RENDERED: DECEMBER 23, 2020; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2019-CA-1010-MR

CRAIG ROSS APPELLANT 

v. 

APPEAL FROM LAWRENCE CIRCUIT COURT

HONORABLE JOHN DAVID PRESTON, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 17-CI-00196 

WESTEK DEVELOPMENT, LLC APPELLEE 

OPINION

AFFIRMING

**   **  **

BEFORE: CALDWELL, MAZE, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.

CALDWELL, JUDGE: Westek Development, LLC (Westek), filed an action in 

Lawrence Circuit Court against Craig Ross (Ross), alleging that Ross owed it 

$12,508.75 for surveying work. After a bench trial, the trial court entered 

judgment in Westek’s favor for the full amount sought and Ross appealed. As the 

trial court’s factual findings are not clearly erroneous and the contract law 

arguments Ross raises on appeal were not made to the trial court, we affirm. 
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FACTS

Westek performed survey work on portions of an approximately 540-

acre property owned by Ross’s father-in-law, Kenneth Davis. Ross lived on part of 

this property. Initially, Ross approached Westek’s founder, Cliff West (West),

about having Westek perform two tasks: 1) subdividing out a one-acre lot 

surrounding a house where a family friend lived, and 2) determining the northern 

boundary of the 540-acre property from east to west—to clear up some confusion 

about property lines and/or resolve a property dispute with an adjoining landowner. 

Later, Ross testified at trial that West orally estimated the charge for performing 

these two tasks to be $2,000 to $2,500. West denied giving an estimate or 

discussing pricing or rates at all with Ross. Ross and Westek apparently had no

prior dealings.

Several months after West and Ross initially had contact, West and 

some Westek employees met Ross on the property after Westek determined the 

northern boundary and subdivided out the one-acre lot. Ross inquired about his 

bill so far and was directed to call the office. Ross also inquired about Westek 

doing additional survey work to determine the southern boundary of the property 

as he believed some timber might have been cut from his family’s land. According 

to the trial testimony of West and some Westek employees, Ross clearly requested 

that Westek also survey the southern boundary. According to Ross’s trial 
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testimony, however, he only said that Westek might be needed to survey the 

southern boundary depending on how the other work came out and he told West 

that West would need to talk to Davis to get authorization to do the southern 

boundary work. Ross testified that West said he would talk to Davis but failed to 

do so. 

At this same meeting after the initial work was done, Ross took issue 

with where Westek had placed pins marking the one-acre lot. He said the pin 

placement was inconsistent with where he had earlier placed flags indicating where 

he wanted the lot to be. Westek employees said they could move the pins and 

change the plat to reflect different boundaries for the one-acre lot to suit him. 

Westek employees also informed Ross that Westek’s deed research showed that an 

adjoining landowner had superior title to an area in question around the northern 

boundary. Ross was disappointed to hear this. 

After this meeting to discuss the initial work (northern boundary and 

one-acre lot subdivision), Westek employees worked to determine the southern 

boundary. Some Westek employees later testified that they had contact with Ross 

while working on the southern boundary. But Ross testified that he did not know 

they were working on the southern boundary until some Westek employees came 

to his door to announce that the southern boundary work was done. He denies 

having observed them working on the southern boundary before this point and 
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continues to assert that Westek should have gotten approval from Davis before 

doing this work. Ultimately, after determining the southern boundary, Westek 

concluded that no timber had been taken from the property. 

Ross was eventually presented with an invoice for $12,508.75 for all 

the surveying performed by Westek. He refused to pay any portion of this bill and 

he hired another surveyor to determine the northern boundary and subdivide the 

one-acre lot at a cost of around $2,500. Westek filed suit against him, seeking 

judgment for the full $12,508.75 plus interest and court costs. The complaint did 

not specify whether the recovery sought was for breach of contract or under 

quantum meruit

1 or some other legal theory.

At trial, Ross pointed out that Westek had not certified its drawings of 

the northern (or southern boundaries). West testified that was not normally done 

unless something was being recorded, and that drawings would be certified when 

Ross paid for the work. 

West also testified that he never discussed pricing or charges for the 

work with Ross and that there was not an arrangement for any Westek 

representative to call Ross to get approval for further work if charges exceeded a 

 

1

See generally Perkins v. Daugherty, 722 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Ky. App. 1987) (explaining how a 

party may obtain recovery in quantum meruit for a contract implied in law and how such 

recovery does not necessarily depend on the parties’ intentions). The parties did not discuss 

quantum meruit in their briefs, and the trial court did not explicitly discuss it in its judgment. 
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certain number like $10,000. Ross presented the testimony of the other surveyor 

who determined the northern boundary and subdivided the one-acre lot for about 

$2,500. This other surveyor testified that without certification, Westek’s drawings 

could not be recorded. But this surveyor also admitted in his testimony that there 

was nothing really wrong with the work Westek had performed on the one-acre 

subdivision. For example, the pins marking the one-acre lot could be moved to 

better suit the customer so long as a one-acre area was marked off. 

Following the presentation of the proof, the trial judge made remarks 

about how this appeared to be an “all or nothing” case since Westek claimed it was 

due the full amount and Ross claimed he should not have to pay anything. Neither 

party took issue with this characterization or advanced alternative arguments about 

how Westek might be entitled to a smaller payment but not the full amount 

claimed. After indicating that judgment would likely be totally in one party’s 

favor but declining to say which one, the trial judge took the matter under 

advisement to issue a written judgment within a few days. 

In its written judgment, the trial court issued detailed factual findings 

but terse conclusions of law.2 The trial court found Ross less credible than other 

 

2 Curiously, no cases, statutes, or any other legal authorities were cited in the trial court’s 

conclusions of law, which we quote in their entirety: “The Court concludes as a matter of law 

that the Plaintiff performed the work involved in this case at the request of the Defendant, that a 

reasonable charge for the work was $12,508.75, and that the Defendant has failed and refused to 

pay that amount, or any amount. The Court concludes that the Plaintiff is entitled to recover that 

amount from the Defendant.” (Pp. 9-10, judgment). 
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witnesses, including Westek employees. It cited Ross’s not calling his father-inlaw Kenneth Davis and a Westek employee who Ross claimed was at a meeting in 

lieu of another employee as one reason it did not find Ross’s testimony credible. 

And it stated that Ross’s dissatisfaction with certain conclusions reached by 

Westek—that the adjoining landowner had better title to an area near the northern

boundary and that no timber was taken from Ross’s family’s land near the southern 

boundary—did not excuse Ross from paying the amount charged, which the trial 

court found to be reasonable. 

Ross filed a motion to alter, amend or vacate under Kentucky Rules of 

Civil Procedure (CR) 59.05. In his CR 59.05 motion, Ross took issue with some 

factual findings and with the trial court’s drawing inferences against him based on 

witnesses not testifying. And he argued that he should not have to pay for the 

work because: 1) drawings were not certified, 2) some work was performed 

incorrectly—i.e., the one-acre lot was marked incorrectly, and 3) he did not 

authorize work on the southern boundary contrary to the trial court’s finding. He 

argued that the trial court misunderstood his testimony and failed to recognize 

Westek employees’ bias in favor of their employer. The trial court denied his 

motion after a hearing.3 

 

3 No transcript or recording of the hearing on the CR 59.05 motion was included with the record 

on appeal. 
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Incredibly, from our review of the record (including portions cited by 

the parties and other portions), apparently no one explicitly discussed any issue of 

contract law in the trial court proceeding—from the complaint and answer4through 

the trial, judgment, and resolution of the CR 59.05 motion.5 For example, there 

appear to be no discussions in the trial court record about whether a contract was 

formed or breached or what its terms might have been. Nor have we been directed 

to any discussion of whether recovery was due in quantum meruit.

On appeal, Ross requests that the judgment against him be reversed or 

reduced for many of the same reasons asserted in his CR 59.05 motion and also on 

the basis of contract cases or principles never apparently discussed at trial. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review the factual findings made by the trial court following the 

bench trial for clear error. Thus, we must not set aside its factual findings unless 

 

4 There is no mention of the word “contract” in either the complaint or the answer. The 

complaint simply asserted that Westek performed work at Ross’s request, that Ross refused to 

pay for it, and that Ross should pay the full invoiced amount. One of the affirmative defenses 

raised in the answer was failure to state a claim. And although Ross admitted that Westek 

performed some work and sent him a bill for the full amount, he “denie[d] the amount claimed 

due” and alleged that Westek “far exceeded the limits of their estimate, without securing prior 

approval.” (Record (R.), p. 5). But neither party explicitly discussed elements of a breach of 

contract claim in their initial pleadings. 

5 The parties have not cited to any discussion of contract principles at trial and their briefs on the 

CR 59.05 motion contain no explicit discussion of contract law. We presume that no oral 

discussion of contract law occurred at the CR 59.05 hearing since the parties have not cited to 

any such discussion and no transcript or recording of this hearing was included with the record 

on appeal. 
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they are not supported by substantial evidence. And we must give due regard to 

the trial judge’s opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses. But we do 

not extend similar deference to its application of the law and legal rulings, which 

we review de novo. EQT Production Co. v. Big Sandy, L.P., 590 S.W.3d 275, 285 

(Ky. App. 2019).

ANALYSIS

We first review the components of Ross’s arguments relating to the 

trial court’s assessments of witness credibility and the accuracy of its factual 

findings. Considering the deferential standard of review that we must apply, we 

discern no reversible error in the factual findings or assessments of witness 

credibility which Ross challenges on appeal. 

 Ross argues that the trial court erred in finding that he authorized 

Westek to perform work on the southern boundary. He contends that the trial court 

misconstrued his testimony to find that he admitted to observing Westek 

employees working on the southern line. He asserts he testified that he did not 

know of any work being performed on the southern boundary until Westek 

employees arrived at his doorstep to tell him the southern boundary work was 

complete. Ross also insists that he never testified to seeing any Westek employees 

working on the southern boundary. We note that Westek employees testified to the 

contrary and that they had encountered Ross while working on the southern 
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boundary. Regardless of whether the trial court was correct in finding that Ross 

directly observed Westek employees working on the southern line before he was 

informed the work was complete, the trial court found that Ross authorized work 

on the southern boundary based on other witnesses’ testimony. The trial court 

found that Ross requested the work and was frank in its finding that Ross was not 

credible in his testimony. 

The trial court noted in its findings that whether Ross authorized work 

on the southern boundary was an important issue in the case. Referring to Ross’s 

testimony in which he denied authorizing work on the southern boundary and said 

his father-in-law would have to give permission for that, the trial court found this 

testimony “peculiar, in that it is inconsistent for the Defendant [Ross] to take the 

position that he could not authorize the work on the southern line, when he 

authorized the work on the northern side on four separate occasions.” (P. 7,

judgment). The trial court also noted how Ross’s testimony contradicted that of 

other witnesses who said he approved the southern boundary work. 

The other witnesses’ testimony that Ross requested that Westek 

perform the southern boundary work is substantial evidence supporting the trial 

court’s finding. Thus, while another fact-finder might have accepted Ross’s

testimony to the contrary instead, the trial court’s factual finding that Ross 

authorized (or requested) the southern boundary work is not clearly erroneous. 
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And despite Ross’s claims that Westek employees’ testimony was biased, we must 

give “due regard” to the trial court’s unique opportunity to assess credibility of the 

witnesses. EQT, supra; CR 52.01. Unfortunately for Ross, the trial court simply 

did not find his testimony on this matter credible. 

In addition to pointing to other witnesses’ testimony that Ross 

requested the southern boundary work, the trial court also noted that Ross’s 

testimony contradicted other witnesses’ testimony about who was present at 

various meetings. For example, the trial court pointed to Ross testifying that he 

never saw Westek employee Coty Roe6 before trial, but Roe and other witnesses 

specifically recalled Roe being present at meetings with Ross. 

In addition to these witnesses’ testimony contradicting Ross’s, the 

trial court also noted in its findings that Ross failed to call certain witnesses whose 

testimony could have been helpful to him—specifically, Kenneth Davis (Ross’s 

father-in-law, who Ross claims had sole authority to authorize the southern 

boundary work) and Westek employee Doug Burchett (who Ross remembered 

being at meetings instead of Roe). Other witnesses had also testified about 

Burchett being present at some meetings. And the trial court noted in its judgment 

 

6 This witness’s name is spelled differently in various parts of the record: either Cody or Coty as 

a first name, Roe or Rowe as a surname. 
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that Ross initially declined to announce ready for trial because Burchett had not 

arrived yet, but Burchett was never called to testify after his arrival. 

Ross now asserts that calling these witnesses would have been 

pointless because Davis was not present at any meetings and Burchett did not 

recall anything about meetings. Westek argues these assertions are not supported 

by anything of record. Ross did at least specifically argue in his CR 59.05 motion 

that drawing inferences for not calling Burchett was unfair, asking what good it 

would do to call a witness who had no recollection of the meeting. But his written 

CR 59.05 motion did not specifically discuss his reasons for not calling Davis. 

Regardless of Ross’s reasons for not calling these witnesses, however, 

Westek correctly points out that no particular factual finding by the trial court was 

specifically based on adverse inferences from witnesses not testifying. Instead, 

Ross’s not calling these two witnesses to testify was simply cited as one reason 

among several why the trial court did not find Ross to be a credible witness. Based 

on our review of the record, we conclude that any error in drawing adverse 

inferences against Ross for not calling these witnesses was harmless. CR 61.01. 

Having discerned no reversible error in the trial court’s assessment of 

factual disputes and witness credibility, we now shift our attention to its legal 

conclusions. Ross argues in his brief that Westek “did not fulfill their [sic] 

contract . . . .” (Appellant’s brief at p. 7). Later, and contrarily, Ross argues 
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“[s]ince there was no meeting of the minds, Appellant [Ross] cannot be liable 

under contract for the work.” (Appellant’s brief at p. 8.) Generally, much of 

Ross’s appeal is premised upon a contention that the trial court failed to follow 

accepted contract principles. But even though Ross certainly disputed his 

obligation to pay in the trial court proceedings, he failed to convey to the trial court 

why he should not be held liable as a matter of contract law principles. In fact, the 

word “contract” does not appear a single time in Ross’s CR 59.05 motion. 

Our rules require that an appellant’s brief must state if and how issues 

are preserved for appeal with supporting citations to the record. CR 76.12(4)(c)(v). 

Ross asserts that the issues he raises on appeal were preserved for our review by 

the filing of his CR 59.05 motion to alter, amend, or vacate. Under the facts here 

and solely for purposes of this appeal, we will assume that it was appropriate to 

preserve issues for appeal by raising them in a CR 59.05 motion.7 Ross made 

some of the same arguments in his CR 59.05 motion that he makes in this appeal—

particularly relating to factual disputes and witness credibility. And he generally 

argued in his written motion that he should not have to pay due to various factors,

like lack of certification of drawings and alleged error in performing work such as 

 

7 Generally, “[a] party cannot invoke CR 59.05 to raise arguments and to introduce evidence that 

should have been presented during the proceedings before the entry of the judgment.” Gullion v. 

Gullion, 163 S.W.3d 888, 893 (Ky. 2005). But here, the arguments in the CR 59.05 motion 

generally took issue with findings and conclusions of the trial court which were not announced 

prior to it issuing its written judgment so, in fairness, Ross could not have raised such issues 

previously.
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marking the one-acre lot subdivision. But his written CR 59.05 motion does not 

explicitly argue why he should not have to pay on the basis of contract law 

principles. And he has not cited to anywhere else in the record where he raised 

such contract issues—thus, they have not been preserved for our review. 

In addition to challenging the trial court’s factual finding that he 

authorized or requested the southern boundary work, Ross argues in his appellate 

brief that no meeting of the minds had occurred creating an enforceable contract,

so he should not be held liable in contract. But he fails to cite to the record to 

show where he made this contract argument to the trial court.

Ross also argues that he should not be held liable in contract for 

uncertified, non-recordable drawings. Although he argued to the trial court in his 

CR 59.05 motion that he should not be held liable for useless “wall art,” he did not 

explicitly make the contract-law-based argument he asserts on appeal—that 

Westek’s not certifying the drawings was a breach justifying his non-payment. 

Similarly, Ross argued to the trial court that he should not have to pay 

for work he asserts was done incorrectly—such as the one-acre lot subdivision—

but he did not argue this to the trial court in terms of contract cases or principles. 

Instead, he argued Westek should not receive credit for work performed incorrectly 

and likened the allegedly improper pin placement to a mechanic replacing the 
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wrong part.8 On appeal, he now argues that he should not have to pay for a benefit 

received that he did not bargain for and cites Dalton v. Mullins, 293 S.W.2d 470 

(Ky. 1956). But he did not cite that authority nor clearly make an argument based 

on contract law in this regard to the trial court. 

In essence, neither the certification of drawings nor the alleged

incorrectness of the one-acre subdivision is a factual issue. There is no real dispute 

that the drawings were not certified prior to the trial. And whether this lack of 

certification excuses payment under a contract might depend on what the terms of 

any contract were. But again, there was no discussion of contract issues below and 

the trial court was apparently not requested to and did not find what the terms of 

any contract were. 

Similarly, there really was not a factual issue about placement of pins

or whether the subdivision of a one-acre lot was done correctly. There is no 

dispute that Ross was not happy with the pin placement, but the boundaries could 

be shifted so long as an acre around the house was identified. And again, whether

and when the work was done to Ross’s specifications and how this influenced the 

 

8 This portion of his CR 59.05 motion asserted that: “the Court has given no weight that the 

Plaintiff failed to establish the pins on the one acre survey, consistent with the location of the pin 

flags that were placed prior to the Plaintiff’s arrival on the premises. The Court gives the 

Plaintiff credit for performing work, but gives no weight to the work, in fact, being performed 

incorrectly. This is akin to hiring a mechanic to replace the alternator, who instead, replaces the 

power steering pump.” (R., p. 106). 
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obligation to pay might depend on the terms of any contract. But Ross did not 

present contract law arguments about this to the trial court. 

We apply a de novo standard to determine if the trial court erred in its 

legal conclusions, such as its conclusion that Ross was liable for the full invoiced 

amount.9 But despite this less deferential standard of review for determining if 

error occurred, Ross must meet a greatly heightened standard to obtain relief for 

alleged, unpreserved errors in applying contract law. He fails to cite to the record 

to show where he made such contract arguments to the trial court and he did not 

request palpable error analysis—even after Westek pointed out in its brief that a 

contract law issue raised on appeal had not been preserved for appeal. (Ross did 

not file a reply brief.) 

When issues are not preserved for appeal, our rules provide that we 

“may” consider palpable errors affecting parties’ substantial rights and grant relief 

if we determine that the error resulted in a manifest injustice. CR 61.02. However, 

precedent indicates that we are not required to review for palpable error—

particularly where a party does not request it. See Shepherd v. Commonwealth, 

251 S.W.3d 309, 316 (Ky. 2008) (“Absent extreme circumstances amounting to a 

substantial miscarriage of justice,” appellate courts should not conduct a palpable 

 

9 Westek argues in its brief that the trial court’s “finding” Ross financially liable for all work 

performed is not clearly erroneous. 
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error review under Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure (RCr) 10.26 unless the 

appellant requests palpable error review and briefs how the alleged error amounts 

to palpable error); Nami Resources, L.L.C. v. Asher Land and Mineral, Ltd., 554 

S.W.3d 323, 338 (Ky. 2018) (“The language of CR 61.02 is identical to its criminal 

law counterpart, RCr 10.26, and we interpret that language identically.”).10 As 

Ross has not requested palpable error analysis, we review unpreserved issues only 

to determine whether there are extreme circumstances amounting to a substantial 

miscarriage of justice. 

The trial court’s determining Ross to be fully liable for the invoiced 

amount with no explicit discussion of contract formation or terms might appear

questionable if Ross had brought contract issues to the trial court’s attention. But 

this dispute about how much Ross must pay for survey work simply does not 

present extreme circumstances amounting to a substantial miscarriage of justice. 

As contract issues were not preserved for our review and palpable error analysis 

was not requested, we decline to opine on the contract law issues raised in Ross’s 

 

10 Although not binding precedent, at least one of our unpublished opinions has applied Shepherd 

in a civil context to hold that since palpable error review under CR 61.02 was not requested, we 

would only review the unpreserved issue to determine whether there were extreme circumstances 

amounting to a substantial miscarriage of justice. See C.H. v. Cabinet for Health and Family 

Services, No. 2015-CA-000098-ME, 2016 WL 1069037 at *4 (Ky. App. Mar. 18, 2016) 

(unpublished). See also A.G. v. Cabinet for Health and Family Services, No. 2018-CA-001218-

ME, 2020 WL 2609985 at *4 (Ky. App. May 22, 2020) (unpublished, discretionary review 

granted by Kentucky Supreme Court on October 22, 2020). 
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appellate brief. See Shepherd, 251 S.W.3d at 316 (declining to review unpreserved 

issue for which appellant failed to specifically request palpable error review). 

In sum, the trial court’s factual findings and assessments of witness 

credibility are not clearly erroneous and Ross has not shown entitlement to relief 

on any error in its legal conclusions—especially since he fails to cite to any 

discussion of contract law arguments in the record. Thus,we must affirm. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Lawrence Circuit Court’s 

judgment. 

ALL CONCUR.

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:

Brian Cumbo 

Inez, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Brad Derifield 

Louisa, Kentucky