# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 5- 35 79

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Don ne ll Alfre d Ho pk in s, al so kn own as S m ok ey , als o k no wn as Sm ok e

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __

App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t

fo r th e Nor th ern Dis tri ct of I owa - Ced ar Ra pi ds

__ __ __ __ __ __

Su bm it te d: Apri l 1 3, 2 01 6

Fil ed : M ay

31 , 20 16

__ __ __ __ __ __

Befo re WOL LMAN, BEAM, an d M URPHY, Ci rcu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __

MURP HY, Circ ui t J ud ge

.

A Ced ar Rap id s po li ce of fic er or de r e d hi s na rco ti cs do g to sn iff al on g th e

ex te rio r wall s of th e bu il di ng in whi ch Don ne ll Hop ki ns ren te d a to wnh om e. The do g

al ert ed aft er sn iff

in g wit hi n 6 to 8 in ch es of Hop ki ns ' fro nt do or

. Po li ce app li ed fo r

a se a r c h warra nt whi ch an Io wa m ag is tra te is su ed

. W he n th e po li ce ex ecu te d th ese arch warra nt th ey fo un d a gu n an d dr ug s on Hop ki ns ' pe rs on an d ad di ti on al dr ug s

in si de th e to wnh om e.

The di st ric t co ur t de ni ed Hop ki ns ' m ot io n to su pp res s th e ev id en ce aft e r 1

co nc lu di ng th at al th ou gh th e do g sn iff was un co ns ti tu ti on al un de r Fl or id a v. Ja rd in es

,

13 3 S

. C t

. 1 4 0 9 (2 01 3)

, th e of fic er ha d rel ie d in go od fai th on th e m ag is tra te 's

pr ob ab le cau se de te rm in at io n an d is su an ce of th e warra nt

, se e Uni te d St at es v. Leo n,

46 8 U.S. 89 7 (1 98 4)

. Hop ki ns ap pe al s th e de ni al of hi s m ot io n to su pp res s as well

as hi s ar gu m en t t o s tri ke a po rti on of t he pre se nt en ce re po rt. We affi rm

.

I.

Ced ar Rap id s po li ce of

fic er Al Fear rece iv ed in fo rm at io n fro m an ot he r of fic er

th at "a bl ack m al e who wen t by th e st reet na m e of Sm ok e was de al in g na rco ti cs " fro m

on e of th e bu il di ng s in th e Cam br id ge Town ho m es

. At aro un d 10 :0 0 pm on Tue sd ay

,

Octo be r 22 , 20 13 , Offic er Fe ar t oo k h is K-9 M arco to th e lo cat io n t o i nv es ti ga te

.

The Cam br id ge Townh om es co nsi sts of se ve ra l re ct an gul ar bu il di ng s se pa rat ed

by a gr id of st reet s an d si de walk s. The bu il di ng rel ev an t to th is cas e ha s 6 two st or y

ap art m en ts on each si de

. The do or s are arra ng ed in pa irs

, an d walk way s le ad fro m a

si de walk in th e cen tra l co u r t ya r d t o a co nc ret e sl ab in fro nt of each pa ir of do or s.

Each pa ir is se pa rat ed by a wall ap pr ox im at el y on e fo ot wid e. The rem ai nd er of th e

cen tra l c o u r t ya r d area is co ve red wit h gr as s. Each un it ha s on e fir st st or y win do w

faci ng th e co ur tyard.

Offi cer Fear un ho ok ed Mar co fro m hi s le as h a n d di rect ed hi m to ch eck th e

bu il di ng fo r od or s. Mar co ran al on g th e si de s of th e bu il di ng so th at "h e was ab le to

The Hon or ab le Lin da R. Rea de

, Ch ie f Ju dg e, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Co ur t fo r 1

th e Nor th ern Dis tri ct of I owa

.

-2

-sn iff th e do or bo tt om s on ev ery ap art m en t." Mar co de te ct ed no th in g on th e eas t si de

of th e bu il di ng

. On th e wes t si de

, ho wev er, Mar co tu rn ed hi s he ad an d be ga n to sn iff

t h e b o tt om of th e do or of un it nu m be r 6, th e se co nd do or on th e cen te r w a l k w a y.

The n Mar co sa t an d st ared at th e fro nt do or of un it 6, in di cat in g to Fear th at an od or

of na rco ti cs was c om in g fr om in si de

.

O f f i c e r Fear ap pl ie d fo r a se arch warra nt th e ne xt da y

. In hi s affi da vi t F e a r

st at ed th at Mar co ha d "s ni ffed th e do or bo tt om s of al l th e ap art m en ts fro m th e ou ts id e

co m m on area ," an d th at th e area whi ch at tra ct ed hi s sp eci al at te nt io n was "an ex te rio r

do or t o a p a rtment #6 whi ch [le d] to th e ou si de co m m on area of th e co m

pl ex ." An

Io wa m ag is tra te jud ge si gn ed th e warra nt

, an d Fear co nt in ue d hi s su rv ei ll an ce of th e

a p a r t m en t th at week

. On bo th W ed ne sd ay an d Su nd ay ni gh ts he watc he d th ro ug h

b in oc ul ars as a bl ack m an , l at er id en ti fie d as ap pe ll an t Don ne ll Hop ki ns , c am e an d

wen t fro m un it 6. Su bs eq ue nt ly Fear te st ifi ed th at he ha d se en a nu m be r of pe op le

co m in g an d go in g fro m th e ap art m en t, en ga gi ng in wha t he be li ev ed to be na rco ti cs

tra ns act io ns wit h Ho pk in s.

At 1 0: 00 pm

on Mo nd ay

, Octo be r 28

, Offi cer Fear and fiv e o f hi s co ll eag ue s

arri ve d at th e Cam

br id ge Town ho m es to ex ecu te th e se arch warra nt fo r un it 6. As th e

of fic ers ro un de d th e co r n e r of th e bu il di ng

, Fear sp ot te d Hop ki ns an d hi s br ot he r

Ro be rt st an di ng in fro nt of th e un it

. The of fic ers dr ew t he ir weap on s an d sh ou te d

"p ol ic e," an d th e two m en by th e un it were or de red to th e gr ou nd

. Hop ki ns co m pl ie d,

b ut Ro be rt fle d an d was cap tu red aft er a fo ot ch as e. A s earc h of Hop k i n s r e v e a l e d

a lo ad ed ha nd gu n, 45 sm al l ba gs of crac k co c a i ne

, an d 7 sm al l ba gs of m ari juan a.

In si de un it 6 offi cers fo un d a sh oe bo x c on ta in in g h ero in , coc ai ne , and m ari juan a in

on e o f th e u ps ta irs be dr oo m s.

Afte r Hop ki ns was in di ct ed fo r po ss es si on wit h in te nt to di st rib ut e co nt ro ll ed

su bs ta nc es

, 21 U.S.C. § 84 1( a)(1 ), he m ov ed to su pp res s th e ev id en ce fo un d on hi m

-3

-an d in th e to wnh om e. The m ag is tra te jud ge co n c l u d e d t h a t th e area in fro nt of 2

Hop ki ns ' to wnh om e was effe ct iv el y hi s "fr on t po rch ," an d whi le Offi cer Fear di d no t

ha ve au th or it y to co nd uc t a do g sn iff se arch in th at area th e Leo n go od fai th ex cep ti on

ap pl ie d an d m ad e th e ev id en ce adm is si bl e. The m ag is tra te jud ge fu rth er co nc lu de d

th at th e of

fic er s h ad a reas on ab le

, art ic ul ab le su sp ic io n jus ti fy in g th e Terry st op of

Hop ki ns an d th at th ey ha d no t us ed ex c e ss iv e fo rce in dr awin g th ei r weap on s.

Hop ki ns ' m ot io n t o s u p p r e ss was de ni ed

, as were hi s ob jecti on s to th e m ag is tra te

jud ge 's re po rt a nd reco m m en da ti on

.

Hop ki ns en te red a co nd it io na l gu il ty pl ea t o t h e po ss es si on ch arg e whi le

res erv in g hi s rig ht to ap pe al th e se arch es

. At se nt en ci ng

, he ob jecte d to a pa rag rap h

i n th e pr es en te nc e rep or t st at in g th at a 20 02 Ch ic ag o po li ce de pa rtment r e p o r t

refl ect ed "t ha t [Ho pk in s] is affi li at ed wit h th e Vice Lord s st reet ga ng " an d th at a 20 03

r ep or t refe ren ced "Bl ack P St on e Gan g." Hop ki ns arg ue d th at th es e s t a t e men t s

sh ou ld be st ric ke n fo r la ck of ev id en ti ary su pp or t. Alt ho ug h th e di st ric t co ur t de ni ed

th is req ue s t

, i t d i d no t us e th e st at em en ts in it s se nt en ci ng de ci si on

. Hop ki ns was

se nt en ced to 57 m on th s an d n ow ap pe al s.

II.

W e rev ie w de no vo th e de ni al of a m ot io n to s u pp res s, an d we rev ie w th e

di st ric t co ur t's un de rlyin g fact ua l de te rm in at io ns fo r c l e a r e rro r. Uni te d St at es v.

Bi ni on

, 5 7 0 F

. 3 d 10 34

, 10 38 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ). W e wil l rev ers e "o nl y if th e di st ric t

co ur t's de ci si on i s u n s up po rte d by su bs ta nt ia l ev id en ce, ba se d on an erro ne ou s

in te rp ret at io n of ap p l i c a b l e la w, or

, ba se d on th e en ti re reco rd

, it is cl ear a m is ta ke

was m ad e." Id

. (q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Harp er, 46 6 F.3 d 63 4, 64 3 (8 th Ci r. 20 06 )).

The Hon or ab le Jo n St u a r t Sco le s, Ch ie f Mag is tra te Ju dg e, Uni te d St at es 2

Dis tri ct Co ur t fo r th e Nor th ern Dis tri ct of I owa

.

-4

-A.

Hop ki ns co nt en ds th at th e d o g sn iff at hi s fro nt do or was un co ns ti tu ti on al

un de r Fl or id a v. Ja r d i n e s

, 1 3 3 S. Ct

. 14 09 (2 01 3)

. In Ja rd in es

, th e Su pr em e Co ur t

he l d t h a t th e "u se of tra in ed po li ce do gs to in ve st ig at e th e ho m e an d it s im m ed ia te

su rro un di ng s is a 'se arch ' wit hi n t h e mea ni ng of th e Fo ur th Am en dm en t." Id

. at

14 17 –1 8. In th at cas e Fl or id a po li ce ha d ap p r o a ch ed Ja rd in es ' ho m e wit h a dr ug

sn iff in g do g whi ch be ga n "en erg et ic al ly ex pl or i n g " th e area aro un d hi s fro nt do or

,

ev en tu al ly al ert in g at it s ba se

. Id

. at 14 13

. The Co ur t co nc lu de d th at th e fro nt po rch

area was a "cl a s s ic ex em pl ar" of cu rti la ge

, th e area "i m m ed ia te ly su rro un di ng an d

as so ci at ed wit h th e ho m e." Id

. at 14 14 –1 5. Alt ho ug h th e of fic ers h a d an im

pl ic it

li cen se to "ap pr oa ch th e ho m e by t he fro nt pa th , kn oc k p ro m pt ly, wait bri efl y to be

rece iv ed

, an d th en (ab se nt in vi ta ti on to li ng er lon ge r) leav e," th ey ha d no in vi ta ti on

to "i nt ro du c[e] a tra in ed po li ce do g to ex pl or e th e area aro un d th e ho m e in ho pe s of

di sc ov eri ng in cri m in at in g ev id en ce." Id

. at 14 15 –1 6. The in ve st ig at io n was

th eref or e an "u nl ic en se d ph y si cal in tru si on " of the cu rt ila ge whi ch vi ol at ed th e Fo ur th

Am en dm en t. Id

.

The qu es ti on "wh et he r a pa rti cu la r area is pa rt of th e cu rti la ge of an

in di vi du al 's res id en ce req ui res co ns id erat io n of f a c to rs th at be ar up on whe th er an

i n d i v i d u al reas on ab ly m ay ex pe ct th at th e area in qu es ti on sh ou ld be tre at ed as th e

ho m e it se lf." Uni te d St at es v. Bau sb y

, 72 0 F.3 d 65 2, 65 6 (8 th Ci r. 20 13 ) (q uo ta ti on s

om it te d)

. W e ex am in e fo ur fact or s in pa rti cu la r: "th e pr ox im it y of th e area cl ai m ed

to be c u r t i l a ge to th e ho m e, whe th er th e area is in cl ud ed wit hi n an en cl os ur e

su rro un di ng th e ho m e, th e na tu re of th e u s e s to whi ch th e area is pu t, an d th e st ep s

ta ke n by th e res id en t to pr ot ect th e area fro m ob se rv at io n by pe op le pa ss in g by." Id

. (q uo t i ng Uni te d St at es v. Dun n, 48 0 U.S. 29 4, 30 1 (1 98 7) ). The se fact or s are no t

m ech an ic al ly app li ed an d a re co ns id ered to ge th er. Id . at 6 56 –5 7.

-5

-W e ap pl ie d Ja rd in es la st y ear in Uni te d St at es v. Bu rs to n, 80 6 F.3 d 11 23 (8 th

Ci r. 20 15 ), a cas e si m il ar to th e on e we ha ve he re. In Bu rs to n, Offi cer Fear le d Mar co

aro un d th e ex te rio r wall s of a di ff e r e nt bu il di ng at th e Cam br id ge Town ho m es

.

Mar co al ert ed in fro nt of th e win do w of Bu rs to n's ap art m en t whi ch was

ap pr ox im at el y si x feet fro m th e walk way to hi s do or . Id. at 11 25 . The wind ow was

pa rti al ly cov ered by a bu sh , a nd th ere was a co ok in g g ril l b et ween th e d oo r an d t he

win do w. Id

. W e co nc lu de d th at th e "cl os e pr ox im it y to Bu rs to n's ap art m en t" of th e

sn iff ed area

, si x to te n in ch es fro m th e win do w, st ro ng ly su pp or te d a fin di ng th at th e

area was cu rti la ge

. Id

. at 11 27

. The co ok in g gr il l was al so ev id en ce th at Bu rs to n ha d

mad e pe rs on al us e of th e area

, an d th e bu sh pr ev en te d cl os e in sp ect io n of th e

win do w. Id. Bec au se th e p ol ic e "h ad no li cen se to in va de Bu rs to n's cu rti la ge ," we

co nc lu de d t ha t t he do g s ni ff was un co ns ti tu ti on al un de r Ja rd in es . Id. at 11 27 –2 8.

The area im m ed ia te ly in fro nt of Hop ki ns ' do or was al so cu rti la ge

. Offi cer Fear

te st ifi ed th at Mar co was tra in ed "t o ge t as cl os e to th e so ur ce as po ss ib le " an d th at he

was wit hi n "s ix to ei gh t in ch es " of th e do or whe n he al ert ed an d "ac tu al ly sn iff ed th e

crea se s of th e do o r

. " Th at pr ox im it y st ro ng ly su pp or ts a fin di ng of cu rti la ge

.

Bu rs to n, 80 6 F.3 d at 11 27 ; se e id

. n.6 (ci ti ng th e m ag is tra te jud ge 's co nc lu si on in th is

cas e). The area wit hi n a fo ot of th e on ly do or to th e to wnh om e wou ld be us ed ev ery

da y by it s res id en ts as t h e y cam e an d wen t. Ph ot og rap hi c ev id en ce sh ows th at th e

area s ne xt to th e do or s of th es e ap art m en ts an d alo ng th e wall s are us ed fo r gr il li ng

an d st or in g bi cy cl es

. The se co nd an d fo ur th Dun n fact or s weig h ag ai ns t a fin di ng of

cu rti la ge in th is area be cau se th e fro nt of th e do or was no t en cl os ed by a fen ce or wall

an d was no t pr ot ect ed fro m ob se rv at io n by v i si to rs (th ou gh ne it he r was th e fro nt

po rch in Ja rd in es

, se e 13 3 S. Ct

. at 14 13 ). W e co nc lu de th at th e co m bi na ti on of Dun n

fact or s su pp or ts a fin di ng of cu rti la ge

. "[D]ail y ex pe rie nc e" al so su gg es ts th at th e

area im m ed ia te ly in fro nt of th e d oo r of th e ap art m en ts in th is co m pl ex is cu rti la ge

.

Ja rd in es

, 13 3 S. Ct

. at 14 15 (q uo ti ng Oli ve r v. Uni te d St at es

, 46 6 U.S. 17 0, 18 2 n.1 2

(1 98 4) ).

-6

-Thi s cas e is no t li ke Uni te d St at es v. Bro ok s, 64 5 F

. 3 d 9 7 1

, 97 5 (8 th Ci r.

20 11 ), whe re we co nc lu de d th at a ba ck y ard st ai rcas e in a two un it bu il di ng was no t

cu rti la ge

. The st ai rcas e th ere le d to a ba ck do or to a sh ared was hr oo m acce ss ib le to

th e te na nt s of bo th un it s, wit h in te rio r do or s le ad in g to th e two ap art m en ts

. Id

. at 97 3,

97 5. W hi le th es e st ai rs were pa rt of th e co m m on area of th e ap art m en t, th e area

se arch ed in th is cas e was di rect ly in fro nt of Hop ki ns ' se pa rat e fro nt do or

. In Bro ok s

we qu ot ed Uni te d St at es v. McC as te r fo r th e pr op os it io n th at th ere is no "g en eral iz ed

ex pe ct at io n of pr iv acy in th e co m m on area s of an ap art m en t bu il di ng ." 19 3 F.3 d 93 0,

93 3 (8 th Ci r. 19 99 ). The Su pr em e Co ur t di d no t reac h th e ex pe ct at io n of pr iv acy te st

fro m Uni te d S ta te s v . Katz i n J ard in es , see 13 3 S

. Ct

. at 14 17

, an d we ne ed no t re ly

on Katz or McC as te r to de ci de ou r cas e be cau se Mar co 's pr es en ce on th e cu rti la ge of

Hop ki ns ' un it m ay

be an al y zed un de r Ja rd in es an d B ur st on

.

Uni te d St at es v. Sco tt was al so di ffe r e n t

. 6 1 0 F.3 d 10 09

, 10 15 –1 6 (8 th Ci r.

20 10 ) (rejec ti ng a Fo ur th Am en dm en t ch al le ng e to th e do g sn i f f of a do or fram e in

a co m m on ha ll way ). Bo th Sco tt an d Bro ok s were de ci de d bef or e Ja rd in es an d bo th

us ed an ex pe ct at io n of pr iv acy an al y si s. Id .; se e al so Uni te d St at es v. Ro by, 12 2 F.3 d

11 20

, 11 24 (8 th Ci r. 19 97 ) (d og sn iff in th e co m m on co rri do r of a ho te l). In ou r cas e,

ho wev er, th ere is no "co m m on ha ll way " whi ch al l res id en ts or gu es ts m us t us e to

reac h th ei r un it s. Hop ki ns ' do or face d ou ts id e, an d th e walk way le ad in g up to it was

"co m m on " o nl y to Hop ki ns an d hi s im m ed ia te ne ig hb or

. Eve n hi s ne ig hb or wou ld

no t p as s wi th in 6 t o 8 in ch es of Ho pk in s' d oo r whe n g oi ng to hi s o wn. 3

W e fu rth er con cl ud e th at Offi cer Fear ha d no li cen se to ha ve Mar co en te r th e

cu rti la ge an d sn iff th e do or

. See Bu rs to n, 80 6 F.3 d at 11 27 –2 8. The walk way in th is

cas e crea te d an im

pl ie d in vi ta ti on fo r a vi si to r to go up an d kn oc k on on e or bo th of

th e two do or s, Ja rd in es

, 13 3 S. Ct

. at 14 15 –1 6, bu t no t fo r an of fic er to ap pr oa ch wit h

In th is cas e we ne ed no t co ns id er ho w Ja rd in es ap pl ie s to in te rio r ha ll way s of 3

an ap art m en t com

pl ex

. Uni te d Stat es v. Gi ve ns

, 76 3 F.3d 98 7, 99 2 (8t h Cir. 20 14 ).

-7

-a tra in ed po li ce do g wit hi n in ch es of ei th er of th e do or s "i n ho pe s of di sc ov eri n g

in cri m in at in g ev id en ce," id . a t 14 16

. The do g sn iff a t H o pk in s' fro nt do or vi ol at ed

Ja rd in es

, an d th e warra nt ap pl ic at io n was no t ot he rwis e su pp or te d by pr ob ab le cau se

.

B.

The go ve rn m en t's pr im ary arg um en t fo r affi rm an ce is th e go od fai th ex cep ti on

in Uni te d St at es v. Leo n, 4 68 U.S. 89 7, 92 0– 21 (1 98 4)

. In th at cas e th e Su pr em e

Co ur t he ld th at th ere is an ex cep ti on to th e ex cl us io na ry ru le if "an of fic er act in g wit h

ob jecti ve go od f

a i t h ha s ob ta in ed a se arch warra nt fro m a jud ge or m ag is tra te an d

act ed wit hi n it s sc op e," ev en th ou gh a co ur t wer e la te r to co nc lu de th at th e warra nt

was in va li d. Id

. at 92 0. In or de r f o r th e Leo n go od fai th ex cep ti on to ap pl y to a

warra nt ba se d on ev id en ce ob ta in ed th ro ug h a vi ol at io n of th e Fo ur th Am en dm en t,

"t he de te ct iv es ' pr ewarr an t co nd uc t m us t ha ve be en cl os e en ou gh to th e li ne of

va li di ty to m ak e th e of f i c e r s' be li ef in th e va li di ty of th e warra nt ob jecti ve ly

reas on ab le ." Uni te d St at es v. Can no n, 70 3 F.3 d 40 7, 41 3 (8 th Ci r. 20 13 ) (q uo ta ti on

om it te d)

. Our in qu iry is co nf in ed to "t he ob

jecti ve ly as cert ai na bl e qu es ti on whe th er

a reas on ab ly well tra in ed of fic er wou ld ha ve kn own th at th e se arch was il le ga l de sp it e

th e m ag is tra te 's a ut ho riz at io n." Leon , 46 8 U.S. at 92 2 n .23

.

The re are fo ur ci rcu m st an ces whi ch "p recl ud e a fin di ng of go od fai th " on th e

pa rt o f th e p ol ic e:

(1 ) whe n t he affi da vi t o r te st im on y su pp or ti ng th e warra nt co nt ai ne d a

fal se st at em en t m ad e kn owi ng ly an d in te nt io na ll y or wit h reck le ss

di sr eg ard fo r it s tru th

, th us m is le ad in g th e is su in g jud ge ; (2 ) whe n th e

is su in g jud ge who ll y ab an do ne d hi s jud ic ia l ro le in is su in g th e warra nt ;

(3 ) whe n t he affi da vi t i n s up po rt o f th e warra nt is so lac ki ng in in di ci a

of pr ob ab le cau se as to ren de r of fic i al be li ef in it s ex is te nc e en ti rel y

un reas on ab le ; an d (4 ) whe n th e warra nt is so faci al ly de fic ie nt th at no

po li ce o ffi cer c ou ld reas on ab ly pres um e th e warra nt to be va li d.

-8

-Can no n, 70 3 F.3 d at 41 2 ( q u ot in g Uni te d St at es v. Fi or it o, 64 0 F.3 d 33 8, 34 5 (8 th

Ci r. 20 11 )); se e Leo n, 48 6 U.S. at 92 3. Non e of th es e ci rcu m st an ces is pr es en t he re.

Hop ki ns do es no t co nt en d th at Offi cer Fear m ad e an y m is le ad in g s t a t e m en ts in hi s

affi da vi t. Nor

di d t he Iowa m ag is tra te who ll y ab an do n her jud ic ia l rol e. See Leon

,

46 8 U.S. at 92 3 (ci ti ng Lo-J i Sal es

, In c. v. New Yor k, 44 2 U

. S

. 3 1 9 ( 19 79 )). The

warra nt ap pl ic at io n was no t la ck in g in in di ci a of pr ob ab le cau se no r faci al ly de fic ie nt

du e to a la ck of a pa rti cu la riz ed de sc rip ti on of t he pl ace t o b e se arch ed . See i d.

Offi cer F ear's act io ns were "cl os e en ou gh to th e li ne of va li di ty" t o m ak e hi s

be li ef in th e warra nt 's va li di ty ob jecti ve ly reas on ab le

. See Can no n, 70 3 F.3 d at 41 3.

Offi cer Fear te st ifi ed th at he was aw a r e of th e Su pr em e Co ur t's ho ld in g in Ja rd in es

bu t he t h o u g h t t h at it di d no t ap pl y to th is se arch

. He be li ev ed th ere was no

in di vi du al iz ed area ou ts id e th e ap art m en ts an d th at Mar co was on a "joi nt si de walk "

whe n h e sn iff

ed Hop ki ns ' do or . In h is affi da vi t s up po rti ng th e warra nt ap pl ic at io n,

Fear st at ed th at th e do or was "an ex te rio r do or

. . . whi ch le ad s to th e ou ts id e co m m on

area ." Si nc e Ja rd in es ha d con cern ed a si ng le fam il y res id en ce an d B ur st on was n ot

y et de ci de d, Offi c e r F e ar ha d an ob jecti ve ly reas on ab le be li ef th at Ja rd in es di d no t

ap pl y an d t ha t t he do g s ni ff was leg al . See Ca nn on , 70 3 F .3d at 4 13 –1 4. 4

Here, as in Can no n, Offi cer Fear di sc lo se d t o t he Iowa m ag is tra te th e le ga ll y

rel ev an t fact s ab ou t th e do g sn iff

. See 70 3 F.3 d at 41 4. His affi da vi t st at ed th at

Mar co sn iff

ed an ex te rio r do or " w h i c h l e a d s to th e ou ts id e co m m on area ," an d th e

area in th e cen te r of th e co ur tyard away fro m th e do or s an d win do ws of th e in di vi du al

un it s is co m

m on

. It al so di sc lo se d th at Mar co ha d "s ni ffed th e do or bo tt om s,"

W e co nc lu de d in a Bu rs to n fo ot no te th at Offi cer Fear 's act io ns th ere were no t 4

cl os e en ou gh to th e li ne of va li di ty fo r th e Leo n go od fai th ex cep ti on to ap pl y

. 80 6

F.3 d at 11 29 n.8

. Thi s cas e is di st in gu is ha bl e fro m Bu r s t o n g i v e n th e sh ared

walk way whi ch bra nc he s o ff fro m th e cen tra l si de walk an d l ead s t o t he de fen da nt 's

do or . Cf. id . at 1 12 9.

-9

-in di cat in g th at Mar co ha d to be qu it e cl os e to th e do or s. As we ex pl ai ne d in Can no n,

"[o ]nce th e st at e co ur t jud ge co ns id ered th es e fact s an d is su ed th e wa r r a nt

, it was

reas on ab le f

o r th e de te ct iv es to be li ev e th e warra nt was va li d." Id

. Alt ho ug h we

co nc lu de th at th e do g sn iff in th is cas e vi ol at ed Ja rd in es

, th e le ga l erro r "re st [ed ] wit h

th e is su in g m ag is tra te

, no t th e po li ce of fic er." Id

. (q uo ta ti on om it te d)

. Bec au se th e

Leo n go od fai th ex cep ti on to th e ex cl us io na ry ru le ap pl ie s, th e di st ric t co ur t di d no t

err in de nyin g Hop ki ns ' m ot io n to su pp res s th e ev id en ce fro m th e se arch of t h e

ap art m en t.

C.

Hop ki ns al so co nt es ts th e d is tri ct co ur t's de ni al of h is m ot io n t o su pp res s th e

ev id en ce fo un d on hi s pe rs on

. Po li ce of fic ers m ay st op an d "d et ai n an in di vi du al fo r

a br i e f p e r i od of ti m e if th ey ha ve a reas on ab le su sp ic io n th at cri m in al act iv it y is

afo ot ." Uni te d St at es v. W al ke r, 55 5 F.3 d 71 6, 71 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ) (ci ti ng Terry v

.

Ohi o, 39 2 U.S. 1, 30 (1 96 8) ). To jus ti fy a Terry st op

, a "p ol ic e of fic er m us t be ab le

to po in t to sp eci fic an d art ic ul ab le fact s whi ch

, ta ke n to ge th er wit h rat io na l in fere nc es

fro m th os e fact s, reas on ab ly warra nt t h a t in tru si on ." Terry, 39 2 U.S. at 21

.

Rea so na bl e su sp ic io n to co nd uc t a st op is de te rm in ed by th e to ta li ty of th e

ci rcu m st an ces

. W al ke r, 55 5 F.3 d at 71 9. W he n an of fic er reas on ab ly be li ev es th at th e

in di vi du al he ha s st op pe d is arm ed

, he m ay co nd uc t a pa t do wn se arch “ to de te rm in e

whe th er t he pe rs on is in fact carr y in g a weap on .” Terry , 39 2 U.S. at 24

.

Here, th e po li ce of

fic ers ha d reas on ab le su sp ic io n to st op Hop ki ns

. The y were

on th ei r way to ex ecu te th e se arch warra nt at th e ap art m en t whe re Mar co ha d de te ct ed

an od or of na rco ti cs an d whe re Hop k i n s ha d be en se en m ak in g su sp ect ed dr ug

tra ns act io ns

. The of

fic ers th us ha d a reas on ab le

, art ic ul ab l e s u sp ic io n th at il le ga l

dr ug act iv it y was ta ki ng pl ace. Alt ho ug h Hop ki ns co nt en ds th at th e su rv ei ll an ce of

hi s ap art m en t an d th e ex ecu ti on of th e se arch warra nt were fru it s of th e un la wfu l do g

sn iff

, th e of fic ers ' in ve st i g a t io n was m ad e in reas on ab le rel ia nc e on th e st at e

-1 0-m ag is tra te 's is su an ce of th e warra nt

. The of fic ers ' de ci si on to c o n d u c t a pa t do wn

se arch was al so jus ti fie d un de r Uni te d St at es v. Bu st os -Tor res

, 39 6 F.3 d 93 5, 94 3 (8 th

Ci r

. 20 05 ), si nc e "wea po ns an d vi ol en ce are freq ue nt ly as so ci at ed wit h dr ug

t r a ns act io ns ." W e co nc lu de th at th e di st ric t co ur t di d no t err in de nyin g Hop ki n s '

m ot io n t o s up pr es s t he gu n a nd dru gs fou nd on hi s p ers on

.

III.

Hop ki ns co nt en ds th at th e di st ric t co ur t sh ou ld ha ve st ric ke n th e st at em en ts in

t h e p r e s en te nc e rep or t id en ti fy in g hi m as a ga ng m em be r be cau se th ey were no t

su pp or te d by ev id en ce a n d t h u s v io la te d hi s du e pr oc es s rig ht s. W he n a de fen da nt

ob jects to fact ua l st at em en ts co nt ai ne d in su ch a rep or t, "t he se nt en ci ng co ur t m ay no t

rel y on th os e fact s un le ss th e go ve rn m en t pr ov es th em by a pr ep on de ran ce of th e

ev id en ce." Uni te d St at es v. Bo wers

, 74 3 F.3 d 11 82

, 11 84 (8 th Ci r. 20 14 ). The co ur t

m ay de te rm in e th at a ru li ng on a di sp ut ed pa rt of th e rep or t "i s un ne ces sa ry ei th er

be cau se th e m at te r wil l no t affect se nt en ci ng

, or be cau se th e co ur t will no t con si de r

th e m at te r in se nt en ci ng " an d th en at ta ch th at de te rm in at io n to th e co p y of

pr es en te nc e rep or t m ad e av ai la bl e to th e Bu reau of Pri so ns

. Fed

. R. Cri m

. P.

32 (i) (3 )(B) –( C). A de fen da nt "h as no rig ht to be res en te nc ed whe n th e di st ric t co ur t

ex pr es sl y st at es it di d no t rel y on th e ch al le ng ed in fo rm at io n in se nt en ci ng ." Lars on

v. Uni te d St at es

, 83 5 F.2 d 16 9, 17 2 (8 th Ci r. 19 87 ). Here, th e di st ric t co ur t st at ed it

wou ld no t us e th e st at em en ts in m ak in g it s de ci si on s. Hop ki ns th eref or e ha s no cl ai m

un de r Bo wers

.

Hop ki ns al so co nt en ds th at th e st at em en ts in th e rep or t vi ol at e hi s du e pr oc es s

rig ht s be cau se th ey wil l be us ed by th e B u r e a u of Pri so ns to hi s de tri m en t in

de te rm in in g hi s "i ni ti al se cu rit y cl as si fic at io n" an d hi s pl a cem en t wit hi n th e pr is on

syste m

. He arg ue s th at th e di st ric t co ur t was th eref or e req ui red to m ak e th e req ue st d

st rik es

. W e reject ed a si m il ar cl ai m in Uni te d St at es v. Bea tt y

, 9 F.3 d 68 6, 68 9 (8t h

Ci r. 19 93 ), whe re th e de fen da n t a r g u ed th at cert ai n in fo rm at io n was un ne ces sa ry

,

-1 1-irr el ev an t, an d m ig ht be us ed to hi s pr ejud ic e by th e Bu reau of Pri so n. W e co nc lu de d

th at Ru le 32 "d oe s n ot req ui re t ha t t he ob jecte d- to m at eri al be st ric ke n." Id.

Neit he r du e pr oc es s no r Ru le 32 req ui res a di st ric t co ur t jud ge to be an

ed it or as well as an arb it er of jus ti ce. Any con cern s a de fen da nt m ig ht

ha ve ab ou t pr is on o ffi ci al s rel y in g on un fo un de d, de tri m en ta l

in fo rm at io n in hi s pr es en te nc e in ve st ig at io n rep or t sh ou ld be m et by a

di st ric t co ur t's co m

pl ia nc e wit h R

ul e [3 2( i)( 3) (B)].

Id . (qu ot in g Un it ed Sta te s v . Tu rn er, 8 98 F.2d 70 5, 7 10 (9t h C ir. 1 99 0) ). Alt ho ug h

Bea tt y in vo lv ed a ch al le ng e u nd er Ru le 32 , th e Fi rs t Ci rcu it ha s s qu arel y reject ed a

si m il ar du e pr oc es s clai m

. Uni te d Stat es v. Me le nd ez, 2 79 F.3d 16

, 18 –1 9 (1s t Cir.

2 00 2) (q uo ti ng Turn er). W e ag ree an d reject Hop ki ns ' cl ai m th at du e pr oc es s

r e qu ire d th e se nt en ci ng co ur t to go be y on d th e req ui rem en ts of Ru le 32 by s tri ki ng

in fo rm at io n t ha t was no t re li ed on in sen te nc in g.

IV.

Fo r th es e rea so ns Hop ki ns ' co nv ic ti on an d s en te nc e are affi rm ed

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

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