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Filed 2/3/16 Bliss v. City of Indio CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

JAMES BLISS,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

CITY OF INDIO,

Defendant and Respondent.

E061938

(Super.Ct.No. PSC1302116)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. David M. Chapman, 

Judge. Affirmed.

Law Offices of Sandra L. Noёl and Sandra L. Noёl for Plaintiff and Appellant. 

Kessel & Associates, Elizabeth M. Kessel and Alexis Cirkinyan for Defendant and 

Respondent. 

I

INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff and appellant James Bliss is a former employee of the City of Indio
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(City). He filed a complaint against the City for employment discrimination based on 

mental disability and three other causes of action. The trial court ruled in favor of the 

City on its demurrer but granted leave to amend the first and second causes of action. 

Instead of amending, Bliss filed a request to dismiss his entire action without prejudice. 

Bliss now appeals. Based on our independent review, we hold Bliss cannot state a cause 

of action. We affirm the judgment.

II

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

We base our summary of the facts on the allegations of the complaint.1

A. Bliss’s Employment from 2002 to 2012

In August 2002, the City hired Bliss as an LAN (Local Area Network) 

Administrator. In July 2006, the title of his position was changed to IT (Information 

Technology) administrator and included WAN (Wide Area Network) work.

In 2010, Robert Rockwell was hired as the City’s finance director, overseeing 

Mike Young, Bliss’s immediate supervisor. Rockwell asked Young to evaluate all the IT 

employees. In January 2011, an auditor questioned Bliss about Young’s performance, 

causing him to experience discomfort. In April 2011, Bliss received a diagnosis of 

 

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 The appellant’s statement of facts consists of a single paragraph, five pages 

long, which mostly duplicates the allegations of the complaint without any effort to 

summarize the significant facts, as required by California Rules of Court, rule 

8.204(a)(2)(C).
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depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Bliss alleges that, after his diagnosis, 

Rockwell began to harass him so he would resign. Rockwell also “informally” changed 

Bliss’s title from IT administrator back to Network Administrator.

In July 2011, Bliss learned that he had not been able to apply for a “safe” position

as Network Adminstrator with the water department. In August 2011, Bliss was 

criticized about his work involving deletion of accounts for former employees of the 

water department. Bliss believed he had followed the usual protocol.

On September 15, 2011, Bliss was placed off work for medical reasons. On 

January 4, 2012, he returned to work on a limited schedule of one day a week. Bliss 

asked the City to explain why he had not been considered for the water department job 

but he was not satisfied with the City’s response that he was in a different class and 

lacked seniority.

On April 30, 2012, Bliss was placed on administrative leave and told his position 

was being eliminated effective July 1, 2012, due to a reduction in force. Between June

14, 2012, and October 31, 2012, there were two other open Network Administrator 

positions for which Bliss was not hired even though the City has a policy of rehiring 

employees terminated for a reduction in force.

B. The Complaint

Bliss filed a notice of governmental claim (Gov. Code, §§ 910, 910.2) on April 29, 

2013. The City rejected the claim on June 6, 2013. On October 1, 2013, Bliss filed a
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discrimination complaint with the DFEH,

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later amended, and was issued a notice of 

right to sue.

Bliss’s first cause of action for employment discrimination is based on mental 

disability under FEHA. (Gov. Code, §§ 12926, 12940.) His second cause of action 

alleges the City retaliated against him for exercising medical leave under the California 

Family Rights Act (CFRA) (Gov. Code, § 12945.2). His third and fourth causes of action 

allege the City refused to engage in an interactive process with Bliss about 

accommodation or alternatives and the City denied him reasonable accommodation.

C. The Demurrer

The City demurred to the complaint for failure to state a claim because it was 

untimely. Bliss’s employment was terminated on July 1, 2012, but he did not file a 

DFEH complaint until more than a year later in October 2013. Furthermore, the first and 

second causes of action do not allege Bliss received disparate treatment in view of the 

City’s reduction in force. There are also insufficient allegations that Bliss took CFRA

leave. Additionally, his DFEH complaint did not include allegations of the City’s failure 

to engage in the interactive process or to grant reasonable accommodations. Therefore, 

he did not exhaust his remedies for the third and fourth causes of action.

Bliss responded that the City took an adverse action against him on October 31, 

2012, by not rehiring him, and his DFEH complaint and subsequent civil action were

 

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 Department of Fair Employment and Housing. 
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therefore timely. He also argues he sufficiently alleged a prima facie case of disability 

discrimination, retaliation, and his two related claims for failure to accommodate.

The trial court found Bliss’s termination on July 1, 2012, “constituted an act which 

made clear that continued adverse treatment was expected and triggered a duty for 

plaintiff to assert his rights.” The court sustained the demurrer to the third and fourth 

causes of action without leave to amend as time-barred and for failure to exhaust 

administrative remedies. The court ruled Bliss had not alleged a prima facie case for 

discrimination or retaliation on the first and second causes of action. The court granted 

leave to amend the first and second causes of action based only on the failure to rehire 

Bliss on October 31, 2012.

Instead of amending the complaint, Bliss filed a request for dismissal without 

prejudice by the clerk of the court of the entire action on April 7, 2014. On July 23, 

2014, Bliss filed a notice of entry of dismissal. Bliss then filed a notice of appeal on 

September 17, 2014. 

III

APPEALABILITY

At the outset, we consider the issue of appealability. A judgment of dismissal is 

an appealable event pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 904.1. (Gitmed v. 

General Motors Corp. (1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 824, 829.) An appeal will not lie from an 

order of dismissal. (Munoz v. Florentine Gardens (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1730, 1732.) 

Bliss’s appeal is taken from an order of dismissal, not from a judgment. Nothing in the 
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record reflects an entry of judgment. The record before us includes a minute order that 

reflects that the present case was dismissed by the clerk of the court on April 7, 2014.

Nevertheless, partly for reasons of judicial efficiency, we conclude an order of 

dismissal after demurrer may be treated as a judgment. As explained in Gitmed: “. . . it 

is clear that here the court apparently failed to undertake its ministerial duty of filing a 

judgment of dismissal. . . . Under the circumstances, an appealable judgment should 

have been rendered. We therefore elect to treat this appeal as an appeal from that 

judgment. (Dominguez v. City of Alhambra (1981) 118 Cal.App.3d 237, 242.)” (Gitmed

v. General Motors Corp., supra, 26 Cal.App.4th at p. 829, fn. 8.) Treating the dismissal 

as a judgment avoids any impropriety in reviewing an interim order. (Gutkin v. 

University of Southern California (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 967, 975.)

IV

DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

In his case against the City, a public entity, Bliss must plead the particular facts 

which support the statutory basis of liability. (Searcy v. Hemet Unified School District

(1986) 177 Cal.App.3d 792, 802.) “‘A demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of factual 

allegations in a complaint.’ (Rakestraw v. California Physicians’ Service (2000) 81 

Cal.App.4th 39, 42.) The standard of review on appeal from a dismissal after an order 

sustaining a demurrer is well established. ‘[W]e review the order de novo, exercising our 

independent judgment about whether the complaint states a cause of action as a matter of 
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law. [Citations.]’ (Lazar v. Hertz Corp. (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 1494, 1501.) We give 

the complaint a reasonable interpretation, and treat the demurrer as admitting all material 

facts properly pleaded. (Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318.) ‘We do not, 

however, assume the truth of contentions, deductions, or conclusions of fact or law.

[Citation.]’ (Moore v. Regents of University of California (1990) 51 Cal.3d 120, 125.)” 

(Maral v. City of Live Oak (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 975, 980.)

 It is not disputed that a one-year limitations period applies to FEHA claims. 

(Gov. Code, § 12960, subd. (d).) The facts, as pleaded by Bliss, involved conduct 

occurring between January 2011 and October 31, 2012. Bliss filed his DFEH complaint 

on October 1, 2013. Bliss’s claims for failure to accommodate, as presented in the third 

and fourth causes of action, all predate the effective date of his termination, July 1, 2012. 

For that reason, the trial court properly sustained without leave to amend the City’s 

demurrer to the third and fourth causes of action. To the extent his claims in the first and 

second cause causes of action are based on conduct occurring before July 1, 2012, his 

claims are also untimely. 

We reject Bliss’s effort to rely on the doctrine of equitable tolling based on a

continuing course of wrongful conduct. (Richards v. CH2M Hill, Inc. (2001) 26 Cal.4th 

798, 823; Yanowitz v. L’Oreal USA, Inc. (2005) 36 Cal.4th 1028, 1056; Acuna v. San 

Diego Gas & Electric Co. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1402, 1414-1415.) As the trial court 

found, the doctrine does not apply to extend the limitations period after July 1, 2012, 

when Bliss’s employment ended. The trial court properly sustained the demurrer to the 
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third and fourth causes of action, and most of the first and second causes of action, as 

untimely.

The trial court granted Bliss leave to amend the first and second causes of action 

to state a claim based on the City’s refusal to rehire Bliss on October 31, 2012. Bliss did 

not amend the first and second causes of action to cure their deficiencies. We conclude 

Bliss failed to state a claim on those causes of action, primarily because he did not allege 

facts to show a discriminatory or retaliatory motive.

FEHA states, as relevant, “It is an unlawful employment practice . . . . [¶] (a) For 

an employer, because of . . . mental disability . . . to discriminate against [an employee] . .

. in terms, conditions, or privileges of employment.” (Gov. Code, § 12940, subd. (a).) A 

qualifying “mental disability” under FEHA includes “any mental or psychological 

disorder . . . , such as . . . emotional or mental illness” that “limits a major life activity.” 

(Gov. Code, § 12926, subd. (j)(1).)

To establish a prima facie case of mental disability discrimination under FEHA, a 

plaintiff must show the following elements: (1) he suffers from a mental disability; (2) 

he is otherwise qualified to do the job with or without reasonable accommodation; and 

(3) he was subjected to an adverse employment action because of the disability. (Faust v. 

California Portland Cement Co. (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 864, 886.) 

As to the first cause of action for discrimination, Bliss does not allege how he was 

treated differently by the City than similarly situated employees because of his disability. 

(McGrory v. Applied Signal Technology, Inc. (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 1510, 1534, citing 
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Teamsters v. United States (1977) 431 U.S. at pp. 335-336, fn. 15; Guz v. Bechtel 

National, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 355, 364-370.) The reduction in force applied to all 

employees, even if the reduction primarily affected Bliss. There are no allegations that 

Bliss was treated differently from other employees because of his mental disability. His 

discomfort with Rockwell’s supervision was not actionable: “An employee’s inability to 

work under a particular supervisor because of anxiety and stress related to the 

supervisor’s standard oversight of the employee’s job performance does not constitute a 

disability under FEHA. [Citations.]” (Higgins-Williams v. Sutter Medical Foundation

(2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 78, 84.)

As to the claim based on medical leave, Bliss does not allege sufficient facts to 

support a CFRA claim. The elements of a CFRA claim are: 1) the plaintiff was eligible 

for medical leave; 2) the plaintiff requested and took leave; 3) the plaintiff provided 

reasonable notice to the defendant; 4) the defendant refused to return the plaintiff to the 

same or a comparable job when his leave ended; 5) the plaintiff was substantially harmed

by defendant’s conduct. (Avila v. Continental Airlines, Inc. (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 

1237, 1254.) Defendant did not specifically allege any of these elements.

Furthermore, although he was off work from September 2011 until January 2012, 

Bliss returned to the same position and worked another four months until the end of April 

2012. He was then informed his position was being eliminated on July 1, 2012, due to a 

reduction in force. He does not allege facts to show that he was not hired on October 31, 

2012, because of his mental disability or because he had taken CFRA leave. Because 
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there was a four-month delay from January 4, 2012, until April 30, 2012, and a 10-month 

delay from January 4, 2012 until October 31, 2012, the City’s conduct was not 

discriminatory or retaliatory when it did not rehire him on October 31, 2012. (Richmond 

v. ONEOK, Inc. (10th. Cir. 1997) 120 F.3d 205, 209; Hughes v. Derwinski (7th Cir. 1992) 

967 F.2d 1168, 1174-1175.)

V

DISPOSITION

All four causes of action are time-barred in their present state. Based on the 

record before us, we cannot speculate on whether Bliss could have amended his first and 

second causes of action to state viable causes of action—although it seems unlikely he 

could do so. Bliss risked this outcome by choosing not to amend and then dismissing his 

complaint.

We affirm the judgment and award the City its costs on appeal.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

CODRINGTON

J.

We concur:

HOLLENHORST

Acting P. J.

McKINSTER

J.