Affirmed and Opinion Filed August 8, 2017.

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-16-00743-CV

WORKFLEX SOLUTIONS, LLC, Appellant

V.

FIFTH THIRD BANK, Appellee

On Appeal from the 416th Judicial District Court

Collin County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 416-00005-2016

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices Evans, Stoddart, and Boatright

Opinion by Justice Stoddart

WorkFlex Solutions, LLC, appeals an order dismissing its lawsuit against Fifth Third

Bank. The trial court concluded that a forum selection clause in the parties’ contract is 

mandatory and requires any action arising out of or relating to the contract to be filed in the Ohio 

Commercial Docket of Hamilton County, Ohio. In a single issue, WorkFlex contends the trial 

court abused its discretion because the forum selection clause is permissive, not mandatory. We 

affirm.

BACKGROUND

WorkFlex sued Fifth Third in Collin County, Texas for breach of their Master Purchase 

Agreement (the Contract). In the Contract, WorkFlex agreed to provide software products and 

support services to Fifth Third. WorkFlex claimed Fifth Third failed to pay invoices for the 
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products and services provided. Fifth Third answered and filed a motion to dismiss based on a 

forum selection clause contained in the Contract. 

Both parties have headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio. WorkFlex also has offices in Collin 

County, Texas. The Contract, drafted by Fifth Third, was entered into on November 30, 2012. It 

consists of twenty-three pages, plus several attachments. The Contract provides that notices are 

to be in writing and delivered to the other party at their address in Cincinnati, Ohio. The 

Contract also contains the following provision:

32. Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in 

accordance with the laws of State of Ohio. Each of the Parties submits to the 

jurisdiction of an Ohio Commercial Docket Judge (defined below) in any action 

or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement and agrees that all 

claims in respect of any such action or proceeding may be heard and determined 

by such Ohio Commercial Docket Judge. As used herein, “Ohio Commercial 

Docket Judge” means a judge designated as a commercial docket judge assigned 

to the commercial docket of the Hamilton County, Ohio Court of Common Pleas 

(the “Commercial Docket”) pursuant to Temporary Rules 1.01 through 1.11 of the 

Rules of Superintendence for Courts of Ohio (as extended, amended, modified 

and/or finalized, the “Temporary Rules”) effective July 1, 2008 or any successor 

judge or court assigned to the Commercial Docket or judge or court of competent 

jurisdiction in Hamilton County, Ohio substituted by the Hamilton County, Ohio 

Court of Common Pleas on behalf of the Commercial Docket in the event such 

Commercial Docket expires, terminates or ceases to exist for any reason. In the 

event that the Commercial Docket is no longer in existence, then the Parties 

hereto irrevocably consent to exclusive jurisdiction of the courts having a situs in 

Hamilton County, Ohio. The Parties waive the right to a jury trial. 

The Ohio Commercial Docket was a pilot program at the time the Contract was signed, 

therefore the parties did not know whether it would be in existence if a dispute arose. The pilot 

program established a commercial docket within the court of common pleas for four counties, 

one of which was Hamilton County, Ohio.1 The Commercial Docket is a dedicated docket for 

commercial litigation before sitting judges who volunteer and are designated by the Chief Justice 

 

1 Report and Recommendations of The Supreme Court of Ohio Task Force on Commercial Dockets, p. 3

(Dec. 2011) [hereinafter Report] (available at http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/Boards/commDockets/Report.pdf).
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to hear cases assigned to the commercial docket.2 Cases eligible for the Commercial Docket 

include civil cases involving disputes between business entities relating to contracts between 

them.3 Consent of the parties is not required for assignment to the Commercial Docket. If 

eligible, the case will be transferred to the Commercial Docket either by motion of one of the 

parties, or sua sponte by the judge assigned to the case.4 With minor modifications, the pilot 

program was made permanent in 2013. See OH. SUP. R. 49.01.

Fifth Third argued in its motion to dismiss that the forum selection clause makes

Hamilton County, Ohio the exclusive forum for any disputes arising under the Contract. The 

specific forum is the Commercial Docket if it is in existence or the courts of Hamilton County, 

Ohio if the Commercial Docket no longer exists. WorkFlex argued that the forum selection 

clause contained both a permissive and an exclusive forum selection. According to WorkFlex, 

the clause sets a permissive forum if the Commercial Docket of Hamilton County, Ohio is in 

existence, and an exclusive forum in Hamilton County, Ohio if the Commercial Docket expires. 

After a hearing, the Collin County trial court granted the motion and dismissed the case.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review the granting of a motion to dismiss based on a forum selection clause for an 

abuse of discretion. Chandler Mgmt. Corp. v. First Specialty Ins. Corp., 452 S.W.3d 887, 891 

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.). However, to the extent our review involves the interpretation 

of a contract, which is a legal matter, our review is de novo. Id. The trial court abuses its 

discretion if it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner or acts without reference to any 

guiding rules or principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 

 

2 Report, App. A, p. 29; OH. SUP. R. 49.02.

3 Report, App. A, p. 29; OH. SUP. R. 49.05(E).

4 Report, App. A, p. 29; OH. SUP. R. 49.07.
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(Tex. 1985). This case involves the interpretation of the Contract and the facts at issue in this 

appeal are not disputed. Therefore, we apply a de novo standard of review.

APPLICABLE LAW

Contractual forum selection clauses are generally enforceable unless the party opposing 

the clause shows that enforcement would be unreasonable and unjust, that the clause is invalid 

for such reasons as fraud or overreaching, enforcement would contravene a strong public policy 

of forum where suit was filed, or the selected forum would be seriously inconvenient for trial. In 

re Nationwide Ins. Co. of Am., 494 S.W.3d 708, 712 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding); In re Lyon 

Fin. Servs., Inc., 257 S.W.3d 228, 231–32 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam) (orig. proceeding); 

Kennecorp Mtge. Brokers, Inc. v. Country Club Convalescent Hosp., Inc., 1993-Ohio-203, 66 

Ohio St. 3d 173, 176, 610 N.E.2d 987, 989. The parties here do not challenge the validity of the 

forum selection clause, only whether it is mandatory or permissive. Resolving this dispute 

requires us to interpret the meaning of the Contract. 

Forum selection clauses are “creatures of contract and we must give effect to the parties’ 

intent as expressed in the four corners of the document.” Pinto Tech. Ventures, L.P. v. Sheldon, 

No. 16-0007, 2017 WL 2200357, at *1 (Tex. May 19, 2017). The parties chose Ohio law to 

govern the construction of the Contract, therefore we look to Ohio law for the appropriate rules 

of contract construction.5

Under Ohio contract law, the court’s primary task is to determine the intent of the parties 

from the language used in the contract. Westfield Ins. Co. v. Galatis, 2003-Ohio-5849, ¶¶ 11–13, 

100 Ohio St. 3d 216, 219–20, 797 N.E.2d 1256, 1261–62. Courts determine the meaning of any 

 

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See Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Drennen, 452 S.W.3d 319, 324–25 (Tex. 2014). We note that Texas law on 

contract construction is the same as Ohio and we would reach the same result if we interpreted the Contract under 

Texas law. See Nassar v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 508 S.W.3d 254, 257–58 (Tex. 2017) (per curiam) (describing 

Texas law on contract construction).
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part of the contract in light of the whole contract. Id. at ¶ 11, 797 N.E.2d at 1261. Often the 

intended meaning of a word or phrase is clear when that word or phrase is considered in context 

with the other words and phrases in the contract. EnQuip Techs. Group v. Tycon Technoglass, 

2012-Ohio-6181, ¶ 16, 986 N.E.2d 469, 475 (2d Dist.). Courts look to the plain and ordinary 

meaning of the language used in the contract unless another meaning is apparent from the 

contract. Westfield Ins., 2003-Ohio-5849, at ¶ 11, 797 N.E.2d at 1261. Whether a contract is 

ambiguous is a question of law. Keehan Tennessee Invest., L.L.C. v. Praetorium Secured Fund I, 

L.P., 2016-Ohio-8390, ¶ 14, 71 N.E.3d 325, 330 (9th Dist.). A contract is ambiguous if its 

meaning cannot be determined from the four corners of the document or where the language is 

susceptible to two or more reasonable interpretations. EnQuip Techs. Group, 2012-Ohio-6181, 

at ¶ 16, 986 N.E.2d at 475. 

Ohio’s rules of contract construction raise the presumption that forum selection clauses 

are permissive unless there is some further language in the contract indicating the parties 

intended to make the selection exclusive. EnQuip Techs. Group, 2012-Ohio-6181, at ¶ 17, 986 

N.E.2d at 475. In deciding whether a forum selection clause is permissive or mandatory, Ohio 

courts have found the following factors significant: (1) a reference to venue; (2) language 

indicating the parties’ intent to make jurisdiction exclusive; and (3) language indicating a suit 

elsewhere is forbidden. Keehan Tennessee Invest., 2016-Ohio-8390, ¶ 25, 71 N.E.3d at 332. 

These factors are not exclusive, a finding that a forum selection clause is mandatory may be 

supported by only one factor. Id. at ¶ 26, 71 N.E.3d at 332. 

DISCUSSION

WorkFlex focuses on only two sentences in section 32. The second sentence reads: 

Each of the Parties submits to the jurisdiction of an Ohio Commercial Docket 

Judge (defined below) in any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this 

Agreement and agrees that all claims in respect of any such action or proceeding 

may be heard and determined by such Ohio Commercial Docket Judge.
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The fourth sentence reads:

In the event that the Commercial Docket is no longer in existence, then the Parties 

hereto irrevocably consent to exclusive jurisdiction of the courts having a situs in 

Hamilton County, Ohio.

WorkFlex argues these sentences create two separate and independent forum selection 

clauses. By reading the phrase “may be heard and determined” in isolation, WorkFlex contends 

the second sentence creates a permissive forum selection if the Commercial Docket is in 

existence, while the fourth sentence, by using the phrase “exclusive jurisdiction,” creates a 

mandatory forum selection if the Commercial Docket does not exist. WorkFlex concludes the 

trial court abused its discretion because the Commercial Docket is in existence and therefore the 

“exclusive jurisdiction” language does not apply. 

We disagree with this construction of section 32. The entire section should be read 

together with the rest of the Contract to ascertain the intent of the parties. See Westfield Ins., 

2003-Ohio-5849, at ¶ 11, 797 N.E.2d at 1261; EnQuip Techs. Group, 2012-Ohio-6181, at ¶ 16, 

986 N.E.2d at 475. Both parties have offices in Cincinnati, Ohio, which is located in Hamilton 

County. The terms of the Contract require that notices be delivered to the parties at their 

addresses in Cincinnati. The parties agreed that the Contract would be governed by Ohio law. 

Further, the parties identified the specific venue—Hamilton County, Ohio—for any action or 

proceeding arising out of or relating to their contract. See Keehan Tennessee Invest., 2016-Ohio8390, ¶ 25, 71 N.E.3d at 332 (one factor for finding forum selection clause mandatory is 

reference to venue). This was a commercial transaction and would be appropriate for the 

Commercial Docket. See OH. SUP. R. 49.05(E)(4) (cases eligible for the commercial docket 

include any civil case relating to disputes between two or more business entities relating to 

contracts between them). The parties clearly contracted with the Commercial Docket in mind as 

evidenced by the detailed provision about the Commercial Docket. And the clause references 
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exclusive jurisdiction in the fourth sentence. The phrase “exclusive jurisdiction” is “without a 

doubt, a phrase of exclusivity.” Keehan Tennessee Invest., 2016-Ohio-8390, ¶ 27, 71 N.E.3d at 

332. Thus, the Contract includes a reference to a specific venue and language of exclusivity.

These are both factors Ohio courts consider in finding a forum selection clause is mandatory. 

See id. at ¶¶ 25–27, 71 N.E.3d at 332 (“a court does not have to find each of the three factors is 

present in order to interpret a forum selection clause as mandatory”).

WorkFlex complains that reading section 32 as mandatory makes the “may be heard and 

determined” language meaningless and rewrites the Contract. We disagree. Although the 

second sentence of section 32 uses the words “may be,” the entire section read in context with 

the rest of the Contract indicates the parties intended to make the courts of Hamilton County, 

Ohio, including the Commercial Docket courts if they are in existence, the exclusive forum for 

any disputes arising under or related to the Contract. The Contract is between two Ohio business 

entities who agreed to apply Ohio law to their contract and specified that notices be delivered to 

their addresses in Ohio. It refers to a specific venue and contains language of exclusivity. See 

Keehan Tennessee Invest., 2016-Ohio-8390, ¶ 16, 71 N.E.3d at 330 (providing for exclusive 

jurisdiction is equivalent to prohibiting filing suit elsewhere); see also In re Fisher, 433 S.W.3d 

523, 531–33 (Tex. 2014) (orig. proceeding) (use of words “may be brought” and “non-exclusive 

jurisdiction” did not render choice of venue clause permissive where the clause also provided the 

parties agreed “not to bring any proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement in any 

other court”). By submitting to the jurisdiction of an Ohio Commercial Docket Judge and 

agreeing that all claims arising out of or relating to the Contract “may be heard and determined 

by such Ohio Commercial Docket Judge,” the parties foreclosed any objection by either party to 

assignment of their case to the Commercial Docket. It is not reasonable to assume the parties 

would use such explicit, detailed language about the Commercial Docket if they intended that 
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suits could be filed anywhere outside of Ohio while the Commercial Docket was in existence, 

but if the Commercial Docket ceased to exist, suits could only be filed in the courts of Hamilton 

County, Ohio. Instead, reading the Contract as a whole, without isolating individual words or 

phrases, the Contract indicates the parties intended the courts of Hamilton County, Ohio, 

including those assigned to the Commercial Docket, to have exclusive jurisdiction over any 

dispute under the Contract.

WorkFlex contends the choice of law provision has no bearing on the meaning of the 

forum selection clause. However, the law chosen by the parties, just like the rest of the Contract, 

is a relevant consideration in determining the intent of the parties from the language used in the 

entire contract. See EnQuip Techs. Group, 2012-Ohio-6181, ¶ 19, 986 N.E.2d at 476 (“A 

choice-of-law provision should be considered as evidence of the meaning of a forum-selection 

clause in the same contract.”). The court in EnQuip distinguished language from the earlier 

decision in EI UK Holdings,

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cited by WorkFlex, and noted that the meaning of a forum selection 

clause, like any other clause in the contract, should be determined by the law chosen by the 

parties. EnQuip Techs. Group, 2012-Ohio-6181, at ¶¶ 20–24, 986 N.E.2d at 476–480. The 

choice of Ohio law is part of the language in the Contract, therefore, we consider it in deciding 

the meaning of the forum selection clause. See Dayton Outpatient Ctr., Inc. v. OMRI of 

Pensacola, Inc., 2014-Ohio-4105, ¶¶ 18, 19 N.E.3d 608, 614 (2d Dist.) (conclusion that forum 

selection clause was mandatory was “supported by further considering the forum selection clause 

in the context of other contractual language, namely the choice of law clause,” which selected 

Florida law to apply to contract).

WorkFlex argues in the alternative that the clause is ambiguous. We disagree. A 

 

6 EI UK Holdings, Inc. v. Cinergy UK, Inc., 2005-Ohio-1271, ¶ 23, 2005 WL 662921, at *5 (9th Dist.) (“a 

choice of law clause is separate and distinct from a forum selection clause and is not to be interpreted as such”).
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contract is not rendered ambiguous by reading words in isolation to find alternative meanings. 

Rather, we determine the meaning of a contract and whether it is ambiguous by reading the 

contract as a whole. Westfield Ins., 2003-Ohio-5849, ¶ 11, 797 N.E.2d at 1261. The Contract 

read as a whole has a definite legal meaning and is not ambiguous. Id. (“As a matter of law, a 

contract is unambiguous if it can be given a definite legal meaning.”); EnQuip Techs. Group, 

2012-Ohio-6181, at ¶ 16, 986 N.E.2d at 475 (“there is no ambiguity if the subject language’s 

meaning can be determined by considering the language in the context of other contractual 

language”).

CONCLUSION

We conclude the forum selection clause is mandatory and that the trial court did not 

abuse its discretion by granting the motion to dismiss. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s 

order.

160743F.P05

/Craig Stoddart/

CRAIG STODDART

JUSTICE
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Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

WORKFLEX SOLUTIONS, LLC, 

Appellant

No. 05-16-00743-CV V.

FIFTH THIRD BANK, Appellee

On Appeal from the 416th Judicial District 

Court, Collin County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 416-00005-2016.

Opinion delivered by Justice Stoddart. 

Justices Evans and Boatright participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the Order Granting Defendant’s 

Motion to Dismiss of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

It is ORDERED that appellee FIFTH THIRD BANK recover its costs of this appeal 

from appellant WORKFLEX SOLUTIONS, LLC.

Judgment entered this 8th day of August, 2017.