NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CYNTHIA EPES, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

CURTIS SIDDEN, CEO American Credit 

Acceptance Company, 

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 22-15219 

D.C. No. 3:21-cv-07716-EMC 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of California

Edward M. Chen, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted August 16, 2023**

San Francisco, California

Before: CALLAHAN, BADE, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.

After the district court dismissed Appellant Cynthia Epes’s action for lack of 

personal jurisdiction, she filed this appeal arguing that the district court erred in its 

earlier denial of her motion to remand because her pleadings demonstrate to a legal 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

AUG 18 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

certainty that she cannot meet the $75,000 amount-in-controversy threshold 

required for federal jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). We have jurisdiction 

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

“We review a dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction de novo.” 

CollegeSource, Inc. v. AcademyOne, Inc., 653 F.3d 1066, 1073 (9th Cir. 2011).

“Where a defendant moves to dismiss a complaint for lack of personal 

jurisdiction, the plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that jurisdiction is 

appropriate.” Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 800 (9th 

Cir. 2004). First, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the non-resident defendant 

performed “some act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privilege of 

conducting activities in the forum, thereby invoking the benefits and protection of 

its laws.” Id. at 802. Second, the plaintiff’s claim “must be one which arises out 

of or relates to the defendant’s forum-related activities.” Id. If the plaintiff 

satisfies both of these prongs, the burden shifts to the defendant to “present a 

compelling case” that the exercise of jurisdiction does not “comport with fair play 

and substantial justice.” See id. (citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 

462, 476–78 (1985)).

As an initial matter, Epes contends we are precluded from considering 

personal jurisdiction before considering subject-matter jurisdiction, and thus we 

must first address her argument that the district court erred in denying her motion 
3 

to remand. This argument relies on an overly narrow reading of the Supreme 

Court’s opinion in Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil Co., 526 U.S. 574, 588 (1999), 

which explicitly permitted district courts to first consider “a straightforward 

personal jurisdiction issue presenting no complex question of state law” when “the 

alleged defect in subject-matter jurisdiction raises a difficult and novel question.” 

Because there is nothing prohibiting us from similarly considering the 

straightforward personal jurisdiction issue presented by this case, we do so here 

and do not reach Epes’s subject-matter jurisdiction arguments.

Epes’s opening brief on appeal does not mention the dismissal of her case 

for lack of personal jurisdiction over Sidden, and none of her pleadings allege facts 

sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction over Sidden. Because her complaint’s 

jurisdictional allegations are facially deficient, the district court did not err in 

dismissing her suit for lack of personal jurisdiction.

Epes insists for the first time in her reply brief that dismissal for lack of 

personal jurisdiction is erroneous because the allegations in her complaint 

demonstrate Epes intended to sue Sidden’s company and Epes’s complaint 

includes sufficient allegations to support personal jurisdiction over the company. 

Epes acknowledges she did not present any argument that personal jurisdiction was 

proper over Sidden either before the district court or in her initial appellate brief, 

and so the issue has been waived twice over. See AMA Multimedia, LLC v. Wanat, 
4 

970 F.3d 1201, 1213 (9th Cir. 2020) (noting that “[a]bsent exceptional 

circumstances,” we “generally will not consider arguments raised for the first time 

on appeal”); see also, e.g., Turtle Island Restoration Network v. U.S. Dep’t of 

Commerce, 672 F.3d 1160, 1166 n.8 (9th Cir. 2012) (“[A]rguments raised for the 

first time in a reply brief are waived.”) (quoting Graves v. Arpaio, 623 F.3d 1043, 

1048 (9th Cir. 2010) (per curiam)).

1 And Epes’s attempt to substitute a defendant 

for the first time in her appellate reply brief is procedurally improper. Thus, 

because Epes’s pleadings failed to allege sufficient facts to establish personal 

jurisdiction over Sidden and her arguments on appeal are without merit, she has 

not shown that the district court erred in dismissing her action for lack of personal 

jurisdiction.2

AFFIRMED.

1 Epes’s reply brief argues that the general rule does not apply here because 

the personal jurisdiction issue was raised for the first time in response and Sidden 

will not be prejudiced because Epes has “already disclosed her personaljurisdictional arguments in” a separate appellate pleading. These arguments are 

unpersuasive, not least because they do not account for Epes’s failure to argue 

personal jurisdiction before the district court.

2 Epes argues at length that the order denying her motion to remand was 

ultra vires because it was decided by the court clerk rather than the presiding judge. 

This reflects a lack of familiarity with the federal courts’ docketing and electronic 

case monitoring systems, and there is nothing in the record to indicate the court 

clerk actually decided the motion to remand. Indeed, the district court 

subsequently entered an order confirming that the court, and not a court clerk, 

adjudicated Epes’s motion for remand to state court.