IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs January 5, 2017

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. WILLIE MORGAN

 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

No. 13-06170 James M. Lammey, Jr., Judge

No. W2016-01445-CCA-R3-CD

The defendant, Willie Morgan, was convicted by a Shelby County Criminal Court jury of 

aggravated robbery, a Class B felony, and was sentenced to a term of eleven years. On 

appeal, the defendant argues that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his conviction and 

that the trial court erred in excluding testimony about the victim’s compensation fund. 

After review, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ALAN E. GLENN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN EVERETT 

WILLIAMS and CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, JJ., joined.

Stephen C. Bush, District Public Defender; Barry W. Kuhn (on appeal), John Zastrow 

and Joshua Stanton (at trial), Assistant Public Defenders, for the appellant, Willie 

Morgan.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Katherine C. Redding, Assistant 

Attorney General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Tyler B. Parks and 

Gavin Smith, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

FACTS

The defendant and a co-defendant, Ashley Proctor, were indicted for aggravated 

robbery arising from their taking almost $10,000 from the victim at gunpoint on July 28, 

2013. 

04/13/2017
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At trial, the victim, Gregory Bernard, testified that he withdrew $10,000 from his 

credit union in order to purchase a home at 2087 Hubert, as well as another house in the 

same neighborhood, to remodel and resell for a profit. He elaborated that he began 

flipping houses after retiring from the City of Memphis Sewer Department and 

“draw[ing]” $100,000. On July 28, 2013, he went to the Hubert address to obtain a 

confirmation letter from the seller. While he waited for the seller, the victim sat with 

some friends under a tree across the street from the house. He knew people in the 

neighborhood from his job at the sewer department and had hung out there after work for 

several years. People in the neighborhood knew that he planned to buy the house on 

Hubert. 

The defendant, with whom the victim was acquainted, approached and joined the 

victim and his friends. The defendant told the victim that Ashley Proctor had asked about 

him and then called Ms. Proctor from the victim’s phone. The victim also spoke to Ms. 

Proctor and said that he would come by and see her when he finished speaking with his 

friends. The defendant did not want to wait, so the victim asked his friend, Otis, to drive 

them. On the way, the defendant asked the victim to stop at a store and buy a beer for 

him. The victim paid for the beer with cash, pulling the bills from his right pocket as the 

defendant stood beside him. The victim had $70 or $80 in his right pocket and the “big 

cash” in his left pocket. 

When they arrived at Ms. Proctor’s, the victim saw a tall, slim African-American 

man standing near the driveway. The victim entered the house, visited with Ms. 

Proctor’s grandmother, and then spoke with Ms. Proctor in the hallway. The defendant 

entered the hallway twice during the victim’s five-minute conversation with Ms. Proctor. 

The first time, the defendant gave Ms. Proctor “a look,” which the victim surmised to be 

“a jealous look.” The second time, the defendant mumbled something that the victim

could not hear. The victim thought the defendant was acting “funny” or “anxiously.” 

As the victim prepared to leave, he saw Otis, the friend who had driven him to the 

house, driving away. The defendant, who was standing near the side of the house in the 

driveway, reported that Otis was going to the store and would return. As the victim stood 

on the porch preparing to call Otis, the tall, slim African-American man, whom the 

victim observed when he arrived, approached from around the corner of the house. The 

man pointed a handgun at the victim and ordered him to lie down. The victim lay down 

on the porch, and the man placed the gun against the back of his head. The victim 

believed that the gunman was about to kill him. As the victim lay face-down on the 

concrete, he felt the man’s feet beside his head and other people moving around him. 

The victim felt hands simultaneously searching all of his pockets, while the gun was still 

held to his head. The victim could tell that the hands searching his pockets were different 

sizes and did not belong to the same person. Approximately $70 was taken from one of 
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his front pockets, $9800 was taken from his other front pocket, and personal papers and 

his wallet were taken from his back pockets. 

The victim heard “footsteps trotting away, leaving from the front of the house 

headed toward across the street from the house,” so he turned his head and looked. He 

saw the defendant, Ms. Proctor, and the gunman together, giggling and running into an 

open field. The victim left the scene, found Otis, and went to the store to call the police. 

The victim gave the police an initial statement and, several days later, identified the 

defendant and Ms. Proctor from photographic arrays and gave a typewritten statement. 

The victim conceded that he did not see the defendant or Ms. Proctor take his property, 

but he explained:

I saw body movement and . . . felt the motion of the body of them around 

my legs moving around. . . . [T]hey was going in my pocket because I 

know the gunman had a gun. He kept pressing on my head. He ain’t got 

three hands. You know, I know he had help. 

He reiterated that he saw the gunman, the defendant, and Ms. Proctor running away 

together immediately after he was robbed. 

Officer Trelise Guest with the Memphis Police Department responded to the 

robbery call. She spoke with the victim and completed an incident report. She and her 

partner searched the area for the possible suspects or physical evidence but were 

unsuccessful. 

Johnny Schafer, who was a sergeant with the Memphis Police Department at the 

time of the offense, spoke with the victim several days after the robbery and prepared 

photographic arrays, from which the victim immediately identified the defendant and Ms. 

Proctor. The police did not find a gun, large sums of cash, or the victim’s property when 

they arrested the defendant. 

Following the conclusion of the proof, the jury convicted the defendant as charged 

of aggravated robbery.

ANALYSIS

On appeal, the defendant argues that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his 

conviction and that the trial court erred in excluding testimony about the victim 

compensation fund.
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I. Sufficiency

The defendant first challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, asserting 

that the victim’s “story d[id] not make any sense” and that the victim “did not see the 

person or persons who robbed him.” 

In considering this issue, we apply the rule that where sufficiency of the 

convicting evidence is challenged, the relevant question of the reviewing court is 

“whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also Tenn. R. 

App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury 

shall be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to support the findings by the trier of fact 

of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”); State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92 (Tenn. 

1992); State v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). The same 

standard applies whether the finding of guilt is predicated upon direct evidence, 

circumstantial evidence, or a combination of direct and circumstantial evidence. State v.

Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).

A criminal offense may be established entirely by circumstantial evidence. State 

v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010). It is for the jury to determine the weight 

to be given the circumstantial evidence and the extent to which the circumstances are 

consistent with the guilt of the defendant and inconsistent with his innocence. State v.

James, 315 S.W.3d 440, 456 (Tenn. 2010). In addition, the State does not have the duty 

to exclude every other reasonable hypothesis except that of the defendant’s guilt in order 

to obtain a conviction based solely on circumstantial evidence. See State v. Dorantes, 

331 S.W.3d 370, 380-81 (Tenn. 2011) (adopting the federal standard of review for cases 

in which the evidence is entirely circumstantial).

All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be 

given the evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v.

Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, 

approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and 

resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 

476 (Tenn. 1973). Our supreme court stated the rationale for this rule:

This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the 

jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their 

demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary 

instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be 

given to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human 
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atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a 

written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d 

523, 527 (Tenn. 1963)). “A jury conviction removes the presumption of innocence with 

which a defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that on appeal a 

convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is insufficient.” 

State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

For the purposes of this case, aggravated robbery is defined as “the intentional or 

knowing theft of property from the person of another by violence or putting the person in 

fear” that is “[a]ccomplished with a deadly weapon or by display of any article used or 

fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be a deadly weapon[.]” Tenn. 

Code Ann. §§ 39-13-401(a), -402. The identification of a defendant as the perpetrator of 

a crime is a question of fact for the trier of fact to determine from the evidence presented 

at trial. See State v. Strickland, 885 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).

In the light most favorable to the State, the evidence shows that the defendant 

approached the victim, began discussing Ms. Proctor, and then called Ms. Proctor from 

the victim’s phone. The victim told the defendant that they would visit Ms. Proctor when 

he finished speaking with friends, but the defendant encouraged the victim to leave 

immediately and they obtained a ride with one of the victim’s friends. When they arrived 

at Ms. Proctor’s house, the victim noticed the would-be gunman standing in the 

driveway. Inside the house, the victim saw the defendant give Ms. Proctor “a look” and 

heard him mumble something to her. The victim described the defendant as acting 

“funny” or “anxiously.” When the victim went outside to leave, the defendant was also 

outside by that point. As the victim was preparing to make a phone call, the gunman 

approached and ordered him to the ground, held him at gunpoint, and directed him not to 

look. The victim felt the gunman standing next to him and holding the gun against his 

head, while two other people moved around him and two different sized hands rummaged 

through his pockets. Immediately after the robbery, the victim saw the defendant with 

Ms. Proctor and the gunman, running away and giggling. The direct and circumstantial 

evidence indicates that the defendant was a participant in the aggravated robbery. 

Although the defendant asserts that the victim’s story is incredible, the jury resolved all 

credibility issues with its verdict. As was its province, the jury believed that the victim 

was robbed in the manner he recounted and that the evidence indicated that the defendant 

participated in the robbery. The evidence is sufficient to sustain the defendant’s 

conviction. 
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II. Exclusion of Testimony

During trial, defense counsel asked the victim if he was familiar with the victim’s 

compensation fund. The prosecutor objected to the question as irrelevant, and the trial 

court sustained the objection. The defendant argues that trial court erred in excluding 

testimony about the victim’s compensation fund, asserting that the “obvious purpose of 

the question was to show a bias on the part of the [victim] in showing that he had a 

pecuniary interest in the outcome of the case, i.e. that he wanted to receive compensation 

from the state victim’s compensation fund.” The State asserts that the defendant has 

waived this complaint because he abandoned the line of questioning without making an 

offer of proof.

We agree with the State that the defendant has waived this issue for failing to 

respond to the trial court’s ruling or attempt to make an offer of proof to demonstrate that 

the answer to his question would lead to relevant or admissible evidence. This court has 

previously found waiver where the trial court excluded victim testimony about the 

compensation fund as not relevant, and the defendant did not respond to the objection or 

attempt to make an offer of proof. See State v. Larry Edward Moore, Jr., No. M2008-

00703-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 457493, at *7-8 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 10, 2010), aff’d 

on remand by State v. Moore, 376 S.W.3d 108 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2011). 

Moreover, the defendant is not entitled to relief under the plain error doctrine, 

which provides that where necessary to do substantial justice, an appellate court may take 

notice of a “plain error” not raised at trial if it affected a substantial right of the 

defendant. Tenn. R. Crim. P. 36(b). In order for us to find plain error: (a) the record 

must clearly establish what occurred in the trial court; (b) a clear and unequivocal rule of 

law must have been breached; (c) a substantial right of the accused must have been 

adversely affected; (d) the accused did not waive the issue for tactical reasons; and (e) 

consideration of the error is “‘necessary to do substantial justice.’” State v. Smith, 24 

S.W.3d 274, 282 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d 626, 641-42 

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)). The presence of all five factors must be established by the 

record before we will recognize the existence of plain error, and complete consideration 

of all the factors is not necessary when it is clear from the record that at least one factor 

cannot be established. Id. at 283. 

Here, the adverse effect of a substantial right of the defendant is not present 

because there was no offer of proof as to the excluded portion of the victim’s testimony. 

“Without knowing what the excluded testimony would have been, we cannot determine 

whether any right of the accused was adversely affected.” State v. Mack Tremaine Jones, 

No. W2005-00014-CCA-R3-CD, 2007 WL 1840798, at *12 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 27, 

2007), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 15, 2007). The first factor is also not present 
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because, although the transcript technically shows what happened, “without the offer of 

proof, the record does not and cannot completely establish what occurred in the trial court 

because the disputed evidence is non-existent.” Id.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgment of the 

trial court. 

_________________________________ 

ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE