1

Regency Packing Company was a plaintiff in the district court, and GMS and Robert

Mackey, GMS's operator, were additional defendants. They are not parties to this appeal. 

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

No. 96-3646.

Harllee GARGIULO, NT Gargiulo, LP,Regency Packing Co., Gadsden Tomato Co., Quincy

Tomato Corp., Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v.

G.M. SALES, INC., Robert Gary Mackey, Bank of Immokalee, Defendants,

First Bank of Immokalee, Defendant-Appellant.

Dec. 19, 1997.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (No. 94-351-CIVFTM-25), Henry L. Adams, Jr., Judge.

Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, EDMONDSON and COX, Circuit Judges.

HATCHETT, Chief Judge:

In this case, a bank challenges the district court's judgment requiring it to disgorge funds that

it received in breach of a statutory trust established under the Perishable Agricultural Commodities

Act of 1930. We reverse the judgment of the district court and remand the case for further

proceedings.

BACKGROUND

Appellant First Bank of Immokalee (the bank) extended a revolving line of credit for

$200,000 to G.M. Sales, Inc. (GMS), for GMS's use in its produce purchasing and reselling

business.1

 GMS secured the loan with its accounts receivable. The bank initially gave GMS, as

advances against the credit line, seventy to eighty percent of the amount of GMS's customer invoices
 2

The district court—as explained below—appears to have credited Biada's deposition

testimony concerning the conversations, which contradicted that of Holland. 

of which the bank approved. The principal of the loan was payable on demand, with the interest due

monthly.

GMS customers made all of their payments on GMS's accounts receivable—including those

on which the bank did not advance credit—directly into a post office box (the lock box), to which

only the bank had a key. The bank deposited the checks into GMS's checking account on a daily

basis. With regard to the payments for invoices that the bank had advanced GMS credit, the bank

then debited GMS's account for the amounts advanced as principal loan payments. GMS paid the

interest directly to the bank each month. Raymond Holland, the bank's vice president, testified

during his deposition that the bank established the lock-box procedure before he began working for

the bank in late January 1994.

In the spring of 1994, due to concerns about the credit worthiness of GMS's customers, the

bank changed its credit policy with regard to GMS, further limiting the number of customers on

whose invoices the bank would advance GMS funds. In April 1994, Holland had a conversation

with Gregg Biada, an agent of appellee NT Gargiulo, LP (NTG), during which Biada told Holland

that NTG was considering increasing GMS's credit line. Holland gave deposition testimony that

Biada wanted to obtain a recent financial statement on GMS, and that Biada told him that NTG had

previously allowed GMS a credit increase from $75,000 up to $300,000 or $400,000. Holland

testified that it was his impression that GMS was still current on its credit with NTG at the time of

the conversation. Holland also asserted that it was not until a month later that Biada informed him

that NTG had declined to increase GMS's line of credit.2

 In addition, around this time, a bank

customer informed the bank that GMS had failed to pay him for a debt that it owed. GMS, however,
 3

The district court found that GMS also became delinquent in its loan payments to the bank

around this time. The bank, however, disputes this finding. 

disputed this debt.

Beginning in the spring of 1994, GMS became delinquent in its payments to its produce

suppliers—appellees Harllee-Gargiulo, Inc. (Harllee); Gadsden Tomato Company (Gadsden

Tomato); Quincy Tomato Corporation (Quincy Tomato); and NTG (collectively, appellees).3

Between June 14, 1994, and August 8, 1994, appellees sent notices to GMS and the United States

Department of Agriculture to preserve their rights to trust assets pursuant to the Perishable

Agricultural Commodities Act of 1930 (PACA), 7 U.S.C. §§ 499a-499s. Until July 19, 1994,

however, the bank continued to receive principal payments on GMS's loan—totaling

$387,000—through the lock box and interest payments in the amount of $4,235.40. On August 11,

1994, GMS made a final payment to the bank of $30,000, thereby satisfying its loan. Finally, on

September 29, 1994, the bank received a letter from appellees' counsel advising it of appellees'

PACA trust claims (the September 1994 letter). It is undisputed that GMS was never in default on

the loan.

In November 1994, appellees brought this action pursuant to the PACA, seeking, among

other things, disgorgement of the loan payments that the bank received from GMS in breach of the

PACA trust. The bank moved for summary judgment on the ground that it was a bona fide

purchaser for value without notice of GMS's breach of the trust, and thus GMS's loan payments were

free of appellees' PACA claims. Appellees also moved for summary judgment. In October 1996,

the district court denied the bank's summary judgment motion and entered judgment in favor of

appellees.

The district court found that (1) GMS's monthly loan repayment schedule began on June 21,
1993; (2) in the spring of 1994, GMS was past due on its loan payments to the bank; (3) around

the same time, the bank changed its policy with regard to GMS and reduced the advances from

eighty percent to seventy percent per approved invoice; (4) thereafter, the bank established the lock

box to collect payments directly from GMS customers to pay down GMS's loan; and (5) the bank

subsequently abandoned the scheduled repayment plan and began to debit GMS's checking account

with no consistency as to timing or amount. The district court stated that while no actual default had

occurred, the bank, pursuant to its secured loan agreement, diverted PACA trust assets to accelerate

the loan repayments. The court also found that when Biada spoke to Holland to get a credit

reference for GMS, Biada explained to Holland that GMS was seeking a credit extension, although

it was already delinquent in paying NTG approximately $300,000. Holland then gave Biada an

unfavorable financial report on GMS. The court thus concluded, among other things, that (1) the

bank was not a bona fide purchaser because the loan payments were not "for value," i.e., they were

not received in the ordinary course of business; and (2) the bank was aware of GMS's financial

troubles and knew or should have known of GMS's breach of the PACA trust. The court awarded

Harllee $60,834.50, Gadsden Tomato $79,856.00, NTG $199,767.50, and Quincy Tomato

$29,775.00. Appellees moved for an award of prejudgment interest, which the court granted at the

rate of 12 percent per annum, calculated from September 29, 1994—the date the bank received

appellees' notice of their PACA claims—to October 28, 1996. The court also awarded appellees

costs in the amount of $3,678.00.

ISSUE

The sole issue we discuss is whether the district court erred in granting summary judgment

in favor of appellees.

CONTENTIONS
The bank contends that it received the payments from GMS in the ordinary course of the

repayment of GMS's loan, and thus, the payments were "for value." The bank points to the

following as errors in the district court's findings of fact: (1) the lock box was used before the spring

of 1994; (2) the lock-box procedure was the routine method of receiving principal loan payments,

which were never made in monthly installments; (3) GMS was never delinquent in its loan

payments and was never in default on the loan; (4) the evidence is unclear whether the bank

changed the amount that it advanced to GMS from eighty percent to seventy percent; and (5) the

bank never exercised its rights under the security agreement against GMS's accounts receivable.

In addition, the bank argues that genuine issues of material fact exist as to (1) whether it had

a duty of inquiry with regard to GMS's financial status; (2) if so, whether it conducted a reasonable

inquiry; and (3) whether such an inquiry would have disclosed the breach of the trust. The bank

asserts that when the facts are viewed in the light most favorable to it, they do not support the

proposition that the bank knew, before it received the September 1994 letter, that GMS was

experiencing financial difficulties. The bank also alleges that even if a duty of inquiry did arise, it

inquired about GMS's financial status in the spring of 1994, and GMS never responded.

Additionally, the bank contends that the facts demonstrate that a reasonable inquiry would not have

revealed any breaches of the PACA trust before June 14, 1994, when Harllee sent GMS the first

PACA trust notice. Finally, the bank asserts that even if GMS had disclosed its receipt of the PACA

trust notices from appellees, nothing would have indicated to the bank that GMS could not pay the

claims as well as its debt to the bank, when GMS's account contained, until August 1994, funds in

excess of the PACA claims. Thus, according to the bank, only the August payments from GMS, if

any, are subject to disgorgement.

Appellees respond that the bank was not a bona fide purchaser because it did not receive the
trust assets in the ordinary course of business, and thus the transfers were not "for value." Appellees

contend that the bank enforced its security agreement with GMS through controlling the lock

box—and thereby controlling payments from GMS customers on the accounts receivable—and

through directly contacting GMS customers with regard to when the bank could expect to receive

certain invoice payments. In addition, appellees assert that the bank should have known of GMS's

breach of the PACA trust because the record contains evidence that the bank was aware of GMS's

financial difficulties and the PACA itself provides "statutory notice" of such a breach. Appellees

also allege that the bank failed to satisfy its duty to inquire whether GMS's loan payments

constituted a breach of the trust, and that such an inquiry would have revealed GMS's breach.

DISCUSSION

 We review the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal

standard as the district court. Coleman v. Miller, 117 F.3d 527, 529 (11th Cir.1997). Viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the bank, we must determine whether appellees are entitled

to a judgment as a matter of law. See Coleman, 117 F.3d at 529. The bank, to oppose the appellees'

properly supported motion for summary judgment, must come forward with specific factual

evidence, presenting more than mere allegations. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,

248-49, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510-11, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Coleman, 117 F.3d at 529. Summary

judgment is only proper if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, affidavits, and

admissions on file demonstrate that "no genuine issue as to any material fact [exists] and that the

moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); see also Celotex

Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2552, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).

 The PACA creates a statutory trust for unpaid sellers of perishable agricultural commodities

and provides that all such commodities, as well as accounts receivable from the sale of such
commodities, "shall be held by ... [the] broker in trust for the benefit of all unpaid suppliers or sellers

of such commodities ... until full payment ... has been received...." 7 U.S.C.A. § 499e(c)(2) (West

Supp.1997); see also C.H. Robinson Co. v. Trust Co. Bank, N.A., 952 F.2d 1311, 1313 (11th

Cir.1992). The PACA grants the sellers of such commodities the right to recover against the

purchasers and puts the sellers in a position superior to all other creditors. Endico Potatoes, Inc. v.

CIT Group/Factoring, Inc., 67 F.3d 1063, 1067 (2d Cir.1995). General principles of trust law

govern the PACA trust, and under such principles, even if property is transferred in breach of the

trust, a "bona fide purchaser" receives the property free of the trust. C.H. Robinson Co., 952 F.2d

at 1313, 1316. To qualify as a bona fide purchaser, the bank has the burden of demonstrating that

GMS transferred the trust property "for value" and that the bank was "without notice" of the breach

of the trust. See C.H. Robinson Co., 952 F.2d at 1314. Although the transfer of a trust asset in

satisfaction of an antecedent debt ordinarily is not for value, an exception exists if the transferred

property is money. C.H. Robinson Co., 952 F.2d at 1314; see also Consumers Produce Co. v.

Volante Wholesale Produce, Inc., 16 F.3d 1374, 1380 (3d Cir.1994). Lenders, however, who receive

PACA trust assets through the enforcement of a security agreement, and not in the ordinary course

of business, are not bona fide purchasers because such transfers are not for value. Consumers

Produce Co., 16 F.3d at 1380 n. 3, 1382.

 In addition, the bank here "had constructive knowledge of the trust because a federal statute

created the trust." C.H. Robinson Co., 952 F.2d at 1315 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also

Consumers Produce Co., 16 F.3d at 1381. Having notice of the existence of a trust, however, is

different from having notice of a breach of that trust. A person has notice of a breach of a trust only

if he or she knew or should have known of the breach. C.H. Robinson Co., 952 F.2d at 1314 (citing

Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 297). In the PACA context, once a lender has knowledge that the
borrower/trustee was experiencing financial difficulties, or was failing to pay his or her suppliers,

the lender has a duty of inquiry. Consumers Produce Co., 16 F.3d at 1383. If such an inquiry would

have revealed the breach of the trust, then the person "should have known" of the breach.

Consumers Produce Co., 16 F.3d at 1383. "The existence and the extent of a duty of inquiry depend

on the character of the transaction and the character of the trust property." Consumers Produce Co.,

16 F.3d at 1383.

After reviewing the record, we conclude that the district court erred in granting summary

judgment in favor of appellees because genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether the bank

was a bona fide purchaser and whether the bank was without notice of GMS's breach of the PACA

trust. First, genuine issues of fact exist concerning whether the bank received the principal loan

payments in the ordinary course of business. The procedures surrounding the use of the lock box

appear to be the crux of this determination. From the present evidence, it is unclear (1) whether the

bank collected the principal payments on a set monthly schedule or whether it routinely used the

lock-box procedure to receive GMS's principal payments; (2) whether the bank instituted the

lock-box procedure before or after its change of policy with regard to GMS; and (3) whether the

bank used lock boxes with other borrowers or whether the procedure was particular to GMS. The

above-mentioned facts are material to the issue of whether the bank was using the lock box to

enforce its security agreement with GMS through receiving payments on GMS's accounts receivable

directly from GMS customers, or whether this was its standard method of doing business in general

and particularly with GMS. See Consumers Produce Co., 16 F.3d at 1380 ("Because [the bank]

received PACA trust assets in the ordinary course of business as monetary loan repayments, the

transfer was for value.").

 In addition, issues of material fact exist concerning the bank's knowledge of GMS's financial
 4

Because of our disposition of this case, we decline to address the bank's remaining issues. 

troubles and GMS's subsequent breach of the PACA trust. See Consumers Produce Co., 16 F.3d

at 1383 (stating that a person has a duty of inquiry if he or she knows that the purchaser/trustee is

experiencing financial trouble). First, the bank denies that GMS was ever delinquent in its loan

payments and asserts that GMS never defaulted on the loan. Next, questions remain concerning the

bank's policy change with regard to GMS, specifically whether the bank reduced the amount that

it advanced to GMS against its accounts receivable from eighty percent to seventy percent and, if

so, its reasons for doing so. The primary teller who handled the loans and repayments testified

consistently that the advance rate was seventy percent. A letter from Holland to GMS's president,

however, indicated that as of June 15, 1994, the advance rate decreased from eighty percent to

seventy percent. Finally, the court erred in concluding that the bank "was or should have been on

notice as to the breach of [the] PACA trust" based on its finding that the bank was aware of GMS's

financial difficulties. The bank's being aware of GMS's financial troubles only raised a duty of

inquiry on the part of the bank. See Consumers Produce Co., 16 F.3d at 1383. Before the court

could decide whether the bank should have known of the breach of the trust, the court had to first

determine whether the bank conducted a reasonable inquiry into GMS's financial condition, and

whether such inquiry would have revealed the breach of the trust. See Consumers Produce Co., 16

F.3d at 1385 (upholding the district court's determination that the bank had undertaken a

"reasonable" inquiry into its borrower's financial condition and that such inquiry did not disclose

the breach of the trust).

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court erred in granting summary

judgment for appellees. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.4
REVERSED and REMANDED.