1 ... S eeTe x. R. App . P. 47. 4. 

## COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICTOFTEXAS FORT WORTH NO S. 2- 08- 070- CR 2 - 08 - 07 1- CR 2 - 08 - 07 2- CR 2 - 08 - 07 3- CR 2 - 08 - 07 4- CR
M AR I O R I CO M AR T I NE Z AP P E L L ANT V . TH E STA TE O F TEXA S STA TE

----- ----- -- FR O M CO UN TY CO URT AT LAW NO . 2 O F W I CH I TA CO UN TY

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### M E M ORANDU M OP I NI ON 1

----- ----- -- I . I nt r oduc t i on A ppe l l antap pea l s f i ve con vi ct i onsunde rTexa s Pena l Code s ec t i on 71. 021 f orvi o l a ti o n s ofci vi l i nj unc t i onsen t er ed unde rt he Texa s “g ang2

i nj unc t i on s t at ut e. ” Tex. Ci v. Pr ac . & Rem . Code Ann. § 125. 065 ( V er non 2 0 0 5 ). In f o u rp o in t s , h e a r g u e st h a tT e x a sP e n a l C o d e s e c t io n 7 1 .0 2 1 is unco nst i t ut i onal l y over br oad and vague on i t s f ace; t hatTexas C i vi l Pra ct i ce a n d R e m e d i e sC o d e s e c ti o n 1 2 5 . 0 6 5 ( a )(2 ) v i o l a te sth e s e p a ra ti o n o f p o w e rs doctr i ne by al l ow i ng di st r i ctj udg es t o or derr easonabl e r est r i ct i ons t o enf or ce s e c ti o n 7 1 .0 2 1 ; a n d th a t i n d i v i d u a l p ro v i s i o n so f th e i n j u n c ti o n a re u n c o n s ti tu ti o n a l l yv a g u e a n d o v e rb ro a d . W e a ffir m . I I . Fac t ualan d Proce duralBac kground A p p e l l a n t w a sc h a rg e d b yi n fo rm a ti o n i n f i v e s e p a ra te c a u s e n u m b e rs w i t h vi ol at i onsoft w o ga ng i nj unc t i ons : a t em por ary i nj unc t i on e n te re d on Se p t e m b e r1 4, 2 00 6, a g a i n s t t w e n t y - o n e m e m b e r s o f t h e Va r r i o Ca r n a l e s( VC) st r ee tga ng a nd a pe r m ane nti nj unc ti on e nt er ed aga i ns tt he sa m e p art i eson A p ri l 6 , 2 0 0 7 , b y th e 8 9 th D i s tri c t C o u rt o f W i c h i ta C o u n ty , T e x a s . T h e c o u rt or der ed t he i nj uncti ons und er sect i on 1 25 . 06 5 o ft he ci vi land pr act i ce r em edi es code. Tex. C i v. Pr a c . & R em . C ode A nn. § 1 25 . 06 5. Thi s sect i on pr ovi des th a t a tri a l co u rtca n en ter a te m p o raryo r p e r m a n e n t i n j u n c ti o n ag a i n st a c r im in a l s t r e e tg a n g m e m b e rb a s e d o n t h e f in d in g t h a tg a n g a c t iv it y isa p u b lic
n u i s a n c e . See i

d. Sect i on 1 25 . 06 5 st at es, ( a) I ft he cou rtf i ndst hata com bi nat i o n o r c ri m i nals t r ee tga ng c o n s ti tu te sa p u b l i c n u i s a n c e , th e c o u rt m a ye n te r a n o rd e r:2 ... The t em por ary i nj unc t i on pr ohi bi t ed 29 act s, butt he per m ane nt

i nj uncti on r educed t he r est r i ct i ons t o 2 6 acts . 3 (1 ) e n j o i n in g a d e f e n d a n tin t h e s u itf r o m e n g a g in g in t he gan g a ct i vi t i esoft he com bi nat i on orga ng; an d ( 2) i m pos i ng ot her r ea so nab l e r equ i r em ent s t o pr eve nt t he com bi nat i on or gan g f r om en gag i ng i n f ut ur e g ang act i vi t i es. ( b) I ft he courtf i nds t hata pl ace i s habi t ual l y used i n a m annert hat const i t ut es a publ i c nui sance, the cou rtm ay i ncl ude i n i t s or der r ea so nab l e r equ i r em ent s t o pr eve ntt he us e o ft he pl ac e fo r ga ng ac t i vi t y. Id . The t em por ary a nd pe r m ane nt i n j unc t i onsout l i ned a sa f et y z one c o m p r is in g 1 .5 4s q u a r e m ile sc a lle d t h e “ V C S a f e t y Z o n e # 1 ” (S a f e t y Z o n e ) in an ar ea ofW i chi t a Fal l s know n f ori t s heavy gang act i vi t y. Th e i nj uncti ons at i ssue pr ohi bi t ed 2 9 actsby A ppel l antw hi l e he w as w i th in th e Safet y Zo ne. 2 Th e l i st s i ncl uded i l l egal act s, such as vandal i sm and possessi on of i l l egal dr ugs, but al so ot her w i se- l egal act i vi t i es, such as bei ng seen i n pub l i c w i t h any other
m em beroft he V C ga ng a nd w ea ri n g s p e c i f i c c l ot hi ng de not i ng ga ng m em ber sh i p. O n D ecem ber13 , 20 06 , W i chi t a Fal l s pol i ce of f i cer s Fost er and S anchez obser ved A ppel l ant m aki ng hand gest ur es w i t h hi s m i ddl e and r i ng f i nger s, w hi ch t heybe l i eved to b e g a ng s i gns , a vi ol at i on ofpr ovi si on 16 oft he4

t em por ary i nj unc t i on. O n J a n uary 2, 2007 , O f f i ce r s Es t eve s and Saen z obs erved A ppe l l antr i di ng a s a p as se nge r i n a ve hi cl e d r i ven by ano t herpe r so n nam ed i n t he t em por ary i nj unc t i on, a vi ol at i on ofpr ovi si on 2 oft hati nj unc t i on. O n F e b rua ry 2 0 , 2 0 0 7 , O ffi c e r S m y th o b se rve d A p p e l l a n t, w i th i n the S a fety Zone, s i t t i ng i n a l aw n cha i r on t he pr ope rt y of a f el l ow V C ga ng m em beral ong w i th tw o de f end ant s nam ed i n t he t em por ary i nj unc t i on, a vi ol at i on of pr ovi si ons2 and 29 oft hati nj unc t i on. O n Apr i l 25, 2007 , O f f i ce r s Es t eve s and S aenz observed A ppel l antr i di ng i n a vehi cl e w i t h ot herknow n gang m em ber s, a vi ol at i on of pr ovi si on 2 oft he per m anent i nj uncti on. Fi nal l y, on S ep te m ber 6, 200 7, O f f i ce r s H oga n and M ont ana obs erved A ppe l l anton t he st r ee tw ea r i ng cl ot hest hati den t i f i ed hi m asa m em beroft he V C ga ng, a vi ol at i on ofpr ovi si on 15 oft he per m anent i nj uncti on. Th e of f i cer s ar r est ed A ppel l antbased on t hese
v i o l a t io n s , a n d the S tate ch a rge d h i m b yi n fo rm a ti o n , i n allfi v e ca se s, w i th know i ngl y vi ol at i ng t he i nj uncti on or der s, a C l ass Am i sdem eanorunderTexas Penal C ode S ect i on 7 1. 02 1. S ect i on 71 . 02 1, ent i t l ed “V i ol at i on of C ourtO r der Enj oi ni ng O r gani zed C r i m i nal A ct i vi t y, ” st at es, ( a) A per son com m i t s an of f ense i ft he per son know i ngl y vi ol at es a t em por ar y or per m anent or der i ssued underSecti on 1 25 . 06 5( a) or( b) , C i vi l Pr act i ce and R em edi es C ode. ( b) I fcondu ctconst i t ut i ng an off ense undert hi s section al so con st i t ut esan of f ens e u nde ran ot hers ec t i on of t hi s cod e, t he ac t or m ay be pr osecut ed und erei t hersect i on orunderbot h sect i ons.5

(c ) A n o ffe n s e u n d e r th i ss e c ti o n i sa C l a s sA m i s d e m e a n o r. T e x . P e n a l C o d e A n n . § 7 1 .0 2 1 (V e rn o n 2 0 0 8 ). A ppe l l antf i l ed a p r et r i alm ot i on t o di sm i ss , ar gui ng t hatTexa s Pena l Code se ct i on 71. 021 , Texa s C i vi l Pr ac t i cean d Rem edi esCode Sec t i on 125. 065 , an d th e i nj unc t i ve pr ovi si onsar e u nco ns t i t ut i ona l . The t r i alj udgeove r r ul ed t he
m ot i on. Appel l antag r ee d t o a pl ea ba r gai n a nd p l e a ded gui l t y t o a l l f i ve of f ens es , w hi ch r es ul te d i n a s ent enc e o f305 daysofco nf i nem entan d a $ 4 ,0 0 0 fi n e fo r e a c h o ffe n s e , p u n i s h m e n t ru n n i n g c o n c u rre n tl y . T h e tri a l c o u rt c e rt i f i ed A ppel l ant ’ s r i ght t o appeal m at t er s w hi ch w er e r ai sed by w r i t t en m ot i on and r ul ed on bef or e t r i al . A ppel l ant now appeal s based on t hi s l i m i t ed ri g h t. I I I . A p p e l l a n t’ s F i rst T h reeP o i n ts In h is f ir s tt h r e e p o in t s , A p p e lla n ta r g u e st h a ts e c t io n 7 1 . 0 2 1 is unco nst i t ut i onal l y over br oad and vague on i t s f ace. A ppel l ant al so a rg u es se ct i on 125. 065 ( a) ( 2) vi ol at est he se par at i on ofpow er s doc tri n e b y a l l ow i ng d i s tri c t j u d g e sto o rd e r “ re a s o n a b l e re s tri c ti o n s ” b yc i v i l i n j u n c ti o n sth a t a re enf or ce d bycr i m i nalpr os ec ut i onsunde r71. 021 oft he pen a l c o d e , t her eby c rea ti n g n e w cri m i n a l l a w s. T h i s c o u r t r e c e n tl yrej e c ted i d e n ti c a l arg u m e n ts
w i th re s p e c t to th e s a m e s ta tu te s . S e eG o yzu e ta v. S tate , 266 S. W . 3d 126,3 ... Pr ovi si on 2 of t he t em por ary i nj uncti on i s subst ant i al l y si m i l arbuthas

a t ext ualdi f f er enc e t hatw e w i l l ad dr es s i n a l at ers ec t i on. 6 1 3 0

– 3 7 (T e x . A p p .— F o rt W o rth , n o p e t. h .). G o yzu e tai n v o l v e d t h e v e rys a me i n j u n c ti o n th a t A p p e l l a n t n o w c h a l l e n g e s . Id . at129. Fo rt he sa m e r ea so ns a rt i c u l a ted i n o u r op i n i o n i n tha t ca se , w e rej e c t A p p e ll a n t’ s a rgu m e n ts r egar di ng t he const i t ut i onal i t y ofpenal code sect i on 7 1. 02 1 a n d th e al l eged vi ol at i on ofs epa r at i on of p o w e rs i n c i vi l pr ac t i cean d r em edi esco de se ct i on 1 2 5 .0 6 5 . See i

d. W e over r ul e A ppel l ant ’ s f i r st , second, and t hi r d poi nt s. I V . C ons t it ut i ona l ity oft he I nj unc t i ve Pr ovi si ons In h is f o u rt h p o in t , A p p e lla n ta r g u e st h a tt h e in ju n c t io n s ’ s p e c if ic pr ovi si onst hathew asch ar ged w i t h vi ol at i ng a r e u nco ns t i t ut i ona l l y vag ue and ov erbr oa d, t hreaten i ng hi s f r ee do m of ass oc i ati on an d sp ee ch . W e w i l l an al yze ea ch oft he r el eva ntpr ovi si onsi n t ur n. A . A s s o c i a ti n g w ith a n d e n te ri n g th e p ro p e rty o f o th e r g a n g m e m b e rs P ro vi si on 2 3o ft h e p e r ma n e n ti n j u n c t i o n p r o h i b i t sA p p e l l a n tf r om “ass oci at i ng, s t and i ng, s i t t i ng, w al ki ng, dr i vi ng, bi cyc l i ng, ga t her i ng or app ea r i ng a nyw her e i n publ i c vi ew w i t h a ny o t herD ef end anthe r ei n, w i t h a ny ot heri ndi vi dual w ho t he D ef endan t know s i s a m em ber of t he V C , or w i t h ot her4 ... Pr ov i s i on 29 o ft het e m po r a ry i nj un c t i on i si de nt i c a l t o Pr o v i sio n 26

oft he per m ane nti nj unc t i on. 7 k no w n m e m be r so fa nyo t he rs t r e e tg a ng.” Pr ov i s i on 29 4o f th e te m p o ra ry i nj uncti on pr ohi bi t s A ppel l antf r om “ e nt er i ng on t o t he pr opert y ofanot her D ef end ant w ho i s a part y t o t hi s l aw su i toran y ot heri ndi vi dua l w ho Def end ant kno w s i s a m em beroft he V C ” atan y l oca t i on i n W i chi t a Count y.

1 . O v e rbre a d th and r i ghtofas so ci at i on W e fi rs t e x a m i n e th e o v e rb re a d th a rg u m e n t. S e eVi l l ag eo f Hoff m an Estates v. Fl

i psi de, Hoff

m an Estates, I

nc. , 4 5 5 U .S . 4 8 9 , 4 9 4 , 1 0 2 S . C t. 118 6, 1191 ( 198 2) ( st at i ng t hat a cou rt ’ s f i r stt as k i s t o de t er m i ne w het hert he e n a c tm e n t re a c h e s a s u b s ta n ti a l a m o u n t o f c o n s ti tu ti o n a l l yp ro te c te d c o n d u c t). A ppel l antar gues t hat pr ovi si on 2 ofbot h i nj uncti ons i s over br oad becau se oft hea s s oc i a t i on a l r e s t r i c t i on . He a r gu e st ha t b o th p rov i s i on s2 a nd 29 br oad l y s w ee p ov ert he Fi r stan d Fourt ee nt h A m end m ent s’ r i ghtofas so ci at i on by p r eve nt i ng hi m f r om app ea r i ng i n publ i c w i t h a ga ng m em berf ors oci al an d pol i t i cal pur poses oreven w i t h a gang m em berr el at i ve. A ppl i cabl e Law A l aw i s i m per m i ssi bl y over br oad i f , i n additio n to pr oscr i bi ng act i vi t i es t hat m ay be const i t ut i onal l y pr ohi bi t ed, i t sw eeps w i t hi n i t s cover age s p e ech o r c o n d u c t p ro te c te d b y th e F i rs t A m e n d m e n t. B yn um v. S tate , 767 S . W . 2d8

769 , 772 ( Tex. Cr i m . A pp. 198 9) . A n ove r br ea dt h cha l l eng e w i l l s ucc ee d i ft he l a w re a c h e sa s u b s ta n ti a l a m o u n t o f c o n s ti tu ti o n a l l yp ro te c te d c o n d u c t. V i l l age of Hoff m an Estates , 455 U. S. a t494, 102 S. Ct . a t1191 . Ther e a r e t w o t ype s ofas so ci at i onsen t i t l e d t o Fi r stA m end m ent p ro te c ti o n : th o s e w i th i n tri n s i c o r “ i n ti m a te ” v a l u e a n d th o s e th a t a re

“ i n s tru m e n ta l ” to fo rm so f p o l i ti c a l o r re l i g i o u se x p re s s i o n o r a c t i v i ty . S ee Roberts v. U. S. Jaycees , 468 U. S. 609, 617–1 8, 104 S. Ct . 3244 , 3249 –50 ( 198 4) . I nt i m at e a ss oci a ti o nsi ncl udet hos e t hat“ att end t he cr ea t i on a nd su st ena nceofa f am i l y”s uch asm ar r i agean d c hi l dbi rt h a nd th o s e thatha ve “s uch att r i but esasr el at i ve sm al l nes s, a hi gh de gr eeofs el ec t i vi t y i n de ci si ons t o be g i n a n d ma i n t a i n t h e a f f i l i a t i o n , a n d s e c l u s i o n f r o m o t h e r si n c r i t i cal aspect s oft he r el at i onshi p. ” Id . at 61 9- 20 , 10 4 S . C t . at 32 50 . I nst r um ent al as so c i at i onsi ncl udeas so ci at i ng w i t h ot her s “i n pur su i tofa w i de var i et y of pol i t i cal , soci al , econom i c, educat i onal , r el i gi ou s, and cul t ur al ends. ” Id . at 622 , 104 S . Ct . at3252 . The Supr em e C ourtha s st at ed t hatt he C ons t i t ut i on does not r ecogn i ze a gener al i zed r i ght of“soci al associ at i on. ” City of D al l asv. Stangl i n, 49 0 U . S . 19 , 25 , 10 9 S . C t . 15 91 , 15 95 ( 19 89 ) . The C ourtadded t hati ti s possi bl e t o f i nd som e ”ker nel ofexpre s si on” i n m any act i vi t i es, in c lu d in g “ w a lk in g d o w n t h e s t r e e to r m e e t in g o n e ’s f r ie n d s a t a s h o p p in g m a ll, buts uch a ke r neli s nots uf f i ci entt o br i ng t he ac t i vi t y w i t hi n t he pr ot ec t i on of9

t he Fi r stA m endm ent . ” Id . , 10 9 S . C t . at15 95 . A d d itional l y, t he C ourthas sta ted tha t “F i rst A m e n d m e n t [ p rote c ti o n ] d o e s n o t ex ten d t o jo i n i n g w i th ot her s f ort he pur pose of depr i vi ng t hi r d part i es oft hei rl aw f ul r i ghts . ” Madsen
v. Wo m e n’

s Health Ctr. , I

nc . , 512 U. S. 753, 776, 114 S. Ct . 2516 , 2530 (1 9 9 4 ). A n a ly s is U nl i k e s t a t u t e swh i c h a r e p o t e n t i a l l ya p p l i c a b l e t o a l l p e r s o n s , ga ng i nj un c t i on sa pp l y on l y t o t ho s e c r e a t i ng a “ pu bl i c nu i s a nc e . ”Se c t i on 125. 062 s t a t e st h a t“ a c o m b in a t io n o rc r im in a l s t r e e tg a n g t h a tc o n t in u o u s lyo rre g u la r ly as so ci at esi n ga ng a ct i vi t i esi s a p ubl i c n ui sa nce . ” Tex. Ci v. Pr ac . & Rem . Code § 125 . 062 ( V er non 2005) . Thus , t hos e i nvol ved i n t he publ i c n ui sa ncear e n ot g e n e ra l m e m b e rso f th e p u b l i c b u t a re a c ti v e p a rti c i p a n ts i n a g a n g . See i d. §§ 12 5. 06 2, 12 5. 06 5( a) . Furt her , gang i nj uncti ons ar e enf or ceabl e onl y agai nst i ndi vi dua l s w ho “ kno w i ngl y” vi ol at e an i nj unc t i on pr ovi si on. Tex. Pena l Code A n n . § 7 1 .0 2 1 (a ). Loo ki ng a tt he as so ci at i on pr ohi bi t ed her e, t he gat her i ngsw i t hi n t he z one do not f i t t he cat egor y of i nt i m at e associ at i ons, as V C i s a l ar ge gr ou p t hat d o e sn o t o u tw a rd l ya p p e a r to h a v e fa m i l y -re l a te d m o t i v a ti o n s . S e eRo b erts , 468 U . S. at620, 104 S . Ct . at3250 . The ga t her i ngsdo n otf al l i nt o t he i nst r um ent al associ at i on cat egor y, ei t her , as t he gr oup does notappeart o m eet10

i n p u b l i c fo r p o l i ti c a l , e c o n o m i c , e d u c a ti o n a l , re l i g i o u s , o r c u l tu ra l p u rp o s e s . C f. Ro b erts , 4 6 8 U .S . a t 6 2 2 , 1 0 4S . C t. a t 3 2 5 2 (n o ti n g th a t th e J a y c e e s , a non pr of i tci vi c or gani zat i on, f el l undert he cat egor y ofan i nst r um ent al as so ci at i on) . As t o Appel l ant ’ s ar gum entt hatV C ga ng m e m b e rs m e etf or soci al pur poses, t he S upr e m e C o u rthas pr evi ousl y st at ed t hatsoci al a s s oci at i ons ar e notr ecogn i zed as pr ot ect ed associ at i ons und ert he Fi r st A m e n d m e n t. S e eS ta nglin , 49 0 U . S . at 25 , 10 9 S . C t . at 15 95 . I n t hi s case, t he V C s oci alas so ci at i on r os e t o t he l eve l ofa publ i c nui sa nce , w hi ch i s w hy t he i nj unc t i onsw er e i ss ued . The t em por ary i nj unc t i on pl ai nl y s t at est hatt he S a fe ty Zonean d i nj unc t i ve r es t r i ct i onsar e i n pl ac e t o pr eve ntga ng- r el at ed cr i m i nalac t i vi t y by VC me mb e r s . B a s e d o n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c so ft h e a s s o c i a t i o n ati s s u e , VC
m em ber s do not f al l w i t hi n anyoft he Fi r stA m end m ent ’ s pr ot ec t ed cl as se s of a s s o c i a ti o n . See Pe ople ex rel . Gal lo v. A cun a , 9 2 9 P .2 d 5 9 6 , 6 1 3 , 6 1 5 (C a l .), certdeni

ed, 521 U . S. 1121 ( 199 7) ( r ej ec t i ng ov er br ea dt h c ha l l eng e t o ga ng i nj unc t i on a nd uphol di ng an i nj unc t i ve r es t r i ct i on t hatpr ohi bi t ed app el l antf r om

“ s t a n d in g , s it t in g , w a lk in g , d r iv in g , g a t h e r in g o r a p p e a r in g a n y w h e r e in p u b lic
v i e w ” “ w i th a n yo th e r k n o w n V S T[g a n g ] m e m b e r” ). A ppe l l antar gue s t hatt he as so ci at i on pr ohi bi t i on i n t he i nj unc t i on doe s not t ake f am i l y m em ber s i nt o consi der at i on. W hi l e i ti s t r ue t hati fA ppel l anthas11

gang m em berr el at i ves t he i nj uncti on r est r i ct s hi m f r om associ at i ng w i t h t hem , th e i n j u n c ti o n d o e s c l a ri fy th a t th i sre s tri c ti o n a p p l i e so n l yw h e n th e p a rti e s a re i n pub l i c vi ew , an d i tpr ovi desex ce pt i onst o t he r es tri c ti on f ors cho ol obl i gat i ons and f or m i nor s i n t he com pany of a par ent or guar di an. C r eat i ng an out r i ghtex ce pt i on t o t he i nj unc t i on f orf am i l i alas so ci at i on i n t he Saf et y Zone c o u l d m a k e th e i n j u n c ti o n l e s se ffe c ti v e fo r d e a l i n g w i th th e c o l l e c ti v e n a tu re o f g a n g a c t i v i ty . S ee Peop le v. Engl ebrecht, 106 Cal . Rp t r . 2d 738, 758 ( 20 01 ) ( hol di ng t hat “any l i ber al i zat i on of t he i nj uncti on t o t ry t o al l ow gr eat er f am i l i alco nt ac ti n t he t ar getar ea w oul d l i m i tt he effe c ti v ene ssoft he i nj unct i o n ” ) . B a s e d o n t h e t y p e o f a s s o c i a t i o n p r e v e n t e d , we h o l d t hat i nj unc t i ve pr ovi si on 2 oft he t em por ary a nd pe r m ane nti nj unc t i onsan d pr ovi si on 29 i n th e t em por ary i nj unc t i on do notr es t r i cta su bs t ant i alam ountof c o n stit u t io n a l l yp rote c ted co n d u c t. W e o v e rr u l e A p p e l l a n t’ s o v e rbre a d th chal l enge r egar di ng t hose pr ovi si ons.

2 . V a g u e n e s so ft e r ms A p p e l l a n t arg u e s th a t pro v i sion s 2 9 an d 2 are v a g u e b e c a u se the yv i o l a te t h e p r in c ip le t h a t o r d in a ry p e o p le m u s tb e a b le t o u n d e r s t a n d w h a tc o n d u c tis pr ohi bi t ed . H e a rg u est hatt he r es t r i ct ed add r es se s i n pr ovi si on 29 ar e t oo vag ue t o i nf or m hi m oft he i nj unc t i on’ s bound ar i esan d t hatpr ovi si on 2 i s vag ue r egar di ng per sons he cannot appearw i t h i n pub l i c.12 A ppl i cabl e Law Th e vo i d- f or - va gu e ne s s do c t r i ne s t a t e s t ha t a l a w i s vo i d i f i t f a i l s to def i ne t he cr i m i nal of f ense w i t h “suf f i ci entdef i ni t eness t hat or di nar y peop l e can u n d e r s t a n d w h a t c o n d u c tisp r o h ib it e d a n d in a m a n n e rt h a td o e sn o tp e r m it ar bi t r ary and d is c rim i nat or y enf or cem ent . ” Lawrence v. S tate , 240 S. W . 3d 9 1 2 , 9 1 5 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 7 ). I f t h e l a w d o e s n o t su b sta n ti a l l yi m p l i c a te c o n s t it u t io n a llyp r o t e c t e d c o n d u c t , it isv a lid u n le s sitisim p e r m is s ib lyv a g u e in a l l a p p l i c a ti o n s . V

i l l age of Hoff m an Estates , 4 5 5 U .S . a t 4 9 5

– 9 6 , 1 0 2 S . C t. at11 92 . A sci ent er r equi r em enti n a st at ut e al l evi at es concer ns ofvaguen ess. G o nza lesv. Ca rh a rt, 1 2 7 S . C t. 1 6 1 0 , 1 6 2 8 (2 0 0 7 ). A n a ly s is A ppe l l antar gue s th a t p rovi si on 29 i s vag ue duet o t he l ac k o fa l i stof s p e c i fi c a d d re s s e sth a t h e c a n n o t e n te r a n d b e c a u s e th e p ro v i s i o n ’s geo gr aph i ca l s cop e i s “c onf us i ng. ” But pr ovi si on 29 pr ohi bi t s A ppe l l antf r om

“ k n o w in g ly ” e n t e r in g p r o p e rt yo f“ a n o t h e rD e f e n d a n tw h o isa p a r t y t o t h is l aw su i toran y ot heri ndi vi dua l w ho t he D ef e n d antkn ow s i s a m em beroft he V C . ” Thus, A ppel l antw i l l onl y vi ol at e t hi s pr ovi si on i fhe has know l edge t hat th e p ro p e rtyi sth a t o f a p a rtyto th e l a w s u i t o r a V C g a n g m e m b e r. A ppe l l ant had not i ce t hat he cou l d not kno w i ngl y ent er t he V C g ang m em berpr opert i es because bot h t he t em p o rar y i nj uncti on l i st ed hi m as a13

def end antan d s pec i f i ca l l y l i st ed t he ot herde f end ant s. Appel l antw asnot pr ohi bi t ed f r om ent er i ng t he Saf et y Zone i t se l forva r i ousot herne i ghbor hoods
w it h in W ic h it a C o u n t y ; r a t h e r , h e c o u ld n o te n t e rt h e p r o p e rt yo fs p e c if ic a lly l i st ed def end ant s and pe r so nskn ow n t o hi m asV C ga ng m em ber s. The t ext ofpr ovi si on 29 i s nots o di f f i cul tt hatan or di nary pe r so n c oul d notunde r st and i t ; i ts pec i f i est hatA ppe l l antco ul d not ent er kno w n gan g m em ber pr ope rt i esor pr ope rt i esbe l ongi ng t o s pec i f i ca l l y l i st ed per so ns , pr eve nti n g a rbi t r ary a nd d i sc ri m i n a to ry p o l i c e en fo rce m e n t. A p p e l l a n t al so arg u e s th a t pro v i sion 2 i s v a g u e b e c a u s e it a p p e a rs to pr ohi bi tA ppe l l ant ’ s ent i r e p r es enc e w i t hi n t he Saf et y Zonew i t houtpr ovi di ng gui del i nes f orhi s behav iorw hi l e i n t hatzone. Pr ovi si on 2 cl ear l y descr i bes
w h a t he ca n n o t do w i th i n the S a fety Z o n e a n d p e rso n s h e c a n n o t be se e n w i th i n pub l i c. The i nj unc t i ons bot h st at e w i t h sp ec i f i ci t y t he out erboun dar i esoft he S af et y Zo ne, i ncl udi ng m aj or st r eet nam es, bl ock num ber s, an d d i st ance i ncl uded f r om t he cur b l i ne. The S af et y Zo ne cl ear l y encom p assest he ar ea w her e V C m em ber s ar e a publ i c nui sance: t he in ju n ct i on st at es t hat“unl ess enj oi ned , t he D ef end ant s w i l l co nt i nuet o us e t he ‘ V C Saf et y Zone#1‘ f ort he pur poses of engag i ng i n or gani zed cr i m i nal act i vi t y as w el l as ot hergang r el at ed5 ... Pr ovi si on 29 oft he t em por ary i nj unc t i on a nd 26 oft he per m ane nt

i nj uncti on pr ohi bi t A ppel l antf r om ent er i ng V C and l i st ed def endan t s’ pr opert i es w i t hi n W i chi t a Count y. 14 cond uct . ” The i nj uncti on l ar gel y pr oscr i bes cond uctw i t hi n t hese boun dar i es; 5 t he pol i ce t her ef or e had cl ea rgui del i nesf orar r es t s f ori nj unc t i on v i ol at i onsan d c o u l d n o t a rb i tra ri l ya rre s t A p p e l l a n t w i th i n th e S a fe tyZ o n e . C f . Chicago v. Morales , 527 U . S. 41, 64, 11 9 S . C t . 1849 , 1863 ( 199 9) ( hol di ng l oi t er i ng or di nan ceunc ons t i t ut i ona l l y vag ue duet o t he vas tpol i cedi sc r et i on i n or der i ng d i s p e rs a l o f a n yp e rs o n ). A p p e ll an t al so argu es t ha t prov i si on 2 of t he t em po r ary i nj un cti on is
u n c o n s t it u t io n a llyv a g u e b e c a u s e it p r e v e n t s h im f r o m a p p e a r in g in p u b lic w it h in t h e S a f e t y Z o n e w it h a n y o n e “ c h a r g e d w it h a c r im in a l o f f e n s e .” H e a r g u e st h is cl aus e i s notac com pan i ed w i t h gui del i nest o pr eve ntar bi t r a ry a nd d i sc ri m i n a to ry e n fo rce m e n t. If A p p e ll a n t ac tu a l l yh a d b e e n ch a rge d w i th vi ol ati n g th i s cl aus e, w e m ay hav e b ee n pr es ent ed w i t h a di f f er entque st i on bec aus e t he phr as e i s e x p a ns i ve r ega r di ng w hatpe r so nsar e o f f

- l i m i t s f r om publ i c e nco unt er s. The phr as e c oul d i ncl udepe r so nsch ar ged w i t h of f ens esnot know n t o A ppel l ant , al l ow i ng a potent i al ar r estw hen A ppel l anthad no n ot i ce t hathe w as vi ol at i ng t he i nj uncti on. H ow ev e r, A ppel l antw as notar r est ed unde rt hi s cl aus e o f t he i nj unc t i ve pr ovi si on. Appel l antw asar r es t ed t w i cef or6 ... A ppe l l antal so ar gue s t hatpr ovi si on 2 i s vag ue bec aus e i tdoe s not

def i ne “gang m em ber . ” Thi s ar gum entis fla w e d b ecause t her e i s a s ci ent er r equ i r em enti n t he t extoft he i nj unc t i on f ora vi ol at i on t o oc cur . Appel l ant m ustknow t he per son i s a m em berofV C oranot herst r eetgang. The sci ent er re q u i re m e n t re m o v e sc o n c e rn so f v a g u e n e s s . S ee G onzalez , 12 7 S . C t . at 1 6 2 8 ; se e al

soA cun a , 92 9 P . 2d at 61 3 ( 19 97 ) ( hol di ng w i t h r espectt o si m i l ar g a n g i n j u n c ti o n sth a t tri a l c o u rtss h o u l d fi n d th e re q u i re m e n t o f d e fe n d a n t’s k n o w l e d g e to b e i m p l i e d i n th e i n j u n c ti o n ). 15 vi ol atin g pr ovi si on 2 by appear i ng i n pub l i c w i t h ot herper sons nam ed as d e f e n d a n t sin t h e t e m p o r a ryin ju n c t io n . T h is c la u s e w a sn o te v e n in c lu d e d in t he per m ane nt i nj unc t i on now i n pl ac e. Thus , A ppe l l antdoe s notha ve st and i ng to c h a l l e n g e th i sc l a u s e . S e eG o yzu e ta , 266 S . W . 3d at 133 ( “[ I ] f t her e i s no con st i t ut i ona lde f ec ti n t he app l i ca t i on oft he st at ut e t o a l i t i gan t , he doe s not h a v e s ta n d i n g to a rg u e t h a ti t w o u l d b e u n c o n s ti tu ti o n a l i f a p p l i e d to th i rd p a rti e si n h y p o th e ti c a l s i tu a ti o n s .” ). 6 B. U si ng ga ng ha nd s i gnsan d w ea r i ng ga ng c l ot hi ng P ro v i s i o n s1 5 o f th e p e rm a n e n t i n j u n c ti o n a n d 1 6 o f th e te m p o ra ry i nj uncti on pr ohi bi tA ppel l antf r om ”[ u] si ng or m aki ng w or ds, phr ases, physi cal g e s t u r e s , o rs y m b o ls , c o m m o n lyk n o w n a sg a n g h a n d s ig n so re n g a g in g in ot herf or m s ofco m m u n i c at i on w hi ch D ef end antkn ow s des cr i bes , r ef er s, or id e n t if ie s m e m b e r s o f t h e c o m b in a t io n , o r w e a r in g c lo t h e s t h a tp a rt ic u la r ly i d e n ti fym e m b e rs h i p i n th e c o m b i n a ti o n .”

1. O ver br ea dt h a nd F i r stA m end m entSpee ch C onc er ns7 ... A ppe l l antw asch ar ged w i t h a nd c onvi ct ed ofvi ol at i ng bo t h. 16 G ang ha nd s i gns A ppe l l ant ar gue s t hat pr ovi si on 16 of t he t em por ary i nj unc t i o n an d pr ovi si on 15 oft he per m ane nti nj unc t i on 7 cr ea t e an unc ons t i t ut i ona l r es t r i ct i on on s pee ch. Appel l antf i r stt ar get s t he cl aus e t h a t pr ohi bi t s t he us e o fga ng si gns and gest ur es t o i denti f y m em ber shi p i n a gang. A ppel l antar gues t hese pr ovi si onsen com pas s pr ot ec t ed sp ee ch, m ak i ng t hem ove r br oad . A ppl i cabl e Law A l aw i s con t ent - neu t r alw hen i ti s j u s ti fi e d w i t houtr ef er enc e t o t he c o n te n t o f th e re g u l a te d s p e e c h . Bartnicki v. Vopp er, 532 U. S. 514, 526, 121 S. Ct . 1 7 5 3 , 1 7 6 0 ( 200 1) . The Supr em e Courti n Madsenp o i n ted o u t a si g ni f i ca ntdi f f er enc e b et w ee n i nj unc t i onsan d s t at ut esi n t he con t extof p ro te c te d s p e e c h c l a i m s . Madsen , 5 1 2 U. S . a t7 6 2 , 1 1 4S . Ct . a t2 5 2 3 . An i nj uncti on can r egul at e a part i cul argr oup ( ori ndi vi dual s) and i t s speech because oft he gr oup ’ s pastact i ons i n t he contextofa speci f i c di s p u te b e tw e en r eal p a rti e s . Id ., 1 1 4S . C t. at 2 5 2 3 . T h e p a rt i e s s e e k in g t h e in j u n c ti o n as se rta v i o l a ti o n o f t h e i r r i g h ts, an d the co u rth e a ri n g the ac ti o n i s c h a rge d w i th fas h i o n i n g a re m e d yfor a sp e c i fi c d e p ri v a ti o n , n o t w i th th e d rafti n g o f a s tatu te a d d re s s e d t o th e g e n e ra l p u b l i c . Id ., 1 1 4S . C t . a t2 5 2 3 . A n in ju n c t io n is17

c o n te n t-n e u tra l w h e n i t d o e sn o t p ro h i b i t a p a rti c u l a r m e s s a g e . Id ., 1 1 4S . C t. a t 2 5 2 3 . T h e p e rso n s p roh i b i ted m a y a l l h a p p e n to s h a re th e sa m e v i e w p o i n t, but t h is d o e s notm ean t hatt he i nj uncti on w as cr eat ed t o quash a part i cul ar v i e w p o i n t. S e eid . , 114 S. Ct . a t2523 .18 S t andar d ofRev i ew The s t and ar d w hen eva l uat i ng a co nt ent - neu t r ali nj unc t i on i s w het hert he c h a l l e n g e d p ro v i s i o n o f th e i n j u n c ti o n b u rd e n sn o m o re s p e e c h th a n n e c e s s a ry to s e rv e a s i g n i fi c a n t g o v e rn m e n t i n te re s t. Id. at 765 , 114 S . Ct . at2525 . The i n j u n c ti o n m u st e m p l o y th e l e a st res tr i c ti v e m e a n s to ac c o m p l i sh i ts l e g i ti m a te p u rp o s e . Id . a t775, 114 S. Ct . a t2530 . A n a ly s is Th i s i nj uncti on i s cont ent - neutr al because i t di d not pr ohi bi tany part i cul ar gang si gn m essage; r at her , i t pr ohi bi t ed t he use ofal l gang si gns and gest ur es w i th i n th e d e l i n e a te d zo n e . S ee id . at763, 114 S . Ct . at2523 ( st at i ng t he i nj unc t i on w asco nt ent - neu t r albe ca us e none of t he r es t r i ct i onsi m pos ed by t he c o u rt w e re d i re c te d a t th e c o n te n ts o f p e ti ti o n e r’s m e s s a g e ). In th i s c a s e , th e re w er e s eve r ali m port antgov er nm enti nt er es t s i n pr eve nt i ng V C m em ber s f r om usi ng t he S af et y Zo ne t o engag e i n c rim i nal act i vi t y t hatendang er s t hose
r esi di ng w i t hi n t he zone. Th e i nj uncti on i t sel fsays t he def endan t s ar e enj oi ned fro m g a n g -re l a te d c o n d u c t b e c a u s e “ [s ]u c h a c ts c o n s ti tu te i rre p a ra b l e h a rm bec aus e t heyj eop ar di z e t he sa f et y a nd w el l be i ng oft he ci t i z ensl i vi ng i n t he ‘V C S a f e t y Z o n e # 1 .‘ ” T h e r e isa n a d d it io n a l im p lie d g o v e r n m e n tin t e r e s tin pr eve nt i ng t he i nci t em entofvi ol enc e b ec aus e, be yond ge ner ali den t i f i ca t i on, th e g a n g s i g n sc a n a l s o b e u s e d a s th re a ts o r to p ro v o k ea v i o l e n t e v e n t. S ee19

Sa enz v. S tate , 976 S . W .2 d 3 1 4 , 3 18 ( Tex. A pp. — C or pusChr i st i1998 , no pet . ) ( descr i bi ng gan g si gn l angu age t hati ndi cat ed t hr eat s ofvi ol ence bet w een g a n g m e m b e rs ). The bu r den on Appel l ant ’ s and t he l i st ed def end ant s’ s pee ch i s not b e y o n d t h e m e a n sn e c e s s a ryt o m a in t a in a s a f e a r e a . T h e p r o v is io n isn o ta llenc om pas si ng, as A ppe l l ant ar gue s; i tna r r ow l y pr ohi bi t s sp ee ch vi a g ang s i gns and gest ur es onl y. Th er ef or e, A ppel l ant can speak abou t a w i de r ange of t opi cs w i t hi n t he Saf et y Zonew i t houtha vi ng hi s sp ee ch r es t r ai ne d. The i nj unc t i on app l i esi n e qua l f or cet o a l l ga ng s i gns , notj us tV C s i g n s , m ea ni ng t he i n j u n c ti o n d o e s n o t fo c u so n A p p e l l a n t’sp a rti c u l a ri z e d m e s s a g e . S ee Madsen , 51 2 U . S . at76 3, 11 4 S . C t . at25 23 ( st at i ng “non e oft he r est r i ct i ons i m posed b yth e c o u rt w e re d i re c te d a t th e c o n te n ts o f p e ti ti o n e r’sm e s s a g e ” ); see al so City o f Ren to n v. P

l a y ti m eT h ea ters, I

n c ., 475 U. S. 41, 47, 106 S. Ct . 925, 929 ( 19 86 ) ( hol di ng t hatt he r est r i ct i on w as content - neutr al because i t w as ai m ed at t he secondar y ef f ect s i n t he sur r oun di ng com m uni t y, not a t a p a rt i cul ar m e ss a g e ). T h e refo re, t h e p rov i sion b u rde n s n o m o re s p e e c h tha n n e c e ss a ry to p ro te c t th e s a fe tyo f th e n e i g h b o rh o o d . S ee Madsen , 512 U. S. a t 776, 114 S . C t. a t 2 5 3 0 (h o l d i n g th a t b u ffe r z o n e a n d n o i s e re s tri c ti o n sb u rd e n e d n o m o re sp e e c h tha n n e c e ss a ry to e l i m i n a te th e u n l a w fu l co n d u c t r e straine d i n the sta te8 ... Th e pr ovi si ons ar e i denti cal , and A ppel l antw as char ged and convi ct ed

f orvi ol at i ng bo t h. 20 court ’ s i nj uncti on) . W e over r ul e A ppe l l ant ’ s over br eadt h chal l enge f ort hese pr ovi si ons. 2. V aguen ess A ppe l l antne xtar gue s t hatpr ovi si on 15 oft he per m ane nt i nj unc t i on a nd 16 8oft he t em por ar y i nj uncti on ar e uncon st i t ut i onal l y vague. H e ar gues t hat th e re i sn o d e fi n i ti o n o f “ w o rd s , p h ra s e s , p h y s i c a l g e s tu re s o r s y m b o l s ” th a t a re

“ c o m m o n l yk n o w n a sg a n g h a n d s i g n s .” A p p lic a b leL a w a n d A n a ly s is Bas ed on t he pr evi ous l y s t at ed voi d- f or - vag uen es s doc t r i ne, t he pr ovi si on a p p e a r st o d e f in e t h e c o n d u c t s u f f ic ie n t ly f o r o r d in a ry p e o p le t o u n d e r s t a n d it a n d fo r p o l i c e o ffice rsto e n fo rc e th e p ro v i s i o n n o n a rb i tra ri l y . S ee Lawrence , 24 0 S . W . 3d at91 5. The l angu age i ndi cat es very speci f i c m ot i ons and ph r ases t hr oug h l i m i t i ng t he subj ectm at t ert o hand gest ur es t hat i denti f y t he per son as a g a n g me mb e r . T h e l a n g u a g e i s s p e c i f i c e n o u g h t o p r e v e n t a r b i t r ar y a nd d i s c ri m i n a to rye n fo rc e m e n t b e c a u s e h a n d g e s tu re su s e d b yg a n g sa re conspi cuou s and not di f f i cul tt o det er m i ne, especi al l y by t r ai ned po l i ce of f i cer s. S e eA vile s v. S tate , N o. 05- 07- 004 77- C R, 2008 W L 185077 9, at*4 ( Tex. A pp. — D al l as A pr . 28, 200 8, pet . r ef ’ d) ( not des i gna t ed f or p u b l i c at i on)21

( di scussi ng G ar l and’ s i ncl usi on of gan g h a n d si gns i n t he m ul t i

- f act orsyst em us ed f ori den t i fyi ng po t ent i alga ng m em ber s) . Asi de f r om t r ai ni ng a nd exper i ence, pol i ce of f i cer s m ay even r el y on st at ut or y l angu age as a gui de, such ass ec t i on 71. 01( d) oft he pen al cod e, w hi ch st at est hat“ ‘ cr i m i nals t r ee tga ng’
m eans t hr ee orm or e per sonsshar

i ng a com m on i

den tifyi ng si gn or s ym bol or a n i den t i f i abl e l ea der sh i p w ho c ont i nuous l y orr egu l ar l y a ss oci at e i n t he com m i ss i on of cr i m i nal ac t i vi t i es . ” Tex. Pena l C ode A nn. § 7 1 .0 1 ( V er non 2 0 0 3 ) (e m p h a s i sa d d e d ). A ppe l l antal so m ak esa vag uen es s cha l l eng e r ega r di ng t he gan g c l ot hi ng r es t r i ct i ons f ound i n pr ovi si ons 15 of t he per m ane nt i nj unc t i on and 16 o f the t e m p o r a ryin ju n c t io n a r e u n c o n s t it u t io n a llyv a g u e . B a s e d o n t h e p r e v io u s ly st at ed voi d- f or - vaguen ess s t andar d, t he pr ovi si ons def i ne t he cond uct s u f f ic ie n t lyf o ro r d in a ry p e o p le t o u n d e r s t a n d it . T h e la n g u a g e isa ls o s p e c if ic eno ugh t o pr eve ntar bi t r ary a nd di sc r i m i nat ory e nf or ce m entbe ca us e g ang c o l o rsa re c o m m o n l yk n o w n i n a re g i o n , e s p e c i a l l y b yth e p o l i c e . S ee Beasley v. S tate , 9 0 2 S .W .2 d 4 5 2 , 4 5 4(T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 5 ) (d i s c u s s i n g o ffice r’s k n o w l e d g e o f a p p e l l a n t’sg a n g m e m b e rs h i p b a s e d o n s p e c i fi c c o l o r o f c l o th i n g ); A n derso nv. S tate , 901 S . W . 2d 946 , 948 ( Tex. C r i m . A pp. 1995 ) ( di sc us si ng of f i ce r ’ s t es t i m ony t hathekn ew de f end antw asa g a n g m em berbe ca us e h e w asi n c om pan y ofga ng m em ber s and w or e a gan g T- sh i rt ) . The p ol i cew i l l not22

b e fr e e to p u rsu e the i r pe rso n a l p r e d i l e c ti o n s b e c a u se the yw i l l b e l i m i ted to s t o p p in g n a m e d d e f e n d a n t s w h o c h o o s e t o w e a r g a n g -s ig n if y in g c lo t h in g w it h in t he S af e ty Zon e. W e over r ul e A ppel l ant ’ s vagueness chal l enge t o t hese p rov i sion s, an d w e o v e rr u l e A p p e l l a n t’ s fo u rt h p o i n t. V . C onc l us i on H a v i n g o v e rr u l e d allfou r of A p p e l l a n t’ s p o i n ts, w e affi rm the j u d g m e n t. P E R CU R I AM PA N EL: GA RD N ER, W A LKER, an d M C C O Y, JJ. DO NO T P UBLI SH Tex. R. A pp. P. 47. 2( b) DEL I VERE D: F e br ua ry 12, 2009