IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 20-0212

Filed March 30, 2022

COBY EUANS,

Applicant-Appellant,

vs.

STATE OF IOWA,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Fayette County, Laura Parrish, 

Judge.

Coby Euans appeals the denial of his postconviction-relief application, 

claiming a breach of an essential duty by trial counsel and, for the first time on 

appeal, a breach of an essential duty by postconviction counsel. AFFIRMED.

Thomas M. McIntee, Waterloo, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Zachary Miller, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Schumacher, JJ.
2

SCHUMACHER, Judge.

Coby Euans appeals from the denial of his postconviction-relief (PCR) 

application. Euans argues his trial counsel was ineffective in the delivery of 

recommendations to the court concerning the application of a federal sentencing 

order to state court probation revocation proceedings. Euans, for the first time on 

appeal, also alleges his PCR counsel was ineffective for arguing the court had 

discretion to choose between consecutive and concurrent sentences under federal 

law. Finally, Euans asserts both trial counsel and PCR counsel were ineffective 

for failing to obtain a copy of the federal sentencing order. We find neither trial 

counsel nor PCR counsel breached an essential duty. Accordingly, we affirm. 

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

Euans was convicted in state court on two drug charges in 2013:

possession of marijuana, third offense; and conspiracy to deliver 

methamphetamine. He pled guilty and received concurrent five- and ten-year 

sentences. The sentences were suspended, and Euans was placed on probation. 

The State filed a report of violation of probation in December 2015, based on 

Euans’s federal conviction for drug trafficking that same year. The federal district 

court sentenced Euans to sixteen years in prison and ordered the sentence to run 

consecutively to any sentence yet to be imposed in state court.

1 Euans’s attorney 

did not have a copy of the federal sentencing order at the probation revocation

hearing but spoke with Euans’s federal defense counsel and a representative from 

 

1 The federal sentencing order is not contained in the record. Both parties agreed 

at the probation revocation hearing that the order required consecutive sentencing, 

although Euans now claims such agreement does not reflect the actual order.
3

the United States Marshals Service, both of whom confirmed the order provided 

for consecutive sentences.

Euans admitted to the probation violation; however, disposition on the 

probation violation was contested. The State argued the state sentences were 

required to run consecutively pursuant to the federal sentence. Euans’s attorney 

requested concurrent sentencing. Euans’s attorney also suggested that the court 

could modify Euans’s probation or give Euans credit for time served. Euans’s 

counsel argued:

Your Honor, just briefly, when you’re talking about Section 

3584, the position of the United States has been that that section 

does not authorize a federal sentencing court to order a concurrent 

or consecutive sentence with a sentence yet to be imposed. Now, I 

guess it’s—whether or not the federal court can say consecutive or 

concurrent to that time is up to some interpretation, because he had 

been sentenced in state court previously but that state sentence had 

not been imposed. So I would just leave that up to the court. 

The district court imposed Euans’s original sentence, to be run consecutively to 

the federal convictions, stating, “[I]t does appear that the federal government has 

taken the position that these sentences must be consecutive. I will comply with 

that . . . .”

Euans filed a PCR application in March 2017, claiming trial counsel was 

ineffective in failing to argue for concurrent sentences and in failing to argue federal 

law was not binding on the state court. Euans’s PCR counsel argued, “Our position 

is really two-fold. One is: It doesn’t matter what the guidelines from the federal 

court system say. State court judges apply state law . . . . And even if [federal law 

bound state courts], the judge was given misinformation [on what federal law 

required].” The PCR court denied the application, finding the trial court record 
4

supported that trial counsel argued for concurrent sentences and Euans suffered 

no prejudice. Euans appeals. 

II. Standard of Review

Generally, we review an appeal from a denial of postconviction relief for 

correction of errors at law. Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 862 (Iowa 2012). 

“However, when the applicant asserts claims of a constitutional nature, our review 

is de novo. Thus, we review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo.” 

Ledezma v. State, 626 N.W.2d 134, 141 (Iowa 2001) (internal citation omitted). 

III. Analysis 

Euans contends his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate the 

federal sentencing order, as well as for failing to adequately argue for concurrent 

sentencing.2 Additionally, he argues PCR counsel was ineffective for failing to 

investigate the federal sentencing order and for erroneously arguing the court had 

discretion to order concurrent or consecutive sentences under the federal 

sentencing guidelines. 

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the applicant must 

demonstrate (1) counsel breached a duty and (2) the applicant suffered prejudice. 

 

2 Outside of Euans’s two issues framed for appeal, Euans suggests the district 

court abused its discretion by basing its sentence entirely on the federal sentencing 

order for consecutive sentencing. As to his trial attorney, Euans failed to raise the 

matter at the PCR level, so it is unpreserved. Iowa Code § 822.8 (2017) (“All 

grounds for relief available to [a PCR] applicant under this chapter must be raised 

in the applicant’s original, supplemental or amended application.”); Meier v. 

Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (“It is a fundamental doctrine of 

appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the 

district court before we will decide them on appeal.”). And Euans has not 

developed such as part of his argument concerning his assertions in relation to his 

PCR counsel, so we determine such to be waived. See Iowa R. App. 

P. 6.903(2)(g)(3). 
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Lamasters, 821 N.W.2d at 866. The applicant must demonstrate both prongs by 

a preponderance of the evidence. Ledezma, 626 N.W.2d at 142. “Failure to 

demonstrate either element is fatal to a claim of ineffective assistance.” State v. 

Polly, 657 N.W.2d 462, 465 (Iowa 2003). 

To establish a breach of duty, the applicant must show “the attorney 

performed below the standard demanded of a reasonably competent attorney.” 

Ledezma, 626 N.W.2d at 142. “We measure the attorney’s performance against 

‘prevailing professional norms.’” Id. (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 

668, 688 (1984)). “[I]neffective assistance is more likely to be established when 

the alleged actions or inactions of counsel are attributed to a lack of diligence as 

opposed to the exercise of judgment.” Id. We examine each claim in light of the 

totality of the circumstances. Id. 

To demonstrate prejudice, the applicant “must show that there is a 

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of 

the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “A 

reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the 

outcome.” Id. 

Euans’s trial counsel did not breach an essential duty. The State argued 

that a consecutive sentence was required. Euans’s counsel originally asked the 

court “either run these state charges concurrently to his federal charges or modify 

his probation.” When pressed by the court on whether it could override the federal 

court order, Euans’s attorney suggested an alternative would be to order no prison 

time or time served. However, counsel also argued that the “position of the United 

States has been that that section does not authorize a federal sentencing court to 
6

order a concurrent or consecutive sentence with a sentence yet to be imposed.” 

Counsel concluded this explanation by stating, “So I would just leave that up to the 

court.” Euans’s trial counsel adequately informed the court that it could impose 

concurrent sentencing. We will not second-guess counsel’s reasonable actions. 

See Lamasters, 821 N.W.2d at 866. Even if the court erroneously believed it was

bound by the federal order, the court’s alleged improper sentencing decision does 

not transform counsel’s actions into ineffective assistance.3

As to Euans’s claim that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to produce 

a copy of the federal sentencing order, we find such argument to be unpreserved, 

as it was neither raised before nor ruled on by the district court. See Meier, 641 

N.W.2d at 537. 

Euans also argues his PCR counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate 

the federal sentencing order and in erroneously arguing the federal sentencing 

guidelines gave the court discretion to order consecutive or concurrent terms. 

Euans raises his claim of ineffective assistance of PCR counsel for the first time 

on appeal. If the record is sufficient to allow resolution of a claim of ineffective 

assistance of PCR counsel raised for the first time on appeal, we may address the 

claim. See Goode v. State, 920 N.W.2d 520, 526-27 (Iowa 2018). Here, we 

determine the record is sufficient to decide this issue and proceed accordingly. 

 

3

In deciding this issue, we note that although the State argues Euans could have 

appealed the revocation order, there is not a right to file a direct appeal from a 

probation revocation proceeding where, as in this case, the applicant was not 

granted a deferred judgment. State v. Rheuport, 225 N.W.2d 122, 123 (Iowa 

1975); cf. State v. Farmer, 234 N.W.2d 89, 90-91 (Iowa 1975). 
7

Euans’s PCR counsel correctly argued that state court judges are not bound 

by federal orders. For instance, PCR counsel was clear that, “The sovereignty of 

the state judicial system is just that. We are not subject to the federal rules for 

their judges.” Similarly, counsel argued, “It doesn’t matter what the guidelines from 

the federal court system say. State court judges apply state law.” Thus, PCR 

counsel correctly argued that the state court was not bound by the federal 

sentencing order.4

While counsel did argue that, in the event the federal guidelines apply, they 

permit either concurrent or consecutive sentencing, such was an argument in the 

alternative to the primary argument. We will not second-guess how counsel 

framed their argument. See Lamasters, 821 N.W.2d at 866 (“When counsel makes 

a reasonable tactical decision, this court will not engage in second-guessing. 

Selection of the primary theory or theories of defense is a tactical matter.” (citation 

omitted)). PCR counsel accurately argued that the trial court had discretion under 

state law to impose a concurrent sentence. There was no breach of duty by PCR 

counsel. 

Euans also argues his PCR counsel was ineffective because the federal 

sentencing order did not provide for consecutive sentences. However, Euans 

offers nothing beyond this mere allegation. The federal order is absent from the 

record. At the initial probation revocation hearing, both the State and Euans 

agreed the federal sentencing order provided for consecutive sentences. The 

 

4 The Supreme Court has held that a federal sentencing order does not bind a 

state court’s discretion in deciding between concurrent and consecutive 

sentences. See Setser v. United States, 566 U.S. 231, 241 (2012).
8

burden is on the applicant to demonstrate counsel’s ineffective assistance. 

Ledezma, 626 N.W.2d at 142. Given the absence of any supporting evidence 

beyond Euans’s allegations, Euans failed to establish prejudice resulted from the 

failure of counsel to produce the federal sentencing order.

Lastly, to the extent Euans argues structural error regarding trial counsel 

and PCR counsel, we determine such was not raised before the PCR court as to 

trial counsel. Additionally, as we find no breach by PCR counsel, we reject the 

request to find a structural error concerning claims against Euans’s PCR counsel. 

We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Euans’s PCR application. 

For these reasons, we affirm the district court. 

AFFIRMED.