IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO

Judge William J. Martínez 

Criminal Case No. 11-cr-00376-WJM

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff,

vs.

1. EXECUTIVE RECYCLING, INC.,

2. BRANDON RICHTER, and

3. TOR OLSON,

Defendants.

 

AMENDED ORDER AS TO DEPOSITION OF EDMUND FUNG

 

 

This matter is before the Court on the Government’s Amended Motion for

Deposition Pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 15 (the “Motion”). (ECF No. 37.) In the Motion,

filed on December 9, 2011, the Government sought leave to take the depositions of four

nationals of Hong Kong: Gary Tam, Edmund Fung, Fung Wing Lau, and Peter Lei. (Id.) 

Defendant Tor Olson filed a Response to the Motion on December 14, 2011 (ECF No.

55), and Defendants Executive Recycling, Inc. and Brandon Richter filed a Response on

December 23, 2011 (ECF No. 79). On December 28, 2011, the Government filed a

Reply, in which it narrowed its request by seeking to depose only two of the

aforementioned individuals: Gary Tam and Edmund Fung. (ECF No. 80, at 1 n.1.) 

On February 3, 2012, the Court held oral argument on the Motion. (ECF No.

100.) Several important matters were clarified at that oral argument:

(1) All Defendants made clear that they did not oppose the taking of the depositions

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as long as certain terms and conditions of taking the depositions could be agreed

to, including who would bear the costs of travel, accommodations, and the taking

of the depositions;

(2) Counsel for Defendants Executive Recycling, Inc. and Brandon Richter informed

the Court that neither she nor Brandon Richter will attend the depositions in

person, but instead that she and her clients will rely on counsel for Tor Olson to

question the witnesses at the depositions and otherwise conduct the depositions

on behalf of all Defendants;

(3) Counsel for Tor Olson informed the Court that only he, and not Defendant Tor

Olson, will attend the depositions in person; and

(4) All Defendants and counsel for Executive Recycling, Inc. and Brandon Richter

will watch the depositions via live audio-visual feed, and will be able to

communicate telephonically with counsel for Tor Olson during the deposition if

necessary. 

At the oral argument, the Court instructed the parties to submit proposed orders setting

forth their proposals for the terms and conditions of the depositions to be taken. On

February 17, 2012, the Government and Tor Olson filed their proposed orders. (ECF

No. 101, 102.)

In considering the arguments made in the Motion, the two Responses, and the

Reply, the arguments and concessions made at the oral argument, and the proposed

orders submitted by the Government and Defendant Tor Olson, the Court ORDERS as

follows:

(1) The Government’s Amended Motion for Deposition (ECF No. 37) is GRANTED

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as to prospective witness Edmund Fung (“Mr. Fung”), an officer of the Hong

Kong Environmental Protection Department, Territorial Control Office, 24/F,

Southorn Centre, 130 Hennessy Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong.

(2) The Court finds that exceptional circumstances and the interests of justice

warrant the taking of the deposition of Mr. Fung, as required by Fed. R. Crim. P.

15(a).

(3) The deposition of Mr. Fung shall be taken in accordance with the specific

procedures identified in this Order and the provisions of Fed. R. Crim. P. 15.

(4) Pursuant to the Agreement with Hong Kong on Mutual Legal Assistance in

Criminal Matters, Apr. 15, 1997, S. Treaty Doc. No. 105-6 (1997) art. 1, § 1

(hereinafter the “MLAT”), the Government shall submit a MLAT request for the

deposition (“Request”) to the Attorney General of the United States or such

person authorized to officially submit the Request to the appropriate official in

Hong Kong. 

(5) The Government shall file a copy of the Request with this Court within 7 days of

the Request being sent to the Hong Kong Authority. Further, the Government

shall provide notice of any status changes of the Request to the Court and

Defendants, including any requests by the Hong Kong Central Authority to modify

the terms of the Request.

(6) The Request shall include all of the specific procedures identified in this Order.

(7) No attorney shall be subject to arrest or detention by Hong Kong or Chinese

officials for participation in or conduct related to the taking of the Deposition.

(8) The deposition testimony of Mr. Fung shall be taken before a person authorized

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to administer oaths in the place in which the examination is held either by the law

thereof or by the law of the United States (the “Officer”).

(9) The deposition shall be taken under oath or affirmation to testify truthfully, as

administered by an officer authorized to administer such oath or affirmation by

the law of the jurisdiction in which the deposition occurs. Mr. Fung must be

advised that his statements are being given under oath or affirmation to testify

truthfully. The oath or affirmation must be in a form that is designed to impress

that duty on Mr. Fung’s conscience.

(10) The deposition shall be recorded by stenographic and audio-visual means and

shall be recorded in a format compatible with the technological devices available

in this Court.

(11) The Officer shall certify that Mr. Fung was duly sworn by the Officer and that the

stenographic transcript and sound-and-visual recording of the deposition

constitute the true record of Mr. Fung’s testimony. This certificate shall be in

writing and shall accompany the record of the deposition. The Officer shall file

the record of the deposition with this Court no later than 30 days prior to the start

of the trial of this case. The record of the deposition shall include the

stenographic transcript, the audio-visual recording, and copies of all documents

and other things produced for inspection during the deposition.

(12) All documents and other things produced for inspection during the deposition

shall be marked as Government exhibits or Defense exhibits and shall be the

same as those used during the trial.

(13) The Officer shall retain all stenographic or other notes of the deposition.

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(14) The deposition shall not last longer than 12 hours on the record over the course

of two consecutive days, with time for questioning to be divided equally between

the Government and Defense. Counsel for the parties shall make their best,

good-faith efforts to conclude the deposition as expeditiously as possible. 

(15) Concurrently with this Order, the Court has ordered the deposition of Gary Tam. 

The two depositions shall occur in the shortest period reasonably possible, not to

exceed four consecutive days.

(16) The deposition shall be taken by an attorney of record for the Government,

Sunetta Hazra and/or Lillian Alves, and by counsel for Tor Olson, William Leone.

(17) Counsel for the United States shall conduct direct examination of Mr. Fung,

counsel for Tor Olson shall be given a full and adequate opportunity to conduct

cross-examination of Mr. Fung, counsel for the United States may conduct

re-direct examination of Mr. Fung, and, if the Government’s counsel conducts redirect examination, counsel for Tor Olson may conduct re-cross examination of

Mr. Fung.

(18) All counsel shall be afforded a reasonable number of opportunities throughout

the deposition to consult with co-counsel in the United States regarding issues

which arise during the course of the deposition.

(19) The effect of any objections made and the manner of objecting shall be in

accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30(c)(2). Any objections made

at the time of the deposition shall be noted by the Officer on the record, however

the deposition shall continue and Mr. Fung shall answer the question to which

the objection applied. Any objections made shall be stated concisely and in a

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non-argumentative and non-suggestive manner. Any objections not made during

the deposition shall not be deemed to be waived and counsel shall retain the

ability to make objections to the content of the deposition at trial, with the

exception of those objections based upon grounds that might have been

corrected at the time of the deposition. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 32(d).

(20) Pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 15(e)(3), the Government must provide to the

Defendants, for use at the deposition, any statement of Mr. Fung in the

Government’s possession to which the Defendants would be entitled at trial. 

This rule, in conjunction with the Supreme Court rulings in Brady v. Maryland,

373 U.S. 83 (1963), and Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 1050 (1972), require

the Government to disclose all exculpatory or potentially exculpatory evidence in

its possession to the defendant. See, e.g., Brady, 373 U.S. at 87. Furthermore

18 U.S.C. § 3500 requires the government to provide to the defendant “any

statement of the witness in the possession of the United States that relates to the

subject matter as to which the witness has testified.” 18 U.S.C. §3500(b). The

Court has determined that although these disclosures need not include all rough

interview notes taken, typed statements that simply summarize previous

interviews are not sufficient. The Government shall provide to the Defendants

any and all statements and notes in its possession that relate to the subject

matter of testimony of Government witnesses that have either been adopted by

Mr. Fung or contain a “substantially verbatim recital of an oral statement” made

by Mr. Fung, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3500. See Goldberg v. United States, 425

U.S. 94, 101-08 (1976). Further, the Government shall disclose any topic it

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anticipates being discussed in the deposition that is not included in the disclosed

statements. While this production would not normally be triggered until the

witness testified on direct examination, the Court holds that because the

deposition will be taken potentially in lieu of in-court testimony, Defendants are

entitled to these disclosures at this juncture based upon the historical practice in

this District to provide such evidence in advance of the trial, coupled with the

general interest in judicial efficiency, and in an effort to avoid delay and

inconvenience during the taking of the deposition. All such statements and

additional topics shall be provided to Defendants no later than 14 days before the

deposition. If the Government receives additional statements after that time

period, it shall provide them as soon as practicable but before the deposition. 

Given the unique circumstances presented by this international deposition the

Court finds that these disclosures comport with interest of preserving Defendants’

rights to adequately prepare for the deposition in light of the limited nature of

access to Mr. Fung. Because both parties will have only this single opportunity

to question Mr. Fung and the deposition will occur before any other evidence is

presented at trial, the Court seeks to err on the side of inclusion while retaining

the authority to limit the admissibility of any or all of the deposition during the

course of the trial.

(21) Although Fed. R. Crim. P. 15(c) and (d) permit Defendants to be present during

depositions, Defendants have agreed that only counsel for Tor Olson will be

present in person throughout the deposition and that the deposition must be

conducted in such a manner that Defendants and counsel for Defendants

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Executive Recycling, Inc. and Brandon Richter and any assistant have the ability

to view a live audio-video feed of the deposition and have the ability to

communicate telephonically with counsel for Defendant Tor Olson during the

deposition.

(22) The Government shall make the arrangements with regards to obtaining an

interpreter and arranging the place and time of the deposition in Hong Kong.

(23) The Court finds that, based on the information previously submitted by the

Defendant pursuant to the Criminal Justice Act (“CJA”) and pursuant to Fed. R.

Crim. P. 15(d), Defendant Tor Olson is unable to bear the Deposition expenses.

(24) Accordingly, and given its authority to do so under Fed. R. Crim P. 15(d), the

Court orders the Government to pay the reasonable travel and subsistence

expenses for counsel for Tor Olson, William Leone, to attend the deposition, the

costs of the deposition transcript for each Defendant, the cost of an interpreter at

the deposition, the cost of recording and broadcasting the deposition, and any

costs assessed by the Hong Kong or Chinese Governments related to the

deposition. The reimbursed expenses of William Leone shall not exceed the

travel and foreign per diem rates as established by the Department of State

Office of Allowances for reimbursement of government civilians traveling on

official business in Hong Kong.

(25) After being fully advised, Defendants Executive Recycling and Brandon Richter

knowingly and voluntarily waive both their right to be present at the deposition

and their right to have their counsel, Pamela Mackey, personally examine Mr.

Fung. By waiving these rights, Defendants Executive Recycling, Inc. and

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Brandon Richter both recognize they cannot later assert that, because neither

they nor their attorney attended the deposition, admission of the deposition

violates their right to confront and cross examine Mr. Fung under the Sixth

Amendment.

(26) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, Defendants Executive Recycling, Inc.

and Brandon Richter shall file with the Court a Notice indicating that they

voluntarily waive their right to attend the deposition in person, and that they

voluntarily waive their right to have their counsel attend the deposition in person. 

(27) After being fully advised, Defendant Tor Olson knowingly and voluntarily waives

his right to be physically present at the deposition (although his attorney William

Leone will be physically present appearing on his behalf). By waiving these

rights, Defendant Tor Olson recognizes he cannot later assert that, because he

did not personally attend the deposition in person, admission of the deposition

violates his right to confront and cross examine Mr. Fung under the Sixth

Amendment.

(28) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, Defendant Tor Olson shall file with the

Court a Notice indicating that he voluntarily waives his right to attend the

deposition in person. 

(29) Nothing in this Order shall be interpreted as a ruling by the Court that the

deposition or any portion thereof will be admissible at the trial of this action. The

Court reserves ruling on the admissibility of any portion of the deposition

testimony until a later date after which the Court will be able to determine the

circumstances under which the deposition was taken, including but not limited to

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the extent to which (a) Defendants’ confrontation rights were preserved during

the deposition, and (b) the procedures outlined herein and in Fed. R. Crim. P. 15

were followed during the deposition.

Dated this 22nd day of February, 2012.

BY THE COURT:

_______________________ 

William J. Martínez 

United States District Judge

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