviation fuel composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the jet fuel is a kerosene-type fuel or a wide-cut fuel.

3. An aviation fuel composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the one or more alkyl esters has ester content of not less than 99%.

4. An aviation fuel composition as claimed in claim 3 wherein the one or more alkyl esters has acidity of not more than 0.10 mg KOH/g.

5. The aviation fuel composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aviation fuel composition has a freezing point of not higher than −40° C.

6. The aviation fuel composition as claimed in claim 5, wherein the aviation fuel composition has a freezing point of not higher than −47° C.

7. The aviation fuel composition as claimed in claim 6, wherein the aviation fuel composition has a freezing point of not higher than −50° C.

8. The aviation fuel composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aviation fuel composition fulfills the ASTM Standard Specification D 1655 for Aviation Turbine Fuels.