# United States Court **of Appeals**  **f or the Fifth Circuit** 

No. 19

- 11360

**United States of America,** Plaintiff

— Appellee **,**

versus **Buck Gene Brune,** Defendant

— Appellant

**.**

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas No. 4:19

- CR

- 159

- 1

Before **Jones, Smith,** and **Elrod,** Circuit Judges

**. Jerry E. Smith,**  Circuit Judge **:** Buck Brune is a methamphetamine (“meth”) dealer

. In charging him , the government accidentally cited the wrong statutory sub paragraph

. After Brune had pleaded guilty, the court copied that error into its order accepting his plea but later corrected it. T he court applied a sentencing enhancement on the ground that some of Brune ’s meth was imported

. Brune contends that the court’s correction of the erro neous citation amounted to double jeopardy and that the enhancement was erroneous
. We find no error and affirm. United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit 

### FILED March 22, 2021 Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 1 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

- 11360

2 I. Brune distributed at least 50

– 75 pounds of meth over nin e months

. F or five months , he sold half a pound of meth to one coconspirator each d ay
. His supplier was “ a member of the Michoacán Cartel based in Dallas, Texas

. ” 1 Brune concedes that that cartel “borrow[s] its name from a state in Mexico.”
The government filed a one

- count information based on the conspir

acy provision of 21 U.S.C. § 846, charg ing Brune with c onspiracy to violate “21 U.S.C[.] §§ 841(a)(l) and (b)(l)(C), namely to possess with intent to dis

tribute a mixture and substance containing more than 50 grams of metham

phetamine.” But the information cited the wro ng part of § 841(b)(1): Sub

paragraph B

— not C

— criminalizes possession of a substance containing more than 50 grams of meth. In contrast, s ub paragraph C provides “ the base line statutory penalty for any quantity of methamphetamine .” United States v. Dog gett , 230 F.3d 160, 166 (5th Cir. 2000) (emphasis added). Sub

paragraph B’s penalty range is 5 to 40 years, § 841(b)(1)(B) ; sub para
graph C’s is 20 years or less , § 841(b)(1)(C). The parties agree that subpara

graph C is a lesser

- included offense of subparagraph B. Despite that initial error and w ithout any plea agreement, Brune plead ed guilty to subparagraph B , 2 referencing i t nine times. For instance, Brune ’s factual resume cited subparagraph B, twice indicated th at Brune was subject to its penalty range , and twice parroted its 50

- gram threshold

. Brune’s waiver of indictment also cited subparagraph B. At arraignment,

1 Although that statement makes it unclear whether the cartel or the member is based in Dallas, Brune agrees that “ his source was [ sic ] Michoacán cartel member based in Dallas, Texas .”

2 We use “pleaded guilty to subparagraph B” as a shorthand way of denoti ng his guilty plea of conspiracy to violate that provision. Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 2 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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3 Brune admitted he understood its elements and penalty range

. H is lawyer admitted that “the intention of the parties was for Mr. Brune to enter a guilty plea to that offense, which was in the factual resume, and that would be a five to 40 count”

— namely subparagraph B. In recommending that the district court accept Brune’s guilt y plea, however, t he magistrate judge copied the information’s erroneous citation. The district court adopted that recommendation , accept ed the plea , and adjudg ed Brune guilty. Thus, the presentence investigation report came back with sub par a graph C ’s “maximum term of imprisonment ,” namely

“ 20 years , ” even though it should have been 40 years under subparagraph B. The government raised two objections. First, t he government not ed that Brune pleaded guilty to subpara

graph B

— not C. Brune countered , cont ending , inter alia , that modification of the court’s order accepting his plea would violate the prohibition against double jeopardy. The district court rejected Brune’s contentions and amended its order to reflect that it was accepting Brune’s guilty plea to subparagraph B. Second, t he government requested a sentencing enhancement for an offense involv ing “importation of . . . methamphetamine , ” which would raise Brune’s offense level by two. 3 Brune coun tered that the re was insufficient evidence for that enhancement , because Brune’s supplier was “based in Dal

las

. ” The court found there was sufficient evidence that Brune conspired to possess meth that “ originated in .

. . Mexico

. ”

3 U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(5). With that enhancement, the recommended sentence was 360 to 480 months. Without it , the recommended sentence would have been 292 to 365 months. Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 3 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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4 II. T he govern ment contends that jeopardy never attached. 4 Our review is de novo

. United States v. Dugue , 690 F.3d 636, 637

– 38 (5th Cir. 2012) (per curiam)

. We (A) d etermine that jeopardy does not always attach upon acceptance of a guilty plea, (B) explain the frame work for analyzing attach

ment under Ohio v. Johnson , 467 U.S. 493 (1984) , and (C) apply that frame

work. T here was no double

- jeopardy violation

.
A.

“ N o person shall be

. . . subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb .” **U.S**

**. C**  **ONST**

**.** amend. V. T o violate that clause, the initial prosecution must have “ put [the defendant] in jeopardy .” Id. That inquiry becomes important where the initial prosecution gets derailed.
If a trial gets derailed, it still puts the defendant in jeopardy if jeopardy (1) attach ed and (2) terminat ed

. 5 A ttachment refers to the “point in criminal proceedings at which [double

- jeopardy] purposes and policies are impl i

cated .” Serfass v. United States , 420 U.S. 377, 38 8 (1975). For instance, i n a jury trial, attachment occurs “when the jury is empaneled and sworn.” Crist v. Bretz , 437 U.S. 28, 38 (1978). T ermination means that double jeopardy does not bar a second prosecution where “criminal proceedings against an accused have not run their full course.” Justs

. of Bos. Mun. Ct

. v. Lydon , 466 U.S. 294, 308 (1984) ( quotation marks and citation omitted ). For instance, a mis trial for a deadlocked jury does not terminate jeopardy, s ee Richardson v. United

4 At oral argument, the g overnment also said that “[t] his is not a case involving successive prosecutions .” We do not decide whether modification of an order accepting a guilty plea, which contains a clerical error, constitutes a successive prosecution, because Brune’s double

- jeo pardy theory fails in any event.

5 See Sattazahn v. Penn sylvania , 537 U.S. 101, 106 (2003); 6 **Wayne R. LaFave et al., Criminal Procedure**  § 25.1(d)

– (e) (4th ed. 2020 )

. Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 4 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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5 States , 468 U.S. 317, 323

– 24 (1984), but an acquittal does , see Lydon , 466 U.S.
at 308

. Where a guilty plea gets derailed , the Supreme Court has neither iden

tified a precise moment of attachment 6 n or applied the concept of ter min

ation. 7 That reticence left lower courts to fill in the gaps. Because accep tance of a guilty plea is arguably analogous to a jury verdict, court s initially intuited that jeopardy attache s upon acceptance of a guilty plea. 8 For in stance, i n our first foray into the issue, in United States v. Sanchez , 609 F.2d 761, 762 (5th Cir. 1980) , we agreed that “[j]eopardy attaches with the accep tance of a guilty plea.” R elying solely on a now
- abrogated , out

- of

- circuit case, 9 we pro
vided no reasoning for that conclusion.
I t is no surprise, then, that f our years later , the Supreme Court “ effec

t ively reject [ed] the double jeopardy concerns expressed

. . . in San chez .” 10 In Johnson , 467 U.S. at 494 , the government charged the defen dant with two sets of greater and lesser

- included offenses. Johnson pleaded guilty

— over

6 “[J]eopardy attache [s] at least when [a defendant] [is] sentenced.” Ricketts v. Adamson , 483 U.S. 1, 8 (1987).

7 We found only one state court that has applied termination to guilty pleas. S ee People v. Cabrera , 932 N.E.2d 528, 538

– 39 (Ill. App. Ct. 2010). We know of no f ederal court that expressly applied termination to plea proceedings. And, as noted below, Johnson ’s test does not resemble the test for termination. See Part II.A.2.b, infra . Moreover, neither party asks us to apply termination, so we decline to invoke that concept here.

8 See, e.g. , United States v. Jerry , 487 F.2d 600, 606 (3d Cir. 1973) (“Jerry must be considered to have been convicted by the entry of his plea of guilty just as if a jury had found a verdict of guilty against him.”).

9 See Sanchez , 609 F.2d at 762 (citing Jerry , 487 F.2d at 606); see also Gilmore v. Zimmerman , 793 F.2d 564, 571 (3d Cir. 1986) (concluding that Jerry “is inconsistent with

. . . Johnson ”).

10 United States v. Foy , 28 F.3d 464, 471 n.13 (5th Cir. 1994). The government ackno wledges that that statement is dict um
. Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 5 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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6 the government’s objection

— of the two lesser

- included of fenses , then moved to dismiss the greater offenses on double

- jeopardy grounds. Id. In rejecting that claim, t he Court applied two concepts that relate to attachment and termination. First, although attachment occurs where double

- jeopardy “purposes and policies are implicated ,” Serfass , 420 U.S. at 388, Johnson , 467 U.S.
at 501, concluded that no double

- jeopardy interest “is implicated ” in the

“ a ccep tance of a guilty plea to lesser included offenses while charges on the greater offenses remain pending

. ” Thus, although Sanchez had suggested the opposite, 11 double jeopardy did not bar prosecution of a greater offense after a plea of a lesser

- included offense.
Second , the Court applied a rationale reminiscent of termination’s requirement that proceedings “run their full course” before a defendant can successfully invoke double jeopardy. Lydon , 466 U.S. at 308 ( quotation marks and citation omitted ) . Specifically, in Johnson , 467 U.S. at 502, the Court sought to ensure that the gov ernment has “one full and fair oppor tun

ity to convict those who have violated its laws.” Thus, instead of expressly determining whether jeopardy attached and terminated, the Court analyzed (1) “finality ” and (2) “ prevention of pro secutorial overreaching , ” concluding that “[n]o interest .

. . protected by the Double Jeopardy Clause [was] impl i cated” in that situation. Id. at 501. Although that framework differs from the attachment and termination book

ends that the Court employs when examin ing a trial, Johnson recognized dif

ferences betw een guilty pleas and trials. 12 Specifically, guilty pleas provide

11 See Sanchez , 609 F.2d at 762 ( “ [A] cceptance of a guilty plea to [a lesser

- included] charge would bar later prosecution on the [greater] charge .”).

12 Cf. Johnson , 467 U.S. at 500 n.9 ( conclud ing, in the context of a collateral

estoppel claim based on the Double Jeopardy Clause, that guilty pleas a re “not the same as Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 6 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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7 prosecutors no “opportunity to marshal [their] evidence and resources.” Id. A defendant can plead guilty even over the government’s objection. Id. at 494. That distinction under mines t he assumption of lower courts

— which infected Sanchez

— that guilty pleas are relevantly analogous to jury verdict s and that jeopardy , therefore, attache s upon acceptance of a guilty plea

. Nonethele ss, our opinions have continued to recite Sanchez ’s rule that jeopardy attaches upon acceptance of a guilty plea. 13 W e must decide wheth

er Johnson abrogated that statement. Brune contends that , under Sanchez , jeopardy attaches upon acceptance of a guilt y plea. The government con

tends that Johnson rejected Sanchez ’s double

- jeopardy concerns, so jeopardy does not always attach upon acceptance of a guilty plea. We agree because ( 1 ) Johnson abrogated Sanchez ’s statement about attachment, (2) Brune’s counterarguments are not persuasive, and (3) the rule of orderliness does not preclude that conclusion.

1. Johnson abrogated Sanchez ’s statement regarding attachment

. The First 14 and Third 15 Circuits agree that, under Johnson , jeopardy does not

a lways attach upon acceptance of a guilty plea. The Second Circuit implies that jeopardy attach es upon acceptance of a guilty plea 16 and treats Johnson as an exception to that rule, which applies only where (1) the prosecutor

. . . adjudication[s] on the merits after full trial” ).

13 See , e.g. , United States v. Jones , 733 F.3d 574, 580 (5th Cir. 2013); see also Part II.A. 3.b , infra

.
14 See United States v. Santiago Soto , 825 F.2d 616, 619 (1st Cir. 1987).

15 See Gilmore , 793 F.2d at 571.

16 See Morris v. Reynolds , 264 F.3d 38, 49 (2d Cir. 2001) (“[T]he Supreme Court has established that, after a court accepts defendant’s guilty plea to a lesser included offense, prosecution for the greater offense viol ates the Double Jeopardy Clause.”). Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 7 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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8 objects to a plea of a lesser

- included offense and (2) and the charge on the greater offense remains pending. 17 The Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and Elev enth Circuits either largely ignore Johnson 18 or skirt the issue. 19
W e conclude that j eopardy does not always attach upon acceptance of a guilty plea . Two lines of reasoning support that conclusion.

a
. Sanchez ’s rule about attachment is inconsistent with Johnson

. Under Sanchez , jeopardy attaches upon acceptance of a guilty plea. Sanchez , 609 F.2d at 762

. Moreover, lesser

- included and greater offenses constitute the “same offense” for double

- jeopardy purposes. Brown v. Ohio , 432 U.S. 161, 166 n.6 (1977). Thus, if Sanchez were correct that jeopardy attaches upon acceptance of a guilty plea of a lesser o ffense, then

— under Supreme Court precedent 20

— a successive prosecution for a greater offense would implicate double

- jeopardy interests

. 21 Consequently, i f jeopardy had attached upon

17 See Morris , 264 F.3d at 49 (“In contrast, the Double Jeopardy Clause is not offended when the greater offenses charged in the indictment remain ‘pending’ at the time of a guilty plea, and when the prosecution objects t o the plea to a lesser included offense.”).

18 See United States v. Bearden , 274 F.3d 1031, 1037

– 38 (6th Cir. 2001); United States v. Baggett , 901 F.2d 1546, 1548 (11th Cir. 1990); United States v. Patterson , 381 F.3d 859, 864 (9th Cir. 2004); but see Unite d States v. Patterson , 406 F.3d 1095, 1097 (9th Cir. 2005) (Kozinski, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc)

.
19 See United States v. Wampler , 624 F.3d 1330, 1341 (10th Cir. 2010) ; Bally v. Kemna , 65 F.3d 104, 108 (8th Cir. 1995).

20 Attachment occurs where double

- jeopardy “purposes and policies are impli

cated .” Serfass , 420 U.S. at 388. It follows that, if jeopardy attaches vis

- à

- vis a lesser

included offense, then prosecution of a greater offense would have double

- jeopardy implic ations.

21 Sanchez , 609 F.2d at 762 (concluding that, because jeopardy attaches upon acceptance of a guilty plea , “acceptance of a guilty plea to [a lesser

- included] charge would bar later prosecution on the [greater] charge ”). Brune likewise contends that , because jeopardy allegedly attaches upon acceptance of a guilty plea, “[a] cceptance of a plea to a Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 8 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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9 acceptance of Johnson’s guilty plea to the lesser

- included offense, then p ro
se cution of him for the greater offense would have had double

- jeopardy con
sequences
. 22
But the government’s prosecution of Johnson for the greater offense did not invoke double

- jeopardy interests

. 23 It necessarily follows that jeo

pardy did not attach upon the court’s acceptance of Johnson’s guilty plea of the lesser

- included offense. Thus, under Johnson and contrary to Sanchez , jeopardy does not always attach upon acceptance of a guilty p l ea. The Third Circuit came to a similar conclusion. A lthough the court had previous ly held that “jeopardy .

. . attached with the acceptance of [a] guilty plea , ” Jerry , 487 F.2d at 606 , t he court later concluded that Jerry ’s statement about attachment was “only an assumption ,” which “ is inconsis

tent with

. . . Johnson , ” Gilmore , 793 F.2d at 571. Importantly, Jerry was the sole basis for Sanchez ’s statement that jeopardy attaches upon acceptance of a guilty plea. See Sanchez , 609 F.2d at 762 (citing Jerry , 487 F.2d at 606).
In sum , Sanchez ’s rule about attachment is inconsistent with Johnson

. Moreover, Johnson abrogated Sanchez ’s sole buttress

— Jerry

. It is no sur

prise, then, that Brune concedes that Sanchez and Johnson are in conflict

. 24

lesser

- included charge bars later prosecution on the associated greater charge .”

22 See Patterson , 406 F.3d at 1097 (Kozinski, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc) (“I f jeopardy had attached when [Johnson] pled guilty to the lesser offenses, the Double Jeopardy Clause would have barred the state from prosecuting him .”).

23 See Johnson , 467 U.S. at 501 (concluding that “acceptance of a guilty plea to lesser included offenses while charges on the greater offenses remain pending” does not implicate any “interest .

. . protected by the Double Jeopardy Clause”).

24 Brune acknowledges that “ Johnson limits

. . . or gives some exceptions to Sanchez .” Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 9 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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10 b

. Johnson ’s holding has the hallmarks of attachment , not some other facet of double jeopardy. For instance, attachment occurs at the “point in criminal proceedings at which [double

- jeopardy] purposes and policies are implicated .” 25 C onsistent ly with that concept, Johnson , 467 U.S. at 501, held that “[n]o inter est .

. . protected by the Double Jeopardy Clause is impli

cated ” in that situation. Johnson ’s focus on the threshold inquiry

— whether double jeopardy is even implicated in the first place

— thus sounds in attachment. Conversely , Johnson does not resemble an exception to the double

jeopardy prohibition

. 26 For instance, where the Supreme Court applie s such an exception, it first “a ssume [s] that jeopardy attached ” and then asks whether an exceptional circumstance “remove d the double jeopardy bar.” Ricketts , 483 U.S. at 8. Johnson neither assumed that jeopardy attached nor used language about removing the double

- jeopardy bar

. Finally, altho ugh Johnson ’s holding appear s to implement the policy behind termination, see Part II.A, supra , it d oes not appear to en graft termin

a tion’s legal test onto plea proceedings

. For instance, to establish that jeo

pardy did not ter minate after a trial , a prosecutor must show a “manifest nec

essity” to “retry the defendant

. ” Richardson , 468 U.S. at 323

– 24 (quotation marks and cita tion omitted)

. Johnson did not, however, employ anything akin

25 Serfass , 420 U.S. at 388; see also United States v. Jorn , 400 U.S. 470, 480 (1971) (“Thus the conclusion that ‘jeopardy attaches’ when the trial commences expresses a judgment that the constitutional policies underpinning the Fifth Amendment’s guarantee

are implicated at that point in the proceedings.”).

26 Brune’s counsel suggested at oral argument that Johnson might constitute an exception to Sanchez ’s rule about attachment

— not to the double

- jeopardy prohibition in general

. And, even if he is right in t hat interpretation of Johnson , we still must apply Johnson ’s framework to see whether that exception would apply. Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 10 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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11 to the manifest

- necessity standard. 27 In fact, the First an d Third Circuits , which had attempted to graft th at standard on to pleas , concluded that John

son was inconsistent with those precedents. See Soto , 825 F.2d at 619; Gil

more , 793 F.2d at 571. In short, Johnson ’s holding has more to do with attachment than with termination or an exception to the double

- jeopardy bar.

2

. Brune raises two counterarguments. 28 Neither is persuasive.

a. T he Supreme Court said

— about a century ago , in a case that didn’t mention double jeopardy

— that “[a] plea of guilty .

. . is itself a conviction.” Kercheval v. United States , 274 U.S. 220, 223 (1927) . And double jeopardy prohibits “a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction.”

27 See Johnson , 467 U.S. at 494

– 502; Soto , 825 F.2d at 619 (concluding that, under Johnson , “it becomes unnecessary to demonstrate ‘manifest ne cessity’ to warrant a judicial vacation of a guilty plea”).

28 Additionally, Brune contends, for the first time in his reply brief, that Sanabria v. United States , 437 U.S. 54, 69 (1978), stands for the proposition that “final judgment as to one substantive charge contained in the single count of the information bars future pro

secution of [ sic ] other charge contained in the same count.” “We ordinarily disregard argu

ments raised for the first time in a reply brief.” Cotropia v. Chapman , 978 F.3d 282, 289 n.14 (5th Cir. 2020) (cleaned up). Even if he had properly presented that argument, it would fail for two reasons. First, the trial court acquitted Sanabria after trial had begun, Sanabria , 437 U.S. at 59, and the Court concluded that “a verdict of acquit tal .

. . may not be reviewed .

. . without putting the defendant twice in jeopardy,” id. at 64 (cleaned up). Here, the court accepted Brune’s guilty plea

— it did not acquit him. Moreover, the acceptance of a guilty plea, at least where a charge remains pending, “has none of the implications” of an acquittal after trial has already begun. Jo hnson , 467 U.S. at 501

– 02. Second, the acquittal in Sanabria constituted a final judgment. Sanabria , 437 U.S. at 72

– 73. But the court modi

fied its acceptance of Brune’s guilty plea before it sentenced him or entered judgment. Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 11 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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12 John son , 467 U.S. at 498 ( quotation marks and citation omitted ) . Thus, if we myopically weld those precedents together, the argument goes, attach ment
must occur upon the plea of guilty , because that is when the conviction

occurs. See Morris , 264 F.3d at 49. The Johnson dissent ers made that sort of argument and lost. 29 It is no surprise, then, that, b esides its cameo in Morris , that argument largely inhabits pre
- Johnson concurrences 30 and student
note s. 31 Brune raises it here , and it fails for three reasons. First, that theory is inconsistent with Johnson

. If Johnson’s guilty plea of a lesser

- included offense constituted his conviction for double

- jeopardy purposes, then the government’s subsequent prosecution would have impli

cated double

- jeopardy interests

. But th e subsequent prosecution did not do that

. Johnson , 467 U.S. at 501. And , to the extent that Kercheval conflicts with Johnson , we must follow Johnson as the Court’s later pronouncement. Second, Brune cherry

- picks Kercheval ’s language

. In Kercheval , 274 U.S. at 22 5, the Court had nothing to say about double jeopardy; it con
cluded that evidence of a withdraw n guilty plea is inadmissible at trial. I n any event, a more vigorous examination of Kercheval undermines Brune’s argu

ment. Although Brune notes Kercheval ’s statement that a guilty plea is “con

clu sive” of guilt, he omits its observation that it would be wrong to “hold [a with drawn] plea conclusive.” Id. at 224. Kercheval even noted that , in some

29 See Johnson , 467 U.S. at 503 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (concluding that “a plea of guilty has the same legal effect as a conviction” and that double jeopardy “ prohibits pro se
cution of a defendant for a greater offense when he has already been convicted on the lesser included of fense ” (cleaned up)). That argument also made a brief appearance in Ninth Circuit dict um
. See United States v. Smith , 912 F.2d 322, 324

– 25 (9th Cir. 1990).

30 See United States v. Combs , 634 F.2d 1295, 1300 (10th Cir. 1980) (McKay, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part ).

31 Andrew Cassady, Comment, No Rest for the Weary: Double Jeopardy Implications of Vacating a Defendant ’ s Guilty Plea , 81 **U. Cin. L. Rev.** 1539, 1551 (2013). Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 12 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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13 cir cumstances, court s may “vacate a plea of guilty ,” “substitute a plea of not guilty,” and “have a trial.” Id. Brune does not engage with any of that lan

guage
. We thus decline to graft Kercheval ’s inapposite , cherry

- picked state

ment onto the double

- jeopardy context in a manner that under mines Johnson

. Third, Brune’s reasoning places more weight on Kercheval ’s use of “con vic tion” than it can bear

. See id. at 223. Because a judgment of convic

tion can occur only after sen tenc ing , **Fed. R. Crim. P.** 32(k)(1), a “defen

dant ha[s] not been formally convicted” until “entry of judgment and sen

tenc ing on the accepted guilty plea.” 32

b. Some scholars suggest that jeopardy attaches where “the risks of injury ” are sufficiently great. **LaFave et al.** , supra , § 25.1(d) ( quotation marks and citation omitted ). Moreover, a guilty plea expose s a defendant to risks, because it constitutes an admission of material facts alon g with a waiver of myriad rights. Combs , 634 F.2d at 1300 (McKay, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part ). Thus, Brune contends that , “[w] ith the risk of a deter

min a tion of guilt, jeopardy attaches .” That argument fails for two reasons.
First , Brune confuses necessary and sufficient conditions. Citing Ser

fass , 420 U.S. at 391

– 92, h e contends that a risk of a determination of guilt is sufficient to show attachment. 33 But he shrewdly omits any quot ation ,

32 Combs , 634 F.2d at 1298 ; see also Mitchell v. United States , 526 U.S. 314, 325 (1999) (rejecting the notion that “incrimination is complete once guilt has been adjudi

cated,” if a “sentence has yet to be imposed ” (quoting Estelle v. Smith , 451 U.S. 454, 462 (1981) ).

33 He also contends that jeopardy attaches whenever a proced ure begins before a trier of fact who can determine guilt. He is right that double jeopardy “does not come into play until a proceeding begins before a trier having jurisdiction to try the question of the guilt or innocence of the accused.” Serfass , 420 U.S. at 391 (quotation omitted). But that does not mean that identification of a procedure before a trier of fact is sufficient to show Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 13 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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14 because Serfass really says that , “[w]ithout risk of a determination of guilt, jeopardy does not attach.” Id. Thus, Serfass said that risk is necessary

— not sufficient

— to show attachment. That makes sense, because, before trial, a defendant must conduct motions and jur y selection, which “may decide the defendant’s case.” Crist , 437 U.S. at 49 (Powell, J., dissenting). Yet, even with exposure to those risks, jeopardy does not attach until later. Id. Thus, pointing to some risk of a determination of guilt is not enoug h to show that jeopardy attaches. Second, Brune’s single

- minded focus on risks ignores the govern
ment ’s interest in completing its prosecution. Yet, Johnson , 467 U.S. at 502, considered it relevant that “ending prosecution now would deny the State its

r ight to one full and fair opportunity to convict those who have violated its laws.” A singular focus on risks would allow a defendant to place himself in jeopardy

— by pleading guilty

— and thus “use the Double Jeopardy Clause as a sword to prevent the State from completing its prosecution. ” Id. Johnson , therefore, bars us from focus ing on risk to the exclusion of the government ’s interest in completing its prosecution.

3

. Given those considerations, jeopardy does not always attach upon acceptance of a guilty plea. 34 We thus join the majority of circuits that have analyzed the impact of Johnson and , in doing so, we affirm our only previous

attachment. For instance, procedures

— such as motions and opening statements

— occur in front of a trier of fact before j eopardy attaches in a bench trial. See Crist , 437 U.S. at 49 (Powell, J., dissenting).

34 Accord Patterson , 406 F.3d at 1097 (Kozinski, J., dissenting from denial of re

hearing en banc) ; Soto , 825 F.2d at 620; Gilmore , 793 F.2d at 571; **LaFave et al.** , supra , § 25.1(d) (concluding that the rule that jeopardy attaches upon acceptance of a guilty plea is “an oversimplification, one that fails to speak to the many situations in which a guilty plea will not bar further prosecution ”). Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 14 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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15 analysis of that issue , namely that Johnson “ effectively reject [ed] the double jeopardy concerns ex pressed

. . . in Sanchez .” Foy , 28 F.3d at 471 n.13. The rule of orderliness does not preclude that conclusion, because (a ) Sanchez made pronouncements about attachment only in now
- abrogated dicta , and (b) none of our later opinions reciting Sanchez ’s rule about attachment grap
pled with whether Johnson rejected Sanchez ’s rule.

a. Sanchez made conclusions about attachment only in dicta

. For in

stance, although Sanchez , 609 F.2d at 762 , stated that “[j]eopa rdy attaches with the acceptance of a guilty plea , ” the trial court accepted Sanchez’s guilty plea only conditionally , so there was no double

- jeopardy violation, i d. at 763. Because any successive prosecution occurred before acceptance of the guilty plea, we needed only to conclude

— as then

- Judge Gorsuch did in his analysis of that issue

— that jeopardy does not attach at least until acceptance of a guilty plea. 35 Because the broader assumption about attachment was unnecessary to our decision, that “broad a nd unnecessary language of [ Sanchez ] [can]not be considered binding authority.” 36 Moreover, because Johnson “implicitly overrule[d]” Sanchez ’s statement about attachment, “we have the .

. . obli

gation to declare and implement this change in the law.” Hines v. Quillivan , 982 F.3d 266, 271 (5th Cir. 2020) (quotation marks and citation omitted). In short, Sanchez ’s statements about attachment are abrogated dicta

.

35 See Wampler , 624 F.3d at 13 41 (“[J]eopardy does not attach at least until the guilty plea is accepted, and perhaps not until even later.” (emphasis added)); cf. Ricketts , 483 U.S. at 8 ( “[J] eopardy attache[s] at least when [a de fendant] [is] sentenced

. ” (empha

sis added)).

36 Texaco Inc. v. Duh é , 274 F.3d 911, 920 n.13 (5th Cir. 2001) (citing Kastigar v. United States , 406 U.S. 441, 454

– 55 (1972)). Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 15 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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16 b. We have repeated Sanchez ’s rule about attachment in three, post

Johnson , published cases. 37 N one of those opinion s , however, grappled with whether Johnson rejected Sanchez ’s rule

. 38 And, under the rule of orderl i

ness, “[a]n opinion restating a prior panel’s ruling does not sub silent io hold that the prior ruling survived an uncited Supreme Court decision.” Gahagan v. United States Citizenship & Immigr

. Servs. , 911 F.3d 298, 302 (5th Cir. 2018). Thus, “the rule of orderliness has little persuasive force when the prior panel decision at issue conflicts with a Supreme Court case to which the subsequent panel decision is faithful.” Kennedy v. Tangipahoa Par. Lib r
. Bd. of Control , 224 F.3d 359, 370 n.13 (5th Cir. 2000). Because our prior opinions did not analyze whether Johnson abrogated Sanchez ’s rule about attachment, we are not bound by their rote recitations of Sanchez ’s rule. 39

37 See Jones , 733 F.3d at 580; United States v. Kim , 884 F.2d 189, 19 1 (5th Cir. 1989); Fransaw v. Lynaugh , 810 F.2d 518, 523 (5th Cir. 19 87).

38 See Jones , 733 F.3d at 580; Kim , 884 F.2d at 191; Fransaw , 810 F.2d at 523.

39 See Gahagan , 911 F.3d at 302. The parties also debate the district court’s statu

tory power to correct an erroneous citation in an order accepting a guilty plea , but a “court may at any time correct a clerical error in a [n]

. . . order

. ” **Fed. R. Crim. P.** 36 . We have “used Rule 36 to correct errors in the judgment relating to .

. . the offense underlying a plea.” United States v. Cooper , 979 F.3d 1084, 1089 (5t h Cir. 2020), cert. deni ed , 2021 WL 1073631 ( U.S. Mar. 22 , 2021) (No. 20

- 7122). Specifically, where a “judgment refers to the offense of conviction” as one offense, but “the record indicates that [the defendant] pleaded guilty to” another offense, that

“ reflects a clerical error in the written judgment.” United States v. McCoy , 819 F. App’x 262, 262 (5th Cir. 2020) (per curiam). Given the nine references to subparagraph B, “the record indicates that [Brune] pleaded guilty” to it. Id. Moreover, the “tr anscript of the plea hearing makes clear that [Brune] pleaded guilty” of subpara graph B , given its multiple references thereto. Cooper , 979 F.3d at 1089. Finally, the district court’s modification of its order did not “contradict[] the court’s and the parties’ inten tions as to the judgment.” United States v. Crawley , 463 F. App’x 418, 421 (5th Cir. 2012) (per curiam). As Brune’s counsel frankly admitted, “the intention of the parties was for Mr. Brune to ” plead guilty t o subparagraph B. The dist rict court had statutory authority to correct its clerical error. Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 16 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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17 B

. Because jeopardy does not a lways attach upon acceptance of a guilty plea, we next determine the test for ascertaining when it attach es
. Johnson had to address that same question. Specifically, the Court had held that the Double Jeopardy Clause bar red prosecution of a gr e ater offe nse after a court accepted a guilty plea and sentenced for a lesser

- included offense. Brown , 432 U.S. at 169, 162. Because Johnson also involved a suc

ces sive prosecution of a greater offense after a plea of a lesser

- included offense , the Court needed to distinguish Brown

— which implicated double jeopardy

— from Johnson

— which did not. Johnson , 467 U.S. at 496. To do
so, the Court determined that “ the principles of finality and prevention of prosecutorial overreaching applied in Brown ” were absent in Johnson

. Id.
at 501.
Johnson thus “provided a framework .

. . for determining whether jeopardy attaches when a defendant pleads guilty.” 40 Courts must examine “the twin aims of the Double Jeopardy Clause: protecting a defendant’s finality interests and preventing prosecutorial overreaching.” Patterson , 406 F.3d at 1097 (Kozinski, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc)

. The Second Circuit disagrees, concluding that the lodestar of John

son ’s analysis was the fact that the greater charge remained pending at the time Johnson pleaded guilty of the lesser

- included offense

. 41 Johnson , how

ever, used “pending” once. Johnson , 467 U.S. at 501. Moreover, it did so only within its analysis of finality and prosecutorial overreach. See i d. T o be

40 Patterson , 406 F.3d at 1097 (Kozinski, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing

en banc) ; see also Soto , 825 F.2d at 620 (examining the potential for prosecutorial overreach and a defendant ’s finality interests to determine whether jeopardy attached).

41 See Morris , 264 F.3d at 50 (“[T]he only question is whether the felony charge was ‘pending.’”). Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 17 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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18 sure, whether a charge of a greater offense was pending may prove relevant , but that was not the Court ’s guiding principle in distinguish ing Brown

.
C

. T o determine whether jeopardy attached, we consider (1) Brune’s finality interest and (2) prevention of prosecutorial overreach.

1. Johnson employed three considerations in ascertaining a defendant’s finality interest . None is present here. First, the Court asked whether the situation before it involved any of the “implications of an implied acquittal which results from a verdict .

. . ren
dered by a jury.” Id. at 501

– 0 2 (cleaned up). “The mere acceptance of a guilty plea,” however, “does not carry the same expectation of finality and tranquility that comes with a jury’s verdict.” Soto , 825 F.2d at 620. More

over, g iven a court’s ability to correct errors , an erroneou s citation in a n order accepting a plea does not imply an acquittal. **Fed. R. Cr im**  **. P.** 36

. Second, Johnson asked whether “the State had the opportunity to

mar shal its evidence and resources more than once or to hone its presentation of its case through a trial.” Johnson , 467 U.S. at 501. The government had no opportunity to marshal evidence against Brune, however, because his plea proceedings “[did] not involve the ordeal of a trial.” Soto , 825 F.2d at 618

. Third , Johnson , 467 U.S. at 501, noted that the charges o f the greater offense s were pending, which was relevant presumably be cause “Johnson could have foreseen a prosecution on the pending charges , ” Soto , 825 F.2d
at 619. E vidence abounds that Brune foresaw a subpara graph B prosecution. H is factual resume referenced subpara graph B five times, reciting its citation, penalty range, and 50

- gram thresh old . His waiver of indictment cited that subparagraph . At his arraignment, the gov ernment referenced that subpara

Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 18 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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19 graph ’s elements and pena lty range. Fi nally, B rune’s counsel conceded that “the intention of the parties was for Mr. Brune to enter a guilty plea” to subparagraph B. Given that evidence, Brune’s finality interest is even more miniscule than that of the defendant in Johnson : Johnson was merely on notice of his greater offense; Brune intended to plead guilty of his. In short, Brune intended to plead guilty to subparagra ph B . Because the government botched its citations, he now seeks “an undeserved windfall by shaving” years off his sentence. Patterson , 406 F.3d at 1095 (Kozinski, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc). In other words, Brune seeks to “use the Double Jeopardy Clause as a sword to prevent the State from com

pleting its prosecution” of subparagraph B

— a contingency that Johnson sought to avoid. 42 Brune’s finality interest is nil.

2. Johnson employed two considerations in identifying prosecutoria l

over reach. First, in Johnson , 467 U.S. at 501

– 02 , there was no overreach where the charge for the greater offense remained “pending.” In contrast,

some authorities suggest there might be overreach where the government charges a defendant “with a second crime after getting him to plead guilty” with a pl ea agreement. 43 The government did not bring new charges against Brune. Nor did it dupe him with a plea agreement

— there never was one to

42 Johnson , 467 U.S. at 502. Brune suggests that Johnson is limited to cases in which a defenda nt proactively games the system

— not where he passively stumbles across a wind

fall and then invokes double jeopardy. Johnson , however, did not limit its reasoning to defendants who proactively game the system.

43 See Patterson , 406 F.3d at 1099 (Kozinski, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc); see also **LaFave et al.** , supra , § 25.1(d) (finding potential for prosecutorial overreach where the government prosecutes a greater offense after “enter[ing] into an agreement that a greater charge will be dismissed in exchange for the defendant’s plea to a lesser charge”). Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 19 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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20 begin with. Second, Johnson , 467 U.S. at 502, considered whether “ending prose

cution now would deny the [government ] its right to one full and fair oppor

tunity to convict those who have violated its laws.” Because Brune’s case has not gone to trial , and the government has not dismissed the charge for subparagraph B, the government has not yet had one full opportunity to convict him of subparagraph B. And there’s nothing unfair to Brune about that result: The government seeks to prosecute him for the only charge to which Brune himself plead ed guilty. In sum, the Double Jeopardy Clause “was not written or originally understood to pose an insuperable obstacle to the administration of justice in cases”

— like Brune’s

— “where there is no semblance of

. . . oppressive prac

tices.” Currier v. Virginia , 138 S. Ct. 2144, 2149 (2018) ( quotation marks and citation omi tted ). C orrection of a typo is n ’ t oppressive

. Because Brune’s finality interest is low , and there is no evidence of prosecutorial overreach, jeopardy did not attach upon the court ’s accept ance of Brune’s guilty plea. There is no doubl e
- jeopardy violation

.
I II

. Brune a ver s that the district court clearly erred in applying an “impor

tation” sentencing enhancement. We disagree.
Under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(5), a court can increase a defendant’s offense level by two if his offense “involved the importation of .

. . metham

phetamine. ” “We review the district court’s factual determination that an offense involved the importation of methamphetamine for clear error.” 44

44 United States v. Nimerfroh , 716 F. App’x 311, 315 (5th Cir. 2018) (per curiam); see also United States v. Serfass , 684 F.3d 548, 550 (5th Cir. 2012). Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 20 Date Filed: 03/22/2021No. 19

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21 We will find no clear error so long as the court’s conclusion is “ plausible in light of the record read as a whole.” United States v. Dinh , 920 F.3d 307, 310 (5th Cir. 2019) (quotation marks and citation omitted)

. Brune sold at least 50

– 75 pounds of meth over nin e months. H is sup

plier was a member of the Michoacán Cartel based in Dallas , and t hat cartel borrows its name from a Mexican state. Those facts support the inference that some of Brune ’s drugs were imported. 45 T he importation finding is “plau sible in light of the record read as a whole , ” so there is no clear error. 46
**AFFIRMED**

.

45 See United States v. Castillo

- Cur iel , 579 F. App’x 239 , 239 (5th Cir. 2014) (per curiam) (considering as relevant to application of the importation enhancement the fact that “the methamphetamine was associated with two Mexican drug cartels” ).

46 Dinh , 920 F.3d at 310 (quotation marks and c itation omitted). In an unpublished opinion, we concluded that “ the mere reference to a cartel is [not] sufficient to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that [a defendant] was dealing with imported metham

phetamine .” See Nimerfroh , 716 F. App’x at 31 6. Nimerfroh is distinguishable because the cartel had not been identified, but the evidence shows that Brune dealt specifically with the Michoacán Cartel

. Id. Case: 19-11360 Document: 00515790813 Page: 21 Date Filed: 03/22/2021