Filed 9/6/13 P. v. Alvarez CA2/4

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FOUR

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

ADAM MANUEL ALVAREZ,

Defendant and Appellant.

 B243218

 (Los Angeles County

 Super. Ct. No. KA096105)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 

George Genesta, Judge. Affirmed.

Philip I. Bronson for Defendant, under appointment of the Court of 

Appeal, for Defendant and Apellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant 

Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Shawn 

McGahey Webb and Rene Judkiewicz, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff 

and Respondent.
2

Appellant Adam Manuel Alvarez challenges his convictions for 

possession and sale of cocaine, possession of firearms, and unlawful possession 

of ammunition. He maintains that the gang allegations accompanying his 

convictions for certain gun-related offenses must be reversed due to 

insufficiency of the evidence and evidentiary error. We reject his contentions 

and affirm. 

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

 On March 29, 2012, an amended information was filed, containing seven 

counts numbered 1, 2, and 4 through 8. The information charged appellant in 

counts 1 and 4 with possession of a firearm as a convicted felon (former Pen. 

Code, § 12025, subd. (a)(1)), in count 2 with possession of cocaine with a loaded 

weapon (Health & Saf. Code, § 11370.1, subd. (a)), in count 5 with possession of a 

firearm (former Pen. Code, § 12021.1), in count 6 with possession of an assault 

weapon (former Pen. Code, § 12280, subd, (b)), in count 7 with the sale, 

transportation, or offer to sell cocaine (Health & Saf. Code, § 11352, subd. (c)), 

and in count 8 with unlawful possession of ammunition (former Pen. Code, 

§ 12316, subd. (b)(1)).

1 Accompanying each count were allegations that appellant 

committed the offense for the benefit of a criminal street gang (Pen. Code, 

§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(A)), and that he had suffered prior convictions (Pen. Code 

§§ 667, subd. (a)(1), 667.5, subd. (b)), including one “strike,” for purposes of the 

Three Strikes law (§§ 667, subds. (b) - (i), 1170.12, subds. (a) - (d)). Under count 

7, the information also alleged that appellant was personally armed during the 

1 The Legislature has repealed several provisions of the Penal Code under which 

appellant was convicted and replaced them with new statutes carrying over the repealed 

provisions without substantive change. (Cal. Law Revision Com. com., 51D pt. 1 West‟s 

Ann. Pen. Code (2011 supp.) foll. § 12000, p. 32.)
3

offense ( Pen. Code § 12022, subd. (c)), and that he had been convicted of 

possession of a controlled substance for sale (Health & Saf. Code, 11370.2, subd. 

(a)). Appellant pleaded not guilty and denied the special allegations. 

The trial was bifurcated with respect to the special allegations concerning 

appellant‟s prior convictions.

2 For purposes of the jury trial regarding the offenses 

charged against appellant, counts 4 through 8 in the amended information were renumbered counts 3 through 7. The jury was asked to make gang findings only 

with respect to the offenses related to the possession of firearms and ammunition, 

as alleged in counts 1, 3 through 5, and 7 (as re-numbered). On April 11, 2012, the 

jury found appellant guilty as charged, and found the pertinent gang and gun use 

allegations to be true. Appellant stipulated to the truth of the prior conviction 

allegations. On August 9, 2012, the trial court sentenced appellant to an aggregate 

prison term of 29 years and four months. 

FACTS

A. Prosecution Evidence

1. Evidence Regarding Offenses

On November 10, 2011, several members of the Los Angeles County 

Sheriff‟s Department conducted a surveillance operation regarding appellant‟s 

Covina residence, where narcotics activity was suspected. Deputy Sheriff Mario 

Garcia watched the house from an undercover unmarked van. Nearby were two 

vehicles containing the rest of the surveillance team, including Deputy Sheriff 

Steve Busch, who waited in a black-and-white patrol car. 

2 Appellant stipulated to a prior felony conviction, for purposes of the jury trial on 

the offenses that included a prior conviction as an element. 
4

Between 1:00 and 1:30 p.m., Garcia saw appellant‟s girlfriend, Marissa 

Godina, leave the residence and drive away in a black Chevrolet Suburban. Garcia 

later noticed that appellant was a passenger in the Suburban. While Garcia 

followed the Suburban, Godina pulled over, let Garcia pass, and then began to 

follow him. Garcia concluded that Godina was engaged in “countersurveillance” 

tactics. To ensure his safety, he asked the other team members to watch the 

Suburban. 

Busch saw Godina drive through a red light, and stopped the Suburban. The 

other deputy sheriffs soon arrived. When Busch instructed the Suburban‟s 

occupants to show their hands, Godina was cooperative, but appellant moved his 

hands continuously between the Suburban‟s center console and his seat. As Busch 

moved close to the vehicle, he smelled fresh marijuana inside it and saw what 

appeared to be a plastic bag containing marijuana in a cup holder in the center 

console. 

Busch detained the Suburban‟s occupants and advised appellant of his 

Miranda rights.3 When Garcia asked appellant whether the bag found in the 

Suburban belonged to him, appellant replied, “it‟s ours.” Appellant stated that he 

belonged to the East Side Duarte gang and owned the Suburban. Appellant denied 

there were guns or other narcotics in the Suburban, and permitted the deputy 

sheriffs to search it. Inside the vehicle, the deputy sheriffs found a bag containing 

.40 grams of cocaine and a loaded handgun in the center console. On or near the 

front passenger seat was appellant‟s wallet, which held $1,285 in cash. 

Garcia showed the handgun to appellant, who said, “Oh, shit. I forgot it was 

there. . . . You know how it is out there, Duarte, everybody‟s getting shot up.” 

Appellant further stated that he “didn‟t want to get shot up by the blacks.” When 

3 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436.
5

Garcia asked whether appellant‟s house held any guns, appellant said that he had 

an assault rifle there. 

The deputy sheriffs made a protective sweep of appellant‟s house to ensure 

no one was present to destroy evidence. They thereafter obtained a search warrant 

and conducted a search. In the kitchen, they found a digital scale and a bill 

displaying appellant‟s name. Under a bedroom dresser was an assault rifle. The 

dresser also contained a “pay-owe” sheet and other paperwork bearing appellant‟s 

name. Within the bedroom‟s closet, the deputy sheriffs found a handgun, 

ammunition, a bullet-resistant “flak” vest, and a plastic storage container holding 

what appeared to be marijuana. The handgun was later determined to have been 

reported stolen following a robbery committed by East Side Duarte gang members. 

When booked, appellant said he was unemployed. Two cell phones, 

including appellant‟s, were taken into evidence. During a supplemental search of 

the Suburban, deputy sheriffs found a second hand gun hidden in the center 

console. In addition, a digital scale and a bank statement bearing appellant‟s name 

were found in the glove box. 

2. Gang Evidence

Los Angeles County Sheriff‟s Department Deputy Sheriff David Cortinas, a 

gang expert, testified that East Side Duarte is a Hispanic gang whose territory lies 

within Duarte. The gang‟s most important rival is an African-American gang 

known as the Duroc Crips. Appellant belongs to the East Side Duarte gang. 

Cortinas further testified that the East Side Duarte gang engages in many 

crimes, including theft, possession of weapons, possession of narcotics, selling of 

narcotics, robberies, assaults, attempted murders, and murders. He opined that the 

crimes charged against appellant related to the possession of firearms were 
6

committed for the benefit of that criminal street gang. (Pen. Code § 186.22, subd. 

(b)(1)(A).) 

B. Defense Evidence

 Appellant presented no evidence.

DISCUSSION

A. Gang Enhancements

Appellant contends the gang enhancements accompanying his convictions 

for possession of firearms and ammunition fail for want of substantial evidence. 

Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1), provides a sentence enhancement 

for a defendant convicted “of a felony committed for the benefit of, at the direction 

of, or in association with any criminal street gang, with the specific intent to 

promote, further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang members . . . .” To 

establish the enhancement, the prosecution relied primarily on expert testimony 

from Deputy Sheriff Cortinas. Appellant argues that Cortinas‟s testimony and the 

other evidence was insufficient to show that his offenses were committed for the 

benefit of the East Side Duarte gang. For the reasons discussed below, we 

disagree.

1. Standard of Review

Our inquiry follows established principles. “In determining whether the 

evidence is sufficient to support a conviction . . . , „the relevant question is 

whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, 

any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt.‟ [Citations.] Under this standard, „an appellate court 

in a criminal case . . . does not ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the 
7

trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.‟ [Citation.] Rather, the 

reviewing court „must review the whole record in the light most favorable to the 

judgment below to determine whether it discloses substantial evidence -- that is, 

evidence which is reasonable, credible, and of solid value -- such that a reasonable 

trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.‟ 

[Citation.]” (People v. Vy (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1209, 1224.)

Here, appellant‟s challenge targets Cortinas‟s testimony. Generally, expert 

testimony may be presented to establish the culture and habits of criminal street 

gangs and related matters (People v. Gardeley (1996) 14 Cal.4th 605, 617), 

including whether the defendant possessed a gun for the benefit of his gang 

(People v. Garcia (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 1499, 1512-1514 (Garcia)). As with 

other types of expert witness, the prosecution is authorized to elicit testimony from 

a gang expert by asking hypothetical questions. (People v. Gonzalez (2006) 38 

Cal.4th 932, 946.) Thus, a gang expert may render an opinion on the basis of a 

hypothetical question that asks the expert to assume the truth of specified facts, 

provided the hypothetical is “rooted in facts shown by the evidence . . . .” 

(Gardeley, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 618.) 

2. Expert Testimony

Cortinas, a gang investigator with the Operation Safe Streets Bureau, 

testified that although Hispanic gangs such as the East Side Duarte gang are 

territorial, their members sometimes live outside their claimed territory. 

According to Cortinas, the East Side Duarte has approximately 339 documented 

members, who “put[] in work” by engaging in narcotics-related crimes and crimes 

involving the possession of weapons. They wear baseball caps bearing the letter 

“D,” display distinctive tattoos, and make graffiti markings involving the numeral 

“13,” which discloses the gang‟s affiliation with the Mexican Mafia. Cortinas 
8

stated that in order to use that numeral, “you have to basically acknowledge that 

you are aligning yourself with the Mexican Mafia and doing work and paying them 

some of the money you make for the gang.” Cortinas noted that appellant had 

visible tattoos reading “Duarte” and “E.S.” on his head. 

Responding to hypothetical questions, Cortinas opined that appellant 

committed the gun-possession offenses for the benefit of the East Side Duarte gang 

with the specific intent to promote its criminal activities. In support of that 

opinion, Cortinas pointed to the evidence that appellant‟s Suburban contained both 

narcotics and guns, and stated, “Narcotics sellers usually have guns to protect 

themselves from anybody [who is] trying to rip them off or kill them.” Cortinas 

maintained that appellant‟s drug sales funded the East Side Duarte gang and 

enhanced its reputation. In addition, observing that a hand gun reportedly stolen 

by other East Side Duarte members was found in appellant‟s house in Covina, 

Cortinas opined that the residence functioned as a “safe house” for the East Side 

Duarte gang, where its members could hide stolen goods outside Cortinas‟s 

investigative area. 

Cortinas also opined that the pay-owe sheet found in appellant‟s residence 

evidenced that his gun possession was for the benefit of his gang. According to 

Cortinas, unlike a usual pay-owe sheet, which records funds owed by individuals 

for drug transactions, appellant‟s pay-owe sheet listed sums that individuals owed 

with respect to certain gangs in the Hacienda Heights-La Puente area. Cortinas 

explained: “This paper here is not your typical pay-owe sheet for selling narcotics. 

This looks like somebody collecting taxes on behalf of the Mexican Mafia. [¶] . . . 

[¶] Every gang makes money, and . . . if you‟re aligning yourself with the Mexican 

Mafia, you have to pay money to them to be aligned with them. So it‟s called 

taxes.” 
9

In cross-examining Cortinas, defense counsel asked whether appellant‟s 

remark that he “didn‟t want to get . . . shot up by the blacks” showed that appellant 

had placed the guns in his Suburban solely for his own self-protection. Cortinas 

replied that the evidence established that appellant was significantly involved in 

gang activities, including the sale of narcotics. He also maintained that appellant 

possessed the hand gun and assault rifle found in the house for the benefit of his 

gang. 

During the re-direct examination of Cortinas, the prosecutor inquired 

whether appellant might have placed the guns in the Suburban to benefit his gang, 

even though he also derived a personal benefit from their presence. Noting that 

there were two guns in the Suburban, Cortinas responded in the affirmative, 

explaining that if a gang member with two guns was contacted by another who 

needed a gun, he could provide a gun and remain “good.” 

3. Analysis

Appellant maintains there was insufficient evidence to establish that he 

possessed the firearms and ammunition in his vehicle and residence “for the 

benefit of” his gang (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(A)). We disagree. 

In Garcia, police officers stopped a truck driven by the defendant, a gang 

member, because the truck‟s tail light was out. (Garcia, supra, 153 Cal.App.4th at 

pp. 1502-1504.) After the officers smelled marijuana, the defendant admitted that 

he had smoked some marijuana, and consented to a search of the truck, which 

disclosed a concealed handgun. (Id. at p. 1503.) Although the defendant had a 

history of gang activity, he denied active gang membership, yet demonstrated a 

knowledge of recent shootings by members of his gang, including where they hid 

guns. (Id. at p. 1504.) The charges against the defendant included carrying a 

loaded unregistered weapon in public, accompanied by a gang allegation. (Id. at 
10

p. 1507.) At the trial, a gang expert opined that the defendant possessed the gun 

for the benefit of his gang, as it enabled him to protect himself and fellow gang 

members from rival gangs, and thus enhanced his gang‟s reputation. (Id. at 

pp. 1505-1506.) After a jury convicted the defendant and found the gang 

allegation to be true, the appellate court held there was sufficient evidence to 

support the gang finding. (Id. at pp. 1507, 1511-1512.) 

Here, the evidence is significantly stronger that appellant possessed guns and 

ammunition to benefit his gang. The evidence at trial showed that appellant 

belonged to the East Side Duarte gang, whose rivals include an African American 

gang. Two firearms, cocaine, a digital scale, and a large amount of cash were 

found in appellant‟s Suburban, and two more firearms, ammunition, a second 

digital scale, and a pay-owe sheet were discovered at his Covina residence. When 

stopped by the deputy sheriffs, appellant acknowledged his gang membership and 

admitted that one of the firearms in the Suburban was there because he “didn‟t 

want to get shot up by the blacks.” In addition, one of the guns in appellant‟s 

house was reported stolen following a robbery by appellants‟ fellow gang 

members. 

On the basis of this evidence, Cortinas opined that appellant was engaged in 

three activities beneficial to his gang, namely, narcotics sales, the operation of a 

safe house where stolen goods could be kept, and collecting “taxes” for the 

Mexican Mafia, with which appellant‟s gang was aligned. Cortinas further opined 

that appellant‟s guns protected him in the course of his narcotics sales and other 

activities that funded his gang, and also enabled him to assist other gang members. 

In our view, the evidence was sufficient to establish that appellant possessed the 

guns and ammunition to benefit his gang. 

Appellant‟s reliance on People v. Ochoa (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 650, 

People v. Ramon (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 843, People v. Albarran (2007) 149 
11

Cal.App.4th 214 and In re Frank S. (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1192 is misplaced. 

Those cases stand for the proposition that when an expert‟s opinion that the 

defendant‟s crime benefited the pertinent gang relies solely on the defendant‟s 

gang membership, the opinion will not support a gang enhancement. (People v. 

Ochoa, supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at pp. 656-665; People v. Ramon, supra, 175 

Cal.App.4th at pp. 849-853; People v. Albarran, supra, 149 Cal.App.4th at p. 227; 

In re Frank S., supra, 141 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1195-1199.) That proposition is 

inapplicable here, as Cortinas‟s opinions were based on facts beyond appellant‟s 

gang membership and his possession of the firearms and ammunition.4 In sum, 

there was sufficient evidence to support the gang enhancements accompanying 

appellant‟s convictions for possession of firearms and ammunition. 

B. Text Messages

Appellant maintains the trial court erred in admitting Detective Cortinas‟s 

testimony regarding the existence of text messages requesting narcotics. His sole 

contention is that the testimony constituted inadmissible hearsay. As explained 

below, we disagree. 

1. Governing Principles 

Evidence Code section 1200 defines hearsay evidence as evidence of an outof court statement “that is offered to prove the truth of the matter stated.” As our 

Supreme Court has explained, an out-of-court statement is hearsay when “it is used 

4 For similar reasons, People v. Martinez (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 753, upon which 

appellant also relies, is factually distinguishable. There, the court concluded there was 

insufficient evidence to support a gang registration requirement attached to the 

defendant‟s sentence (Pen. Code, § 186.30), as there was no evidence that the defendant 

committed his crime for the benefit of his gang. (People v. Martinez, supra, 116 

Cal.App.4th at. pp. 758-762.) As explained above, that is not the case here.
12

testimonially, i.e., it is offered for the purpose of inducing the trier of fact to 

believe in the truth of the assertion itself . . . .” (People v. Green (1980) 27 Cal.3d 

1, 23, fn. 9, italics omitted, overruled on other grounds in People v. Martinez

(1999) 20 Cal.4th 225, 232-238.) Under this principle, requests ordinarily do not 

constitute hearsay because “[a] request, by itself, does not assert the truth of any 

fact . . . .” (People v. Jurado (2006) 38 Cal.4th 72, 117 (Jurado).) 

California courts have commonly regarded evidence that a defendant 

received requests to buy narcotics as admissible circumstantial evidence that the 

defendant sold contraband, rather than as hearsay. In People v. Nealy (1991) 228 

Cal.App.3d 447, 449-450 (Nealy), the defendant was charged with possession of 

cocaine for sale. Over hearsay objections, police officers were permitted to testify 

that while they searched the defendant‟s residence, they answered several phone 

calls from persons interested in buying “doves,” a slang term for rock cocaine. 

(Id. at pp. 450-451.) The appellate court concluded that the calls were not hearsay, 

but circumstantial evidence supporting the inference that the cocaine found in the 

defendant‟s residence was for sale. The court stated: “[S]ubject to Evidence Code 

section 352, and appropriate editing, when a police officer participates in a 

telephone conversation where he is lawfully executing a search warrant and hears a 

third person offer to purchase a controlled substance, testimony thereon is not 

made inadmissible by the hearsay rule and may be received as circumstantial 

evidence tending to show the controlled substance seized at that location was 

possessed for purposes of sale.” (Id. at pp. 452- 453; see also People v. Ventura

(1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 1515, 1517-1519 [reaching same conclusion on similar 

facts]; People v. Reifenstuhl (1940) 37 Cal.App.2d 402, 405 [phone calls to 

defendant requesting that bets be placed on horse races properly admitted over 

hearsay objection as circumstantial evidence that defendant operated illegal betting 

enterprise].) 
13

In People v. Morgan (2005) 125 Cal.App.4th 935, 945 (Morgan), the 

appellate court recognized the “well established” principle that such evidence is 

properly admitted over a hearsay objection, but adopted an alternative theory to 

support the principle, namely, that requests to buy drugs are admissible hearsay. In 

offering the theory, the court observed that any inference from the request to the 

defendant‟s sales activity necessarily relies on some implications from the words 

of the request, namely, that the speaker desires drugs and believes that the 

defendant can provide them. (Id. at p. 943.) The court reasoned that those 

implications are properly classified as “implied assertions” that constitute hearsay. 

(Id. at pp. 943-944.) 

Nonetheless, the court concluded that the hearsay rule does not bar the 

admission of such “implied assertions,” as they do not display the 

untrustworthiness characteristic of assertions subject to exclusion under the 

hearsay rule. (Morgan, supra, 125 Cal.App.4th at p. 944.) The court stated: “The 

rationale for not treating an implied assertion as an assertion subject to the hearsay 

rule is that is it primarily conduct and not intended as an assertion. To the extent 

conduct . . . rather than simply words are involved, the implied assertion is more 

reliable. . . . [¶] This rationale applies to the [request by phone] in this case. The 

caller was not intending to assert that [the defendants] were selling 

methamphetamine; rather, he was attempting to purchase methamphetamine. 

Because actions speak louder than words, the caller‟s statements were more 

reliable than the usual hearsay statement.” (Ibid.) 

2. Underlying Proceedings

Near the completion of Cortinas‟s testimony, after he stated that gang 

members often communicate by cell phone and text messages in order to obtain 

guns, the following exchange occurred: 
14

“[Prosecutor:] Going back . . . briefly to the drug sales, if . . . cell phones 

[were] recovered, and during [the] investigation[] those cell phones were 

constantly alerting [that] text messages . . . were being received . . . that related to 

drug activity, would that affect your opinion in any way?

“[Cortinas:] In terms of gang [sic] or sales?

“[Prosecutor:] In terms of the possession of those drugs for the benefit of 

the gang.

“[Cortinas:] Absolutely.

“[Prosecutor:] Why?

“[Cortinas:] Because the text messages themselves are asking specifically 

for narcotics. Now, a gang member who‟s selling drugs for his gang --” (Italics 

added.) 

At this point, the trial court remarked that Cortinas‟s answer assumed facts 

not in evidence, and defense counsel objected that the prosecutor‟s question 

exceeded the scope of the cross-examination. The court conducted a bench 

conference, during which the prosecutor stated that her question anticipated a 

stipulation regarding text messages on a cell phone that the deputy sheriffs 

discovered. According to the prosecutor, she and defense counsel had tentatively 

agreed to stipulate that the cell phone “was alerting as to multiple text messages 

that were related to drug activity.” Defense counsel replied that the stipulation 

would merely be that “the phone was ringing and ringing, which would be 

consistent with drug activity.” 

In discussing the proposed stipulation, the court observed that the relevance 

of any such cell phone evidence to the issue of drug sales resided “not [in] the 

ringing,” but in “what . . . the texting [is] for . . . .” Defense counsel argued that 

“all that stuff” was hearsay and inadmissible under Evidence Code section 352. In 

response, the court stated: “I don‟t think it‟s hearsay. . . . [W]e can talk about 
15

whether it‟s correctly characterized as hearsay evidence or [an] exception to the 

hearsay rule, but [it is] circumstantial evidence in the case law.” The prosecutor 

offered to present testimony from Cortinas regarding the content of the text 

messages, and asked whether the court would admit his testimony. After noting 

that Evidence Code section 352 might bar that testimony because there was other 

evidence that appellant sold drugs, the court stated: “[W]e‟ll address it later,” and 

asked the prosecutor to “[c]lose it out.” 

The prosecutor immediately ended her examination of Cortinas. No 

stipulation regarding the cell phone was introduced, and no additional evidence 

was presented regarding the text messages on it. 

3. Analysis

Appellant targets Cortinas‟s remark that “the text messages themselves 

[were] asking specifically for narcotics,” arguing that “the text messages are 

„classic hearsay‟ because they are relevant solely to prove the truth of what they 

imply . . . .” He maintains that because no further evidence was submitted 

regarding wording of the text messages or the cell phone on which they were 

found, the text messages were “too unreliable” to be admissible under the theories 

stated in Nealy and Morgan. He is mistaken. 

Viewed in context, Cortinas‟s remark appears to be an assertion that text 

messages “specifically asking for narcotics” were discovered on the cell phones 

booked into evidence during the investigation of appellant‟s crimes. So 

understood, the remark constituted evidence of the existence of requests for 

narcotics that was admissible over a hearsay objection. Under Nealy, the remark 

was not subject to exclusion because requests for narcotics are not hearsay. 

Furthermore, under Morgan, the remark was not subject to exclusion because a 

person‟s request for narcotics, even if considered hearsay, is “primarily conduct” 
16

that reliably conveys the person‟s desire for narcotics and belief that the request‟s 

recipient can supply them. (Morgan, supra, 125 Cal.App.4th at p. 944.) 

Accordingly, the hearsay rule did not render Cortinas‟s remark inadmissible.5 

Appellant argues that in the absence of other evidence regarding the details 

of the text messages and their surrounding circumstances, Cortinas‟s remark was 

subject to exclusion under the hearsay rule. We disagree. Neither Nealy nor 

Morgan suggests that evidence regarding the precise wording of a request for 

narcotics and the circumstances of its discovery are necessary predicates for 

admission of the request over a hearsay objection, although they recognize that the 

admission of the request is also subject to other requirements that appellant has not 

invoked, including those stated in Evidence Code section 352. (Nealy, supra, 228 

Cal.App.3d at p. 453; see Morgan, supra, 125 Cal.App.4th at pp. 940-941.) Here, 

the absence of evidence regarding the details of the text messages affected the 

evidentiary weight attributable to Cortinas‟s remark and potentially opened it to 

other objections, but did not render the remark vulnerable to a hearsay objection. 

In sum, appellant has shown no evidentiary error.6

5 In so concluding, we do not examine or adopt the theory stated in Morgan, or 

decide whether that theory can be reconciled with our Supreme Court‟s statement that “a 

request, by itself, does not assert the truth of any fact . . . .” (Jurado, supra, 38 Cal.4th at 

p. 117.)

6 In addition, even if we were to conclude the remark was incorrectly admitted, we 

would find any error harmless. The remark occurred while Cortinas explained his 

opinion that appellant‟s possession of firearms benefited his gang. As explained above 

(see pt. A.3, ante), that opinion relied on considerable evidence independent of the 

remark, showing that appellant, an active gang member, sold drugs, operated a safe 

house, and collected “taxes” to benefit his gang. Under the circumstances, there is no 

reasonable likelihood that appellant would have achieved a more favorable outcome had 

the remark been excluded. (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.) 
17

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

MANELLA, J.

We concur:

EPSTEIN, P. J.

WILLHITE, J.