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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO

Civil Action No. _________________

PATRICK COLLINS, INC.,

Plaintiff,

v.

JOHN DOE, 

Defendant.

______________________________________________________________________________

COMPLAINT

______________________________________________________________________________

Plaintiff, Patrick Collins, Inc., sues John Doe, who was, at all relevant times, the 

subscriber of IP address 67.176.53.137 and alleges:

Introduction

1. This matter arises under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, as amended, 17 

U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq. (the “Copyright Act”).

2. Through this suit, Plaintiff alleges Defendant is liable for: 

• Direct copyright infringement in violation of 17 U.S.C. §§ 106 and 501; and

• Contributory copyright infringement. 

Jurisdiction And Venue

3. This Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 

1331 (federal question); and 28 U.S.C. § 1338 (patents, copyrights, trademarks and unfair 

competition).

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4. The Defendant’s acts of copyright infringement occurred using Internet Protocol 

address 67.176.53.137 (“IP address”) traced to a physical address located within this District, 

and therefore this Court has personal jurisdiction over the Defendant because (a) Defendant 

committed the tortious conduct alleged in this Complaint in the State of Colorado, and (i) 

Defendant resides in the State of Colorado and/or (ii) has engaged in substantial and not isolated 

business activity in the State of Colorado.

5. Venue is proper in this District pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b) and (c), because: 

(i) a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claims occurred in this District; 

and, (ii) the Defendant resides (and therefore can be found) in this District and resides in this 

State; additionally, venue is proper in this District pursuant 28 U.S.C. § 1400(a) (venue for 

copyright cases) because Defendant or Defendant’s agent resides or may be found in this 

District.

Parties

6. Plaintiff, Patrick Collins, Inc., is a corporation organized and existing under the 

laws of the State of California and has its principal place of business located at 8015 Deering 

Avenue, Canoga Park, California.

7. Defendant is known to Plaintiff only by IP address 67.176.53.137.

8. An IP address is a number that is assigned by an Internet Service Provider (an 

“ISP”) to devices, such as computers, that are connected to the Internet. 

9. The ISP to which Defendant subscribes, Comcast Cable, can correlate the 

Defendant’s IP address to the Defendant’s true identity. 

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Factual Background

I. Plaintiff Own the Copyright to a Motion Picture

10. On or about May 26, 2011, Plaintiff, Patrick Collins, Inc. submitted an application 

for Copyright Registration (Service Request Number 1-614552711) for the motion picture titled 

“Gangbanged” (the “Work”). 

11. A copy of the application for Copyright Registration evidencing, among other 

things, Plaintiff’s ownership of the Work and the application date are attached as Exhibit A.

II. Defendant Used BitTorrent To Infringe Plaintiff’s Copyright

12. BitTorrent is one of the most common peer-to-peer file sharing protocols (in 

other words, set of computer rules) used for distributing large amounts of data; indeed, it has 

been estimated that users using the BitTorrent protocol on the Internet account for over a quarter 

of all Internet traffic. The creators and users of BitTorrent developed their own lexicon for use 

when talking about BitTorrent, which can be found on www.Wikipedia.org.

13. The BitTorrent protocol’s popularity stems from its ability to distribute a large file 

without creating a heavy load on the source computer and network. In short, to reduce the load 

on the source computer, rather than downloading a file from a single source computer (one 

computer directly connected to another), the BitTorrent protocol allows users to join a "swarm" 

of host computers to download and upload from each other simultaneously (one computer 

connected to numerous computers). 

A. Defendant Installed a BitTorrent Client Onto His or Her Computer

14. Defendant installed a BitTorrent Client onto his or her computer.

15. A BitTorrent “Client” is a software program that implements the BitTorent 

protocol. There are numerous such software programs including μTorrent and Vuze, both of 

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which can be directly downloaded from the Internet. See www.utorrent.com and 

http://new.vuze-downloads.com/. 

16. Once installed on a computer, the BitTorrent “Client” serves as the user’s 

interface during the process of uploading and downloading data using the BitTorrent protocol. 

B. The Initial Seed, Torrent, Hash and Tracker

17. A BitTorrent user that wants to upload a new file, known as an “initial seeder,” 

starts by creating a “torrent” descriptor file using the Client he or she installed onto his or her 

computer. 

18. The Client takes the target computer file, the “initial seed,” here the copyrighted 

Work, and divides it into groups of bits known as “pieces.” 

19. The Client then gives each one of the computer file’s pieces, in this case, pieces 

of the copyrighted Work, a random and unique alphanumeric identifier known as a “hash” and 

records these hash identifiers in the torrent file. 

20. When another peer later receives a particular piece, the hash identifier for that 

piece is compared to the hash identifier recorded in the torrent file for that piece to test that the 

piece is error-free. In this way, the hash identifier works like an electronic fingerprint to identify 

the source and origin of the piece and that the piece is authentic and uncorrupted.

21. Torrent files also have an "announce" section, which specifies the URL (Uniform 

Resource Locator) of a “tracker,” and an "info" section, containing (suggested) names for the 

files, their lengths, the piece length used, and the hash identifier for each piece, all of which are 

used by Clients on peer computers to verify the integrity of the data they receive.

22. The “tracker” is a computer or set of computers that a torrent file specifies and to 

which the torrent file provides peers with the URL address (es). 

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23. The tracker computer or computers direct a peer user’s computer to other peer 

user’s computers that have particular pieces of the file, here the copyrighted Work, on them and 

facilitates the exchange of data among the computers. 

24. Depending on the BitTorrent Client, a tracker can either be a dedicated computer 

(centralized tracking) or each peer can act as a tracker (decentralized tracking).

C. Torrent Sites

25. “Torrent sites” are websites that index torrent files that are currently being made 

available for copying and distribution by people using the BitTorrent protocol. There are 

numerous torrent websites, including www.TorrentZap.com, www.Btscene.com, and 

www.ExtraTorrent.com. 

26. Upon information and belief, Defendant went to a torrent site to upload and 

download Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work. 

D. Uploading and Downloading a Work Through a BitTorrent Swarm

27. Once the initial seeder has created a torrent and uploaded it onto one or more 

torrent sites then other peers begin to download and upload the computer file to which the torrent 

is linked (here the copyrighted Work) using the BitTorrent protocol and BitTorrent Client that 

the peers installed on their computers.

28. The BitTorrent protocol causes the initial seed’s computer to send different pieces 

of the computer file, here the copyrighted Work, to the peers seeking to download the computer 

file.

29. Once a peer receives a piece of the computer file, here a piece of the Copyrighted 

Work, it starts transmitting that piece to the other peers.

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30. In this way, all of the peers and seeders are working together in what is called a 

“swarm.” 

31. Here, Defendant participated in a swarm and directly interacted and 

communicated with other members of that swarm through digital handshakes, the passing along 

of computer instructions, uploading and downloading, and by other types of transmissions. 

32. In this way, and by way of example only, one initial seeder can create a torrent 

that breaks a movie up into hundreds or thousands of pieces saved in the form of a computer file, 

like the Work here, upload the torrent onto a torrent site, and deliver a different piece of the 

copyrighted Work to each of the peers. The recipient peers then automatically begin delivering 

the piece they just received to the other peers in the same swarm. 

33. Once a peer, here the Defendant, has downloaded the full file, the BitTorrent 

Client reassembles the pieces and the peer is able to view the movie. Also, once a peer has 

downloaded the full file, that peer becomes known as “an additional seed” because it continues 

to distribute the torrent file, here the copyrighted Work.

E. Plaintiff’s Computer Investigators Identified the Defendant’s IP Address as an 

Infringer in a Swarm That Was Distributing Plaintiff’s Work

34. Plaintiff retained IPP, Limited (“IPP”) to identify the IP addresses that are being 

used by those people that are using the BitTorrent protocol and the Internet to reproduce, 

distribute, display or perform Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work.

35. IPP used forensic software named INTERNATIONAL IPTRACKER v1.2.1 and 

related technology enabling the scanning of peer-to-peer netWork for the presence of infringing 

transactions. 

36. IPP extracted the resulting data emanating from the investigation, reviewed the 

evidence logs, and isolated the transactions and the IP address associated therewith for the file 

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identified by the SHA-1 hash value of 8F7C963137369F5A874A32E468C1D432DAF0B859

(the “Unique Hash Number”). 

37. The IP addresses, Unique Hash Number and hit dates show Defendant had copied 

a piece of Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work identified by the Unique Hash Number, and was 

distributing it to other peers in a BitTorrent swarm on:

* June 4, 2011 at 18:24 UTC.

38. Through the transaction(s), the Defendant’s computer used its IP address to 

connect to the investigative server from a computer in this District in order to transmit a full 

copy, or a portion thereof, of a digital media file identified by the Unique Hash Numbers. 

39. IPP’s agent analyzed each BitTorrent “piece” distributed by Defendant verified 

that re-assemblage of the piece(s) using a BitTorrent Client results in a fully playable digital 

motion picture of the Work. 

40. IPP’s agent viewed the Work side-by-side with the digital media file that 

correlates to the Unique Hash Numbers and determined that they were identical, strikingly 

similar or substantially similar.

Miscellaneous

41. All conditions precedent to bringing this action have occurred or been waived.

42. Plaintiff has retained counsel and is obligated to pay said counsel a reasonable fee 

for its services.

COUNT I

Direct Infringement Against Defendant.

43. The allegations contained in paragraphs 1-42 are hereby re-alleged as if fully set 

forth herein.

44. Plaintiff is the owner of the copyrighted Work which contains an original work of 

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authorship.

45. By using the BitTorrent protocol and a BitTorrent Client and the processes 

described above, Defendant copied one or more of the constituent elements of the copyrighted 

Work that are original.

46. Plaintiff did not authorize, permit or consent to Defendant’s copying of its Work.

47. As a result of the foregoing, Defendant violated Plaintiff’s exclusive right to: 

(A) Reproduce the Work in copies, in violation of 17 U.S.C. §§ 106(1) and 501;

(B) Redistribute copies of the Work to the public by sale or other transfer of 

ownership, or by rental, lease or lending, in violation of 17 U.S.C. §§ 106(3) and 501;

(C) Perform the copyrighted Work, in violation of 17 U.S.C. §§ 106(4) and 501, by 

showing the Work’s images in any sequence and/or by making the sounds accompanying the 

Work audible and transmitting said performance of the Work, by means of a device or process, 

to members of the public capable of receiving the display (as set forth in 17 U.S.C. § 101’s 

definitions of “perform” and “publically” perform); and

(D) Display the copyrighted Work, in violation of 17 U.S.C. §§ 106(5) and 501, by 

showing individual images of the Work nonsequentially and transmitting said display of the 

Work by means of a device or process to members of the public capable of receiving the display 

(as set forth in 17 U.S.C. § 101’s definition of “publically” display).

48. Defendant’s infringements were committed “willfully” within the meaning of 17 

U.S.C. § 504(c)(2).

49. Plaintiff has suffered actual damages that were proximately caused by the 

Defendant’s infringements, including lost sales, price erosion and a diminution of the value of its 

copyright. 

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WHEREFORE, Plaintiff respectfully request that the Court: 

(A) Permanently enjoin Defendant and all other infringers who are in active concert or 

participation with Defendant from continuing to infringe Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work;

(B) Order that Defendant delete and permanently remove the torrent file relating to 

Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work from each of the computers under Defendant’s possession, custody 

or control;

(C) Order that Defendant delete and permanently remove the copy of the Work

Defendant has on the computers under Defendant’s possession, custody or control; 

(D) Award Plaintiff either their actual damages and any additional profits of the 

Defendant pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504-(a)-(b); or statutory damages in the amount of $150,000 

pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504-(a) and (c); 

(E) Award Plaintiff their reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 

505; and

(F) Grant Plaintiff any other and further relief this Court deems just and proper.

COUNT II

Contributory Infringement Against Defendant.

50. The allegations contained in paragraphs 1-42 are hereby re-alleged as if fully set 

forth herein.

51. Plaintiff is the owner of the Registration for the Work which contains an original 

work of authorship.

52. By using the BitTorrent protocol and a BitTorrent Client and the processes 

described above, Defendant copied the constituent elements of the copyrighted Work that are 

original.

53. By participating in the BitTorrent swarm with other infringers, the Defendant 

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induced, caused or materially contributed to the infringing conduct of the other peer infringers in 

the swarm.

54. Plaintiff did not authorize, permit or consent to Defendant’s inducing, causing or 

materially contributing to the infringing conduct of other peer infringers. 

55. Defendant knew or should have known that other BitTorrent users, here other 

infringers would become members of a swarm with Defendant.

56. Defendant knew or should have known that other BitTorrent users in a swarm 

with it, here other infringers, were directly infringing Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work by copying 

one or more of the constituent elements of the copyrighted Work that are original.

57. Indeed, Defendant directly participated in and therefore materially contributed to 

each other participants’ infringing activities.

58. Defendant’s contributory infringements were committed “willfully” within the

meaning of 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(2).

59. Plaintiff has suffered actual damages that were proximately caused by the 

Defendant and each of the peer infringers including lost sales, price erosion, and a diminution of 

the value of its copyright. 

WHEREFORE, Plaintiff respectfully request that the Court: 

(A) Permanently enjoin Defendant and all other infringers who are in active concert or 

participation with Defendant from continuing to infringe Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work;

(B) Order that Defendant delete and permanently remove the torrent file relating to 

Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work from each of the computers under Defendant’s possession, custody 

or control;

(C) Order that Defendant delete and permanently remove the copy of the Work

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Defendant has on the computers under Defendant’s possession, custody or control;

(D) Find that Defendant is jointly and severally liable for the direct infringement of 

each other infringer that Defendant induced, caused or materially contributed to commit an

infringement; 

(E) Award Plaintiff either their actual damages and any additional profits made by 

Defendant pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504-(a)-(b); or statutory damages in the amount of $150,000 

pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504-(a) and (c); 

(F) Award Plaintiff their reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 

505; and

(G) Grant Plaintiff any other and further relief this Court deems just and proper.

DEMAND FOR A JURY TRIAL

Plaintiff hereby demands a trial by jury on all issues so triable.

Respectfully submitted,

By: /s/ Jason Kotzker

Jason Kotzker 

jason@klgip.com

KOTZKER LAW GROUP

10268 Royal Eagle Street

Highlands Ranch, CO 80129

Phone: 303-875-5386

Attorney for Plaintiff

Date: October 17, 2011

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