J-A29030-18

____________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN RE: ADOPTION OF I.A.I.R.

APPEAL OF: H.R., FATHER

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 2159 EDA 2018

Appeal from the Order Entered June 21, 2018

In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County Orphans' Court at 

No(s): No. 2016-A-0181

BEFORE: OTT, J., DUBOW, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E. *

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED JANUARY 23, 2019

Appellant, H.R. (“Father”), appeals from the June 21, 2018 Order 

entered in the Montgomery County Orphans’ Court, which involuntarily 

terminated his parental rights to I.A.I.R. (“Child”). Upon careful review, we 

affirm.

A detailed recitation of the factual and procedural history is unnecessary 

to our disposition. Briefly, Child was born in February of 2016. On or around 

March 22, 2016, Montgomery County Office of Children and Youth (“OCY”) 

and the Norristown Police Department (“Police”) received a report that Child 

was born as a result of incest and had not received any pre-natal or post-natal 

medical care. OCY and Police went to the home of then-48-year-old Father 

and his daughter, then-21-year-old N.R. (“Mother”), where Father admitted 

to Police that he was the biological father to both Mother and Child. Police 

subsequently arrested Father and OCY obtained an Order for Emergency 
J-A29030-18

- 2 -

Custody. On April 5, 2016, the trial court adjudicated Child dependent and 

placed Child in foster care after hearing evidence that Father was incarcerated, 

charged with Incest,

1 and had admitted to OCY and Police that he was the 

biological father of both Mother and Child. The trial court also heard evidence 

that OCY had concerns about Mother’s mental health and the safety of Child. 

Specifically, Mother was unwilling to cooperate with OCY, was unwilling to 

accept services and baby supplies from OCY, and was unwilling to obtain 

medical care for Child.

On September 9, 2016, Father entered a guilty plea to Incest, and on 

April 17, 2018, the court sentenced Father to a term of 5 to 10 years’ 

incarceration.

After Father entered his guilty plea but prior to his sentencing hearing, 

on November 14, 2016, OCY filed a Petition to Terminate Father’s Parental 

Rights. 

The trial court held termination of parental rights hearings on March 1, 

2017 and June 21, 2018. Relevant to this appeal, Detective Kathleen Kelly 

testified that Father admitted to Police that Child was conceived as a result of 

incest: “Father said he was the baby’s father as well as Mother’s father.” N.T. 

TPR Hearing, 3/1/17, at 9. Intake social worker Christin Salazar testified that

when she was investigating the allegations of incest, Father also told her that 

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S. § 4302.
J-A29030-18

- 3 -

he was the biological father of both Mother and Child. Id. Finally, CYS 

introduced a certified copy of Father’s criminal record without objection. 

On June 21, 2018, the trial court granted the Petition and involuntarily 

terminated Father’s parental rights to Child on the basis that Child was 

conceived as a result of incest pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(7) and that 

termination would be in Child’s best interest pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 

2511(b).

2

 Father timely appealed. Both Father and the trial court complied with 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925. 

Father raises the following issues on appeal:

1. Does [Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(7)] violate 14th Amendment Equal 

Protection Clause safeguards where the basis for terminating 

parental rights apply only to men without any exceedingly 

persuasive justification for the distinction between genders and 

this distinction is not substantially related to any governmental 

interest?

2. Did the trial court err in terminating birth father’s parental 

rights where insufficient evidence established a 

consanguineous relationship between birth father and birth 

mother where no DNA evidence or testimony from family 

members established a blood relationship between birth 

mother and birth father?

Father’s Brief at 4 (some capitalization omitted). 

In his first issue, Father claims that the trial court erred in terminating 

Father’s parental rights because the statute forming the basis of termination, 

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(7), makes an unconstitutional gender distinction in 

____________________________________________

2 The trial court also terminated Mother’s parental rights.
J-A29030-18

- 4 -

violation of the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution as well as 

Article 1, Section 28 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. Father’s Brief at 7-8, 

10 (citing U.S. Const. Am. XIV; Pa. Const. Art. 1, Sec. 28). 

Pennsylvania law is clear that when a party challenges the 

constitutionality of any statute, and the Commonwealth is not a party in the 

matter, the challenging party is required to notify the Attorney General of 

Pennsylvania so that the Attorney General has the opportunity to be heard. 

In re J.Y., 754 A.2d 5, 11 (Pa. Super. 2000). See also Pa.R.C.P. No. 235; 

Pa.R.A.P. 521(a). The party is required to file proof of service of such notice. 

See Pa.R.C.P. No. 235; Pa.R.A.P. 521(a) “Failure to do so results in waiver 

of the claim.” In re A.H., 763 A.2d 873, 880 (Pa. Super. 2000) (citation 

omitted).

Instantly, our review of the record reveals that the Commonwealth is 

not a party in this matter and Father failed to notify the Attorney General of 

Pennsylvania that he was challenging the constitutionality of Section 

2511(a)(7). Accordingly, we are constrained to find that Father has waived 

this claim and decline to address its merits.

3

 

____________________________________________

3 We note that 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(7) states, in pertinent part, that a court 

may involuntarily terminate parental rights if “[t]he parent is the father of a 

child conceived as a result of a rape or incest.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(7) 

(emphasis added). We acknowledge that the statute does, in fact, make a 

distinction based on gender. Notably, the criminal statute defining Incest does 

not make a distinction based on gender and provides: “a person is guilty 

of incest, a felony of the second degree, if that person knowingly marries or 

cohabits or has sexual intercourse with an ancestor or descendant, a brother 
J-A29030-18

- 5 -

In his second issue, Father avers that OCY failed to present clear and 

convincing evidence of a consanguineous relationship between Father and 

Mother to warrant a termination of parental rights under Section 2511(a)(7). 

Father argues that OCY failed to introduce any DNA evidence and that all of 

the evidence regarding the blood relationship between Father and Mother 

came from Father’s own statements. Father argues that “[a]ny person

admitting to engaging in a sexual relationship with his or her progeny 

inherently lacks credibility.” Father’s Brief at 12. Father’s argument is 

nonsensical and lacks merit.

The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases requires 

appellate courts “to accept the findings of fact and credibility determinations 

of the trial court if they are supported by the record.” In re Adoption of 

S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826 (Pa. 2012). “If the factual findings are supported, 

appellate courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law or 

abused its discretion.” Id. We may reverse a decision based on an abuse of 

discretion only upon demonstration of “manifest unreasonableness, partiality, 

prejudice, bias, or ill-will.” Id. We may not reverse, however, merely because 

the record would support a different result. Id. at 826-27. 

____________________________________________

or sister of the whole or half blood or an uncle, aunt, nephew or niece of the 

whole blood.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 4302(a). In light of this disparity, it would be 

beneficial for the legislature to reevaluate the language of 23 Pa.C.S. § 

2511(a)(7).
J-A29030-18

- 6 -

The burden is upon the petitioner to prove by clear and convincing 

evidence that the “asserted grounds for seeking the termination of parental 

rights are valid.” In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d 273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009). We 

have explained that “[t]he standard of clear and convincing evidence is 

defined as testimony that is so clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to 

enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the 

truth of the precise facts in issue.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). 

We give great deference to trial courts “that often have first-hand 

observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings.” In re T.S.M., 71 

A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013). “The trial court is free to believe all, part, or none 

of the evidence presented, and is likewise free to make all credibility 

determinations and resolve conflicts in the evidence.” In re M.G., 855 A.2d 

68, 73-74 (Pa. Super. 2004). 

Instantly, the trial court terminated Father’s parental rights pursuant to 

Section 2511(a)(7), which provides that a court may terminate parental rights 

if the “parent is the father of a child conceived as a result of a rape or 

incest.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(7). While the Adoption Act does not 

specifically define “incest,” the Crimes Code states, in pertinent part, that 

“a person is guilty of incest . . . if that person knowingly . . . has sexual 

intercourse with an ancestor or descendant.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 4302(a).

The trial court made a finding that Father was the biological father of 

Mother and the biological Father of Child. See Trial Ct. Op., dated 7/24/18, 
J-A29030-18

- 7 -

at 18. The trial court also made an uncontested finding that Father pleaded 

guilty to the criminal charge of Incest in April 2018. Id. Finally, the trial 

court determined that the certified document containing Father’s conviction 

for the criminal charge of Incest provided the court with clear and 

convincing evidence regarding Father’s conviction for Incest, thereby 

proving the grounds for Section 2511(a)(7). Id. at 24. 

Our review of the record supports the trial court’s findings. Father fails 

to cite, and our research fails to reveal, any case law requiring the introduction 

of DNA evidence to prove an incestuous relationship pursuant to Section 

2311(a)(7). The trial court heard evidence from the Police as well as the OCY 

intake social worker that Father made multiple admissions that he was the 

biological father of Mother as well as Child. Moreover, the trial court heard 

evidence that Father pleaded guilty to the crime of Incest, thus admitting in 

criminal court that he had sexual intercourse with a descendant, and OCY 

introduced a certified copy of Father’s criminal record into the record without 

objection. Finally, Father failed to present any evidence to indicate that he 

was not, indeed, the biological father of Mother. 

Thus, the certified record supports the trial court’s findings of fact and 

conclusions of law and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding 

that OCY met its burden of proof with respect to Section 2511(a)(7).
J-A29030-18

- 8 -

We also agree with the Orphans’ Court’s determination that OCY met its 

burden under 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b) that terminating Father’s parental rights 

is in the best interest of the Child.

With respect to Section 2511(b), our analysis shifts focus from parental 

actions in fulfilling parental duties to the effect that terminating the parental 

bond will have on the child. Section 2511(b) “focuses on whether termination 

of parental rights would best serve the developmental, physical, and 

emotional needs and welfare of the child.” In re: Adoption of J.M., 991 A.2d 

321, 324 (Pa. Super. 2010).

In In re C.M.S., 884 A.2d 1284, 1287 (Pa. Super. 2005), this Court 

found that “intangibles such as love, comfort, security, and stability are 

involved in the inquiry into needs and welfare of the child.” In addition, the 

Orphans’ Court “must also discern the nature and status of the parent-child 

bond, with utmost attention to the effect on the child of permanently severing 

that bond.” Id. 

Most significantly, whether a meaningful bond exists is determined, first, 

by the extent to which a parent provides safety, security, and support for the 

child’s physical and mental needs, on a daily basis. If a meaningful bond is 

found to exist, the analysis hinges on the extent to which the child will be 

harmed by the severance of that bond. Thus, the bond-effect analysis 

necessarily depends on the circumstances of the particular case. In re K.Z.S., 

946 A.2d 753, 763 (Pa. Super. 2008). Importantly, in cases where there is 
J-A29030-18

- 9 -

no evidence of meaningful and extensive contact between a parent and a child, 

it is reasonable to infer that no bond exists. Id. at 762-63.

In this case, the evidence showed that Father has been incarcerated 

since Child was approximately one month old and has not had any contact 

with Child. The trial court opined, “[i]n this case credible testimony clearly 

established that there is no significant bond between [Child] and his birth 

parents.” See Trial Ct. Op., dated 7/24/18, at 27. The trial court further 

concluded, “this court finds that [Child] had bonded with his foster parents 

and their two other children in the family. [Child] is being nurtured there and 

is thriving in that setting, which is a preadoptive resource. . . . [Child] will not 

be irreparably harmed by the termination of his birth parents’ parental rights.” 

Id. at 28. The trial court concluded that termination of Father’s parental rights 

would be in Child’s best interests. Id. at 28.

The certified record supports the trial court’s findings of fact and 

credibility determinations. We discern no error of law and conclude that the 

trial court properly exercised its discretion in terminating Father’s parental 

rights. 

Order affirmed.
J-A29030-18

- 10 -

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 1/23/19