2006 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

4-10-2006

USA v. Vazquez

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-1561

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Recommended Citation

"USA v. Vazquez" (2006). 2006 Decisions. Paper 1284.

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

 

No. 05-1561

 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

LUIS VAZQUEZ,

Appellant

 

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Criminal No. 03-cr-00548)

District Judge: Honorable John P. Fullam, Sr.

 

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

March 31, 2006

Before: McKEE, BARRY, and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: April 10, 2006)

____

OPINION OF THE COURT

 

VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.

Luis Vazquez was convicted after a two-day jury trial in the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania on charges of distributing in excess of 500

grams of cocaine and conspiring to distribute cocaine. He was subsequently sentenced to
1

By letter dated August 29, 2005, Vazquez informed the Court that he does not raise

any sentencing issues on appeal.

2

To obtain this cocaine, Martinez would contact a beer distributorship located in

Northeast Philadelphia, at which distributorship he would meet with Vazquez and obtain the

cocaine. 

3

A government forensic chemist testified at trial that the substances sold by Martinez

to Eichler on May 9, 2002, and May 31, 2002, tested positive for cocaine hydrochloride.

These substances weighed 224.1 and 359 grams, respectively. 

2

156 months incarceration. Before us is Vazquez’s appeal from the District Court’s final

judgment of conviction,1

 in which he argues the evidence presented at trial was

insufficient to support that conviction. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1291 and will affirm. 

I.

We construe the facts on which Vazquez’s conviction was based in the light most

favorable to the government, as we must following the jury's guilty verdict. Glasser v.

United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942). 

Wilfredo Martinez, an alleged co-conspirator of Vazquez who agreed to assist the

government, testified that he purchased cocaine from Vazquez “like every two weeks” from

late 2000 until June of 2002.2

 Vazquez would “front” this cocaine to Martinez, meaning that

Vazquez would provide cocaine to Martinez on credit and was paid only after Martinez resold the cocaine to his own customers. One of Martinez’s customers was one William

Eichler, to whom Martinez sold cocaine until June 6, 2002, when Martinez was arrested.

Martinez testified that he obtained the cocaine he sold to Eichler from Vazquez.3

 
3

Martinez agreed to cooperate with the government after his arrest on June 6, 2002,

and allowed the government to record phone conversations between himself and Vazquez.

A conversation between the two men on June 6, 2002 concerned money Martinez owed

Vazquez for cocaine that Eichler had previously obtained from Martinez. During that

conversation, Vazquez referred to “car,” which Martinez testified was a code for cocaine.

Vazquez ended the conversation by saying he would “have it ready for you [Martinez]

tomorrow.”

On June 13, 2002, Martinez contacted Vazquez to arrange a meeting between the two

men and an undercover officer, Task Force Officer David Grandizio, who would pose as

Martinez’s customer Eichler. During that conversation, Vazquez referred to the $14,500

debt owed by Eichler. The three men then met inside a van at a Philadelphia parking lot on

June 13, 2002. Grandizio (posing as Eichler) then paid Vazquez $5,000 of the $14,500 debt.

The $5,000 in cash was passed from Grandizio to Martinez to Vazquez. A search of

Martinez after the meeting revealed that Martinez did not have the $5,000. After Grandizio

left the van, Vazquez and Martinez discussed having Vazquez supply Martinez with

additional cocaine. Vazquez ended that conversation by saying that he would “try to get as

much as I can before the, if I can get another, you know.” 

II.

“Our review of the sufficiency of the evidence after a conviction is ‘highly 
4

deferential.’” United States v. Hart, 273 F.3d 363, 371 (3d Cir. 2001). Accordingly,

while we have plenary power to determine, after drawing all reasonable inferences in the

light most favorable to the government, whether the evidence would allow a rational jury

to convict, id., the jury’s verdict must be upheld if “any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v.

Dent, 149 F.3d 180, 187 (3d Cir. 1998). This is a heavy burden. Id.

III.

Vazquez argues his conviction for conspiracy to distribute cocaine cannot stand

because there was no physical evidence that he ever possessed or delivered the cocaine

that Martinez ultimately sold to Eichler. He also claims that a conviction for conspiracy

cannot be based solely on the testimony of a co-conspirator. We are unpersuaded.

A.

Despite Vazquez’s argument to the contrary, the lack of direct physical evidence

that Vazquez possessed or delivered cocaine does not preclude a conviction for

conspiracy. Because direct evidence of a conspiracy is rare, the “offense is usually

provable only through circumstantial evidence.” United States v. Pressler, 256 F.3d 144,

149 (3d Cir. 2001). Thus, “inferences from established facts are accepted methods of

proof when no direct evidence is available so long as there exists a logical and

convincing connection between the facts established and the conclusion inferred.” 

United States v. Cartwright, 359 F.3d 281, 287 (3d Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). 
5

The elements of a conspiracy charge are: a unity of purpose between the alleged

conspirators; an intent to achieve a common goal; and an agreement to work together

toward that goal. Pressler, 256 F.3d at 149. This Court considers additional factors in

evaluating circumstantial evidence of whether a seller of drugs was a party to the

underlying agreement of a conspiracy: “the length of affiliation between the defendant

and the conspiracy; whether there is an established method of payment; the extent to

which transactions are standardized; and whether there is a demonstrated level of mutual

trust.” United States v. Gibbs, 190 F.3d 188, 199 (3d Cir. 1999). 

We believe the facts adduced at trial were sufficient to allow a rational jury to

logically infer beyond a reasonable doubt that Vazquez committed the charged crimes. 

The testimony was clear that Vazquez and Martinez schemed together such that Vazquez

would provide Martinez with cocaine on credit for subsequent re-sale to his own

customers at a profit, after which re-sales Vazquez would be repaid for the cocaine. This

testimony itself was sufficient for a rational juror to find that a conspiracy existed.

Moreover, each of the additional evidentiary factors we enunciated in Gibbs was

present: Martinez testified that he purchased cocaine from Vazquez twice per week for

more than one year and that Vazquez consistently allowed him to do so on credit, which

practice established a standardized method of payment as well as a mutual trust between

the two individuals. See Gibbs, 190 F.3d at 200 (credit relationship demonstrated mutual

trust). Moreover, Vazquez was aware – as was shown by Grandizio (posing as Eichler)
4

The two cases cited by Vazquez in his brief do not compel a different result. The

defendant in United States v. Wexler had his conviction reversed because there was

insufficient evidence to conclude that he was aware that the conspiracy he participated in was

the charged crime of conspiracy to distribute hashish, and not a conspiracy to distribute

stolen goods, a different crime. 838 F.2d 88, 92 (3d Cir. 1988). In this case, Martinez

testified that Vazquez had supplied him with cocaine every two weeks for more than one

year, thus rebutting any argument that Vazquez was unaware of the type of contraband at

issue. 

Similarly, the defendant in United States v. Cartwright received a remand and

acquittal on the ground that there was insufficient evidence that he had knowledge that he

was transacting in controlled substances. 359 F.3d 281, 289-91 (3d Cir. 2004). As

discussed, the evidence (e.g., use of the word “car” to refer to cocaine) made clear that

Vazquez was aware that he was selling cocaine on credit to Martinez.

6

passing him $5,000 in partial repayment for cocaine – that Martinez was re-selling the

cocaine to other customers. Accordingly, the evidence presented was such that a rational

jury could conclude that Vazquez had entered into a conspiracy to distribute cocaine,4

and we see no reason to question the jury’s conclusion that the trial testimony was

credible. See United States v. Iafelice, 978 F.2d 92, 94 (3d Cir. 1992) (observing that

this Court “presume[s] that the jury properly evaluated credibility of the witnesses, found

the facts, and drew rational inferences”). 

B.

Vazquez’s argument that he should not have been convicted solely “on the word

of Mr. Martinez without showing that appellant actually delivered the cocaine,” Br. at 15-

16, is without merit. As we stated in United States v. Perez, “uncorroborated accomplice

testimony may constitutionally provide the exclusive basis for a criminal conviction.” 

280 F.3d 318, 344-45 (3d Cir. 2002) (emphasis added and citations omitted). As detailed
7

above, Martinez’s testimony was clear that he purchased cocaine from Vazquez and resold that cocaine to his own customers at a profit and Vazquez was fully aware of this

arrangement. Given that the testimony of a co-conspirator is an adequate basis for a

conviction, id., and must be accepted as true for the purpose of determining the

sufficiency of the evidence, United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 999 (3d Cir.

1980), Martinez’s testimony was a sound basis upon which a rational jury could have

found Vazquez guilty of the charged crimes. 

IV.

We have considered all other arguments made by the parties on appeal, and

conclude that no further discussion is necessary. For the foregoing reasons, we will

affirm the District Court’s Order of judgment and conviction.