1

SYLLABUS

(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the 

convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the 

interest of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized.)

Peter Innes v. Madeline Marzano-Lesnevich, Esq. (A-16-14) (074291)

Argued October 27, 2015 -- Decided April 26, 2016

SOLOMON, J., writing for a majority of the Court.

The issue in this appeal is whether, in prosecuting a fiduciary malfeasance action against an attorney who 

intentionally violates an escrow agreement, the prevailing beneficiary may recover attorneys’ fees. 

Plaintiff Peter Innes and his wife, Maria Jose Carrascosa, were involved in a contentious divorce and 

custody battle over their daughter Victoria. Innes is a citizen of the United States and a resident of New Jersey. 

Carrascosa is a Spanish national and a permanent resident of New Jersey. They were married in Spain in 1999, and 

Victoria, their only child, was born in New Jersey in 2000. Victoria is a dual citizen of the United States and Spain. 

During the course of their domestic relations litigation, the parties entered into an agreement whereby Carrascosa’s 

attorneys would hold Victoria’s United States and Spanish passports in trust to restrict travel outside of the United 

States with Victoria without written permission of the other party (the Agreement). 

Carrascosa’s attorney at the time the Agreement was entered into was Mitchell A. Liebowitz, Esq. Innes 

was represented by third-party defendant Peter Van Aulen. Carrascosa discharged Liebowitz and retained 

defendants Madeline Marzano-Lesnevich, Esq., and Lesnevich & Marzano Lesnevich, Attorneys at Law. Defendant 

Marzano-Lesnevich received Carrascosa’s file from Liebowitz, including the Agreement and Victoria’s United 

States passport. In December 2004, Carrascosa obtained Victoria’s United States passport from defendants, and 

used the passport to remove Victoria from the United States to Spain on January 13, 2005. 

Innes filed a petition under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction 

for Victoria’s return to the United States and traveled to Spain for a hearing on the petition. The Spanish court 

denied the petition and ordered Victoria to remain in Spain until age eighteen. Meanwhile, the parties’ domestic 

relations litigation continued in New Jersey. The Family Part judge entered a judgment of divorce and granted Innes 

sole legal and residential custody of Victoria. The judgment gave Carrascosa ten days to bring Victoria back to the 

United States, but Carrascosa failed to comply with the order. 

In October 2007, Innes filed a complaint in the Law Division against defendants, Van Aulen, and 

Liebowitz. Innes alleged, in part, that they improperly released Victoria’s United States passport to Carrascosa and 

intentionally interfered with the Agreement. Innes requested relief, including damages and attorneys’ fees. Before 

trial, the court granted Van Aulen and Liebowitz’s motions for summary judgment and sua sponte severed the thirdparty complaint against Carrascosa. However, the trial court denied defendants’ motion for summary judgment, 

concluding that defendants owed a duty to Innes, and also denied defendants’ motion to exclude any claim for 

counsel fees.

At the conclusion of trial, the only issue submitted to the jury was whether defendants were negligent in 

releasing Victoria’s United States passport to Carrascosa. The jury determined that defendants were negligent and 

awarded damages to Innes and Victoria. The trial court denied defendants’ motion for a new trial and their motion 

for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, but granted Innes’ motion to amend the judgment for counsel fees and 

costs. The judge explained that an award of attorneys’ fees was appropriate because “the jury decided . . . that the 

defendants deviated from the standard of care and thereby breached a duty owed to Peter and Victoria Innes when 

they gave Ms. Carrascosa Victoria’s passport[]. As such, the traditional rule that warrants an award of fees in legal 

malpractice cases extends to the matter at bar.”

Following defendants’ appeal, the Appellate Division concluded that awarding Innes attorneys’ fees was 

appropriate even though no attorney-client relationship existed between Innes and defendants. In doing so, the panel 

concluded that defendants intentionally violated the Agreement. The Supreme Court granted defendants’ petition 

for certification, limited to the issue of “whether the attorney-defendants can be liable for attorneys’ fees as 

consequential damages to a non-client under Saffer v. Willoughby, 143 N.J. 256 (1996).” 220 N.J. 37 (2014). 
2

HELD: Defendant attorneys can be held liable for counsel fees if, as trustees and escrow agents for both Innes and 

Carrascosa, they intentionally breached their fiduciary obligation to Innes by releasing Victoria’s United States 

passport to Carrascosa without Innes’ permission.

1. In the field of civil litigation, New Jersey courts historically follow the “American Rule,” which provides that 

litigants must bear the cost of their own attorneys’ fees. With the exception of eight enumerated circumstances, 

New Jersey’s court rules evince a strong public policy against shifting counsel fees. R. 4:42-9. In addition, this 

Court has “created carefully limited and closely interrelated exceptions to the American Rule” that are not provided 

for by statute, court rule, or contract. In re Estate of Vayda, 184 N.J. 115, 121 (2005). (pp. 11-12)

2. In Saffer, the Court concluded that it is appropriate to award attorneys’ fees to a prevailing plaintiff in a 

malpractice action because such fees are “consequential damages that are proximately related to the malpractice.” 

Saffer, supra, at 272. In Packard-Bamberger & Co. v. Collier, this Court extended Saffer to claims against attorneys 

for intentional misconduct, and held “that a successful claimant in an attorney-misconduct case may recover 

reasonable counsel fees incurred in prosecuting that action.” 167 N.J. 427, 443 (2001). Notably, the Court found 

that fee-shifting is appropriate in misconduct cases involving an attorney-client relationship, even though the 

misconduct did not constitute legal malpractice. (pp. 12-15)

3. Other fee-shifting cases decided by this Court discuss the underpinnings of Saffer and Packard-Bamberger and 

conclude that counsel fees are appropriate in cases of breach of a fiduciary duty. For example, In re Estate of Lash

recognized an exception to the American Rule in a case involving an estate administrator malfeasance claim covered 

by the terms of a surety bond. 169 N.J. 20, 35 (2001). The Court explained, however, that Lash was distinguishable 

from, and thus not an extension of, Saffer and Packard-Bamberger because the holdings in Saffer and PackardBamberger depended upon the attorney-client relationship. Following Lash, this Court decided In re Niles Trust, 

176 N.J. 282 (2003) and awarded counsel fees to a prevailing party where defendant, an estate executor and trustee, 

was not an attorney. Thus, Niles Trust extended the American Rule to trustee undue influence cases “based on the 

fiduciary’s intentional misconduct regardless of his or her professional status.” Id. at 299-300. (pp. 15-19)

4. Departures from the “American Rule” are the exception and the Court has never held that a non-client is entitled 

to a fee-shifting award for an attorney’s negligence. Packard-Bamberger, Lash, and Niles Trust involved fiduciaries 

who, by their intentional misconduct, violated their fiduciary duties and inflicted damage upon the beneficiaries. 

Consistent with that case law, a prevailing beneficiary may be awarded counsel fees incurred to recover damages 

arising from an attorney’s intentional violation of a fiduciary duty. Here, defendants were holding Victoria’s United 

States passport as trustees and escrow agents and were thus fiduciaries for the benefit of both Carrascosa and Innes. 

Defendants, however, breached their fiduciary obligation to Innes and released Victoria’s United States passport to 

Carrascosa without Innes’ written permission. Accordingly, consistent with post-Saffer jurisprudence, Innes would 

be entitled to counsel fees if there had been a finding that defendants, as attorneys, intentionally breached their 

fiduciary responsibility to Innes, regardless of the existence of an attorney-client relationship. The jury, however,

did not make a specific finding that defendants intentionally breached the Agreement. As the Appellate Division 

concluded, there is substantial support in the record from which to conclude that defendants’ misconduct was 

intentional. Nevertheless, the Court must remand the case to the trial court for it to decide whether defendants 

intentionally violated their fiduciary duty to Innes when they breached the Agreement. (pp. 19-22)

The judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED, and the matter is REMANDED 

to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with the Court’s opinion. 

JUSTICE LaVECCHIA, DISSENTING, joined by JUDGE CUFF (temporarily assigned), expresses 

the view that what started as a limited, common law exception to the American Rule has been altered through a 

series of cases, which now culminates with today’s majority decision, dealing the American Rule yet another blow 

by expanding awards of attorneys’ fees to non-clients of attorneys in escrow settings.

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER and JUSTICE ALBIN join in JUSTICE SOLOMON’s opinion. 

JUSTICE LaVECCHIA filed a separate, dissenting opinion, in which JUDGE CUFF (temporarily assigned) 

joins. JUSTICES PATTERSON and FERNANDEZ-VINA did not participate.
1

SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY

A-16 September Term 2014

074291

PETER INNES and VICTORIA 

SOLENNE INNES, by her 

Guardian PETER INNES,

Plaintiffs-Respondents,

v.

MADELINE MARZANO-LESNEVICH, 

ESQ., and LESNEVICH & 

MARZANO-LESNEVICH, Attorneys 

At Law, i/j/s/a,

Defendants/Third-Party 

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

MITCHELL A. LIEBOWITZ, ESQ., 

PETER VAN AULEN, ESQ., and 

MARIA JOSE CARRASCOSA,

Third-Party Defendants.

Argued October 27, 2015 – Decided April 26, 2016

On certification to the Superior Court, 

Appellate Division, whose opinion is 

reported at 435 N.J. Super. 198 (App. Div. 

2014).

Christopher J. Carey argued the cause for 

appellants (Graham Curtin, attorneys; Mr. 

Carey and Jared J. Limbach, on the briefs).

James H. Waller argued the cause for 

respondents Peter Innes and Victoria Solenne 

Innes.
2

Fruqan Mouzon argued the cause for amicus

curiae New Jersey State Bar Association 

(Miles S. Winder III, President, attorney; 

Paris P. Eliades, of counsel; Mr. Eliades, 

Mr. Mouzon, Dennis J. Drasco, and Arthur M. 

Owens, on the brief).

Steven J. Tegrar submitted a brief on behalf 

of respondent Peter Van Aulen, Esq. (Law 

Office of Joseph Carolan, attorney; Mr. 

Tegrar and George H. Sly, Jr., on the 

brief).

William F. O’Connor, Jr., submitted a brief 

on behalf of respondent Mitchell A. 

Liebowitz, Esq. (McElroy, Deutsch, Mulvaney 

& Carpenter, attorneys; Mr. O’Connor and 

Lawrence S. Cutalo on the brief).

JUSTICE SOLOMON delivered the opinion of the Court.

Plaintiff Peter Innes and his wife, Maria Jose Carrascosa, 

were involved in a contentious divorce and custody battle over 

their daughter Victoria. During the course of their domestic 

relations litigation, the parties entered into an agreement 

whereby Carrascosa’s attorneys would hold Victoria’s United 

States and Spanish passports in trust to restrict travel outside 

of the United States with Victoria without written permission of 

the other party (the Agreement).1 Nevertheless, Carrascosa’s 

attorneys released Victoria’s United States passport to

Carrascosa, who used it to remove Victoria to Carrascosa’s 

 

1 Carrascosa’s attorney at the time the Agreement was entered 

into was Mitchell A. Liebowitz, Esq. He was discharged by 

Carrascosa, and defendants Madeline Marzano-Lesnevich, Esq., and 

Lesnevich & Marzano Lesnevich, Attorneys at Law, thereafter 

undertook the representation of Carrascosa.
3

native Spain, where Victoria has remained for the past ten 

years. By order of a Spanish court, Innes has been prevented 

from contacting his daughter.

Innes filed a complaint against Carrascosa’s attorneys and, 

following a jury trial, recovered damages for their negligence 

in releasing Victoria’s United States passport to Carrascosa. 

Innes then filed a post-trial motion to amend the judgment to 

award counsel fees. The trial court granted the motion, and the 

Appellate Division affirmed the award.

We are called upon to consider whether, in prosecuting a 

fiduciary malfeasance action against an attorney who 

intentionally violates an escrow agreement, the prevailing 

beneficiary may recover attorneys’ fees. We refine our tightly 

circumscribed exception to New Jersey’s general rule against 

awarding counsel fees to prevailing parties and hold that, 

because defendants were attorneys acting in a fiduciary capacity

as trustees and escrow agents for both Innes and Carrascosa, if 

they intentionally breached their fiduciary obligation to Innes 

by releasing Victoria’s United States passport to Carrascosa

without Innes’ permission, defendants can be held liable for 

counsel fees. However, since the jury did not make a specific 

finding that defendants’ misconduct was intentional, we remand 

to the trial court, pursuant to R. 4:39-1, for a finding as to 

whether defendants’ breach of the Agreement was intentional.
4

I.

A.

Understanding the parties’ dispute over attorneys’ fees 

requires a review of the pertinent facts in the domestic

relations litigation between Innes and Carrascosa.

Innes is a citizen of the United States and a resident of 

New Jersey. Carrascosa is a Spanish national and a permanent 

resident of New Jersey. They were married in Spain in 1999, and 

their only child, Victoria, was born in New Jersey in 2000. 

Victoria is a dual citizen of the United States and Spain.

According to Innes, the couple experienced escalating 

marital discord, and he ultimately moved out of the family home

in May 2004. During their marital difficulties, Innes was 

represented by third-party defendant Peter Van Aulen, and 

Carrascosa by third-party defendant Mitchell A. Liebowitz.

In October 2004, Liebowitz drafted the Agreement whereby 

the signatories, the couple and their attorneys, agreed that 

Liebowitz would hold Victoria’s United States and Spanish

passports in trust so as to restrict either parent from 

traveling with Victoria outside of the United States without the 

written permission of the other. Specifically, the Agreement 

provided, in part,

[n]either . . . Carrascosa nor . . . Innes may 

travel outside the United States with Victoria 
5

. . . without the written permission of the 

other party. To that end, Victoria[’s] . . . 

United States and Spanish passport [sic] shall 

be held in trust by Mitchell A. Liebowitz, Esq. 

Victoria[’s] . . . Spanish passport has been 

lost and not replaced, and its loss was 

reported to the Spanish Consulate in New York

. . . . Carrascosa will file an application 

for a replacement Spanish passport within 

[twenty] days of today.2

[(Emphasis added).]

On November 19, 2004, Carrascosa informed Liebowitz that 

she was terminating their attorney-client relationship and that 

she retained defendant Madeline Marzano-Lesnevich (MarzanoLesnevich) of the law firm of Lesnevich & Marzano-Lesnevich, 

Attorneys at Law (LML). That same day, Sarah Jacobs (then Sarah 

Tremml), an associate at LML, sent a letter to Liebowitz 

informing him of LML’s representation of Carrascosa and 

requesting release of Carrascosa’s file. Liebowitz responded,

“[a]s you may know, I am holding her daughter’s United States

passport. I would prefer if you arranged for the original file 

to be picked up by messenger with the messenger acknowledging 

 

2 At the time the Agreement was signed, Carrascosa advised the 

parties that Victoria’s Spanish passport had been lost. After 

retaining defendants, Carrascosa advised Jacobs that the Spanish 

passport had been stolen. When Carrascosa was deposed, however, 

she testified that she always had Victoria’s Spanish passport 

and that it was never lost or stolen. Nevertheless, Thomas 

Kilbride, Department of Homeland Security Immigration and 

Customs Enforcement (ICE), testified that the ICE database shows 

Victoria left the country from Newark Liberty International 

Airport using her United States passport.
6

receipt of the passport.” Defendant Marzano-Lesnevich received 

Carrascosa’s file from Liebowitz on or about December 8, 2004; 

it included the Agreement and Victoria’s United States passport. 

In December 2004, Carrascosa obtained Victoria’s United 

States passport from LML, and used the passport to remove 

Victoria from the United States to Spain on January 13, 2005. 

During proceedings before the Family Part in February 2005, 

Innes and his then counsel discovered that Victoria left the 

country with her maternal grandfather. 

Innes filed a petition under the Hague Convention on the 

Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction for Victoria’s 

return to the United States and traveled to Spain for a hearing 

on the petition. The Spanish court denied the petition and

ordered Victoria to remain in Spain until age eighteen. 

Subsequently, Carrascosa filed numerous criminal complaints 

against Innes in Spain, and Innes has been prevented from 

contacting his daughter by order of a Spanish court.

Meanwhile, the parties’ domestic relations litigation

continued in New Jersey. It included a domestic violence 

complaint by Carrascosa which was later dismissed, and a

challenge to the court’s jurisdiction. After determining that 

New Jersey had jurisdiction, the Family Part judge entered a

judgment of divorce and granted Innes sole legal and residential 

custody of Victoria. The judgment gave Carrascosa ten days to 
7

bring Victoria back to the United States, but Carrascosa failed 

to comply with the order.3 Innes testified that he last saw 

Victoria in the fall of 2005 when he was in Spain for legal 

proceedings, and that, because of the notoriety of the case in 

the Spanish media as well as the criminal complaints filed 

against him by Carrascosa, he feared incarceration if he 

returned to Spain to visit his daughter. Innes maintains that 

Carrascosa’s family, with whom Victoria resides in Spain, has 

rejected his efforts to contact his daughter for the past ten

years, and that they have refused to accept phone calls or 

Christmas and birthday presents he sends to Victoria.

B.

In October 2007, Innes filed a complaint in the Law 

Division against defendants alleging, in part, that they

improperly released Victoria’s United States passport to 

Carrascosa and intentionally interfered with the Agreement. 

Innes requested relief, including damages and attorneys’ fees.

 

3 Carrascosa was arrested in November 2006 and was indicted by a 

Bergen County Grand Jury on eight counts of interference with 

custody and one count of contempt of court. She was sentenced 

to a fourteen-year term of incarceration in state prison on

December 23, 2009. Carrascosa was paroled from the state prison 

in 2014, but was transferred to the Bergen County Jail on

contempt of court charges for violating the order to bring 

Victoria back to the United States. Carrascosa was released 

from Bergen County Jail on April 24, 2015. 
8

Before trial, the court granted Van Aulen and Liebowitz’s 

motions for summary judgment and sua sponte severed the thirdparty complaint against Carrascosa. However, the trial court 

denied defendants’ motion for summary judgment, concluding that 

defendants owed a duty to Innes.4 The court also denied 

defendants’ motion to exclude any claim for counsel fees.

At the conclusion of trial, the only issue submitted to the 

jury was whether defendants were negligent in releasing 

Victoria’s United States passport to Carrascosa. Innes v. 

Marzano-Lesnevich, 435 N.J. Super. 198, 214 n.7 (App. Div. 2014) 

(noting that, although Innes’ complaint alleged several causes 

of action, “ultimately the case was submitted to the jury only 

as to the claim that defendants breached their professional 

duty”). Specifically, the jury was asked to answer the 

following question: “Did Madeline Marzano-Lesnevich and/or the 

Marzano-Lesnevich law firm deviate from the standard of care 

 

4 Defendants contended at trial and on appeal that they were not 

bound by the Agreement entered into by their predecessor. This 

contention, which is without legal or factual support, was 

disregarded by the Appellate Division. We note only that 

defendants acknowledged reading the Agreement prior to releasing 

Victoria’s passport to Carrascosa. Therefore, defendants knew 

about the Agreement and the obligations it imposed upon them. 

See RPC 1.15(a) (duty to appropriately safeguard property of

clients or third persons that is in a lawyer’s possession); see 

also RPC 1.15(b) (duty to promptly notify the client or third 

person after receiving property in which a client or third 

person has an interest). 
9

applicable to lawyers regarding its treatment of the United 

States Passport of Victoria Innes?”5

The jury determined that defendants were negligent in 

releasing Victoria’s passport to Carrascosa and awarded damages 

to Innes and Victoria. The trial court denied defendants’ 

motion for a new trial and their motion for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict but granted Innes’ motion to amend 

the judgment for counsel fees and costs for both Innes and 

Victoria. Attached to the amended order for judgment was the 

judge’s explanation that an award of attorneys’ fees was 

appropriate because “the jury decided . . . that the defendants 

deviated from the standard of care and thereby breached a duty 

owed to Peter and Victoria Innes when they gave Ms. Carrascosa 

Victoria’s passport[]. As such, the traditional rule that 

warrants an award of fees in legal malpractice cases extends to 

the matter at bar.”

Following defendants’ appeal, the Appellate Division 

concluded that awarding Innes attorneys’ fees was appropriate 

even though no attorney-client relationship existed between 

Innes and defendants.6 Id. at 244. In doing so, the panel 

concluded defendants intentionally violated the Agreement.

 

5 The jury was also given questions regarding proximate cause and 

monetary compensation.

6 Although the Appellate Division affirmed all aspects of the 

judgment with respect to Innes, the panel reversed all parts of 
10

The attorney fee award is particularly 

appropriate in this case, since defendants 

were holding Victoria’s passport in trust and 

knew Innes and his attorney were relying upon 

the Agreement. Nevertheless, they 

intentionally violated the Agreement and gave 

the passport to Carrascosa upon her request.

[Ibid.]

We granted defendants’ petition for certification, limited 

to the issue of “whether the attorney-defendants can be liable 

for attorneys’ fees as consequential damages to a non-client 

under Saffer v. Willoughby, 143 N.J. 256 (1996).” Innes v. 

Marzano-Lesnevich, 220 N.J. 37 (2014). 

II.

Defendants, relying on Saffer, supra, and Packard-Bamberger 

& Co. v. Collier, 167 N.J. 427 (2001), argue fee-shifting in 

attorney malpractice and misconduct cases is appropriate only 

when it arises out of an attorney-client relationship, which is 

not present here. 

Amicus New Jersey State Bar Association (NJSBA) also 

contends the trial court and the Appellate Division 

inappropriately extended Saffer, supra, and Packard-Bamberger, 

 

the judgment pertaining to Victoria, including the award of 

counsel fees. Innes, supra, 435 N.J. Super. at 248. The panel 

reversed the award of damages for Victoria because there was 

insufficient evidence of the purported emotional damages and 

reversed her award of counsel fees because she was no longer a 

prevailing party. Id. at 241, 244.
11

supra, to a non-client’s negligence claims against attorneys. 

According to the NJSBA, the notion that attorneys’ fees are 

consequential damages would eviscerate the general rule against 

providing counsel fees to prevailing parties because attorneys’

fees could always be considered consequential damages. 

Innes urges this Court to affirm the Appellate Division’s 

award of counsel fees and allow him to recover the expenses he 

incurred due to defendants’ misconduct. Innes argues that 

Saffer, supra, should be extended to situations where an 

attorney breaches his or her fiduciary duty to a non-client. 

III.

A.

In the field of civil litigation, New Jersey courts 

historically follow the “American Rule,” which provides that 

litigants must bear the cost of their own attorneys’ fees. 

Litton Indus., Inc. v. IMO Indus., Inc., 200 N.J. 372, 404 

(2009). This Court has noted that “[t]he purposes behind the 

American Rule are threefold: (1) unrestricted access to the 

courts for all persons; (2) ensuring equity by not penalizing 

persons for exercising their right to litigate a dispute, even 

if they should lose; and (3) administrative convenience.” In re 

Niles Trust, 176 N.J. 282, 294 (2003).
12

Indeed, our court rules evince New Jersey’s strong public 

policy against shifting counsel fees, id. at 293, and provide, 

“[n]o fee for legal services shall be allowed in the taxed costs 

or otherwise, except” in eight enumerated circumstances. R.

4:42-9(a) (permitting award of attorney’s fees in family action; 

out of court fund; probate action; mortgage foreclosure action;

tax certificate foreclosure action; action upon liability or 

indemnity policy of insurance; as expressly provided by rules in 

any action; and all cases where attorneys’ fees are permitted by 

statute). 

This Court has “created carefully limited and closely 

interrelated exceptions to the American Rule that are not 

otherwise reflected in the text of Rule 4:42-9” and that are not 

provided for by statute, court rule, or contract. In re Estate 

of Vayda, 184 N.J. 115, 121 (2005). Saffer, supra, and PackardBamberger, supra, are part of this line of cases.

Saffer involved a fee dispute between an attorney and his 

former client, who filed a legal malpractice action against the 

former attorney. 143 N.J. at 260. One of the issues in Saffer

was the effect a finding of malpractice should have on the fee 

dispute and on the former client’s damages. This Court held 

that “[o]rdinarily, an attorney may not collect attorney fees 

for services negligently performed,” and that “a negligent 

attorney is responsible for the reasonable legal expenses and 
13

attorney fees incurred by a former client in prosecuting the

legal malpractice action.” Id. at 272. The Court reasoned that

a client “‘may recover for losses which are proximately caused 

by the attorney’s negligence or malpractice,’” and that “[t]he 

purpose of a legal malpractice claim is ‘to put a plaintiff in 

as good a position as he [or she] would have been had the 

[attorney] kept his [or her] contract.’” Id. at 271 (quoting 

Lieberman v. Emp’rs Ins. of Wausau, 84 N.J. 325, 341 (1980)). 

Accordingly, the Court concluded that it is appropriate to award

attorneys’ fees to a prevailing plaintiff in an attorney 

malpractice action because such fees are “consequential damages 

that are proximately related to the malpractice.” Id. at 272. 

In Packard-Bamberger, this Court extended Saffer to claims 

against attorneys for intentional misconduct. 167 N.J. at 443. 

Packard-Bamberger involved a corporation’s attorney who 

intentionally withheld information and usurped a corporate 

opportunity. Id. at 437-38. The Law Division found that the 

attorney’s actions did not constitute legal malpractice, but it 

awarded attorneys’ fees to plaintiffs because it concluded that 

“authorization exists when an attorney commits intentional

misconduct.” Id. at 439. The Appellate Division disagreed, 

concluding that an award of attorneys’ fees was not authorized 

under Saffer because the malpractice claim was dismissed. Id.

at 442.
14

In reversing the Appellate Division, this Court held “that 

a successful claimant in an attorney-misconduct case may recover 

reasonable counsel fees incurred in prosecuting that action.” 

Id. at 443.

Stated plainly, an attorney who 

intentionally violates the duty of loyalty 

owed to a client commits a more egregious 

offense than one who negligently breaches the 

duty of care. A client’s claim concerning the 

defendant-attorney’s breach of a fiduciary 

duty may arise in the legal malpractice 

context. Nonetheless, if it does not and is 

instead prosecuted as an independent tort, a 

claimant is entitled to recover attorneys’ 

fees so long as the claimant proves that the 

attorney’s breach arose from the attorneyclient relationship.

[Ibid. (emphasis added).]

Notably, the Court found that fee-shifting is appropriate in 

misconduct cases involving an attorney-client relationship, even 

though the misconduct did not constitute legal malpractice.

We emphasize that a plaintiff must demonstrate 

the existence of an attorney-client 

relationship as a prerequisite to recovery. 

Such a requirement is consistent with the goal 

in Saffer of holding attorneys responsible for 

professional conduct that causes injury to 

their clients. It is likewise consistent 

with the policy, also suggested in Saffer,

that a client should be able to recover for 

losses proximately caused by the attorney’s 

improper performance of legal services. That 

policy is intended to assure that the client 

be placed in as good a position as if the 

attorney had performed properly.

[Ibid. (emphasis added).]
15

The Court also noted that the defendant, in his dual roles as 

corporate director and corporate attorney, owed fiduciary duties 

to the plaintiff and concluded that “[b]ecause [defendant] 

violated the duty he owed to [the plaintiff] as legal counsel, 

the trial court’s award of attorneys’ fees was proper.” Ibid.

B.

Other fee-shifting cases decided by this Court discuss the 

underpinnings of Saffer and Packard-Bamberger and conclude that 

counsel fees are appropriate in cases of breach of a fiduciary 

duty. For example, In re Estate of Lash recognized an exception 

to the American Rule in a case involving an estate administrator 

malfeasance claim covered by the terms of a surety bond. 169 

N.J. 20, 35 (2001). In that case, the administrator of an 

estate breached his fiduciary duty by misappropriating estate 

funds. Id. at 24. When the estate could not recover from the 

administrator, the estate filed a complaint against Fireman’s 

Fund Insurance Company (Fireman’s Fund), which issued a surety 

bond on the estate. Id. at 25. The question in Lash was 

whether the estate could recoup from the surety on the bond, 

Fireman’s Fund, counsel fees incurred in proceedings to recover 

the misappropriated monies. Id. at 23.

A majority of this Court held that the attorneys’ fees 

incurred by the estate in its action on the surety bond should 
16

be assessed against Fireman’s Fund. Id. at 35. The Court 

reasoned that “under principles of suretyship, [Fireman’s Fund] 

is liable for the full extent of the damages caused by [the 

administrator] . . . including the attorneys’ fees incurred in 

the proceeding on the bond.” Id. at 28-29. We also noted that 

this conclusion did not conflict with the American Rule or Rule

4:42-9 because neither prohibits an award of counsel fees 

incurred in litigation with a third party (Fireman’s Fund), when 

that litigation flows from the commission of a tort. Id. at 31-

32; see also Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, 

comment 2.9 on R. 4:42-9 (2015) (explaining attorney’s fees

permitted when incurred in prosecution or defense of action 

caused by third party’s tortious conduct).

We explained that Lash was distinguishable from, and thus 

not an extension of, Saffer and Packard-Bamberger because the 

holdings in Saffer and Packard-Bamberger depended upon the 

attorney-client relationship.

Those cases authorize an award of attorneys’ 

fees against an attorney-defendant when those 

fees were incurred as a result of the 

litigation to establish the attorneydefendant’s liability. Such an award is 

directly contrary to the American Rule’s 

prohibition, but was authorized in those cases 

due to the significance of the attorney-client 

relationship.

 

[Lash, supra, 169 N.J. at 33 (emphasis 

added).]
17

The Court explained that, under Saffer, the plaintiffs in Lash

would not have been entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees 

against the administrator for breach of his fiduciary duty 

because the breach did not occur in the context of an attorneyclient relationship.

[T]he estate may not have been entitled to an 

award of fees based simply on the fact that 

[the administrator] owed the estate a 

fiduciary duty. Packard-Bamberger makes clear 

that the fact that a person owes another a 

fiduciary duty, in and of itself, does not 

justify an award of fees unless the wrongful 

conduct arose out of an attorney-client 

relationship.

[Id. at 33-34 (emphasis added).]

Following Lash, a majority of this Court decided Niles

Trust and awarded counsel fees to a prevailing party where 

defendant, an estate executor and trustee, was not an attorney. 

176 N.J. at 300. The Court held that “when an executor or 

trustee commits the pernicious tort of undue influence, an 

exception to the American Rule is created that permits the 

estate to be made whole by an assessment of all reasonable 

counsel fees against the fiduciary that were incurred by the 

estate.” Id. at 298-99. We noted that “[a] fiduciary 

relationship exists between a trustee and the trust similar to 

the attorney-client relationship,” and that “[b]oth the attorney 

and a trustee act as officers of the court when acting on behalf 

of clients and beneficiaries.” Id. at 297. The Court concluded 
18

that the defendant’s “non-attorney” status should not prevent an 

award of attorneys’ fees in suits against trustees for undue 

influence.

Undue influence committed by an executor or

trustee to obtain a significant

financial benefit for himself is especially

pernicious regardless of whether the fiduciary

is an attorney. Undue influence by an

attorney who becomes executor-beneficiary

under a will, and undue influence by a nonattorney who becomes trustee-beneficiary,

should be treated the same regarding the

payment of counsel fees required to remove the

person as a fiduciary. See

generally Haynes, supra, 87 N.J. at 177-

83. The only difference between the two is 

that the lawyer used his authorization to 

practice law as a license to steal and the 

trustee, having been named to that office, 

used the office to do the same. It is a 

difference with little meaning. In both 

instances, the removal proceedings are based 

on fraud or other intentional wrongdoing 

perpetrated against the settlor or testator 

and the beneficiaries.

[Id. at 299.]

Thus, Niles Trust extended the American Rule to trustee 

undue influence cases “based on the fiduciary’s intentional 

misconduct regardless of his or her professional status.” Id.

at 299-300. The majority noted that “[t]he exception we have 

created directly follows from the special status of the undue 

influence tort.” Id. at 300. 

This Court declined to extend Niles Trust to a case in 

which a “non-attorney” executor of an estate acted negligently 
19

and in bad faith in his administration of the estate, but was 

not found to have committed undue influence. Vayda, supra, 184 

N.J. at 124. In declining to assess attorneys’ fees against the 

negligent executor, the Court reasoned that Rule 4:42-9(a)(3) 

provided the appropriate remedy by specifically allowing

attorneys’ fees in probate actions to be paid from the estate. 

Ibid. The Court also took the occasion to reaffirm its 

commitment to “New Jersey’s ‘strong public policy against the 

shifting of attorney’s fees.’” Ibid. (quoting Niles Trust, 

supra, 176 N.J. at 293).

IV.

Departures from the “American Rule” are the exception. We 

have awarded counsel fees to a prevailing plaintiff in a legal 

malpractice action premised upon professional negligence because 

of the unique nature of the attorney-client relationship. See

Saffer, supra, 143 N.J. at 272. We have never held that a nonclient is entitled to a fee-shifting award for an attorney’s 

negligence. Packard-Bamberger, Lash, and Niles Trust involved 

fiduciaries who, by their intentional misconduct, violated their 

fiduciary duties and inflicted damage upon the beneficiaries. 

Consistent with our case law, we reaffirm that a prevailing

beneficiary may be awarded counsel fees incurred to recover 

damages arising from an attorney’s intentional violation of a
20

fiduciary duty. As this Court has observed, a “fiduciary’s 

obligations to the dependent party include a duty of loyalty and 

a duty to exercise reasonable skill and care.” McKelvey v. 

Pierce, 173 N.J. 26, 57 (2002) (accord Restatement (Second) of 

Trusts §§ 170, 174 (1959)). Accordingly, “‘[o]ne standing in a 

fiduciary relationship with another is subject to liability to 

the other for harm resulting from a breach of duty imposed by 

the relation.’” Niles Trust, supra, 176 N.J. at 295 (quoting

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 874). 

Here, defendants were holding Victoria’s United States

passport as trustees and escrow agents. As such, they were

fiduciaries for the benefit of both Carrascosa and Innes. 

Colegrove v. Behrle, 63 N.J. Super. 356, 366 (App. Div. 1960) 

(“A fiduciary relationship is created by and inherent in the 

nature of an escrow agreement.”); see also id. at 365 (“An 

escrow agreement imports a legal obligation on the part of the 

depository to retain the . . . documents until the performance 

of a condition or the happening of an event, at which time the . 

. . documents are to be delivered in accordance with the terms 

of the agreement.”). Innes relied on defendants to carry out 

their fiduciary responsibilities under the Agreement and prevent 

Carrascosa from taking Victoria away from him. Defendants, 

however, breached their fiduciary obligation to Innes and

released Victoria’s United States passport to Carrascosa without 
21

Innes’ written permission. Accordingly, consistent with our

post-Saffer jurisprudence, Innes would be entitled to counsel 

fees if there had been a finding that defendants, as attorneys,

intentionally breached their fiduciary responsibility to Innes, 

regardless of the existence of an attorney-client relationship.

The dissent reiterates concerns expressed in prior dissents 

from Lash and Niles Trust, and rails against the conclusion we 

reach today as further erosion of our adherence to the American 

Rule. Yet, the dissent fails to persuasively dispute that the 

majority is restating and refining binding precedent -- that a 

prevailing beneficiary may be awarded counsel fees incurred to 

recover damages arising from an attorney’s intentional violation 

of a fiduciary obligation, see Packard-Bamberger, Lash, and 

Niles Trust -- not expanding our prior rule.

We note, however, that the jury did not make a specific

finding that defendants intentionally breached the Agreement. 

Innes, in his complaint, specifically pleaded that defendants 

intentionally interfered with the Agreement, but the trial court 

did not submit an interrogatory to the jury on that issue, and 

neither party demanded its submission. As a result, the jury’s 

verdict did not resolve the issue. Under these circumstances, 

the right to have the jury decide the issue was waived. See

Campione v. Soden, 150 N.J. 163, 186 (1997) (accord R. 4:39-1) 

(“If . . . the court omits any issue of fact raised by the 
22

pleadings . . . , each party waives his right to a trial by jury 

of the issues so omitted unless before the jury retires he 

demands its submission to the jury.”) 

As the Appellate Division concluded, there is substantial 

support in the record from which to conclude that defendants’

misconduct was intentional. Nevertheless, we must remand the 

case to the trial court for it to decide whether defendants

intentionally violated their fiduciary duty to Innes when they

breached the Agreement. See Stella v. Dean Witter Reynolds, 

Inc., 241 N.J. Super. 55, 72 (App. Div.) (“Since . . . there is 

sufficient evidence in the record to justify, but not to 

require, a finding of [fact in dispute], we will remand the case 

to the trial judge for a finding on this issue.”), certif. 

denied, 122 N.J. 418 (1990).

V.

The judgment of the Appellate Division is affirmed as 

modified, and this matter is remanded to the trial court for 

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER and JUSTICE ALBIN join in JUSTICE 

SOLOMON’s opinion. JUSTICE LaVECCHIA filed a separate, 

dissenting opinion, in which JUDGE CUFF (temporarily assigned) 

joins. JUSTICES PATTERSON and FERNANDEZ-VINA did not 

participate.
1

SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY

A-16 September Term 2014

074291

PETER INNES and VICTORIA 

SOLENNE INNES, by her 

Guardian PETER INNES,

Plaintiffs-Respondents,

v.

MADELINE MARZANO-LESNEVICH, 

ESQ., and LESNEVICH & 

MARZANO-LESNEVICH, Attorneys 

At Law, i/j/s/a,

Defendants/Third-Party 

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

MITCHELL A. LIEBOWITZ, ESQ., 

PETER VAN AULEN, ESQ., and 

MARIA JOSE CARRASCOSA,

Third-Party Defendants.

JUSTICE LaVECCHIA, dissenting.

Paying lip service to the American Rule, the Court today 

again refines what it terms “our tightly circumscribed exception 

to New Jersey’s general rule against awarding counsel fees to 

prevailing parties” and orders the awarding of fees against 

attorneys who breached escrow responsibilities owed to the 

client of an adversary. Ante at __ (slip op. at 3). 

In Saffer v. Willoughby, 143 N.J. 256 (1996), this Court 

held that a successful legal malpractice plaintiff could recover 
2

attorneys’ fees, but only against the former lawyer with whom 

the attorney-client relationship existed. What started as a 

limited, common law exception to the American Rule has been 

altered through a series of cases, which now culminates with 

today’s decision. In its present adjustment to our case law 

governing fee shifting, the majority deals the American Rule yet 

another blow by expanding awards of attorneys’ fees to nonclients of attorneys in escrow settings.

In my view, the Court’s fee award is unsupported by

existing case law, statutory law, or court rule. I can endorse 

neither the majority’s rationale nor this further encroachment 

on the American Rule. Respectfully, I dissent.

I.

In 1948, this Court was presented with “a choice of 

philosophies” -- a choice between the English Rule, which 

allowed for the liberal award of counsel fees to prevailing 

litigants, and the American Rule, which did not. See State v. 

Otis Elevator Co., 12 N.J. 1, 26 (1953) (Jacobs, J., 

dissenting).

We picked the latter, and for good reason. The Court of 

Chancery at the time “had discretionary power to allow counsel 

fees in such amounts as appeared to it to be reasonable.” Alcoa 

Edgewater Fed. Credit Union v. Carroll, 44 N.J. 442, 446 (1965). 

That predictably led to growing abuses. With no outer cap on 
3

fee awards, save a narrow exception, some members of the bar 

received excessive allowances. Ibid. Faced with the looming 

prospect of an outsize fee award, “prospective litigants with 

presumably just causes had been discouraged from instituting 

actions in equity.” Ibid.; see also Sunset Beach Amusement 

Corp. v. Belk, 33 N.J. 162, 167 (1960) (recognizing that Court 

of Chancery practice “proved unduly onerous upon litigants and 

spawned charges of favoritism”).

Through court rule, this Court, accordingly, placed New 

Jersey firmly in the American Rule camp, “barring counsel fees 

except . . . ‘as provided by these rules or by law with respect 

to any action, whether or not there is a fund in court.’” John 

S. Westervelt’s Sons v. Regency, Inc., 3 N.J. 472, 475 (1950) 

(quoting and upholding then-Rule 3:54-7 as permissible use of 

Court’s rulemaking authority). When, in 1950, the Legislature 

attempted to roll back the new limits on fee awards, it was met 

with Governor Driscoll’s veto pen. The legislation, according 

to the Governor, “would revive an unhappy practice that has been 

generally repudiated.” Otis Elevator Co., supra, 12 N.J. at 27 

(Jacobs, J., dissenting) (quoting Veto Messages of Hon. Alfred 

E. Driscoll, Governor of New Jersey 76 (1950)).

The current Rule 4:42-9 represents New Jersey’s adherence 

to the American Rule. That rule has served us well. Ensuring 

that litigants are not discouraged from pursuing redress in our 
4

courts because of the fear that, if unsuccessful, they must 

carry their opponent’s legal fees, the American Rule promotes 

“[u]nfettered access to the courts for all citizens with genuine 

legal disputes.” In re Estate of Lash, 169 N.J. 20, 43 (2001) 

(Verniero & LaVecchia, JJ., dissenting) (quoting Neal H. 

Klausner, Note, The Dynamics of Rule 11: Preventing Frivolous 

Litigation by Demanding Professional Responsibility, 61 N.Y.U. 

L. Rev. 300, 304 (1986)). Put simply: “[W]hile the English 

Rule focuse[s] on providing full compensation to the winner, the 

American Rule emphasize[s] equal access to justice.” Ibid.

(quoting Mihalik v. Pro Arts, Inc., 851 F.2d 790, 793 (6th Cir. 

1988)). The American Rule is also administratively efficient, 

unburdening our trial courts from continually making “the 

somewhat arbitrary calculation of the ‘reasonable costs’ 

incurred by a prevailing party.” Ibid. (quoting Klausner, 

supra, 61 N.Y.U. L. Rev. at 305).

II. 

We held closely to our policy choice against ad hoc fee 

shifting for nearly fifty years. See, e.g., Grober v. Kahn, 47 

N.J. 135, 151 (1966) (“[T]he question whether a fraud or a 

breach of a fiduciary obligation should warrant imposition of 

counsel fees is a policy issue which was resolved when our rules 

of court were formulated. If a change is to be made, it should 
5

be made with directness and in relevant terms. Meanwhile the 

policy of our rule should be honored.”). 

Then came Saffer, supra, in which this Court carved out an 

exception to the American Rule, allowing successful legal 

malpractice plaintiffs to recover counsel fees. 143 N.J. at 

271-72. Recognizing that the goal of a legal malpractice claim 

is to place the client in the same position in which he or she

would have been had the attorney rendered capable service, the 

Court held that “a negligent attorney is responsible for the 

reasonable legal expenses and attorney fees incurred by a former 

client in prosecuting the legal malpractice action.” Id. at 272 

(emphasis added). The fee award was appropriate, the Court 

reasoned, as part of the “consequential damages that are 

proximately related to the malpractice.” Ibid.

In Packard-Bamberger & Co., Inc. v. Collier, 167 N.J. 427 

(2001), this Court broadened Saffer to reach claims against 

attorneys for intentional misconduct. In that case, an attorney 

owed a corporation dual fiduciary duties, both as a director and 

as legal counsel. Id. at 436-37. The trial court found that he 

committed intentional misconduct in his role as counsel and, 

applying Saffer, ordered a fee award. Id. at 438-39. The 

Appellate Division reversed, finding Saffer inapplicable. Id.

at 440. To the panel, because the plaintiffs had not succeeded 
6

on a malpractice claim, Saffer could not support a fee award. 

Ibid.

This Court reversed the Appellate Division. Saffer’s

extension -- from attorney negligence to intentional misconduct 

-- was based on a simple principle: “[A]n attorney who 

intentionally violates the duty of loyalty owed to a client 

commits a more egregious offense than one who negligently 

breaches the duty of care.” Id. at 443. It would, this Court 

said, be an “incongruous result” if a plaintiff could recover 

counsel fees for attorney malpractice but not for “an 

intentional violation of a fiduciary duty arising as a result of 

the attorney-client relationship.” Id. at 442. The Court made 

it a point to highlight that, even in cases of intentional 

misconduct, establishing “the existence of an attorney-client 

relationship [is] a prerequisite to recovery.” Id. at 443 

(emphasis added). That requirement harmonized the Court’s 

holding with Saffer’s twin goals of “holding attorneys 

responsible for professional conduct that causes injury to their 

clients” and allowing clients to recover “for losses proximately 

caused by the attorney’s improper performance of legal 

services.” Ibid.

The Court closed by emphasizing that breach of a fiduciary 

duty, alone, did not support the fee award. Although the 

defendant in Packard-Bamberger owed dual, overlapping fiduciary 
7

duties, it was only because he violated his duty to the

plaintiff as legal counsel that the fee award was justified. 

Id. at 443. Had he not assumed that role, and had he not 

rendered any legal services, “attorneys’ fees would not have 

been appropriate unless authorized by contract, statute, or some 

other specific rule.” Ibid.

Both Saffer and Packard-Bamberger relied on the attorneyclient relationship as a condition to a fee recovery in 

attorney-misconduct cases. Nothing in either of those cases 

supports the idea that a fiduciary relationship, outside of the 

attorney-client relationship, can support a fee award. See

Lash, supra, 169 N.J. at 34 (“Packard-Bamberger makes clear that 

the fact that a person owes another a fiduciary duty, in and of 

itself, does not justify an award of fees unless the wrongful 

conduct arose out of an attorney-client relationship.”). 

Because there is no attorney-client relationship here, it is 

plain that neither Saffer nor Packard-Bamberger support the 

majority’s holding. 

Neither does this Court’s series of fee-shifting cases 

involving a fiduciary. The first case the majority relies on is 

In re Estate of Lash, which deserves to be placed in its factual 

context.

Lash was a surety case; the administrator of an estate 

misappropriated estate funds. Id. at 24. Fireman’s Fund 
8

Insurance Company provided the surety bond, protecting the 

estate against fraudulent actions by the estate’s administrator. 

Ibid. After the administrator’s malfeasance, the estate alleged 

that Fireman’s Fund, as surety, was liable not only for the 

estate’s loss but also for counsel fees incurred in proceeding 

on the bond. Id. at 25.

Relying on surety and tort principles, this Court held that

the counsel fees could be charged to the surety. First, the 

Court determined that the administrator could be liable for the 

estate’s counsel fees in proceeding on the surety bond. Citing 

to the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 914(2), the Court 

explained that if a plaintiff has been forced into litigation 

against a third party because of a tortfeasor’s wrongful 

conduct, the plaintiff can recover those counsel fees from that 

litigation from the tortfeasor. Id. at 26. The Court concluded 

that “[t]hose fees are merely a portion of the damages the 

plaintiff suffered at the hands of the tortfeasor.” Ibid. 

Because the administrator’s wrongdoing caused the estate to file 

an action against the surety, the court reasoned that the

administrator is responsible for the estate’s counsel fees. Id.

at 27-28. 

The Court then considered whether Fireman’s Fund, as 

surety, could be liable for those fees. Answering that question 

in the affirmative, the Court explained that upon breach of an 
9

administration bond, “[t]he surety is required to bear any 

injurious consequences arising from loss to the estate.” Id. at 

28 (quoting 31 Am. Jur.2d Executors and Administrators § 350 

(1989)). The Court held that because the surety was liable to

the full extent of the administrator’s damage, its obligation 

included the fees incurred in proceeding on the bond. Id. at 

28-29. 

Last, the Court considered whether its fee award violated 

the American Rule. It did not, the Court explained, stating

that “[t]hose fees do not implicate the American Rule because 

they were incurred in the litigation on the bond, rather than 

the litigation against [the administrator].” Id. at 32. The 

Court emphatically declared that its decision was not “an 

application of Saffer and Packard-Bamberger.” Id. at 33. Those 

cases authorized a fee award directly against a defendantattorney -- a result that, although contrary to the American 

Rule, “was authorized . . . due to the significance of the 

attorney-client relationship.” Ibid. Instead, the Court’s fee 

award in Lash was declared “distinct from Saffer because the 

fees are damages incurred in litigation other than to establish 

[the administrator’s] liability.” Id. at 34. 

Next, the Court decided In re Niles Trust, 176 N.J. 282 

(2003). In that matter, through undue influence, a mother and 

son, Serena and Salvatore Bono, acting in concert, convinced a 
10

wealthy, elderly heiress to name Salvatore executor of her will 

and trustee of her revocable trusts. Id. at 288-89. “With his 

newfound power, [Salvatore] embarked on a sixteen-month looting 

spree of [the] estate.” Id. at 289. Our Court faced the 

question of whether the estate should be reimbursed for the 

counsel fees it incurred in the litigation against Salvatore and 

Serena. Id. at 296. A three-justice majority, over a dissent, 

created another exception to the American Rule. Id. at 297. 

This time, the Court’s majority had to confront directly the 

strictures of the American Rule, because, as the majority 

acknowledged, to charge the fiduciary with counsel fees “is 

tantamount to charging the losing parties with the prevailing 

parties’ counsel fees.” Id. at 296.

But, to the Niles majority, the interests of equity 

demanded the creation of a new exception to the American Rule. 

The Court compared the fiduciary relationship there to the 

attorney-client relationship in Saffer and Packard-Bamberger: 

“Like an attorney who commits . . . undue influence while 

representing a testator, settlor or an estate, a trustee of an 

estate who exercises undue influence over a testator 

intentionally has breached a fiduciary relationship in a manner 

at least as egregious as the administrator’s intentional 

wrongdoing in Lash, or an attorney who has intentionally 

breached his fiduciary duty.” Id. at 298. The Court therefore 
11

held that “when an executor or trustee commits the pernicious 

tort of undue influence, an exception to the American Rule is 

created that permits the estate to be made whole by an 

assessment of all reasonable counsel fees against the fiduciary 

that were incurred by the estate.” Id. at 298-99. 

However, the Niles majority assured that its holding would 

not “open the ‘floodgates.’” Id. at 299. The majority 

specifically limited the new exception “to cases in which an 

executor’s or a trustee’s undue influence results in the 

development or modification of estate documents that create or 

expand the fiduciary’s beneficial interest in the estate.” 

Ibid. Emphasizing that “undue influence represents such an 

egregious intentional tort that it establishes a basis for 

punitive damages in a common law cause of action,” the Court 

promised that “[t]he exception we have created directly follows

from the special status of the undue influence tort.” Id. at 

300 (emphasis added). 

Our Court’s unanimous decision in In re Estate of Vayda, 

184 N.J. 115 (2005), at least until today, stopped the Courtsanctioned rupture of the American Rule. That case centered on 

a will dispute between two siblings. The decedent’s most recent 

will named one sibling, Peter, executor of the estate, contrary 

to all prior versions. Id. at 118. But after the will was 

admitted to probate, Peter did little to administer the estate. 
12

Ibid. The other sibling, Katherine, sued, alleging that the 

will was the product of undue influence and that Peter breached 

his fiduciary duty as executor. Id. at 119. The trial court

removed Peter as executor, holding that Peter had abandoned his 

responsibilities as executor. Ibid. However, the will was not

determined to be the product of undue influence. Ibid. Yet the 

trial court considered the circumstances to warrant the 

imposition of counsel fees, even without an undue influence 

finding. Ibid. 

This Court declined to extend Niles to reach a non-attorney 

executor who was removed because of a breach of a fiduciary duty 

-- but notably not because of a finding of undue influence. Id.

at 123. The court rules provided a specific remedy: in certain 

probate actions, Rule 4:42-9(a)(3) allows an award of attorneys’ 

fees “to be paid out of the estate” and not another source. Id.

at 124. That Katherine would not be made entirely whole -- part 

of the cost of maintaining the action against Peter would be 

paid from her portion of the estate -- was “insufficient impetus 

to warrant a further exception to the American Rule, one to 

which we have repeatedly averted as ‘a well-established feature 

of our jurisprudence.’” Ibid. (quoting Lash, supra, 169 N.J. at 

42). In a footnote, the Vayda unanimous opinion commented on 

the scope of Niles: “Had Katherine established that the 

decedent’s will was the result of undue influence, Peter’s 
13

performance as executor would have been squarely governed by the 

holding of In re Niles, supra.” Id. at 123 n.4. Thus, the 

Vayda Court took the Niles Court at its word and pointedly 

declined to extend its reach beyond the context of undue

influence by an executor or trustee fiduciary.

III. 

From Packard-Bamberger, Lash, and Niles, the majority in 

this matter draws the ultimate conclusion that an attorney, 

acting in a fiduciary capacity to a non-client with regard to an 

escrowed item, who engages in any intentional misconduct is 

liable for attorneys’ fees.7 However, those cases do not support 

that proposition at all. If this Court wishes to use its 

authority to modify the court rules, through judicial decision,

and create a new exception to the American Rule -- though in my 

view unwise -- it certainly can. See State v. Clark, 162 N.J.

201, 205 (2000) (“[T]he Court’s authority to engage in rule 

making includes the exclusive power to establish or modify Court 

Rules through judicial decisions.”). However, the majority

should abandon any pretense that today’s result flows naturally 

from our prior cases, when it clearly does not. Because 

Packard-Bamberger made it a point specifically to explain that a 

 

1 Despite the majority’s declaration, there is no finding of 

intentional misconduct in this record. The jury verdict was 

based on negligence.
14

fiduciary duty, apart from an attorney-client relationship, 

could not justify a fee award, it provides no support for the 

majority’s decision. Because Lash did not, according to its 

majority opinion, directly confront the American Rule, it 

provides no support for the majority’s decision. And because 

Niles was limited to intentional fiduciary misconduct 

surrounding the “pernicious” tort of undue influence, it also

provides no support for the majority’s decision. Vayda

unanimously upheld those distinctions, and they were ratified in 

dicta by In re Estate of Stockdale, 196 N.J. 275, 306-07 (2008). 

With today’s decision, credibility dissipates from the 

Niles Court’s breezy assurance that its new exception to the

American Rule would not open the floodgates because its holding 

would be strictly limited to the tort of undue influence. It 

was not a serious limitation then. See Niles, supra, 176 N.J.

at 304 (LaVecchia, J., dissenting) (“Once the Court decides that 

it can pick and choose from among individual cases when to 

deviate from the traditional requirement that there must be a 

statute, rule, or contract allowing an award of counsel fees, 

there is no discernible difference between fees in a case of 

fraud by a trustee and fees in the case of any other intentional 

tort.”). The majority’s holding, in effect if not in its words, 

undercuts reliance on that facade today.
15

In terms of our jurisprudence, it is unclear what to make 

of the breadth of the majority’s decision. Although the 

majority’s holding describes the fee-shifting expansion in terms 

of the case’s factual context -- attorneys acting as a fiduciary 

in an escrow setting -- the analysis blurs two distinct analytic 

lines of case law. Either the majority is expanding the Saffer

and Packard-Bamberger precedent by allowing fee-shifting against

attorney defendants to extend now to non-client relationships,8

or the majority is no longer limiting fiduciary fee-shifting to 

the singular context of undue influence claims. The former is 

narrower in its likely future impact because it affects only 

lawyers, as a class of defendants, and therefore does less 

 

2 Implicit in the majority’s determination is an unresolved 

question: what is the theoretical underpinning to Saffer and

Packard-Bamberger that led to fee-shifting for clients in 

attorney-misconduct litigation against their former lawyer? Did 

the Court initially go down that path on the rationale that fees 

spent to prosecute legal malpractice actions are consequential 

damages? Or, was Saffer and Packard-Bamberger fee-shifting 

based on the special considerations inherent in the lawyerclient relationship, over which the Court has supervisory 

control. The more solid rationale is the lawyer-client basis. 

Both decisions were firmly rooted in the attorney-client 

relationship. Saffer mentions the consequential damages angle, 

but it is not its takeaway principle. In my view, one should 

not read out of the Saffer and Packard-Bamberger opinions all of 

their limiting language about the attorney-client premise to 

their holdings. And subsequent decisions have since emphasized 

the limiting principle to those holdings. If Saffer and PackardBamberger are read otherwise, the consequential damages theory –

- untethered to the attorney-client justification for feeshifting in such relationships -– broadly undercuts the American 

Rule and can be stretched to an extensive range of claims. See

infra at ___ (slip op. at 19).
16

damage to the American Rule. But it does treat attorneys worse 

than all others who may act in an escrow capacity, and other 

non-lawyer people and entities do perform escrow 

responsibilities. Further case law will tell whether the line 

of distinction will remain fixed at lawyers acting as escrows. 

However, the majority’s emphasis on intentional conduct in its 

fee-shift rationale in this matter could portend future feeshift requests from others injured by anyone who was charged 

with acting in a fiduciary capacity. And that risks a much 

broader exception to the American Rule, one that would expose a 

host of actors to new, expanded liability. 

Arising in a vast array of factual settings, fiduciary 

relationships are many: doctors to their patients; agents to 

their principals; partners to their other partners; corporate 

officers to their shareholders; brokers, including insurance, 

real estate, and securities brokers, to their clients; and 

public officials to their constituents.9 That list is just a 

 

3 See Howard v. Univ. of Med. & Dentistry of N.J., 172 N.J. 537, 

547 (2002) (noting fiduciary relationship between doctor to

patient); Hirsch v. Schwartz, 87 N.J. Super. 382, 389 (App. Div. 

1965) (“Where a principal-agent relationship exists, . . . it 

follows that the agent as a fiduciary was required to exercise 

good faith in his relationship with his principal[.]”); 

Neustadter v. United Exposition Serv. Co., 14 N.J. Super. 484, 

493 (Ch. Div. 1951) (“Each partner stands in a fiduciary 

relationship to every other partner.”); Eliasberg v. Standard 

Oil Co., 23 N.J. Super. 431, 441 (Ch. Div. 1952) (“The directors 

of a corporation are, of course, fiduciaries, and in their 
17

sampling, as “[a] fiduciary relationship arises between two 

persons when one person is under a duty to act for or give 

advice for the benefit of another on matters within the scope of 

their relationship.” F.G. v. MacDonnell, 150 N.J. 550, 563 

(1997) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 874 cmt. a 

(1979)). If read broadly, the majority’s holding could be 

interpreted as opening all fiduciary actors to liability for fee 

awards so long as they engage in intentional misconduct. If so, 

it would take significant effort by the Legislature to unravel 

the potential fee-shifting cracked open for argument by the 

majority.

To be clear, as escrow agents, there is no doubt that 

defendants here owed a fiduciary duty to Innes -- the client of 

their adversary. See In re Hollendonner, 102 N.J. 21, 26 (1985) 

 

dealings with the corporation and the stockholders the utmost 

fidelity is demanded.”), aff’d, 12 N.J. 467 (1953); Aden v. 

Fortsh, 169 N.J. 64, 78 (2001) (“Insurance intermediaries in 

this State must act in a fiduciary capacity to the client . . . 

.”); Silverman v. Bresnahan, 35 N.J. Super. 390, 396 (App. Div. 

1955) (noting settled nature of fiduciary relationship between 

real estate broker and property owner); McAdam v. Dean Witter 

Reynolds, Inc., 896 F.2d 750, 767 (3d Cir. 1990) (signaling 

similar fiduciary obligation for stockbrokers); Driscoll v. 

Burlington-Bristol Bridge Co., 8 N.J. 433, 474 (“The members of 

the board of chosen freeholders and of the bridge commission are 

public officers holding positions of public trust. They stand 

in a fiduciary relationship to the people whom they have been 

elected or appointed to serve.”), cert. denied, 344 U.S. 838, 73 

S. Ct. 25, 97 L. Ed. 652 (1952).
18

(“It is well settled that an escrow holder acts as an agent for 

both parties.”). They breached that duty when they turned over 

the child’s passport without Innes’s permission in this ongoing 

contentious divorce and custody proceeding. Although they are 

attorneys, defendants were not Innes’s attorneys, taking this 

appeal out of the attorney-client realm of Saffer and PackardBamberger. And they surely did not commit the undue influence 

tort, making Niles equally inapplicable. Without an attorneyclient relationship, and without an undue influence finding, a 

fee award cannot be justified under present law. That leaves 

only a painful but nonetheless straightforward breach of a 

fiduciary responsibility, which our law, until today, held 

insufficient to shift fees. See Packard-Bamberger, supra, 167 

N.J. at 443 (“[I]f [defendant] had not been counsel to [the 

corporation], his fiduciary duty to [that corporation] would 

have arisen solely from his status as a director. He would not 

have rendered any legal services to the corporation and, 

therefore, attorneys’ fees would not have been appropriate 

unless authorized by contract, statute, or some other specific 

rule.”).

The majority has therefore extended our law beyond Saffer, 

beyond Packard-Bamberger, beyond Lash, and beyond Niles -- an 

extension, and further erosion of the American Rule, that I 

resist. 
19

It is true that absent an award of attorneys’ fees, the 

prevailing party in this breach-of-a-fiduciary-responsibility

litigation is not fully compensated for the loss suffered. But 

that is true in practically every context in which damages must 

be recovered through legal action. In any standard contract or 

tort claim, the cost of maintaining the action prevents a 

prevailing plaintiff from realizing the full measure of damages.

Since its inception, the American Rule has rejected the idea 

that counsel fees are necessary to fully compensate the 

prevailing party in litigation. See Thomas D. Rowe, Jr., The 

Legal Theory of Attorney Fee Shifting, 1982 Duke L.J. 651, 657 

(1982) (“[T]he American [R]ule’s effect of reducing a successful 

plaintiff’s recovery by the amount of his lawyer’s fee conflicts 

with the make-whole idea underlying much of the law of 

remedies.”). The majority’s policy choice in this matter tosses 

aside that basic premise.

Finally, the way in which the majority reaches its result 

deserves mention. The majority’s holding, permitting the 

possibility of fee-shifting in this attorney-breach-of-anescrow-fiduciary-duty matter, is grounded on intentional 

misconduct by an attorney in respect of fulfilling escrow 

duties. In doing so, it may be surmised that the majority 

recognizes that even under its interpretation of the law, fees 

would not be available based on negligent conduct. However, 
20

this case was presented by experienced counsel and was submitted 

to the jury based on negligent conduct. The majority now makes 

this case a different one than that which was tried by the 

parties and counsel. There may have been considered 

consequences, including insurance availability, which 

strategically led to the decision to try the case in the manner 

that the parties and all counsel presented it. In my view, this 

Court should refrain from refashioning the trial choices of the 

parties and professionals who handled this matter.

IV. 

To be sure, there is good cause to be dismayed at the 

fiduciary breach here. It had tragic consequences -- separating 

a young child from her father. But a desire to do equity in a 

sympathetic case cannot substitute for adherence to our Court’s 

policy choice that the administration of justice is best served 

when parties to litigation bear their own counsel fees, a policy 

that dates back almost as far as the institution of our modern 

Court itself. That policy holds that absent statute, court 

rule, or contract authorizing fee-shifting, counsel fees are not 

recoverable as damages. Because the “policy of our rule should 

be honored,” Grober, supra, 47 N.J. at 151, I respectfully 

dissent. 
 SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY

NO. A-16 SEPTEMBER TERM 2014

ON CERTIFICATION FROM Appellate Division, Superior Court

PETER INNES and VICTORIA 

SOLENNE INNES, by her 

Guardian PETER INNES,

Plaintiffs-Respondents,

v.

MADELINE MARZANO-LESNEVICH, 

ESQ., and LESNEVICH & 

MARZANO-LESNEVICH, Attorneys 

At Law, i/j/s/a,

Defendants/Third-Party PlaintiffsAppellants,

v.

MITCHELL A. LIEBOWITZ, ESQ., 

PETER VAN AULEN, ESQ., and

MARIA JOSE CARRASCOSA,

Third-Party Defendants.

DECIDED April 26, 2016

Chief Justice Rabner PRESIDING

OPINION BY Justice Solomon

CONCURRING/DISSENTING OPINION BY 

DISSENTING OPINION BY Justice LaVecchia

CHECKLIST AFFIRM AS 

MODIFIED/REMAND DISSENT

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER X

JUSTICE LaVECCHIA X

JUSTICE ALBIN X

JUSTICE PATTERSON -----------------

JUSTICE FERNANDEZ-VINA -----------------

JUSTICE SOLOMON X

JUDGE CUFF (t/a) X

TOTALS 3 2