*

 The Honorable Jerome Farris, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by

designation. 

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 05a0019n.06

Filed: January 6, 2005

No. 03-3560

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

VALMIR GJINAJ,

Petitioner,

v.

JOHN ASHCROFT, U.S. Attorney General,

Respondent.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE BOARD

OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

Before: SILER, SUTTON, and FARRIS,* Circuit Judges.

SILER, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Valmir Gjinaj, an Albanian citizen and native, petitions

for review of the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) that dismissed his appeal

of denial of asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture

(“CAT”). For reasons stated hereafter, Gjinaj’s petition is DENIED. 

BACKGROUND

Gjinaj entered the United States without documentation in 1998. The following year, after

receiving a Notice to Appear, he conceded removability and requested asylum, withholding of

removal, consideration under the CAT, and voluntary departure. His claim for asylum was based
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Gjinaj v. Ashcroft

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on persecution relating to his Catholic religion, membership in a particular social group, and

political opinion. 

According to his asylum application, Gjinaj became a member of the Democratic Party in

Albania in 1992, and he was elected the Democratic Party’s Secretary for the Koplik area in 1994.

After the Socialist Party took power in 1997, Gjinaj began to receive various threats, which he

believed were related to his leadership in the Democratic Party. He also was a member of the

Association for the Formerly Politically Persecuted People (“Association”). 

In August 1997, Gjinaj was arrested by the Albanian police. For three days, he was

interrogated, beaten, and urged to end his affiliations with the Catholic Church and the Democratic

Party. Shortly after his release, the house that he shared with his parents, sister and brother was

burned down. “Down with Democrats! Down with Catholics!” was written on a stone wall of the

house. In February 1998, Gjinaj and his family left Albania and traveled to Italy. Due to concerns

relating to his parents’ health, the rest of his family remained in Italy; however, Gjinaj continued to

the United States. 

Gjinaj submitted various documents to support his claim for asylum. A Consular

Investigator determined that Gjinaj’s birth certificate was valid, but that four other official

documents he submitted were fraudulent. Gjinaj asserted that all documents were valid, and

additional time was granted to respond to the report. Over one year later, he submitted additional

documents to rebut the Investigator’s assertions that his documents were fraudulent; however, these

additional documents were not authenticated under 8 C.F.R. § 287.6. Furthermore, many of the

documents were questionable in light of the Investigation Report – for example, a statement was
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Gjinaj v. Ashcroft

1

 In October 2002, Gjinaj submitted a motion for consideration of a late-filed brief, an appeal

brief, and a motion for remand. The BIA granted the motion to submit an untimely brief, but it did

not respond to the motion for remand. Gjinaj has not challenged the resolution of the motion to

remand in this appeal. 

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presented that was signed by Gjuro Kacaj, whom the Investigator previously had determined was

not the head of the Association, that asserted he was the head of the Association. Kacaj also signed

a statement that indicated he was known both as Gjuro and as Gjon Kacaj. At a hearing before the

Immigration Judge (“IJ”), Gjinaj testified that a cousin in Albania obtained these supplemental

documents at his request. This cousin, however, also obtained the documents that were previously

found to be fraudulent. Because the IJ found many of Gjinaj’s supplemental documents to be

unreliable, the majority were not admitted. 

In February 2002, the IJ denied asylum based on adverse credibility. The IJ relied upon

inconsistencies within Gjinaj’s testimony and his presentation of fraudulent documents to support

this finding. The IJ also determined that Gjinaj had provided materials in support of his application

for asylum that were deliberately fabricated and, therefore, found his application to be frivolous. 

Gjinaj’s brief on appeal to the BIA, submitted in October 2002, included discussion of

evidence that had been newly discovered.1

 Gjinaj’s attorney, in another asylum case, received an

Investigation Report that stated that Gjon Kacaj was the head of the Association in Gjinaj’s district.

This second investigation was completed by the same investigator that had investigated Gjinaj’s

documents. In Gjinaj’s case, this investigator had asserted that Gjinaj’s Association document was

false because Gjuro Kacaj was not the head of the Association. Based upon this newly discovered
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Gjinaj v. Ashcroft

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evidence, Gjinaj submitted that the entire Investigation Report in his case was unreliable. 

In 2003, the BIA sustained Gjinaj’s appeal in part and dismissed in part, finding that Gjinaj

had not made a credible claim for asylum, but reversing the IJ’s determination that Gjinaj had filed

a frivolous application. The BIA agreed that Gjinaj had failed to rebut the finding of the

Investigation Report and that Gjinaj’s credibility had been undermined by the submission of

fraudulent documents. The BIA did not specifically address Gjinaj’s newly discovered evidence.

ANALYSIS

The IJ has discretion to grant asylum to any alien who qualifies as a “refugee.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(a), (b). A refugee is any alien unable or unwilling to return to his home country “because

of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). “The

testimony of the applicant, if credible, may be sufficient to sustain the burden of proof without

corroboration.” Ouda v. INS, 324 F.3d 445, 451-52 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a)).

The BIA’s factual determination is reviewed under the substantial evidence standard; thus,

its decision must be upheld “as long as it is ‘supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative

evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” Marku v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 982, 986 (6th Cir.

2004) (quoting INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992)). Reversal is only warranted if this

court “finds that the evidence not only supports a contrary conclusion, but compels it.” Id. 

Gjinaj argues that (1) the BIA erred in not submitting this case for three-person review; (2)

the BIA erred in upholding the IJ’s adverse credibility determination; and (3) the IJ’s refusal to
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admit certain documents was in violation of due process guarantees. Gjinaj did not specifically

reference theBIA’sfailure to rule upon his motion to remand, although he has asserted in this appeal

and before the BIA that his newly discovered evidence casts doubt upon the reliability of the

Investigation Report. 

BIA’s Employment of Single-Member Review

This court has not yet determined whether the BIA’s decision to employ single-member

review under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5) is reviewable. Even were we to determine that review of this

decision was proper, Gjinaj’s argument against using single-member review fails. A case may only

be assigned to a three-member panel under certain circumstances. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(6).

Because, as discussed below, the IJ’s decision was not clearly erroneous, not contrary to BIA

precedent, and did not require reversal, this case was not required to be assigned to a three-member

panel. 

Due Process Concerns

Gjinaj next asserts that the IJ’s refusal to admit many of his supplemental documents was

a violation of due process. An alleged due process violation that is based upon the manner in which

an IJ conducts a hearing is reviewed de novo by this court. Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384, 391

(6th Cir. 1998). Gjinaj was unable to lay a foundation to demonstrate that his supplemental

documents were what they were purported to be. These documents were not authenticated, and they

were obtained by the same person who had provided the documentsthat were found to be fraudulent.

As a result, the IJ did not err in excluding many of Gjinaj’s supplemental documents. 

Adverse Credibility
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The IJ’s adverse credibility finding was based in large part on the submission of fraudulent

documents. In addition to the submission of these documents, the IJ pointed to inconsistencies or

omissions in Gjinaj’s application and/or testimony to support a finding of adverse credibility.

Although the inconsistencies noted by the IJ generally appear to be minor, and at least one omission

noted by the IJ regarding Gjinaj’s alleged failure to mention the burning of his house appears to be

inaccurate, the IJ’s major concern was with Gjinaj’s fraudulent documents. The IJ’s relation of

Gjinaj’s credibility to his presentation offraudulent documents wasfully in line withBIA precedent.

See Matter of O-D-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 1079, 1083 (BIA 1998) (“The presentation of fraudulent

documents is a critical factor in our analysis of the respondent’s claim. Such fraud tarnishes the

respondent’s veracity and diminishes the reliability of his other evidence.”). 

The BIA also noted that the submission of fraudulent documents “seriously undermine[d]

his overall credibility.” The original Investigation Report indicated that four of Gjinaj’s documents

were fraudulent. The second Investigation Report, from an unrelated case, arguably applies to only

one of the four documents. While Gjinaj asserts that the investigator’s entire report is now called

into question, he has provided no evidence to support a finding that the other three documents were

valid. The BIA found that Gjinaj had “failed to rebut the finding of the Consular investigation.”

The BIA’s decision to dismiss Gjinaj’s appeal of denial of asylum was supported by substantial

evidence, and a contrary conclusion is not compelled.

Because Gjinaj has not established that he is entitled to asylum, he also has not made the

stronger showing required for withholding of removal. Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 955 (6th

Cir. 2004). Furthermore, he has not demonstrated that he is eligible for CAT relief. Id. 
No. 03-3560

Gjinaj v. Ashcroft

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CONCLUSION

Gjinaj’s petition for review is DENIED.