IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE OCEAN BAY MART, INC., ) ) Plaintiff, ) v. ) ) THE CITY OF REHOBOTH ) C.A. No. 2019

- 0467

- SG BEACH, DELAWARE, ) ) Defendant. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION Date Submitted: September 9 , 2021

Date Decided: October 13, 2021

Richard A. Forsten, Pamela J. Scott, and Elizabeth S. Fenton, of SAUL EWING ARNSTEIN & LEHR LLP , Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Plaintiff Ocean Bay Mart, Inc. Max B. Walton and Lisa R. Hatfield, of CONNOLLY GALLAGHER LLP, Newark, Delaware, Attorneys for Defendant The City of Rehoboth Beach , Delaware

.

GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor1 The Ocean Bay Mart shopping center has been a Rehoboth landmark

— perhaps not the city’s most attractive

— for decades. Located on Rehoboth’s southwestern border

— across Route 1 from the unincorporated area locals refer to as the “Forgotten Mile,” the shopping center is owned by the Plaintiff Ocean Bay Mart, Inc., itself solely owned by Keith Monigle (together with Ocean Bay Mart, Inc. , the “Plaintiff”). The Plaintiff intends to redevelop the property into 63 residences, organized as a condominium. In questio n is whether the Plaintiff developed vested rights to so redevelop before the Defendant City of Rehoboth Beach (the “Defendant” or the “City”) enacted a current ordinance which requires that such a development

— with many detached homes

— requires a sub

- divisi on of the property, a step the Plaintiff wishes to avoid. The Plaintiff seeks a declaration that its rights vested prior to the enactment of the new ordinance, or that the City must be equitably estopped from enforcing the ordinance against it. The equit able question here is a familiar one. A developer submits a development plan for governmental review; during the pendency of the review, the governmental entity amends the law, and the new law renders the development plan

non - compliant. Does the new law apply, or does the developer get the benefit of review under the law as it formerly existed? Here, t he matter has been tried, and the trial record presents, to my view, a rather close equitable case regarding vested rights. It is clear that the Plaintiff and its principal expended funds and forwent2 income in the hopes of development under the old regime. It is also clear that
Mr. Monigle was aware from the earliest planning stages that the City might prefer to impose a subdivision requirement on him, tha t he eschewed the chance to put tentative plans before the City to avoid “poking the beast,” and that he therefore relied on rather obscure assurances from City officials that he would be able to proceed without subdivision. The City’s code as it existed then was ambiguous as to whether subdivision was required ; Mr. Monigle was clearly aware by the time the City’s Building Inspector rejected the Site Plan in 2015 that the City espoused the view that subdivision was required

. 1 City officials themselves we re unclear and inconsistent in their interpretation of the code , making statements indicating that the project could proceed without subdivision . On balance, however, I find the Plaintiff did not reasonably rely on the prior City ordinances such that his rights became vested, and that equity requires neither a declaration to the contrary nor the application of estoppel against the Defendant. The facts as developed at trial, and my reasoning therefrom, follow.

1 The Board of Adjustment rejected the Building Inspector’s decision, finding the City code ambiguous. The City thereafter amended the code in an attempt to cure the ambiguity.3 I. BACKGROUND 2 For several years , Ocean Bay Mart, Inc., solely owned by Mr. Monigle , has sought to turn certain property in Rehoboth Beach into a condominium featuring 63 units , consisting mostly of detached dwelling houses , a development Mr. Monigle denominated “Beachwalk

. ” The propert y consists of a single large lot of 7.71 acres, and at all times pertinent has been zoned C

- 1. 3 Lots zoned C

- 1, according to the City’s “Table of Use Regulations,” may be developed with single

- family detached dwellings “[p]rovided that no more than one main building may be erected on a single lot.” 4 During preliminary planning stages, associates of the Plaintiff spoke with various officials from the City of Rehoboth Beach regarding land use planning and density regulations

. After the Plaintiff submitted the Beachwalk Site Plan application (the “Site Plan” or “Beachwalk” ) for approval, the City Bu ilding Inspector for Rehoboth Beach issued a letter indicating that the S ite P lan could not go forward as described, explaining that he viewed the Site P lan outlined as a

2 Where the facts are drawn from exhibits jointly submitted at trial, they are referred to according to the numbers provided on the parties’ joint exhibit list and with page numbers derived from the stamp on each JX page (“JX _, at _”). 3 JX 13; JX 17. 4 See Rehoboth Beach Code, Table of Use Regulations, at 1, 3 (2010); see also Rehoboth Beach Code § 270

- 1 0(C) (2015). The C

- 1 zoning code considers any use permitted in the R

- 2 District under Section 270

- 12(C) a use permitted as a matter of right. See Rehoboth Beach Code § 270

- 13(C) (2015). The R

- 2 zoning code, for its part, considers any use permitted in the R

- 1 Dist rict under Section 270

- 11(c) a use permitted as a matter of right. See Rehoboth Beach Code § 270

- 12(C) (2015). Finally, the R

- 1 zoning code incorporates all uses permitted under R

- 1(S) as a matter of right. See Rehoboth Beach Code § 270

- 11(C) (2015). T he language at issue is drawn from the R

- 1(S) zoning code. Rehoboth Beach Code § 270

- 10(C) (2015).4 subdivision, and not a condomi ni um , under the City’s Table of Use Regulations (the

“ R ehoboth Code” or the “Table of Use Regulations”)

. The Plaintiff appealed this finding to the Board of Adjustment for the Defendant, which determined that the City’s applicable Table of Use Regulations was ambiguous , and overturned the City Building Inspector’s decision on that basis

. In response, the City ’s Planning Commission promptly changed the applicable law , enacting Ordinance No. 1116

- 01 and Ordinance No. 1016

- 02 ( together, the “2016 Ordinances”) presumably in an attempt to remove the ambiguity

. Finally, in 2019, the Defendant ’s Planning Commission adopted Ordinance No. 0519

- 01, which made the 2016 Ordinances retroactively applicable to the Site Plan (together with the 2016 Ordinances, the “Ordinance Amendment”). The Plaintiff argues that he has vested rights in the law as it existed prior to the Ordinance Amendment , because he had already begun the approval process and expended funds to further his vision. He further argues that the Defendant is equitably estopped from requiring sub mission of the Site Plan as adapted to contemplate a major subdivision designation. This post

- trial Memorandum Opinion assesses the question s of whether vested rights exist and whether equitable estoppel applies and concludes that neither does

. Applicabl e facts that guide my decision are outlined below.5 A. Factual Background 1. The Condominium Site Plan Ocean Bay Mart is an existing shopping center in Rehoboth Beach seeking to reinvent itself as a residential development. 5 After evaluating the options available, the Plaintiff decided to pursue a 63

- unit development designated as condominiums, rather than as a major subdivi sion. 6 Development as condominiums rather than as a subdivision would allow the Plaintiff to sidestep some of the more involved subdivision regulations. 7 The Plaintiff then began developing the Site Plan , which ultimately was designed to include 58 sin gle

- family detached units and five single

family attached units

. 8 The Plaintiff contracted with Pennoni Associates Inc. (“Pennoni”) , an engineering firm, in 2012 , to assist with the Site Plan. 9 At the time the Plaintiff began work on the Site Plan, the City’s Table of Use Regulations stated that, in a commercial zoning area, 10 single

- family detached dwellings were a permitted use “[p]rovided that no more than one main building may be erected on a single lot.” 11

5 JX 25, at 1

– 2. 6 JX 25, at 1

– 2. 7 See Def .’s O pening B r. Supp

. I ts Mot

. Summ

. J

. 5 , Dkt. No. 40 [hereinafter “Def.’s MSJ Br.”]

. 8 JX 23, at 2. 9 JX 25, at 4. 10 Commercial zoning, C

- 1, is the applicable zoning designation for Ocean Bay Mart. See City of Rehoboth Beach’s Post

- Trial Br. 5, Dkt. No. 72 [hereinafter “Def.’s Post

- Trial Br.”]. 11 Rehoboth Beach Code § 270

- 10(C) (2015)

.6 2. Interactions with the City of Rehoboth Be ach Prior to submitting the Site Plan for approval, the Plaintiff in a circuitous

manner sought assurances from City officials through communications with third parties. 12 In 2013, a real estate broker and personal friend of Mr. Monigle’s, Kathy Newcomb , directed certain questions regarding condominium projects, densities, and layouts to Terri Sullivan, the then

- acting City Building Inspector, to which
Ms. Sullivan responded via email (the “August 26 email”)

. 13 Ms. Newcom b ’s inquiry directly rela ted to another, much smaller project of redevelopment in Rehoboth Beach

. 14 Ms. Sullivan’s response generally indicated tha t condominium projects did not require sub

- division. 15 In June 2014, the Plaintiff’s attorney, Dennis Schrader, spoke with the City
S olicitor, Glenn Mandalas, who confirmed that in general, a condominium plan is
not a subdivision, and only requires site plan approval. 16 Again, the specific Beachwalk project was not part of this discussion.

12 JX 25, at 3

– 4. 13 See JX 01, JX 02. It appears that Ms. Sullivan and Ms. Newcomb exchanged at least one additional set of emails on the topic of Beach w alk. See JX 08. At that time, Ms. Sullivan indicated that the site plan review would be “the place to clarify whether these changes can occur .” This recommendation suggests that Ms. Sullivan sought to encourage the Plaintiff to reach out through formal City channels regarding the intended development, rather than through ad hoc email exchanges

. Id. 14 See JX 01

. 15 See JX 02. 16 See JX 22; c f. JX 06 (a contemporaneous email sent by Mr. Schrader to the Plaintiff). There is no record of the phone conversation between Mr. Schrader and Mr. Mandalas, but in any event, Mr. Mandalas does not dispute Mr. Schrader’s recollection. See Pl

. ’s Post Trial Closing Statement Following Trial 3 , Dkt. No. 73 [hereinafter “Pl.’s Post

- Trial Br.”]

.7 On strength of these two rather opaque communications, the Plaintiff decided to proceed with the Site Plan. Various communications between the Plaintiff and his professionals during this time reference avoiding designation as any sort of subdivision. 17
The Site Plan was submitted in June 2015. 18 A month later, David Mellen, the Chairman of Rehoboth Beach Planni ng Commission, reached out to the Plaintiff
to inquire as to why the Plaintiff had not used the voluntary Project Concept Review
process. 19 Use of the Project Concept Review would have allowed the Plaintiff to communicate directly with the Defendant regar ding the proposed Site Plan before committing “substantial time and expense” to the preparation of a formal Site Plan

. 20
The Plaintiff commented in an email to his associates that the process was one where “the perspective [sic] applicant lays out his car ds and the town then has the opportunity adjust [sic] the code!” 21
3. The Site Plan Application on Review From July until November 2015, the City Building Inspector (originally
Ms. Sullivan, and later Damalier J. Molina) and Pennoni traded correspondence
per taining to a number of flaws in the Site P lan that needed to be addressed before

17 See, e.g. , JX 07, at 1

– 2 ; JX 04; JX 05

. 18 See JX 09. 19 JX 10. 20 See Rehoboth Beach Code § 236

- 31 (A) ( 2015)

. 21 JX 10.8 the City’s Planning Commission could move forward. 22 This correspondence does

not indicate that the Site Plan was improper because subdivision was required. 23 On November 20, 2015, however, the City Building Inspector provided notice (the “2015 Letter”) that the proposed Site Plan would need to be carried out as a subdivision rather than as a condominium. 24 The Plaintiff appealed the 2015 Letter to the Board of A djustment for the Defendant , arguing that the language of the City’s Table of Use Regulations wa s ambiguous. 25 The Board of Adjustment agreed and overturned the decision of the City Building Inspector in May 2016

. 26 On October 21, 2016, the Planning Comm ission unanimously voted that the Site Plan should be assessed as a major subdivision. 27 On the same day, the Planning Commission voted to adopt Ordinance 1016

- 02, which requires that the primary entrance to any one

- or two

- family dwelling be located with in 100 feet of a public
street. 28 On November 18, 2016, the Planning Commission adopted Ordinance
No. 1116

- 06, amending Chapter 270 of the Rehoboth C ode to clarify that no more

22 JX 12 ; JX 13; JX 14; JX 16 ; JX 17. 23 See JX 16. 24 Transmittal Aff

. of Max B. Walton, Esq. , Ex

. K , Dkt. No. 41 [hereinafter “Walton Aff

. ”]

. 25 See JX 19, at 2. 26 See id. at 3

– 4. 27 See Walton Aff. , Ex. B. 28 See id. at Exs. B and D.9 than one single

- family detached dwelling may be constructed on a lot in all zoning districts. 29 The express language of each of the 2016 Ordinances states that “the City’s Building and Licensing Department shall thereafter reject any new application ” not in compliance with the ordinance. 30 Neither of the 2016 Ordinances provide s any affirmative language “ grandfathering in ” applications already being processed. 31 In December 2016, the Plaintiff informed the Planning Commission that it had no intention of filing as a major subdivision and would prefer to proceed with Site Plan revi ew. 32 In response, the Planning Commission adopted a motion to reject the Site Plan unless the Plaintiff submitted a subdivision plan by March 14, 2017. 33 The Plaintiff appealed this decision to the City Commissioners, who upheld the Planning Commission in January 2018. 34 The Plaintiff appealed to the Delaware Superior Court in February 2018. 35 The Delaware Superior Court reversed the City Commissioners and remanded the matter to the City, holding that the court could not “now determine whether

29 See id. at Exs. A and C. 30 See id. at Exs. C and D (emphasis added). 31 Id. 32 See id. at Ex. Y. 33 See Pl.’s Opening Br

. Supp

. Mot

. Summ

. J

. , Ex. Q, Dkt. No. 36 [hereinafter “Pl.’s MSJ Br.”]

. 34 See id. at Ex. R. 35 See Pet

. Writ Cert

. , Ocean Bay Mart, Inc. v. City of Rehoboth Beach , 2019 WL 112635 (Del. Super. Mar. 12, 2019) ( C.A. No. S18A

- 02

- 001 THG )

.10 Ordinance 1116

- 01 applies to ‘Beach Walk , ’ reasoning that this issue should, in the first instance, be presented to and decided by the appropriate City officials.” 36 In May 2019, the Planning Commission adopted Ordinance No. 0519

- 01, which expressly requires that any applications that were submitted and pending for major subdivisions, minor subdivisions, si te plan approval, partitioning or any other division of land as of the time of adoption of the 2016 Ordinances that ha d not been finally approved as of April 1, 2019 must comply with all requirements of the 2016 Ordinances prior to obtaining final approval

. 37 Thus, for the Site Plan to be approved, the Site Plan must comply with the Ordinance Amendment.
B. Procedural History The Plaintiff filed a Complaint in this Court on June 18, 2019 containing three counts: a claim of vested rights, a claim for declarato ry judgment permitting the Plaintiff to proceed with the Site Plan free of the effect of any ordinances adopted after June 18, 2015, and a claim of equitable estoppel. 38 In September 2019, I denied a Motion to Intervene by certain third parties for failur e to demonstrate a legally cognizable interest in the application of the 2016 Ordinances to the Plaintiff’s property. 39 Discovery then proceeded. Both parties moved for summary

36 Ocean Bay Mart, Inc. v. City of Rehoboth Beach , 2019 WL 1126351, at *2 (Del. Super. Mar. 12, 2019). 37 See Walton Aff. , Ex. I. 38 Compl

. Ocean Bay Mart, Inc. Equitable and Declaratory Relief, Dkt. No. 1. 39 See, e.g. , Letter Op

. and Order, Dkt. No. 23.11 judgment. 40 I denied each on the basis that the factual issue of good faith reliance was best resolved through development of a record at trial. 41 I held trial in this matter on July 23, 2021, and counsel for the Plaintiff and the Defendant submitted post

- trial closing statements to me on September 1, 2021. 42
I considered the mat ter fully submitted at that time.
II. THE EVOLUTION OF THE VESTED RIGHTS DOCTRINE IN DELAWARE A. The Permit

- Plus Test The history of the vested rights doctrine’s application in Delaware is tangled, due in part to modifications to the test used to assess a claim of vested rights. 43 T he Delaware Supreme Court adopted the “permit

- plus” rule in Shellburne, Inc. v. Roberts , r equiring that any claimant both hold a valid building permit issued prior to a zoning change as well as prove a “substantial change in position, expenditures, or incurrence of obligations, made lawfully and in good faith under the permit” in order to perfe ct vested rights. 44

40 See Pl

. Ocean Bay Mart’s Mot

. Summ

. J

. , Dkt. No. 36; Def

. City of Rehoboth Beach’s Mot

. Summ

. J

. , Dkt. No. 40. 41 See Letter Op

. , Dkt. No. 56. 42 See Tr

. of 7.23.21 Trial, Dkt. No. 66 [hereinafter “Trial Tr.”]; Def.’s Post

- Trial Br. ; Pl .’s Post

Trial Br. 43 See Acierno v. Cloutier , 40 F.3d 597, 619

– 20 (3d Cir. 1994) (“What the above discussion concerning the district court’s decision and the defendants’ arg uments on appeal demonstrates to us is that the vested rights law of both New Castle County and the State of Delaware at the time the County Council enacted Ordinance 91

- 190 was subject to considerable uncertainty and differing interpretations.”). 44 224 A .2d 250, 281

– 83 (Del. 1966).12 The “permit

- plus” view prevailed for a number of years; 45 however, the fact

specific nature of the doctrine eventually led to a modification of the bright

- line test

. In New Castle County v. Mitchell , this Court assessed a claim of ves ted rights, purportedly under the “permit

- plus” rule. 46 The analysis in Mitchell also included, among other things, three “considerations” the Court looked into when balancing the equities, each of which pertained to notice or the defendants’ ability to f oresee the change in zoning. 47 This emphasis on notice suggested a shift away from the pure permit

- plus

- substantial change position identified in Shellburne. The evolution continued in Wilmington Materials, Inc. v. Town of Middletown. 48 The Court applie d the “permit

- plus” test to a claim of vested rights , but also indicated that it believed conduct of town officials induced substantial reliance (rather than merely a change in position, expenditures or incurrence of obligations). 49 Additionally, Wilmington Materials discussed the town’s motivation for adopting the amendment at issue, questioning whether the changes were a valid

45 See, e.g., Raley v. Stango , 1988 WL 81162 (Del. Ch. Jul. 28, 1988); New Castle Cty

. v. Mitchell , 1981 WL 15144 (Del. Ch. Nov. 25, 1981); Wilmington Materials, Inc. v. Town of Middletown , 1988 WL 135507 (Del. Ch. Dec. 16, 1988 ); E

. Shore Env t l

. , Inc. v. Kent Cty

. Dep ’ t of Planning , 2002 WL 244960, at *3 n.4 (Del. Ch. Feb. 1, 2002) ; Miller v. Bd

. of Adjustment , 521 A.2d 642 (Del. Sup e r. 1986)

. 46 Mitchell , 1981 WL 15144. 47 Id. at *6 (“.

. . (4) defendants had no knowledge or reason to know of the proposed zoning change, (5) there was no reason for defendants to suspect that the [permits] would not be granted

. . . (7) there was no testimony of any substantial change

. . . which would have put defendants on notice

. . . .”). 48 Wilmington Materials , 1988 WL 135507. 49 Id. at *8 (“Clearly the Town, acting through its officials, engaged in conduct that it knew or should have known would (and, in fact, did) induce substantial relianc e by WMI.”).13 exercise of “police power” or whether the changes were targeted to prevent an otherwise lawful use of the land. 50 Thus, the universe of applicable fact considerations when faced with a vested rights claim in equity expand ed

. B. The Multi

- Factor Good Faith R eliance Test The Delaware Supreme Court brought clarity to the vested rights doctrine in the 2002 case In re 244.5 Acres of Land , in which the Court stated that it did not “read Shellburne as promulgating a ‘permit plus’ standard which controls the issue

o f good faith reliance in all situations, such as are present here, where the permitting process is complex and multi

- leveled.” 51 Instead, the Court put forth a new test, which weighs “‘such factors as the nature, extent and degree of the public interest t o be served by the ordinance amendment on the one hand and, on the other hand, the nature, extent and degree of the developer’s reliance on the state of the ordinance under which he has proceeded

. . . .’” 52 “In the final analysis, good faith reliance on existing standards is the test.” 53 Under this test, the issuance or non

- issuance of a permit (as here) is a consideration, but is not case

- dispositive. 54

50 Id. at *9. 51 808 A.2d 753, 757 (Del. 2002). 52 Id. at 757

– 58 (quoting Urban Farms, Inc. v. Borough of Franklin Lanes , 431 A.2d 163,172 (N.J. 1981)). 53 Id. at 758. 54 Id.14 In 2006, the defendants in Salem Church (Delaware) Associates v. New Castle County proposed adding a new element to the mix: timeliness. 55 The Salem Church Court applied In re 244.5 Acres , assessing the public interest to be served by the ordinance amendment and the private interest of the plaintiff (as evidenced by expenditures and statements by county officials), finding that, on a motion to dismiss, the plaintiff’s vested rights claim did not fail as a matter of law. 56 The defendants asserted that the plaintiff’s claim must fail due to delay. 57 In considering this argument, the Court of Chancery sta ted that delay could defeat a vested rights claim, relying on language from In re 244.5 Acres ; however, this statement is dicta, as the Court determined that a more fact

- intensive inquiry would be necessary to determine whether delay defeated any vested ri ghts from attaching. 58 In re Kent County Adequate Public Facilities Ordinances Litigation followed
In re 244.5 Acres and ultimately denied vested rights to the claimant. 59 To reach this conclusion, the Court of Chancery assessed the following: the developer’s progress in obtaining essential approvals; costs incurred; 60 the public interest

55 2006 WL 2873745 (Del. Ch. Oct. 6, 2006). 56 Id. at *11. 57 Id. 58 Id. at *12; see, e.g. , In re MFW S ’ holders Litig

. , 67 A.3d 496, 521 (Del. Ch. 2013) (discussing judicial statements on issues that are not outcome

- determinative as dicta)

. 59 2009 WL 445386 (Del. Ch. Feb. 11, 2009) , rev’d sub nom. on other grounds , Chase Alexa, LLC v. Kent Cty. Levy Court , 992 A.2d 1148 (Del. 2010)

. 60 Although not expressly stated, the In re Kent County court appears to have considered obtaining approvals and expenditures as evidence of “nature, extent and degree of the developer’s reliance on the state of the ordinance under which he has proceeded.” In re 244.5 Acre s , 808 2.Ad at 757

–15 advanced by the ordinance amendment; and good faith reliance. 61 The good faith reliance analysis included both consideration of notice to the claimants as well as statements made by government officials. 62 Here, the good faith reliance analysis appears to have been carried out as its own separate prong, rather than as an overarching principle applied to the factors to be weighed.
C. Town of Cheswold Town of Cheswold v. Central Delaware Business Park is the latest word in Delaware vested rights jurisprudence, but again, expounds on the existing test via dicta. 63 Town of Cheswold addressed the question of whether prior stipulated orders in litigation proceedings prohi bited a town from rezoning property ; the Court concluded that the town was permitted to carry out rezoning. 64 In closing, the Delaware Supreme Court reiterated the In re 244.5 Acres balancing test should be applied if the b usiness p ark raised a vested rig hts claim, but the Court’s description expands the precedent to include delay as a third, formal factor: The court should consider, among other factors it sees as important, “the nature, extent and degree of the public interest to be served by the ordinan ce amendment,” “the nature, extent and degree of the developer’s reliance on the state of the ordinance under which he has proceeded”

— i.e., the developer’s “good faith reliance on

58; see In re Kent Cty

. , 2009 WL 445386 at *3 (discussing the consideration of expenditures and building permits in In re 244.5 Acres ). 61 In re Kent Cty

. , 2009 WL 445386 at *3

– 8. 62 Id. at *5

– 8. 63 Town of Cheswold v. Cent

. Del

. Bus

. Park , 188 A.3d 8 10 (Del. 2018). 64 See generally id.16 existing standards,”

— and “the effect of the pace of the development effort” because “delay may defeat a vested rights claim.” 65 The Delaware Supreme Court also, in a footnote, identified additional factors that might be assessed: Other factors a court may consider include: the ordinance’s effects on public health and welfare

— including safety, education, transportation, medical ser vices, utilities, and environmental concerns; whether the developer incurred major expense or made material progress toward obtaining approval before the ordinance’s enactment; any actions or statements made by municipality officials that the developer rea sonably and substantially relied on; and whether the developer was on notice or had reason to anticipate the ordinance’s enactment prior to incurring expenses on the project. 66 While these factors are consistent with the factual scenarios explored in the caselaw above, this is the first formal recognition of these fact patterns as express factors to be considered. In the final analysis, I conclude, where a municipal ordinance has changed while a property

- use application is pending, the law simply requires an equitable balancing. The primary focus is the reason the ordinance has been amended, balanced against the reasonable reliance costs to the property owner. Without fetishizing the factors referred to in the case law as a “test,” the various factors la id

65 Id. at 821

– 22 (first quoting In re 244.5 Acres , 808 A.2d at 757

– 58; then quoting Salem Church , 2006 WL 2873745, at *12). 66 Town of Cheswold, 188 A.3d at 822 n.62 (first citing In re Kent Cty., 2009 WL 445386, at *4 ; then citing Salem Church , 2006 WL 2873745, at *10; then citing Lynch v. City of Rehoboth Beach , 2005 WL 1074341, at *2 (Del. Ch. Apr. 21, 2005); and then citing 4 Rathkopf’s The Law of Zoning and Planning § 70:26 (4th ed. 2018)).17 out above, culminating in Town of Cheswold , identify matters helpful to that balancing analysis.

III. ANALYSIS In order to determine whether the Plaintiff has obtained vested rights in his condominium plans, I apply the two

- part test from In re 244.5 Acres , which inquires as to (1) the nature, extent, and degree of the public interest to be served by the ordinance amendment and (2) the nature, extent, and degree of the developer’s reliance on the state of the ordinance under which he has proceeded , and assesses the developer’s good faith reliance on existing standards as the final analysis

. 67 I n conducting this ana lysis, I consider certain of the factors the Delaware Supreme Court identified as applicable to the balancing analysis in Town of Cheswold , to the extent I find them applicable

. 68 I note that the record does not demonstrate delay on the part of the Plaint iff such that a vested rights claim, otherwise viable, would be defeated. After addressing vested rights , I also briefly address the Plaintiff’s claim of equitable estoppel.

67 In re 244.5 Acres , 808 A.2d , at 757

– 58. 68 Town of Cheswold, 188 A.3d at 822 n.62 (first citing In re Kent Cty., 2009 WL 445386, at *4 ; then citing Salem Church , 2006 WL 2873745, at *10; then citing Lynch , 2005 WL 1074341, at *2; and then citing 4 Rathkopf’s The Law of Zoning a nd Planning § 70:26 (4th ed. 2018)).18 A. The Plaintiff has not secured vested rights

. As this Court has noted previously, there is no bright line test or objective formula for determining whether vested rights have attached. 69 Thus, the question is not merely whether more factors militate for the Plaintiff over the Defendant; rather, I must conduct an equitable balanc ing under the record before me

. 70
1. Public Interest in the Ordinance Amendment The first prong of the In re 244.5 Acres test directs me to inquire into the public interest behi nd enacting the Ordinance Amendment. 71
There are two 2016 Ordinances. 72 The first, Ordinance 1016

- 02 , requires that the primary entrance to any one

- or two

- family dwelling be located within 100 feet of a public street. 73 The notice adopting Ordinance 1016

- 02 discusses the State of Delaware’s Fire Prevention Regulations and their identified standards for access to all types of buildings, including residential buildings, and indicates that this ordinance is the best way to ensure emergency services can adequately access all residential dwelling units. 74

69 See In re Kent Cty

. , 2009 WL 445386 , at *4. 70 See, e.g. , id. at *8 (discussing the “required balancing” and “greater emphasis” to be placed upon certain factors in assessing good faith reliance). 71 In re 244.5 Acres , 808 A.2d at 757. 72 The 2019 Ordinance clarifies that the 2016 Ordinances apply to Beachwalk. I need not decide whether those Ordinances, as enacted, so applied, since I find no reasonable reliance on the pr e 2016 Code by the Plaintiff, in any even t. 73 See Walton Aff., at Ex. D. 74 See id.19 Ordinance 1116

- 01 adds a new section to the Rehoboth Code to prevent more than one single

- family detached dwelling from being constructed upon any commercially zoned lot. 75 Ordinance 1116

- 01 specifically states that its intent is “to affirm the Building Official’s interpretation of the referenced code provi sion ” (that is, that erection of multiple detached homes on a single lot requires sub

- division) and to remove any uncertainty in the Code’s application. 76 The public interest behind Ordinance 1116

- 01 is an administrative interest in clarity in the Rehoboth Code. A further interest, I presume, i s strengthening the City’s control over use of property in the C

- 1 zone , including regarding residential density

. 77 The public interest driving Ordinance 1016

- 02 is more compelling . It requires proximity to public streets to provide access for fire and emergency vehicles, and is thus predicated on public health and safety. Both of the 2016
O rdinances represent an ex ercise of the City’s police powers, in the public interest. 78 Therefore, I find that this factor weighs in favor of the Defendant.
2. Developer’s Reliance on the Prior Ordinance The real gravamen of the issue here is the extent of the Plaintiff ’ s reliance o n existing law, and the reasonableness of that reliance under the circumstances.

75 See id. at Ex. C. 76 See id. 77 It appears that if the Ocean Bay Mart property is subdivided, fewer detached homes will be permitted than called for in the Site Plan. See JX 19. 78 See Wilmington Materials, Inc. , 1988 WL 135507.20 Assessing the nature, extent, and degree of the developer’s reliance on the prior ordinance is critical to resolving the question of whether vested rights exist, as the
In re 244.5 Acres Court identified when it stated that good faith reliance on the existing standards was the “final analysis.” 79 A close reading of a recent Delaware vested rights case, In re Kent County , illuminates the proper way to evaluate this factor. 80 In that case , a developer had purchased land to construct a residential community, engaging engineers, pursuing preliminary land use approvals with the government, and incurring material
expenses. 81 Approximately six months into this planning p rocess, the developer discovered that the applicable ordinance permitting the development might be amended. 82 Despite this, the developer continued to pursue its project; during this time, certain government officials made statements indicating that the d eveloper’s project, along with others in the application “pipeline , ” would be grandfathered. 83 After the adoption of the new ordinance, the project was in fact not grandfathered, and the developer asserted a claim of vested rights, which the Kent County C ourt denied. 84 In making this determination, the Court applied the In re 244.5 Acres test,

79 In re 244.5 Acres , 808 A.2d at 758. 80 See generally In re Kent Cty. , 2009 WL 445386. 81 Id. at *1. 82 Id. 83 Id. 84 Id. at *7

– 8.21 evaluating good faith reliance by the developer by questioning first whether there was in fact reliance and then whether such reliance was reasonable

. 85
A number o f circumstances must be considered to determine whether the Plaintiff reasonably relied on existing Rehoboth Code standards in 2015.

a. The Plaintiff’s Knowledge of the Rehoboth Code The Plaintiff purports to have relied on the Rehoboth Code as it existed at the time it submitted its Site Plan, together with statements made by City officials. 86 It cites, however, to no section of the Rehoboth Code explicitly permitting a condominium development in contradiction to the permitted uses of property otherwise provided in the Rehoboth Code. Unlike more typical vested rights cases, this is not situation where the law ante clearly permitted a use, later prohibited b y new legislation. Here, the applicable provision is the Defendant’s Table of Use Regulations as of 2015, and the underlying sections of the Rehoboth Code providing “uses of right” for zone C

- 1, which state that single

- family detached dwellings were
a per mitted use of a commercially zoned lot “[p]rovided that no more than one main building may be erected on a single lot.” 87 T his language does not support the view

85 Id. at *5

– 8 (“[The developer] identifies four discrete events which, in its view, demonst rate both its reliance on the pre

- APFO standards of subdivision regulation and the reasonableness of that reliance.”). 86 “[ A ] t the time Ocean Bay Mart filed its Site Plan, it had not only read the City Code, but it had confirmed with the City Building Inspector and the City Solicitor that its reading of the Code was correct.” Pl.’s Post

- Trial Br. 3. 87 Rehoboth Beach Code § 270

- 10(C) (2015).22 that no subdivision was required. Mr. Monigle testified at trial that he had never read this language prior to 2015 , and thus had no reason to rely on any particular interpretation of the Code at the time the Site Plan was submitted, outside of the statements of City personnel

. 88
b. Research into the Rehoboth Code by the Plaintiff’s Associates The Plaintiff, who did not have experience in real estate development, and who faced a sizable investment in redeveloping the Ocean Bay Mart propert y , turned to others to assist

. 89 Among these were Mr. Schrader, the Plaintiff’s attorney , and
Ms. Newcomb, a friend who is also a real estate broker. 90 As outlined above, both Mr. Schrader and Ms. Newcomb engaged in conversations with City officials regarding Beachwalk. Mr. Schrader confirmed with the City Solicitor that a condominium is not a subdivision , and is assessed under different standards for purposes of Planning Commission review

. 91 This general confirmation was surely of interest and encouragement to the Plaintiff, but it is insufficient, in my view, to provide a basis for reasonable reliance that the Site Plan , in particular, would constitute a

88 See Trial Tr

. , 39

– 44. 89 See, e.g. , id. at 54:20

– 22 (discussing hiring Mr. Schrader); id. at 11 (discussing the help of Ms. Newcomb, the realtor, who appears to have assisted as a personal friend of Mr. Monigle’s). 90 Id. 91 See JX 22.23 condominium rather than a subdivision. 92 The Plaintiff notes that other condominium developments had been permitted in the City apparently without requiring a subdivision even where the condominium develop ments led to a higher density than that proposed by the Beachwalk Site Plan

. 93 The Plaintiff did not offer evidence regarding the state of the Rehoboth Code when these condominiums were developed , however , nor explain why deviation from the “one main buil ding” per lot standard was permitted

. 94 Likewise, Ms. Newcom b ’s discussion with the then

- acting City Building Inspector, Ms. Sullivan, and Ms. Sullivan’s August 26 email in response, support the Plaintiff ’ s position that it understood no subdivision would be required. Neither discussion nor email reference d the Beachwalk project at all, however, and the project they did concern was of a different scale and planning zone. 95 Like the conversation between Pl aintiff’s counsel and the City S olicitor, the August 26 email can be rightful ly seen as encouraging to Plaintiff ’ s hopes to avoid subdivision, but does not in itself justify a finding of reasonable reliance. This is particularly so in

92 In the course of researching and planning the Beachwalk redevelopment, one of the P laintiff’s own attorneys, Michael Smith, indicated that he believed Beachwalk would require the submission of a subdivision plan. See JX 03. In conjunction with the Plaintiff’s admitted lack of knowledge of the Rehoboth Code, this belief by one of its agents weakens any reliance value that the Plaintiff attributed to Mr. Schrader’s conversation with the City Solicitor. Mr. Monigle testified at trial that Mr. Smith later changed his mind regarding whether a subdivision would be required, but did not proffer further evidence on this point. See Trial Tr. 51:21

– 22. 93 Pl.’s Post

- Trial Br., 4 n.5. 94 Def.’s Post

- Trial Br., 5 n.6. 95 JX 02.24 light of the Rehobot h Code language allowing no more than one detached residence “main building” on a single lot; Beachwalk, as conceived in the Site Plan, called for more than sixty such homes. Again, Mr. Monigle had not read the Code, but he is charged with knowledge of it for purpose of determining reasonable reliance. Ms. Sullivan ’s email was not an official , or even an unofficial, approval of Beachwalk itself ; i n fact, Sullivan never purported to approve the Site Plan, although she also did not suggest that it required s ubdivision

. 96 The August 26 email might have been of some preliminary reliance value to the Plaintiff, but in context of the further Beachwalk

- specific review to come, the Plaintiff could not reasonably rely on the August 26 email as a full and final stat ement of the law. Indeed, as discussed below, the new City Building Inspector, upon review of the actual Site Plan, opined in November 2015 that Beachwalk required a subdivision under existing law.

c. The Plaintiff’s Later Arguments T hat the Rehoboth Code I s Ambiguous The Plaintiff promptly appealed the City Building Inspector’s adverse ruling

— that subdivision was required under the Code and its Table of Use Regulations

— to the City Board of Adjustment. The nature of the appeal I find pertinent to the reasonable reliance analysis

. T he City Building Inspector had rejected the Site Plan on the ground that it provided for “more than” one main

96 See JX 1 1.25 building on the Plaintiff ’ s lot

— in fact, there were dozens

— and t hus was inconsistent with the Code, absent subdivision. 97 In the appeal, the Plaintiff ’s attorney argued that the Table of Use Regulations was ambiguous , and could be read to support condominium development without subdivision

. 98 That a rgument was succes sful, and the Board of Adjustment overturned the City Building Inspector’s determination on grounds of ambiguity

. 99 I note that zoning restrictions limit full use of real property, in derogation of the common law, and that as a result ambiguity is resolved in favor of the property

owner. 100 The Plaintiff argued successfully before the Board of Adjustment that the Table of Use Regulations was ambiguous, and thus established that the Site Plan was in compliance with the then

- ordinances, once the ambiguity was resolved in its favor. The issue here, however, is quite different. Having made the ambiguity argument, the Plaintiff was on notice that the City may have intended the more restrictive interpretation, and thus might clarify the law to accomplish that intent (as, in fact, it did). In other word s , the Plaintiff is in the uncomfortable position of asking this C ourt to find that it reasonably relied on the fixed nature of an ordinance that it

97 See Walton Aff., Ex. K. 98 See JX 20, at 27:5

– 20. 99 See generally JX 20. 100 See Carl M. Freeman Assocs

. , Inc. v. Green , 447 A.2d 1179, 1182 (Del. 1982) (citation omitted) (“Because zoning ordinances are in derogation of common law property rights, [there must be] strict compliance with the [legislated] procedures.” ) ; Dewey Beach Enters

. , Inc. v. Bd

. of Adjustment , 1 A.3d 305, 310 (Del. 2010).26 has acknowledged was a mbiguous, and which it knew the City construed as requiring sub d ivision

. The Board of Adjustment appeal was important for another reason. It commenced a season of litigation in which the City made clear its intention that subdivision w ould be required for the Plaintiff’s redevelopment. 101
d. Statements Made by Municipal Officers The Plaintiff puts forth as further support for his position a number of statements made by municipal officers indicating that the Ordinance Amendment would not apply to the Site Pla n. First, the Plaintiff points to a local newspaper story that included comments from the City Mayor indicating that the 2016 Ordinances would not apply to the Beachwalk project. 102 Additionally, the Plaintiff refers to certain comments made during a pub lic workshop for the 2016 Ordinances, wherein one of the City Commissioners and the Mayor engaged in commentary as to whether the 2016 Ordinances would apply to Beachwalk, ultimately suggesting that because the Site Plan application was already before the City Building Inspector that the 2016

101 For instance, the City has at various times relied, unsuccessfully, on a State statu t e, the Delaw are Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act, to argue that detached houses as part of a condominium development constitute separate parcels of real estate

. See 25 Del. C. § 81

- 105(b)(1) (2009)

. 102 Pl.’s MSJ Br., Ex. X, at 2 (“[Mayor] Cooper said the proposed change s will not apply to the Beach Walk project because it would be considered grandfathered.”).27 Ordinances would not apply. 103 The City Solicitor at the same workshop indicated that the 2016 Ordinances were to be prospective in nature. 104 In a further City Commissioners’ meeting on September 16, 2016, the City
S olicitor made a number of related statements while discussing whether the 2016 Ordinances would apply to Beachwalk, explaining that Beachwalk could proceed on theories of vested rights or equitable estoppel to attempt to avoid the effect of the 2016 Ordina nces. 105 He stated that, while he had not yet considered whether either doctrine could apply in full, “because [the Plaintiff is] already in the pipeline, this ordinance would probably not be applicable to them. Again, I haven’t done the full analysis.” 106 The City Solicitor went on to say that he didn’t “think [the 2016 Ordinances did] anything to the [Beachwalk] application that’s pending, unless there’s a reason to hold that application.” 107 Despite these statements, in May 2019 the Defendan t adopted an ordinance that directly applied the 2016 Ordinances to any pending applications, including Beachwalk. 108

103 See Pl.’s MSJ Br., Ex. Y. 104 I note that the evidence supporting these statements is excerpted in nat ure, meaning that I am without the benefit of context to review these statements. See id. 105 See generally Walton Aff. , Ex. T. 106 See id. at 44:22

– 23. 107 Id. at 45:22

– 23. 108 See id. at Ex. I.28 In these circumstances , could the Plaintiff reasonably rely upon these municipal officers’ statements to perfect a claim of vested rights ? I find that it could
not. In In re Kent County , the Court of Chancery indicated that a statement by the President of the Levy Court could not bind “his fellow members , ” as he is but a single member. 109 This Court indicated that “[the Plaintiff], underst andably, may have taken heart from the President’s comments; substantial reliance was not, however, justified.” 110 Similarly, a single Commissioner’s statements at a public workshop cannot bind the City ’s Planning Commission in its entirety, nor can the

co mmentary of the Mayor or the City Solicitor. Additionally, the City Solicitor was careful to qualify his statements at the September 2016 workshop, noting that he had not performed the full analysis to conclude as to whether the 2016 Ordinances would have retroactive effect. 111 It would therefore not be reasonable for the Plaintiff to substantially rely upon these statements. Statements of the Mayor, reproduced in a city newspaper, likewise cannot bind the City ’s Planning Commission and are not a suitable basis for substantial reliance.

e. The Plaintiff’s Election to Forego Project Concept Review T he Plaintiff chose not to participate in the Project Concept Review process offered by the Defendant, which would have afforded an opportunity to discuss and

109 In re Kent Cty. , 2009 WL 445386. 110 Id. 111 See Walton Aff. , Ex. T, 44:22

– 23, 45:22

– 23.29 desig n the Site Plan in close contact with the City. 112 Project Concept Review is voluntary, not mandatory, 113 and the Plaintiff was not required to participate. Had the Plaintiff done so, and had the City agreed to the Site Plan under the process, that would support the Plaintiffs reasonable reliance argument

. 114 Conversely, s ince the Plaintiff chose not to undertake Project Concept Review, this cannot bolster its reliance argument

. In fact, the Plaintiff’s reason for eschewing review is telling;
Mr. Monigle wished to avoid brin g ing attention to the subdivision issue out of fear that the City might amend its law in a way adve rse to his interest

. 115 The Plaintiff wrote in a 2015 email that he had received an inquiry as to why Ocean Bay Mart hadn’t taken advantage of the Project Concept Review, and described his wish to avoid a process which might cause the Cit y to “adjust the [ Rehoboth ] Code !” 116 This may (or may not) reflect prudence, but is incompatible with reasonable reliance on the pre

- 2016 Code

.

* * *

112 See Pl.’s MSJ Br. , Ex. H (“ [Y] ou decided to waive your rights to a Planning Commission concept review as permitted under city code Section 236

- 31 Project concept review

. This would have been an opportunity to review the potential development before committing substantial time and expense in the preparation of the site plan

. . . .”). 113 See id. (referring to the Plaintiff’s “right[]” to engage with the project concept review process). 114 In re Kent Cty

. , 2009 WL 445386, at *4 (mentioning concept plan approval as part of the developer’s progress along the “regulatory pathway”). 115 See supra notes 1 9

– 2 1 and accompanying text. 116 See JX 10.30 In sum, I cannot find that the Plaintiff reasonably relied upon the language of the Rehoboth Code as it existed in 2015. It is true that the Plaintiff here has hired engineers and consultants 117 and has expended a s ubsta n tial sum of money pursuing this development, hoping to proceed without subdivision. Prior to the 2016 Ordinances, the Plaintiff avers it had inve sted over $576,000 in costs, expenses, and
l o st rent in pursuing Beachwalk. 118 Of course, this does not demonstrate a loss to the Plaintiff of that amount. Assuming that the Plaintiff goes forward with a subdivision, the record is barren of what amount of the sums already expended will be applicable to the project. Nonetheless, the Plaintiff has made a significant and material investment here. Because I find that Mr. Monigle cannot reasonably have relied on the continued applicability of the ambiguous la nguage of the Rehoboth Code to his project, the out

- of

- pocket costs and forgone rent hold little equitable suasion. The Plaintiff’s lack of knowledge regarding the Rehoboth Code and later arguments that the Rehoboth Code itself is ambiguous regarding its project preclude me from finding that the Plaintiff’s reliance was reasonable. The fact that the Plaintiff’s associates engaged in nonspecific research with various city officials and

117 See supra note 9 and accompanying text. 118 See Pl.’s Post

- Trial Br., at 15 n.12. With respect to lost rent, Mr. Monigle testified that he lost tenants as a result of his decision to offer only short

- term leases, to facilitate redevelopment. See Trial Tr., 27:3

– 24, 28:1

– 13.31 that certain municipal officers made nonbinding statements indicating t hat no subdivision would be required, or that the 2016 Ordinances would not apply, I find insufficient in equity to support a finding of vested rights. The record reflects that the Plaintiff was well aware , by the time of the City Building Inspector ’ s dec ision in November 2015, that the City understood the Rehoboth Code to require subdivision. Having successfully argued that the Rehoboth Code was ambiguous in appeal of that decision, it was aware of the potential that the City would look to eliminate that ambiguity

. 119 As early as July 7 , 2015, Mr. Monigle had written in a n email that he had received an inquiry as to why Ocean Bay Mart had no t taken advantage of the optional Project Concept Review, and described the process as giving the City the chance to “ adjust the [ Rehoboth ] Code !” 120 Acknowledgement that the City might have a motive to change the Rehoboth Code constitutes reason to antici pate the 2016 Ordinances and their eventual application to Beachwalk

. Under all these circumstance s , the Plaintiff ’ s reliance on the legal status quo was not reasonable, and equity will not impose relief under the doctrine of vested rights.

119 See Trial Tr., 39

– 44. 120 See JX 10.32 B. The Defendan t is not equitably estopped from requiring a major subdivision plan. The doctrine of equitable estoppel can be used to prevent a municipal government from exercising its zoning powers where “‘a landowner [is] indu c ed to expend substantial sums in reasonab le, good faith reliance upon governmental assurances (or equivalent conduct) that the landowner’s intended use of the property is permitted under the zoning code

. ’” 121 Equitable estoppel and vested rights doctrines are “theoretically distinct,” but general ly “reach the same results in similar factual situations.” 122 So it is here. As delineated above, the Plaintiff has not made a showing of reasonable , good faith reliance upon governmental assurances, as it was not reasonable for the Plaintiff to rely upon the Mayor’s and the Commissioners’ informal statements as to whether Beach w alk would be grandfathered and thus exempt from the application of the 2016 Ordinances

. By contrast, the Plaintiff should have been (and was) on notice that the City might seek to change the Table of Regulations via the Ordinance Amendment

— even if the applicable law in 2015 did include a n ambiguity he might exploit

. 123

121 See DiSabatino v. New Castle Cty

. , 781 A.2d 698, 702 (Del. Ch. 2000) ( quoting Wilmington Materials , 1988 WL 135507 at *5). 122 Miller v. Bd

. of Adjustment , 521 A.2d 642, 645 (Del. Sup e r. 1986). 123 See, e.g. , supra notes 1 9

– 2 1 and accompanying text.33 IV. CONCLUSION The Plaintiff has not secured vested rights, and the Defendant is not equitably estopped from requiring a major subdivision plan. T herefore the 2016 Ordinances shall apply to Ocean Bay Mart, Inc. in full . The parties should submit a form of order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion.