TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-17-00155-CR

Cuong Tran, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 4 OF TRAVIS COUNTY

NO. D-1-DC-15-900145, HONORABLE MIKE DENTON, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

A jury found appellant Cuong Tran guilty of assault against a family member by

strangulation, a third-degree felony, see Tex. Penal Code § 22.01(b)(2)(B), and assessed punishment

at six years’ imprisonment. In two points of error, Tran contendsthat the trial court erred in admitting

evidence of an extraneous offense and that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. We will

affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction.

BACKGROUND

At trial, Tran’s neighbor testified that Tran’s wife, Loan Dihn (who is often referred

to in the record by her nickname, “Jennifer,” which we will use throughout this opinion) came to her

home. According to the neighbor, Jennifer was “extremely upset and crying, sobbing,” and “had her

hands on her throat.” Jennifer “said she wasn’t safe at home” and “said that she had to jump the

fence to get out of the house to come for me and that [Tran] had choked her . . . to the point that she
almost passed out and had urinated on herself.” Jennifer further told the neighbor, “I’m tired of this

I can’t live like this any more I want a divorce.” The neighbor called 911. While waiting for help

to arrive, the neighbor noticed “red marks” on Jennifer’s neck.

Officer John Yurcina of the Pflugerville Police Department testified at trial that he

responded to the neighbor’s 911 call. According to Officer Yurcina, Jennifer told him “that she had

been assaulted at her residence.” Jennifer was “very visibly distraught and upset” and “had red

marks on her neck which later in the interview were consistent with being strangled, specificallywith

a hand.” Jennifer told the officer that Tran was upset and angry with her and then assaulted her:

[Officer Yurcina:] She stated to me that as the argument escalated she became

fearful. She mentioned that this was not the first time this situation that occurred

before, and she attempted to leave the residence to go to the neighbor’s house as she

usually does. She said that Tran grabbed her, pushed her down onto the sofa in the

living room and put his hand on her throat applying pressure preventing her from

breathing, and also making her feel tingly as if she were about to pass out.

Officer Yurcina further testified that “the only way that [Jennifer] was able to escape that situation

was by kicking [Tran] in the stomach breaking free of his grip, and then escaping out of a back door,

jumping a fence and running to the neighbor’s house.”

The State also called Officer Keith Ritchie at trial, who testified that he responded

to the scene along with Officer Yurcina. Officer Ritchie testified about what the neighbor told him

had happened. He further testified that Jennifer told him that she wanted to divorce her husband.

According to Officer Ritchie, Jennifer explained to him that Tran “shoved her down on the couch

he grabbed her around the neck, each side of the neck and began squeezing.” In addition, Officer

Ritchie testified, “She said initially she was trying to fight, scratching, trying to get up. She said that

2
she started to feel tingly and I believe she went unconscious.” Jennifer also told him that she was

in fear for her life.

Laterin the trial, the State indicated that it planned to call a witness who would testify

concerning an incident of domestic violence between Tran and Jennifer that allegedly occurred

about 23 years earlier in 1994. Following a hearing outside the jury’s presence, the trial court

decided to allow the testimony over Tran’s objection. The witness, Constable Richard Sanders,

testified that he was working at a hospital in 1994 when Tran and Jennifer walked in. According to

Constable Sanders, Tran was assisting Jennifer into the emergency room, and Jennifer “was crying

and holding the right side of her face.” Constable Sanders further testified, “She saw me and stated,

he hit me.” Constable Sanders testified, “I had the Asian female fill out an assault victim statement

and I arrested the male for assault with injury family violence.” Constable Sanders testified that he

transported Tran to jail but did not know what happened with the case after that.

Jennifer did not testify during the guilt-innocence phase of trial despite the fact that

she had received a subpoena instructing her to appear. After hearing all the evidence, the jury found

Tran guilty. At the punishment phase of trial, several witnesses testified, including Jennifer, who

asked the jury to give her husband probation. The jury assessed punishment, the trial court rendered

its judgment of conviction, and this appeal followed.

3
DISCUSSION

Extraneous Offense

In his first point of error, Tran contends that the trial court “erred in admitting

into evidence a twenty-three year old extraneous offense under Art. 38.371 of the Texas Code of

Criminal Procedure.”

We review the trial court’s decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion.

SeeGonzalez v. State, 544 S.W.3d 363, 370 (Tex.Crim. App. 2018); Dabney v. State, 492 S.W.3d 309,

318 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); Hennington v. State, No. 03-16-00332-CR, 2018 WL 895037, at *3

(Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 15, 2018, pet.ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). A trial court

abuses its discretion only if “its decision lies outside the zone of reasonable disagreement,” and we

“may not substitute our own decision for that of the trial court.” See Gonzalez, 544 S.W.3d at 370.

At trial, the State argued that the court should allow an officer to testify about Tran’s

arrest for family violence made in 1994. The State contended that the testimony was admissible

under Article 38.371 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure and Rule 404(b) of the Texas Rules

of Evidence. On appeal, the State concedes that “any reliance on Art. 38.371 for the admissibility

of evidence was error” because Article 38.371 only applies to criminal proceedings that commence

after September 1, 2015, while Tran committed the offense at issue in this appeal in 2013. See Act

of May 31, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., ch. 1086, § 4(a), 2015 Tex. Gen. Laws 3732, 3733 (“The change

in law made by this Act in adding Article 38.371, Code of Criminal Procedure, applies to the

admissibility of evidence in a criminal proceeding that commences on or after the effective date of

this Act.”); id. § 5 (“This Act takes effect September 1, 2015.”). The State nevertheless argues that

the trial court properly admitted the evidence under Rule 404(b).

4
We will uphold the trial court’s evidentiary ruling if it is correct under any applicable

legal theory, even if the trial court gave the wrong reason for its ruling. See Henley v. State, 493

S.W.3d 77, 93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. Crim. App.

2009); Russell v. State, No. 05-17-00419-CR, 2018 WL 2473818, at *8 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 4,

2018, no pet. h.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Hopkins v. State, No. 03-16-00746-CR,

2018 WL 1660831, at *12 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 6, 2018, no pet. h.) (mem. op., not designated

for publication); Davis v. State, 214 S.W.3d 101, 103 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2006, pet. ref’d).

Therefore, we will uphold the trial court’s decision to admit testimony about the 1994 arrest if the

testimony was admissible under Rule 404(b).

Rule 404(b) provides, “Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible

to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in

accordance with the character.” Tex. R. Evid. 404(b)(1). However, the rule also provides, “This

evidence may be admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent,

preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” Id. R. 404(b)(2).

We conclude that the trial court would not have abused its discretion by admitting testimony about

the 1994 arrest under Rule 404(b) because the testimony was relevant to the relationship between

Tran and his wife. See Garcia v. State, 201 S.W.3d 695, 703 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (“[I]n cases

in which the prior relationship between the victim and the accused is a material issue, illustrating the

nature of the relationship may be the purpose for which evidence of prior bad acts will be

admissible.”). Multiple witnesses testified that Jennifer made statements to them suggesting that

the assault at issue in this case was not the first time that Tran had assaulted her. For example, the

5
neighbor testified that Jennifer told her, “I’m tired of this I can’t live like this any more I want a

divorce.” And Officer Yurcina testified that Jennifer “mentioned that this was not the first time this

situation that occurred before.” The testimony of the 1994 arrest provided evidence that Tran had

assaulted his wife more than 20 years earlier and suggests that the assault for which Tran was on

trial was not an accident or mistake.

In addition, because Jennifer apparently decided not to appear during the guiltinnocence phase of trial despite having received a subpoena instructing her to do so, the State

reasonably felt that it needed to explain her absence. For example, the State called a counselor

with the Austin Police Department victim services unit, who testified about common behaviors of

victims of domestic violence and why they may often remain in an abusive relationship and decide

not to report abuse or press charges against the abuser. The testimony about the 1994 arrest could

suggest to the jury that Jennifer failed to appear for trial not because Tran did not assault her, but

because Tran had placed her in fear for her safety or otherwise manipulated her. See Stulce v. State,

No. 05-14-01226-CR, 2016 WL4218594, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 9, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.,

not designated for publication) (“[E]vidence of an extraneous offense may be admissible for other

non-character conformity purposes such asshowing the reason a sexual assault victim failed to report

the assault promptly or rebutting a defensive theory.”) (citing Brown v. State, 657 S.W.2d 117, 119

(Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1983)).

Finally, the testimony about the 1994 arrest was also admissible to rebut a defense

theory. See Work v. State, No. 03-18-00244-CR, 2018 WL 2347013, at *8 (Tex. App.—Austin

May 24, 2018, no pet. h.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“[C]ourts have explained that

6
‘extraneous-offense evidence, under Rule 404(b), is admissible to rebut a defensive theory raised

in an opening statement or raised by the State’s witnesses during cross-examination.’”) (quoting

Bargas v. State, 252 S.W.3d 876, 890 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.)). As

discussed in more detail below, the defense’s theory at trial was that Tran assaulted Jennifer in selfdefense or mutual combat. The testimony of the 1994 arrest, according to which an uninjured Tran

had struck his wife such that she needed to visit the emergency room, could suggest to the jury that

Tran was the aggressor in the case being tried.

Tran argues that the testimony of the arrest was inadmissible because it was too

remote—that is, the alleged arrest happened over 20 years before trial. However,Rule 404(b) contains

no provision limiting its applicability to evidence over a certain age. Cf. Tex. R. Evid. 609(b)

(providing certain limitations on admissibility of prior conviction “if more than 10 years have

passed since the witness’s conviction or release from confinement for it”). Moreover, as our sister

court has explained, the probative value of a prior act “is not reduced to zero by the passage of time

and, unlike rule 403, rule 404(b) does not involve a weighing of probative value.” Stulce, 2016 WL

4218594, at *5 (citing Newton v. State, 301 S.W.3d 315, 318 (Tex. App.—Waco 2009, pet. ref’d)).

1

That is especially true when, as here, the point of the evidence is to show a long-standing

relationship between the defendant and the alleged victim. As discussed above, testimony that Tran

We also note that the cases on remoteness on which Tran relies were decided before the 1

adoption of the Texas Rules of Evidence, which favor the inclusion of evidence. See Stulce v. State,

No. 05-14-01226-CR, 2016 WL 4218594, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 9, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.,

not designated for publication) (“As the State points out, appellant’s cited authorities predate the

adoption of the rules of evidence. The shift from common law authority to the rules of evidence

involved a shift in sentiment from favoring exclusion of evidence to favoring inclusion of evidence.”).

7
assaulted his wife more than 20 years before trial is relevant to the nature of their relationship, to

the question of whether Tran was the sole aggressor during the assault, and to the question of why

Jennifer did not appear during the guilt-innocence phase of trial. Therefore, we cannot conclude that

the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the testimony despite the length of time that had

passed since the alleged arrest. See Perez v. State, No. 12-14-00116-CR, 2015 WL 3451556, at *6

(Tex. App.—Tyler May 29, 2015, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“[T]here

is no per se rule as to when an extraneous offense is too remote in time to be introduced in

evidence . . . . The period of time separating the extraneous offense from the primary offense is a

factor to be considered, along with all other relevant factors.”); Corley v. State, 987 S.W.2d 615, 620

(Tex. App.—Austin 1999, no pet.) (“We note that there is no per se rule as to when an extraneous

offense is too remote in time to be introduced in evidence.”).

Because we conclude that the testimony about the 1994 arrest was relevant evidence

and admissible under Rule 404(b), we cannot conclude that its admission was an abuse of discretion,

and we overrule Tran’s first point of error.

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In his second point of error, Tran contends that he received ineffective assistance of

counsel. We apply the two-prong Strickland v. Washington standard to Tran’s claim. See Strickland

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). To prevail under Strickland, an appellant must demonstrate

by a preponderance of the evidence both deficient performance by counsel and prejudice suffered

by the defendant. See id.; State v. Gutierrez, 541 S.W.3d 91, 98 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). In addition,

as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has explained,

8
Direct appeal is usually an inadequate vehicle for raising such a claim because the

record is generally undeveloped. This is true with regard to the question of deficient

performance—in which counsel’s conduct is reviewed with great deference, without

the distorting effects of hindsight—where counsel’sreasonsforfailing to do something

do not appear in the record. We have said that trial counsel should ordinarily be

afforded an opportunity to explain his actions before being denounced as ineffective.

Absent such an opportunity, an appellate court should not find deficient performance

unless the challenged conduct was so outrageous that no competent attorney would

have engaged in it.

Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (cleaned up).

Here, Tran complains that his trial counsel did not object on hearsay and

Confrontation Clause grounds to testimony from the State’s witnesses about their conversations

with Jennifer. Tran argues that his counsel’s failure to object to this evidence “was especially crucial

because of the complainant’s absence from the guilt-innocence portion of the trial and the fact that

there were no eyewitnesses to the alleged assault.” However, it appears from the record before us

that Tran’s counsel did have a consistent trial strategy: attempting to convince the jury that although

Tran assaulted his wife, he did so in self-defense or mutual combat. The record is replete with

instances in which counsel argued self-defense or mutual combat or raised these issues through

cross-examination. For example, in his opening argument, Tran’s counsel argued as follows:

This case is a three year old case and you’ll hear from the facts of this particular

case, there was an argument between the two people. They’ve been married 20 plus

years, people have arguments. I think the police will also testify that my client had

scratches on his neck, so it was a problem between the two individuals and the police

were called.

Counsel did not suggest that no physical encounter took place—he instead argued that the encounter

was not an unjustified criminal assault but rather merely a mutual marital “problem.”

9
To take another example, the following exchange occurred on cross-examination

between Tran’s counsel and Officer Ritchie:

[Tran’s counsel:] And you also see on [Tran] there he has scratches on him, so looks

like it may have been mutual combat, is that possible?

[Officer Ritchie:] That’s always an option.

[Tran’s counsel:] Okay. If a person was getting attacked, strangulation would stop

another attack wouldn’t it?

[Officer Ritchie:] Could.

[Tran’s counsel:] It could be used as a self-defense tactic?

[Officer Ritchie:] It could be used lethality [sic], yeah.

[Tran’s counsel:] That gets somebody off of you real quick won’t it?

[Officer Ritchie:] Uh-huh.

Again, this exchange reveals defense counsel’s trial strategy: convincing the jury that Tran acted

in self-defense.

This trial strategy becomes even clearer when one realizes that Tran’s counsel

obtained a self-defense jury instruction over the State’s objection. In order to obtain a self-defense

jury instruction, a defendant must effectively admit to committing each element of the offense but

then assert that the conduct was justified. See Juarez v. State, 308 S.W.3d 398, 401 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2010)(discussing“the long-standing legal doctrine of confession and avoidance”); Shaw v. State,

243 S.W.3d 647, 659 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (“[A] defensive instruction is only appropriate when

the defendant’s defensive evidence essentially admits to every element of the offense including the

10
culpable mental state, but interposes the justification to excuse the otherwise criminal conduct.”);

Estrella v. State, Nos. 01-16-00938-CR & 01-17-00162-CR, 2018 WL 1056407, at *11 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 27, 2018, no pet.) (“The doctrine requires a defendant to first admit

that he engaged in the proscribed conduct by admitting all elements of the underlying offense, then

claim that his commission of the offense is justified because of other facts.”); Stanley v. State,

No. 02-16-00176-CR, 2018 WL 359903, at *9 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 11, 2018, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication) (“[T]o be entitled to a self-defense instruction, the

defendant must admit every element of the offense, including the culpable mental state.”); Penning

v. State, No. 03-14-00579-CR, 2016 WL4628052, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 31, 2016, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication) (“Justification defenses, including necessity and selfdefense, are based on the confession- and-avoidance doctrine, which requires a defendant to admit the

conduct—both the act or omission and the requisite culpable mental state—of the charged offense.”).

BecauseTran’s apparent strategywas to pursue, and ultimately obtain, a self-defense

instruction, which required Tran to admit to the elements of the offense, it would have been

inconsistent with this strategy for Tran to object to the evidence of the assault about which Tran

complains on appeal. Moreover, in the absence of a more developed record, we cannot conclude that

the self-defense strategy that Tran’s counsel pursued was “so outrageous that no competent attorney

would have engaged in it.” See Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 392 (cleaned up). Tran’s counsel

consistently pursued a reasonable trial strategy; therefore, we cannot conclude that counsel rendered

deficient performance or that Tran received ineffective assistance. Accordingly, we overrule Tran’s

second point of error.

11
CONCLUSION

Having overruled Tran’s points of error, we affirm the trial court’s judgment of

conviction.

__________________________________________

Scott K. Field, Justice

Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Goodwin and Field

Affirmed

Filed: June 26, 2018

Do Not Publish

12