No. DA 06-0634 

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 

2006 MT 277 

MONTANANS FOR JUSTICE: VOTE NO 

ON CI-98; NOT IN MONTANA: CITIZENS 

AGAINST CI-97; AND PROPERTY OWNERS 

AGAINST I-154, Political Ballot Committees, 

Plaintiffs and Respondents, 

v. 

STATE OF MONTANA, by and through MIKE 

MCGRATH, in his capacity as the Attorney 

General; and BRAD JOHNSON, in his capacity 

as Secretary of State, 

Defendants and Respondents, 

MONTANANS IN ACTION, a Montana 

Corporation; CITIZENS RIGHT TO RECALL 

MONTANA; PROTECT OUR HOMES 

MONTANA; STOP OVER SPENDING MONTANA, 

Political Ballot Committees, and TREVIS BUTCHER, 

 Defendants and Appellants, 

 and 

KENDALL COX, ERVIN J. HANKS, and 

ROBERT J. COOPER, Individually, 

 Intervenors. 

APPEAL FROM: The District Court of the Eighth Judicial District, 

In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. CDV 06-1162 (d) 

Honorable Dirk M. Sandefur, Presiding Judge 

COUNSEL OF RECORD: 

For Defendants and Appellants: 

 Christopher John Gallus, Attorney at Law, Helena, Montana 
 For Intervenors: 

 Patrick R. Watt, Jardine, Stephenson, Blewett & Weaver, 

Great Falls, Montana 

For Plaintiffs and Respondents: 

Peter Michael Meloy and Robin A. Meguire, Meloy Trieweiler, 

Helena, Montana 

 For Defendants and Respondents: 

 Hon. Mike McGrath, Attorney General, Anthony Johnstone, 

Assistant Attorney General, Pamela D. Bucy, Assistant Attorney 

General, Janice Doggett, Legal Counsel, Helena, Montana 

Submitted on Briefs: October 5, 2006 

 Decided: October 26, 2006 

Filed: 

__________________________________________ 

Clerk 

 2 
Justice Patricia O. Cotter delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Plaintiffs Montanans For Justice: Vote No On CI-98, Not In Montana: Citizens 

Against CI-97, and Property Owners Against I-154 (collectively “Opponents”) comprise 

three political ballot committees who brought suit against the three Defendant political 

ballot committees: Citizens Right To Recall Montana, Protect Our Homes Montana, and 

Stop Over Spending Montana. Opponents also sued Trevis Butcher, the treasurer of the 

Defendant political ballot committees, and Montanans in Action, a Montana corporation 

for which Butcher is executive director. Defendant political ballot committees, 

Montanans in Action, and Trevis Butcher will be referred to collectively as “Proponents.” 

Additionally, Opponents sued the State of Montana through Attorney General Mike 

McGrath and Secretary of State Brad Johnson (hereinafter “the State”). 

¶2 Opponents brought this action in the Montana Eighth Judicial District Court, 

Cascade County, alleging that Proponents, in their attempt to get two constitutional 

initiatives and one statutory initiative on the ballot for November 2006, engaged in 

signature gathering practices that violated applicable state law. After an expedited 

hearing, the District Court held that the signature gathering process was permeated by 

fraud and procedural non-compliance. The court invalidated the signatures obtained by 

specific signature gatherers, and invalidated the Secretary of State’s certifications of CI97, CI-98, and I-154. Proponents appeal. We affirm. 

 3 
ISSUES 

¶3 Proponents raise three issues on appeal. A restatement of those issues is:

¶4 1. Was Opponents’ claim barred by laches?

¶5 2. Did the District Court violate Proponents’ due process rights when it 

expedited the hearing and denied more time for discovery?

¶6 3. Did the District Court err when it determined that the signature gathering 

process was permeated by a pervasive and general pattern and practice of fraud and 

procedural non-compliance?

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

¶7 This case involves an attempt by Proponents to place two constitutional initiatives 

and one statutory initiative on the November 2006 ballot. CI-97 is a proposed 

constitutional initiative imposing limits on the spending and taxation authority of the 

State of Montana. CI-98 is a proposed constitutional initiative revising the process for 

removing judges and justices from office. I-154 is a proposed statutory initiative revising 

the legal definition of a government “taking” as it relates to property ownership and 

eminent domain. 

¶8 Proponent committees were formed for the purpose of promoting these initiatives, 

while Opponent committees were formed once the promotion began, in order to oppose 

them. 

¶9 Montana citizens have the constitutional right to enact laws by initiative. Mont. 

Const. art. III, § 4. The Legislature has established specific procedural requirements to 

safeguard the integrity and fairness of the initiative process. See §§ 13-27-101 through 

 4 
-504, MCA. One such requirement is that proponents of an initiative, whether statutory 

or constitutional, must gather a specific percentage of voter signatures to qualify their 

initiative for the ballot. Sections 13-27-204 and -2071

, MCA. Currently, under these 

statutes, to qualify a statutory initiative, 22,308 signatures from 34 legislative districts 

must be gathered. To qualify a constitutional initiative for the ballot, a petitioner must 

gather 44,615 signatures from 40 legislative districts. 

¶10 A “signature gatherer” is defined as “an individual who collects signatures on a 

petition for the purpose of an initiative, a referendum, or the calling of a constitutional 

convention.” Section 13-27-111(4), MCA (as amended, 2003). Such signature gatherers 

must submit a standard form affidavit attesting that: (1) he or she “gathered or assisted in 

gathering” the signatures on the petition; and (2) he or she believes the signatures on the 

petition are those of genuine Montana voters living at the addresses entered by the 

petition signer; and that “the signers knew the contents of the petition before signing the 

petition.”2

 Section 13-27-302, MCA. 

¶11 Proponents began collecting signatures throughout the state of Montana in March 

2006 and collected them until June 23, 2006, the date on which all gathered signatures 

had to be submitted to county election administrators for certification. Proponents 

utilized some Montana citizens to collect signatures but relied primarily on paid out-of-

 

1

Section 13-27-207, MCA (2005), was revised by federal district court order in Montana Public 

Interest Research Group v. Johnson, 361 F.Supp.2d 1222 (Mont. 2005), to require that 10% of 

the signatures be gathered from 40 legislative districts rather than half of the counties. 

2

 While we conclude later in this Opinion that some persons hired by Proponents to collect 

signatures do not satisfy the statutory definition of “signature gatherer,” we use the term 

“signature gatherer” throughout this Opinion to denote those persons who meet this definition as 

well as those who purport to meet it. 

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state signature gatherers to obtain the overwhelming majority of the signatures submitted. 

The uncontradicted evidence established that Proponents paid over $633,000.00 to outof-state signature gatherers who collected signatures for these three initiatives. Individual 

signature gatherers were paid between fifty-cents and $2.50 per signature per initiative. 

¶12 Proponents submitted their signed petitions to the county election administrators, 

who in turn certified them and submitted them to the Secretary of State’s office. The 

Secretary of State ultimately certified 47,905 signatures for CI-97, 49,956 signatures for 

CI-98, and 27,748 signatures for I-154. Because each initiative garnered more than the 

required number of signatures (see ¶ 9), these ballot initiatives were certified to the 

Governor on or around July 21, 2006. 

¶13 On August 16, 2006, Opponents filed their Complaint alleging that Proponents’ 

signature gatherers violated the statutory requirements governing ballot issue petitions by 

obtaining signatures in a deceptive manner and by falsely swearing to the contents on the 

signature gatherers’ form affidavits. On August 24, 2006, the Secretary of State’s office 

certified ballots containing all three ballot initiatives back to the county election 

administrators for preparation and printing of ballots for the elections. Also on August 

24, Opponents moved for an expedited hearing on their Complaint. On August 28, 2006, 

the District Court granted the motion to expedite, and set the hearing for September 8, 

2006. In this Order, the court also instructed Opponents to properly serve Proponents 

with the Complaint. The Proponents were served with the Complaint that same day.3

 

3 The record does not reflect the reason that Proponents were not served earlier.

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¶14 The State accepted service of the Complaint on August 17, 2006. It filed its 

Answer to the Complaint on August 30, 2006, but took no position as to the truth of the 

allegations raised by the Opponents. The case was assigned to the Honorable Kenneth R. 

Neill of the Montana Eighth Judicial District. Pursuant to notice, Judge Neill held a 

conference on the record on September 5, 2006, which counsel for all parties attended 

either in person or by telephone. 

¶15 During the conference, the court and the parties settled upon the date and time for 

perpetuation depositions of three of Opponents’ witnesses. Also, the court inquired 

whether any of the parties had a problem with the scheduled hearing date. Proponents’ 

attorney stated, “We do have some problems, not so much with the date, although we 

would like to see it moved so that we would have more time for some discovery.” 

However, due to the District Court’s schedule and the urgency to resolve this case at the 

earliest date before the November election, the District Court denied Proponents’ 

suggestion that the hearing be moved. The court concluded its conference by requesting 

that the parties submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. Opponents 

submitted both a pre-hearing brief and their proposed findings and conclusions on 

September 8, 2006. Proponents declined to submit either. Moreover, Proponents did not 

file an Answer to Opponents’ Complaint, nor did they file any pre-trial motions for 

discovery or extension of time. 

¶16 On September 7, 2006, the day before the scheduled hearing, counsel for the 

Proponents filed a one-sentence motion for substitution of judge. As a result, Judge Neill 

 7 
requested that Honorable Dirk Sandefur assume jurisdiction. Judge Sandefur accepted 

jurisdiction on September 8, 2006. 

¶17 The case proceeded to trial on September 8, 2006, before Judge Sandefur, sitting 

without a jury. Before trial began, Intervenors Cox, Hanks and Cooper appeared by 

counsel and requested leave to intervene in the proceedings. Their motion was granted 

without objection. Trial then commenced. Opponents called three witnesses to testify in 

person. They also presented three perpetuation depositions, as well as excerpts from the 

testimony of a signature gatherer given at a hearing before the Oklahoma Supreme Court. 

The State called two witnesses, and two of the Intervenors testified on their own behalf. 

The Proponents called one witness, Trevis Butcher. At the close of the one-day trial, 

Judge Sandefur took the matter under advisement. On September 13, 2006, the court 

issued its Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order Invalidating Certification of 

CI-97, CI-98, and I-154. Proponents filed a timely appeal. 

¶18 We note that while Intervenors participated in the hearing and co-signed 

Appellants’/Proponents’ Brief filed with this Court, they did not file a notice of appeal. 

The only such notice was filed by Proponents. M. R. App. P. 4(b), provides that if two or 

more parties desire to appeal from a district court judgment, they may either file a joint 

notice of appeal, or may join together after filing separate timely notices of appeal. As 

Intervenors did neither, they are not parties to this appeal. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶19 Proponents argue that the District Court’s findings are not supported by the 

evidence and that the court incorrectly interpreted and applied the applicable law. We 

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review a district court’s findings of fact to determine whether they are clearly erroneous. 

A finding is clearly erroneous if it is not supported by substantial evidence, if the court 

misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or if our review of the record convinces us 

that the court made a mistake. Petitioners I-549 v. Missoula Irrigation, 2005 MT 100, 

¶ 8, 326 Mont. 527, ¶ 8, 111 P.3d 664, ¶ 8 (internal citations omitted). 

¶20 We review a district court’s conclusions of law to determine whether its 

interpretation of the law is correct. Petitioners I-549, ¶ 9. 

DISCUSSION 

ISSUE ONE 

¶21 Was Opponents’ claim barred by laches?

¶22 The first issue before us is whether the Opponents’ claim was barred by laches. 

Proponents maintain that Opponents knew they would be challenging the initiative 

signature gathering process in the weeks before they filed suit, but negligently delayed 

asserting their rights until August 16, 2006. They claim that the doctrine of laches should 

be applied so as to bar Opponents’ challenge to the ballot certification. 

¶23 Laches is an equitable doctrine by which a court denies relief to a claimant who 

has unreasonably delayed or been negligent in asserting the claim, when the delay or 

negligence has prejudiced the party against whom relief is sought. Black’s Law 

Dictionary 879 (Bryan A. Garner ed., 7th ed., West 1999). See also Cole v. State ex rel. 

Brown, 2002 MT 32, ¶ 24, 308 Mont. 265, ¶ 24, 42 P.3d 760, ¶ 24. 

¶24 Proponents’ laches’ argument is flawed for two reasons. First, laches is an 

affirmative defense. As such, under M. R. Civ. P. 8:(c), Proponents were required to 

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raise it in their Answer to the Opponents’ Complaint in District Court. Rule 8(c) states in 

relevant part, “In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively . . 

. laches . . . and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.” 

However, Proponents did not file an Answer to the Opponents’ Complaint. We have held 

previously that a defense of laches, not raised in the answer, cannot be raised for the first 

time on appeal. Deist v. Wachholz, 208 Mont. 207, 227, 678 P.2d 188, 198 (1984). We 

note further that at no time during the District Court proceedings did Proponents argue 

that Opponents’ claim was barred by laches. 

¶25 Even if Proponents’ laches argument was not procedurally barred, the doctrine 

simply does not apply here. The doctrine of laches applies where there has been such 

delay as to render enforcement of the asserted right inequitable. In re Marriage of Deist, 

2003 MT 263, ¶ 17, 317 Mont. 427, ¶ 17, 77 P.3d 525, ¶ 17. In Castillo v. Franks, 213 

Mont. 232, 690 P.2d 425 (1984), we said that “[t]he purpose of laches is to discourage 

stale demands by the court refusing to interfere where there has been gross laches in 

prosecuting rights, or where long acquiescence in assertion of adverse rights has 

occurred.” Castillo, 213 Mont. at 241, 690 P.2d at 429. Thus, the doctrine is aimed at 

foreclosing “stale” claims, or those asserted after a protracted period of seeming assent. 

Accord Cole, ¶ 24 (Plaintiffs’ claim, brought nine years after the term limits initiative, 

CI-64, became effective and presumptively valid, was barred by laches.). Here, it is 

undisputed that Opponents brought their claim within thirty (30) days after the ballot 

issues were certified, as required by § 3-5-302(6), MCA. In light of the fact that they 

complied with the statute’s narrow 30-day window for filing suit, it cannot reasonably be 

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argued that Opponents waited until their claims had grown stale before asserting them. 

Therefore, we conclude that Opponents’ claims are not barred by the equitable doctrine 

of laches. 

ISSUE TWO 

¶26 Did the District Court violate Proponents’ due process rights when it expedited 

the hearing and denied more time for discovery?

¶27 Proponents contend the District Court violated their due process rights because the 

court denied Proponents’ “motion to delay trial to allow for discovery.” As a result, 

Proponents claim they were “unable to conduct meaningful investigation or any 

discovery and were not on notice of many of the claims and evidence presented at the 

hearing.” This, they argue, subjected them to “trial by ambush.” 

¶28 Opponents invite us to ignore the due process claim because Proponents raised it 

for the first time on appeal. We agree the record contains neither a motion for a 

continuance, nor a memorandum or affidavit(s) articulating what discovery Proponents 

would have conducted had the court allowed more time. Rather, Proponents premise 

their contention that they preserved this claim for appeal purposes solely on counsel’s 

response to the District Court’s inquiry during the September 5, 2006 scheduling 

conference about the date set for trial. In response to the court’s question, Proponents 

commented, “We do have some problems, not so much with the date, although we would 

like to see it moved so that we would have more time for some discovery.” A protracted 

discussion followed regarding the scheduling of three perpetuation depositions. 

Opponents scheduled the depositions at a time Proponents’ counsel requested, but then 

 11 
during the scheduling conference, Proponents’ counsel said he “prefer[red] certainly 

another time.” Notwithstanding Proponents’ failure to move to continue the hearing date, 

the court considered the comments regarding postponement, but declined to accept them, 

saying, “I think the time constraints are such that we need to have this on [September 8, 

2006.]” Because the District Court arguably construed Proponents’ comments 

disfavoring the September 8, 2006 trial date as a request to postpone the hearing, we will 

address the merits of Proponents’ due process claim. 

¶29 We therefore turn to the question of whether the court’s denial of more time 

impinged Proponents’ due process rights. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United 

States Constitution and the Montana Constitution at Article II, § 17, provide that no 

person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The 

guarantee of due process has both a procedural and a substantive component. Elgin v. 

Board of County Com’rs, 2002 MT 115, ¶ 14, 310 Mont. 1, ¶ 14, 48 P.3d 39, ¶ 14. 

Generally, substantive due process analysis applies when state action is alleged to 

unreasonably restrict an individual’s constitutional rights. See Elgin, 2002 MT 115, 310 

Mont. 1, 48 P.3d 39, and Newville v. State Dept. of Family Services, 267 Mont. 237, 883 

P.2d 793 (1994). Here, Proponents contend the District Court’s denial of their motion to 

delay trial left them with inadequate time to prepare their case. Proponents’ complaint is 

procedural in nature, and therefore constitutes a procedural due process claim.

¶30 Under both federal and state jurisprudence the requirements for procedural due 

process are (1) notice, and (2) opportunity for a hearing appropriate to the nature of the 

case. See Jones v. Flowers, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 1708, 1712, and Matter of Klos, 284 

 12 
Mont. 197, 205, 943 P.2d 1277, 1281, both citing Mullane v. Central Hanover Tr. Co., 

339 U.S. 306, 313, 70 S.Ct. 652, 656-57 (1950). As such, “the process due in any given 

case varies according to the factual circumstances of the case, the nature of the interests 

at stake and the risk of making an erroneous decision.” McDermott v. McDonald, 2001 

MT 89, ¶ 10, 305 Mont. 166, ¶ 10, 24 P.3d 200, ¶ 10 (citation omitted). Otherwise stated, 

due process requirements of notice and a meaningful hearing are “flexible” and are 

adapted by the courts to meet the procedural protections demanded by the specific 

situation. Geil v. Missoula Irr. Dist., 2002 MT 269, ¶ 58, 312 Mont. 320, ¶ 58, 59 P.3d 

398, ¶ 58 (citation omitted). 

¶31 Both Montana law and the truncated timeline available for resolving preelection 

initiative challenges require relatively rapid action by the parties and the courts between 

the time an initiative qualifies for the ballot—typically in mid-July—and the date on 

which voters cast ballots in the first week of November. Allegations of deceptive 

election practices must therefore be raised, proven, and if necessary remedied, within a 

narrow window of time. A person or group challenging the validity of a qualified ballot 

initiative must file suit within 30 days of the date the initiative is certified. Section 3-5-

302(6), MCA. Thereafter, “[a] preelection challenge to the procedure by which an 

initiative or referendum qualified for the ballot . . . shall be given priority by the courts.” 

Mont. Const. art. IV, § 7(2). Moreover, “[t]he sufficiency of the initiative petition shall 

not be questioned after the election is held.” Mont. Const. art. III, § 4(3). In sum, the law 

requires that challenges to an initiative be raised, addressed, and resolved in accelerated 

 13 
fashion. Against this backdrop, we consider Proponents’ objections concerning notice 

and the expedited hearing. 

Notice

¶32 Proponents’ sole claim regarding the District Court’s failure to meet the due 

process notice requirement centers upon their contention that they had “no notice” 

Opponents would offer evidence regarding “fraudulent addresses by over 40 signature 

gatherers.” We cannot agree. Opponents’ Complaint, in a section entitled “Defendants 

Engaged in a Statewide Pattern of Deceptive Practices in the Gathering of Signatures,” 

clearly alleged that “professional signature gatherers were encouraged to lie and 

generally engage in a pattern of devious and deceptive practices, including routinely 

providing false addresses on affidavits . . . .” (Emphasis added.) However, Proponents 

contend that without the additional benefit of a pre-trial order and full discovery they 

“were primed for a surprise attack” when Opponents contested the validity of “over 40 of 

the signature gatherers’ addresses as a basis to prove pervasive fraud.” 

¶33 We conclude that Opponents’ Complaint was sufficiently specific to put 

Proponents on notice that Opponents contested the validity of addresses listed by paid 

signature gatherers on affidavits filed with county election officials. Further, Proponents’ 

witness, Butcher, acknowledged under oath that the Secretary of State’s Elections 

Specialist phoned him during the signature gathering cycle, occurring between March and 

July, to notify Butcher of complaints received related to address falsification on paid 

signature gatherers’ affidavits. Therefore, Proponents were aware that the addresses of 

the signature gatherers would be an issue in advance of the hearing. 

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¶34 It is most significant, however, that these signature gatherers were contacted, hired 

and paid by Proponents. Thus, any information as to their true addresses was within the 

exclusive knowledge of Proponents, and not Opponents. Proponents do not explain how, 

under these circumstances, discovery from Opponents regarding signature gatherers’ 

addresses would have been of any assistance whatsoever. We therefore must reject the 

contention that Proponents were prejudiced by the denial of a longer period of notice or 

discovery regarding the addresses of their own paid signature gatherers. 

¶35 Proponents raise no other contentions regarding notice. We therefore turn to the 

bulk of Proponents’ argument in which they protest the condensed timeframe for pre-trial 

discovery as an unconstitutional restriction on their opportunity for meaningful 

participation in the September 8, 2006 hearing. 

Hearing

¶36 Proponents posit the District Court denied them a meaningful hearing because the 

court compelled them to proceed without adequate time for discovery. Proponents 

contend the abridged timeframe allocated for trial preparation left them without any

opportunity to conduct discovery. We disagree. The record shows that Proponents failed 

to utilize the time allocated by the court to conduct whatever discovery time allowed, or 

to avail themselves of the procedural remedies available to them. 

¶37 Proponents rely on Wilson v. Dept. of Public Service Reg., for the proposition that 

a “meaningful hearing can not [sic] be had when a party is made to proceed without the 

ability to discover the evidence and allegation to be advanced against them.” 260 Mont. 

167, 858 P.2d 368 (1993). We note at the outset that Wilson was an appeal from a Public 

 15 
Service Commission (PSC) proceeding and not an appeal regarding a ballot initiative. 

Therefore, there was no legal or circumstantial requirement for expediency in Wilson—a 

distinction of significant consequence. That said, we did conclude that appellants in 

Wilson were denied discovery in violation of their due process rights. 260 Mont. at 172, 

858 P.2d at 371. However, denial of the Wilsons’ discovery motion was not the sole 

basis for our determination. Rather, we relied on cumulative circumstances to conclude 

that fundamental fairness and due process of law were denied. Specifically, the decision 

appealed from contained “no specification of the orders, rules or statutes which the 

Wilsons [were] alleged to have violated[,]” the Wilsons were not “afforded adequate, 

timely notice of the persons who [would] testify” nor did they know the “nature of the 

evidence” that would be presented in support of the PSC’s revocation of their “valuable 

property right” in a transportation certificate. Wilson, 260 Mont. at 172, 858 P.2d at 371. 

¶38 The circumstances underpinning the due process violation in Wilson are not 

present here. First, we disagree that the District Court’s decision to expedite proceedings 

equated to denial of a motion for discovery as occurred in Wilson. Nothing prevented 

Proponents from utilizing the eleven days available to them to conduct discovery. Yet, 

Proponents conducted no discovery. Second, the District Court’s decision from which 

Proponents now appeal clearly articulates which statutes Proponents ostensibly violated. 

Third, we previously determined that, unlike the Wilsons, Proponents were afforded 

adequate notice of the allegations against them, and had within their knowledge 

information with which to refute Opponents’ allegations of address falsification. Finally, 

we agree with the District Court’s determination that as a matter of law, Proponents 

 16 
“have no political or legal right to vote” on the initiatives at issue here “until Proponents 

have duly qualified them for the ballot in the manner provided by law, free from the taint 

of fraud.” Whereas it was determined Wilsons had an extant property right in their 

transportation certificate, here Proponents’ “right” to vote on the initiatives cannot, even 

arguably, vest as a right to “life, liberty, or property,” subject to due process 

requirements, until this Court determines whether Proponents legally qualified the 

initiatives for the November 2006 Montana ballot. Mont. Const. art. IV, § 7(1); § 7-5-

132(3)(c), MCA. 

¶39 Regardless of Wilson’s applicability, Proponents’ due process claim rings hollow 

in light of the multiple respects in which they did not avail themselves of either the time 

they had or their recourse to the rules of civil procedure. Specifically, Proponents did not 

answer Opponents’ Complaint, request any discovery, move for a continuance, take any 

depositions, or file a pre-trial brief. Proponents did not attend the three depositions 

conducted by Opponents (though they were scheduled to accommodate the schedule of 

Proponents’ counsel), nor did they file proposed findings of facts or conclusions of law, 

despite the District Court’s request for both from the parties. At the end of the September 

5, 2006 scheduling conference, Proponents acquiesced without objection in the court’s 

proposed schedule, and indicated they would not make any pre-trial motions. 

¶40 Proponents’ efforts at trial were similarly incomplete. They declined to make an 

opening statement or a closing argument. They opted not to cross-examine Opponents’ 

main witness, Jacqueline Boyle. And, most significantly, their attorney did not object as 

multiple hearsay statements damaging to Proponents’ case came into evidence through 

 17 
the witnesses who testified. Under the same time constraints, Opponents conducted three 

depositions, filed the pre-trial brief and proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law 

suggested by the court, and then fully participated at trial, making appropriate arguments 

and objections as the rules of evidence allowed. 

¶41 We conclude that any deprivation of a meaningful hearing here was more the 

construct of Proponents’ own failure to act than it was a function of the District Court’s 

denial of more time for trial preparation. Opponents timely brought their claims. The 

District Court was then required by law to expedite the proceedings. Simply put, the 

District Court proceeded as required by law. We therefore determine that under the 

circumstances, Proponents received both adequate notice of the allegations against them 

and an opportunity to participate in a meaningful hearing. 

ISSUE THREE 

¶42 Did the District Court err when it determined that the signature gathering process 

was permeated by a pervasive and general pattern and practice of fraud and procedural 

non-compliance?

¶43 The District Court conducted a one-day hearing on September 8, 2006, during 

which Opponents called three witnesses, the State called two, Intervenors called two, and 

Proponents called one. In addition, Opponents introduced three perpetuation depositions, 

multiple affidavits, the testimony of one signature gatherer given at a hearing before the 

Oklahoma Supreme Court, and numerous spread sheets, signature lists and calculations. 

Proponents introduced into evidence three certification affidavits signed by one of their 

signature gatherers and a fourth affidavit signed by a second signature gatherer. 

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¶44 On September 13, 2006 the court issued a detailed 46-page Order setting forth its 

analysis and rationale. The court found that three significant defects occurred: (1) 

Proponents’ out-of-state signature gatherers routinely attested that they personally 

gathered or assisted in gathering signatures that, in fact, were gathered by other persons 

outside of their presence and without direct assistance from them; (2) Proponents’ out-ofstate signature gatherers used false addresses on their certification affidavits; and (3) at 

least some of these same signature gatherers employed a deceitful “bait and switch” 

tactic. We review each of these conclusions below. 

Certification Based on the Language “Assisted In”

¶45 The District Court found that, under the totality of the circumstances, it was more 

probable than not that the out-of-state signature gatherers executed certification affidavits 

attesting that they personally gathered or assisted in gathering signatures that someone 

else actually gathered outside of their presence without any direct assistance from them. 

As further addressed below, the District Court received substantial evidence as to the vast 

number of signatures attested to by several of Proponents’ paid out-of-state signature 

gatherers. This evidence established that the signers were located in various cities and 

counties throughout the state and that the attesting signature gatherer could not have 

possibly been present when many persons signed their petitions. Proponents did not 

rebut or refute this evidence at the hearing. 

¶46 Instead, Proponents argue on appeal that to give meaning to the words “assisted 

in” as used in § 13-27-302, MCA, an affiant need not be present at the time the petition 

was signed. They also maintain that Montana law has a lax standard for signature 

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gatherer certification, vis-à-vis other states, as it does not expressly require the gatherer to 

attest that the signatures were received in his or her presence. Compare Oregon’s statute, 

for example—“The circulator shall certify on each signature sheet that the individuals 

signed the sheet in the presence of the circulator . . . .” Or. Rev. Stat. § 249.740(4). 

Relying on United Labor Committee of Mo. v. Kirkpatrick, 572 S.W.2d 449 (Mo. 1978), 

Proponents further contend that because the Secretary of State certified the signatures, 

these signatures were verified and should not be invalidated by a technical deficiency, 

negligence or misconduct of a third party, i.e., the signature gatherer. 

¶47 Opponents counter that it is well established that the signer of an affidavit must 

have personal knowledge of the information contained in the affidavit. McDermott v. 

Carie, LLC, 2005 MT 293, ¶ 26, 329 Mont. 295, ¶ 26, 124 P.3d 168, ¶ 26. They maintain 

that for a petition gatherer to sign the affidavit required in § 13-27-302, MCA, he or she 

must have a belief based on personal knowledge that the petition signers knew the 

contents of the petition before signing it. They assert that the District Court correctly 

determined that the affiant had to be present during the signing in order to meet this 

requirement. 

¶48 Relevant to our analysis of this issue as well as the issues below are the definition 

of “signature gatherer” and the required contents of the affidavit for certifying signatures. 

Section 13-27-111(4), MCA (2005), defines “signature gatherer” as “an individual who 

collects signatures on a petition for the purpose of an initiative, a referendum, or the 

calling of a constitutional convention.” Section 13-27-302, MCA (2005), sets forth the 

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following requirements for the affidavit that must be attached to each sheet or section of 

signatures submitted to the county official: 

I, (name of person who is the signature gatherer), swear that I gathered or 

assisted in gathering the signatures on the petition to which this affidavit is 

attached on the stated dates, that I believe the signatures on the petition are 

genuine, are the signatures of the persons whose names they purport to be, 

and are the signatures of Montana electors who are registered at the address 

or have the telephone number following the person’s signature, and that the 

signers knew the contents of the petition before signing the petition. 

______________________________________ 

(date on which the first signature was gathered) 

______________________________________ 

(Signature of petition signature gatherer) 

______________________________________ 

(Address of petition signature gatherer) 

¶49 Notably, these statutes were revised by the 2003 Legislature. Prior to the 2003 

revisions, § 13-27-111(4), MCA (2001), provided that a “signature gatherer” was “an 

individual who collects or intends to collect signatures on a petition for the purpose of an 

initiative, a referendum, or the calling of a constitutional convention.” Moreover, the 

2001 version of § 13-27-302, MCA, read: 

I, (name of person who circulated this petition), swear that I circulated or 

assisted in circulating the petition to which this affidavit is attached, that I 

believe the signatures on the petition are genuine, are the signatures of the 

persons whose names they purport to be, and are the signatures of Montana 

electors who are registered at the address or have the telephone number 

following the person’s signature, and that the signers knew the contents of 

the petition before signing the petition. 

______________________________________ 

(Signature of petition circulator) 

______________________________________ 

(Address of petition circulator) 

According to the 2003 legislative history, the committee members discussing the thenproposed revisions indicated that the purpose of the revisions was to make the process 

 21 
“more accountable.” House Committee on State Administration, 2003 Reg. Sess. (Jan. 

21, 2003). 

¶50 The evidence established that Proponents hired and paid up to 43 out-of-state 

signature gatherers. The signatures gathered by five of these signature gatherers 

constituted more than half of the total signatures garnered.4

 These gatherers were Larry 

Shumacher, Grace Meyer, Ron Cook, Eric Rittberg, and Marvin King. These persons 

were paid on a per-signature basis. Schumacher was paid $84,103.30 for gathering 

signatures in five Montana counties; Meyer was paid $70,170.94 for collecting signatures 

in six Montana counties; Cook received $69,214.78 for his signature gathering efforts in 

six counties; and Rittberg was paid $18,155.68 for unspecified county petition drive 

efforts. No evidence was presented as to the amount Proponents paid King but evidence 

revealed that he swore to 41,761 signatures. Additionally, it was shown that he attested 

to signatures gathered from at least eight Montana counties, as geographically dispersed 

as Glacier, Gallatin, Yellowstone and Valley Counties. King submitted by affidavit 

approximately 15,000 signatures obtained during one two-week period. The District 

Court observed that he would have had to secure approximately one signature every 

minute during that period to reach this total. 

¶51 Given that the claimed signatures were gathered from far-flung areas of the state, 

it is evident that King was not present when many of these signatures were obtained. 

 

4 A total of 125,609 signatures was certified—47,905 for CI-97; 49,956 for CI-98; and 27,748 for 

I-154. Of these 125,609, at least 64,463 were obtained or attested to by Proponents’ signature 

gatherers, Shumacher, Meyer, Cook, Rittberg, and King. 25,426 of these signatures were for CI97; 22,041 for CI-98; and 16,996 for I-154.

 22 
Proponents maintain that they obtained signatures from traveling Montanans (e.g., 

Bozeman residents visiting Billings signed a Billings’ petition). While it is feasible that 

this occurred on occasion, Proponents proffered no evidence to support this claim. 

Moreover, it strains credulity to conclude that this occurred often enough to explain the 

thousands of signatures obtained from distant towns and cities by a single signature 

gatherer. 

¶52 To determine whether Proponents’ signature gatherers complied with the statutory 

requirements, we must read §§ 13-27-111(4) and 13-27-302, MCA, together. As 

indicated above the “signature gatherer,” i.e., the person who collected the signatures, 

must swear under oath that he or she “gathered or assisted in gathering the signatures on 

the petition to which this affidavit is attached on the stated dates.” It is undisputed that 

some of Proponents’ signature gatherers attested to signatures that were obtained by other 

persons outside of the presence of the attesting affiant. The question is whether those 

certifications are lawful under the “assisted in” language of the affidavit. Proponents, of 

course, are advocating a broad construction of the phrase while Opponents offer a more 

narrow construction. 

¶53 We construe statutes as they are written. Ravalli County v. Erickson, 2004 MT 35, 

¶ 11, 320 Mont. 31, ¶ 11, 85 P.3d 772, ¶ 11. We must neither insert what has been 

omitted nor omit what has been inserted. Section 1-2-101, MCA. The term “assisted” is 

not defined in the statute; therefore, we look to its common dictionary meaning. Ravalli 

County, ¶ 13. “Assisted” is defined as: (1) to give aid or support; (2) to be present, as at a 

conference; (3) an act of giving aid; help. The American Heritage Dictionary of the 

 23 
English Language 109 (4th Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company 2004). We have 

previously recognized the term “assistant” to mean “one who stands by and aids or helps 

another.” State v. Ayers, 112 Mont. 120, 126, 113 P.2d 785, 788 (1941). Because the 

definition of both “assisted” and “assistant” could arguably contemplate one’s presence 

or absence, we must look more closely at the context of the statute and its 2003 

amendments. 

¶54 As indicated above, the 2003 Legislature changed the definition of “signature 

gatherer” from the individual who “collects or intends to collect” signatures to the 

“individual who collects” signatures. Section 13-27-111(4), MCA (2001 and 2003). 

This was done, according to the legislative history, to provide “more accountability” to 

the signature gathering process. See ¶ 49. Similarly, the Legislature revised the 

certification affidavit to require that the “signature gatherer” rather than the person who 

“circulated the petition” sign the affidavit, and that the affiant swear that he or she 

“gathered or assisted in gathering” as opposed to “circulated or assisted in circulating the 

petition.” Section 13-27-302, MCA (2001 and 2003). Again, these changes reflect the 

Legislature’s interest in restricting rather than broadening the category of persons who 

could sign the affidavit.

¶55 While we acknowledge that the affidavit first requires the person who collected 

the signature to sign the affidavit but then has the affiant swear that he or she either 

gathered “or assisted in gathering” the signatures, there is no internal inconsistency. 

Reading the amended statutes together and giving full effect to both, it is easy to 

contemplate a team of signature gatherers working together, side-by-side, assisting one 

 24 
another in obtaining signatures, explaining the contents of the initiative or referendum, 

determining whether a potential signer is qualified, and advising the signers as to the 

information required. Under this simple scenario, either signature gatherer could attest to 

the signatures gathered and lawfully sign the affidavit.

¶56 Additionally, the affidavit provides that the affiant may submit signatures if he or 

she “believes,” the “signers knew the contents of the petition before signing the petition.” 

Section 13-27-302, MCA. While this language arguably imposes a lesser standard than 

the “personal knowledge” standard argued by Opponents, it does not change our analysis 

or our conclusion. As we determined above, a reading of both statutes together mandates 

the presence of the affiant at the time a signature is gathered. Additionally, affiant must 

still swear to the validity of the contents of the affidavit. This would require his or her 

“belief” to have a reasonable foundation. 

¶57 As did the District Court, we conclude that the revised language of both statutes 

contemplates something more than mere oversight of the process by a geographically 

remote affiant. As a result, we conclude that in order to lawfully swear under oath, with 

personal knowledge, that the affiant “gathered or assisted in gathering” signatures, and to 

swear that affiant believes that the signatures are genuine and the signers knew the 

contents of the petition before signing it, the affiant must be present at the time the 

petition is signed.

¶58 Again, Proponents presented no evidence to refute or rebut Opponents’ evidence 

that the five most prolific signature gatherers swore to signatures obtained outside of their 

presence. The strength of Opponents’ argument is further bolstered by the sheer numbers 

 25 
of signatures submitted by these five signature gatherers and the physical impossibility 

that they could have been present at the time each of these signatures was obtained.

¶59 We conclude that the District Court did not err when it found that Shumacher, 

Cook, Meyer, Rittberg, and King executed affidavits submitting signatures that were 

gathered outside of their presence. As a result, they could not lawfully attest to the 

contents of the affidavits. 

¶60 We cannot overstress our limited role as interpreters of the statutes. It is axiomatic 

that when interpreting a statute, we seek to implement the objectives the Legislature 

sought to achieve, and if the legislative intent can be determined from the plain language 

of the statute, the plain language controls. City of Billings v. Gonzales, 2006 MT 24, ¶ 8, 

331 Mont. 71, ¶ 8, 128 P.3d 1014, ¶ 8 (internal citations omitted). When the legislative 

intent cannot be readily derived from the plain language, we review the legislative history 

and abide by the intentions reflected therein. Denial of App. For Iss. Of Beer/Wine Lic., 

267 Mont. 298, 303, 883 Mont. 833, 836 (1994). If the Legislature actually contemplated 

remote signature gathering, or mere “circulation” by the affiant—without more—there 

would have been no reason for the 2003 statutory amendments. In sum, we must apply 

the law as written and amended. 

False or Fictitious Addresses

¶61 The District Court found that all 43 of Proponents’ out-of-state paid signature 

gatherers gave false or fictitious addresses in their certification affidavits submitted under 

§ 13-27-302, MCA. An element of the evidence supporting this finding was a 

spreadsheet prepared by one of Opponents’ witnesses which set forth the names and the 

 26 
claimed addresses of each of Proponents’ signature gatherers. Boyle testified that, using 

an on-line data search engine, she attempted to confirm each address but was unable to do 

so. She stated that some of the provided addresses were hotels, retail stores or shopping 

centers; some were apartment complexes or personal residences at which the signature 

gatherer was not listed as a resident, and some addresses simply did not exist. 

¶62 Additionally, the District Court relied on the testimony of one of Proponents’ 

professional petition signature gatherers, Robert Colby, who testified at a hearing before 

the Oklahoma Supreme Court in a similar case. Colby stated under oath in that 

proceeding that it was a common practice for signature gatherers to use false or fictitious 

addresses in an effort to conceal personal information, avoid harassment, and “leave no 

trail.” He admitted to having used a fictitious address while working for Proponents in 

Montana. 

¶63 Butcher, testifying as the sole witness for Proponents, did not refute this evidence. 

He did testify that he had instructed one of the out-of-state signature gatherers, Marvin 

King, to use Butcher’s sister’s home address in Billings, though the circulator was not 

going to stay there. Butcher stated that King could have used his sister’s address as a 

central drop-off or pick-up location during the petition drive, but presented no evidence 

that King ever used the address for such purposes. Moreover, evidence was presented 

that at one point during the petition drive, a Billings police officer stopped at Butcher’s 

sister’s house looking for King. Butcher’s sister told him that she did not know who 

King was and that he was not living there. 

 27 
¶64 Proponents argue on appeal that the District Court erred in narrowly defining 

“address” to mean a signature gatherer’s residence as opposed to a place where the 

signature gatherer could be reached if necessary. Relying on Munson v. Bay State 

Dredging & Contracting Co., 50 N.E.2d 633, 636 (Mass. 1943) and In re Protest of 

Brooks, 801 N.E.2d 514 (Ohio 2003), Proponents maintain that use of a temporary 

address, such as a hotel, satisfies the address requirement, as does any address at which 

the signature gatherer can be reached or where a message can be left. Proponents also 

argue that had they known that the 43 addresses were going to be contested, they could 

have verified “a great deal . . . if not all of them.” 

¶65 Opponents counter that the use of false addresses by out-of-state signature 

gatherers was just one example of the deceptive behavior utilized by Proponents’ paid 

assistants. They maintain that the District Court, based on unrefuted evidence, correctly 

determined that the out-of-state signature gatherers attested knowingly to false addresses, 

i.e., addresses that were not their residences, places of business, or locations at which 

they could be contacted. Opponents cite Kemp v. Monroe County Bd. Of Elections, 493 

N.Y.S.2d 529 (N.Y. Sup. 1985) (overruled on other grounds by Kemp v. Monroe County 

Bd. of Elections, 113 A.D.2d 1019 (N.Y. App. Div. 4th Dep’t. 1985)), for the proposition 

that incorrect addresses on election petitions should result in invalidation of such 

petitions. 

¶66 Opponents also assert, as discussed above, that Proponents had adequate notice 

that the address issue would be presented at the hearing. They maintain that as the 

employer of these paid out-of-state signature gatherers, Proponents should have been able 

 28 
to readily verify addresses and contact information as well as present some of their 

signature gatherers as witnesses at the hearing. 

¶67 To resolve this issue, we must once again read the revised versions of §§ 13-27-

111(4) and 13-27-302, MCA, together. Under these statutes, the “signature gatherer” 

must sign the affidavit and provide his or her address. Presumably, the purpose of the 

address requirement is to provide a mechanism by which affiants may be contacted by 

county elections officials or the Secretary of State during the certification process. The 

term “address” is not defined in the statutes; therefore, as we have done in the past, we 

use its common dictionary meaning. See ¶ 53. “Address” means “the place or the name 

of the place where a person, organization, or the like is located or may be reached.” 

Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1), Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random 

House, Inc. 2006. 

¶68 The District Court did not state in its Order that the address provided by the affiant 

must be his or her residence. In fact, the court expressly concluded that the office address 

provided by one of the signature gatherers was acceptable. Therefore, Proponents’ 

contention that the District Court erroneously imposed a residence address requirement is 

incorrect. However, it does appear that the District Court rejected as unacceptable a hotel 

address or the address of other temporary quarters where a gatherer may have stayed 

during the signature drive. Under Brooks, this was arguably error. As argued by 

Proponents and noted in Brooks, such a location may satisfy the address requirement, 

provided the signature gatherer can actually be reached there directly or through a 

message. Brooks, ¶ 26. The fact remains, however, that there was no proof that this 

 29 
requirement of Brooks—accessibility to the gatherer at the listed address—was satisfied 

here. 

¶69 The rules of statutory construction require the language of a statute to be construed 

according to its plain meaning. Ravalli County, ¶ 11. Using the ordinary everyday 

meaning of the words in § 13-27-302, MCA, affiants are required to provide addresses of 

the places where they can be reached or contacted. Substantial evidence was presented 

that affiants in this case did not do so but rather provided bogus or false addresses. 

Proponents did not refute or rebut this evidence and offered no countering testimony. 

The District Court, relying on the only evidence presented, concluded that the affidavits 

completed by these 43 signature gatherers contained false information, and as a result 

were tainted with illegality. McDermott v. Carie, ¶ 26 (An affidavit is legally defective 

unless “[t]he maker [has] personal knowledge of the information contained in the 

statement and . . . swear[s] to its validity.”) 

¶70 While we do not conclude that the statute necessarily requires an affiant to provide 

a residential address, we do conclude that the purpose of the address requirement in the 

statute is the provision of a legitimate contact point so that when questions regarding the 

petitions arise, the person who gathered those signatures can be reached. Otherwise, the 

questions go unanswered, and no one—not the County, the State, or the opponents of an 

initiative—is able to ascertain whether there has been compliance with the law. 

¶71 Based upon the foregoing, we conclude that a signature gatherer must provide an 

address on the affidavit where he or she can be contacted throughout the collection and 

certification process. 

 30 
¶72 The right of Montanans to change our constitution by initiative is a unique right 

granted by Article II, Section 2 of the 1972 Montana Constitution. It is our judicial duty 

to preserve this right wherever possible and to decline to interfere unless it appears to be 

absolutely essential. State ex rel. Montanans v. Waltermire, 231 Mont. 406, 412, 757 

P.2d 746, 750 (1988). In this regard, it has long been established that initiative petitions 

signed and filed in accordance with applicable law are presumptively valid. In re State 

Question No. 138, 244 P. 801, 803 (Okla. 1926). However, that presumption of validity 

may be rebutted and overcome by affirmative proof of willful fraud or procedural noncompliance. State Question No. 138, 244 P. at 804. Once evidence is presented to rebut 

the presumption of validity, it is incumbent upon on the party endorsing the validity of 

the signatures—in this case the Proponents—to come forward with evidence to rebut or 

counter the damaging evidence. In the case before us, Proponents offered nothing to 

rebut or counter the evidence presented by Opponents that the addresses provided on the 

affidavits were false. 

¶73 Given that Proponents were in the best position to refute Opponents’ evidence of 

false affidavits and bogus addresses, and their failure to do so, the District Court did not 

err in accepting the unrefuted evidence presented and finding that false or fictitious 

addresses were provided.

Bait and Switch

¶74 Lastly, the District Court found that it was more probable than not that a 

significantly large percentage of the paid, out-of-state signature gatherers working for the 

Proponents employed a “bait and switch” tactic to induce people who knowingly signed 

 31 
one petition to unknowingly sign the other two. The District Court relied upon six 

affidavits and three perpetuation depositions of petition signers who attested that they 

were personally misled by a signature gatherer into signing all three initiatives when they 

intended to sign only one. Most of these affiants also stated that they heard other 

signature gatherers misleading persons into signing all three petitions by claiming that, 

because the circulator had no carbon paper, the signer needed to sign the one petition 

three times. In addition to this evidence, another affiant testified that a signature gatherer 

had tried this tactic on her but before signing the other petitions she realized that they 

were different and she refused to sign them. Furthermore, a witness from the Secretary 

of State’s Office testified that his office received complaints that this tactic was being 

used, and a witness working to oppose CI-97 also received reports that Proponents’ 

signature gatherers were doing this. 

¶75 In contrast, two of the three Intervenors testified at the hearing that they had not 

been subject to such a “bait and switch” tactic, nor had they seen signature gatherers 

employing such a tactic. The third Intervenor submitted an affidavit proclaiming the 

same. Butcher did not refute Opponents’ evidence; rather, he conceded that the tactic had 

been used, but only for a short time. 

¶76 Proponents argue on appeal that the evidence presented at the hearing was 

insufficient to support a finding that use of the “bait and switch” tactic was pervasive. 

They cite the testimony of the Intervenors and that of a few of Opponents’ witnesses who 

had “heard about” the tactic but had not personally observed it. The problem is they 

ignore the substantial hearsay evidence heard by the court without objection from 

 32 
Proponents, to the effect that this tactic was in fact being widely used, and that the 

Secretary of State had received multiple complaints to the same effect.5

 It is axiomatic 

that a district court is free to consider hearsay testimony if there is no objection to its 

admission into evidence. State v. Vandersloot, 2003 MT 179, ¶ 27, 316 Mont. 405, ¶ 27, 

73 P.3d 174, ¶ 27. Thus, the court had before it far more evidence of the use of the “bait 

and switch” tactic than Proponents are willing to concede on appeal. 

¶77 The question we must answer is whether the court’s finding of pervasive use of the 

tactic is supported by substantial evidence. See ¶ 19. As we note above, Opponents 

presented evidence of the use of this practice through testimony from two witnesses, the 

affidavits of seven witnesses, and the perpetuation depositions of three others. They 

offered the testimony of Alan Miller from the Secretary of State’s office regarding the 

complaints that office received regarding the practice. Finally, they established through 

county lists of votes that an inordinately large percentage of voters signed not one but all 

three petitions. For example, 60.64% of Lake County petition signers signed all three 

petitions; 64.97% of Cascade signers and 66.9% of Flathead County signers did the same. 

In response, Proponents offered no evidence, nor did they object to or attempt to discredit 

the evidence offered by Opponents. 

¶78 It is the province of the District Court to weigh the evidence and resolve any 

conflicts between the positions of the parties. It is well established that this Court will 

 

5

 It should be noted that counsel for Intervenors did object to the admission of hearsay evidence 

on more than one occasion throughout the hearing; however, they are not parties to this appeal. 

See ¶ 18. More importantly, because Proponents have not even attempted to argue on appeal that 

admission of hearsay was error, the issue has been waived by them in any event. 

 33 
not second-guess the district court’s determination regarding the strength and weight of 

conflicting testimony. Moreover, we review a district court’s findings to determine 

whether substantial evidence supports those findings, not contrary findings. Denton v. 

First Interstate Bank of Commerce, 2006 MT 193, ¶ 43, 333 Mont. 169, ¶ 43, 142 P.3d 

797, ¶ 43 (internal citations omitted). 

¶79 While “substantial evidence” cannot be definitively quantified, we have previously 

stated that “[s]ubstantial evidence is the amount of relevant evidence which a reasonable 

mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Lee v. Lee, 2000 MT 67, ¶ 20, 

299 Mont. 78, ¶ 20, 996 P.2d 389, ¶ 20. Once Opponents established that Proponents’ 

signature gatherers were engaging in deceptive practices, it became Proponents’ burden 

to produce evidence to the contrary. Section 26-1-401, MCA. They failed to do so. 

Therefore, we conclude that the District Court’s finding and conclusion that Proponent’s 

signature gatherers’ deceptive actions were pervasive was based on substantial evidence 

and was not clearly erroneous.

Invalidation of Signatures

¶80 The District Court ultimately concluded that these three unlawful practices— 

certification of signatures that were not signed in the presence of the affiant, false 

addresses, and bait and switch tactics—resulted in legally defective certification 

affidavits and constituted a “pervasive and general pattern and practice of fraud and 

conscious circumvention of procedural safeguards,” in violation of state laws relating to 

qualification of an initiative on the ballot. As it was impossible to precisely identify 

which certified signatures were untainted by Proponents’ signature gatherers’ various 

 34 
deceptive practices, the District Court invalidated all signatures gathered by all of 

Proponents’ out-of-state paid workers. As a result the Secretary of State’s certifications 

of CI-97, CI-98, and I-154 were likewise invalidated.

¶81 Proponents maintain that the District Court erred by grouping all out-of-state 

signature gatherers together and invalidating all of their signatures. Without supporting 

authority, they assert that the signatures of each signature gatherer should have been 

contested on an individual basis. 

¶82 Opponents submit that the District Court correctly invalidated the certified 

signatures gathered by the paid out-of-state signature gatherers based on substantial, 

unrefuted evidence of the pervasive illegalities and deceptive practices established at the 

hearing, and the impossibility of distinguishing which signatures were gathered in 

accordance with the statutory requirements and which were not. 

¶83 As did the District Court, we conclude that the filing of a false affidavit by a 

signature gatherer is “more than a technicality” in that it destroys the primary procedural 

safeguard for ensuring the integrity of the signature gathering process. The Maine 

Supreme Court, addressing a similar situation, recognized: 

[I]t is evident that the circulator’s role in a citizens’ initiative is pivotal. 

Indeed, the integrity of the initiative and referendum process in many ways 

hinges on the trustworthiness and veracity of the circulator. In reviewing 

the signatures gathered by the circulators, the Secretary [of State] has the 

ability to verify . . . that a signing voter is actually registered and therefore 

permitted to vote. In contrast, the Secretary has no way, without engaging 

in a separate investigation, to verify that a signing voter actually signed the 

petition. 

* * * 

 35 
In addition to obtaining truthful information from the circulator, the oath is 

intended to assure that the circulator is impressed with the seriousness of 

his or her obligation to honesty . . . and to assure that the person taking the 

oath is clearly identified should questions arise regarding particular 

signatures. . . . As early as 1917, we held that verification of the signatures 

and the subsequent oath taken by the circulator is an “indispensable 

accompaniment of a valid petition,” and, accordingly, that the invalidation 

of signatures lacking this prerequisite is necessary to preserve the integrity 

of the initiative and referendum process. 

Taxpayers Action Network v. Sec. of State, 795 A.2d 75, 80 (Me. 2002). 

¶84 Other courts have also invalidated signatures upon a finding that the signature 

gatherers did not comply with the applicable statutory requirements. See State Question 

No. 138, 244 P. at 804 (invalidating signatures collected by persons other than the 

affiant); Weisberger v. Cohen, 22 N.Y.S.2d 1011, 1012 (N.Y. 1940) (the only sure way to 

prevent fraud is to invalidate all signatures tainted by fraud); In Matter of Lombardi v. 

State Board of Elections, 54 A.D.2d 532, (N.Y. App. Div. 3rd Dep’t., 1976) (court 

invalidates two entire sheets of signatures when they were “permeated with fraud”); and 

Citizens Committee v. DC Bd. Of Elections, 860 A.2d 813, 818 (D.C. 2004) (“In cases of 

proven false signing of affidavits, the Board thus has undeniable authority to strike whole 

petition sheets associated with that impropriety.”). Additionally, the Secretary of State 

may reject any petition that does not meet the statutory requirements. Section 13-27-307, 

MCA. 

¶85 Some will argue that use of a “bait and switch” tactic does not warrant the 

invalidation of the signatures on the “bait” petition, as many persons arguably signed it 

voluntarily and knowingly. Others may claim that invalidating signatures due to the use 

of false addresses by 43 signature gatherers is excessive, and an elevation of form over 

 36 
substance. However, it bears emphasis that we are not deciding this case based solely on 

a conclusion that one or the other event occurred in isolation. As did the District Court, 

we consider here the totality of the circumstances of the claims before us, as well as the 

totality of the unrefuted evidence presented by Opponents without substantial objection 

from Proponents. Taking account of all the evidence, we conclude that the District Court 

did not err when it invalidated the signatures of Proponents’ out-of-state signature 

gatherers that were obtained in a manner that did not comply with Montana statutes and 

were tainted by or associated with deceptive practices and misrepresentation. 

¶86 We acknowledge that many voters feel strongly that they should have the 

opportunity to vote on one or more of these initiatives, and that these people will feel 

disenfranchised by our decision. This is extremely regrettable. The fact remains, 

however, that if the initiative process is to remain viable and retain its integrity, those 

invoking it must comply with the laws passed by our Legislature. We can neither excuse 

nor overlook violations of these laws, for to do so here would confer free reign for others 

to do so in other matters. We must enforce the law as written and as the Legislature 

intended. 

¶87 County administrators are instructed not to count the votes for CI-97, CI-98 and I154 to the extent that this is technically feasible. If the votes must be counted, they will 

have no force or effect.

 37 
CONCLUSION 

¶88 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the District Court’s Findings of Fact, 

Conclusions of Law and Order Invalidating Certification of CI-98, CI-97, and I-154.

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER 

 

We concur: 

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY 

/S/ BRIAN MORRIS 

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON 

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART 

/S/ TED L. MIZNER 

District Court Judge Ted L. Mizner 

sitting for Justice Jim Rice 

/S/ THOMAS C. HONZEL 

District Court Judge Thomas C. Honzel 

sitting for Justice John Warner

 38