FILED 

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 July 09, 2004 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 04-13244

________________________

IN RE: WILL C. DEAN, JR.,

Petitioner.

__________________________

Application for Leave to File a Second or

Successive Motion to Vacate, Set Aside, or

Correct Sentence, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2255, 2244(b)(3)(A)

_________________________

(July 9, 2004)

Before ANDERSON, CARNES and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.

B Y T H E P A N E L:

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2255 and 2244(b)(3)(A), as amended by §§ 105

and 106 of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA),

Will C. Dean, Jr. has filed an application seeking an order authorizing the district

court to consider a second or successive motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his

federal sentence, 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Such authorization may be granted only if this
2

Court certifies that the second or successive motion contains a claim involving:

(1) newly discovered evidence that, if proven and viewed in

light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by

clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would

have found the movant guilty of the offense; or

(2) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases

on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously

unavailable.

28 U.S.C. § 2255. “The court of appeals may authorize the filing of a second or

successive application only if it determines that the application makes a prima

facie showing that the application satisfies the requirements of this subsection.” 

28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(C).

In his application, Dean indicates that he wishes to raise one claim in a

second or successive § 2255 motion, namely, that the district court violated his

Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial by enhancing his sentence under the federal

Sentencing Guidelines based on his leadership role in the offense and his relevant

conduct, when the facts supporting those guideline enhancements were neither

mentioned during his Fed.R.Crim.P. 11 plea colloquy nor proved to a jury beyond

a reasonable doubt. Dean contends that his claim relies on a new rule of

constitutional law, citing the United States Supreme Court’s recent opinion in

Blakely v. Washington, No. 02-1632 (U.S. June 24, 2004). 
3

In Blakely, the United States Supreme Court revisited the rule in Apprendi

v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 2362-63, 147 L.Ed.2d 435

(2000), which held that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that

increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must

be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Blakely,

No. 02-1632, slip op. at 5. The Court considered whether the sentencing

procedure followed by courts in the State of Washington deprived Blakely of his

“federal constitutional right to have a jury determine beyond a reasonable doubt all

facts legally essential to his sentence.” Id. at 4. The state sentencing guidelines

scheme under which Blakely was sentenced permitted sentencing judges to depart

upward from a “standard” sentencing range if the judge found “substantial and

compelling reasons justifying an exceptional sentence.” Id. at 3 (citing Wash.

Rev. Code Ann. § 9.94A.120(2)). 

Blakely, having been charged with kidnaping his estranged wife, pleaded

guilty to second-degree kidnaping, a Class B felony under Washington law that

carried a ten-year statutory maximum sentence. Id. at 2 (citing Wash. Rev. Code

Ann. §§ 9A.40.030(3), 9A.20.021(1)(b)). Washington’s Sentencing Reform Act,

however, specified a “standard range” of 49 to 53 months for Blakely’s offense of

second-degree kidnaping with a firearm. Id. (citations omitted). At sentencing,
4

the court rejected this standard range and imposed an “exceptional sentence” of 90

months’ imprisonment on the ground that Blakely had acted with “deliberate

cruelty,” a statutorily enumerated ground for departure in domestic violence cases. 

Id. at 3 (citing Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 9.94A.390(2)(h)(iii)). Blakely objected to

the trial court’s sentencing procedure, and, in response, the court held a three-day

bench hearing featuring testimony from numerous witnesses. Id. at 4. After the

hearing, the court issued 32 findings of fact, ultimately reaffirming its original

decision to impose the 90-month enhanced sentence. Id. 

On appeal, Blakely argued that the sentencing procedure deprived him of

his right to have a jury determine beyond a reasonable doubt all facts legally

essential to his sentence. Id. The state appellate courts rejected Blakely’s

argument and affirmed. Id. at 4-5. On certiorari review, the United States

Supreme Court reversed in a 5-4 decision, holding that Blakely’s enhanced

sentence violated Apprendi. Id. at 9. Notably, the Court rejected the state’s

argument that Blakely’s case was distinguishable from Apprendi because his 90-

month sentence did not exceed the 10-year statutory maximum for Class B

felonies, explaining that

[o]ur precedents make clear . . . that the “statutory maximum” for

Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose

solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted
5

by the defendant. . . . In other words, the relevant “statutory

maximum” is not the maximum sentence a judge may impose after

finding additional facts, but the maximum he may impose without any

additional findings. When a judge inflicts punishment that the jury’s

verdict alone does not allow, the jury has not found all the facts

“which the law makes essential to the punishment ,” . . . and the judge

exceeds his proper authority.

Id. at 7 (emphasis in original) (citations omitted). In a footnote, the Court stressed

that “[the Federal Guidelines are not before us, and we express no opinion on

them.” Id. at 9 n.9.

No court has yet determined whether Blakely created a new rule of

constitutional law made retroactive to cases on collateral review. For a new rule

to be retroactive to cases on collateral review for purposes of authorizing a second

or successive § 2255 motion or 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition, the Supreme Court

itself must make the rule retroactive. Tyler v. Cain, 533 U.S. 656, 662-63, 121

S.Ct. 2478, 2482, 150 L.Ed.2d 632 (2001). It is not enough that a new rule of

constitutional law is applied retroactively by this Court or that it satisfies the

criteria for retroactive application set forth by the Supreme Court in Teague v.

Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989). In re Joshua, 224

F.3d 1281, 1283 (11th Cir. 2000). Additionally, the Supreme Court does not make

a rule retroactive through dictum. Tyler, 533 U.S. at 663 n.4, 121 S.Ct. at 2482

n.4. Multiple cases can, together, make a rule retroactive, but only if the holdings
6

in those cases necessarily dictate retroactivity of the new rule. Id. at 666, 121

S.Ct. at 2484.

Regardless of whether Blakely established a “new rule of constitutional

law” within the meaning of §§ 2244(b)(2)(A) and 2255, the Supreme Court has

not expressly declared Blakely to be retroactive to cases on collateral review. See

generally Blakely, No. 02-1632, slip op. at 1-18; Tyler, 533 U.S. at 662-63, 121

S.Ct. at 2482. Moreover, no combination of cases necessarily dictate retroactivity

of the Blakely decision. Tyler, 533 U.S. at 666, 121 S.Ct. at 2484. Blakely itself

was decided in the context of a direct appeal, and the Supreme Court has not since

applied it to a case on collateral review. See id. In fact, the Supreme Court has

strongly implied that Blakely is not to be applied retroactively. The same day the

Supreme Court decided Blakely, the Court also issued its decision in Schriro v.

Summerlin, No. 03-526 (U.S. June 24, 2004), holding that Ring v. Arizona, 536

U.S. 584, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002), which extended application of

Apprendi to facts increasing a defendant’s sentence from life imprisonment to

death, is not retroactive to cases on collateral review. Summerlin, No. 03-526, slip

op. at 10; see also Blakely, No. 02-1632, slip op. at 11 (O’Connor, J., dissenting)

(recognizing the Court’s holding in Summerlin “that Ring (and a fortiori

Apprendi) does not apply retroactively on habeas review”); see also McCoy v.
7

United States, 266 F.3d 1245, 1256-58 (11 Cir. 2001) (holding that Apprendi is

th

not retroactive to cases on collateral review); In re Joshua, 224 F.3d at 1283

(denying the retroactive application of Apprendi to permit second or successive

habeas petitions). Because Blakely, like Ring, is based on an extension of

Apprendi, Dean cannot show that the Supreme Court has made that decision

retroactive to cases already final on direct review. Accordingly, Dean’s proposed

claim fails to satisfy the statutory criteria. 28 U.S.C. § 2255.

Dean has failed to make a prima facie showing of the existence of either of

the grounds set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Accordingly, his application for leave

to file a second or successive motion is DENIED.