`[Federal Register Volume 73, Number 204 (Tuesday, October 21, 2008)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 62592-62742]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E8-23561]



[[Page 62591]]

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Part II





Department of the Interior





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Fish and Wildlife Service



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50 CFR Part 17



Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 48 Species on 
Kauai as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / 
Proposed Rules  

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[FWS-R1-ES-2008-0046; MO 9221050083-B2]
RIN 1018-AV48


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 48 Species 
on Kauai as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to 
list 48 species on the island of Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands as 
endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). 
We also propose to designate critical habitat for 47 of these species 
totaling 27,674 acres (ac) (11,199 hectares (ha)). Critical habitat 
designation is not prudent for one species, Pritchardia hardyi, which 
is threatened by overcollection, vandalism, or other human activity. 
This proposed rule, if made final, would extend the Act's protections 
to these species.

DATES: We will accept comments received on or before December 22, 2008. 
We must receive requests for public hearings, in writing, at the 
address shown in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section by 
December 5, 2008.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
     U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public Comments Processing, 
Attn: FWS-R1-ES-2008-0046; Division of Policy and Directives 
Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, 
Suite 222; Arlington, VA 22203.
    We will not accept e-mail or faxes. We will post all comments on 
http://www.regulations.gov. This generally means that we will post any 
personal information you provide us (see the ``Public Comments'' 
section below for more information).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Patrick Leonard, Field Supervisor, 
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Box 
50088, Honolulu, HI 96850; telephone 808-792-9400; facsimile 808-792-
9581. If you use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), call 
the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Public Comments

    We intend that any final action resulting from this proposal will 
be based on the best scientific and commercial data available and be as 
accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we request comments 
or suggestions on this proposed rule from the public, other concerned 
governmental agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other 
interested parties. We particularly seek comments concerning:
    (1) Specific information on:
     The amount and distribution of habitat for the species 
included in this proposed rule,
     What areas currently occupied, and that contain features 
essential for the conservation of the species, we should include in the 
designation and why, and
     What areas not currently occupied are essential to the 
conservation of the species and why.
    (2) Biological, commercial trade, or other relevant data concerning 
threats (or lack thereof) to these species.
    (3) Additional information concerning the range, distribution, and 
population sizes of these species, including the locations of any 
additional populations of these species.
    (4) Any information on the biological or ecological requirements of 
these species. The following information regarding the potential 
economic and other impacts of the proposed critical habitat designation 
is requested solely so that we may consider the potential effects of 
critical habitat designation in the final rule; this information will 
not be considered in the decision whether to list these 48 species.
    (5) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the 
areas occupied by these species and their possible impacts on these 
species and proposed critical habitat.
    (6) Which areas are appropriate as critical habitat for these 
species and why they should be proposed for designation as critical 
habitat.
    (7) The reasons why we should or should not designate habitat as 
``critical habitat'' under section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et 
seq.), including whether the benefit of designation outweighs threats 
to the species caused by the designation, such that the designation of 
critical habitat for any particular species is prudent.
    (8) Information on whether the draft economic analysis (DEA) 
identifies all State and local costs and benefits attributable to the 
proposed critical habitat designation, and information on any costs or 
benefits that we have overlooked.
    (9) Information on whether the DEA makes appropriate assumptions 
regarding current practices and any regulatory changes likely if we 
designate critical habitat.
    (10) Information on whether the DEA identifies all costs that could 
result from the critical habitat designation and whether you agree with 
the analysis.
    (11) Information on whether the DEA correctly assesses the effect 
on regional costs associated with any land use controls that may result 
from the critical habitat designation.
    (12) Information on areas that the critical habitat designation 
could potentially impact to a disproportionate degree.
    (13) Economic data on the incremental costs of designating any 
particular area as critical habitat.
    (14) Information on any quantifiable economic benefits of the 
designation of critical habitat.
    (15) Whether the benefits of excluding any particular area from 
critical habitat outweigh the benefits of including that area in 
critical habitat under section 4(b)(2) of the Act.
    (16) Information on economic impacts that have occurred since the 
previous economic analyses were completed relevant to critical habitat 
``overlap'' areas, or that may occur in the future due to designation 
of critical habitat (see Economic Analysis, below, for details).
    (17) Information on economic impacts relevant to areas where the 
proposed critical habitat does not overlap with existing critical 
habitat for other plants on the island of Kauai.
    (18) Any foreseeable economic, national security, or other 
potential impacts resulting from the proposed critical habitat 
designation and, in particular, any impacts on small entities, and the 
benefits of including or excluding areas that exhibit these impacts.
    (19) Whether we could improve or modify our approach to designating 
critical habitat in any way to provide for greater public participation 
and understanding, or to better accommodate public concerns and 
comments.
    You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed 
rule by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. We will not 
consider comments sent by e-mail or fax or to an address not listed in 
the ADDRESSES section.
    If you submit a comment via http://www.regulations.gov, your entire 
comment--including any personal identifying information--will be posted

[[Page 62593]]

on the website. If you submit a hardcopy comment that includes personal 
identifying information, you may request at the top of your document 
that we withhold this information from public review. However, we 
cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. We will post all 
hardcopy comments on http://www.regulations.gov.
    Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting 
documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be 
available for public inspection at http://www.regulations.gov, or by 
appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
    You may obtain copies of the proposed rule and draft economic 
analysis by mail from the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT) or by visiting the Federal eRulemaking 
Portal at http://www.regulations.gov.

Background

An Ecosystem-based Approach

    On the island of Kauai, as on most of the Hawaiian Islands, native 
species that occur in the same habitat types (ecosystems) depend on 
many of the same biological features and on the successful functioning 
of that ecosystem to survive. We have therefore organized the species 
addressed in this proposed rule by common ecosystem. Although the 
listing determination for each species is analyzed separately, we have 
organized the specific analysis for each species within the context of 
the broader ecosystem in which it occurs to avoid redundancy. In 
addition, native species that share ecosystems often face a suite of 
common factors that may threaten them, and these threat factors require 
similar management actions to ameliorate or eliminate them. Effective 
management of these threat factors often requires implementation of 
conservation actions at the ecosystem scale to enhance or restore 
critical ecological processes and provide for long-term viability of 
those species in their native environment. Thus, by taking this 
approach, we hope to not only organize this proposed rule effectively, 
but also to more effectively focus conservation management efforts on 
the common threats that occur across these ecosystems, restore 
ecosystem function for the recovery of each species, and provide 
conservation benefits for associated native species, thereby 
potentially precluding the need to list other species under the Act 
that occur in these shared ecosystems.
    We propose to list each of the 48 species endemic to the island of 
Kauai addressed in this rule as an endangered species. These 48 species 
(45 plants, 2 birds, and 1 picture-wing fly) are found in 6 ecosystem 
types: lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, montane wet, dry 
cliff, and wet cliff (Table 1). Although most of these species are 
restricted to a single ecosystem, some are found in multiple 
ecosystems. For each species, we identified and evaluated those factors 
that threaten the species and that may be common to all of the species 
at the ecosystem level. For example, the degradation of habitat by 
feral ungulates is considered a threat to each species within each 
ecosystem. As a result, this threat factor is considered to be a 
multiple ecosystem-level threat, as each individual species within each 
ecosystem faces a threat that is essentially identical in terms of the 
nature of the impact, its severity, its imminence, and its scope. We 
further identified and evaluated any threat factors that may be unique 
to certain species, and do not apply to all species under consideration 
within the same ecosystem. For example, the threat of avian malaria is 
unique to the two birds in this proposed rule, and is not applicable to 
any of the other species proposed for listing. We have identified such 
threat factors, which apply only to certain species within the 
ecosystems addressed here, as species-specific threats.

TABLE 1.--THE 48 KAUAI SPECIES AND THE ECOSYSTEMS UPON WHICH THEY DEPEND
------------------------------------------------------------------------
              Ecosystem                             Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Mesic                          Plants: Canavalia napaliensis,
                                        Chamaesyce eleanoriae,
                                        Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi,
                                        Charpentiera densiflora,
                                        Doryopteris angelica, Dubautia
                                        kenwoodii, Labordia helleri,
                                        Pittosporum napaliense,
                                        Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
                                        hobdyi, Tetraplasandra
                                        bisattenuata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Wet                            Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var.
                                        kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi
                                        var. remyi, Charpentiera
                                        densiflora, Cyanea eleelensis,
                                        Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea
                                        kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba,
                                        Dubautia imbricata ssp.
                                        imbricata, Labordia helleri,
                                        Melicope paniculata, Melicope
                                        puberula, Phyllostegia renovans,
                                        Platydesma rostrata, Pritchardia
                                        hardyi, Stenogyne kealiae,
                                        Tetraplasandra bisattenuata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Mesic                          Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var.
                                        remyi, Diellia mannii, Labordia
                                        helleri, Myrsine knudsenii,
                                        Myrsine mezii, Platydesma
                                        rostrata, Psychotria
                                        grandiflora, Stenogyne kealiae,
                                        Tetraplasandra flynnii
                                       Animals: Akekee, Drosophila
                                        attigua
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Wet                            Plants: Astelia waialeale,
                                        Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi,
                                        Dryopteris crinalis var.
                                        podosorus, Dubautia
                                        kalalauensis, Dubautia
                                        waialeale, Geranium kauaiense,
                                        Keysseria erici, Keysseria
                                        helenae, Labordia helleri,
                                        Labordia pumila, Lysimachia
                                        daphnoides, Melicope degeneri,
                                        Melicope puberula, Myrsine
                                        mezii, Phyllostegia renovans,
                                        Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
                                        grandiflora, Tetraplasandra
                                        flynnii
                                       Animals: Akekee, Akikiki,
                                        Drosophila attigua
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dry Cliff                              Plants: Chamaesyce eleanoriae,
                                        Lysimachia scopulensis, Schiedea
                                        attenuata, Stenogyne kealiae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wet Cliff                              Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var.
                                        kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi
                                        var. remyi, Cyanea dolichopoda,
                                        Cyrtandra oenobarba, Cyrtandra
                                        paliku, Dubautia plantaginea
                                        ssp. magnifolia, Lysimachia
                                        iniki, Lysimachia pendens,
                                        Lysimachia venosa, Platydesma
                                        rostrata, Pritchardia hardyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the Act, we are required to designate critical habitat to the 
maximum extent prudent and determinable concurrently with the 
publication of a final determination that a species is endangered or 
threatened. In this rule, we are proposing to designate critical 
habitat for 47 of the 48 Kauai species. We have determined that the 
designation of critical habitat is not prudent for one species of 
native palm tree due to the increased threat of

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collection that may result from such designation. The designation of 
critical habitat for the other 47 Kauai species is organized by common 
ecosystem. Although critical habitat is identified for each species 
individually, we have found that the conservation of each depends, at 
least in part, on the successful functioning of the commonly shared 
ecosystem. Each critical habitat unit identified in this proposed rule 
therefore contains the physical and biological features essential to 
the conservation of each species and those areas that are essential for 
the conservation of each associated species. Where the unit is not 
occupied by a particular species, we believe it is essential for the 
conservation of that species. All of the areas proposed for designation 
would constitute critical habitat for multiple species, based upon 
their shared habitat requirements. The identification of critical 
habitat also takes into account any species-specific conservation needs 
as appropriate. For example, the presence of specific host plants for 
larval development is essential for the conservation of the picture-
wing fly Drosophila attigua, but is not a requirement shared by all 
species within the same ecosystem.
    This approach represents a departure from our previous approaches 
to designating critical habitat for threatened and endangered species 
in Hawaii, which focused on discrete areas occupied by the species at 
the time of listing. Because Hawaii has 394 listed species (294 
plants), the previous approach to critical habitat designations 
resulted in an overlapping and confusing patchwork of critical habitat 
areas that could be confusing to the public to interpret. More 
importantly, we have learned that many native Hawaiian plants and 
animals currently occupy areas of marginal habitat because the threats 
are reduced in those areas, but these species can thrive when 
reintroduced into historical habitats when threats are being 
effectively managed. For this reason, we believe it is important to 
designate unoccupied habitat in those cases where it is essential to 
the recovery of the species.
    We believe the approach adopted in this proposed rule will make 
critical habitat in Hawaii a more useful conservation tool for land 
managers. Focusing on the management and restoration of habitat at the 
ecosystem scale and on ecosystem processes that these species require 
will result in more effective conservation than a designation based 
solely on the locations of the last few known individuals. In addition, 
we believe this approach will aid recovery given the uncertainties of 
climate change and other processes that may impact highly localized 
habitat conditions and essential features in the future. Critical 
habitat areas for multiple species may also better provide for the 
recovery of these species by guiding our conservation efforts as well 
as those of our partners, and by providing better information to the 
public and other entities about important conservation areas.

The Island of Kauai

    The island of Kauai is the northernmost and oldest of the eight 
major Hawaiian Islands (Foote et al. 1972, p. 3). It was formed about 6 
million years ago by a single shield volcano and is 553 square miles 
(sq mi) (1,430 sq kilometers (km)) in area. The island is characterized 
by deeply dissected canyons and steep ridges (Department of Geography 
1998, p. 151). The large caldera, once the largest in the Hawaiian 
Islands, now extends about 10 mi (16 km) in diameter and comprises the 
elevated tableland of the Alakai Swamp (Department of Geography 1998, 
p. 151). To the west of the Alakai Swamp is the deeply dissected Waimea 
Canyon, extending 10 mi (16 km) in length and up to 1 mi (1.6 km) in 
width. Later volcanic activity on the southeastern flank of the volcano 
formed the smaller Haupu caldera. Subsequent erosion and collapse of 
its flank formed Haupu Ridge (Macdonald et al. 1983, p. 457).
    The amount of rainfall on the Hawaiian Islands depends greatly on 
topography, and the orographic (mountain-caused) effect is revealed by 
the wide range in the pattern of annual rainfall, from 10 inches (in) 
to 450 in (25 centimeters (cm) to 1,145 cm) (Giambelluca and Schroeder 
1998, p. 59). Variations in the landscape can create microclimates, 
with large changes in rainfall and wind patterns over very short 
distances (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 43). Mount Waialeale, Kauai's second 
highest point at 5,148 feet (ft) (1,569 meters (m)) in elevation 
(Walker 1999, p. 21) is one of the wettest spots on earth, with annual 
rainfall measured at more than 450 in (1,145 cm) (Department of 
Geography 1998, p. 151). One of the island's most famous features is 
the Na Pali Coast, where stream and wave action have cut deep valleys 
and eroded the land to form precipitous cliffs as high as 3,000 ft (910 
m) (Joesting 1984, p. 14).
    The current soil classification system for the Hawaiian Islands 
distinguishes soil types based on their measurable physical and 
chemical properties, and environmental factors that influenced their 
formation. Eleven of the 12 soil types occur in Hawaii (Gavenda et al. 
1998, p. 96). Hawaii's basaltic rocks decompose to clay and various 
oxides and hydroxides when exposed to the weather in high rainfall 
areas. Silica and other elements are leached out, leaving the iron 
oxides, which are conspicuously red in color, and very evident in the 
eroded cliffs of Waimea Canyon. These red soils support plant life, and 
have low fertility and nutrient content (Walker 1999, p. 32). The soils 
in drier areas lack significant organic material and are characterized 
by deposits, called caliche, of soluble salts near the soil surface. 
Caliche may form concretions (solid mass or coalescence) around plant 
roots and stems (Walker 1999, p. 32).
    Because of its age and relative isolation, levels of floristic 
diversity and endemism are higher on Kauai than on any other island in 
the Hawaiian archipelago. However, the vegetation of Kauai has 
undergone extreme alterations because of past and present land use. 
Land with rich soils was altered by the early Hawaiians and, more 
recently, converted to agricultural use (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45) 
or pasture. Intentional and inadvertent introduction of alien plant and 
animal species has also contributed to the reduction in range of the 
native vegetation on the island of Kauai. (Throughout this rule, the 
terms ``alien,'' ``feral,'' ``nonnative,'' and ``introduced'' all refer 
to species that are not naturally native to the Hawaiian Islands.) Most 
of the taxa included in this rule persist on steep slopes, precipitous 
cliffs, valley headwalls, and other regions where unsuitable topography 
has prevented urbanization and agricultural development, or where 
inaccessibility has limited encroachment by nonnative plant and an!imal 
species.

Kauai Ecosystems

    The six Kauai ecosystems that support the species addressed in this 
proposed rule are described in the following sections.
    Lowland Mesic
    The lowland mesic ecosystem includes a variety of grasslands, 
shrublands, and forests, generally below 3,000 ft (1,000 m) elevation, 
that receive between 50 and 75 in (127 and 191 cm) annual rainfall, or 
in otherwise mesic substrate conditions (The Nature Conservancy (TNC) 
2006b). In the Hawaiian Islands, this ecosystem is found on Hawaii, 
Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai, on both windward and leeward 
sides of the islands. On Kauai, this ecosystem is typically found on 
the western slopes of the island

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(Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 75; TNC 2006b). Biological diversity is 
high in this system (TNC 2006b), and 11 of the 48 species included in 
this proposed rule are reported from this ecosystem (Hawaii 
Biodiversity and Mapping Program (HBMP) 2007; TNCH 2007).
    Lowland Wet
    The lowland wet ecological system is generally found below 3,000 ft 
(1,000 m) elevation on the windward sides of the main Hawaiian Islands, 
except Kahoolawe and Niihau (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 85; TNC 2006c). 
These areas include a variety of wet grasslands, shrublands, and 
forests that receive greater than 75 in (191 cm) annual precipitation, 
or are found in otherwise wet substrate conditions (TNC 2006c). On 
Kauai, this system is best developed in wet valleys and slopes adjacent 
to the summit plateau of Waialealae and Alakai (TNC 2006c). According 
to The Nature Conservancy (TNC), biological diversity is high in this 
system (TNC 2006c), and 16 of the 48 species included in this proposed 
rule are reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
    Montane Mesic
    A variety of natural communities (e.g., grasslands, shrublands, and 
forests) are found in the montane mesic ecological system. This system 
is found between 3,000 and 6,000 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m) elevation in 
areas receiving 50 to 75 in (127 to 191 cm) of precipitation yearly 
(TNC 2006e). The montane mesic system is found on the islands of 
Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, and Kauai. On Kauai, this system is best 
developed on the west-facing slopes. Biological diversity is ranked as 
moderate in the montane mesic system, according to TNC (TNC 2006e), and 
11 of the 48 species included in this proposed rule are reported from 
this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
    Montane Wet
    The montane wet ecological system is composed of natural 
communities (grasslands, shrublands, forests, bogs) found at elevations 
between 3,000 and 6,000 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m) and in areas where 
annual precipitation is greater than 75 in (191 cm) (TNC 2006f). This 
system is found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and 
Kahoolawe (TNC 2006f). On Kauai it is best developed in the summit 
plateau of Waialeale and Alakai. In this system, biological diversity 
is moderate to high (TNC 2006f), and 21 of the 48 species included in 
this proposed rule are reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 
2007).
    Dry Cliff
    The dry cliff ecological system is composed of vegetation 
communities occupying steep slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in areas 
that receive less than 75 in (191 cm) of rainfall annually, or in 
otherwise dry substrate conditions (TNC 2006a). This system is found on 
all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau, and on the island of 
Kauai is best developed in the leeward canyons. A variety of grasslands 
and shrublands occur within this system (TNC 2006a). Biological 
diversity is low to moderate in this system (TNC 2006a), and 4 of the 
48 species included in this proposed rule are reported from this 
ecosystem (Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program (HBMP) 2007; TNCH 
2007).
    Wet Cliff
    The wet cliff ecological system is generally composed of grasslands 
and shrublands on near-vertical slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in 
areas that receive more than 75 in (191 cm) of annual precipitation, or 
that are in otherwise wet substrate conditions (TNC 2006d). This system 
is found on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and 
Kauai. On Kauai, this system is typically found on the windward cliffs 
adjacent to Waialeale (TNC 2006d). Biological diversity is low to 
moderate in this system (TNC 2006d), and 11 of the 48 species included 
in this proposed rule are reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 
2007).

Description of the 48 Species

    Here we provide a brief description of each of the 48 species 
proposed for listing, presented in alphabetical order by genus; plants 
are presented first, followed by animals.

Plants

    Astelia waialealae (painiu), an herb in the Asteliaceae family, 
occurs in bogs and on bog hummocks (low mounds or ridges of vegetation) 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) in the montane wet 
ecosystem at elevations between 4,000 and 5,000 ft (1,220 and 1,525 m) 
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,461; TNCH 2007). A. waialealae was known 
historically from five locations in the Alakai Swamp region of Kauai 
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,461; HBMP 2007). Between October and December 
1994, botanists from the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) and 
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) undertook a systematic 
survey of bogs on the island of Kauai, revisiting all of the 
historically known locations of A. waialealae, as well as 16 additional 
bogs. At that time, A. waialealae was confirmed to exist in three bogs. 
One bog, known as Sincock Bog 1, contained three Astelia clumps with 3 
individuals in one, 5 in another, and possibly 10 in the third, for a 
total of 18 individuals. Sincock Bog 2 contained two clumps, with one 
individual in each, and Waikoali Bog, or Circle Bog, contained two 
clumps with one individual in each (Perlman and Wood 1995, pp. 9-11). 
In 1996 and 1997, both Sincock Bog 1 and Sincock Bog 2 were fenced, 
followed by Circle bog in 1998. Regular monitoring of these bogs 
commenced, and with protection from the fences, there was an increase 
in numbers of clumps and individuals of A. waialealae found in all 
three bogs. By 2001, the numbers of clumps (and individuals) reached 
their peaks of 5 clumps (9 individuals) for Circle bog, 6 clumps (36 
individuals) for Sincock Bog 1, and 2 clumps (7 individuals) for 
Sincock Bog 2. By 2003, numbers of individuals began dropping 
dramatically, with visible signs of poor health for those remaining 
(USFWS Kauai monitoring database 2008). Some individuals were removed 
at that point for preservation in local propagation facilitie!s. 
Between December 2005 and January 2006, NTBG conducted botanical 
research around the summit bog region of Waialeale and located one 
clump of A. waialealae consisting of three individual plants. With the 
discovery of these three plants, the current total of A. waialealae is 
believed to be 27 individuals, possibly representing only 13 
genetically distinct plants (Service 2005a; Wood 2006, pp. 8-9; USFWS 
Kauai monitoring database 2008).
    Canavalia napaliensis (awikiwiki), a climbing plant in the pea 
family (Fabaceae), occurs in open sites, on talus slopes, and on gulch 
bottoms in mesic forest in the lowland mesic ecosystem, at elevations 
between 20 and 1,900 ft (6 and 579 m) (Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 654; 
TNCH 2007). C. napaliensis was historically known from 12 locations 
along the northwestern coast of the island of Kauai, extending westward 
from Haena to Makaha ridge (HBMP 2007). Currently, this species is 
restricted to a small section of the Na Pali coast from Haena to 
Kalalau Valley (S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2000; HBMP 2007), in 5 
populations totaling approximately 106 to 206 individuals (HBMP 2007). 
The populations are located in Hoolulu Valley (50 to 100 individuals); 
Waiahuaka Valley (1 individual); Pohakuao (5 individuals); Kalalau 
Valley (50 to 100 individuals); and Limahuli Valley (1 individual) 
(Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 654; HBMP 2007).
    Chamaesyce eleanoriae (akoko), a small shrub in the spurge family 
(Euphorbiaceae), is restricted to steep, north-facing, narrow ridge 
crests, outcrops, and steep rocky slopes and upper portions of basalt 
cliffs in the dry

[[Page 62596]]

cliff and lowland mesic ecosystems (Lorence and Wagner 1996, p. 68; K. 
Wood, NTBG, in litt. 2007a; TNCH 2007). Documented habitats include 
Metrosideros-Diospyros (ohia-lama) mesic forest, Metrosideros cliff 
shrubland, Metrosideros mesic shrubland, and Eragrostis variabilis 
(kawelu) coastal dry cliffs, at elevations between 885 and 3,499 ft 
(270 and 1,036 m) (HBMP 2007). C. eleanoriae was historically known 
from 10 populations totaling fewer than 500 individuals (K. Wood, in 
litt. 2007a; Lorence and Wagner 1996, pp. 68-70). Currently, three 
populations are known: one at the Kalalau Valley rim between 2,950 and 
3,200 ft (900 and 975 m), below and between the two Kalalau lookouts; 
one at Alealau above Kalalau at 3,100 ft (945 m) elevation; and one at 
Pohakuao, an isolated hanging valley northeast of Kalalau, at 
elevations from 886 to 2,592 ft (270 to 790 m). As of the last 
monitoring visit in 2001, these 3 populations combined totaled fewer 
than 50 individuals (NTBG 2007).
    Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis (akoko), a shrub in the spurge 
family (Euphorbiaceae), is found in the lowland wet and wet cliff 
ecosystems in Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest at elevations between 
1,900 and 2,297 ft (579 and 700 m) (Koutnik 1999, pp. 613-614; HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). Little is known about the historical range of this 
species; however, two collections made on private lands at Kaholuamanao 
and near Hanapepe Falls in 1916 and 1926, respectively, indicate that 
its range likely extended south and west from its currently known 
locations on the island of Kauai (HBMP 2007). Currently, C. remyi var. 
kauaiensis is found in Lumahai Valley, Wainiha, Wailua River, the 
``Blue Hole'' at the head of Wailua River in the Lihue-Koloa forest 
reserve, and at Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007). 
Based on surveys conducted from 2000 through 2004, the number of 
individuals at Lumahai Valley dropped from 50 to only ``occasional.'' 
The number of individuals at Wailua River dropped from 500 to 200; the 
number of individuals at the Wainiha population increased from 200 to 
as many as 700; about 200 are found at ``Blue Hole''; and a population 
of 20 individuals was found in Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; 
HBMP 2007). The total number of individuals is at least 920 and 
possibly over 1,000 in the 5 populations.
    Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi (akoko) is a vine-like shrub in the 
spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) found in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, 
wet cliff, montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems in mesic to wet 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis (ohia-uluhe) forest, at 
elevations between 1,200 and 4,100 ft (366 and 1,250 m) (Wood 1998; 
Koutnik 1999, pp. 613-614; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). This species is 
historically known from widely distributed populations on the island of 
Kauai (HBMP 2007). Currently C. remyi var. remyi is found in 10 
populations totaling a little more than 350 individuals at Pohakupili, 
Makaleha, Malamamaiki, Limahuli, Lumahai, Limahuli-Hanakapiai, Kalalau-
Honopu, Koaie canyon, Wahiawa drainage, and Puu Kolo (Wood 1998; K. 
Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007).
    Charpentiera densiflora (papala) is a tree in the amaranth family 
(Amaranthaceae) which occurs primarily in the lowland mesic ecosystem, 
with one record from the lowland wet ecosystem (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 
190; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). This species is found in moist, closed 
areas, and grows along drainages and in gulches in valleys, primarily 
in Diospyros-Metrosideros (lama-ohia) mixed mesic forest, at elevations 
between 400 and 2,200 ft (122 and 671 m) (HBMP 2007). Historically, C. 
densiflora was found along the Kalalau trail in the Hoolulu Valley, 
with limited distribution in three valleys (including Hanakapiai and 
Hanakoa) along the Na Pali Coast of Kauai (Sohmer 1972, p. 294). 
Currently, 7 populations are known, totaling approximately 400 
individuals, in Hanakapiai, Kalalau, Limahuli, Hoolulu, and Waiahuakua 
valleys, and in Pohakuao, a hanging valley between Kalalau and Hanakoa 
(HBMP 2007).
    Cyanea dolichopoda (haha) is a shrub in the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae). It is found in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet 
shrubland on a cliff face at approximately 2,300 ft (700 m) elevation 
within the wet cliff ecosystem (Lammers and Lorence 1993, p. 432; TNCH 
2007). The species was first discovered in 1990 in the ``Blue Hole'' 
area below Mt. Waialeale, and the plant was last seen in 1992 (Lammers 
and Lorence 1993, pp. 431-432). However, additional individuals are 
very likely to be found in the extremely steep habitat with additional 
surveys (S. Perlman, in litt. 2007).
    Cyanea eleeleensis (haha) is a shrub in the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae) and is reported from the lowland wet ecosystem (Lammers 
1992, p. 129; TNCH 2007). It was found growing in a shaded gulch in wet 
forest, surrounded by steep, precipitous cliffs of Pali Eleele, at an 
elevation of 699 ft (213 m) (HBMP 2007; Lammers 1992, p. 129). This 
species was discovered in Wainiha Valley on the island of Kauai in 
1977, in one population noted as ``fewer than 10'' individuals (Lammers 
1992, p. 129; K. Wood, pers. comm. 2000; HBMP 2007). Collections for 
genetic storage and ex situ propagation were not made at the time of 
the 1977 discovery. Since its discovery in 1977, subsequent surveys for 
this species have not been conducted in the original (type) location. 
Although individuals of this species were not relocated in surveys 
conducted in August 2001 and June 2002 in areas adjacent to the 
original location, much of the suitable habitat (Metrosideros lowland 
wet forest) for this species on Kauai has not been surveyed. If surveys 
are conducted, additional individuals are likely to be found (S. 
Perlman and K. Wood, pers. comm. 2007).
    Cyanea kolekoleensis (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), occurs in wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest in the 
lowland wet ecosystem at elevations of 2,125 to 2,500 ft (650 to 765 m) 
(Lammers 1992, p. 130; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). First discovered in 1987 
in the Wahiawa drainage, the last known C. kolekoleensis was observed 
in 1992. Seeds were in storage and propagation for this species was 
attempted, but none survived (M. Clark, NTBG, in litt. 2007; Lyon 
Arboretum 2007). However, there are many areas within the ecosystem 
type in the Wahiawa drainage that have not been surveyed for this 
species, from Mt. Kahili to Kapalaoa and the Hanapepe Valley rim, and 
species experts are confident that additional individuals will be found 
(S. Perlman, in litt. 2007).
    Cyanea kuhihewa (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is reported from Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris 
linearis wet forest at an elevation of 1,680 ft (512 m) in the lowland 
wet ecosystem (Lammers 1996, pp. 238-240; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). In a 
1994 survey for C. kuhihewa, seven individuals were observed, most of 
which were damaged by a nonnative insect, the two-spotted leafhopper 
(Sophonia rufofacia) (NTBG Provenance Report 1994). In 2001, only one 
individual plant remained, and was observed dead in 2003 (Wood et al. 
2002, p. 3; S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2003a). Prior to that time, seeds 
and tissue were collected for genetic storage and propagation (Wood et 
al. 2002, p. 3; Bender 2006, p. 1; N. Sugii, Lyon Arboretum, pers. 
comm. 2006; V. Pence, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, pers. comm. 
2007). This species is still found in cultivation at the Lyon Arboretum 
and the Cincinnati Zoo,

[[Page 62597]]

Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (D. Burney, 
NTBG, pers. comm. 2006; N. Sugii, pers. comm. 2006a; V. Pence, pers. 
comm. 2007).
    Cyrtandra oenobarba (haiwale) is a subshrub (a lowgrowing woody 
shrub or perennial with a woody base) in the African violet family 
(Gesneriaceae) that occurs in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems 
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 770-771; TNCH 2007). C. oenobarba is found on 
wet slopes, mossy areas, or in rock crevices near waterfalls in 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet cliffs, forest and 
shrubland, at elevations between 1,320 and 2,800 ft (402 and 853 m) 
(Wood 1998, p. 3; HBMP 2007). Historically, wide-ranging collections 
were made of C. oenobarba on the island of Kauai, from the eastern side 
at Kekoiki ridge, the northern coast at Haena, the south-central area 
at Olokele and Hanapepe, and from the south at Haupu (NTBG Provenance 
Report 1993; HBMP 2007). Currently, populations of C. oenobarba in the 
Halelea Forest Reserve include east Mamalahoa (10 individuals), north 
Namolokama (15 to 200 individuals), and Hanalei Valley (scattered) on 
State land, and upper Lumahai Valley (50 individuals) and Wainiha (100 
individuals) on private land (HBMP 2007). Populations of C. oenobarba 
in the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve include Wailua River (40 to 50 
individuals) on State land, and Iliiliula drainage (occasional) and 
Wahiawa drainage (50 individuals) on private land (HBMP 2007). The 8 
populations total 270 to as many as 450 individuals (NTBG Provenance 
Report 1993; HBMP 2007; Wood 1998, p. 3).
    Cyrtandra paliku (haiwale) is a subshrub in the African violet 
family (Gesneriaceae) that occurs on seeping basalt rock faces of 
north-facing cliffs dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and 
Dicranopteris linearis in the wet cliff ecosystem, at elevations 
between 2,200 and 2,800 ft (670 to 850 m). C. paliku was first 
discovered in 1993 on the cliffs below Kekoiki, in the Makaleha 
Mountains of Kauai, where approximately 70 individuals were found 
(Wagner et al. 2001, pp. 150-151; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). The species 
maintained a population of approximately 70 individuals from 1993 
through 1999; however, there are currently only 10 known individuals 
(Perlman, in litt. 2006).
    Diellia mannii is a fern in the asplenium family (Aspleniaceae). It 
is found on a northwest-facing slope just above a gulch bottom in what 
was likely Acacia koa (koa)-Metrosideros polymorpha dominated montane 
mesic forest in the past, but which is now a forest dominated by the 
nonnative Corynocarpus laevigatus (karakanut) in the montane mesic 
ecosystem, at an elevation of 3,450 ft (1,050 m) (Aguraiuja and Wood 
2003, p. 155; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). D. mannii was historically known 
from one location in the Halemanu area of what is now Kokee State Park, 
in the northwestern region of Kauai. The species was thought to be 
extinct since the early 1900s, until 2002 when a single individual was 
rediscovered (Aguraiuja and Wood 2003, pp. 154-155; Palmer 2003, p. 
120). Currently, the species is known only from this one individual in 
the southeastern branch of Nawaimaka Stream in the Halemanu Mountains 
of Kokee State Park (HBMP 2007).
    Doryopteris angelica is a fern in the pteris family (Pteridaceae) 
found in Acacia koa (koa)-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest 
in the lowland mesic ecosystem at elevations between roughly 1,900 and 
3,000 ft (579 and 914 m) (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Three populations of 
fewer than 20 individuals were discovered in 1994, and currently the 
species is known from approximately 29 to 54 individuals in 5 
populations at Awaawapuhi (2 to 3 individuals), Mahanaloa (3 to 6 
individuals), Makaha (10 to 20 individuals), Kuia (10 to 20 
individuals), and Paaiki (4 to 5 individuals) (NTBG 1998; Wagner [W.H.] 
et al. 1999b, p. 147; Wood 1999, 2000, 2007a; Perlman, in litt. 2006; 
HBMP 2007).
    Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, a fern in the dryopteris family 
(Dryopteridaceae), is known from steep to vertical riparian basalt 
walls within dark seeping drainages in Metrosideros polymorpha montane 
wet forest within the montane wet ecosystem, from 4,000 to 5,100 ft 
(1,200 to 1,550 m) in elevation (TNCH 2007; Wood 2007c). Historically, 
this variety was known from the Kokee area, Kawaikoi, and Waialeale 
(Palmer 2003, p. 139). Currently, 3 populations totaling 32 to 47 
individuals are known. The Mohihi population is made up of 10 to 20 
individuals, from 15 to 20 individuals comprise the south Kilohana 
population, and the Waialeale population is known from 7 individuals 
(Wood 2007c).
    Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata (naenae), a shrub in the 
sunflower family (Asteraceae), currently occurs in the lowland wet 
ecosystem, although there are historical records from the montane wet 
ecosystem as well (Carr 1999, p. 298; TNCH 2007). Occurrence records 
show that D. imbricata ssp. imbricata has typically been found in wet 
Metrosideros polymorpha forest and Metrosideros, Oreobolus (sedge), 
Rhynchospora (kuolohia) bogs at elevations between approximately 2,165 
and 3,640 ft (660 and 1,110 m) (HBMP 2007). Historically and currently, 
D. imbricata ssp. imbricata is known only from the Wahiawa Mountains of 
Kauai (St. John and Carr 1981, pp. 198, 201; Carr 1999, p. 298; HBMP 
2007). There are approximately 200 individuals at Wahaiawa drainage, 
approximately 1,000 individuals on both sides of the ridge between 
Hanapepe and Iole, and an estimate of several hundred individuals at 
Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007). These 3 populations 
total approximately 1,400 individuals (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 
2007).
    Dubautia kalalauensis (naenae), a shrub or tree in the sunflower 
family (Asteraceae), is found in the montane wet ecosystem in 
Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest at elevations between 4,000 and 
4,050 ft (1,205 and 1,235 m) (Baldwin and Carr 2005, p. 261; TNCH 
2007). Historically, this species, as a part of the species Dubautia 
laxa, was known from several locations below the rim of Kalalau Valley 
in Kokee State Park in the northwestern region of Kauai. Currently, D. 
kalalauensis is found in only one location along the rim of Kalalau 
Valley near Puu o Kila Lookout and totals 26 individuals (Baldwin and 
Carr 2005, p. 261).
    Dubautia kenwoodii (naenae), a shrub in the sunflower family 
(Asteraceae), is found in diverse lowland mesic forest in the lowland 
mesic ecosystem at an elevation of 2,625 ft (800 m) (HBMP 2007; TNCH 
2007; Wood 2007b). First described in 1998 as a new species, D. 
kenwoodii is known from one individual found below the western rim of 
Kalalau Valley, in the northwestern region of Kauai (Carr 1998).
    Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia (naenae) is a shrub or small 
tree in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) found in the wet cliff 
ecosystem (Carr 1999, p. 304; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Typical habitat 
for this species includes wet cliff and wet forest and shrubland at 
elevations between 1,542 and 2,395 ft (470 and 730 m) (HBMP 2007). 
Historically, D. plantaginea ssp. magnifolia was known from two 
populations less than 2 mi (3.2 km) apart in bog habitat in the Alakai 
Wilderness Preserve and the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve on Kauai (HBMP 
2007). In 1992, the year that Hurricane Iniki struck Kauai, the only 
known population at ``Blue Hole'' at the headwaters of the Wailua River 
of ``a couple hundred'' individuals was greatly reduced. Currently, 
there are

[[Page 62598]]

approximately 100 individuals in the only known population (Blue Hole) 
(S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2003b).
    Dubautia waialealae (naenae) is a dome or tussock-shaped shrub in 
the sunflower family (Asteraceae) that occurs in bogs in the montane 
wet ecosystem at elevations between 3,980 and 5,249 ft (1,213 and 1,600 
m) (Carr 1999, p. 308; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). The type collection was 
made on the summit of Waialeale in 1909 (Rock 1910, p. 304), but little 
is known of other historical locations of D. waialealae on Kauai. 
Currently, there is one large population centered on the rain-gauge 
summit of Waialeale, with many subpopulations radiating about 0.6 mi (1 
km) to the north and south. These subpopulations were observed in 
groups of 7 to 400 individuals (Wood 2006, pp. 25-29), with a total 
population of 3,000 individuals (Wood 2006, p. 9). In 1994, a single 
individual of D. waialealae was reported at North Bog, 8.5 mi (14 km) 
away from the population at Waialeale; however, in 2006, it was 
reported that this individual had died (K. Wood, in litt. 1994a; M. 
Bruegmann, pers. comm. 2006b; HBMP 2007).
    Geranium kauaiense (nohoanu) is a decumbent (reclining) subshrub in 
the geranium family (Geraniaceae) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 733). It 
occurs in the montane wet ecosystem in Metrosideros-Rhynchospora bogs 
and bog margins at elevations between 4,000 and 4,080 ft (1,219 and 
1,463 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 733; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
    Historically, G. kauaiense was known from montane bogs on the 
island of Kauai, ranging from North Bog to as far south as the summit 
of Waialeale (HBMP 2007). Currently, there are three subpopulations 
within a very small range (within 0.5 mi, 0.8 km) in the Halehaha Bogs 
of the Alakai Wilderness Preserve totaling approximately 140 
individuals (K. Wood, in litt. 1994b; S. Perlman, pers. comm. 1999b; 
Wood 2006, p. 10; HBMP 2007).
    Keysseria erici is a herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) that 
occurs in Metrosideros mixed bogs in the montane wet ecosystem, at 
elevations between 4,000 and 5,120 ft (1,219 and 1,561 m) (Mill 1999, 
pp. 329-330; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Little is known of the historical 
occurrences of K. erici. The type was collected by Forbes (1918, p. 
306) from the ``Alakai swamp, Waimea drainage basin'' on Kauai. 
Currently, this species is found in three to four populations totaling 
several thousand individuals (HBMP 2007). The populations occur at 
Namolokama, Hanakapiai-Wainiha ridge, In-between Bog, and at the 
Kilohana bogs (including Rain Gauge Bog, T Bog, and Platanthera Bog) 
(HBMP 2007).
    Keysseria helenae is an herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) 
and is found in Metrosideros polymorpha or mixed sedge and grass bogs 
at elevations between 3,900 and 5,120 ft (1,189 and 1,561 m) in the 
montane wet ecosystem (Mill 1999, p. 330; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Little 
is known of the historical occurrences of K. helenae. The type was 
collected from the ``swamp near Kaholuamano'' by Forbes (1918, p. 306). 
Currently, this species is found at Kauluwehi Bog in the Alakai 
Wilderness Preserve, at Waialeale, and on Kahili-Kawaikini Ridge, 
totaling approximately 300 individuals (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2003b; 
HBMP 2007).
    Labordia helleri (kamakahala) is a shrub, sometimes climbing, in 
the logania family (Loganiaceae) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 856-857). It 
occurs in Metrosideros-Acacia-Dicranopteris mesic to wet forest, at 
elevations between 1,200 and 3,900 ft (366 and 1,189 m), in the lowland 
mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems (HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, L. helleri was wide-ranging on Kauai. 
Collections were made as far south as the Haupu Mountains, through 
central Kauai to the northwestern coast (HBMP 2007). Currently, there 
are 10 populations totaling 350 to 550 individuals. The largest 
population extends from the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve into Kuia 
Natural Area Reserve (NAR), and contains 300 to 500 individuals at 
Honopu, Awaawapuhi, Kuia drainage, and Kalalau-Milolii ridge. Other 
much smaller populations occur at upper Mahanaloa (10 individuals), 
Limahuli (recorded as ``occasional'' in HBMP database), Waioli (1 
individual), Kaunuohua ridge (1 individual), Kohua ridge (1 
individual), Koaie stream (10 individuals), Kawaiiki (3 individuals), 
southeast Puu Kolo (recorded as ``localized'' in HBMP database), and 
Puu Kolo-Kahuamoa (1 individual) (HBMP 2007).
    Labordia pumila (kamakahala), a shrub in the logania family 
(Loganiaceae), occurs in the montane wet ecosystem at elevations 
between 3,478 and 5,100 ft (1,060 to 1,555 m) in Metrosideros 
polymorpha mixed sedge and grass bogs (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 860; HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). Little is known of the historical locations of L. 
pumila on Kauai. The type specimen was collected by Wawra (1869, 1870) 
at the summit of Waialeale. Currently, L. pumila is found in three 
populations on the Alakai plateau. The largest population along the 
Wainiha rim totals 500 individuals (HBMP 2007). There are also about 
300 to 400 individuals at the summit of Waialeale, and occasional 
individuals at Namolakama (Wood 2006, p. 10). The total number of known 
individuals from all 3 populations is 800 to 900; however, one estimate 
suggests that the overall population in the summit areas may be as high 
as 5,000 to 6,000 individuals (Wood 2006, p. 10).
    Lysimachia daphnoides (lehua makanoe), a member of the myrsine 
family (Myrsinaceae), is found in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed bogs at 
elevations between 3,960 and 4,440 ft (1,207 and 1,353 m) in the 
montane wet ecosystem (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 265; Wagner et al. 1999, 
p. 1,080; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, L. daphnoides was known 
from the more southerly mountains of Kauai, including the Wahiawa 
drainage and ridges, in what is now the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve 
(HBMP 2007). Currently, this species is found in the Alakai Wilderness 
Preserve and the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve, in 3 populations totaling 
200 to 300 individuals (HBMP 2007; Service 2005a). The population along 
the Alakai swamp trail (including Charlie's Bog, Kilohana, south 
Kilohana, and northwest Kilohana) totals 190 to 280 individuals; the 
second population includes Sincock Bog 1 and Kauluwehi (21 
individuals); and the third population occurs at Waiakoali-Mohihi and 
Mohihi drainage (7 individuals) (HBMP 2007).
    Lysimachia iniki is a woody shrub in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae) that occurs on wet, mossy, or rocky cliffs in the wet 
cliff ecosystem at 2,400 ft (720 m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, pp. 270-271; 
TNCH 2007). This species was first described in 1997 from material 
collected in the ``Blue Hole'' at the headwaters of the Wailua River on 
Kauai. At the time it was discovered it was known from 26 individuals, 
but currently at least 40 individuals are known (Marr and Bohm 1997, 
pp. 270-271; S. Perlman, in litt. 2006, 2007).
    Lysimachia pendens is a many-branched shrub in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae) and is reported from wet, mossy, or rocky cliffs in the 
wet cliff ecosystem at 2,400 ft (720 m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 275; 
TNCH 2007). This species was discovered in the ``Blue Hole'' area of 
Kauai in 1987 from several small populations totaling approximately 100 
individuals (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 275; Division of Forestry and 
Wildlife 2005 [Comprehensive Conservation Wildlife Strategy]). Many 
plants were destroyed by two major landslides that apparently occurred 
between 1997 and 2003, based

[[Page 62599]]

on information taken from field survey reports. Currently, the species 
is known from only eight individuals (S. Perlman, in litt. 2003, 2006, 
2007).
    Lysimachia scopulensis, a shrub in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae), is found on cliffs in lowland diverse mesic forest 
pockets at elevations between 2,950 and 3,200 ft (900 and 975 m) within 
the dry cliff ecosystem (Wood 2007d; TNCH 2007). First discovered in 
1991 in Kalalau Valley, this species is currently known from two 
populations. The Kalalau population is comprised of approximately 15 
individuals and the Puu Kii population is comprised of 10 to 15 
individuals, for a total of 25 to 30 individuals (Marr and Bohm 1997, 
pp. 283-284; Wood 2007d).
    Lysimachia venosa, a shrub in the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), 
occurs in Metrosideros polymorpha dominated wet forest areas in the wet 
cliff ecosystem, at elevations between 3,000 and 5,700 ft (915 and 
1,740 m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 284; Wood 2006, p. 11; TNCH 2007). L. 
venosa was known historically from two collections in the early 1900s 
from the Waialeale summit region of Kauai (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 284; 
Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,085; HBMP 2007). In 1991, a broken branch of 
this species was collected from the headwaters of the Wailua River that 
had fallen from the cliffs above, possibly from the summit area of 
Waialeale (Wood 2006, p. 11; Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 284). While no 
plants were found during surveys of the summit area in 2006, there is 
still additional habitat to be surveyed, and species experts believe L. 
venosa still exists (S. Perlman, in litt. 2007; Wood 2006, p. 11).
    Melicope degeneri (alani) is a small shrub or tree in the rue 
family (Rutaceae) that occurs in the montane wet ecosystem in 
Metrosideros-Cheirodendron-Dicranopteris wet forest between the 
elevations of 3,000 and 3,800 ft (914 and 1,158 m) (Stone et al. 1999, 
p. 1,186; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). M. degeneri was thought to be extinct 
until it was rediscovered in Pohakuao, just beyond the northwest corner 
of the Hono o Na Pali NAR, in 1993 (Wood 2000, p. 6), and subsequently 
observed in upper Hanakoa in 1995 and along Koaie Stream in 1999 (NTBG 
Accession Data 1999). The Pohakuao individual has not been relocated 
since its discovery (Wood 2000, p. 5). Ten trees were originally 
documented during the discovery of the Hanakoa population in 1995 (Wood 
2000, p. 4; Wood 2007 pp. 4-6). Since 1995, 2 of the trees have died 
and 3 additional individuals were located, for a current total of 11 
individuals (S. Perlman, in litt. 2007c; N. Tangalin, in litt. 2007a). 
In addition, 1 small mature tree of M. degeneri was found growing in 
Koaie Canyon's upper drainage in 1999, and was last observed there in 
September of 2006 (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2007b), bringing the total 
known number of M. degeneri to 12, and possibly 13, known individuals 
(including the Pohakuao occurrence).
    Melicope paniculata (alani) is a tree in the rue family (Rutaceae) 
(Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,199). It occurs in the lowland wet ecosystem 
in forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations between 
1,200 and 2,680 ft (365 and 815 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,199; HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). This species was historically reported from central 
Kauai (HBMP 2007; Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,199). Currently, M. 
paniculata is known from six sites, with five individuals in upper 
Limahuli Valley, three individuals along the north fork of the Wailua 
River, five individuals along Koaie Stream, and three individuals on 
the ridge between Hulua and Kapalaoa. The population in Lumahai Valley 
is estimated to be approximately 100 to 200 individuals; however Bender 
(2006, p. 7) estimated that there may be a total of 500 individuals 
(Wood 1998, p. 4; Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,199; Wagner and Herbst 2003, 
p. 45; HBMP 2007).
    Melicope puberula (alani) is a shrub or small tree in the rue 
family (Rutaceae) that occurs in the lowland wet and montane wet 
ecosystems in wet forest and bogs at elevations ranging between 2,080 
and 4,100 ft (634 and 1,250 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,202; HBMP 2007; 
TNCH 2007). Historically, M. puberula was known from the Alakai Swamp 
on the island of Kauai (St. John 1944b, p. 266). Currently, this 
species is known from the south rim of Kalalau east to the Alakai-
Kilohana plateau area, and north into Hono o Na Pali NAR (HBMP 2007). 
The Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program delineated these three 
areas as one population (named the Kalalau-Wainiha population) (HBMP 
2007). In 1993, a single individual was observed near Hinalele Falls in 
the southern portion of the Wainiha Mountain Range (HBMP 2007). The 
largest population occurs in the Alakai-Kilohana Plateau area with 
approximately 600 individuals. About 100 individuals are found within 
the Kalalau area, and approximately 200 individuals occur within the 
Hono o Na Pali NAR, for a total of approximately 900 individuals (HBMP 
2007).
    Myrsine knudsenii (kolea) is a small tree in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae). Historically, the species may have been found in lowland 
mesic and wet ecosystems, but currently it is only known from Acacia 
koa-Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis mesic forest at 
elevations between 3,200 and 3,900 ft (975 and 1,200 m) in the montane 
mesic ecosystem (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 941; Wood et al. 2002, p. 15; 
HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, M. knudsenii was found in Hanapepe 
Valley in south-central Kauai; Kawaiula Trail in western Kauai; and 
Awaawapuhi, Kumuwela, Honopu, and Nualolo in the Kokee region of the 
island of Kauai (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 941). Currently, the species is 
known from 3 populations totaling approximately 30 individuals at 
Honopu, Awaawapuhi, and Nualolo (S. Perlman, in litt. 2007; Wood et al. 
2001, p. 10; Wood et al. 2002, p. 15; HBMP 2007; Wood 4907 (BISH)).
    Myrsine mezii (kolea), a small tree in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae), is found in Acacia-Metrosideros forest in the montane 
mesic and montane wet ecosystems at elevations between 3,380 and 3,480 
ft (1,030 and 1,060 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 943; HBMP 2007; NTBG 
Accession Data 9888, 2002; TNCH 2007). M. mezii is known from only two 
locations totaling five individuals, in the Koaie Canyon area of 
western Kauai (N. Tangalin, in litt. 2007b). Four trees comprise one 
population at Nawaimaka, and the second known occurrence at Kawaiiki is 
composed of a single tree in poor condition (N. Tangalin, in litt. 
2007b). The population size has not changed in the last 10 years, and 
historical locations and numbers are unknown.
    Phyllostegia renovans, a subshrub in the mint family (Lamiaceae), 
occurs at elevations from 2,700 to 3,700 ft (225 to 1,125 m) in 
Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest in the lowland wet and montane wet 
ecosystems (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). First discovered in 1989 in the 
headwaters of the Wainiha River, this species is currently known from 4 
populations: approximately 30 surviving individuals reintroduced into 
Limahuli Valley after the last wild individual from that area died, 5 
individuals at Wainiha, 10 individuals at Kalalau Valley, and 1 
individual in Lumahai Valley (K. Wood, in litt. 1994, p.4; Wagner 1999, 
p. 275; HBMP 2007).
    Pittosporum napaliense (hoawa) is a small tree in the pittosporum 
family (Pittosporaceae) typically found in Pandanus and lowland mesic 
forest in the lowland mesic ecosystem, at elevations between 400 and 
2,100 ft (122 and 640 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,045-1,047; HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, P. napaliense was known from 
northwestern Kauai (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,047; HBMP 2007). 
Currently, this species is known from 3 populations; 2 of these are 
located

[[Page 62600]]

within the Hono o Na Pali NAR in Waiahuakua (50 individuals) and 
Hoolulu valleys (100 individuals), with the third population (10 to 50 
individuals) located in upper Kalalau Valley in the Na Pali Coast State 
Park (HBMP 2007).
    Platydesma rostrata (pilo kea lau lii) is a shrub in the rue family 
(Rutaceae). It occurs in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, wet cliff, 
montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems, in forest dominated by 
Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations between 2,500 and 
4,000 ft (760 and 1,220 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,210; HBMP 2007; 
TNCH 2007). P. rostrata was historically known from Makaha and Milolii 
ridge in the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve, and Kaunuohua ridge and 
Nualolo trail in Kokee State Park, on the island of Kauai (HBMP 2007). 
Currently, this species is found in the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve on 
the Awaawapuhi and Honopu trails; in Halelea Forest Reserve at Lumahai; 
in Hono o Na Pali NAR at Pihea; in Kunia NAR on the Nualolo Trail; in 
Mahanaloa and Kuia valleys; and in the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve at 
Pohakupele, Hulua, Kapalaoa, and Iliiliula Valley (HBMP 2007). These 
small populations total approximately 100 individuals (HBMP 2007).
    Pritchardia hardyi (loulu) is a tree in the palm family (Arecaceae) 
that occurs in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems (Read and Hodel 
1999, p. 1,370; TNCH 2007). It is found in Metrosideros-Dicranopteris 
wet forest and shrubland and on windswept windward ridges and headwater 
drainages, at elevations between 1,800 and 3,400 ft (548 and 1,036 m) 
(Read and Hodel 1999, p. 1,370; HBMP 2007). Historically, P. hardyi was 
known from a single population totaling about 200 individuals in an 
area on the southeast (windward) side of Kauai (HBMP 2007). An 
additional population totaling about 100 individuals was found north of 
that area (NTBG Provenance Report 040094), bringing the total number of 
known individuals of P. hardyi to approximately 300. Both populations 
occur almost entirely within the Lihue-Koloa and Halelea Forest 
Reserves (HBMP 2007).
    Psychotria grandiflora (kopiko) is a small tree or shrub in the 
coffee family (Rubiaceae) that occurs in the montane mesic and montane 
wet ecosystems (K. Wood, in litt. 2007c; TNCH 2007). It is found in 
Acacia-Metrosideros mesic to wet forest between the elevations of 3,400 
and 4,100 ft (1,128 and 1,250 m) (HBMP 2007). Historically, this 
species was known from collections at Waimea, Kokee, and Kalalau, all 
from the northwestern area of Kauai (Fosberg 1964, p. 258). Currently, 
10 small populations of Psychotria grandiflora are found only within 
Kokee State Park, and are estimated to total between 16 and 30 
individuals (Arnold 2007, pp. 1-3; HBMP 2007; S. Perlman, in litt. 
2007d; N. Tangalin, in litt. 2007c).
    Psychotria hobdyi (kopiko) is a tree in the coffee family 
(Rubiaceae) that occurs in lowland Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha 
mesic forest in the lowland mesic ecosystem at elevations between 1,700 
and 2,700 ft (520 and 825 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,166-1,168; HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). The first collection of P. hobdyi was made in 
Mahanaloa Valley on Kauai in 1970 (St. John 1975, p. 59). Currently, 
this species is known from 10 populations totaling approximately 120 
individuals in the following locations: 1 population of 2 individuals 
in Kawaiula Valley; 1 population of approximately 5 individuals at the 
junction of Mahanaloa Valley and Kuia Valley; 3 populations totaling 
approximately 47 individuals in Mahanaloa Valley; 2 populations of 17 
to 22 individuals in Paaiki Valley; 2 populations of approximately 39 
individuals in Poopooiki Valley; and 1 population in upper Kalalau 
Valley of approximately 10 individuals (HBMP 2007).
    Schiedea attenuata, a shrub in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), 
occurs on cliffs at elevations between 2,297 and 2,625 ft (700 and 900 
m) in the dry cliff ecosystem (Wagner et al. 1994, pp. 187-190; TNCH 
2007). Schiedea attenuata was discovered in 1991 by K. Wood during a 
rappel on the cliffs in an area of precipitous slopes above the Kalalau 
Valley on Kauai. Approximately 20 individuals were last observed there 
in 1994 (M. Bruegmann, in litt. 1994b, Wagner et al. 1994, p. 187).
    Stenogyne kealiae is a trailing or scandent vine in the mint family 
(Lamiaceae) (Wagner and Weller 1991, p.51). It occurs in the dry cliff, 
lowland wet, and montane mesic ecosystems, in Metrosideros polymorpha 
forest, M. polymorpha-Acacia koa forest, and M. polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis shrubland, at elevations between 3,550 and 4,100 
ft (1,082 and 1,250 m) (Wagner and Weller 1991, p. 51; TNCH 2007). One 
population (Wainiha), however, is reported between 2,231 and 2,707 ft 
(680 and 825 m) elevation (HBMP 2007). Historically, this species 
occurred at Pohakupili near Kealia in the Kealia Forest Reserve on the 
island of Kauai. Currently, this species occurs at Honopu, Kalalau, 
Malamalamaiki, Pohakupili, and Wainiha. The 5 populations of S. kealiae 
total approximately 100 to 200 individuals (HBMP 2007).
    Tetraplasandra bisattenuata (ohe ohe) is a tree in the ginseng 
family (Araliaceae), which occurs in lowland mesic to wet forest and 
shrubland in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems at elevations 
between 1,800 and 2,000 ft (550 and 610 m) (TNCH 2007; Wood 2007f, pp. 
1-5). This species is known only from the Haupu and Kahili regions of 
Kauai. Currently, 35 individuals are found at Mt. Haupu and 2 
individuals are at Mt. Kahili (Wood 2007f, p. 1).
    Tetraplasandra flynnii (ohe ohe) is a tree in the ginseng family 
(Araliaceae) found in Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) montane mesic to 
wet forest in the montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems, at 
elevations between 3,850 and 4,000 ft (1,175 and 1,225 m) (Lowry and 
Wood 2000, p. 42; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Three individuals of T. flynii 
were first discovered in 1988, and currently it is only known from 
those three individuals (Lowry and Wood 2000, pp. 40 and 43; HBMP 
2007).

A. Animals

    The Kauai creeper (Oreomystis bairdi), or akikiki, is a small 
Hawaiian honeycreeper found only on the island of Kauai, currently in 
the montane wet ecosystem (TNCH 2007). The Hawaiian honeycreepers are 
in the subfamily Drepanidinae of the finch family, Fringillidae (AOU 
1998, p. 676). The akikiki is most common in forests dominated by 
Metrosideros polymorpha with a diverse subcanopy (Scott et al. 1986, p. 
139). Based on surveys conducted from 1968 through 1973, its 
distribution was thought to encompass 21,750 ac (88 sq km) at 
elevations between 1,968 and 5,248 ft (600 and 1,600 m), but a survey 
in 2000 indicated its distribution had decreased to 8,896 ac (36 sq km) 
(Scott et al. 1986, p. 141; Tweed et al. 2005, pp. 3-4). The akikiki 
generally forages on trunks, branches, and twigs of live and dead 
trees, and occasionally forages in subcanopy shrubs. It feeds primarily 
on insects, insect larvae, and spiders gleaned and extracted from bark, 
lichens, and moss (Foster et al. 2000, p. 4). Nests are made of moss, 
small pieces of bark, bits of lichen, and fine plant fibers (Eddinger 
1972, p. 673; Foster et al. 2000, p. 7; VanderWerf and Roberts, in 
press). The akikiki was considered common from high to low elevation in 
native forests in the late 1800s (Perkins 1903, p. 54), and was 
described as locally abundant on and near the Alakai Plateau in the 
early 1960s (Richardson and Bowles 1964, p. 29). From 1968 to 1973, the 
species was estimated to number 6,832  966 birds

[[Page 62601]]

(Sincock et al. 1983, p. 53). In 1981, data from the Hawaii Forest Bird 
Survey indicated there were approximately 1,650  450 
akikiki in a 9.7 sq mi (25 sq km) area of the southeastern Alakai, in 
the vicinity of Sincock's Bog (Scott et al. 1986, p. 141). The current 
population of the akikiki is estimated to be 1,312  530 
birds, based on surveys conducted in April and May 2007 (Hawaii 
Divis!ion of Forestry and Wildlife and USGS, unpubl. data 2007). The 
abundance of the akikiki has thus declined by approximately 80 percent 
in the last 40 years, and its distribution has been reduced to less 
than half of its former extent.
    The Kauai akepa (Loxops caeruleirostris), or akekee, is a small 
forest bird found only on the island of Kauai. Like the akikiki, the 
akekee is also a Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Drepanidinae of 
the Fringillidae family (AOU 1998, p. 677). The akekee occurs in the 
montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems in forests dominated by 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, and C. 
platyphyllum (Lepson and Pratt 1997, p. 4; TNCH 2007). The akekee uses 
its bill to open flower and leaf buds while foraging for arthropod prey 
(insects, insect larvae, spiders), and is a specialist on the ohia tree 
(M. polymorpha) (Lepson and Pratt 1997, p. 4). Nests are made of moss 
and lichen, with the nest lining made of fine grasses and soft bark 
strips (Eddinger 1972, p. 97; Berger 1981, p. 140; Lepson and Freed 
1997, pp. 11-12). Until recently, the population of akekee appeared to 
be relatively stable, even while other endemic Kauai birds demonstrated 
sharp declines (Lepson and Pratt 1997, p. 14). The akekee was described 
as ``quite plentiful'' (Bryan and Seale 1901, p. 136) and common ``over 
a large part of the high plateau'' in the late 1800s (Perkins 1903, p. 
417), and probably occurred throughout upper elevation forested regions 
of the island (Perkins 1903, p. 417). Richardson and Bowles (1964, p. 
30) reported that it was fairly common in higher elevation forests. 
Conant et al. (1998, p. 16) reported that the akekee was common in the 
area around Sincock's Bog in 1975 and observed it daily. The first 
quantitative information on population size and distribution was based 
on extensive surveys conducted from 1968 to 1973, which yielded an 
island-wide population estimate of 5,066  840 birds, with 
most individuals found in the Alakai Plateau area, west to Kokee, and 
on Makaleha Mountain and in Wainiha Valley (Sincock et al. 1983, p. 
53). This was followed by popula!tion estimates of 7,839  
704 birds in 2000, and 5,669  1,003 birds in 2005 (Hawaii 
Division of Forest and Wildlife and USGS, unpubl. data 2007). The most 
recent surveys, conducted in April and May 2007, show the current 
population of akekee to be 3,536  1,030 birds (Hawaii 
Division of Forest and Wildlife and USGS, unpubl. data 2007), 
indicating that the population has dropped to less than half its former 
size within the last 7 years. The geographic range occupied by the 
akekee was approximately 34 sq mi (88 sq km) in 1970 (Scott et al. 
1986, p. 155), which was reported not to have changed in 2000 (Foster 
et al. 2004, p. 721). However the 2007 surveys failed to find the 
species in many areas where it had previously been observed, indicating 
that there has likely been a range contraction, although the extent of 
that contraction is not yet known.
    Drosophila attigua, a large species of Hawaiian picture-wing fly, 
occurs in wet forest in the montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems at 
elevations generally between 3,000 and 3,936 ft (914 and 1,200 m), 
although it has been found as low as 2,460 ft (750 m). The adult flies 
are generalist microbivores (microbe eaters) and feed upon a variety of 
decomposing plant material. The eggs are laid within the decomposing 
bark of native Cheirodendron sp. (olapa) trees (family Araliaceae), 
where the hatching larvae complete development before dropping to the 
soil to pupate (Speith 1980, p. 278; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 
13-14; TNCH 2007). D. attigua was historically known from 2 populations 
on the island of Kauai: one population east of the Alakai massif at Mt. 
Kahili where 19 males and 13 females were observed (Hardy and Kaneshiro 
1969, p. 41; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 13; HBMP 2007), and a 
second population on the western end of the Alakai Swamp in the Na Pali 
Kona Forest Reserve at Pihea (K. Kaneshiro, pers. comm. 2007). The 
species was also collected at Mohihi Stream located within the Alakai 
Wilderness Preserve in 1963, and at the Kokee Stream within Kokee State 
Park in 1991 (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 14). Observations of D. 
attigua at the Pihea site have been somewhat sporadic, as the species 
has been observed there only three times, once each in 1986, 1987, and 
most recently in 1991, despite numerous surveys (HBMP 2007; K. 
Kaneshiro, pers. comm. 2007; K. Magnacca, Wesley College, pers. comm. 
2007).

Previous Federal Action

    Thirty-one of the species proposed here for listing are currently 
candidate species (72 FR 69033, December 6, 2007); candidate species 
are those taxa for which the Service has sufficient information on 
their biological status and threats to propose them for listing under 
the Act, but for which the development of a listing regulation has been 
precluded to date by other higher priority listing activities. The 
current candidates addressed in this proposed listing rule include the 
plants Astelia waialealae, Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce 
eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi var. 
remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea eleeleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, 
Cyrtandra oenobarba, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Dubautia 
plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Dubautia waialealae, Geranium kauaiense, 
Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae, Labordia helleri, Labordia pumila, 
Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope degeneri, Melicope paniculata, Melicope 
puberula, Myrsine mezii, Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma rostrata, 
Pritchardia hardyi, Psychotria grandiflora, Psychotria hobdyi, Schiedea 
attenuata, Stenogyne kealiae; the bird, akikiki; and the picture-wing 
fly, Drosophila attigua. The candidate status of all of these species 
was most recently assessed and reaffirmed in the December 6, 2007, 
Notice of Review of Native Species that are Candidates or Proposed for 
Listing as Threatened or Endangered (CNOR) (72 FR 69033).
    On May 4, 2004, the Center for Biological Diversity petitioned the 
Secretary of the Interior to list 225 species of plants and animals, 
including the 31 candidate species listed above, as endangered or 
threatened under the provisions of the Act. Since then, we have 
published our annual findings on the May 4, 2004, petition (including 
our findings on the 31 candidate species listed above) in the CNOR 
dated May 11, 2005 (70 FR 24870), September 12, 2006 (71 FR 53756), and 
December 6, 2007 (72 FR 69033). This proposal constitutes a further 
response to the 2004 petition.
    On October 11, 2007, we received a petition from Dr. Eric 
VanderWerf and the American Bird Conservancy to list the akikiki and 
the akekee as endangered or threatened species. According to the 
petitioners, the akikiki and akekee warrant listing under the Act 
because they have small populations, occur in small geographic ranges, 
and are undergoing rapid population and range declines; the two species 
also face numerous imminent

[[Page 62602]]

and significant threats including, but not limited to, habitat loss and 
degradation by alien plants and nonnative ungulates, diseases spread by 
alien mosquitoes, predation by alien mammals, and catastrophic events 
such as hurricanes (VanderWerf and American Bird Conservancy, in litt. 
2007). The petitioners also cite the inadequacy of regulatory 
mechanisms as a threat, noting that as members of the subfamily 
Drepanidinae (Hawaiian honeycreepers), the akikiki and akekee are not 
protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. 703-712; see 
71 FR 50205, August 24, 2006). The akikiki was already a candidate 
species. This proposal constitutes our response to the October 11, 
2007, petition.
    In addition to the 31 candidate species and the akekee, we are 
proposing to list, with critical habitat, the following 16 species of 
plants endemic to Kauai: Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea dolichopoda, 
Cyrtandra paliku, Diellia mannii, Doryopteris angelica, Dryopteris 
crinalis var. podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia kenwoodii, 
Lysimachia iniki, Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia scopulensis, 
Lysimachia venosa, Myrsine knudsenii, Phyllostegia renovans, 
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and Tetraplasandra flynnii. These 16 Kauai 
plant species, as well as 170 others on the Hawaiian Islands, have been 
identified as the ``rarest of the rare'' Hawaiian plant species, in 
need of immediate conservation, by the members of the multiagency 
(Federal, State, and private) Plant Extinction Prevention (PEP) 
program. The goal of this program is to prevent the extinction of plant 
species with fewer than 50 individuals remaining in the wild on the 
islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii. The goal of 
the PEP program is to prevent extinction by establishing a network of 
multi-island plant propagation sites and storage facilities, and 
conducting emergency monitoring and genetic sampling of all PEP species 
(Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) 2007; Service 2007). 
The Service has provided significant funding to this program since 
2002, through section 6 (Cooperation with the States) of the Act. We 
believe these 16 plant species warrant listing under the Act for the 
reasons discussed above (``Description of the 48 Species'') and in the 
``Summary of Factors Affecting the Species'' (below), and since these 
species occur within the same six ecosystems and share common threats 
with the other 32 species we are addressing in this proposed rule, we 
have included them here in an effort to provide them with Federal 
protection in an expeditious manne!r.

Summary of Factors Affecting the Species

    Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and our implementing 
regulations (50 CFR part 424) set forth the procedures for adding 
species to the Federal Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and 
Plants. A species may be determined to be an endangered or threatened 
species due to one or more of the five factors described in section 
4(a)(1) of the Act: (A) The present or threatened destruction, 
modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) 
overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of 
existing regulatory mechanisms; and (E) other natural or manmade 
factors affecting its continued existence. If we determine that the 
level of threat posed to a species by one or more of the five listing 
factors is such that the species meets the definition of either 
endangered or threatened under section 3 of the Act, that species may 
then be proposed for listing. The Act defines an endangered species as 
``in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of 
its range,'' and a threatened species as ``likely to become an 
endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a 
significant portion of its range.'' The threats to each of the 
individual 48 species are summarized in Table 2, and discussed in 
detail below. Factor D is not included in the table as no primary 
threats to the species fell under this category.

[[Page 62603]]



                                                                                                TABLE 2.--SUMMARY of primary Threats identified for EACH OF THE 48 KAUAI SPECIES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                  Factor A                                                                       Factor B                          Factor C                          Factor E
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Species                 Ecosystem                                                                                                                                                                                                      Predation by    Other species-
                                                 Nonnative plants        Pigs              Goats             Deer              Fire          Hurricanes     Landslides or    Climate Change      Illegal        Predation by     Predation by      nonnative         specific
                                                                                                                                                               Flooding                         collection       ungulates           rats        invertebrates       threats
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Astelia waialealae             MW (bogs only)    X                 X                 X                                                    X                                 X                                                                                    LN, NR
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Canavalia napaliensis          LM                X                                   X                                   X                X                                 X                                                  X                X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce eleanoriae          LM, DC            X                                   X                                                    X                L                X                                 X                X                                 LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi               LW, WC            X                 X                                                                      X                L                X                                 X                                                  ...............
 var.kauaiensis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var.remyi     LM, LW,MM, MW,    X                 X                 X                 X                                  X                L                X                                 X                X                X                ...............
                                WC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charpentiera densiflora        LM, LW            X                                   X                                   X                X                L, F             X                                 X                X                X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea dolichopoda             WC                X                                                                                        X                L                X                                                                   X                LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea eleeleensis             LW                X                 X                                                                      X                L                X                                 X                X                X                NW
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kolekoleensis           LW                X                 X                                                                      X                F                X                                                  X                X                NW
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kuhihewa                LW                X                 X                                                                      X                L                X                                 X                X                X                NW
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra oenobarba            LW, WC            X                 X                 X                                                    X                L, F             X                                 X                X                X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra paliku               WC                X                                                                                        X                L                X                                                                                    LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diellia mannii                 MM                X                 X                                   X                 X                X                L                X                                 X                                                  LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Doryopteris angelica           LM                X                 X                 X                 X                                  X                                 X                                                  X                                 LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dryopteris crinalis            MW                X                 X                                                                      X                                 X                                                                                    LN
 var.podosorus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia imbricata ssp.        LW                X                 X                                                                      X                                 X                                 X                                                  ...............
 imbricata
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kalalauensis          MW                X                                                                                        X                                 X                                                                                    LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kenwoodii             LM                X                 X                 X                                                    X                FR               X                                                                                    FR, LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia plantaginea ssp.      WC                X                 X                                                                      X                L                X                                                                                    ...............
 magnifolia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia waialealae            MW (bogs only)    X                 X                 X                                                    X                                 X                                 X                                                  LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62604]]

 
Geranium kauaiense             MW (bogs only)    X                 X                                                                      X                                 X                                 X                                                  NR
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria erici                MW (bogs only)    X                 X                                                                      X                                 X                                 X                                                  ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria helenae              MW (bogs only)    X                 X                                                                      X                                 X                                 X                                                  ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia helleri               LM, LW,MM, MW     X                 X                 X                 X                                  X                                 X                                 X                X                                 ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia pumila                MW (bogs only)    X                 X                                                                      X                                 X                                 X                                                  NR
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia daphnoides          MW (bogs only)    X                 X                                                                      X                                 X                                 X                                                  NR
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia iniki               WC                X                                                                                        X                L                X                                                                                    LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia pendens             WC                X                 X                                                                      X                L                X                                                                                    ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia scopulensis         DC                X                 X                 X                                                    X                L                X                                                                                    LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia venosa              WC                X                                                                                        X                L                X                                                                                    NW
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope degeneri              MW                X                 X                 X                                                    X                                 X                                                                   X                LN, NR
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope paniculata            LW                X                 X                 X                                                    X                L                X                                                                   X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope puberula              LW, MW            X                 X                 X                                                    X                                 X                                 X                                 X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine knudsenii              MM                X                 X                 X                 X                                  X                                 X                                                  X                                 LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine mezii                  MM, MW            X                 X                 X                                                    X                L                X                                 X                                                  LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phyllostegia renovans          LW, MW            X                 X                 X                                                    X                L                X                                 X                X                                 LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittosporum napaliense         LM                X                                   X                                                    X                                 X                                 X                X                                 ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Platydesma rostrata            LM, LW, MMMW, WC  X                 X                 X                 X                                  X                L                X                                 X                X                X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pritchardia hardyi             LW, WC            X                 X                 X                                                    X                                 X                X                X                X                                 ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62605]]

 
Psychotria grandiflora         MM, MW            X                 X                 X                 X                                  X                                 X                                 X                X                                 LN, NR
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria hobdyi              LM                X                 X                 X                 X                 X                X                                 X                                 X                X                X                LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schiedea attenuata             DC                X                                   X                                   X                X                L                X                                 X                                                  LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stenogyne kealiae              LW, MM, DC        X                 X                 X                 X                 X                X                L                X                                 X                X                                 ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata    LM, LW            X                 X                                                                      X                                 X                                                  X                                 LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra flynnii         MM, MW            X                                   X                                                    X                                 X                                                                                    LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Animals
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akekee                         MM, MW            X                 X                 X                                                    X                                 X                                                  X                                 AD, PCO
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akikiki                        MM, MW            X                 X                 X                                                    X                                 X                                                  X                                 AD, PCO
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
picture-wing fly               MM, MW            X                 X                 X                 X                 X                X                                 X                                                  X                X                CTF
Drosophila attigua...........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LM = Lowland Mesic
LW = Lowland Wet
MM = Montane Mesic
MW = Montane Wet
DC = Dry Cliff
WC = Wet Cliff
L = Landslides
F = Flooding
LN = Limited numbers/? 50 individuals
NR = No reproduction
FR = Falling rocks
NW = Not extant in wild
AD = Avian diseases
PCO = Predation by feral cats and owls
CTF = Competition with nonnative tipulid flies
Factor A - Habitat Modification
Factor B - Overutilization
Factor C - Disease or Predation
Factor E - Other


[[Page 62606]]

A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment 
of Its Habitat or Range

    The Hawaiian Islands are located over 2,000 mi (3,200 km) from the 
nearest continent. This isolation has allowed the few plants and 
animals that arrived in the Hawaiian Islands to evolve into many varied 
and highly endemic species (species that occur nowhere else in the 
world). The only native terrestrial mammal on the Hawaiian Islands is a 
flying mammal, the Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasirus cinereus semotus). The 
native plants and animals of the Hawaiian Islands have therefore 
evolved in the absence of any mammalian predators, browsers, or 
grazers; many of the native species have lost defenses against threats 
such as mammalian predation and competition with aggressive, weedy 
plant species that are typical of mainland environments (Loope 1992, p. 
11; Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 3-6, 45). For example, Carlquist (in 
Carlquist and Cole 1974, p. 29) notes that ``Hawaiian plants are 
notably nonpoisonous, free from armament, and free from many 
characteristics thought to be deterrents to herbivores (oils, resins, 
stinging hairs, coarse texture).'' In addition, species restricted to 
highly specialized locations or food sources (e.g., some Hawaiian 
forest birds and picture-wing flies) are particularly vulnerable to 
changes (from nonnative species, hurricanes, fire, and climate change) 
in their habitat (Carlquist and Cole 1974, pp. 28-29; Loope 1992, pp. 
3-6; Stone 1992, pp. 88-102).

    Habitat destruction and modification by introduced ungulates

    Introduced mammals have greatly impacted the native vegetation, as 
well as the native fauna, of the Hawaiian Islands. The first 
introductions of alien mammals began with pigs, dogs, and rats that 
arrived with the Polynesians around 400 A.D. (Kirch 1982, p. 3-4). 
Impacts to the native species and ecosystems of Hawaii accelerated 
following the arrival of Captain James Cook in 1778. The Cook 
expedition and subsequent explorers intentionally introduced a European 
race of pigs or boars and other livestock, such as goats, to serve as 
food sources for seagoing explorers (USGS 1998, p. 752). The mild 
climate of the islands, combined with the lack of competitors or 
predators, has led to the successful establishment of large populations 
of these introduced mammals, to the detriment of native Hawaiian 
species and ecosystems. Over the 200 years following the introduction 
of these animals, the numbers of introduced ungulates has increased, 
and the adverse impacts on native vegetation have become increasingly 
apparent (Mueller-Dombois et al. 1981, p. 310). Beyond the direct 
effects of trampling and consuming native plants, feral ungulates 
(hoofed mammals) contribute significantly to increased erosion on the 
islands, and their behavior (i.e., rooting, moving across large 
expanses) facilitates the spread and establishment of competing, 
invasive, nonnative plant species. The presence of introduced alien 
mammals is considered one of the primary factors underlying the 
alteration and degradation of native vegetation and habitats on the 
island of Kauai. All six ecosystems and the associated native species 
that occur in these ecosystems are threatened by the destruction or 
degradation of habitat due to nonnative ungulates (hoofed mammals), 
including pigs (Sus scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), and black-tailed 
deer (Odocoileus hemionus).
    Pigs have been described as the most pervasive and disruptive 
nonnative influence on the unique native forests of the Hawaiian 
Islands, and are widely recognized as one of the greatest current 
threats to forest ecosystems in Hawaii (Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56; 
Anderson and Stone 1993, p. 195; Loope 1999, p. 56). European pigs, 
introduced to Hawaii by Captain James Cook in 1778, hybridized with 
domesticated Polynesian pigs, became feral, and invaded forested areas, 
especially wet and mesic forests and dry areas at high elevations. They 
are currently present on Kauai, Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and 
Hawaii. These introduced pigs are extremely destructive and have both 
direct and indirect impacts on native plant communities. While rooting 
in the earth in search of invertebrates and plant material, pigs 
directly impact native plants by disturbing and destroying vegetative 
cover, and trampling plants and seedlings. They may also reduce or 
eliminate plant regeneration by damaging or eating seeds and seedlings 
(further discussion of predation by nonnative ungulates is under Factor 
C, below). Pigs are a major vector for the establishment and spread of 
competing invasive nonnative plant species, by dispersing plant seeds 
on their hooves and coats as well as through the spread of manure, and 
by fertilizing the disturbed soil through their feces. Pigs feed 
preferentially on the fruits of many nonnative plants, such as 
Passiflora mollisima (banana poka) and Psidium cattleianum (strawberry 
guava), spreading the seeds of these invasive species through their 
feces as they travel in search of food. In addition, rooting pigs 
contribute to erosion by clearing vegetation and creating large areas 
of disturbed soil, especially on slopes (Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56; 
Smith 1985, pp. 190, 192, 196, 200, 204, 230-231; Stone 1985, pp. 254-
255, 262-264; Medeiros et al. 1986, pp. 27-28; Scott et al. 1986, pp. 
360-361; Tomich 1986, pp. 120-12!6; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64-65; 
Loope et al. 1991, pp. 1-21; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 52). The compacted 
volcanic soils, wallows, and downed, hollowed-out tree ferns created by 
feral pig activity hold water and create breeding sites for mosquitoes, 
which transmit avian disease (Scott et al. 1986, pp. 365-368; Atkinson 
et al. 1995, p. S68). Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria pose a 
significant threat to native Hawaiian forest birds, including the 
akikiki and akekee (see Factor C).
    Goats native to the Middle East and India were also successfully 
introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1700s. Feral goats now 
occupy a wide variety of habitats on Kauai, where they consume native 
vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, accelerate erosion, and 
promote the invasion of alien plants (Stone 1985, p. 48; van Riper and 
van Riper 1982, pp. 34-35). Goats are able to access and forage in 
extremely rugged terrain, including nearly vertical cliffs of the Na 
Pali Coast, and have a high reproductive capacity (Clarke and Cuddihy 
1980, pp. C-19, C-20; Culliney 1988, p. 336; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 
64); because of these factors, goats are believed to have completely 
eliminated some plant species from islands (Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, 
p. 21). Goats can be highly destructive to natural vegetation, and 
contribute to erosion by: eating young trees and young shoots of plants 
before they can become established; creating trails that can damage 
native vegetative cover, destabilize substrate, and create gullies that 
convey water and exacerbate erosion; and dislodging stones from ledges 
that can damage vegetation below (C. Phillipson, pers.comm. 2008). The 
erosion caused by goats on the steep slopes of Kauai contributes to the 
potential for landslides and also increases the potential for flooding. 
Large feral herds of goats can cause damage at multiple scales; their 
climbing ability allows access to the more remote areas of Kauai and 
their browsing cau!seshabitat degradation that can lead to landslides 
from erosion.
    Black-tailed deer (also known as mule deer) were first introduced 
to Kauai in 1961 for the purpose of sport hunting. These deer are 
currently limited to the western side of Kauai, where they feed on a 
variety of native and alien plants (van Riper and van Riper 1982, p. 
42-46). In addition to directly impacting

[[Page 62607]]

native plants through browsing, deer likely inpact native plants 
indirectly by serving as a primary vector for the spread of introduced 
plants. Deer feed on many alien plant species, and likely distribute 
these plants seeds through their feces as they travel. Black-tailed 
deer have been noted as a vector of habitat alteration in the Kauai 
ecosystems (NTBG report 2007a; HBMP 2007), and impact the Kauai plants 
through predation as well (Factor C).
    Each of the six Kauai ecosystems identified in this proposed rule 
(lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, montane wet, dry cliff, and 
wet cliff) and the proposed native species dependent on these habitat 
types are subject to both the direct and indirect adverse impacts of 
feral ungulates, which result in the destruction and degradation of 
habitat for the native Kauai species. The effects of these nonnative 
animals include the destruction of vegetative cover; trampling of 
plants and seedlings; direct consumption of native vegetation; soil 
disturbance; dispersal of alien plant seeds on hooves, coats, and 
through the spread of seeds in feces; and creation of open disturbed 
areas conducive to further invasion by nonnative pest plant species. 
All of these impacts lead to the subsequent conversion of a plant 
community dominated by native species to one dominated by nonnative 
species (see Habitat destruction and modification by nonnative plants, 
below). In addition, because these mammals inhabit terrain that is 
often steep and remote (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 59), foraging and 
trampling contributes to severe erosion of watersheds. As early as 
1900, there was increasing concern expressed about the integrity of 
island watersheds leading to establishment of a professional forestry 
program emphasizing soil and water conservation (Nelson 1989, p. 3).

    Habitat destruction and modification by nonnative plants

General Ecosystem Impacts

    The native vegetation on all of the main Hawaiian Islands has 
undergone extreme alteration because of past and present land 
management practices, including ranching, the deliberate introduction 
of nonnative plants and animals, and agricultural development (Cuddihy 
and Stone 1990, pp. 27, 58). All of the species being addressed in this 
proposed rule are threatened by almost 50 taxa of introduced plants 
that alter their habitat. The original native flora of Hawaii (species 
that were present before humans arrived) consisted of about 1,000 taxa, 
89 percent of which were endemic (species that occur only on the 
Hawaiian Islands). Over 800 plant taxa have been introduced from 
elsewhere, and nearly 100 of these have become pests (e.g., injurious 
plants) in Hawaii (Smith 1985, p. 180; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45; 
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 73). Some of these plants were brought to 
Hawaii by various groups of people, including the Polynesians, for food 
or cultural reasons. Plantation owners (and the territorial government 
of Hawaii), alarmed at the reduction of water resources for their crops 
caused by the destruction of native forest cover by grazing feral and 
domestic animals, introduced nonnative trees for reforestation. 
Ranchers intentionally introduced pasture grasses and other nonnative 
plants for agriculture, and sometimes inadvertently introduced weed 
seeds as well. Other plants were brought to Hawaii for their potential 
horticultural value (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 73; Scott et al. 1986, 
pp. 361-363).
    Nonnative plants adversely impact native Hawaiian habitat, 
including the 6 Kauai ecosystems and the 48 species identified in this 
proposed rule, by modifying the availability of light, altering soil-
water regimes, modifying nutrient cycling, altering fire 
characteristics of native plant communities (e.g., successive fires 
that burn farther and farther into native habitat, destroy native 
plants, and remove habitat for native species by altering microclimatic 
conditions to favor alien species), and ultimately converting native 
dominated plant communities to nonnative plant communities (Cuddihy and 
Stone, 1990, p. 74; D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 73; Smith 1985, pp. 
180-181; Vitousek et al. 1997, p. 6). This directly and indirectly 
affects the plant and animal species proposed for listing by modifying 
or destroying their habitat and reducing food sources. Below we have 
organized by ecosystem a list of nonnative plants followed by a 
discussion of the specific negative effects of those nonnative plants 
on the proposed species.

Lowland Mesic Ecosystem

    The nonnative plant threats to the species inhabiting the lowland 
mesic ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species Blechnum 
appendiculatum (no common name, hereafter ``NCN''), Erigeron 
karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger), 
Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), Lantana camara (lantana), Melastoma 
septemnervium (Indian rhododendron), Rubus argutus (prickly Florida 
blackberry), Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), and the canopy species 
Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), P. guajava (common guava), 
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (downy or rose myrtle), and Schinus 
terebinthifolius (Christmasberry) (Carr 1998, p. 10; NTBG Accession 
Database 1999; NTBG Provenance Report 1991; Wood 1998, p. 1; Wood 1999, 
p. 1; Wood 2005, p. 1; Wood 2007a, p. 1; Wood 2007f, p. 1; HBMP 2007). 
In addition, there are several nonnative grasses such as Melinus 
minutiflora (molasses grass), Oplismenus hirtellus (basketgrass), 
Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), P. urvillei (Vasey grass), and 
Setaria parviflora (yellow foxtail) that pose a significant threat to 
the species dependent on this ecosystem (HBMP 2007).

Lowland Wet Ecosystem

    The nonnative plant threats to the species inhabiting the lowland 
wet ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species Axonopus 
fissifolius (narrow-leaved carpetgrass), Christella parasitica (NCN), 
Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), Coffea arabica (Arabian coffee), 
Cyperus meyenianus (NCN), Erigeron karvinskianus, Juncus planifolius 
(bog rush), Lantana camara, Melastoma septemnervium, Oplismenus 
hirtellus, Pterolepis glomerata (NCN), Rubus rosifolius, Sacciolepis 
indica !(glenwood grass), Setaria parviflora, and Sphaeropteris cooperi 
(Australian tree fern), and the canopy species Psidium cattleianum, P. 
guajava, and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Hawaii State Comprehensive Wildlife 
Strategy (HSCWS) 2005; NTBG 2006; Wood 1998, p. 2; Wood 2007f, p. 3; 
HBMP 2007).

Montane Mesic Ecosystem

    The nonnative plant threats to the species inhabiting the montane 
mesic ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species Axonopus 
fissifolius, Blechnum appendiculatum, Christella parasitica, Cyperus 
meyenianus, Ehrharta stipioides (meadow ricegrass), Erigeron 
karvinskianus, Hedychium gardnerianum, Holcus lanatus (common velvet 
grass), Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Lonicera japonica (Japanese 
honeysuckle), Melastoma septemnervium, Paspalum urvillei, Passiflora 
tarminiana (banana poka), Rubus argutus, R. ellipticus (yellow 
Himalayan raspberry), and R. rosifolius, and the canopy species 
Corynocarpus laevigatus (karakanut), Eucalyptus robusta (swamp 
mahogany), Psidium cattleianum, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa,

[[Page 62608]]

and Ricinus communis (castor bean) (HBMP 2007).

Montane Wet Ecosystem

    The nonnative plant threats to the species inhabiting the montane 
wet ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species Andropogon 
glomeratus (bushy bluestem), Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), 
Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, Cyperus meyenianus, Erechtites 
valerianifolia (fireweed), Erigeron karvinskianus, Hedychium 
gardnerianum, Juncus planifolius, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, 
Paspalum urvillei, Passiflora tarminiana, Rubus argutus, R. ellipticus, 
R. rosifolius, Sacciolepis indica, Setaria parviflora, and Xyris 
complanata (yellow-eyed grass), and the canopy species Morella faya 
(firetree) and Psidium cattleianum (HBMP 2007).

Dry Cliff Ecosystem

    The nonnative plant threats to the species inhabiting the dry cliff 
ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species Andropogon 
glomeratus, Erigeron karvinskianus, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, 
Lonicera japonica, Passiflora tarminiana, Rubus argutus, and Verbena 
litoralis (vervain) (Wood 2007d; HBMP 2007).

Wet Cliff Ecosystem

    The nonnative plant threats to the species inhabiting the wet cliff 
ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species Ageratum 
conyzoides (maile honohono), Andropogon glomeratus, Blechnum 
appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Cyperus meyenianus, Erigeron 
karvinskianus, Juncus planifolius, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lonicera 
japonica, Paspalum conjugatum, Passiflora edulis (passion fruit, 
lilikoi), P. tarminiana, Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush), Rubus 
argutus, R. rosifolius, Setaria parviflora, Sphaeropteris cooperi, and 
Youngia japonica (oriental hawksbeard), and the canopy species Buddleja 
asiatica (dog tail) and Psidium cattleianum (S. Perlman, in litt. 2007; 
HBMP 2007).

    Nonnative Species-Specific Impacts

    Nonnative plants represent a significant and immediate threat to 
each of the 48 species being addressed in this proposed rule throughout 
their ranges by destroying and modifying habitat. They can adversely 
impact microhabitat by modifying the availability of light, altering 
soil-water regimes, and modifying nutrient cycling processes. They can 
also alter fire characteristics of native plant habitat, leading to 
incursions of fire-tolerant nonnative plant species into native 
habitat. Nonnative plants outcompete native plants by growing faster; 
in addition, they release chemicals that inhibit the growth of other 
plants. By outcompeting native species, nonnative plants convert 
native-dominated plant communities to nonnative plant communities 
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 74; Vitousek 1992, pp. 33-35). The 
following list provides a brief description of the nonnative plants 
that pose a threat to the species proposed for listing that occur in 
the ecosystems being addressed in this proposed rule.
     Ageratum conyzoides is a perennial herb that produces 
thousands of seeds spread by wind and water, with over half germinating 
shortly after being shed, displacing native understory vegetation 
(Pacific Island Ecosystem at Risk (PIER) 2007).
     Andropogon glomeratus, a grass species, displaces native 
vegetation by invading disturbed areas, with culms (stems of grasses or 
similar plants) to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall, and reproduces readily by seed 
(Ohio Department of Natural Resources 2006; PIER 2008a).
     Andropogon virginicus is a grass with seeds that are 
easily distributed by wind, clothing, vehicles, and feral animals 
(Smith 1989, p. 63). Some research suggests that this species may also 
release allelopathic substances (chemicals that inhibit growth in other 
plants) that dramatically decrease the reestablishment of native plants 
(Rice 1972, p 752). This species is on the Hawaii State noxious weed 
list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
     Axonopus fissifolius is a pasture grass that forms dense 
mats with tall foliage. This species does well in soils with low 
nitrogen levels, and can outcompete other grasses in wet forests and 
bogs. The species is not subject to any major diseases or insect pests, 
and recovers quickly from fire. The seeds are readily spread by water, 
vehicles, and grazing animals (O'Connor 1999, pp. 1,500-1,502; Cook et 
al. 2005, p. 4).
     Blechnum appendiculatum is a fern with fronds to 23 in (60 
cm) long, that forms large colonies, outcompeting many native fern 
species (Palmer 2003, p. 81).
     Buddleja asiatica is a shrub or small tree that can 
tolerate a wide range of habitats, forms dense thickets, and is rapidly 
spreading into wet forest and even lava and cinder substrate areas in 
Hawaii where it displaces native vegetation (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 
415; Pacific Island Ecosystem at Risk (PIER) 2008b).
     Christella parasitica (a fern) is known to hybridize with 
other Christella species, and may hybridize with endemic Hawaiian 
Christella species (Palmer 2003, p. 90).
     Clidemia hirta is a noxious shrub in the Melastomataceae 
family that forms a dense understory, shades out native plants and 
prevents their regeneration, and is considered a significant nonnative 
plant threat (Wagner et al. 1985, p. 41; Smith 1989, p. 64). All plants 
in the Melastomataceae family are legally declared noxious in the State 
of Hawaii (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
     Coffea arabica is shade tolerant and can form dense stands 
in the forest understory. Its seeds are dispersed by birds and rats and 
can germinate under the forest canopy displacing native vegetation 
(PIER 2008c).
     Corynocarpus laevigatus is a tree up to 49 ft (15 m) tall. 
C. laevigatus seeds were broadcast by aircraft over the interior of 
Kauai in 1929 in an attempt to restore the watershed, and it is now 
naturalized there (Wagner et al. 1985, p. 39; Forster and Forster 1999, 
p. 566). It forms dense shade which excludes other species, and the 
seeds are distributed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) birds and pigs 
(PIER 2008d).
     Cyperus meyenianus can grow as tall as 2 ft (0.6 m) in 
height and outcompetes native plants (Koyama 1999, p. 1,421).
     Ehrharta stipioides is a grass that creates a thick mat in 
which other species cannot regenerate; its seeds are easily dispersed 
by awns (slender, terminal, bristle-like process found at the 
spikelette in many grasses) that attach to fur or clothing (U.S. Army 
2006, p. 2-1-20).
     Erechtites valerianifolia, a tall (up to 8 ft (2.5 m)), 
widely-distributed annual herb, produces thousands of wind-dispersed 
seeds, outcompeting native plants (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 314).
     Erigeron karvinskianus reproduces and spreads rapidly to 
form dense mats, and can spread by stem layering and regrowth of broken 
roots. This species crowds out and displaces ground level plants (Weeds 
of Blue Mountains Bushland 2006).
     Eucalyptus robusta was planted by State foresters in the 
early 1900s on all the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and 
Kahoolawe in an attempt to protect watersheds. These trees are quick-
growing, can reach 99 ft (30 m) in height, reproduce from seed, and 
replace native forest species (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p 52; Wagner et 
al. 1999, p. 957; PIER 2008e).
     Hedychium gardnerianum forms vast, dense colonies, 
displacing other plant species, and reproduces by stolons

[[Page 62609]]

where already established. The conspicuous, fleshy, red seeds are 
dispersed by fruit-eating birds as well as humans (Smith 1985, p. 191). 
Aircraft-based analysis has found that this species reduces the amount 
of nitrogen in the native Metrosideros forest canopy in Hawaii, a 
finding subsequently corroborated by ground-based sampling (Asner and 
Vitousek 2005). This species may also block stream edges, altering 
water flow and the native vegetation community (Global Invasive Species 
Database (GISD) 2007).
     Holcus lanatus is an aggressively growing and possibly 
allelopathic (having a chemical inhibitory effect on other organisms) 
grass that quickly becomes dominant over other plants (Pitcher and 
Russo 1980, p. 3).
     Juncus planifolius forms dense mats and has the potential 
of displacing natives by preventing establishment of their seedlings 
(Medeiros et al. 1991, p. 28).
     Kalanchoe pinnata can form dense stands that prevent 
reproduction of native species. It can also reproduce by vegetative 
means at indents along the leaf (Motooka et al. 2003).
     Lantana camara was brought to Hawaii as an ornamental 
plant, and is an aggressive, thicket-forming shrub which is now found 
on all of the main islands (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,320).
     Lonicera japonica is a sprawling vine that can grow over 
and smother shrubs and small trees, and cover the forest floor, 
preventing growth of native species (PIER 2008f).
     Melastoma septemnervium is another member of the 
Melastomataceae family. This plant displaces and outcompetes native 
vegetation because of its invasive characteristics such as high 
germination rate, rapid growth, early maturity, ability of fragments to 
root, possible asexual reproduction, and efficient seed dispersal, 
especially by birds (Smith 1985, p. 194; University of Florida 
Herbarium 2006). This species is on the Hawaii State noxious weed list 
(HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
     Melinus minutiflora forms dense mats that can fuel more 
intense fires that destroy native plants (O'Connor 1999, p. 1.562; 
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 89).
     Morella faya is an evergreen shrub or small tree up to 26 
ft (8 m) tall. It forms monotypic stands, has the ability to fix 
nitrogen, and alters the successional ecosystems in areas it invades, 
displacing native vegetation through competition. It is also a prolific 
fruit producer (average of 400,000 fruit per individual shrub or tree 
per year), and the fruit are spread by frugivorous birds and feral pigs 
(Vitousek 1990, p. 8-9; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 931; PIER 2008g). This 
species is on the Hawaii State noxious weed list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 
6, Chapter 68).
     Oplismenus hirtellus forms a dense groundcover, is 
sometimes climbing, and roots at the nodes, enabling its rapid spread. 
It also has sticky seeds that attach to visiting animals and birds that 
then carry them to new areas where they are deposited and spread 
accordingly (O'Connor 1999, p. 1,565; Johnson 2005).
     Paspalum conjugatum is found in wet habitats, and forms a 
dense ground cover. Its small hairy seeds are easily transported on 
humans and animals or are carried by the wind through native forests, 
where it establishes and displaces native vegetation (Cuddihy and Stone 
1990, p. 83; Tomich 1986, p. 125; PIER 2006; University of Hawaii 
2008h).
     Paspalum urvillei forms dense stands which displace native 
vegetation (Motooka et al. 2003, p. 1).
     Passiflora edulis is a vigorous, climbing vine cultivated 
for its fruit in Hawaii (Escobar 1999, p. 1,010). It can grow up to 20 
ft (6 m) per year once established, smothering trees and shrubs. Each 
fruit has hundreds of seeds which are eaten and distributed by pigs 
(PIER 2008i).
     Passiflora tarminiana, a vine native to South America, is 
widely cultivated for its fruit (Escobar 1999, p 1,012). First 
introduced to Hawaii in the early 1900s, it is now a significant pest 
in mesic forest, where it overgrows and smothers the forest canopy. Its 
seeds are readily dispersed by humans, birds, and feral pigs (La Rosa 
1992, pp. 272, 290).
     Pluchea carolinensis is a fast-growing shrub that forms 
thickets in dry habitats and can tolerate saline conditions. The wind-
dispersed seeds facilitate plant dispersal which displaces native 
vegetation (Francis 2006).
     Psidium cattleianum forms dense stands in which few other 
plants can grow, displacing native vegetation through competition. The 
fruit is eaten by pigs and birds that disperse the seeds throughout the 
forest (Smith 1985, p. 200; Wagner et al. 1985, p. 24).
     Psidium guajava forms dense stands in disturbed forest. 
The seeds are spread by feral pigs and alien birds, and it can also 
regenerate from underground parts by suckering (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 
972).
     Pterolepis glomerata is another member of the 
Melastomataceae family. The basis for its classification as invasive 
are the plant's germination rates, rapid growth, early maturity, 
ability of fragments to root, possible asexual reproduction, and seed 
dispersal by birds (University of Florida Herbarium 2006). Because of 
these attributes, it displaces native vegetation through competition.
     Rhodomyrtus tomentosa forms dense thickets and produces 
large amounts of seed that are dispersed by frugivorous birds and 
mammals (Smith 1985, p. 201). It also alters natural fire regimes and 
sprouts prolifically after fires (University of Florida 2006). This 
species is on the Hawaii State noxious weed list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 
6, Chapter 68).
     Ricinus communis is a fast growing tree that can form 
thickets that shade out other species (PIER 2007).
     Rubus argutus reproduces both vegetatively and by seed, 
readily sprouts from underground runners, and is quickly spread by 
frugivorous birds (Tunison 1991, p. 2; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,107; 
U.S. Army 2006, p. 2-1-21, 2-1-22). This species, which displaces 
native vegetation through competiton, is on the Hawaii State noxious 
weed list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
     Rubus ellipticus is a climbing shrub that forms 
impenetrable thickets, is covered with prickles, and has edible yellow 
fruit that are readily dispersed by birds. This species, which 
displaces native vegetation through competition, is on the Hawaii State 
noxious weed list (Benton 2005, p 1; GISD 2008a; HAR Title 4, Subtitle 
6, Chapter 68).
     Rubus rosifolius forms dense thickets and outcompetes 
native plant species. It easily reproduces from roots left in the 
ground, and seeds are spread by feral animals and birds (PIER 2008j; 
GISD 2008b).
     Sacciolepis indica is an annual grass that invades 
disturbed and open areas in wet habitats. The seeds are dispersed by 
sticking to animal fur (University of Hawaii 1998).
     Schinus terebinthifolius forms dense thickets and grows in 
all terrain, and the red berries are attractive to birds (Smith 1989, 
p. 63). Schinus seedlings grow very slowly and can survive in dense 
shade, exhibiting vigorous growth when the canopy is opened after a 
disturbance (Brazilian Pepper Task Force 1997). Because of these 
attributes, it is able to displace native vegetation through 
competition.
     Setaria parviflora can grow in a wide variety of habitats. 
Its culms (hollow or pithy stalks or stems) can be up to 4 ft (1.2 m) 
tall, and this species can form significant colonies shading and 
crowding out native plant species (O'Connor 1999, p. 1,592; University 
of Florida 2007).
     Sphaeropteris cooperi is a tree fern native to Australia 
that was brought to

[[Page 62610]]

Hawaii for use in landscaping (Medeiros et al. 1992, p. 43). It can 
achieve high densities in native Hawaiian forest and grows up to 1 ft 
(0.3 m) in height per year. It reaches maximum known heights of 39 ft 
(12 m) (Jones and Clemesha 1976, p. 56), and can displace native 
species. Understory disturbance by pigs facilitates its establishment 
(Medeiros et al. 1992, p. 30), and it has been known to spread over 
seven mi (12 km) through windblown dispersal of spores from plant 
nurseries (Medeiros et al. 1992, p 29).
     Verbena litoralis is a perennial herb up to 6.5 ft (2 m) 
tall, and is naturalized in a wide range of habitats in Hawaii (Wagner 
et al. 1999, p. 1,325). It displaces native vegetation through 
competition.
     Xyris complanata is a clumping herb cultivated for use in 
floral arrangements. It is naturalized in Hawaii in wet muddy areas and 
on lava and can outcompete native vegetation (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 
1,615).
     Youngia japonica is an annual herb 3 ft (0.9 m) tall that 
is native to southeastern Asia and is now a pantropical weed (Wagner et 
al. 1999, p. 377). In Hawaii it occurs in moist, disturbed sites, and 
can invade nearly intact native wet forest (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 
377), outcompeting native vegetation.

Habitat destruction and modification by fire

    Fire is a relatively new, human-related threat to native species 
and natural vegetation in Hawaii. The historical fire regime in Hawaii 
was characterized by infrequent, low severity fires (Cuddihy and Stone 
1990, p. 91; Smith and Tunison 1992, pp. 395-397). Few natural ignition 
sources existed, natural fuel beds were often discontinuous, and 
rainfall in many areas on most islands was, and is moderate to high. 
Fires inadvertently or intentionally ignited by the original 
Polynesians in Hawaii probably contributed to the initial decline of 
native vegetation in the drier plains and foothills. These early 
settlers practiced slash-and-burn agriculture that created open lowland 
areas suitable for the later colonization of nonnative, fire-adapted 
grasses (Kirch 1982, pp. 5-6, 8; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 30-31). 
Beginning in the late 18th century, Europeans and Americans introduced 
plants and animals that further degraded native Hawaiian ecosystems. 
Pasturage and ranching, in particular, created highly fire-prone areas 
of nonnative grasses and shrubs (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 67). 
Although fires are infrequent in mountainous regions today, extensive 
fires have occurred in lowland mesic areas, and up to half of the areas 
dominated by alien species have been damaged by fire.
    Fires of all intensities, seasons, and sources are destructive to 
native Hawaiian ecosystems (Brown and Smith 2000, p. 172), and a single 
grass-fueled fire can kill most native trees and shrubs in the burned 
area (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 74). Few native Hawaiian plants 
and animals are adapted to withstand fire, and none are known to depend 
on fire for their existence or regeneration. Although Vogl (1969) (in 
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 91) proposed that naturally occurring fires, 
primarily from lightning strikes, have been important in the 
development of the original Hawaiian flora, and that many Hawaiian 
plants might be fire adapted, Mueller-Dumbois (1981) (in Cuddihy and 
Stone 1990, p. 91) point out that most natural vegetation types of 
Hawaii would not carry fire before the introduction of alien grasses, 
and Smith and Tunison (in press) (in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 91) 
state that native plant fuels typically have low flammability. Cuddihy 
and Stone (1990, p. 91) state that fire probably influenced the 
evolution of the montane ecosystems of Maui and Hawaii, which contain 
grasslands of the native Deschampsia nubigena and stands of native 
shrub species and koa (Acacia koa).
    Alien-dominated grasslands and shrublands constitute the greatest 
fire threat to native lowland vegetation, including the lowland mesic 
ecosystem described in this proposal. Grasses (particularly those that 
produce mats of dry material or retain a mass of standing dead leaves) 
that invade native forests and shrublands provide fuels that allow fire 
to burn areas that would not otherwise easily burn (Fujioka and Fujii 
1980, in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 93). Native woody plants may 
recover from fire to some degree, but fire tips the competitive balance 
toward alien species (National Park Service 1989 in Cuddihy and Stone 
1990, p. 93). Many nonnative invasive plants, especially fire tolerant 
grasses, outcompete native plants and inhibit their regeneration 
(D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 70, 73-74; Tunison et. al. 2002, p. 
122).
    Fire represents a threat to many of the species found in the 
lowland mesic, montane mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems addressed in 
this proposed rule. Fire can destroy dormant seeds as well as plants, 
even in steep or inaccessible areas. Successive fires that burn farther 
and farther into native habitat destroy native plants and remove 
habitat for native species by altering microclimate conditions 
favorable to alien plants. Alien plant species most likely to be spread 
as a consequence of fire are those that produce a high fuel load, are 
adapted to survive and regenerate after fire, and establish rapidly in 
newly burned areas. For example, a documented increase in the frequency 
and size of fires at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park since 1968 
coincided with an increasing cover of alien grasses (Smith and Tunison 
1992, p. 398).

Habitat destruction and modification by hurricanes

    Hurricanes adversely impact native Hawaiian habitat, including all 
six Kauai ecosystems and their associated species identified in this 
proposed rule. They do this by destroying native vegetation, opening 
the canopy and thus modifying the availability of light, and creating 
disturbed areas conducive to invasion by nonnative pest species (Asner 
and Goldstein 1997, p. 148; Harrington et al. 1997, pp. 539-540). 
Because many Hawaiian plant and animal species, including the 48 
species in this proposal, persist in low numbers and in restricted 
ranges, natural disasters, such as hurricanes, can be particularly 
devastating (Hawaii Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Plan 2005, p. 
4-3).
    In November 1982, Hurricane Iwa struck the Hawaiian Islands with 
wind gusts exceeding 100 miles per hour (mph) (161 kilometers per hour 
(kph)), causing extensive damage, especially on the islands of Niihau, 
Kauai, and Oahu (Businger 1998, pp. 2, 6). Many forest trees were 
destroyed, which opened the canopy and facilitated invasion of native 
habitat by nonnative plants. Competition with nonnative plants is a 
threat to each of the 6 ecosystems and the 48 species addressed in this 
proposed rule, as described above. In September 1992, Hurricane Iniki, 
a Category 4 hurricane with maximum wind speeds recorded at 140 mph 
(225 kph), passed directly over the island of Kauai, causing 
significant damage to Kauai's native plant populations (Businger 1998, 
pp. 2, 6; S. Perlman, in litt. 1992, pp. 1-9). Several species of 
Kauai's endemic forest birds suffered significant declines in 
population, and some have not been observed since the hurricanes. In 
addition, populations of several of Hawaii's rare plants, including 
three of the species in this proposal, Lysimachia iniki, L. pendens, 
and L. venosa, were adversely impacted by hurricanes Iwa and Iniki 
through wind damage, canopy disruption, and landslides (S. Perlman, in 
litt. 1992, p. 1). Damage by future hurricanes could further decrease 
the remaining native-

[[Page 62611]]

plant dominated habitat areas that support rare plants and wildlife in 
Kauai ecosystems (S. Perlman, in litt. 1992, pp. 1-9).

Habitat destruction and modification due to landslides and flooding

    Landslides and flooding destabilize substrates, damage and destroy 
individual plants, and alter hydrological patterns, which result in 
changes to native plant and animal communities. Due to the steep 
topography of much of the island of Kauai, erosion and disturbance 
caused by introduced ungulates exacerbates the potential for landslides 
or flooding, which in turn threaten native plants. For those species 
that occur in small numbers in highly restricted geographic areas, such 
events have the potential to eradicate all individuals of a population, 
or even all populations of a species, resulting in extinction.
    Landslides and flooding likely adversely many of the species 
addressed in this proposed rule, including: Chamaesyce eleanoriae, 
Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, C. remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera 
densiflora, Cyanea dolichopoda, C. eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis, C. 
kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba, C. paliku, Diellia mannii, Dubautia 
kenwoodii, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Lysimachia iniki, L. 
pendens, L. scopulensis, L. venosa, Melicope paniculata, Myrsine mezii, 
Phyllostegia renovans, Platydesma rostrata, Schiedea attenuata, and 
Stenogyne kealiae. Monitoring data from the HBMP suggests that these 
species are threatened by landslides or falling rocks, since they are 
found in landscape settings susceptible to these events (e.g., steep 
slopes and cliffs). Since Schiedea attenuata is known from only a 
single population of 20 individuals on a steep cliff, one landslide 
could lead to the extinction of the species by direct destruction of 
the individual plants, mechanical damage to individual plants which 
could lead to their death, destabilization of the cliff habitat leading 
to additional landslides, and alteration of hydrological patterns 
(e.g., affecting the availability of soil moisture). Field survey data 
presented in the HBMP suggest that Charpentiera densiflora and 
Cyrtandra oenobarba are threatened by both landslides and flooding, and 
Cyanea kolekoleensis is threatened by flooding.

Habitat destruction and modification by climate change

    The exact nature of the impacts of global climate change and 
increasing temperatures on native Hawaiian ecosystems, including the 6 
Kauai ecosystems and each of the associated 48 species identified in 
this proposed rule, are unknown, but are likely to include the loss of 
native species that comprise the communities in which the 48 Kauai 
species occur (Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14,246 and 14,248; Pounds et 
al. 1999, pp. 611-612; Still et al. 1999, p. 610). Future changes in 
precipitation are uncertain because they depend in part on how El 
Ni[ntilde]o (a disruption of the ocean atmospheric system in the 
Tropical Pacific having important global consequences for weather and 
climate) might change, and reliable projections of changes in El 
Ni[ntilde]o have yet to be made (Hawaii Climate Change Action Plan 
1998, pp. 2-10).
    According to some climate change projections, temperature increases 
could pose an additional threat specific to the akekee and akikiki by 
causing an increase in the elevation at which regular transmission of 
avian malaria occurs (Benning et al. 2002). Experimental evidence has 
shown that the malarial parasite does not develop in birds in an 
environment below 55 degrees Fahrenheit (F) (13 degrees Celsius (C)), 
and field studies have found that maximum malaria transmission occurs 
where mean ambient summer temperature is 63 degrees F (17 degrees C) 
(Benning et al. 2002, p. 14,246). Between 55 and 63 degrees F (13 and 
17 degrees C), malaria transmission is sporadic and usually associated 
with warmer periods, such as El Ni[ntilde]o events (Benning et al. 
2002, p. 14,246). There are no forested areas on Kauai where mean 
ambient temperature is below 55 degrees F (13 degrees C), which 
indicates that all areas are subject to malaria at least periodically. 
Benning et al. (2002) used GIS simulation to show that an increase in 
temperature of 3.6 degrees F (2 degrees C), which is within the range 
predicted by some climate models (e.g. Still et al. 1999 and references 
therein, p. 608; IPCC 2001, p. 67-69), would raise the 63 degrees F (17 
degrees C) isotherm in the Alakai swamp region on Kauai by 984 ft (300 
m), resulting in an 85 percent decrease in the land area where malaria 
transmission currently is only periodic. If climate change were to 
reduce the remaining suitable habitat for the akekee and akikiki by 85 
percent as predicted, it would likely contribute to the extinction of 
the species over time.
    The 48 Kauai species in this proposal are theoretically amongst the 
most vulnerable to extinction due to anticipated global climate change, 
although the specific impacts of such climate change on these species 
cannot currently be known. Impacts to the species proposed for listing 
would be expected to include habitat loss or alteration and/or changes 
in disturbance regimes, in addition to direct physiological stress. The 
probability of species going extinct as a result of these factors 
increases when ranges are restricted, habitat decreases, and population 
numbers decline (IPCC 2007, p. 8). Such is the case for each of the 48 
Kauai species, which are characterized by limited climactic ranges and/
or restricted habitat requirements, small population size, and low 
number of individuals. The threat of climate change for the akikiki and 
akekee would be further exacerbated by the extensive loss of suitable 
habitat due to the expansion of the transmission zone for malaria.

Summary of Habitat Destruction and Modification

    The threats to each of the 48 Kauai species addressed in this 
proposed rule are occurring throughout the entire range of each of the 
species. These threats include introduced ungulates, nonnative plants, 
fire, natural disasters, and climate change.
    The effects from ungulates are immediate because ungulates 
currently occur in all of the ecosystems on which these species depend. 
The threat posed by introduced ungulates is significant because they 
cause: (1) Trampling and grazing that directly impacts the plant 
species proposed for listing; (2) increased soil disturbance, leading 
to mechanical damage to individuals of proposed plants and host plants 
of Drosophila attigua (picture-wing fly); (3) trampling and grazing 
native plants used for nesting and foraging by the akekee and akikiki, 
and for foraging by D. attigua; (4) creation of open, disturbed areas 
conducive to weedy plant invasion and establishment of alien plants 
from dispersed fruits and seeds, which results over time in the 
conversion of a community dominated by native vegetation to one 
dominated by nonnative vegetation (leading to all of the negative 
impacts associated with nonnative plants, detailed below); (5) 
increased watershed erosion and sedimentation; and (6) creation of 
breeding sites for mosquitoes, the primary vector for the transmission 
of avian diseases, which threaten the akikiki and akekee. These threats 
are expected to continue or increase without control or eradication.
    Nonnative plants represent a significant and immediate threat to 
all 48 species being addressed in this proposed rule through habitat 
destruction and modification for the following reasons: (1) They 
adversely

[[Page 62612]]

impact microhabitat by modifying the availability of light; (2) they 
alter soil-water regimes; (3) they modify nutrient cycling processes; 
(4) they alter fire characteristics of native plant habitat, leading to 
incursions of fire-tolerant nonnative plant species into native 
habitat; and (5) they outcompete, and possibly directly inhibit the 
growth of, native plant species. All of these threats can convert 
native dominated plant communities to nonnative plant communities 
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 74; Vitousek 1992, pp. 33-35). This 
conversion has negative impacts on, and threatens, the 45 plant species 
addressed here, as well as the akikiki, akekee, and Drosophila attigua, 
which depend upon native plant species for essential life history 
needs.
    The threat from fire to the species in this proposed rule that 
depend on lowland mesic, montane mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems (see 
Table 2) is significant because fire damages and destroys native 
vegetation, including dormant seeds, seedlings, and juvenile and adult 
plants. Many nonnative invasive plants, particularly fire-tolerant 
grasses, outcompete native plants and inhibit their regeneration 
(D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 70, 73-74; Tunison et al 2001, p. 
122). Successive fires that burn farther and farther into native 
habitat destroy native plants and remove habitat for native species by 
altering microclimatic conditions and creating conditions favorable to 
alien plants. The threat from fire is unpredictable but omnipresent in 
these ecosystems that have been invaded by nonnative, fire-prone 
grasses.
    Natural disasters such as hurricanes represent a significant threat 
to native habitat and the 48 species addressed in this proposed rule 
because they open the forest canopy, modify available light, and create 
disturbed areas that are conducive to invasion by nonnative pest plants 
(Asner and Goldstein 1997, p. 148; Harrington et al. 1997, pp. 346-
347). These impacts can be particularly devastating to the 48 species 
addressed in this proposed rule because due to other threats they now 
persist in low numbers or occur in restricted ranges, and are therefore 
less resilient to such disturbances. Furthermore, a particularly 
destructive hurricane holds the potential of driving a highly localized 
endemic species to extinction in a single event. In 1982 and 1992, the 
island of Kauai received the brunt of hurricane-force winds and rain 
associated with Hurricanes Iwa and Iniki. Field biologists noted 
significant declines in native Hawaiian plant and wildlife populations 
following these events, and believe that future hurricane damage could 
further exacerbate these declines (S. Perlman, in litt. 1992, p. 1). 
Hurricanes pose an immediate and ever-present threat, because they can 
occur at any time, although their occurrence is not predictable.
    Landslides and flooding adversely impact many of the species in 
this proposed rule (see Table 2) by destabilizing substrates, damaging 
and destroying individual plants, and altering hydrological patterns 
which result in habitat destruction or modification and changes to 
native plant and animal communities. These threats are significant and, 
as with hurricanes, have the potential to occur at any time, although 
their occurrence is not predictable.
    The projected effects of global climate change and increasing 
temperatures on the 48 species addressed in this proposed rule relate 
to changes in microclimatic conditions, which may lead to the loss of 
native species due to direct physiological stress, the loss or 
alteration of habitat, and/or changes in disturbance regimes (e.g., 
storms and hurricanes). Because the probability of species going 
extinct increases when ranges are restricted, habitat decreases, and 
population numbers decline - conditions that describe the situation for 
small populations of single-island endemics such as those addressed in 
this proposed listing - each of the 48 Kauai species are particularly 
vulnerable to extinction due to such changes. In addition, climate 
change may pose a significant threat specific to the akekee and akikiki 
by causing an increase in the elevation at which regular transmission 
of avian malaria occurs. However, because the specific effects of 
probable climate change on these species are unknown at this time, we 
are not able to determine the magnitude of this threat with confidence.

B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or 
Educational Purposes

    The palm tree Pritchardia hardyi is found only on the island of 
Kauai. Rare palm trees are highly desirable to collectors, and there is 
an active internet sales and online auction market for their seeds and 
seedlings, including P. hardyi (GardenGuides.com 2007; 
Rarepalmseeds.com 2007; South Coast Palms 2007; Kapoho Palms 2007; J.D. 
Anderson Nursery 2007; Jungle Music Palms and Cycads 2007; Tropical 
Gardens of Maui 2007). Seeds of P. hardyi have been stolen from an 
outplanting site in the past (R. Nishek, NTBG, pers. comm. 2007), and 
we have evidence of vandalism and illegal collection of other species 
of endangered Pritchardia palms on Kauai (Johnson 1996, pp. 16-17; A. 
Kyono, DOFAW, pers. comm. 2000; R. Nishek, pers. comm. 2007). Because 
this species is found in only two populations with limited numbers of 
individuals, we consider overutilization to be an immediate and 
significant threat to P. hardyi throughout its entire range. We do not 
consider overutilization to pose a threat to any of the other 47 Kauai 
species.

C. Disease or Predation

    Avian Diseases
    Avian diseases transmitted by the introduced southern house 
mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus), including avian pox (Poxvirus avium) 
and malaria (Plasmodium relictum), play a major role in limiting the 
distribution of the many Hawaiian forest bird species, and pose a 
significant and immediate threat to the akekee and akikiki throughout 
their ranges (Benning et al. 2002, p. 14,246). Like many other native 
Hawaiian forest birds, the akikiki and akekee are no longer found at 
lower elevations, but have become restricted to the higher elevation 
montane mesic (akekee only) and montane wet (both akekee and akikiki) 
ecosystems where mosquitoes and the diseases they carry are less 
prevalent (Scott et al. 1986, p. 367-368). In the warmer fall months, 
Culex quinquefasciatus breeds at higher densities in upper elevation 
forests, coinciding with a prevalence of malaria in avian populations 
at higher elevations (van Riper et al. 1986, pp. 332-333, 338).
    Native Hawaiian birds evolved in the absence of mosquito-borne 
avian diseases, and only recently became exposed when mosquitoes were 
accidentally introduced to the islands in 1827, in association with the 
introduction of avian pox and malaria through imported cage birds and 
domestic fowl (Yorinks and Atkinson 2000, p. 731 and references 
therein). Native Hawaiian forest birds are more susceptible to malaria 
than are nonnative bird species (van Riper et al. 1986, pp. 327-328). 
In addition, native birds infected with malaria also show altered 
behaviors that increase their vulnerability to predation (Yorinks and 
Atkison 2000, pp. 731-738). Avian malaria appears to be highly 
pathogenic for the Hawaiian honeycreepers (birds in the subfamily 
Drepanidinae), including the akikiki and akekee (Yorinks and Atkinson, 
p. 737). In a study of iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea), another Hawaiian 
honeycreeper, Atkinson et al. (1995, p. S65) described 
``extraordinarily high mortality'' of birds

[[Page 62613]]

infected with malaria. This susceptibility, in combination with the 
observation that other Hawaiian honeycreepers have become restricted to 
high elevation forests, led Atkinson et al. (1995, p. S68) to predict 
that a shift in the current mosquito distribution to higher elevations 
could be disastrous for those species with already reduced populations. 
As discussed below (``Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Their 
Continued Existence''), climate change may pose just such a threat to 
the akikiki and akekee, by potentially causing an increase in the 
elevation at which regular transmission of avian malaria occurs 
(Benning et al. 2002, pp. 12,246-14,247).

    Predation

    Hawaii's plants and animals evolved in nearly complete isolation. 
Successful colonization of these remote volcanic islands was 
infrequent, and many organisms never established populations. As an 
example, Hawaii lacks any native ants or conifers, has very few bird 
families, and has only a single native land mammal (Loope 1998, p. 
748). Defenses against mammalian herbivory, such as thorns, prickles, 
and production of toxins, were not needed, and evolutionary pressure 
for plants to produce or maintain them was lacking. Therefore, Hawaiian 
plants lost or never developed these defenses (Carlquist 1980, p. 173). 
Likewise, birds endemic to Hawaii lost their resistance to diseases 
common to their continental origins, and strategies to avoid mammalian 
predators. Native Hawaiian birds were not able to withstand the 
stressors of habitat change and predation caused when browsers, 
grazers, rooters, and predators were introduced (e.g., goats, cattle, 
pigs, rats, cats, and deer) (Scott et al. 1986, pp. 352-361, 364-365). 
The native flora and fauna of the islands are thus particularly 
vulnerable to the impacts of introduced alien species.

    Introduced Ungulates

    In addition to the habitat impacts discussed above (See ``Habitat 
Destruction and modification by introduced ungulates''), the following 
ungulates most likely threaten the 45 plant species in this proposal by 
trampling and eating individual plants, as follows (this information is 
also presented in Table 2): Astelia waialealae (feral goats and pigs), 
Canavalia napaliensis (feral goats), Chamaesyce eleanoriae (feral 
goats), Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis (feral pigs), C. remyi var. 
remyi (feral goats, pigs, and black-tailed deer), Charpentiera 
densiflora (feral goats), Cyanea eleeleensis (feral pigs), C. 
kolekoleensis (feral pigs), C. kuhihewa (feral pigs), Cyrtandra 
oenobarba (feral goats and pigs), Diellia mannii (black-tailed deer and 
feral pigs), Doryopteris angelica (black-tailed deer, feral goats and 
pigs), Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus (feral pigs), Dubautia 
imbricata ssp. imbricata (feral pigs), Dubautia kenwoodii (feral goats 
and pigs), Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia (feral pigs), Dubautia 
waialealae (feral goats and pigs), Geranium kauaiense (feral pigs), 
Keysseria erici (feral pigs), K. helenae (feral pigs), Labordia helleri 
(black-tailed deer, and feral goats and pigs); Labordia pumila (feral 
pigs); Lysimachia daphnoides (feral pigs), L. pendens (feral pigs), L. 
scopulensis (feral pigs and goats), Melicope degeneri (feral goats and 
pigs), M. paniculata (feral goats and pigs), M. puberula (feral goats 
and pigs), Myrsine knudsenii (black-tailed deer, feral goats and pigs), 
M. mezii (feral!goats and pigs), Phyllostegia renovans (feral goats and 
pigs), Pittosporum napaliense (feral goats), Platydesma rostrata 
(black-tailed deer, feral goats and pigs), Pritchardia hardyi (feral 
goats and pigs), Psychotria grandiflora (black-tailed deer, feral goats 
and pigs), P. hobdyi (black-tailed deer, feral goats and pigs), 
Schiedea attenuata (feral goats), Stenogyne kealiae (black-tailed deer, 
feral goats and pigs), Tetraplasandra bisattenuata (feral pigs), and 
Tetraplasandra flynnii (feral goats) (Wood 1998, p. 1; Wagner et al. 
1999, p. 282; HBMP Database 2007; Wood in litt. 2007, pp. 1, 4, 6-8, 
10-12; USFWS 2007 Candidate Status Assessments).
    We have direct evidence of ungulate damage to some of these 
species, but for many, ungulate damage is presumed based on several 
studies conducted in Hawaii and elsewhere. In a study conducted by 
Diong (1982, p. 160) on Maui, feral pigs were observed browsing on 
young shoots, leaves, and fronds of a wide variety of plants, of which 
over 75 percent were endemic species (Diong 1982, p. 160). A stomach 
content analysis in this study showed that 60 percent of the pigs' food 
source consisted of the endemic Cibotium (tree fern). Pigs were 
observed to fell plants and remove the bark of the native plant species 
Clermontia, Cibotium, Coprosma, Psychotria, Scaevola, and Hedyotis, 
resulting in larger trees being killed over a few months of repeated 
feeding (Diong 1982, p. 144). A study in Texas conducted by Beach 
(1997, pp. 3-4) revealed that feral pigs spread disease and parasites, 
and that their rooting and wallowing behavior led to spoilage of 
watering holes and loss of soil through leaching and erosion. Rooting 
activities also decreased the survivability of some plant species 
through disruption at root level of mature plants and seedlings (Beach 
1997, pp. 3-4).
    Feral goats thrive on a variety of food plants, and are 
instrumental in the decline of native vegetation in many areas (Cuddihy 
and Stone 1990, p. 64). Feral goats trample roots and seedlings, cause 
erosion, and promote the invasion of alien plants. They are able to 
forage in extremely rugged terrain and have a high reproductive 
capacity (Clarke and Cuddihy 1980, p. C-20; van Riper and van Riper 
1982, pp. 34-35; Tomich 1986, pp. 153-156; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 
64). A study of goat predation on a native Acacia koa (koa) forest on 
the island of Hawaii has shown that grazing pressure by goats can cause 
the eventual extinction of koa because it is unable to reproduce (Spatz 
and Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 874). If goats are maintained at 
constantly high numbers, mature trees will eventually die and with 
them, the root systems that support suckers and vegetative 
reproduction. An exclosure analysis demonstrated that release from goat 
pressure by fencing resulted in a rapid recovery in height growth and 
numbers of vegetative resprouts of koa (Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1973, 
p. 873). Another study at Puuwaawaa on the island of Hawaii 
demonstrated that prior to management actions in 1985, regeneration of 
endemic shrubs and trees in the goat-grazed area was almost totally 
lacking, contributing to the invasion of the forest understory by 
exotic grasses and weeds. After the removal of grazing animals in 1985, 
koa and Metrosideros spp. (ohia) seedlings were observed germinating by 
the thousands (Department of Land and Natural Resources 2002, p. 52). 
Goats have been observed uprooting, eating, and trampling native plants 
in the Kauai ecosystems (e.g., K.R. Wood 1994; S. Perlman, in litt. 
2007). Based on a comparison of fenced and unfenced areas, it is clear 
that goats can devastate native ecosystems. They can also outcompete 
black-tailed deer. It is estimated that there are 2 goats per hectare 
in Hawaii (C. Kessler, pers. comm. 2008).
    Black-tailed deer co!nsume native vegetation, trample roots and 
seedlings, accelerate erosion, and promote the invasion of nonnative 
plants (van Riper and van Riper 1982, pp. 42-43; Stone 1985, pp. 261-
262; Tomich 1986, pp. 132-134; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 67). About 
350 animals are known to occur in and near Waimea Canyon, with some 
invasion into Alakai Swamp in drier periods (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 
67). According to current State

[[Page 62614]]

records, they are feeding largely on the introduced species strawberry 
guava, thimbleberry, passion flower, and blackberry, as well as the 
native species Alyxia oliviformis (maile), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), 
Dianella sandwicensis (ukiuki), Coprosma sp. (pilo), and Acacia koa 
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 67). Black-tail deer affect the species and 
ecosystems addressed in this proposed rule by damaging native plants 
through browsing or trampling, resulting in plant mortality and/or the 
loss of reproductive vigor. By spreading seeds of nonnative species on 
their coats or in their digestive tracts, they also increase 
competition for resources with native species.

    Rats

    There are three species of introduced rats in the Hawaiian Islands. 
The Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) and the black rat (Rattus rattus) 
are primarily found in the wild, in dry to wet habitats, while the 
Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) is typically found in manmade habitats 
such as urban areas or agricultural fields (Tomich 1986, p. 41). The 
Polynesian rat probably arrived on the Hawaiian Islands as an 
inadvertent introduction by early Polynesian colonizers from the 
central Pacific (Tomich 1986, p. 42). More recently, the black rat and 
the Norway rat most likely arrived on the Hawaiian Islands as stowaways 
on ships sometime in the 19th century (Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p. 
25).
    Rats occur in all six of the Kauai ecosystems, and rat predation 
threatens at least 19 of the 45 plant species addressed in this 
proposed rule (see Table 2). Although introduced rats are best known 
for their impacts on island birds, rat predation on seeds and young 
plants can seriously affect regeneration. They are also known to have 
caused declines or even the total elimination of island plant species 
(Campbell and Atkinson 1999, as cited in Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p. 
24). Rats impact the native plants by eating fleshy fruits, seeds, 
flowers, stems, leaves, roots, and other plant parts (Atkinson and 
Atkinson 2000, p. 23). In the Hawaiian Islands, rats may consume as 
much as 90 percent of the seeds produced by some trees, or in some 
cases prevent the regeneration of forest species completely (Cuddihy 
and Stone 1990, pp. 68-69). Plants with large, fleshy fruits are 
particularly susceptible to rat predation including several of the 
plant genera proposed for listing here, for example the fruits of 
Pritchardia spp., and plants in the bellflower (e.g., Cyanea spp.), and 
African violet (e.g., Cyrtandra spp.) families (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, 
pp. 67-69). Research on rats in forests in New Zealand has demonstrated 
that, over time, rats may alter the species composition of forest 
plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 68-69).
    Rat predation may also threaten the native host and foraging plants 
of Drosophila attigua, and is a threat to the akekee and akikiki in the 
montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems. Rats are reported in the 
ecosystems where these birds occur and are potential predators on 
roosting or incubating adults, nests, and young (VanderWerf and Smith 
2002, p. 73; Scott et al. 1986, pp. 363-364; USFWS 2007 Candidate 
Status Assessments). Predation by rats was the greatest cause of nest 
failure for the puaiohi, or small Kauai thrush (Myadestes palmeri), an 
endangered bird that inhabits the same areas as!the akekee and akikiki 
(Tweed et al. 2006, p. 753). Puaiohi nest almost exclusively in pseudo-
cavities on cliff faces (Snetsinger et al. 2005, p. 77), unlike akikiki 
and akekee that build cup nests in trees (Akikiki, BNA 555, p. 7; 
Akekee, BNA 295, p. 6). Captive raised puaiohi built cup nests in trees 
during a 1999 captive release in the Kawaikoi, and two females and 
their associated young were killed by rats at these nests (Tweed et al. 
2003, USGS/BRD, unpublished data). From these data and information on 
rat predation for cliff nests (Snetsinger et al. 2005, p. 79), it is 
clear that both puaiohi cliff nests and cup nests built in trees are 
vulnerable to rat predation. Although we do not have direct evidence of 
rat predation on the akekee or akikiki from nest studies, it is 
reasonable to assume that these birds nesting in the same area as the 
puaiohi would be exposed to similar impacts from rat predation.

    Cats and Owls

    Feral cats (Felis domesticus) are present in the Alakai Swamp, 
which is within the montane wet ecosystem (Tweed et al. 2006, p. 753). 
Cats are believed to prey on roosting or incubating akekee and akikiki 
adults, nests, and young (VanderWerf and Smith 2002, p. 73; Scott et 
al. 1986, pp. 363-364). Though cats are most common at lower 
elevations, they have been observed in high-elevation rain forests on 
Hawaii and Maui (Scott et al. 1986, p. 363). On Hawaii Island, native 
forest birds have been found to be a regular component in the diets of 
feral cats in the montane wet forest (Smucker et al. 2000, p. 233). 
Examination of the stomach contents of 118 feral cats at Hakalau forest 
found native and introduced birds to be the most common prey item 
(Banko et al. 2004, p. 162). In addition, two species of owls, the 
native pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) and the introduced barn owl 
(Tyto alba), are also known to prey on forest birds. Between 1996 and 
1998, 10 percent of nest failures of the endangered puaiohi on Kauai 
were attributed to owls (Snetsinger et al. 1994, p. 47; Snetsinger et 
al. 2005, pp. 72, 79). Since the puaiohi occurs in the same area and 
forest type as the akikiki and akekee and is of generally similar size, 
it is not unreasonable to assume there may be similar impacts to these 
bird species.

    Invertebrates

    Predation by nonnative invertebrate pests adversely impacts 13 of 
the plant and animal species (Table 2) in this proposed rule through 
mechanical damage to plants, destruction of plant parts, parasitism, 
and mortality. Those introduced invertebrate pests with the greatest 
effect on these native species include at least 12 different species of 
slugs (Joe 2006, pp. 6, 12), the black twig borer (Xylosandrus 
compactus) (Davis 1970, pp. 38-39), the two-spotted leafhopper 
(Sophonia rufofascia) (Hawaii Department of Agriculture, p. 1; Fukada 
1996, pp. 1-12), and the western yellow-jacket wasp (Vespula 
pensylvanica) (Gambino and Loope 1992, p. 1).
    Predation by nonnative slugs is most likely a threat to individuals 
of the four species of Cyanea in this proposed rule: Cyanea 
dolichopoda, C. eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis, and C. kuhihewa (Joe 
2006, p. 10). On Oahu, slugs have been reported to destroy C. 
grimesiana ssp. obatae and C. superba ssp. superba in the wild, and 
have been observed eating leaves and fruit of cultivated individuals of 
Cyanea (L. Mehrhoff, pers. comm. 1995; U.S. Army Garrison 2005, pp. 3-
34, 3-51). Little is known about the predation of certain rare plants 
by slugs; however, information in the U.S. Army's 2005 Status Report 
for the Makua Implementation Plan indicates that slugs can be a threat 
to all species of Cyanea (U.S. Army Garrison 2005, p. 3-51). Research 
investigating slug herbivory and control methods shows that slug 
impacts on Cyanea seedlings results in up to 70 to 80 percent seedling 
mortality (U.S. Army Garrison 2005, p. 3-51). Although we do not have 
direct evidence of slug predation on the 4 species of Cyanea addressed 
in this rule, slugs are found in the ecosystems on Kauai in which these 
plants occur. It is therefore reasonable to assume these plant species 
would be exposed to similar impacts from slug predation.
    The black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus) is known to infest a 
wide

[[Page 62615]]

variety of common plant taxa, including native species of Melicope 
(Davis 1970, p. 39; Extension Entomology and UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest 
Management Program 2006a, p. 1). This insect pest burrows into 
branches, introduces a pathogenic fungus as food for its larvae, and 
lays its eggs (Davis 1970, p. 39). Twigs, branches, and even entire 
plants can be killed from an infestation (Extension Entomology and UH-
CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program 2006a, p. 2). On the Hawaiian 
Islands, the black twig borer has many hosts, disperses easily, and is 
probably present at most elevations up to 2,500 ft (762 m) (Howarth 
1985, pp. 152-153). Damage caused by the black twig borer has been 
observed by field biologists on Canavalia napaliensis, Charpentiera 
densiflora, Melicope degeneri, M. paniculata, and M. puberula (HBMP 
2006).
    The two-spotted leafhopper is a threat as the effects of its 
predation have been observed on four plant species included in this 
proposed rule: Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2000), 
Cyanea kuhihewa (Wood 2004), Platydesma rostrata (HBMP 2007), and 
Psychotria hobdyi (HBMP 2006). This nonnative insect damages the leaves 
it feeds on, typically causing chlorosis (yellowing due to disrupted 
chlorophyll production) to browning and death of foliage (Hawaii 
Department of Agriculture 2006, p. 1). The damage to plants can result 
in the death of affected leaves or the whole plant, owing to the 
combined action of its feeding and oviposition behavior (Alyokhin et 
al. 2004, p. 13). In addition to the mechanical damage caused by the 
feeding process, the insect may introduce plant pathogens that lead to 
eventual plant death (Extension Entomology and UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest 
Management Program 2006b, p. 2). The two-spotted leafhopper is a highly 
polyphagous insect, and of its recorded host plant species 68 percent 
are fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops, and 22 percent are endemic 
plants, over half of which are rare and endangered (Alyokhin et al. 
2004, p. 13). Its range is limited to below 4,000 ft (1,219 m) in 
elevation, unless there is a favorable microclimate. There has been a 
dramatic reduction in the two-spotted leafhopper populations in the 
past few years, possibly due to egg parasitism (M. Fukada, pers. comm. 
2007).
    Nonnative predatory and parasitic insects are considered 
significant factors contributing to the reduction in range and 
abundance of Drosophila attigua (Science Panel 2005, p. 25). In 
addition to the accidental establishment of nonnative species, 
nonnative predators and parasites have been purposefully imported and 
released in Hawaii since 1865 for biological control of pests. Between 
1890 and 2004, 387 nonnative species were introduced, sometimes with 
the specific intent of reducing populations of native Hawaiian insects 
(Funasaki et al. 1988, pp. 109-110, 143; Lai 1988, pp. 180, 186; 
Staples and Cowie 2001, pp. 41, 54-57). Nonnative arthropods pose a 
serious threat to Hawaii's native Drosophila, both through direct 
predation or parasitism as well as competition for food and space 
(Howarth and Medeiros 1989, pp. 82-83; Howarth and Ramsay 1991, pp. 80-
83; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 41-45; Staples and Cowie 2001, 
pp. 41, 54-57).
    Due to their large colony sizes and systematic foraging habits, 
species of social Hymenoptera (ants and some wasps) and parasitic wasps 
pose a predation threat to the Hawaiian picture-wing flies, including 
D. attigua (Gambino et al. 1987, p. 170; Foote and Carson 1995, p. 370; 
Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 12). Hawaiian arthropods, including D. 
attigua, evolved without the predation influence of social wasps 
(Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 41-45), and therefore have no 
defenses against such predation. In 1977, an aggressive race of the 
western yellow-jacket wasp became established in the State of Hawaii, 
and is now abundant between 1,969 and 5,000 ft (600 and 1,524 m) in 
elevation (Gambino et al. 1990, p. 1,087; Foote and Carson 1995, p. 
370) on all the main islands (Tenorio and Nishida 1995, p. 174). 
Drosophila attigua is present within the elevation range occupied by 
the yellow-jacket wasps. Yellow-jacket wasps are voracious predators in 
most ecosystems in which they are found. Compared with typical North 
American populations, yellow-jackets in Hawaii display a high incidence 
of colonies that overwinter and persist into at least a second year. 
The result is that numbers of workers at such colonies are much greater 
than at annual colonies (Gambino et al. 1987, p. 169). Yellow-jacket 
colonies in Hawaii can each produce over a half-million foragers that 
consume tens of millions of arthropods (Gambino and Loope 1992, p. 19). 
Picture-wing flies may be particularly vulnerable to predation by wasps 
due to their lekking (gathering in groups for breeding) behavior, 
conspicuous courtship displays that can last for several minutes, and 
relatively large size (K. Kaneshiro, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 
pers. comm. 2006). Yellow-jacket wasps are widespread within at least a 
portion of the range encompassing the D. attigua population sites in 
the montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems on Kauai (Sci!ence Panel 
2005, p. 12).
    The rarity or disappearance of numerous picture-wing fly species, 
including Drosophila attigua, from historical observation sites over 
the past 25 years may be due to a variety of factors. While there is no 
documentation that conclusively ties this decrease in observations to 
the establishment of yellow-jacket wasps within their habitats, the 
concurrent arrival of wasps and decline of picture-wing fly 
observations in some areas suggest that the wasps may have played a 
significant role in the decline of some picture-wing fly populations, 
including that of D. attigua (Foote and Carson 1995, p. 370; Kaneshiro 
and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 41-45; Science Panel 2005, p. 25).

    Summary of Predation

    We consider predation and parasitism by nonnative animal species 
(pigs, goats, deer, rats, cats, owls, and invertebrates) to pose an 
immediate and significant threat to 36 of the 48 species in this 
proposed rule throughout their ranges for the following reasons: (1) 
Observations and reports have documented pigs, goats, and deer browsing 
and trampling of 26 of the plant species, in addition to other studies 
demonstrating the negative impacts of ungulate browsing and trampling 
on native plant species of the islands (Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1973, 
p. 874; Diong 1982, p. 160; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 67); (2) 
nonnative invertebrates and rats cause mechanical damage to plants and 
destruction of plant parts (branches, fruits, seeds) to 22 of the 45 
plant species in this proposed rule; (3) nonnative invertebrates such 
as yellow-jacket wasps prey upon, parasitize, and kill Drosophila 
attigua; and (4) rats, owls, and cats are likely predators on roosting 
or incubating adults, nests, and young of the akekee and akikiki (See 
Table 2).

D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms

    Currently, there are no Federal, State, or local laws, treaties, or 
regulations that specifically conserve or protect the 48 species from 
the threats described in this proposed rule. The Migratory Bird Treaty 
Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C. 703-712) is the domestic law that implements the 
United States' commitment to four international conventions (with 
Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Russia) for the protection of shared 
migratory bird resources. Each of the conventions

[[Page 62616]]

protects selected species of birds; however, the MBTA does not provide 
protection for any Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidianae), including 
the two species being addressed in this proposed rule (akikiki and 
akekee) (71 FR 50205, August 24, 2006).

E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Their Continued Existence

    Competition with Nonnative Invertebrates

    Competition by nonnative crane-flies (family Tipulidae) is a threat 
to Drosophila attigua in the montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems 
on Kauai. The Hawaiian Islands now support several established species 
of nonnative crane-flies, and the larvae of some species feed within 
the decomposing bark of Cheirodendron spp. (Science Panel 2005, p. 18; 
K. Magnacca, pers. comm. 2005; S. Montgomery, pers. comm. 2005a). These 
tipulid larvae feed within the same portion of the decomposing host 
plant area normally occupied by D. attigua larvae during their 
development. The effect of this competition is a reduction in available 
host plant material for D. attigua larvae (Science Panel 2005, p. 18). 
There have been no statistical studies conducted on tipulid larvae 
competition in Hawaii, but it is thought the issue is severe based on 
many observations of very high numbers of tipulid flies present within 
the host plants of several species of Hawaiian Drosophila (S. 
Montgomery, pers. comm. 2008). In laboratory studies, Grimaldi and 
Jaenike (1984) demonstrated that competition between Drosophila larvae 
and other fly larvae can exhaust food resources, which affects both the 
probability of larval survival and the body size of adults, resulting 
in reduced adult fitness, fecundity, and lifespan.

    Small Number of Populations and Individuals

    Species that are endemic to single islands are inherently more 
vulnerable to extinction than widespread species because of the 
increased risk of genetic bottlenecks, random demographic fluctuations, 
climate change, and localized catastrophes such as hurricanes and 
disease outbreaks (Mangel and Tier 1994, p. 607; Pimm et al. 1998, p. 
757). These problems are further magnified when populations are few and 
restricted to a very small geographic area, and when the number of 
individuals is very small. Populations with these characteristics face 
an increased likelihood of stochastic extinction due to changes in 
demography, the environment, genetics, or other factors (Gilpin and 
Soul[eacute] 1986, pp. 24-34).
    Small, isolated populations often exhibit reduced levels of genetic 
variability, which diminishes the species' capacity to adapt and 
respond to environmental changes, thereby lessening the probability of 
long-term persistence (e.g., Barrett and Kohn 1991, p. 4; Newman and 
Pilson 1997, p. 361). The problems associated with small population 
size and vulnerability to random demographic fluctuations or natural 
catastrophes are further magnified by synergistic interactions with 
other threats, such as those discussed above (Factors A-C).
    Very small plant populations may experience reduced reproductive 
vigor due to ineffective pollination or inbreeding depression. This is 
particularly true for dioecious species, such as Melicope degeneri and 
Myrsine mezii in this proposal, in which staminate (male) and 
pistillate (female) flowers occur on separate individuals. Isolated 
individuals have difficulty achieving natural pollen exchange, which 
decreases the production of viable seed. Populations are also impacted 
by demographic stochasticity, through which populations are skewed 
toward either male or female individuals by chance.
    The following 25 plant species in this proposal are threatened by 
the effects of small population size (fewer than 50 individuals): 
Astelia waialealae, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Cyanea dolichopoda, C. 
eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa, Cyrtandra paliku, Diellia 
mannii, Doryopteris angelica, Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, 
Dubautia kalalauensis, D. kenwoodii, D. waialealae, Lysimachia iniki, 
L. pendens, L. scopulensis, L. venosa, Melicope degeneri, Myrsine 
knudsenii, M. mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, Psychotria grandiflora, 
Schiedea attenuata, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and T. flynnii. We 
consider these species threatened by small population size because:
     No viable seeds or reproduction have been observed in 
Astelia waialealae, Melicope degeneri, and Psychotria grandiflora.
     Only five individuals of Myrsine mezii are known, and this 
number has not changed over 10 years (N. Tangalin, in litt. 2007b).
     Cyrtandra paliku, Dubautia kalalauensis, Lysimachia iniki, 
Schiedea attenuata, and Tetraplasandra flynnii are known only from a 
single population with fewer than 50 individuals (Wagner et al. 1994, 
p. 187; K. Wood, pers. comm. 1995; Marr and Bohm 1997, pp. 270-271; S. 
Perlman, pers. comm. 2003b; Baldwin and Carr 2005, p. 261; S. Perlman, 
in litt. 2006 and 2007).
     Diellia mannii and Dubautia kenwoodii are each known from 
only one individual in the wild (Carr 1998, p. 8; HBMP 2007).
     At least four species, Cyanea eleeleensis, C. 
kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa, and Lysimachia venosa, are not known to 
persist in the wild. Of these, Cyanea eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis, 
and Lysimachia venosa are not in storage or propagation, but 
individuals familiar with these species believe they may possibly 
remain extant and that much of their suitable habitat (lowland wet and 
wet cliff) on Kauai remains to be surveyed (Wood 2006, p. 11; S. 
Perlman, in litt. 2007; S. Perlman and K. Wood, pers. comm. 2007).
     Cyanea kuhihewa is found only in cultivation (D. Burney, 
NTBG, pers. comm. 2006; N. Sugii, pers. comm. 2006a; V. Pence, pers. 
comm. 2007) and is threatened by reduced reproductive vigor as well as 
vulnerability to extinction due to a single catastrophic event at 
either of the facilities that are propagating this species.

    Summary of Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Their 
Continued Existence

    The threat to Drosophila attigua from nonnative tipulid flies is 
immediate and significant because the larvae of nonnative tipulid flies 
feed on the same host plants occupied by the larvae of Drosophila 
attigua, and the effect of this competition is a reduction in available 
host plant material for D. attigua larvae. This threat occurs 
throughout the range of D. attigua. Laboratory studies have shown that 
competition between Drosophila larvae and other fly larvae can exhaust 
food resources, which affects both the probability of larval survival 
and the body size of adults, resulting in reduced adult fitness, 
fecundity, and lifespan.
    We consider the threat to at least 25 plant species in this 
proposal from limited numbers of populations and few (less than 50) 
individuals is significant and immediate for the following reasons: (1) 
These species may experience reduced reproductive vigor due to 
ineffective pollination or inbreeding depression; (2) they may 
experience reduced levels of genetic variability leading to diminished 
capacity to adapt and respond to environmental changes, thereby 
lessening the probability of long-term persistence; and (3) a single 
catastrophic

[[Page 62617]]

event may result in extinction of the species. This threat applies to 
the entire range of each species.

Proposed Listing Determination

    We have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial 
information available regarding threats to each of the 48 Kauai 
species. We find that all of these species face immediate and 
significant threats throughout their ranges from the present 
destruction and modification of their habitats, primarily from feral 
ungulates and nonnative plants, and from the threatened destruction and 
modification of their habitats from hurricanes (compounded because of 
their small population sizes and limited distribution), landslides, and 
flooding. In addition, we are concerned about the effects of projected 
climate change, particularly rising temperatures and consequent 
increased likelihood of malarial transmission, but recognize there is 
limited information on the exact nature of impacts from climate change 
(Factor A). There is also immediate and significant threat of disease 
or predation, including avian diseases such as malaria that impact the 
akikiki and akekee; widespread impacts of predation and herbivory on 36 
of the species by nonnative pigs, goats, deer, rats, cats, owls, and 
invertebrates (Factor C); the threat of extinction due to factors 
associated with small numbers of populations and individuals; and 
competition from introduced tipulid flies for Drosophila attigua 
(Factor E) (see Table 2). In addition, the palm Pritchardia hardyi is 
threatened by overcollection (Factor B). These threats are exacerbated 
by the species' inherent vulnerability to extinction from stochastic 
events at any time because of their endemism, small numbers of 
individuals and populations, and restricted habitats.
    The Act defines an endangered species as any species that is ``in 
danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its 
range'' and a threatened species as any species ``that is likely to 
become endangered throughout all or a significant portion of its range 
within the foreseeable future.'' We find that each of these endemic 
species is presently in danger of extinction throughout its entire 
range, based on the immediacy, severity, and scope of the threats 
described above. Therefore, on the basis of the best available 
scientific and commercial information, we propose listing the following 
48 species as endangered in accordance with section 3(6) of the Act: 
the plants Astelia waialealae, Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce 
eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi var. 
remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyanea eleeleensis, 
Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba, Cyrtandra 
paliku, Diellia mannii, Doryopteris angelica, Dryopteris crinalis var. 
podosorus, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Dubautia kalalauensis, 
Dubautia kenwoodii, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Dubautia 
waialealae, Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae, 
Labordia helleri, Labordia pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, Lysimachia 
iniki, Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia scopulens, Lysimachia venosa, 
Melicope degeneri, Melicope paniculata, Melicope puberula, Myrsine 
knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, Pittosporum 
napaliense, Platydesma rostrata, Pritchardia hardyi, Psychotria 
grandiflora, Psychotria hobdyi, Schiedea attenuata, Stenogyne kealiae, 
Tetraplasandra bisattenu!ata, and Tetraplasandra flynii; the birds, 
akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) and akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi); and 
the insect Drosophila attigua.
    Under the Act and our implementing regulations, a species may 
warrant listing if it is threatened or endangered throughout all or a 
significant portion of its range. Each of the 48 endemic Kauai species 
proposed for listing in this rule is highly restricted in its range, 
and the threats occur throughout its range. Therefore, we assessed the 
status of each species throughout its entire range. In each case, the 
threats to the survival of these species occur throughout the species' 
range and are not restricted to any particular portion of that range. 
Accordingly, our assessment and proposed determination applies to each 
species throughout its entire range.

Critical Habitat

    Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:
    (1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a 
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which 
are found those physical or biological features
    (a) essential to the conservation of the species and
    (b) which may require special management considerations or 
protection; and
    (2) specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by a 
species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas 
are essential for the conservation of the species.
    Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means the use 
of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered 
or threatened species to the point at which the measures provided under 
the Act are no longer necessary.
    Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act 
through the prohibition against Federal agencies carrying out, funding, 
or authorizing the destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat. Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires consultation on Federal 
actions that may affect critical habitat. The designation of critical 
habitat does not affect land ownership or establish a refuge, 
wilderness, reserve, preserve, or other conservation area. Such 
designation does not allow the government or public to access private 
lands. Such designation does not require implementation of restoration, 
recovery, or enhancement measures by the landowner. Where a landowner 
seeks or requests Federal agency funding or authorization that may 
affect a listed species or critical habitat, the consultation 
requirements of section 7(a)(2) would apply, but even in the event of a 
destruction or adverse modification finding, the landowner's obligation 
is not to restore or recover the species, but to implement reasonable 
and prudent alternatives to avoid destruction or adverse modification 
of critical habitat.
    For inclusion in a critical habitat designation, habitat within the 
geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing must 
contain the physical and biological features (we also refer to these as 
primary constituent elements, or PCEs) that are essential to the 
conservation of the species, and be included only if those features may 
require special management considerations or protection. Critical 
habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the best 
scientific data available, habitat areas containing the PCEs laid out 
in the appropriate quantity and spatial arrangement that is essential 
to the conservation of the species. Un!der theAct, we can designate 
critical habitat in areas outside the geographical area occupied by the 
species at the time it is listed only when we determine that those 
areas are essential for the conservation of the species.
    Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on 
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available. 
Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered 
Species Act (published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 
34271)), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and 
General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 
106-554; H.R.

[[Page 62618]]

5658)), and our associated Information Quality Guidelines, provide 
criteria, establish procedures, and provide guidance to ensure that our 
decisions are based on the best scientific data available. They require 
our biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use 
of the best scientific data available, to use primary and original 
sources of information as the basis for recommendations to designate 
critical habitat.
    When we are determining which areas should be proposed as critical 
habitat, our primary source of information is generally the information 
developed during the listing process for the species. Additional 
information sources include the recovery plan for the species, if 
available; articles in peer-reviewed journals; conservation plans 
developed by States and counties; scientific status surveys and 
studies; biological assessments; or other unpublished materials and 
expert opinion or personal knowledge.
    Habitat is often dynamic, and species may move from one area to 
another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that critical habitat 
designated at a particular point in time may not include all of the 
habitat areas that we may later determine to be necessary for the 
recovery of the species, as additional scientific information may 
become available in the future. For these reasons, a critical habitat 
designation does not signal that habitat outside the designated area is 
unimportant or may not be required for recovery of the species.
    Areas that support populations, but are outside the critical 
habitat designation, will be subject to conservation actions 
implemented by the Service and other Federal agencies under section 
7(a)(1) of the Act. They are also subject to the regulatory protections 
afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard, as determined on the 
basis of the best available scientific information at the time of the 
agency action. Federally funded or permitted projects affecting listed 
species outside their designated critical habitat areas may require 
consultation under section 7 of the Act and may still result in 
jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat 
designations made on the basis of the best available information at the 
time of designation will not control the direction and substance of 
future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans (HCPs), or other 
species conservation planning efforts if any new information available 
to these planning efforts calls for a different outcome.
    Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and our implementing 
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent 
and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time 
a species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Service 
regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of critical 
habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations 
exist: (1) The species is threatened by taking or other human activity, 
and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the 
degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical 
habitat would not be beneficial to the species.
    In considering the designation of critical habitat for each of the 
48 Kauai species, we have determined that there is one species, the 
palm Pritchardia hardyi, for which the designation of critical habitat 
is not prudent. Rare palm trees are highly desirable to collectors, and 
there is an active market for the seeds and seedlings of rare palms, 
including those of P. hardyi, through internet sales and online 
auctions (GardenGuides.com 2007; Rarepalmseeds.com 2007; South Coast 
Palms 2007; Kapoho Palms 2007; J.D. Anderson Nursery 2007; Jungle Music 
Palms and Cycads 2007; Tropical Gardens of Maui 2007). Seeds of P. 
hardyi have been stolen from an outplanting site in the past (R. 
Nishek, pers. comm. 2007), and we have evidence of vandalism and 
illegal collection of other species of endangered Pritchardia palms on 
Kauai (Johnson 1996, pp. 16-17; A. Kyono, pers. comm. 2000; R. Nishek, 
pers. comm. 2007). The designation of critical habitat for P. hardyi 
would require us to identify the geographic areas where the species 
occurs, thereby increasing the species' vulnerability to further 
unauthorized and illegal collection. Collecting and vandalism is 
identified as a threat specific to P. hardyi in our threats analysis. 
As the designation of critical habitat for this species would 
exacerbate this ongoing threat, we determine that the designation of 
critical habitat for P. hardyi is not prudent in accordance with the 
Act and its implementing regulations.
    With the exception of Pritchardia hardyi, we find that the 
designation of critical habitat for each of the other 47 species 
addressed in this rule will benefit them by serving to focus 
conservation efforts on the restoration and maintenance of ecosystem 
functions that are essential for attaining their recovery and long-term 
viability. In addition, the designation of critical habitat serves to 
inform management and conservation decisions by identifying any 
additional physical and biological features of the ecosystem that may 
be essential for the conservation of certain species, such as the 
availability of sufficient arthropod prey for the akikiki and akekee, 
or hummocks in bog systems for Astelia waialeale. We therefore find 
that designation of critical habitat is prudent for the following 47 
Kauai species, as critical habitat would be beneficial and there is no 
evidence that the designation of critical habitat would result in an 
increased threat from taking or other human activity for these species: 
(1) Plants--Astelia waialealae, Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce 
eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi var. 
remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyanea eleeleensis, 
Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba, Cyrtandra 
paliku, Diellia mannii, Doryopteris angelica, Dryopteris crinalis var. 
podosorus, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Dubautia kalalauensis, 
Dubautia kenwoodii, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Dubautia 
waialealae, Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae, 
Labordia helleri, Labordia pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, Lysimachia 
iniki, Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia scopulensis, Lysimachia venosa, 
Melicope degeneri, Melicope pani!culata, Melicope puberula, Myrsine 
knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, Pittosporum 
napaliense, Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria grandiflora, Psychotria 
hobdyi, Schiedea attenuata, Stenogyne kealiae, Tetraplasandra 
bisattenuata, and Tetraplasandra flynii; (2) Animals--akekee, akikiki, 
and Drosophila attigua.

Methods

    As required by section 4(b) of the Act, we used the best scientific 
data available in determining those areas that contain the physical and 
biological features essential to the conservation of the 47 species 
proposed for listing in this rule, and for which designation of 
critical habitat is considered prudent, by identifying the occurrence 
data for each species and determining the ecosystems upon which they 
depend. This information was developed by using:
     The known locations of the 47 species, including site-
specific species information from the Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping 
Program (HBMP) database (HBMP 2007) and our own rare plant database;
     Species information from the plant database housed at 
NTBG;

[[Page 62619]]

     The Nature Conservancy's Ecoregional Assessment of the 
Hawaiian High Islands (2006), and ecosystem maps (2007);
     Color mosaic 1:19,000 scale digital aerial photographs for 
the Hawaiian Islands (April to May 2005);
     Island-wide Geographic Information System (GIS) coverage, 
e.g., Gap Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation data 2005;
     1:24,000 scale digital raster graphics of U.S. Geological 
Survey (USGS) topographic quadrangles;
     Geospatial data sets associated with parcel data from 
Kauai County (2005);
     Designated critical habitat for listed species on the 
island of Kauai (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003);
     Recent biological surveys and reports; and
     Discussions with qualified individuals familiar with these 
species and ecosystems (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007; NTBG in litt. 2007).
    Based upon all of this data, we determined that the 47 species 
addressed in this proposed rule are all found in or dependent upon one 
or more of the six ecosystems described in this rule: lowland mesic 
(TNC 2006b), lowland wet (TNC 2006c), montane mesic (TNC 2006e), 
montane wet (TNC 2006f), dry cliff (TNC 2006a), and wet cliff (TNC 
2006d).

Primary Constituent Elements

    In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act and 
the regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose 
as critical habitat, we consider the physical and biological features 
that are essential to the conservation of the species to be the primary 
constituent elements laid out in the appropriate quantity and spatial 
arrangement for conservation of the species. These physical and 
biological features provide the essential life history requirements of 
the species which may include, but are not limited to, the following:
    (1) Space for individual and population growth, and for normal 
behavior;
    (2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or 
physiological requirements;
    (3) Cover or shelter;
    (4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, rearing (or development) of 
offspring, germination, or seed dispersal; and generally;
    (5) Habitats that are protected from disturbance or are 
representative of the historical geographical and ecological 
distributions of a species.
    As required by 50 CFR 424.12(b), we are to list the known primary 
constituent elements (PCEs) with our description of critical habitat. 
The primary constituent elements provided by the physical and 
biological features upon which the designation is based may include, 
but are not limited to, the following: Roost sites, nesting grounds, 
spawning sites, feeding sites, seasonal wetland or dryland, water 
quality or quantity, host species or plant pollinator, geological 
formation, vegetation type, tide, and specific soil types.
    In this proposal, we derived the PCEs for each of the 47 species 
primarily based on those physical and biological features that support 
the successful functioning of the ecosystem upon which that species 
depends. As each species is dependent upon a functioning ecosystem to 
provide its fundamental life requirements, such as a certain soil type, 
minimum level of rainfall, or conditions conducive to supporting the 
presence of a certain species of plant for foraging or larval 
development, we considered the physical and biological features of the 
ecosystems described in this rule to be PCEs for each species. The PCEs 
collectively provide the suite of environmental conditions within each 
ecosystem essential to meeting the requirements of each species, 
including the appropriate microclimatic conditions for germination and 
growth of the plants (e.g., light availability, soil nutrients, 
hydrologic regime, temperature); habitat for shelter, foraging, 
nesting, and raising young in the case of the akikiki and akekee; 
larval host plants in the case of the picture-wing fly; and in all 
cases, space within the appropriate habitats for population growth and 
expansion, as well as to maintain the historical geographical and 
ecological distribution of each species. In many cases, due to our 
limited knowledge of the specific life-history requirements for these 
species that are little-studied and occur in remote and/or inaccessible 
areas, the more general description of the physical and biological 
features that provide for the successful function of the ecosystem that 
is essential to the conservation of the species represents the best, 
and in many cases, the only, scientific information available. Table 3 
identifies the PCEs of a functioning ecosystem for each of the 
ecosystem types identified in this proposed rule; these are termed 
``ecosystem-level PCEs,'' and each species identified in this rule 
requires the ecosystem-level PCEs for each ecosystem in which that 
species occurs, as noted in Table 4. The ec!osystem-level PCEs are 
defined here by elevation, annual levels of precipitation, substrate 
type and slope, and the characteristic native plant genera that are 
found in the canopy, subcanopy, and understory levels of the vegetative 
community, where applicable. If further information is available 
indicating additional, specific life-history requirements for some 
species, PCEs relating to these requirements are described separately 
and are termed ``species-specific PCEs,'' which are also identified in 
Table 4. The PCEs for each species are therefore composed of the PCEs 
for the functioning of its associated ecosystem(s) in combination with 
additional species-specific requirements, if any, as shown in Table 4. 
Note that the ecosystem-level PCEs identified in Table 4 for each 
species are presented in detail in Table 3, thus both Table 3 and Table 
4 must be read together to fully describe all of the PCEs for each 
species.

[[Page 62620]]



                    TABLE 3.--ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS (PCEs) FOR EACH SPECIES (READ IN ASSOCIATION WITH TABLE 4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               Primary Constituent Elements
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               One or More of these Associated Native Plants (by Genus)
            Ecosystem                  Elevation            Annual             Substrate     -----------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Precipitation                              Canopy             Subcanopy          Understory
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Mesic\1\                  < 3,000 ft          50-75 in            shallow soils,      Acacia, Diospyros,  Dodonaea,           Carex,
                                  (<1,000 m)........  (127-190 cm)......   little to no        Metrosideros,       Freycinetia,        Dicranopteris,
                                                                           herbaceous layer    Myrsine,            Leptecophylla,      Diplazium,
                                                                                               Pouteria,           Melanthera,         Elaphoglossum,
                                                                                               Santalum            Osteomeles,         Peperomia
                                                                                                                   Pleomele Psydrax
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Wet\2\                    < 3,000 ft          > 75 in             clays, ashbeds,     Antidesma,          Cibotium,           Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
                                  (<1,000 m)........  (> 190 cm)........   deep well-drained   Metrosideros,       Claoxylon,          Dicranopteris,
                                                                           soils, lowland      Myrsine, Pisonia,   Hedyotis,           Diplazium,
                                                                           bogs                Psychotria          Melicope            Microlepia,
                                                                                                                                       Machaerina,
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Mesic\3\                  3, 000 to 6,600 ft  50-75 in            weathered aa lava   Acacia,             Cheirodendron,      Bidens,
                                  (1,000 to 2,000 m)  (127-190cm).......   flows, rocky        Metrosideros,       Coprosma,           Dryopteris,
                                                                           mucks, thin silty   Psychotria,         Hedyotis, Ilex,     Leptecophylla,
                                                                           loams, deep         Tetraplasandra,     Myoporum, Myrsine   Poa, Scaevola,
                                                                           volcanic ash        Zanthoxylum                             Sophora
                                                                           soils
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Wet\4\                    3, 000 to 6,600 ft  > 75 in             well-developed      Acacia,             Broussaisia,        Ferns, Carex,
                                  (1,000 to 2,000 m)  (> 190 cm)........   soils, montane      Charpentiera,       Cibotium, Eurya,    Coprosma,
                                                                           bogs                Cheirodendron,      Ilex, Myrsine       Leptecophylla,
                                                                                               Metrosideros                            Oreobolus,
                                                                                                                                       Rhynchospora,
                                                                                                                                       Vaccinium
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dry Cliff\5\                      unrestricted        < 75 in             > 65 degree slope,  none                Antidesma,          Bidens,
                                                      (< 190 cm)........   rocky talus                             Chamaesyce,         Eragrostis,
                                                                                                                   Diospyros,          Melanthera,
                                                                                                                   Dodonaea,           Schiedea
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wet Cliff\6\                      unrestricted        > 75 in             > 65 degree slope,  none                Broussaisia,        Ferns, Bryophytes,
                                                      (> 190 cm)........   shallow soils,                          Cheirodendron,      Coprosma,
                                                                           weathered lava                          Leptecophylla,      Dubautia,
                                                                                                                   Metrosideros        Hedyotis,
                                                                                                                                       Peperomia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The PCEs for species in the lowland mesic ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai - Lowland Mesic Units 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
\2\ The PCEs for species in the lowland wet ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai - Lowland Wet Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
\3\ The PCEs for species in the montane mesic ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai - Montane Mesic Units 1, 2, and 3.
\4\ The PCEs for species in the montane wet ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai - Montane Wet Units 1, 2, and 3.
\5\ The PCEs for species in the dry cliff ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai - Dry Cliff Units 1 and 2.
\6\ The PCEs for species in the wet cliff ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai - Wet Cliff Units 1, 2, and 3.


      TABLE 4.-- PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS FOR THE KAUAI SPECIES ARE A COMBINATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL PCES (SEE TABLE 3) FOR THE APPLICABLE
                                          ECOSYSTEM(S) AS WELL AS SPECIES-SPECIFIC PCES, IF ANY ARE IDENTIFIED
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                         Ecosystem-level PCEs
           Species            ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------     Species-
                                 Lowland Mesic      Lowland Wet      Montane Mesic      Montane Wet       Dry Cliff        Wet Cliff      specific PCEs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plants                                                                                                                                   ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Astelia waialealae                                                                   X                                                   Hummocks in
                                                                                                                                          bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Canavalia napaliensis          X                                                                                                         ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce eleanoriae          X                                                                       X                                 ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62621]]

 
Chamaesyce remyi var.                            X                                                                      X                ...............
 kauaiensis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi    X                 X                 X                 X                                  X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charpentiera densiflora        X                 X                                                                                       ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea dolichopoda                                                                                                      X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea eleeleensis                               X                                                                                       ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kolekoleensis                             X                                                                                       ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kuhihewa                                  X                                                                                       ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra oenobarba                              X                                                                      X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra paliku                                                                                                        X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diellia mannii                                                     X                                                                     ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Doryopteris angelica           X                                                                                                         ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dryopteris crinalis var.                                                             X                                                   ...............
 podosorus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia imbricata ssp.                          X                                                                                       ...............
 imbricata
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kalalauensis                                                                X                                                   ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kenwoodii             X                                                                                                         ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia plantaginea ssp.                                                                                               X                ...............
 magnifolia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia waialealae                                                                  X                                                   bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geranium kauaiense                                                                   X                                                   bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria erici                                                                      X                                                   bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria helenae                                                                    X                                                   bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia helleri               X                 X                 X                 X                                                   ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia pumila                                                                      X                                                   bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia daphnoides                                                                X                                                   bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia iniki                                                                                                        X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia pendens                                                                                                      X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia scopulensis                                                                                 X                                 ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia venosa                                                                                                       X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope degeneri                                                                    X                                                   ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope paniculata                              X                                                                                       ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope puberula                                X                                   X                                                   ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine knudsenii                                                  X                                                                     ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine mezii                                                      X                 X                                                   ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62622]]

 
Phyllostegia renovans                            X                                   X                                                   ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittosporum napaliense         X                                                                                                         ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Platydesma rostrata            X                 X                 X                 X                                  X                ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria grandiflora                                             X                 X                                                   ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria hobdyi              X                                                                                                         ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schiedea attenuata                                                                                     X                                 ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stenogyne kealiae                                X                 X                                   X                                 ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata    X                 X                                                                                       ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra flynnii                                             X                 X                                                   ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Animals                                                                                                                                  ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akekee                                                             X                 X                                                   arthropod prey
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akikiki                                                                              X                                                   arthropod prey
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila attigua                                                 X                 X                                                   larval host
                                                                                                                                          plants
                                                                                                                                          Cheirodendron
                                                                                                                                          sp.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some of the species addressed in this proposed rule occur in more 
than one ecosystem. The PCEs for these species are described separately 
for each ecosystem in which they occur. The reasoning behind this 
approach is that each species requires a different suite of 
environmental conditions depending upon the ecosystem in which it 
occurs. For example, an individual plant of the species Stenogyne 
kealiae will require a different level of annual precipitation, will 
occur on different soils and slopes, and will grow in association with 
different native plant species when it is growing in the dry cliff 
ecosystem as opposed to the lowland wet and montane mesic ecosystems in 
which it also is found. All of the primary constituent elements as 
described for each ecosystem in which the species occurs are essential 
to the conservation of the species to retain its geographical and 
ecological distribution across the different ecosystem types in which 
it may occur, and to retain the genetic representation that allows this 
species to successfully adapt to different environmental conditions in 
various native ecosystems. It should be noted that, although these 
species are flexible enough to occur in multiple native ecosystems, the 
declining abundance of these species in the face of ongoing threats, 
such as increasing numbers of nonnative plant competitors, indicates 
that these species are not such broad habitat generalists as to be able 
to persist in highly altered habitats. To the best of our knowledge, 
functioning native ecosystems provide the fundamental biological 
requirements for all of these species.
    Some examples may help to clarify our approach to describing the 
PCEs for each individual species. If we want to determine the PCEs for 
the plant Cyanea dolichopoda, we look at Table 4 and see that the PCEs 
for C. dolichopoda are provided by the ecosystem-level PCEs for the wet 
cliff ecosystem. Referring back to Table 3 tells us that the PCEs for 
the wet cliff ecosystem include no restrictions on elevation; annual 
precipitation greater than 75 inches; shallow soils or weathered lava 
at greater than 65 degrees slope; no canopy vegetation; a subcanopy 
that includes native plants in the genera Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, 
Leptecophylla, and Metrosideros; and an understory of native plants 
including ferns, bryophytes, and representatives of the genera 
Coprosma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, and Peperomia. As there are no species-
specific PCEs identified for C. dolichopoda, and this plant is found 
only in the wet cliff ecosystem, the ecosystem-level PCEs for the wet 
cliff ecosystem describe the PCEs for C. dolichopoda in their entirety. 
As another example, Table 4 tells us that the PCEs for the picture-wing 
fly Drosophila attigua include the ecosystem-level PCEs for the montane 
mesic and montane wet ecosystems, and also that this species has an 
additional species-specific PCE, the presence of larval host plants in 
the genus Cheirodendron. The PCEs for D. attigua are thus composed of 
the PCEs for each of the two ecosystems it occupies, as described in 
Table 3 for the montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems, as well as 
the larval host plant Cheirodendron. Table 4 is read in a similar 
fashion in conjunction with Table 3 to describe the PCEs for each of 
the 47 species for which we are proposing to designate critical habitat 
in this proposed rule.

Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat Boundaries

    We considered several factors in the selection and proposal of 
specific boundaries for critical habitat for these 47 species. We 
propose to designate critical habitat on lands that contain the 
physical and biological features essential to conserving multiple 
species, based on their shared dependence on

[[Page 62623]]

the functioning ecosystems they have in common. Because each of the six 
ecosystems addressed in this rule does not form a single contiguous 
area, the ecosystems are divided into geographic subunits that we refer 
to as ``sections.'' The 6 ecosystem areas are divided into a total of 
22 separate geographic sections. Although we do not usually refer to 
areas of critical habitat as sections, compliance with Federal Register 
publication requirements necessitated the subdivision of the ecosystem 
areas presented here into smaller subunits to correspond with existing 
critical habitat units currently published in the Code of Federal 
Regulations (CFR), since much of the proposed critical habitat for the 
plant species overlies critical habitat already designated for other 
plants on the island of Kauai. We thus refer to ecosystem ``sections'' 
here in order to retain the focus on the contiguous ecosystem areas of 
interest in this proposed rule, while recognizing that from a legal 
standpoint, multiple critical habitat units may comprise these 
sections. Further details are provided under the section titled 
``Proposed Critical Habitat Designation,'' below.
    The proposed critical habitat is a combination of areas currently 
occupied by the species in that ecosystem, as well as areas that may be 
currently unoccupied. Due to the extremely remote and inaccessible 
nature of the area, surveys are relatively infrequent and may be 
limited in scope; therefore it is difficult to say with certainty 
whether individual representatives of a rare species may or may not be 
present. The occupied areas provide the physical and biological 
features essential to the conservation of the species that occur there 
by providing for the successful functioning of the ecosystem on which 
the species depend. However, due to the small population sizes, few 
numbers of individuals, and reduced geographic range of each of the 47 
species for which critical habitat is proposed here, we have determined 
that a designation limited to the known present range of each species 
would be inadequate to achieve the conservation of those species. The 
areas believed to be unoccupied have been determined to be essential 
for the conservation and recovery of the species because they provide 
the physical and biological features necessary for the expansion of 
existing wild populations and reestablishment of wild populations 
within the historical range of the species. For four of the plant 
species, Cyanea eleeleensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, and 
Lysimachia venosa, we are proposing to designate unoccupied areas only, 
since these species are not believed to be extant in the wild and thus 
unoccupied areas are essential for their recovery. Critical habitat 
boundaries were delineated to clearly depict and promote the recovery 
and conservation of these species by protecting the functioning 
ecosystems on which they depend.
    In some cases, we have identified areas of critical habitat for 
species in multiple ecosystems. With the exception of the four species 
described above that are no longer known to be extant in the wild, all 
of the critical habitat units in these ecosystems contain some areas 
that are occupied by the species and some areas that are currently 
unoccupied, but have been determined to be essential for the 
conservation of the species. Because of the small numbers of 
individuals or low population sizes of each of the 47 species, each 
requires suitable habitat and space for the expansion of existing 
populations to achieve a level that could approach recovery. For 
example, although Platydesma rostrata is found in multiple critical 
habitat units across five ecosystem types, only a total of 
approximately 100 individuals comprise this entire distribution. The 
unoccupied areas of each unit are essential for the expansion of this 
species to achieve viable population numbers and maintain its 
historical geographical and ecological distribution.
    The current and historical species location information was used to 
develop initial critical habitat boundaries (polygons) in each of the 6 
ecosystems that would individually and collectively provide for the 
conservation of the 47 species addressed in this proposed rule. The 
initial polygons were superimposed over digital topographic maps of the 
island of Kauai and further evaluated. We also considered the 
correlation of these areas with areas already designated as critical 
habitat for other listed species. Land areas that were identified as 
highly degraded were removed from the proposed critical habitat units, 
and natural or manmade features (e.g., ridge lines, valleys, streams, 
coastlines, roads, obvious land features, etc.) were used to delineate 
the proposed critical habitat boundaries.
    The critical habitat areas described below constitute our best 
assessment of the physical and biological features essential for the 
recovery and conserva!tion ofthe 47 species and habitat that is 
essential to the conservation of the species for population expansion. 
The approximate size of each of the 22 critical habitat ecosystem 
sections and the status of their land ownership is identified in Table 
5. The species that currently occupy each of the 22 sections are 
identified in Table 6; this table also identifies the sections that 
have been designated for the four species that are presumably no longer 
extant in the wild, and are therefore currently unoccupied by those 
species.

                              Table 5.--Critical Habitat Proposed for 47 Kauai Species (totals may not sum due to rounding)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                Land ownership (acres)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                       Corresponding
                                                                                                                                      critical habitat
   Proposed critical habitat area      Size of section in      Size of section in            State                 Private         units and maps in the
                                              acres                 hectares                                                          Code of Federal
                                                                                                                                     Regulations (CFR)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai--Lowland Mesic                                                                                                               .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 1                          2,007                   812                     2,007                  0                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 66a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 2                          379                     154                     379                    0                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 66a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 3                          124                     50                      124                    0                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 66a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62624]]

 
--Section 4                          81                      33                      81                     0                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 66a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 5                          37                      15                      0                      37                     Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 7, Map 23a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Lowland Mesic                  2,628                   1,064                   2,590                  37                     .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai--Lowland Wet                                                                                                                 .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 1                          1,164                   471                     117                    1,047                  Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 70a;
                                                                                                                                    Unit 21, Map 217d.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 2                          172                     70                      172                    0                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 70a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 3                          756                     306                     0                      756                    Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 70a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 4                          591                     239                     10                     581                    Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 70a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 5                          1,541                   624                     442                    1,099                  Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 10, Map 36a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 6                          789                     319                     134                    655                    Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 10, Map 36a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Lowland Wet                    5,013                   2,029                   875                    4,138                  .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai--Montane Mesic                                                                                                               .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 1                          2,462                   996                     2,462                  0                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 76c.
                                                                                                                                    Akekee: 50 17.95(b),
                                                                                                                                    Unit 1 - Montane
                                                                                                                                    Mesic. Picture-wing
                                                                                                                                    fly: 50 CFR
                                                                                                                                    17.95(i), Unit 1 -
                                                                                                                                    Montane Mesic.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 2                          376                     152                     376                    0                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 70c;
                                                                                                                                    Unit 22, map 217e.
                                                                                                                                    Akekee: 50 CFR
                                                                                                                                    17.95(b), Unit 2 -
                                                                                                                                    Montane Mesic.
                                                                                                                                    Picture-wing fly: 50
                                                                                                                                    CFR 17.95(i), Unit 2
                                                                                                                                    - Montane Mesic.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 3                          138                     56                      138                    0                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 23, Map 217f.
                                                                                                                                    Akekee: 50 CFR
                                                                                                                                    17.95(b), Unit 3 -
                                                                                                                                    Montane Mesic.
                                                                                                                                    Picture-wing fly: 50
                                                                                                                                    CFR 17.95(i), Unit 3
                                                                                                                                    - Montane Mesic.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Montane Mesic                  2,976                   1,204                   2,976                  0                      .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai--Montane Wet                                                                                                                 .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62625]]

 
--Section 1                          14,107                  5,709                   12,629                 1,478                  Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 10, Map 35a;
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 74a;
                                                                                                                                    Unit 18, Map 217a;
                                                                                                                                    Unit 24, Map 217g;
                                                                                                                                    Unit 25, Map 217h.
                                                                                                                                    Akekee and akikiki:
                                                                                                                                    50 CFR 17.95(b),
                                                                                                                                    Unit 1 - Montane
                                                                                                                                    Wet. Picture-wing
                                                                                                                                    fly: 50 CFR
                                                                                                                                    17.95(i), Unit 1 -
                                                                                                                                    Montane Wet.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 2                          790                     320                     790                    0                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 64a.
                                                                                                                                    Akekee and akikiki:
                                                                                                                                    50 CFR 17.95(b),
                                                                                                                                    Unit 2 - Montane
                                                                                                                                    Wet. Picture-wing
                                                                                                                                    fly: 50 CFR
                                                                                                                                    17.95(i), Unit 2 -
                                                                                                                                    Montane Wet.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 3                          413                     167                     156                    257                    Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 64a.
                                                                                                                                    Akekee and akikiki:
                                                                                                                                    50 CFR 17.95(b),
                                                                                                                                    Unit 3 - Montane
                                                                                                                                    Wet. Picture-wing
                                                                                                                                    fly: 50 CFR
                                                                                                                                    17.95(i), Unit 3 -
                                                                                                                                    Montane Wet.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Montane Wet                    15,310                  6,196                   13,575                 1,735                  .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai--Dry Cliff                                                                                                                   .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 1                          404                     163                     404                    0                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 67a.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 2                          308                     125                     308                    0                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, map 67a.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Dry Cliff                      712                     288                     712                    0                      .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai--Wet Cliff                                                                                                                   .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 1                          190                     77                      190                    0                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 11, Map 70b.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 2                          784                     317                     778                    7                      Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 10, Map 36b;
                                                                                                                                    Unit 19, Map 217b.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 3                          61                      24                      8                      53                     Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
                                                                                                                                    Unit 4, Map 5a; Unit
                                                                                                                                    20, map 217c.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Wet Cliff                      1,035                   418                     976                    60                     .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL ALL SECTIONS                   27,674                  11,199                  21,706                 5,970                  .....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                      Table 6.--SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT IS DESIGNATED IN EACH ECOSYSTEM
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Species                                                              Critical Habitat Units
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     Lowland Mesic        Lowland Wet        Montane Mesic        Montane Wet          Dry Cliff           Wet Cliff
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plants                                                                                                                                ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Astelia waialealae                                                                            X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62626]]

 
Canavalia napaliensis             X                                                                                                   ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce eleanoriae             X                                                                               X                   ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis                      X                                                                               X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi       X                   X                   X                   X                                       X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charpentiera densiflora           X                   X                                                                               ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea dolichopoda                                                                                                                    X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea eleeleensis*                                   X                                                                               ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kolekoleensis*                                 X                                                                               ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kuhihewa*                                      X                                                                               ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra oenobarba                                   X                                                                               X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra paliku                                                                                                                      X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diellia mannii                                                            X                                                           ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Doryopteris angelica              X                                                                                                   ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dryopteris crinalis var.                                                                      X                                       ..................
 podosorus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia imbricata ssp.                               X                                                                               ..................
 imbricata
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kalalauensis                                                                         X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kenwoodii                X                                                                                                   ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia plantaginea ssp.                                                                                                             X
 magnifolia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia waialealae                                                                           X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geranium kuauaiense                                                                           X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria erici                                                                               X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria helenae                                                                             X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia helleri                  X                   X                   X                   X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia pumila                                                                               X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62627]]

 
Lysimachia daphnoides                                                                         X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia iniki                                                                                                                      X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia pendens                                                                                                                    X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia scopulensis                                                                                            X                   ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia venosa*                                                                                                                    X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope degeneri                                                                             X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope paniculata                                   X                                                                               ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope puberula                                     X                                       X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope knudsenii                                                        X                                                           ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine mezii                                                             X                   X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phyllostegia renovans                                 X                                       X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittosporum napaliense            X                                                                                                   ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Platydesma rostrata               X                   X                   X                   X                                       X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria grandiflora                                                    X                   X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria hobdyi                 X                                                                                                   ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schiedea attenuata                                                                                                X                   ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stenogyne kealiae                                     X                   X                                       X                   ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata       X                   X                                                                               ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra flynnii                                                    X                   X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Animals                                                                                                                               ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi)                                               X                   X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris)                                                               X                                       ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Picture-wing fly (Drosophila                                              X                   X                                       ..................
 attigua)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\*\ Species with an asterisk are those that, to the best of our knowledge, no longer occur naturally in the wild, therefore there is no known occupied
  critical habitat for these species. The critical habitat units for these species have been determined to be essential to the conservation of the
  species because the area provides for the reestablishment of populations within the species' historical range.


[[Page 62628]]

    When determining proposed critical habitat boundaries within this 
proposed rule, we made every effort to avoid including developed areas 
such as buildings, paved areas, and other structures that lack the 
physical and biological features essential for the conservation of the 
47 species. The scale of the maps we prepared under the parameters for 
publication within the Code of Federal Regulations may not reflect the 
exclusion of such developed areas. Any such structures and the land 
under them inadvertently left inside critical habitat boundaries shown 
on the maps of this proposed rule have been excluded by text in the 
proposed rule and are not proposed for designation as critical habitat. 
Therefore, Federal actions involving these areas would not trigger 
section 7 consultation with respect to critical habitat unless the 
specific action would affect the adjacent critical habitat or its 
primary constituent elements.

Special Management Considerations or Protections

    The term critical habitat is defined in section 3(5)(A) of the Act, 
in part, as geographic areas on which are found those physical or 
biological features essential to the conservation of the species and 
``which may require special management considerations or protection.'' 
Accordingly, in identifying critical habitat in occupied areas, we 
determine whether those areas that contain the features essential to 
the conservation of the species may require any special management 
actions. Although the determination that special management may be 
required is not a prerequisite to designating critical habitat in 
unoccupied areas, special management is needed throughout all of the 
proposed critical habitat units; the following discussion of special 
management needs is therefore applicable to each of the 47 Kauai 
species for which we are proposing to designate critical habitat in 
this proposed rule.
    The 47 Kauai species for which we are proposing to designate 
critical habitat in this proposed rule include 43 species that are 
currently found in the wild, and four species that are not currently 
extant in the wild. For each of the 43 Kauai species currently found in 
the wild and for which we are proposing critical habitat, we have 
determined that the features essential to their conservation are 
primarily dependent on the successful functioning of the ecosystem(s) 
in which they occur (Tables 3 and 4). As described earlier, in some 
cases, additional species-specific primary constituent elements were 
also identified (Table 4). Special management considerations or 
protections are necessary throughout the critical habitat areas 
proposed here to avoid further degradation or destruction of the 
habitat that provides those features essential to their conservation. 
The primary threats to the physical and biological features essential 
to the conservation of all of these species include habitat destruction 
and modification by feral ungulates, competition with nonnative 
species, hurricanes, landslides, flooding, and climate change. The 
reduction of these threats will require the implementation of special 
management actions within each of the critical habitat areas identified 
in this proposed rule.
    All proposed critical habitat requires active management to address 
the ongoing degradation and loss of native habitat caused by feral 
ungulates (pigs, goats, black-tailed deer). Feral ungulates also impact 
the habitat through predation and trampling. Without this special 
management, habitat containing the features that are essential for the 
conservation of these species will continue to be degraded and 
destroyed.
    All proposed critical habitat requires active management to address 
the ongoing degradation and loss of native habitat caused by nonnative 
plants. Special management is also required to prevent the introduction 
of new alien plant species into native habitats. Particular attention 
is required in nonnative plant control efforts to avoid creating 
additional disturbances that may facilitate the further introduction 
and establishment of invasive plant seeds. Precautions are also 
required to avoid the inadvertent trampling of listed plant species in 
the course of management activities. The active control of nonnative 
plant species will help to address the threat posed by fire to three of 
the critical habitat areas in particular (Kauai--Lowland Mesic--Section 
1, Kauai--Montane Mesic--Section 2, and Kauai--Dry Cliff--Section 1; 
see Table 5 for corresponding CFR unit numbers). This threat is largely 
a result of the presence of nonnative species, such as the grasses 
Andropogon sp. and Setaria sp., that increase the fuel load and quickly 
regenerate after a fire. These species can outcompete native plants 
that are not adapted to fire, creating a grass-fire cycle that alters 
ecosystem functions (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 64-66; Brooks et 
al. 2004, p. 680).
    In addition, five sections of the critical habitat areas (Kauai--
Dry Cliff--Section 1, Kauai--Dry Cliff--Section 2, Kauai--Wet Cliff--
Section 1, Kauai--Wet Cliff--Section 2, and Kauai--Wet Cliff--Section 
3; see Table 5 for corresponding CFR unit numbers) may require special 
management to reduce the threat of landslides and flooding, which 
threaten to further degrade the habitat conditions and have the 
potential to eliminate some species in their entirety (e.g., Schiedea 
attenuata).
    In summary, we find that each of the areas we are proposing as 
critical habitat contains features essential to the conservation of the 
species that may require special management considerations or 
protection to ensure the conservation of the 47 Kauai species. These 
special management considerations and protections are required to 
preserve and maintain the essential features provided to these species 
by the ecosystems upon which they depend. A more detailed discussion of 
these threats is presented above (``Summary of Factors Affecting the 
Species'').

Proposed Critical Habitat Designation

    We are proposing critical habitat in 6 ecosystem types as critical 
habitat for 47 species; this critical habitat falls within 12 critical 
habitat units for the plants, 6 critical habitat units for the birds, 
and 6 critical habitat units for the picture-wing fly (see Table 5, 
above, for details). In total, approximately 27,674 ac (11,199 ha) fall 
within the boundaries of this proposed critical habitat designation. Of 
these proposed units, 26,028 ac (10,533 ha), or 94 percent, are already 
designated as critical habitat for other listed species. The proposed 
critical habitat includes land under State and private ownership. The 
critical habitat units we describe below constitute our current best 
assessment of those areas that meet the definition of critical habitat 
for the 47 species of plants and animals.
    Because much of the proposed critical habitat for the plants 
overlies critical habitat already designated for other plant species on 
the island of Kauai, we have incorporated the maps of the ecosystem 
areas identified in this proposed rule into the existing critical 
habitat unit numbering system established for plants on the island of 
Kauai in the Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR 17.99(a)(1)). This 
required further subdividing some of the ecosystem areas that we 
identified as ``sections'' into units that correspond to both existing 
and new critical habitat unit numbers and map numbers as published in 
the CFR. The maps and area descriptions presented here represent the 6 
essential ecosystem areas that we have identified for all 47 species, 
subdivided into a total of 22 sections. For the 44 plant species, the

[[Page 62629]]

critical habitat unit numbers that collectively comprise these 
ecosystem areas and the corresponding map numbers that will appear at 
50 CFR 17.99 are additionally provided for ease of reference with the 
CFR. Critical habitat for each of the 3 animal species is published in 
a separate section of the CFR (50 CFR 17.95(b) for the akekee and 
akikiki, and 50 CFR 17.95(i) for the picture-wing fly), and thus have 
their own separate critical habitat unit numbers and map numbers; these 
numbers are also provided in each of the critical habitat descriptions 
below for reference in the CFR.
    As provided under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, all or portions of 
each of these areas may be considered for exclusion from critical 
habitat when this rule is finalized. Exclusions are considered based on 
the relative costs and benefits of designating critical habitat, 
including information provided during the public comment period on 
potential economic impacts of this proposed critical habitat 
designation, and may be made at the discretion of the Secretary. The 
consideration of potential economic impacts applies solely to the 
designation of critical habitat, and is not a factor in our assessment 
of w!hether aspecies warrants listing as a threatened or endangered 
species under the Act.

Kauai--Lowland Mesic--Section 1

    Lowland Mesic - Section 1 consists of 2,007 ac (812 ha) in the 
lowland mesic ecosystem, including mesic forest extending from 
Awaawapuhi Trail south to Makaha Ridge, in the Na Pali Kona Forest 
Reserve and the Kuia NAR (Figure 1-A). The entire section is State-
owned and within previously designated critical habitat; it falls 
within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 66a. This section 
is occupied by the plants Doryopteris angelica, Labordia helleri, 
Platydesma rostrata and Psychotria hobdyi, and includes mesic forest, 
the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant 
species identified as PCEs in the lowland mesic ecosystem (Table 3). 
This section also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the 
conservation of these four species by providing the physical and 
biological features necessary for the expansion of the existing wild 
populations. Lowland Mesic - Section 1 is not known to be occupied by 
the species Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce 
remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Dubautia kenwoodii, 
Pittosporum napaliense, and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We have, 
however, determined this area to be essential for the conservation and 
recovery of these lowland mesic species because it provides the 
physical and biological features necessary for the reestablishment of 
wild populations within the historical range of the species. Due to the 
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of these 
species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or 
reintroduction to achieve a population level that could approach 
recovery.
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[[Page 62630]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.000

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 62631]]

Kauai--Lowland Mesic--Section 2

    Lowland Mesic - Section 2 consists of 379 ac (154 ha) in the 
lowland mesic ecosystem, including mesic forest extending from 
Keanapuka to Kahuamaa Flat along the rim and cliffs of the Kalalau 
Valley, in the Na Pali Coast State Park (Figure 1-A, above). The entire 
section is State-owned and within previously designated critical 
habitat; it falls within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 
66a. This section is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce eleanoriae, 
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Dubautia 
kenwoodii, Pittosporum napaliense, and Psychotria hobdyi, and includes 
mesic forest, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and 
understory native plant species identified as PCEs in the lowland mesic 
ecosystem (Table 3). This section also contains unoccupied habitat that 
is essential to the conservation of these six species by providing the 
physical and biological features necessary for the expansion of the 
existing wild populations. Lowland Mesic - Section 2 is not known to be 
occupied by the species Canavalia napaliensis, Doryopteris angelica, 
Labordia helleri, Platydesma rostrata, and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. 
We have, however, determined this area to be essential for the 
conservation and recovery of these lowland mesic species because it 
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the 
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical range of the 
species. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population 
sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable habitat and 
space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve a population level 
that could approach recovery.

Kauai--Lowland Mesic--Section 3

    Lowland Mesic - Section 3 consists of 124 ac (50 ha) in the lowland 
mesic ecosystem, including mesic forest extending from Manono Ridge, 
Pohakuao Valley, to Kanakuu, within the Na Pali Coast State Park 
(Figure 1-A, above). The entire section is State-owned and within 
previously designated critical habitat; it falls within Critical 
Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 66a. This section is occupied by 
the plants Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, and 
Charpentiera densiflora, and includes mesic forest, the moisture 
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species 
identified as PCEs in the lowland mesic ecosystem (Table 3). This 
section also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the 
conservation of these three species by providing the physical and 
biological features necessary for the expansion of the existing wild 
populations. Lowland Mesic - Section 3 is not known to be occupied by 
the species Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Doryopteris angelica, Dubautia 
kenwoodii, Labordia helleri, Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma 
rostrata, Psychotria hobdyi, and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We have, 
however, determined this area to be essential for the conservation and 
recovery of these lowland mesic species because it provides the 
physical and biological features necessary for the reestablishment of 
wild populations within the historical range of the species. Due to the 
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of these 
species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or 
reintroduction to achieve a population level that could approach 
recovery.

Kauai--Lowland Mesic--Section 4

    Lowland Mesic - Section 4 consists of 81 ac (33 ha) in the lowland 
mesic ecosystem, including mesic forest at the head of the Hanakapiai 
Valley, in the Na Pali Coast State Park (Figure 1-A, above). The entire 
section is State-owned and within previously designated critical 
habitat; it falls within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 
66a. This section is occupied by the plant Charpentiera densiflora, and 
includes mesic forest, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and 
understory native plant species identified as PCEs in the lowland mesic 
ecosystem (Table 3). This section also contains unoccupied habitat that 
is essential to the conservation of this species by providing the 
physical and biological features necessary for the expansion of the 
existing wild population. Lowland Mesic - Section 4 is not known to be 
occupied by the species Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, 
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Doryopteris angelica, Dubautia kenwoodii, 
Labordia helleri, Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma rostrata, 
Psychotria hobdyi, and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We have, however, 
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery 
of these lowland mesic species because it provides the physical and 
biological features necessary for the reestablishment of wild 
populations within the historical range of the species. Due to the 
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of these 
species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or 
reintroduction to achieve a population level that could approach 
recovery.

Kauai--Lowland Mesic--Section 5

    Lowland Mesic - Section 5 consists of 37 ac (15 ha) in the lowland 
mesic ecosystem, including mesic forest on the slopes of Mt. Haupu, on 
privately owned land (Figure 1-B). The entire section is within 
previously designated critical habitat, and falls within Critical 
Habitat Unit 7 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 23a. This section is occupied by 
the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, 
and includes mesic forest and shrubland, the moisture regime, and 
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as PCEs in the 
lowland mesic ecosystem (Table 3). This section also contains 
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these two 
species by providing the physical and biological features necessary for 
the expansion of the existing wild populations. Lowland Mesic - Section 
5 is not known to be occupied by the species Canavalia napaliensis, 
Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Charpentiera densiflora, Doryopteris angelica, 
Dubautia kenwoodii, Labordia helleri, Pittosporum napaliense, 
Platydesma rostrata, and Psychotria hobdyi. We have, however, 
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery 
of these lowland mesic species because it provides the physical and 
biological features necessary for the reestablishment of wild 
populations within the historical range of the species. Due to the 
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of these 
species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or 
reintroduction to achieve a population level that could approach 
recovery.
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[[Page 62632]]

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[[Page 62633]]



Kauai--Lowland Wet--Section 1

    Lowland Wet - Section 1 consists of 1,164 ac (471 ha) in the 
lowland wet ecosystem (117 ac (47.4 ha) on State land; 1,047 ac (424 
ha) on private land), including wet forest extending from Kulanalilia 
into Limahuli Valley to Honoonapali, in the Halelea Forest Reserve 
(Figure 2-A). The section includes 1,099 ac (445 ha) of State and 
privately owned land within previously designated critical habitat and 
65 ac (26 ha) of newly proposed critical habitat on private land. The 
area that falls within designated critical habitat lies within Critical 
Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 70a, and proposed new Critical 
Habitat Unit 21, Map 217d. This section is occupied by the plants 
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Labordia helleri, 
and Phyllostegia renovans. This section also contains unoccupied 
habitat that is essential to the conservation of these three species by 
providing the physical and biological features necessary for the 
expansion of the existing wild populations. This section includes the 
lowland wet forest, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and 
understory plant species identified as PCEs in the lowland wet 
ecosystem (Table 3). Lowland Wet - Section 1 is not known to be 
occupied by the species Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Cyanea 
eleelensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba, 
Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Melicope paniculata, Melicope 
puberula, Platydesma rostrata, Stenogyne kealiae, and Tetraplasandra 
bisattenuata. We have, however, determined this area to be essential 
for the conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because 
it provides the physical and biological features necessary for the 
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical range of the 
species. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population 
sizes of each of t!hese species, each requires suitable habitat and 
space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve a population level 
that could approach recovery.

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Kauai--Lowland Wet--Section 2

    Lowland Wet - Section 2 consists of 172 ac (70 ha) in the lowland 
wet ecosystem, including wet forest extending from Alealau to Pohakea, 
within the Hono o Na Pali NAR and the Na Pali Coast State Park (Figure 
2-A, above). The entire section is State-owned and within previously 
designated critical habitat; it falls within Critical Habitat Unit 11 
of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 70a, and is occupied by the plant Melicope 
puberula. This section also contains unoccupied habitat that is 
essential to the conservation of this species by providing the physical 
and biological features necessary for the expansion of the existing 
wild population. This section includes the lowland wet forest, the 
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory plant species 
identified as PCEs in the lowland wet ecosystem (Table 3). Lowland Wet 
- Section 2 is not known to be occupied by the species Chamaesyce remyi 
var. kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, 
Cyanea eleelensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, Cyrtandra 
oenobarba, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Labordia helleri, 
Melicope paniculata, Phyllostegia renovans, Platydesma rostrata, 
Stenogyne kealiae, and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We have, however, 
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery 
of these lowland wet species because it provides the physical and 
biological features necessary for the reestablishment of wild 
populations within the historical range of the species. Due to the 
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of these 
species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or 
reintroduction to achieve a population level that could approach 
recovery.

Kauai--Lowland Wet--Section 3

    Lowland Wet - Section 3 consists of 756 ac (306 ha) in the lowland 
wet ecosystem, including wet forest in upper Wainiha Valley, on 
privately owned land in the Halelea Forest Reserve (Figure 2-B). The 
entire section is within previously designated critical habitat, 
falling within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 70a, and 
is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Cyrtandra 
oenobarba, Melicope puberula, and Stenogyne kealiae. This section also 
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of 
these four species by providing the physical and biological features 
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. This 
section includes the lowland wet forest, the moisture regime, and 
canopy, subcanopy, and understory plant species identified as PCEs in 
the lowland wet ecosystem (Table 3). Lowland Wet - Section 3 is not 
known to be occupied by the species Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, 
Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea eleelensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, 
Cyanea kuhihewa, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Labordia helleri, 
Melicope paniculata, Phyllostegia renovans, Platydesma rostrata, and 
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We have, however, determined this area to 
be essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland wet 
species because it provides the physical and biological features 
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the 
historical range of the species. Due to the small numbers of 
individuals or low population sizes of each of these species, each 
requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to 
achieve a population level that could approach recovery.
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Kauai--Lowland Wet--Section 4

    Lowland Wet - Section 4 consists of 591 ac (239 ha) in the lowland 
wet ecosystem, including wet forest at the head of Lumahai Valley, on 
State (10 ac, 4.1 ha) and privately owned (581 ac, 235 ha) land in the 
Halelea Forest Reserve (Figure 2-B, above). The entire section is 
within previously designated critical habitat, falling within Critical 
Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 70a, and is occupied by the plants 
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Cyrtandra oenobarba, Melicope paniculata, 
Phyllostegia renovans, and Platydesma rostrata. This section also 
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of 
these five species by providing the physical and biological features 
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. This 
section includes the lowland wet forest, the moisture regime, and 
canopy, subcanopy, and understory plant species identified as PCEs in 
the lowland wet ecosystem (Table 3). Lowland Wet - Section 4 is not 
known to be occupied by the species Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, 
Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea eleelensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, 
Cyanea kuhihewa, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Labordia helleri, 
Melicope puberula, Stenogyne kealiae, and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. 
We have, however, determined this area to be essential for the 
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it 
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the 
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical range of the 
species. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population 
sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable habitat and 
space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve a population level 
that could approach recovery.

Kauai--Lowland Wet--Section 5

    Lowland Wet - Section 5 consists of 1,541 ac (624 ha) in the 
lowland wet ecosystem, including wet forest extending from the 
headwaters of the Wailua River at ``Blue Hole'' south to Iole, on State 
(442 ac, 179 ha) and privately owned (1,099 ac, 445 ha) land in the 
Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (Figure 2-C). The entire section is within 
previously designated critical habitat, falling within Critical Habitat 
Unit 10 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 36a, and is occupied by the plants 
Cyrtandra oenobarba, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Melicope 
paniculata, and Platydesma rostrata. This section also contains 
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these four 
species by providing the physical and biological features necessary for 
the expansion of the existing wild populations. This section includes 
the lowland wet forest, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and 
understory plant species identified as PCEs in the lowland wet 
ecosystem (Table 3). Lowland Wet - Section 5 is not known to be 
occupied by the species Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Chamaesyce 
remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea eleelensis, Cyanea 
kolekoleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, Labordia helleri, Melicope puberula, 
Phyllostegia renovans, Stenogyne kealiae, and Tetraplasandra 
bisattenuata. We have, however, determined this area to be essential 
for the conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because 
it provides the physical and biological features necessary for the 
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical range of the 
species. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population 
sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable habitat and 
space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve a population level 
that could approach recovery.
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Kauai--Lowland Wet--Section 6

    Lowland Wet - Section 6 consists of 789 ac (319 ha) in the lowland 
wet ecosystem, including wet forest extending from Kapalaoa to Kanaele 
Bog and Lauahihaihai in the Wahiawa Mountains, on State (134 ac, 54 ha) 
and privately owned (655 ac, 265 ha) land in the Lihue-Koloa Forest 
Reserve (Figure 2-D). The entire section is within previously 
designated critical habitat, falling within Critical Habitat Unit 10 of 
50 CFR 17.99, Map 36a, and is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi 
var. remyi, Cyrtandra oenobarba, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, 
Platydesma rostrata, and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. This section also 
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of 
these five species by providing the physical and biological features 
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. This 
section includes the lowland wet forest, the moisture regime, and 
canopy, subcanopy, and understory plant species identified as PCEs in 
the lowland wet ecosystem (Table 3). Lowland Wet - Section 6 is not 
known to be occupied by the species Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, 
Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea eleelensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, 
Cyanea kuhihewa, Labordia helleri, Melicope paniculata, Melicope 
puberula, Phyllostegia renovans, and Stenogyne kealiae. We have, 
however, determined this area to be essential for the conservation and 
recovery of these lowland wet species because it provides the physical 
and biological features necessary for the reestablishment of wild 
populations within the historical range of the species. Due to the 
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of these 
species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or 
reintroduction to achieve a population level that could approach 
recovery.

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Kauai--Montane Mesic--Section 1

    Montane Mesic - Section 1 consists of 2,462 ac (996 ha) in the 
montane mesic ecosystem, including the area above Honopu Valley to 
Mahanaloa Valley, on State-owned land in Kokee State Park, the Na Pali-
Kona Forest Reserve, and Kuia NAR (Figure 3-A). The entire section is 
within previously designated critical habitat for the plant species, 
falling within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 70C, and 
is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Labordia 
helleri, Myrsine knudsenii, Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria 
grandiflora, Stenogyne kealiae, and Tetraplasandra flynii. This section 
is also occupied by the bird akekee, and the picture-wing fly 
Drosophila attigua; maps of critical habitat for these species can be 
found at 50 CFR 17.95(b) for the akekee (Unit 1 - Montane Mesic), and 
at 50 CFR 17.95(i) for the picture-wing fly (Unit 1 - Montane Mesic). 
This section also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the 
conservation of these nine species by providing the physical and 
biological features necessary for the expansion of the existing wild 
populations. This section includes the montane mesic forest, the 
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory plant species 
identified as PCEs in the montane mesic ecosystem (Table 3), as well as 
species-specific PCEs for the akekee (arthropod prey) and picture-wing 
fly (the larval-stage host plant, Cheirodendron sp.). Montane Mesic - 
Section 1 is not known to be occupied by the species Diellia mannii and 
Myrsine mezii. We have, however, determined this area to be essential 
for the conservation and recovery of these montane mesic species 
because it provides the physical and biological features necessary for 
the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical range of 
the species. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population 
sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable habitat and 
space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve a population level 
that could approach recovery.

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Kauai--Montane Mesic--Section 2

    Montane Mesic - Section 2 consists of 376 ac (152 ha) in the 
montane mesic ecosystem and includes a portion of the area surrounding 
a tributary of Nawaimaka Stream east to Kumuwela Ridge (Figure 3-A). 
The entire section is State-owned within Kokee State Park, and includes 
8 ac (3 ha) of newly proposed critical habitat. This section is 
occupied by Diellia mannii and the picture-wing fly Drosophila attigua 
and includes the montane mesic forest, the moisture regime, and canopy, 
subcanopy, and understory plant species identified as PCEs in the 
montane mesic ecosystem (Table 3), as well as the larval-stage host 
plant (Cheirodendron sp.) associated with the picture-wing fly. This 
section also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the 
conservation of these two species by providing the physical and 
biological features necessary for the expansion of the existing wild 
populations. Montane Mesic - Section 2 is not known to be occupied by 
the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Labordia helleri, Myrsine 
knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria grandiflora, 
Stenogyne kealiae, and Tetraplasandra flynnii; or by the bird akekee. 
We have, however, determined this area to be essential for the 
conservation and recovery of these montane mesic species because it 
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the 
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical range of the 
species. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population 
sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable habitat and 
space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve a population level 
that could approach recovery.
    For the plants, that portion of the section that overlies 
previously designated critical habitat falls within Critical Habitat 
Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 70c. The previously undesignated land 
comprises proposed Critical Habitat Unit 22 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 217e. 
Maps of critical habitat for the akekee can be found at 50 CFR 17.95(b) 
(Unit 2 - Montane Mesic), and for the picture-wing fly at 50 CFR 
17.95(i) (Unit 2 - Montane Mesic).

Kauai--Montane Mesic--Section 3

    Montane Mesic - Section 3 consists of 138 ac (56 ha) in the montane 
mesic ecosystem, including the upper portion of the Nawaimaka Valley up 
to Kapukapaia Ridge, on State-owned land in the Na Pali-Kona Forest 
Reserve (Figure 3-B). This section is not in previously designated 
critical habitat and includes the only montane mesic forest occupied by 
the plant Myrsine mezii, and the moisture regime, and canopy, 
subcanopy, and understory plant species identified as PCEs in the 
montane mesic ecosystem (Table 3). This section also contains 
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of this 
species by providing the physical and biological features necessary for 
the expansion of the existing wild population. Montane Mesic - Section 
3 is not known to be occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. 
remyi, Labordia helleri, Myrsine knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, Platydesma 
rostrata, Psychotria grandiflora, Stenogyne kealiae, and Tetraplasandra 
flynnii; by the bird akekee; or by the picture-wing fly Drosophila 
attigua. We have, however, determined this area to be essential for the 
conservation and recovery of these montane mesic species because it 
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the 
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical range of the 
species. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population 
sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable habitat and 
space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve a population level 
that could approach recovery.
    For the plants, this section comprises proposed Critical Habitat 
Unit 23 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 217f. Maps of critical habitat for the 
akekee can be found at 50 CFR 17.95(b) (Unit 3 - Montane Mesic), and 
for the picture-wing fly at 50 CFR 17.95(i) (Unit 3 - Montane Mesic).
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Kauai--Montane Wet--Section 1

    Montane Wet - Section 1 consists of 14,107 ac (5,709 ha) in the 
montane wet ecosystem, extending across the Alakai Plateau from Hanakoa 
to Mount Waialeale, on State (12,629 ac, 5,111 ha) and privately owned 
(1,478 ac, 598 ha) land in the Na Pali Coast State Park, the Alakai 
Wilderness Preserve, the Na Pali-Kona and Halelea forest reserves, and 
Hono o Na Pali NAR (Figure 4). This section includes 1,116 ac (452 ha) 
of privately owned land that is newly proposed as critical habitat. It 
is occupied by the plants Astelia waialealae, Chamaesyce remyi var. 
remyi, Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, Dubautia waialealae, 
Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae, Labordia 
helleri, Labordia pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope degeneri, 
Melicope puberula, Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, and Platydesma 
rostrata; by the akekee and akikiki; and by the picture-wing fly. This 
section also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the 
conservation of these 18 species by providing the physical and 
biological features necessary for the expansion of the existing wild 
populations. This section includes the montane wet forest, the moisture 
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory plant species identified 
as PCEs in the montane wet ecosystem (Table 3), and the species-
specific PCEs including (1) bogs (identified as PCEs for Dubautia 
waialealae, Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae, 
Labordia pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides); (2) bog hummocks (identified 
as PCEs for Astelia waialealae); (3) arthropod prey (identified as PCEs 
for the akekee and the akikiki); and (4) larval-stage host plants, 
Cheirodendron sp., (identified as a PCE for the picture-wing fly).
    Montane Wet - Section 1 is not known to be occupied by !the plants 
Dubautia kalalauensis, Psychotria grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra 
flynnii. We have, however, determined this area to be essential for the 
conservation and recovery of these montane wet species because it 
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the 
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical range of the 
species. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population 
sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable habitat and 
space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve a population level 
that could approach recovery.
    For the plants, those portions of the section that overlie 
previously designated critical habitat falls within two existing 
Critical Habitat Units of 50 CFR 17.99: Unit 10, Map 35a and Unit 11, 
Map 64a. The previously undesignated land comprises proposed Critical 
Habitat Unit 18 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 217a; proposed Unit 24, Map 217g; 
and proposed Unit 25, Map 217h. Maps of critical habitat for the akekee 
and akikiki can be found at 50 CFR 17.95(b) (Unit 1 - Montane Wet), and 
for the picture-wing fly Drosophila attigua at 50 CFR 17.95(i) (Unit 1 
- Montane Wet).

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Kauai--Montane Wet--Section 2

    Montane Wet - Section 2 consists of 790 ac (320 ha) in the montane 
wet ecosystem, extending from Kahuamaa Flat south to the edge of Waimea 
Canyon, on State-owned land in Kokee State Park (Figure 4, above). The 
entire section is within previously designated critical habitat, and is 
occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Dubautia 
kalalauensis, Melicope puberula, Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria 
grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra flynii, and by the akekee. This section 
includes the montane wet forest, the moisture regime, and canopy, 
subcanopy and understory plant species identified as PCEs in the 
montane wet ecosystem (Table 3), and arthropod prey (identified as a 
species-specific PCE for the akekee). Montane Wet - Section 2 is not 
known to be occupied by the plants Astelia waialeale, Dryopteris 
crinalis var. podosorus, Dubautia waialeale, Geranium kauaiense, 
Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae, Labordia helleri, Labordia pumila, 
Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope degeneri, Myrsine mezii, and 
Phyllostegia renovans; by the bird akikiki; or by the picture-wing fly, 
Drosophila attigua. We have, however, determined this area to be 
essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane wet 
species because it provides the physical and biological features 
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the 
historical range of the species. Due to the small numbers of 
individuals or low population sizes of each of these species, each 
requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to 
achieve a population level that could approach recovery.
    For the plants, critical habitat falls within previously designated 
Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 64a. Maps of critical 
habitat for the akekee and akikiki can be found at 50 CFR 17.95(b) 
(Unit 2 - Montane Wet), and for the picture-wing fly Drosophila attigua 
at 50 CFR 17.95(i) (Unit 2 - Montane Wet).

Kauai--Montane Wet--Section 3

    Montane Wet - Section 3 consists of 413 ac (167 ha) in the montane 
wet ecosystem, encompasses the summit of Namolokama, on State (156 ac, 
63 ha) and privately owned (257 ac, 104 ha) land in the Halelea Forest 
Reserve (Figure 4). It is entirely within previously designated 
critical habitat, and is occupied by the plants Keysseria erici and 
Labordia pumila. This section includes the montane wet forest, the 
moisture regime, and the canopy, subcanopy, and understory plant 
species identified as PCEs in the montane wet ecosystem (Table 3), and 
bogs (identified as a species-specific PCE for K. erici). Montane Wet - 
Section 3 is not known to be occupied by the plants Astelia waialeale, 
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, 
Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia waialeale, Geranium kauaiense, 
Keysseria helenae, Labordia helleri, Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope 
degeneri, Melicope puberula, Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, 
Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra 
flynnii; by the birds akekee and akikiki; or by the picture-wing fly, 
Drosophila attigua. We have, however, determined this area to be 
essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane wet 
species because it provides the physical and biological features 
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the 
historical range of the species. Due to the small numbers of 
individuals or low population sizes of each of these species, each 
requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to 
achieve a population level that could approach recovery.
    For the plants, critical habitat falls within Critical Habitat Unit 
11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 64a. Maps of critical habitat for the akekee 
and akikiki can be found at 50 CFR 17.95(b) (Unit 3 - Montane Wet), and 
for the picture-wing fly Drosophila attigua at 50 CFR 17.95(i) (Unit 3 
- Montane Wet).

Kauai--Dry Cliff--Section 1

    Dry Cliff - Section 1 consists of 404 ac (163 ha) in the dry cliff 
ecosystem, along cliffs from Kalanu to Pihea peak, within the Na Pali 
Coast State Park (Figure 5). The entire section is within previously 
designated critical habitat and is State-owned; it falls within 
Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 67a. This section is 
occupied by the plants Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Lysimachia scopulensis, 
Schiedea attenuata, and Stenogyne kealiae. This section includes the 
dry cliffs, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory plant 
species identified as PCEs in the dry cliff ecosystem (Table 3).
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Kauai--Dry Cliff--Section 2

    Dry Cliff - Section 2 consists of 308 ac (125 ha) in the dry cliff 
ecosystem, including cliffs and ridges extending from Kanakou to 
Keanapuka and along Manono Ridge, surrounding the hanging valley 
Pohakuao, in the Na Pali Coast State Park (Figure 5). The entire 
section is State-owned and within previously designated critical 
habitat; it falls within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 
67a. This section is occupied by the plant Chamaesyce eleanoriae and 
includes the dry cliffs, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and 
understory plant species identified as PCEs in the dry cliff ecosystem 
(Table 3). Dry Cliff - Section 3 is not known to be occupied by the 
plants Lysimachia scopulensis, Schiedea attenuata, and Stenogyne 
kealiae. We have, however, determined this area to be essential for the 
conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species because it 
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the 
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical range of the 
species. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population 
sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable habitat and 
space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve a population level 
that could approach recovery.

Kauai--Wet Cliff--Section 1

    Wet Cliff - Section 1 consists of 190 ac (77 ha) in the wet cliff 
ecosystem, including cliffs along the rim of Kalalau Valley from 
Alealeau to Pihea, on State-owned land in the Na Pali Coast State Park 
and the Hono o Na Pali NAR (Figure 6-A). The entire section is within 
previously designated critical habitat, falling within Critical Habitat 
Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 70b, and is occupied by the plant 
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi. This section includes the wet cliffs, the 
moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory plant species identified 
as PCEs in the wet cliff ecosystem (Table 3). Wet Cliff - Section 1 is 
not known to be occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. 
kauaiensis, Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyrtandra oenobarbara, Cyrtandra 
paliku, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Lysimachia iniki, 
Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia venosa, and Platydesma rostrata. We 
have, however, determined this area to be essential for the 
conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species because it 
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the 
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical range of the 
species. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population 
sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable habitat and 
space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve a population level 
that could approach recovery.

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Kauai--Wet Cliff--Section 2

    Wet Cliff - Section 2 consists of 784 ac (317 ha) in the wet cliff 
ecosystem, and includes the cliffs at the headwaters of the Wailua 
River or ``Blue Hole,'' on State (778 ac, 315 ha) and privately owned 
(7 ac, 3 ha) land in the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (Figure 6-B). There 
are 489 ac (198 ha) within previously designated critical habitat and 
296 ac (120 ha) of newly proposed critical habitat on State-owned land. 
The portion of the section that is in previously designated critical 
habitat falls within Critical Habitat Unit 10 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 36b. 
The newly proposed portion of the section comprises Critical Habitat 
Unit 19 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 217b. This section is occupied by the 
plants Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyrtandra 
oenobarba, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Lysimachia iniki, 
Lysimachia pendens, and Platydesma rostrata. The section includes the 
wet cliffs, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory plant 
species identified as PCEs in the wet cliff ecosystem (Table 3). Wet 
Cliff - Section 2 is not known to be occupied by the plants Chamaesyce 
remyi var. remyi, Cyrtandra paliku, and Lysimachia venosa. We have, 
however, determined this area to be essential for the conservation and 
recovery of these wet cliff species because it provides the physical 
and biological features necessary for the reestablishment of wild 
populations within the historical range of the species. Due to the 
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of these 
species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or 
reintroduction to achieve a population level that could approach 
recovery.

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Kauai--Wet Cliff--Section 3

    Wet Cliff - Section 3 consists of 61 ac (24 ha) in the wet cliff 
ecosystem, including cliffs below Kekoiki, on State (8 ac, 3 ha) and 
privately owned (53 ac, 22 ha) land in the Halelea, Moloaa and Kealia 
forest reserves (Figure 6-C). There are 23 ac (9 ha) of newly proposed 
critical habitat on privately owned land within this section. That 
portion of the section that falls within previously designated critical 
habitat falls within Critical Habitat Unit 4 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 5a. 
The newly proposed portion of the section comprises Critical Habitat 
Unit 20 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 217c. This section is occupied by the 
plant Cyrtandra paliku, and includes the wet cliffs, the moisture 
regime, and subcanopy and understory plant species identified as PCEs 
in the wet cliff ecosystem (Table 3). Wet Cliff - Section 3 is not 
known to be occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, 
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyrtandra oenobarbara, 
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Lysimachia iniki, Lysimachia 
pendens, Lysimachia venosa, and Platydesma rostrata. We have, however, 
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery 
of these wet cliff species because it provides the physical and 
biological features necessary for the reestablishment of wild 
populations within the historical range of the species. Due to the 
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of these 
species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or 
reintroduction to achieve a population level that could approach 
recovery.

[[Page 62654]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.012

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 62655]]

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7 Consultation

    Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the 
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out are 
not likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Decisions 
by the 5th and 9th Circuit Court of Appeals have invalidated our 
definition of ``destruction or adverse modification'' (50 CFR 402.02) 
(see Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 378 
F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2004) and Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service et al., 245 F.3d 434, 442F (5th Cir. 2001)), and we do not rely 
on this regulatory definition when analyzing whether an action is 
likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Under the 
statutory provisions of the Act, an important factor in determinig 
whether an action will destroy or adversely modify critical habitat is 
whether, with implementation of the proposed Federal action, the 
affected critical habitat would remain functional (or retain the 
current ability for the PCEs to be functionally established) to serve 
its intended conservation role for the species.
    If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section 
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities 
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the 
continued existence of the species or to destroy or adversely modify 
its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species 
or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency) 
must enter into consultation with us. Consultation may be concluded 
through our issuance, as appropriate, of:
    (1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but 
are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat; 
or
    (2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect, and 
are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat.
    When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is 
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or 
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we also provide 
reasonable and prudent alternatives to the project, if any are 
identifiable. We define ``Reasonable and prudent alternatives'' at 50 
CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during consultation that:
     Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the 
intended purpose of the action,
     Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the 
Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,
     Are economically and technologically feasible, and
     Would, in the Director's opinion, avoid jeopardizing the 
continued existence of the listed species or destroying or adversely 
modifying critical habitat.
    Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project 
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs 
associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are 
similarly variable.
    Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate 
consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where we have 
listed a new species or subsequently designated critical habitat that 
may be affected and the Federal agency has retained discretionary 
involvement or control over the action (or the agency's discretionary 
involvement or control is authorized by law). Consequently, Federal 
agencies may sometimes need to request reinitiation of consultation 
with us on actions for which formal consultation has been completed, if 
those actions with discretionary involvement or control may affect 
subsequently listed species or designated critical habitat.
    Federal activities that may affect the species included in this 
proposed rule or their designated critical habitat require section 7 
consultation under the Act. Activities on State, Tribal, local, or 
private lands requiring a Federal permit (such as a permit from the 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water Act 
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) or a permit from us under section 10 of the 
Act) or involving some other Federal action (such as funding from the 
Federal Highway Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, or the 
Federal Emergency Management Agency) are subject to the section 7 
consultation process. Federal actions not affecting listed species or 
critical habitat, and actions on State, Tribal, local, or private lands 
that are not federally funded, authorized, or permitted, do not require 
section 7 consultations.

Application of the ``Adverse Modification'' Standard

    The key factor related to the adverse modification determination is 
whether, with implementation of the proposed Federal action, the 
affected critical habitat would continue to serve its intended 
conservation role for the species, or would retain its current ability 
for the primary constituent elements to be functionally established. 
Activities that may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat are 
those that alter the PCEs to an extent that appreciably reduces the 
conservation value of critical habitat for the species included in this 
proposed rule. Generally, the role of the critical habitat areas is to 
support the essential conservation needs of the 47 species identified 
in this proposed rule; we have determined that this critical habitat is 
not only necessary for the species' survival, but is also essential to 
achieve the recovery of these species.
    Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and 
describe, in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical 
habitat, activities involving a Federal action that may destroy or 
adversely modify such habitat, or that may be affected by such 
designation. Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized 
by a Federal agency, may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat 
for the 47 species, and therefore may be affected by this proposed 
designation, include, but are not limited to:
    (1)Activities that might appreciably degrade or destroy the primary 
constituent elements for the species including, but not limited to, the 
following: Overgrazing; maintaining or increasing feral ungulate 
levels; clearing or cutting native live trees and shrubs (e.g., 
woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, road building, mining, herbicide 
application); and taking actions that pose a risk of fire.
    (2)Activities that may alter watershed characteristics in ways that 
would appreciably reduce groundwater recharge or alter natural, 
wetland, or vegetative communities. Such activities include new water 
diversion or impoundment, excess groundwater pumping, and manipulation 
of vegetation through activities such as the ones mentioned above.
    (3)Recreational activities that may appreciably degrade vegetation.
    (4)Mining sand or other minerals.
    (5)Introducing or encouraging the spread of nonnative plant 
species.
    (6)Importing nonnative species for research, agriculture, and 
aquaculture, and releasing biological control agents.

Exemptions and Exclusions

    Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act

    The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub. 
L. 108-136) amended the Act to limit areas eligible for designation as 
critical habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i)

[[Page 62656]]

of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) now provides: ``The Secretary 
shall not designate as critical habitat any lands or other geographical 
areas owned or controlled by the Department of Defense, or designated 
for its use, that are subject to an integrated natural resources 
management plan prepared under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 
670a), if the Secretary determines in writing that such plan provides a 
benefit to the species for which critical habitat is proposed for 
designation.''
    There are no Department of Defense lands with a completed 
integrated natural resources management plan within the proposed 
critical habitat designation.

    Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act

    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary must designate 
and revise critical habitat on the basis of the best available 
scientific data after taking into consideration the economic impact, 
national security impact, and any other relevant impact of specifying 
any particular area as critical habitat. The Secretary may exclude an 
area from critical habitat if he determines that the benefits of such 
exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying such area as part of the 
critical habitat, unless he determines, based on the best scientific 
data available, that the failure to designate such area as critical 
habitat will result in the extinction of the species. In making that 
determination, the legislative history is clear that the Secretary has 
broad discretion regarding which factor(s) to use and how much weight 
to give to any factor.
    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, in considering whether to exclude 
a particular area from the designation, we must identify the benefits 
of including the area in the designation, identify the benefits of 
excluding the area from the designation, and determine whether the 
benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of inclusion. If based on 
this analysis, we make this determination, then we can exclude the area 
only if such exclusion would not result in the extinction of the 
species.
    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we must consider all relevant 
impacts, including economic impacts. In addition to economic impacts, 
we consider a number of factors in a section 4(b)(2) analysis. For 
example, we consider whether there are lands owned or managed by the 
Department of Defense (DOD) where a national security impact might 
exist. We also consider whether landowners have developed any habitat 
conservation plans (HCPs) for the area, or whether there are 
conservation partnerships that would be encouraged or discouraged by 
designation of, or exclusion from, critical habitat in an area. In 
addition, we look at the presence of Tribal lands or Tribal trust 
resources that might be affected, and consider the government-to-
government relationship of the United States with Tribal entities. We 
also consider any social impacts the might occur because of the 
designation.
    This discussion of the potential economic and other impacts of 
critical habitat designation is separate from and has not been 
considered in the proposed listing rule. The inclusion of this 
information in the proposed rule is solely for the purpose of 
soliciting public comments on the proposed critical habitat 
designation, not the proposed listing.
    In developing this proposal, we have determined that the lands 
within the proposed designation of critical habitat for the 47 species 
are not owned or managed by the Department of Defense, there are 
currently no HCPs for these species, and the proposed designation does 
not include any Tribal lands or trust resources. As such, we do not 
anticipate any impacts to national security, Tribal lands, or HCPs from 
this proposed critical habitat designation.

Economic Analysis

    On May 28, 2002, we published a document in the Federal Register 
announcing the availability of the draft economic analysis (DEA) for 
the proposed designation of 99,206 acres (40,147 ha) of critical 
habitat on Kauai for 83 Kauai plants (67 FR 36851). The draft economic 
analysis covered the 10-year timeframe from 2002-2012, and 
characterizes both the total section 7 consultation cost, and the costs 
attributable to critical habitat (DEA VI-1). On February 27, 2003, the 
final rule (2003 rule) designated 52,549 acres (21,266 ha) as critical 
habitat on Kauai and 357 acres (145 ha) on Niihau, in 217 critical 
habitat units (68 FR 9116). The final economic analysis addendum was 
adjusted to delete costs related to units that were excluded or 
modified for biological reasons and to respond to public comments. No 
critical habitat units in the proposed rule were excluded or modified 
in the final rule because of economic impacts.
    Ninety-four percent (26,026 acres of 27,674 acres) of the critical 
habitat in this proposed rule, encompassing all or part of 21 sections, 
occurs within 6 of the units that were designated in 2003. Proposed 
ecosystem sections Lowland Mesic 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; Lowland Wet 1, 2, 3, 4, 
5, 6; Montane Mesic 1, 2; Montane Wet 1, 2, 3; Dry Cliff 1, 2; and Wet 
Cliff 1, 2, 3 overlap in whole or in part with critical habitat units 
designated in the 2003 rule. Only proposed Montane Mesic - Section 3 
does not overlap any previously designated critical habitat unit. (See 
Table 5 for cross-reference of ecosystem section numbers with critical 
habitat unit numbers in the CFR).
    The final economic analysis for the 2003 rule estimates that the 
listing of the 83 plants and the designation of this critical habitat 
could result in potential direct economic effects ranging from 
approximately $170,000 to $520,000. Of that, we estimate that $37,388 
to $293,030 could be attributable to critical habitat in the units that 
overlap with the areas !proposedin this proposed rule.
    On March 29, 2002, we published a notice in the Federal Register 
(67 FR 15159), announcing the availability of a draft economic analysis 
for the proposed designation of 16.3 miles (26.3 kilometers (km)) of 
main stream channel in nine critical habitat units for Newcomb's snail 
(Erinna newcombi) on Kauai. The draft economic analysis covers the 10-
year timeframe from 2002-2012, and identifies the total section 7 
consultation costs, and the incremental costs attributable to critical 
habitat (DEA ES-7).
    On August 20, 2002, the final rule (67 FR 54026) designated eight 
stream segments and associated tributaries, springs and seeps, and 
adjacent riparian areas on the island of Kauai totaling 12.28 miles of 
stream channel and 4,479 acres (1,813 ha) as critical habitat for 
Newcomb's snail. It was determined that the designation could result in 
potential economic effects of $28,500, with $19,500 of this cost 
attributable to critical habitat. No critical habitat units in the 
proposed rule were excluded or modified in the final rule because of 
economic impacts.
    The Na Pali Coast Streams/Critical Habitat Unit I designated as 
critical habitat for the Newcomb's snail (67 FR 54054), encompasses 609 
acres (246 ha)). This unit is under State ownership and partially 
overlaps with three of the proposed critical habitat areas in this rule 
(Dry Cliff - Section 2, Lowland Mesic - Section 2, and Lowland Mesic - 
Section 4; see Table 5 for cross-reference with critical habitat unit 
numbers in the CFR). Of the $19,500 in potential costs that were 
identified in the Newcomb's snail final critical habitat designation, 
we estimate that $1,574 could be attributable to the area overlapping 
this proposal. The three critical habitat areas identified above also 
overlap with areas that were designated as critical habitat in the 2003 
final rule for 83 Kauai plants.

[[Page 62657]]

    The PCEs described in the 2003 rule and those for the 47 species 
prop!osedhere are similar. Because of this similarity, no additional 
economic costs are anticipated for the 26,026 acres (10,523 ha) of 
proposed critical habitat that overlaps with the 2003 rule beyond those 
identified in the previous economic analyses. Any management actions 
that may be necessary to avoid adverse modification of the existing 
critical habitat and PCEs in the 26,026 overlapping acres (10,532 ha) 
would likely coincidentally be adequate to avoid adverse modification 
of critical habitat for the additional species being considered in this 
proposed rule. Furthermore, in both cases the adverse modification 
standard considered both the conservation and recovery of the species 
as the goal of critical habitat. We are unaware of any new potential 
impacts in these overlap areas that were not considered in the previous 
economic analyses, but are seeking updated information from the public 
during the comment period on this proposed rule.
    We are proposing to designate as critical habitat approximately 
1,646 acres (667 ha) in six ecosystem areas that do not completely 
overlap with existing critical habitat units designated in the final 
rules for the 83 Kauai species and/or Newcomb's snail. Montane Mesic - 
Section 2 includes 7.8 acres (3.16 ha) classified as State Parks and 
Recreation lands; Montane Mesic - Section 3 includes 138 acres (55.8 
ha) classified as State Forest Reserve lands; Montane Wet - Section 1 
includes 1,116 acres (452 ha) classified as State Forest Reserve lands 
(the remainder of the unit is classified as State Conservation Area); 
Wet Cliff - Section 2 includes 296 acres (3 ha) classified as State 
Forest Reserve lands; Lowland Wet - Section 1 includes 65 acres (26.3) 
in the Limahuli Garden and Preserve, which is owned by the National 
Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG); and Wet Cliff - Section 3 includes 23 
acres of privately owned land (see Table 5 for cross-reference with 
critical habitat unit numbers in the CFR). There is no history of 
section 7 !consultation in these areas, nor are we aware of any planned 
activities in any of these areas that would require section 7 
consultation in the future. To the extent there may be consultations in 
the future on, for example, Federal grants to assist the NTBG in 
managing its lands or maintenance of an existing power transmission 
line on the private land in Wet Cliff - Section 3, any additional costs 
are expected to be minimal. However, we are also seeking public comment 
on the potential costs of critical habitat designation in these areas.
    In summary, the areas being proposed as critical habitat are 
remote, lack development potential, and overlap with existing critical 
habitat units by approximately 94 percent. The economic analyses for 
the 83 Kauai plants and the Newcomb's snail final critical habitat 
rules took into account the potential economic costs of critical 
habitat designation over a 10-year timeframe (2002-2012). We have 
determined that over that timeframe, $38,862 to $294,604 in costs could 
be attributable to critical habitat designation in the units that 
overlap with the critical habitat areas proposed in this rule. 
Moreover, since these designations in 2002 and 2003, we have had no 
section 7 consultations for any of those overlapping lands. The 
management actions that may be necessary to avoid adverse modification 
in existing critical habitat units would likely also be adequate to 
avoid adverse modification of critical habitat being proposed for the 
47 Kauai species in this rule because of the similar PCEs, and in both 
cases the consideration of possible adverse modification similarly 
holds to the standard of species recovery. The remaining 6 percent 
(1,646 acres, 667 ha) of land we are proposing as critical habitat in 
this rule that does not overlap with existing critical habitat is 
managed as State Parks and Recreation Land (7.8 acres, 3.16 ha), State 
Forest Reserve (1,550 acres, 627 ha), or is owned by private 
individuals (88 acres, 35.6 ha). We have no section 7 
consultat!ionhistory in these areas and are unaware of any planned 
activities that would require consultation.
    Our draft analysis of the potential economic impacts posed by the 
critical habitat designation proposed here is available by mail from 
the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT) or for download at http://www.regulations.gov.
    We do not anticipate more than minimal (if any) economic or other 
impacts that would be additive to those already identified above. To 
ensure that our final critical habitat determination is based on the 
best available data, we are requesting updated information on potential 
effects of this additional designation in overlap areas, as well as 
information on potential impacts from critical habitat designation on 
lands not currently designated (e.g., the non-overlap areas), during 
the comment period. We will fully consider any new information or data 
in our final determination. We are hereby soliciting comments from the 
public on any potential economic or other impacts of this proposed 
critical habitat designation (see ``Public Comments'' section). We are 
not proposing to exclude any areas under section 4(b)(2) of the Act at 
this time. However, based on public comment on this proposed critical 
habitat designation, we may exclude areas from the final critical 
habitat designation under section 4(b)(2) of the Act.

Peer Review

    In accordance with our joint policy published in the Federal 
Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we are obtaining the expert 
opinions of at least three appropriate independent specialists 
regarding this proposed rule. The purpose of peer review is to ensure 
that our critical habitat designation is based on scientifically sound 
data, assumptions, and analyses. We have posted our proposed peer 
review plan on our website at http://www.fws.gov/pacific/informationquality/index.htm. We will send these peer reviewers copies 
of this proposed rule, immediately following publication in the Federal 
Register. We have invited these peer reviewers to comment during this 
public comment period on our specific assumptions and conclusions in 
this proposed designation of critical habitat.
    We will consider all comments and information we receive during the 
comment period on this proposed rule during our preparation of a final 
determination. Accordingly, our final decision may differ from this 
proposal.

Public Hearings

    The Act provides for one or more public hearings on this proposal, 
if we receive any requests for hearings. We must receive your request 
for a public hearing within 45 days after the date of this Federal 
Register publication. Send your request to the person named in the FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section, above. We will schedule public 
hearings on this proposal, if any are requested, and announce the 
dates, times, and place of the hearing, as well as how to obtain 
reasonable accommodations, in the Federal Register and local newspapers 
at least 15 days before the first public hearing.
    Persons needing reasonable accommodations to attend and participate 
in a public hearing should contact the Pacific Islands Fish and 
Wildlife Office at (808) 792-9400 as soon as possible. To allow 
sufficient time to process requests, please call no later than one week 
before the hearing date. Information regarding this

[[Page 62658]]

proposal is available in alternative formats upon request.

Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review

    The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has determined that this 
rule is not significant under Executive Order 12866 (E.O. 12866). OMB 
bases its determination upon the following four criteria:
    (a) Whether the rule will have an annual effect of $100 million or 
more on the economy or adversely affect an economic sector, 
productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of the government.
    (b) Whether the rule will create inconsistencies with other Federal 
agencies' actions.
    (c) Whether the rule will materially affect entitlements, grants, 
user fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of their 
recipients.
    (d) Whether the rule raises novel legal or policy issues.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as 
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act 
(SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency must publish a notice of 
rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make 
available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that 
describes the effects of the rule on small entities (small businesses, 
small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no 
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of the agency 
certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended RFA to require 
Federal agencies to provide a statement of the factual basis for 
certifying that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on 
a substantial number of small entities.
    Small entities include small organizations, such as independent 
nonprofit organizations; small governmental jurisdictions, including 
school boards and city and town governments that serve fewer than 
50,000 residents; as well as small businesses. Small businesses include 
manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500 employees, 
wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees, retail and 
service businesses with less than $5 million in annual sales, general 
and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5 million in 
annual business, special trade contractors doing less than $11.5 
million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with annual 
sales less than $750,000. To determine if potential economic impacts to 
these small entities are significant, we consider the types of 
activities that might trigger regulatory impacts under this rule, as 
well as the types of project modifications that may result. In general, 
the term ``significant economic impact'' is meant to apply to a typical 
small business firm's business operations.
    To determine if a designation of critical habitat could 
significantly affect a substantial number of small entities, we 
consider the number of small entities affected within particular types 
of economic activities (e.g., housing development, grazing, oil and gas 
production, timber harvesting). We apply the ``substantial number'' 
test individually to each industry to determine if certification is 
appropriate. However, the SBREFA does not explicitly define 
``substantial number'' or ``significant economic impact.'' 
Consequently, to assess whether a ``substantial number'' of small 
entities is affected by this designation, this analysis considers the 
relative number of small entities likely to be impacted in an area. In 
some circumstances, especially with critical habitat designations of 
limited extent, we may aggregate across all industries and consider 
whether the total number of small entities affe!cted issubstantial. In 
estimating the number of small entities potentially affected, we also 
consider whether their activities have any Federal involvement.
    Designation of critical habitat only affects activities carried 
out, funded, or permitted by Federal agencies. Some kinds of activities 
are unlikely to have any Federal involvement and so will not be 
affected by critical habitat designation. If there is a Federal nexus, 
Federal agencies will be required to consult with us under section 7 of 
the Act on activities they fund, permit, or carry out that may affect 
critical habitat. If we conclude, in a biological opinion, that a 
proposed action is likely to destroy or adversely modify critical 
habitat, we can offer ``reasonable and prudent alternatives.'' 
Reasonable and prudent alternatives are alternative actions that can be 
implemented in a manner consistent with the scope of the Federal 
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are economically and 
technologically feasible, and that would avoid destroying or adversely 
modifying critical habitat. A Federal agency and an applicant may elect 
to implement a reasonable and prudent alternative associated with a 
biological opinion that has found adverse modification of critical 
habitat. An agency or applicant could alternatively choose to seek an 
exemption from the requirements of the Act or proceed without 
implementing the reasonable and prudent alternative. However, unless an 
exemption were obtained, the Federal agency or applicant would be at 
risk of violating section 7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to proceed 
without implementing the reasonable and prudent alternatives. We may 
also identify discretionary conservation recommendations designed to 
minimize or avoid the adverse effects of a proposed action on critical 
habitat, help implement recovery plans, or to develop information that 
could contribute to the recovery of the species.
    Within the proposed critical habitat designation, the types of 
actions or authorized activities that we have identified as potential 
concerns and that are subject to consultation under section 7 if there 
is a Federal nexus include:
     Activities that might degrade or destroy the primary 
constituent elements for the species including, but not limited to, the 
following: Grazing; maintaining or increasing feral ungulate levels; 
clearing or cutting native live trees and shrubs (e.g., woodcutting, 
bulldozing, construction, road building, mining, herbicide 
application); and taking actions that pose a risk of fire.
     Activities that may alter watershed characteristics in 
ways that would reduce groundwater recharge or alter natural, wetland, 
or vegetative communities. Such activities include new water diversion 
or impoundment, groundwater pumping, and manipulation of vegetation 
through activities such as the ones mentioned above.
     Recreational activities that may degrade vegetation.
     Mining sand or other minerals.
     Introducing or encouraging the spread of nonnative plant 
species.
     Importing nonnative species for research, agriculture, and 
aquaculture, and releasing biological control agents.
    None of the proposed critical habitat units contains significant 
residential, commercial, industrial, or golf-course projects; crop 
farming; or intensive livestock operations. Few projects are planned 
for locations in the proposed critical habitat. This situation reflects 
the fact that (1) most of the land is unsuitable for development, 
farming, or other economic activities due to the rugged mountain 
terrain, lack of access, and remote locations; and (2) existing land-
use controls severely limit development and most other economic

[[Page 62659]]

activities in the mountainous interior of Kauai. Although some existing 
and continuing activities involve the operation and maintenance of 
existing manmade features and structures in certain areas, these areas 
do not contain the primary constituent elements for the species, and 
would not be impacted by the designation. Any existing and planned 
projects, land uses, and activities that could affect the proposed 
critical habitat but have no Federal involvement would not require 
section 7 consultation with the Service, so they are not restricted by 
the requirements of the Act. Finally, for the anticipated projects and 
activities that will have Federal involvement, many are conservation 
efforts that will not negatively impact the species or their habitat, 
so they will be subject to a minimal level of informal section 7 
consultation. We anticipate that a developer or other project proponent 
could modify a project or take measures to protect the 47 Kauai 
species. The kinds of actions that may be included if future reasonable 
and prudent alternatives become necessary include conservation set-
asides, management of competing nonnative species, restoration of 
degraded habitat, and regular monitoring. These measures are not likely 
to result in a significant economic impact to project proponents.
    In addition, Federal agencies may also need to reinitiate a 
previous consultation if discretionary involvement or control over the 
Federal action has been retained or is authorized by law and the 
activities may affect critical habitat. However, between 2002 and 2007, 
there have been no formal consultations and 55 informal consultations 
on Kauai, in addition to consultations on Federal grants to State 
wildlife programs (which would not affect small entities). The majority 
of the consultations were related to project effects on seabird 
flyways, nesting by endangered waterbirds, or roosting by the 
endangered Hawaiian hoary bat or ope ape a. Several consultations were 
conducted with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Natural Resources 
Conservation Service (NRCS)) for proposed funding for habitat 
restoration projects under the auspices of the Wildlife Habitat 
Incentives Program (WHIP), and one was conducted with the Navy for weed 
removal at the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). Five of the 55 
informal consultations concerned designated critical habitat, and we 
concurred with each agency's determination that the project, as 
proposed, was not likely to adversely affect critical habitat. In this 
rule, we are proposing to designate critical habitat on a total of 
27,674 ac (11,199 ha) of land. Ninety-four percent (26,028 ac (10,533 
ha)) of this proposed critical habitat designation is already 
designated critical habitat for one or more species, and six percent 
(1,646 ac (666 ha)) of the proposed designation is on lands newly 
proposed as critical habitat. However, none of the Federal actions that 
were subject to previous section 7 consultation are on the lands we are 
proposing as critical habitat in this rule. Therefore, there is no 
requirement to reinitiate consultation for any ongoing Federal 
projects.
    Moreover, in the 2001 economic analysis of the designation of 
critical habitat for 83 species of plants from the islands of Kauai and 
Niihau, we evaluated the potential economic effects on s!mall business 
entities resulting from the protection of these plant species and their 
habitat related to the proposed designation of critical habitat and 
determined that it would not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. The RFA/SBREFA defines ``small 
governmental jurisdiction'' as the government of a city, county, town, 
school district, or special district with a population of less than 
50,000. By this definition, Kauai County is not a small governmental 
jurisdiction because its population was 58,463 in 2000. Certain State 
agencies may be affected by the proposed critical habitat designation--
such as the Department of Land and Natural Resources and the State 
Department of Transportation. However, for the purposes of the RFA, 
State governments are considered independent sovereigns, not small 
governments. Because of Federal involvement, The Nature Conservancy in 
Hawaii (TNC) and the National Tropical Botanical Gardens (NTBG) could 
be affected by the proposed critical habitat designation and would 
possibly be considered to be small organizations. The SBREFA defines 
``small organization'' as any not-for-profit enterprise which is 
independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field. We 
determined that TNC and NTBG are both large organizations that are 
dominant in Kauai County in their respective fields. The significant 
overlap between the critical habitat designation for the 83 species and 
this proposed critical habitat designation is further evidence that 
this proposal will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities.
    We have made an initial RFA finding that the proposed designation 
of critical habitat for the 47 species will not have a significant 
effect on a substantial number of small entities, for the reasons 
described above. However, we will defer making a final RFA finding in 
order to allow the public an opportunity to comment on potential 
economic consequences of this critical habitat proposal.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 
et seq.), we make the following findings:
    (a) This designation of critical habitat will not produce a Federal 
mandate. In general, a Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, 
statute, or regulation that would impose an enforceable duty upon 
State, local, or Tribal governments, or the private sector, and 
includes both ``Federal intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal 
private sector mandates.'' These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-
(7). ``Federal intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that 
``would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or Tribal 
governments'' with two exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal 
assistance.'' It also excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a 
voluntary Federal program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-
existing Federal program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided 
annually to State, local, and Tribal governments under entitlement 
authority,'' if the provision would ``increase the stringency of 
conditions of assistance'' or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease, 
the Federal Government's responsibility to provide funding,'' and the 
State, local, or Tribal governments ``lack authority'' to adjust 
accordingly. At the time of enactment, these entitlement programs were: 
Medicaid; AFDC work programs; Child Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social 
Services Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants; Foster 
Care, Adoption Assistance, and Independent Living; Family Support 
Welfare Services; and Child Support Enforcement. ``Federal private 
sector mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose an 
enforceable duty upon the private sector, except (i) a condition of 
Federal assistance or (ii) a duty arising from participation in a 
voluntary Federal program.''
    (b) The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally 
binding duty on non-Federal Government entities or private parties. 
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must 
ensure that their actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical 
habitat under section 7. While non-

[[Page 62660]]

Federal entities that receive Federal funding, assistance, or permits, 
or that otherwise require approval or authorization from a Federal 
agency for an action, may be indirectly impacted by the designation of 
critical habitat, the legally binding duty to avoid destruction or 
adverse modification of critical habitat rests squarely on the Federal 
agency. Furthermore, to the extent that non-Federal entities are 
indirectly impacted because they receive Federal assistance or 
participate in a voluntary Federal aid program, the Unfunded Mandates 
Reform Act would not apply, nor would critical habitat shift the costs 
of the large entitlement programs listed above onto State governments.
    We do not believe that this rule will significantly or uniquely 
affect small governments. The lands we are proposing for critical 
habitat designation are owned by the State of Hawaii and private 
citizens. None of these entities fit the definition of ``small 
governmental jurisdiction.'' Therefore, a Small Government Agency Plan 
is not required.

Takings

    In accordance with E.O. 12630 (Government Actions and Interference 
with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), we have 
analyzed the potential takings implications of designating critical 
habitat for each of the 47 species in a takings implications 
assessment. The takings implications assessment concludes that this 
designation of critical habitat for each of these species does not pose 
significant takings implications for lands within or affected by the 
proposed designation.

Federalism

    In accordance with E.O. 13132 (Federalism), this proposed rule does 
not have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not 
required. In keeping with Department of the Interior and Department of 
Commerce policy, we requested information from, and coordinated 
development of, this proposed critical habitat designation with 
appropriate State resource agencies in Hawaii. The designation of 
critical habitat for each of these species (excluding Pritchardia 
hardyi for which no critical habitat has been proposed) would impose no 
additional restrictions to those currently in place and, therefore, 
would have little incremental impact on State and local governments and 
their activities. The designation may have some benefit to these 
governments because the areas that contain the features essential to 
the conservation of the species would be more clearly defined, and the 
primary constituent elements of the habitat necessary to the 
conservation of the species would be specifically identified. This 
information would not alter where and what federally sponsored 
activities may occur. However, it may assist local governments in long-
range planning (rather than having them wait for case-by-case section 7 
consultations to occur).

Civil Justice Reform

    In accordance with E.O. 12988 (Civil Justice Reform), the Office of 
the Solicitor has determined that the rule does not unduly burden the 
judicial system and that it meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 
3(b)(2) of the Order. We have issued this proposed critical habitat 
designation in accordance with the provisions of the Act. This proposed 
rule uses standard property descriptions and identifies the primary 
constituent elements within the designated areas to assist the public 
in understanding the habitat needs of each of the species being 
considered in this proposed rule.

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)

    This rule does not contain any new collections of information that 
require approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). This rule will not impose recordkeeping or 
reporting requirements on State or local governments, individuals, 
businesses, or organizations. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and 
a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information 
unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.

National Environmental Policy Act

    It is our position that, outside the jurisdiction of the United 
States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, we do not need to 
prepare environmental analyses as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4321 et 
seq.) in connection with designating critical habitat under the Act. We 
published a notice outlining our reasons for this determination in the 
Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This assertion was 
upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
(Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied 
516 U.S. 1042 (1996)).

Clarity of the Rule

    We are required by Executive Orders 12866 and 12988 and by the 
Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain 
language. This means that each rule we publish must:
    (a) Be logically organized;
    (b) Use the active voice to address readers directly;
    (c) Use clear language rather than jargon;
    (d) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and
    (e) Use lists and tables wherever possible.
    If you feel that we have not met these requirements, send us 
comments by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. To 
better help us revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as 
possible. For example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections 
or paragraphs that are unclearly written, which sections or sentences 
are too long, the sections where you feel lists or tables would be 
useful, etc.

Government-to-Government Relationship with Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, 
Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal of the 
Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our 
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal 
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. In accordance with 
Secretarial Order 3206 of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal Rights, 
Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act), 
we readily acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with 
Tribes in developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge 
that Tribal lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal 
public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make 
information available to Tribes. We have determined that there are no 
Tribal lands essential for the conservation of the 48 Kauai species. 
Therefore, this proposed designation of critical habitat does not 
involve any Tribal lands.

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use

    On May 18, 2001, the President issued an Executive Order (E.O. 
13211; Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy 
Supply, Distribution, or Use) on regulations that significantly affect 
energy supply, distribution, and use. E.O. 13211 requires agencies to 
prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. 
This proposed rule to designate critical habitat for 47 of the 48 
species is not a significant regulatory action under E.O. 12866 and we 
do not expect it to significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, 
or use because

[[Page 62661]]

these areas are not presently used for energy production, and we are 
unaware of any future plans in this regard. Therefore, this action is 
not a significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is 
required.

References Cited

    A complete list of references cited in this rule is available upon 
request from the Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife 
Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above) or at http://www.regulations.gov.

Author(s)

    The authors of this document are the staff of the Fish and Wildlife 
Service.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, and Transportation.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter 
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:

PART 17--[AMENDED]

    1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C. 
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
    2.Amend Sec.  17.11(h), the List of Endangered and Threatened 
Wildlife, as follows:
    a. By adding entries for ``Akekee (honeycreeper)'' and ``Akikiki 
(honeycreeper)'' in alphabetical order under BIRDS; and
    b. By adding an entry for ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' 
(Drosophila attigua) in alphabetical order under INSECTS, to read as 
set forth below.


Sec.  17.11  Endangered and threatened wildlife.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    Species                                           Vertebrate
------------------------------------------------                   population where                                         Critical
                                                  Historic range     endangered or        Status         When listed        habitat       Special rules
         Common name            Scientific name                       threatened
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                          BIRDS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akekee                         Loxops            U.S.A. (HI)       Entire            E                                  17.95(b)         NA
(honeycreeper)...............  caeruleirostris.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akikiki                        Oreomystis        U.S.A. (HI)       Entire            E                                  17.95(b)         NA
(honeycreeper)...............  bairdi..........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                         INSECTS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fly, Hawaiian                  Drosophila        U.S.A.            NA                E                                  17.95(i)         NA
picture-wing.................  attigua.........  (HI)............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    3. Amend Sec.  17.12(h), the List of Endangered and Threatened 
Plants, as follows:
    a. By adding entries for Astelia waialealae, Canavalia napaliensis, 
Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Chamaesyce 
remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyanea 
eleeleensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, Cyrtandra 
oenobarba, Cyrtandra paliku, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricate, 
Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia kenwoodii, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 
magnifolia, Dubautia waialealae, Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici, 
Keysseria helenae, Labordia helleri, Labordia pumila, Lysimachia 
daphnoides, Lysimachia iniki, Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia 
scopulensis, Lysimachia venosa, Melicope degeneri, Melicope paniculata, 
Melicope puberula, Myrsine knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia 
renovans, Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma rostrata, Pritchardia 
hardyi, Psychotria grandiflora, Psychotria hobdyi, Schiedea attenuata, 
Stenogyne kealiae, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and Tetraplasandra 
flynnii in alphabetical order under FLOWERING PLANTS; and
    b. By adding entries for Diellia mannii, Doryopteris angelica, and 
Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus in alphabetical order under FERNS 
AND ALLIES, to read as set forth below.


Sec.  17.12  Endangered and threatened plants.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

[[Page 62662]]



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    Species
------------------------------------------------  Historic range        Family            Status         When listed        Critical      Special rules
       Scientific name            Common name                                                                               habitat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FLOWERING PLANTS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Astelia waialealae             Painiu            U.S.A. (HI)       Asteliaceae       E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Canavalia napaliensis          Awikiwiki         U.S.A. (HI)       Fabaceae          E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce eleanoriae          Akoko             U.S.A. (HI)       Euphorbiaceae     E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var.          Akoko             U.S.A. (HI)       Euphorbiaceae     E                                  17.99(a)         NA
 kauaiensis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi    Akoko             U.S.A. (HI)       Euphorbiaceae     E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charpentiera densiflora        Papala            U.S.A. (HI)       Amaranathaceae    E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea dolichopoda             Haha              U.S.A. (HI)       Campanulaceae     E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea eleeleensis             Haha              U.S.A. (HI)       Campanulaceae     E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kolekoleensis           Haha              U.S.A. (HI)       Campanulaceae     E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kuhihewa                Haha              U.S.A. (HI)       Campanulaceae     E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra oenobarba            Haiwale           U.S.A. (HI)       Gesneriaceae      E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra paliku               Haiwale           U.S.A. (HI)       Gesneriaceae      E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia imbricata ssp.        Naenae            U.S.A. (HI)       Asteraceae        E                                  17.99(a)         NA
 imbricata
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kalalauensis          Naenae            U.S.A. (HI)       Asteraceae        E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kenwoodii             Naenae            U.S.A. (HI)       Asteraceae        E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia plantaginea ssp.      Naenae            U.S.A. (HI)       Asteraceae        E                                  17.99(a)         NA
 magnifolia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia waialealae            Naenae            U.S.A. (HI)       Asteraceae        E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geranium kauaiense             Nohoanu           U.S.A. (HI)       Geraniaceae       E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria erici                No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Asteraceae        E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62663]]

 
Keysseria helenae              No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Asteraceae        E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia helleri               Kamakahala        U.S.A. (HI)       Loganiaceae       E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia pumila                Kamakahala        U.S.A. (HI)       Loganiaceae       E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia daphnoides          Lehua makanoe     U.S.A. (HI)       Myrsinaceae       E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia iniki               No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Myrsinaceae       E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia pendens             No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Myrsinaceae       E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia scopulensis         No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Myrsinaceae       E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia venosa              No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Myrsinaceae       E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope degeneri              Alani             U.S.A. (HI)       Rutaceae          E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope paniculata            Alani             U.S.A. (HI)       Rutaceae          E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope puberula              Alani             U.S.A. (HI)       Rutaceae          E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine knudsenii              Kolea             U.S.A. (HI)       Myrsinaceae       E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine mezii                  Kolea             U.S.A. (HI)       Myrsinaceae       E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phyllostegia renovans          No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Lamiaceae         E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittosporum napaliense         Hoawa             U.S.A. (HI)       Pittosporaceae    E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Platydesma rostrata            Pilo kea lau lii  U.S.A. (HI)       Rutaceae          E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pritchardia hardyi             Loulu             U.S.A. (HI)       Arecaceae         E                                  NA               NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria grandiflora         Kopiko            U.S.A. (HI)       Rubiaceae         E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria hobdyi              Kopiko            U.S.A. (HI)       Rubiaceae         E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schiedea attenuata             No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Caryophyllaceae   E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62664]]

 
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stenogyne kealiae              No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Lamiaceae         E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata    No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Araliaceae        E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra flynnii         No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Araliaceae        E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FERNS AND ALLIES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diellia mannii                 No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Aspleniaceae      E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Doryopteris angelica           No common name    U.S.A. (HI)       Pteridaceae       E                                  17.99(a)         NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dryopteris crinalis var.       Palapalai         U.S.A. (HI)       Dryopteridaceae   E                                  17.99(a)         NA
 podosorus                      aumakua
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    4. Amend Sec.  17.95 as follows:
    a. In paragraph (b), by adding critical habitat for ``Akekee 
(Loxops caeruleirostris)'' and ``Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi)'' in the 
same alphabetical order as these species occur in the table at Sec.  
17.11(h); and
    b. In paragraph (i), by adding critical habitat for ``Hawaiian 
picture-wing fly (Drosophila attigua)'' in the same alphabetical order 
as this species occurs in the table at Sec.  17.11(h), to read as set 
forth below.


Sec.  17.95  Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.

* * * * *
    (b) Birds.
    Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Kauai County, Hawaii, 
on the maps below.
    (2) Primary constituent elements.
    (i) In units 1, 2, and 3, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty 
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 
Zanthoxylum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 
Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, 
Sophora.
    (G) Arthropod prey.
    (ii) In units 4, 5, and 6, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
    (G) Arthropod prey.
    (3) Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings, 
roads, railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and 
other urban landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the primary 
constituent elements. Federal actions limited to those areas, 
therefore, would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of the Act 
unless they may affect the species or primary constituent elements in 
adjacent critical habitat.
    (4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with 
coordinates in UTM Zone 4, units in meters using North American datum 
of 1983 (NAD 83).
    (5) Index map of critical habitat units for Akekee (Loxops 
caeruleirostris) follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S

[[Page 62665]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.013

    (6) Unit 1, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 1 for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) follows:

[[Page 62666]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.014

    (7) Unit 2, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 2 for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) follows:

[[Page 62667]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.015

    (8) Unit 3, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 3 for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) follows:

[[Page 62668]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.016

    (9) Unit 4, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 4 for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) follows:

[[Page 62669]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.017

    (10) Unit 5, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 5 for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) follows:

[[Page 62670]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.018

    (11) Unit 6, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 6 for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) follows:

[[Page 62671]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.019

    Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Kauai County, Hawaii, 
on the map below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) are:

[[Page 62672]]

    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
    (vii) Arthropod prey.
    (3) Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings, 
roads, railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and 
other urban landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the primary 
constituent elements. Federal actions limited to those areas, 
therefore, would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of the Act 
unless they may affect the species or primary constituent elements in 
adjacent critical habitat.
    (4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with 
coordinates in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American 
datum of 1983 (NAD 83).
    (5) Index map of critical habitat units for Akikiki (Oreomystis 
bairdi) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.020


[[Page 62673]]


    (6) Unit 1, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 1 for Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.021
    

[[Page 62674]]


    (7) Unit 2, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 2 for Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) follows:

[[Page 62675]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.022

    (8) Unit 3, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 3 for Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) follows:

[[Page 62676]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.023


[[Page 62677]]


* * * * *
    (i) Insects.
* * * * *
    Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila attigua)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Kauai County, Hawaii, 
on the maps below.
    (2) Primary constituent elements.
    (i) In units 1, 2, and 3, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat for Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila attigua) 
are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty 
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 
Zanthoxylum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 
Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, 
Sophora.
    (G) Larval host plants (Cheirodendron sp.).
    (ii) In units 4, 5, and 6, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat for Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila attigua) 
are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
    (G) Larval host plants (Cheirodendron sp.).
    (3) Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings, 
roads, railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and 
other urban landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the primary 
constituent elements. Federal actions limited to those areas, 
therefore, would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of the Act 
unless they may affect the species or primary constituent elements in 
adjacent critical habitat.
    (4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with 
coordinates in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American 
datum of 1983 (NAD 83).
    (5) Index map of critical habitat units for Hawaiian picture-wing 
fly (Drosophila attigua) follows:

[[Page 62678]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.024

    (6) Unit 1, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 1 for Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 
attigua) follows:

[[Page 62679]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.025

    (7) Unit 2, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 2 for Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 
attigua) follows:

[[Page 62680]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.026

    (8) Unit 3, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 3 for Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 
attigua) follows:

[[Page 62681]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.027

    (9) Unit 4, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 4 for Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 
attigua) follows:

[[Page 62682]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.028

    (10) Unit 5, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 5 for Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 
attigua) follows:

[[Page 62683]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.029

    (11)Unit 6, Kauai County, Hawaii.
    (i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.]
    (ii) Map of Unit 6 for Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 
attigua) follows:

[[Page 62684]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.030

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 62685]]

* * * * *
    5. Amend Sec.  17.99 as follows:
    a. By revising the introductory text of paragraph (a)(1) to read as 
set forth below;
    b. By revising paragraph (a)(1)(i) as set forth below;
    c. By redesignating paragraphs (a)(1)(vi) through (a)(1)(ccxviii) 
as paragraphs (a)(1)(viii) through (a)(1)(ccxx);
    d. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(vi) and (a)(1)(vii) to read as 
set forth below;
    e. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ix) through 
(a)(1)(ccxx) as paragraphs (a)(1)(x) through (a)(1)(ccxxi);
    f. By adding new paragraph (a)(1)(ix) to read as set forth below;
    g. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xvi) through 
(a)(1)(ccxxi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xix) through (a)(1)(ccxxiv);
    h. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(xvi), (a)(1)(xvii), and 
(a)(1)(xviii) to read as set forth below;
    i. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xxv) through 
(a)(1)(ccxxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xxviii) through (a)(1)(ccxxvii);
    j. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(xxv), (a)(1)(xxvi), and 
(a)(1)(xxvii) to read as set forth below;
    k. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xxix) 
through (a)(1)(ccxxvii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xxx) through 
(a)(1)(ccxxviii);
    l. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(xxix) to read as set forth 
below;
    m. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxiv) 
through (a)(1)(ccxxviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxviii) through 
(a)(1)(ccxxxii);
    n. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxiv), (a)(1)(xxxv), 
(a)(1)(xxxvi), and (a)(1)(xxxvii) to read as set forth below;
    o. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxix) 
through (a)(1)(ccxxxii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xli) through 
(a)(1)(ccxxxiv);
    p. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxix) and (a)(1)(xl) to read as 
set forth below;
    q. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xlii) 
through (a)(1)(ccxxxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xliii) through 
(a)(1)(ccxxxv);
    r. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(xlii) to read as set forth 
below;
    s. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xlviii) 
through (a)(1)(ccxxxv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(li) through 
(a)(1)(ccxxxviii);
    t. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(xlviii), (a)(1)(xlix), and 
(a)(1)(l) to read as set forth below;
    u. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(liii) 
through (a)(1)(ccxxxviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(liv) through 
(a)(1)(ccxxxix);
    v. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(liii) to read as set forth 
below;
    w. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lvii) 
through (a)(1)(ccxxxix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lviii) through 
(a)(1)(ccxl);
    x. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(lvii) to read as set forth 
below;
    y. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lix) through 
(a)(1)(ccxl) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxv) through (a)(1)(ccxlvi);
    z. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(lix), (a)(1)(lx), (a)(1)(lxi), 
(a)(1)(lxii), (a)(1)(lxiii), and (a)(1)(lxiv) to read as set forth 
below;
    aa. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lxvi) 
through (a)(1)(ccxlvi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxx) through (a)(1)(ccl);
    bb. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(lxvi), (a)(1)(lxvii), 
(a)(1)(lxviii), and (a)(1)(lxix) to read as set forth below;
    cc. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxiii) 
through (a)(1)(ccl) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxix) through (a)(1)(cclvi);
    dd. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxiii), (a)(lxxiv), 
(a)(1)(lxxv), (a)(1)(lxxvi), (a)(1)(lxxvii), and (a)(1)(lxxviii) to 
read as set forth below;
    ee. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxx) 
through (a)(1)(cclvi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxii) through 
(a)(1)(cclviii);
    ff. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxx) and (a)(1)(lxxxi) to read 
as set forth below;
    gg. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxiii) 
through (a)(1)(cclviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxiv) through 
(a)(1)(cclix);
    hh. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(lxxxiii) to read as set forth 
below;
    ii. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxvi) 
through (a)(1)(cclix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xc) through (a)(1)(cclxiii);
    jj. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxvi), (a)(1)(lxxxvii), 
(a)(1)(lxxxviii), and (a)(1)(lxxxix) to read as set forth below;
    kk. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xci) 
through (a)(1)(cclxiii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xcii) through 
(a)(1)(cclxiv);
    ll. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(xci) to read as set forth 
below;
    mm. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xciii) 
through (a)(1)(cclxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xciv) through 
(a)(1)(cclxv);
    nn. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(xciii) to read as set forth 
below;
    oo. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xcv) 
through (a)(1)(cclxv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cii) through 
(a)(1)(cclxxii);
    pp. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(xcv), (a)(1)(xcvi), 
(a)(1)(xcvii), (a)(1)(xcviii), (a)(1)(xcix), (a)(1)(c), and (a)(1)(ci) 
to read as set forth below;
    qq. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ciii) 
through (a)(1)(cclxxii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(civ) through 
(a)(1)(cclxxiii);
    rr. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(ciii) to read as set forth 
below;
    ss. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cv) through 
(a)(1)(cclxxiii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cvii) through (a)(1)(cclxxv);
    tt. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cv) and (a)(1)(cvi) to read as 
set forth below;
    uu. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cviii) 
through (a)(1)(cclxxv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxii) through 
(a)(1)(cclxxix);
    vv. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cviii), (a)(1)(cix), 
(a)(1)(cx), and (a)(1)(cxi) to read as set forth below;
    ww. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxiii) 
through (a)(1)(cclxxix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxvi) through 
(a)(1)(cclxxxii);
    xx. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cxiii), (a)(1)(cxiv), and 
(a)(1)(cxv) to read as set forth below;
    yy. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxix) 
through (a)(1)(cclxxxii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxx) through 
(a)(1)(cclxxxiii);
    zz. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix) to read as set forth 
below;
    aaa. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxii) 
through (a)(1)(cclxxxiii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxiii) through 
(a)(1)(cclxxxiv);
    bbb. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii) to read as set forth 
below;
    ccc. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxiv) 
through (a)(1)(cclxxxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxvi) through 
(a)(1)(cclxxxvi);
    ddd. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxiv) and (a)(1)(cxxxv) to 
read as set forth below;
    eee. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxix) 
through (a)(1)(cclxxxvi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxlviii) through 
(a)(1)(ccxcv);
    fff. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxix), (a)(1)(cxl), 
(a)(1)(cxli), (a)(1)(cxlii), (a)(1)(cxliii), (a)(1)(cxliv), 
(a)(1)(cxlv), (a)(1)(cxlvi), and (a)(1)(cxlvii) to read as set forth 
below;
    ggg. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxlix) 
through (a)(1)(ccxcv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cliii) through 
(a)(1)(ccxcix);
    hhh. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cxlix), (a)(1)(cl), 
(a)(1)(cli), and (a)(1)(clii) to read as set forth below;
    iii. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(clxii) 
through

[[Page 62686]]

(a)(1)(ccxcix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(clxv) through (a)(1)(cccii);
    jjj. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(clxii), (a)(1)(clxiii), and 
(a)(1)(clxiv) to read as set forth below;
    kkk. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxi) 
through (a)(1)(cccii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxii) through 
(a)(1)(ccciii);
    lll. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(clxxi) to read as set forth 
below;
    mmm. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxv) 
through (a)(1)(ccciii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxx) through 
(a)(1)(cccviii);
    nnn. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxv), (a)(1)(clxxvi), 
(a)(1)(clxxvii), (a)(1)(clxxviii), and (a)(1)(clxxix) to read as set 
forth below;
    ooo. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxxiii) 
through (a)(1)(cccviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxxv) through 
(a)(1)(cccx);
    ppp. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxxiii) and (a)(1)(clxxxiv) 
to read as set forth below;
    qqq. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxcviii) 
through (a)(1)(cccx) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxcix) through (a)(1)(cccxi);
    rrr. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(cxcviii) to read as set forth 
below;
    sss. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxv) 
through (a)(1)(cccxi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxvii) through 
(a)(1)(cccxiii);
    ttt. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxv) and (a)(1)(ccxvi) to 
read as set forth below;
    uuu. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxi) 
through (a)(1)(cccxiii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxv) through 
(a)(1)(cccxvii);
    vvv. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxi), (a)(1)(ccxxii), 
(a)(1)(ccxxiii), and (a)(1)(ccxxiv) to read as set forth below;
    www. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxviii) 
through (a)(1)(cccxvii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxix) through 
(a)(1)(cccxviii);
    xxx. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(ccxxviii) to read as set 
forth below;
    yyy. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxxiv) 
through (a)(1)(cccxviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxxix) through 
(a)(1)(cccxxiii);
    zzz. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxxiv), (a)(1)(ccxxxv), 
(a)(1)(ccxxxvi), (a)(1)(ccxxxvii), and (a)(1)(ccxxxviii) to read as set 
forth below;
    aaaa. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxl) 
through (a)(1)(cccxxiii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxli) through 
(a)(1)(cccxxiv);
    bbbb. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(ccxl) to read as set forth 
below;
    cccc. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxlvii) 
through (a)(1)(cccxxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccl) through 
(a)(1)(cccxxvii);
    dddd. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxlvii), (a)(1)(ccxlviii), 
and (a)(1)(ccxlix) to read as set forth below;
    eeee. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclii) 
through (a)(1)(cccxxvii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccliii) through 
(a)(1)(cccxxviii);
    ffff. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(cclii) to read as set forth 
below;
    gggg. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclvii) 
through (a)(1)(cccxxviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cclix) through 
(a)(1)(cccxxx);
    hhhh. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cclvii) and (a)(1)(cclviii) 
to read as set forth below;
    iiii. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxv) 
through (a)(1)(cccxxx) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxvii) through 
(a)(1)(cccxxxii);
    jjjj. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxv) and (a)(1)(cclxvi) to 
read as set forth below;
    kkkk. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxi) 
through (a)(1)(cccxxxii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxii) through 
(a)(1)(cccxxxiii);
    llll. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(cclxxi) to read as set forth 
below;
    mmmm. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxvi) 
through (a)(1)(cccxxxiii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxxi) through 
(a)(1)(cccxxxviii);
    nnnn. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxvi), (a)(1)(cclxxvii), 
(a)(1)(cclxxviii), (a)(1)(cclxxix), and (a)(1)(cclxxx) to read as set 
forth below;
    oooo. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxxix) 
through (a)(1)(cccxxxviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxcii) through 
(a)(1)(cccxli);
    pppp. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxxix), (a)(1)(ccxc), and 
(a)(1)(ccxci) to read as set forth below;
    qqqq. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cccviii) 
through (a)(1)(cccxli) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cccix) through 
(a)(1)(cccxlii);
    rrrr. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(cccviii) to read as set 
forth below;
    ssss. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs 
(a)(1)(cccxxviii) through (a)(1)(cccxlii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cccxxxv) 
through (a)(1)(cccxlix);
    tttt. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cccxxviii), (a)(1)(cccxxix), 
(a)(1)(cccxxx), (a)(1)(cccxxxi), (a)(1)(cccxxxii), (a)(1)(cccxxxiii), 
and (a)(1)(cccxxxiv) to read as set forth below;
    uuuu. By redesignating newly designated paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix) 
as paragraph (a)(1)(cdlvi);
    vvvv. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cccxlix), (a)(1)(cccl), 
(a)(1)(cccli), (a)(1)(ccclii), (a)(1)(cccliii), (a)(1)(cccliv), 
(a)(1)(ccclv), (a)(1)(ccclvi), (a)(1)(ccclvii), (a)(1)(ccclviii), 
(a)(1)(ccclix), (a)(1)(ccclx), (a)(1)(ccclxi), (a)(1)(ccclxii), 
(a)(1)(ccclxiii), (a)(1)(ccclxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxv), (a)(1)(ccclxvi), 
(a)(1)(ccclxvii), (a)(1)(ccclxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxix), (a)(1)(ccclxx), 
(a)(1)(ccclxxi), (a)(1)(ccclxxii), (a)(1)(ccclxxiii), (a)(1)(ccclxxiv), 
(a)(1)(ccclxxv), (a)(1)(ccclxxvi), (a)(1)(ccclxxvii), 
(a)(1)(ccclxxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxxix), (a)(1)(ccclxxx), 
(a)(1)(ccclxxxi), (a)(1)(ccclxxxii), (a)(1)(ccclxxxiii), 
(a)(1)(ccclxxxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxxxv), (a)(1)(ccclxxxvi), 
(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii), (a)(1)(ccclxxxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxxxix), 
(a)(1)(cccxc), (a)(1)(cccxci), (a)(1)(cccxcii), (a)(1)(cccxciii), 
(a)(1)(cccxciv), (a)(1)(cccxcv), (a)(1)(cccxcvi), (a)(1)(cccxcvii), 
(a)(1)(cccxcviii), (a)(1)(cccxcix), (a)(1)(cd), (a)(1)(cdi), 
(a)(1)(cdii), (a)(1)(cdiii), (a)(1)(cdiv), (a)(1)(cdv), (a)(1)(cdvi), 
(a)(1)(cdvii), (a)(1)(cdviii), (a)(1)(cdix), (a)(1)(cdx), (a)(1)(cdxi), 
(a)(1)(cdxii), (a)(1)(cdxiii), (a)(1)(cdxiv), (a)(1)(cdxv), 
(a)(1)(cdxvi), (a)(1)(cdxvii), (a)(1)(cdxviii), (a)(1)(cdxix), 
(a)(1)(cdxx), (a)(1)(cdxxi), (a)(1)(cdxxii), (a)(1)(cdxxiii), 
(a)(1)(cdxxiv), (a)(1)(cdxxv), (a)(1)(cdxxvi), (a)(1)(cdxxvii), 
(a)(1)(cdxxviii), (a)(1)(cdxxix), (a)(1)(cdxxx), (a)(1)(cdxxxi), 
(a)(1)(cdxxxii), (a)(1)(cdxxxiii), (a)(1)(cdxxxiv), (a)(1)(cdxxxv), 
(a)(1)(cdxxxvi), (a)(1)(cdxxxvii), (a)(1)(cdxxxviii), (a)(1)(cdxxxix), 
(a)(1)(cdxl), (a)(1)(cdxli), (a)(1)(cdxlii), (a)(1)(cdxliii), 
(a)(1)(cdxliv), (a)(1)(cdxlv), (a)(1)(cdxlvi), (a)(1)(cdxlvii), 
(a)(1)(cdxlviii), (a)(1)(cdxlix), (a)(1)(cdl), (a)(1)(cdli), 
(a)(1)(cdlii), (a)(1)(cdliii), (a)(1)(cdliv), and (a)(1)(cdlv) to read 
as set forth below;
    wwww. By amending the table at newly designated paragraph 
(a)(1)(cdlvi) by adding the following entries, first by unit number and 
then alphabetically by species name, in the same order as these units 
are presented in the preceding subparagraphs of this section, as set 
forth below:
    New entry:
    Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-a
    Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-a
    Kauai 4-Cyanea dolichopoda-a
    Kauai 4-Cyrtandra oenobarba-a
    Kauai 4-Cyrtandra paliku-a
    Kauai 4-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-a
    Kauai 4-Lysimachia iniki-a
    Kauai 4-Lysimachia pendens-a
    Kauai 4-Lysimachia venosa-a
    Kauai 4-Platydesma rostrata-a

[[Page 62687]]

    Kauai 7-Canavalia napaliensis-a
    Kauai 7-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-a
    Kauai 7-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-b
    Kauai 7-Charpentiera densiflora-a
    Kauai 7-Doryopteris angelica-a
    Kauai 7-Dubautia kenwoodii-a
    Kauai 7-Labordia helleri-a
    Kauai 7-Pittosporum napaliense-a
    Kauai 7-Platydesma rostrata-b
    Kauai 7-Psychotria hobdyi-a
    Kauai 7-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-a
    Kauai 10-Astelia waialealae-a
    Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-b
    Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-c
    Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-c
    Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-d
    Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-e
    Kauai 10-Charpentiera densiflora-b
    Kauai 10-Cyanea dolichopoda-b
    Kauai 10-Cyanea eleeleensis-a
    Kauai 10-Cyanea kolekoleensis-a
    Kauai 10-Cyanea kuhihewa-a
    Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-b
    Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-c
    Kauai 10-Cyrtandra paliku-b
    Kauai 10-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-a
    Kauai 10-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-a
    Kauai 10-Dubautia kalalauensis-a
    Kauai 10-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-b
    Kauai 10-Dubautia waialealae-a
    Kauai 10-Geranium kauaiense-a
    Kauai 10-Keysseria erici-a
    Kauai 10-Keysseria helenae-a
    Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-b
    Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-c
    Kauai 10-Labordia pumila-a
    Kauai 10-Lysimachia daphnoides-a
    Kauai 10-Lysimachia iniki-b
    Kauai 10-Lysimachia pendens-b
    Kauai 10-Lysimachia venosa-b
    Kauai 10-Melicope degeneri-a
    Kauai 10-Melicope paniculata-a
    Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-a
    Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-b
    Kauai 10-Myrsine mezii-a
    Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-a
    Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-b
    Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-c
    Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-d
    Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-e
    Kauai 10-Psychotria grandiflora-a
    Kauai 10-Stenogyne kealiae-a
    Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-b
    Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-a
    Kauai 11-Astelia waialealae-b
    Kauai 11-Canavalia napaliensis-b
    Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-b
    Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-c
    Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-d
    Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-e
    Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-f
    Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-g
    Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-h
    Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-i
    Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-j
    Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-c
    Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-d
    Kauai 11-Cyanea dolichopoda-c
    Kauai 11-Cyanea eleeleensis-b
    Kauai 11-Cyanea kolekoleensis-b
    Kauai 11-Cyanea kuhihewa-b
    Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-d
    Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-e
    Kauai 11-Cyrtandra paliku-c
    Kauai 11-Diellia mannii-a
    Kauai 11-Doryopteris angelica-b
    Kauai 11-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-b
    Kauai 11-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-b
    Kauai 11-Dubautia kalalauensis-b
    Kauai 11-Dubautia kenwoodii-b
    Kauai 11-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-c
    Kauai 11-Dubautia waialealae-b
    Kauai 11-Geranium kauaiense-b
    Kauai 11-Keysseria erici-b
    Kauai 11-Keysseria helenae-b
    Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-d
    Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-e
    Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-f
    Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-g
    Kauai 11-Labordia pumila-b
    Kauai 11-Lysimachia daphnoides-b
    Kauai 11-Lysimachia iniki-c
    Kauai 11-Lysimachia pendens-c
    Kauai 11-Lysimachia scopulensis-a
    Kauai 11-Lysimachia venosa-c
    Kauai 11-Melicope degeneri-b
    Kauai 11-Melicope paniculata-b
    Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-c
    Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-d
    Kauai 11-Myrsine knudsenii-a
    Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-b
    Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-c
    Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-c
    Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-d
    Kauai 11-Pittosporum napaliense-b
    Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-f
    Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-g
    Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-h
    Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-i
    Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-j
    Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-b
    Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-c
    Kauai 11-Psychotria hobdyi-b
    Kauai 11-Schiedea attenuata-a
    Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-b
    Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-c
    Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-d
    Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-c
    Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-d
    Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-b
    Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-c
    Kauai 18-Astelia waialealae-c
    Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-k
    Kauai 18-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-c
    Kauai 18-Dubautia kalalauensis-c
    Kauai 18-Dubautia waialealae-c
    Kauai 18-Geranium kauaiense-c
    Kauai 18-Keysseria erici-c
    Kauai 18-Keysseria helenae-c
    Kauai 18-Labordia helleri-h
    Kauai 18-Labordia pumila-c
    Kauai 18-Lysimachia daphnoides-c
    Kauai 18-Melicope degeneri-c
    Kauai 18-Melicope puberula-e
    Kauai 18-Myrsine mezii-d
    Kauai 18-Phyllostegia renovans-e
    Kauai 18-Platydesma rostrata-k
    Kauai 18-Psychotria grandiflora-d
    Kauai 18-Tetraplasandra flynnii-d
    Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-f
    Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-l
    Kauai 19-Cyanea dolichopoda-d
    Kauai 19-Cyrtandra oenobarba-f
    Kauai 19-Cyrtandra paliku-d
    Kauai 19-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-d
    Kauai 19-Lysimachia iniki-d
    Kauai 19-Lysimachia pendens-d
    Kauai 19-Lysimachia venosa-d
    Kauai 19-Platydesma rostrata-l
    Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-g
    Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-m
    Kauai 20-Cyanea dolichopoda-e
    Kauai 20-Cyrtandra oenobarba-g
    Kauai 20-Cyrtandra paliku-e
    Kauai 20-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-e
    Kauai 20-Lysimachia iniki-e
    Kauai 20-Lysimachia pendens-e
    Kauai 20-Lysimachia venosa-e
    Kauai 20-Platydesma rostrata-m
    Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-h
    Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-n
    Kauai 21-Charpentiera densiflora-e
    Kauai 21-Cyanea eleeleensis-c
    Kauai 21-Cyanea kolekoleensis-c
    Kauai 21-Cyanea kuhihewa-c
    Kauai 21-Cyrtandra oenobarba-h
    Kauai 21-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-c
    Kauai 21-Labordia helleri-i
    Kauai 21-Melicope paniculata-c
    Kauai 21-Melicope puberula-f
    Kauai 21-Phyllostegia renovans-f
    Kauai 21-Platydesma rostrata-n
    Kauai 21-Stenogyne kealiae-e

[[Page 62688]]

    Kauai 21-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-e
    Kauai 22-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-o
    Kauai 22-Diellia mannii-b
    Kauai 22-Labordia helleri-j
    Kauai 22-Myrsine knudsenii-b
    Kauai 22-Myrsine mezii-e
    Kauai 22-Platydesma rostrata-o
    Kauai 22-Psychotria grandiflora-e
    Kauai 22-Stenogyne kealiae-f
    Kauai 22-Tetraplasandra flynnii-e
    Kauai 23-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-p
    Kauai 23-Diellia mannii-c
    Kauai 23-Labordia helleri-k
    Kauai 23-Myrsine knudsenii-c
    Kauai 23-Myrsine mezii-f
    Kauai 23-Platydesma rostrata-p
    Kauai 23-Psychotria grandiflora-f
    Kauai 23-Stenogyne kealiae-g
    Kauai 23-Tetraplasandra flynnii-f
    Kauai 24-Astelia waialealae-d
    Kauai 24-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-q
    Kauai 24-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-d
    Kauai 24-Dubautia kalalauensis-d
    Kauai 24-Dubautia waialealae-d
    Kauai 24-Geranium kauaiense-d
    Kauai 24-Keysseria erici-d
    Kauai 24-Keysseria helenae-d
    Kauai 24-Labordia helleri-l
    Kauai 24-Labordia pumila-d
    Kauai 24-Lysimachia daphnoides-d
    Kauai 24-Melicope degeneri-d
    Kauai 24-Melicope puberula-g
    Kauai 24-Myrsine mezii-g
    Kauai 24-Phyllostegia renovans-g
    Kauai 24-Platydesma rostrata-q
    Kauai 24-Psychotria grandiflora-g
    Kauai 24-Tetraplasandra flynnii-g
    Kauai 25-Astelia waialealae-e
    Kauai 25-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-r
    Kauai 25-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-e
    Kauai 25-Dubautia kalalauensis-e
    Kauai 25-Dubautia waialealae-e
    Kauai 25-Geranium kauaiense-e
    Kauai 25-Keysseria erici-e
    Kauai 25-Keysseria helenae-e
    Kauai 25-Labordia helleri-m
    Kauai 25-Labordia pumila-e
    Kauai 25-Lysimachia daphnoides-e
    Kauai 25-Melicope degeneri-e
    Kauai 25-Melicope puberula-h
    Kauai 25-Myrsine mezii-h
    Kauai 25-Phyllostegia renovans-h
    Kauai 25-Platydesma rostrata-r
    Kauai 25-Psychotria grandiflora-h
    Kauai 25-Tetraplasandra flynnii-h
    xxxx. By amending paragraph (b) as follows:
    i. In paragraph (b)(1), by adding ``Family Amaranathaceae'', 
``Family Asteliaceae'' ``Family Geraniaceae'', and ``Family 
Pittosporaceae'' in alphabetical order to the list of family names;
    ii. In paragraph (b)(1), by adding entries in alphabetical order by 
family name to read as set forth below:
    New entry:
    Family Amaranathaceae: Charpentiera densiflora
    Family Araliaceae: Tetraplasandra bisattenuata
    Family Araliaceae: Tetraplasandra flynnii
    Family Asteliaceae: Astelia waialealae
    Family Asteraceae: Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata
    Family Asteraceae: Dubautia kalalauensis
    Family Asteraceae: Dubautia kenwoodii
    Family Asteraceae: Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia
    Family Asteraceae: Dubautia waialealae
    Family Asteraceae: Keysseria erici
    Family Asteraceae: Keysseria helenae
    Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea dolichopoda
    Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea eleeleensis
    Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea kolekoleensis
    Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea kuhihewa
    Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea attenuate
    Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce eleanoriae
    Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
    Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
    Family Fabaceae: Canavalia napaliensis
    Family Geraniaceae: Geranium kauaiense
    Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra oenobarba
    Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra paliku
    Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia renovans
    Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne kealiae
    Family Loganiaceae: Labordia helleri
    Family Loganiaceae: Labordia pumila
    Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia daphnoides
    Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia iniki
    Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia pendens
    Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia scopulensis
    Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia venosa
    Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine knudsenii
    Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine mezii
    Family Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum napaliense
    Family Rubiaceae: Psychotria grandiflora
    Family Rubiaceae: Psychotria hobdyi
    Family Rutaceae: Melicope degeneri
    Family Rutaceae: Melicope paniculata
    Family Rutaceae: Melicope puberula
    Family Rutaceae: Platydesma rostrata
    iii. In paragraph (b)(2), by adding ``Family Dryopteridaceae'' and 
``Family Pteridaceae'' in alphabetical order to the list of family 
names; and
    iv. In paragraph (b)(2), by adding entries in alphabetical order by 
family name to read as set forth below:
    New entry:
    Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia mannii
    Family Dryopteridaceae: Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus
    Family Pteridaceae: Doryopteris angelica


Sec.  17.99  Critical habitat; plants on the islands of Kauai, Niihau, 
Molokai, Maui, Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Hawaii, HI, and on the Northwestern 
Hawaiian Islands.

    (a) * * *
    (1) Kauai. Critical habitat units are described below. Coordinates 
are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American Datum of 
1983 (NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of the 
critical habitat units designated on the island of Kauai.
    (i) Note: Map 1--Index map follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S

[[Page 62689]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.031

* * * * *
    (vi) Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-a (15.4 ha; 38 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-a, Kauai 4-
Cyanea dolichopoda-a, Kauai 4-Cyrtandra oenobarba-a, Kauai 4-Cyrtandra 
paliku-a, Kauai 4-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-a, Kauai 4-
Lysimachia iniki-a, Kauai 4-Lysimachia pendens-a, Kauai 4- Lysimachia 
venosa-a, and Kauai 4-Platydesma rostrata-a (see paragraphs 
(a)(1)(vii), (a)(1)(ix), (a)(1)(xvi), (a)(1)(xvii), (a)(1)(xviii), 
(a)(1)(xxv), (a)(1)(xxvi), (a)(1)(xxvii), and (a)(1)(xxix), 
respectively, of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 5a follows:

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[[Page 62691]]


    (vii) Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-a (15.4 ha; 38 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
* * * * *
    (ix) Kauai 4-Cyanea dolichopoda-a (15.4 ha; 38 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
* * * * *
    (xvi) Kauai 4-Cyrtandra oenobarba-a (15.4 ha; 38 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (xvii) Kauai 4-Cyrtandra paliku-a (15.4 ha; 38 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (xviii) Kauai 4-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-a (15.4 ha; 38 
ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
* * * * *
    (xxv) Kauai 4-Lysimachia iniki-a (15.4 ha; 38 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (xxvi) Kauai 4-Lysimachia pendens-a (15.4 ha; 38 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (xxvii) Kauai 4- Lysimachia venosa-a (15.4 ha; 38 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
* * * * *
    (xxix) Kauai 4-Platydesma rostrata-a (15.4 ha; 38 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
* * * * *
    (xxxiv) Kauai 7-Canavalia napaliensis-a (15 ha; 37 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 7-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-a, Kauai 7-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-b, Kauai 7-Charpentiera densiflora-a, Kauai 
7-Doryopteris angelica-a, Kauai 7-Dubautia kenwoodii-a, Kauai 7-
Labordia helleri-a, Kauai 7-Pittosporum napaliense-a, Kauai 7-
Platydesma rostrata-b, Kauai 7-Psychotria hobdyi-a, and Kauai 7-
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-a (see paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxv), 
(a)(1)(xxxvi), (a)(1)(xxxvii), (a)(1)(xxxix), (a)(1)(xl), (a)(1)(xlii), 
(a)(1)(xlviii), (a)(1)(xlix), (a)(1)(l), and (a)(1)(liii), 
respectively, of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 23a follows:

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[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.033

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 62693]]

    (xxxv) Kauai 7-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-a (15 ha; 37 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (xxxvi) Kauai 7-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-b (15 ha; 37 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (xxxvii) Kauai 7-Charpentiera densiflora-a (15 ha; 37 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (xxxix) Kauai 7-Doryopteris angelica-a (15 ha; 37 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (xl) Kauai 7-Dubautia kenwoodii-a (15 ha; 37 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (xlii) Kauai 7-Labordia helleri-a (15 ha; 37 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (xlviii) Kauai 7-Pittosporum napaliense-a (15 ha; 37 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (xlix) Kauai 7-Platydesma rostrata-b (15 ha; 37 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (l) Kauai 7-Psychotria hobdyi-a (15 ha; 37 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (liii) Kauai 7-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-a (15 ha; 37 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (lvii) Kauai 10--Astelia waialealae--a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-c, Kauai 10-
Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-a, Kauai 10-Dubautia kalalauensis-a, 
Kauai 10-Dubautia waialealae-a, Kauai 10-Geranium kauaiense-a, Kauai 
10-Keysseria erici-a, Kauai 10-Keysseria helenae-a, Kauai 10-Labordia 
helleri-b, Kauai 10-Labordia pumila-a, Kauai 10-Lysimachia daphnoides-
a, Kauai 10-Melicope degeneri-a, Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-a, Kauai 
10-Myrsine mezii-a, Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-a, Kauai 10-
Platydesma rostrata-c, Kauai 10-Psychotria grandiflora-a, and Kauai 10-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-a (see paragraphs (a)(1)(lxi), (a)(1)(lxxvi), 
(a)(1)(lxxviii), (a)(1)(lxxxi), (a)(1)(lxxxiii), (a)(1)(lxxxvi), 
(a)(1)(lxxxvii), (a)(1)(lxxxviii), (a)(1)(xci), (a)(1)(xciii), 
(a)(1)(xcviii), (a)(1)(c), (a)(1)(ciii), (a)(1)(cv), (a)(1)(cviii), 
(a)(1)(cxi), and (a)(1)(cxv), respectively, of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 35a follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S

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[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.034


[[Page 62695]]


* * * * *
    (lix) Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-b (943 ha; 2,330 
ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-d, Kauai 10-
Charpentiera densiflora-b, Kauai 10-Cyanea eleeleensis-a, Kauai 10-
Cyanea kolekoleensis-a, Kauai 10-Cyanea kuhihewa-a, Kauai 10-Cyrtandra 
oenobarba-b, Kauai 10-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-a, Kauai 10-
Labordia helleri-c, Kauai 10-Melicope paniculata-a, Kauai 10-Melicope 
puberula-b, Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-b, Kauai 10-Platydesma 
rostrata-d, Kauai 10-Stenogyne kealiae-a, and Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra 
bisattenuata-b (see paragraphs (a)(1)(lxii), (a)(1)(lxiv), 
(a)(1)(lxvii), (a)(1)(lxviii), (a)(1)(lxix), (a)(1)(lxxiii), 
(a)(1)(lxxvii), (a)(1)(lxxxix), (a)(1)(xcix), (a)(1)(ci), (a)(1)(cvi), 
(a)(1)(cix), (a)(1)(cxiii), and (a)(1)(cxiv), respectively, of this 
section).
    (B) Note: Map 36a follows:

[[Page 62696]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.035

    (lx) Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-c (198 ha; 489 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-e, Kauai 10-
Cyanea dolichopoda-b, Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-c, Kauai 10-
Cyrtandra paliku-b, Kauai 10-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-b, 
Kauai 10-Lysimachia iniki-b, Kauai 10-Lysimachia pendens-b, Kauai 10-
Lysimachia venosa-b, and Kauai 10-

[[Page 62697]]

Platydesma rostrata-e (see paragraphs (a)(1)(lxiii), (a)(1)(lxvi), 
(a)(1)(lxxiv), (a)(1)(lxxv), (a)(1)(lxxx), (a)(1)(xcv), (a)(1)(xcvi), 
(a)(1)(xcvii), and (a)(1)(cx), respectively, of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 36b follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.036
    
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 62698]]

     (lxi) Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-c (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (lxii) Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-d (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (lxiii) Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-e (198 ha; 489 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (lxiv) Kauai 10-Charpentiera densiflora-b (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (lxvi) Kauai 10-Cyanea dolichopoda-b (198 ha; 489 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (lxvii) Kauai 10-Cyanea eleeleensis-a (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (lxviii) Kauai 10-Cyanea kolekoleensis-a (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (lxix) Kauai 10-Cyanea kuhihewa-a (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (lxxiii) Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-b (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (lxxiv) Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-c (198 ha; 489 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (lxxv) Kauai 10-Cyrtandra paliku-b (198 ha; 489 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (lxxvi) Kauai 10-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-a (40 ha; 99 
ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (lxxvii) Kauai 10-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-a (943 ha; 
2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
     (lxxviii) Kauai 10-Dubautia kalalauensis-a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (lxxx) Kauai 10-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-b (198 ha; 489 
ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (lxxxi) Kauai 10-Dubautia waialealae-a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (lxxxiii) Kauai 10-Geranium kauaiense-a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (lxxxvi) Kauai 10-Keysseria erici-a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (lxxxvii) Kauai 10-Keysseria helenae-a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (lxxxviii) Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-b (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (lxxxix) Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-c (943 ha; 2,330ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (xci) Kauai 10-Labordia pumila-a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (xciii) Kauai 10-Lysimachia daphnoides-a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (xcv) Kauai 10-Lysimachia iniki-b (198 ha; 489 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (xcvi) Kauai 10-Lysimachia pendens-b (198 ha; 489 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (xcvii) Kauai 10-Lysimachia venosa-b (198 ha; 489 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (xcviii) Kauai 10-Melicope degeneri-a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (xcix) Kauai 10-Melicope paniculata-a (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (c) Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-a (40 ha; 99 ac)

[[Page 62699]]

    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ci) Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-b (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
     (ciii) Kauai 10-Myrsine mezii-a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cv) Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
     (cvi) Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-b (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cviii) Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-c (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cix) Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-d (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cx) Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-e (198 ha; 489 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of this 
unit.
    (cxi) Kauai 10-Psychotria grandiflora-a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cxiii) Kauai 10-Stenogyne kealiae-a (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cxiv) Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-b (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cxv) Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-a (40 ha; 99 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cxxix) Kauai 11--Astelia waialealae--b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-f, Kauai 11-
Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-b, Kauai 11-Dubautia kalalauensis-b, 
Kauai 11-Dubautia waialealae-b, Kauai 11-Geranium kauaiense-b, Kauai 
11-Keysseria erici-b, Kauai 11-Keysseria helenae-b, Kauai 11-Labordia 
helleri-d, Kauai 11-Labordia pumila-b, Kauai 11-Lysimachia daphnoides-
b, Kauai 11-Melicope degeneri-b, Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-c, Kauai 
11-Myrsine mezii-b, Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-c, Kauai 11-
Platydesma rostrata-f, Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-b, and Kauai 11-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-b (see paragraphs (a)(1)(cxli), (a)(1)(clxxvi), 
(a)(1)(clxxviii), (a)(1)(clxxxiv), (a)(1)(cxcviii), (a)(1)(ccxv), 
(a)(1)(ccxvi), (a)(1)(ccxxi), (a)(1)(ccxxviii), (a)(1)(ccxxxiv), 
(a)(1)(ccxl), (a)(1)(ccxlviii), (a)(1)(cclvii), (a)(1)(cclxv), 
(a)(1)(cclxxvi), (a)(1)(cclxxxix), and (a)(1)(cccxxxiii), respectively, 
of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 64a follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S

[[Page 62700]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.037

* * * * *
    (cxxxii) Kauai 11-Canavalia napaliensis-b (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-b, Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-g, Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-c, 
Kauai 11-Doryopteris angelica-b, Kauai

[[Page 62701]]

11-Dubautia kenwoodii-b, Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-e, Kauai 11-
Pittosporum napaliense-b, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-g, Kauai 11-
Psychotria hobdyi-b, and Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-c (see 
paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxiv), (a)(1)(cxlii), (a)(1)(cxlvi), (a)(1)(clxxv), 
(a)(1)(clxxix), (a)(1)(ccxxii), (a)(1)(cclxxi), (a)(1)(cclxxvii), 
(a)(1)(ccxci), and (a)(1)(cccxxxi), respectively, of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 66a follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.038
    

[[Page 62702]]


* * * * *
    (cxxxiv) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-b (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cxxxv) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-c (288 ha; 712 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 11-Lysimachia scopulensis-a, Kauai 11-
Schiedea attenuata-a, and Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-b (see paragraphs 
(a)(1)(ccxxxvii), (a)(1)(cccviii), and (a)(1)(cccxxviii), respectively, 
of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 67a follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.039
    

[[Page 62703]]


* * * * *
    (cxxxix) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-d (1,060 ha; 
2,618 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-h, Kauai 11-
Charpentiera densiflora-d, Kauai 11-Cyanea eleeleensis-b, Kauai 11-
Cyanea kolekoleensis-b, Kauai 11-Cyanea kuhihewa-b, Kauai 11-Cyrtandra 
oenobarba-d, Kauai 11-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-b, Kauai 11-
Labordia helleri-f, Kauai 11-Melicope paniculata-b, Kauai 11-Melicope 
puberula-d, Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-d, Kauai 11-Platydesma 
rostrata-h, Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-c, and Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra 
bisattenuata-d (see paragraphs (a)(1)(cxliii), (a)(1)(cxlvii), 
(a)(1)(cl), (a)(1)(cli), (a)(1)(clii), (a)(1)(clxii), (a)(1)(clxxvii), 
(a)(1)(ccxxiii), (a)(1)(ccxlvii), (a)(1)(ccxlix), (a)(1)(cclxvi), 
(a)(1)(cclxxviii), (a)(1)(cccxxix), and (a)(1)(cccxxxii), respectively, 
of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 70a follows:

[[Page 62704]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.040

    (cxl) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-e (77 ha; 190 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-i, Kauai 11-
Cyanea dolichopoda-c, Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-e, Kauai 11-
Cyrtandra paliku-c, Kauai 11-

[[Page 62705]]

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-c, Kauai 11-Lysimachia iniki-c, 
Kauai 11-Lysimachia pendens-c, Kauai 11- Lysimachia venosa-c, and Kauai 
11-Platydesma rostrata-i (see paragraphs (a)(1)(cxliv), (a)(1)(cxlix), 
(a)(1)(clxiii), (a)(1)(clxiv), (a)(1)(clxxxiii), (a)(1)(ccxxxv), 
(a)(1)(ccxxxvi), (a)(1)(ccxxxviii), and (a)(1)(cclxxix), respectively, 
of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 70b follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.041
    

[[Page 62706]]


    (cxli) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-f (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cxlii) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-g (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cxliii) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-h (1,060 ha; 2,618 
ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cxliv) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-i (77 ha; 190 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cxlv) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-j (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 11-Diellia mannii-a, Kauai 11-Labordia 
helleri-g, Kauai 11-Myrsine knudsenii-a, Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-c, 
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-j, Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-c, 
Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-d, and Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-c 
(see paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxi), (a)(1)(ccxxiv), (a)(1)(cclii), 
(a)(1)(cclviii), (a)(1)(cclxxx), (a)(1)(ccxc), (a)(1)(cccxxx), and 
(a)(1)(cccxxxiv), respectively, of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 70c follows:

[[Page 62707]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.042

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 62708]]

    (cxlvi) Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-c (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cxlvii) Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-d (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cxlix) Kauai 11-Cyanea dolichopoda-c (77 ha; 190 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cl) Kauai 11-Cyanea eleeleensis-b (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cli) Kauai 11-Cyanea kolekoleensis-b (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (clii) Kauai 11-Cyanea kuhihewa-b (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (clxii) Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-d (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (clxiii) Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-e (77 ha; 190 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (clxiv) Kauai 11-Cyrtandra paliku-c (77 ha; 190 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (clxxi) Kauai 11-Diellia mannii-a (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (clxxv) Kauai 11-Doryopteris angelica-b (1,048 ha; 2,591ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (clxxvi) Kauai 11-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-b (5,705 ha; 
14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (clxxvii) Kauai 11-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-b (1,060 ha; 
2,618 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (clxxviii) Kauai 11-Dubautia kalalauensis-b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (clxxix) Kauai 11-Dubautia kenwoodii-b (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (clxxxiii) Kauai 11-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-c (77 ha; 
190 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (clxxxiv) Kauai 11-Dubautia waialealae-b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cxcviii) Kauai 11-Geranium kauaiense-b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (ccxv) Kauai 11-Keysseria erici-b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccxvi) Kauai 11-Keysseria helenae-b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (ccxxi) Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-d (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccxxii) Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-e (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccxxiii) Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-f (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccxxiv) Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-g (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (ccxxviii) Kauai 11-Labordia pumila-b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (ccxxxiv) Kauai 11-Lysimachia daphnoides-b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccxxxv) Kauai 11-Lysimachia iniki-c (77 ha; 190 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccxxxvi) Kauai 11-Lysimachia pendens-c (77 ha; 190 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.

[[Page 62709]]

    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccxxxvii) Kauai 11-Lysimachia scopulensis-a (288 ha; 712 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccxxxviii) Kauai 11- Lysimachia venosa-c (77 ha; 190 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (ccxl) Kauai 11-Melicope degeneri-b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (ccxlvii) Kauai 11-Melicope paniculata-b (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccxlviii) Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-c (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccxlix) Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-d (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cclii) Kauai 11-Myrsine knudsenii-a (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cclvii) Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cclviii) Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-c (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cclxv) Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-c (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cclxvi) Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-d (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cclxxi) Kauai 11-Pittosporum napaliense-b (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cclxxvi) Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-f (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cclxxvii) Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-g (1,048 ha; 2,591ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cclxxviii) Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-h (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cclxxix) Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-i (77 ha; 190 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cclxxx) Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-j (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cclxxxix) Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccxc) Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-c (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccxci) Kauai 11-Psychotria hobdyi-b (1,048 ha; 2,591ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cccviii) Kauai 11-Schiedea attenuata-a (288 ha; 712 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cccxxviii) Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-b (288 ha; 712 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cccxxix) Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-c (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cccxxx) Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-d (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cccxxxi) Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-c (1,048 ha; 2,591 
ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cccxxxii) Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-d (1,060 ha; 2,618 
ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cccxxxiii) Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cccxxxiv) Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-c (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.

[[Page 62710]]

    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
* * * * *
    (cccxlix) Kauai 18--Astelia waialealae--c (452 ha; 1,116ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-k, Kauai 18-
Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-c, Kauai 18-Dubautia kalalauensis-c, 
Kauai 18-Dubautia waialealae-c, Kauai 18-Geranium kauaiense-c, Kauai 
18-Keysseria erici-c, Kauai 18-Keysseria helenae-c, Kauai 18-Labordia 
helleri-h, Kauai 18-Labordia pumila-c, Kauai 18-Lysimachia daphnoides-
c, Kauai 18-Melicope degeneri-c, Kauai 18-Melicope puberula-e, Kauai 
18-Myrsine mezii-d, Kauai 18-Phyllostegia renovans-e, Kauai 18-
Platydesma rostrata-k, Kauai 18-Psychotria grandiflora-d, and Kauai 18-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-d (see paragraphs (a)(1)(cccl), (a)(1)(cccli), 
(a)(1)(ccclii), (a)(1)(cccliii), (a)(1)(cccliv), (a)(1)(ccclv), 
(a)(1)(ccclvi), (a)(1)(ccclvii), (a)(1)(ccclviii), (a)(1)(ccclix), 
(a)(1)(ccclx), (a)(1)(ccclxi), (a)(1)(ccclxii), (a)(1)(ccclxiii), 
(a)(1)(ccclxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxv), and (a)(1)(ccclxvi), respectively, of 
this section).
    (B) Note: Map 217a follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S

[[Page 62711]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.043

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 62712]]

    (cccl) Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-k (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cccli) Kauai 18-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-c (452 ha; 
1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclii) Kauai 18-Dubautia kalalauensis-c (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cccliii) Kauai 18-Dubautia waialealae-c (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cccliv) Kauai 18-Geranium kauaiense-c (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclv) Kauai 18-Keysseria erici-c (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclvi) Kauai 18-Keysseria helenae-c (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclvii) Kauai 18-Labordia helleri-h (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclviii) Kauai 18-Labordia pumila-c (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclix) Kauai 18-Lysimachia daphnoides-c (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclx) Kauai 18-Melicope degeneri-c (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclxi) Kauai 18-Melicope puberula-e (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclxii) Kauai 18-Myrsine mezii-d (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclxiii) Kauai 18-Phyllostegia renovans-e (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclxiv) Kauai 18-Platydesma rostrata-k (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclxv) Kauai 18-Psychotria grandiflora-d (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclxvi) Kauai 18-Tetraplasandra flynnii-d (452 ha; 1,116 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (ccclxvii) Kauai 19--Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-f (120 ha; 
296 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-l, Kauai 19-
Cyanea dolichopoda-d, Kauai 19-Cyrtandra oenobarba-f, Kauai 19-
Cyrtandra paliku-d, Kauai 19-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-d, 
Kauai 19-Lysimachia iniki-d, Kauai 19-Lysimachia pendens-d, Kauai 19- 
Lysimachia venosa-d, and Kauai 19-Platydesma rostrata-l (see paragraphs 
(a)(1)(ccclxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxix), (a)(1)(ccclxx), (a)(1)(ccclxxi), 
(a)(1)(ccclxxii), (a)(1)(ccclxxiii), (a)(1)(ccclxxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxxv), 
and (a)(1)(ccclxxvi), respectively, of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 217b follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S

[[Page 62713]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.044


[[Page 62714]]


    (ccclxviii) Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-l (120 ha; 296 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxix) Kauai 19-Cyanea dolichopoda-d (120 ha; 296 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxx) Kauai 19-Cyrtandra oenobarba-f (120 ha; 296 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxi) Kauai 19-Cyrtandra paliku-d (120 ha; 296 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxii) Kauai 19-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-d (120 ha; 
296 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxiii) Kauai 19-Lysimachia iniki-d (120 ha; 296 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxiv) Kauai 19-Lysimachia pendens-d (120 ha; 296 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxv) Kauai 19- Lysimachia venosa-d (120 ha; 296 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxvi) Kauai 19-Platydesma rostrata-l (120 ha; 296 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxvii) Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-g (9 ha; 23 
ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-m, Kauai 20-
Cyanea dolichopoda-e, Kauai 20-Cyrtandra oenobarba-g, Kauai 20-
Cyrtandra paliku-e, Kauai 20-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-e, 
Kauai 20-Lysimachia iniki-e, Kauai 20-Lysimachia pendens-e, Kauai 20- 
Lysimachia venosa-e, and Kauai 20-Platydesma rostrata-m (see paragraphs 
(a)(1)(ccclxxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxxix), (a)(1)(ccclxxx), 
(a)(1)(ccclxxxi), (a)(1)(ccclxxxii), (a)(1)(ccclxxxiii), 
(a)(1)(ccclxxxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxxxv), and (a)(1)(ccclxxxvi), 
respectively, of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 217c follows:

[[Page 62715]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.045


[[Page 62716]]


    (ccclxxviii) Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-m (9 ha; 23 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxix) Kauai 20-Cyanea dolichopoda-e (9 ha; 23 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxx) Kauai 20-Cyrtandra oenobarba-g (9 ha; 23 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxxi) Kauai 20-Cyrtandra paliku-e (9 ha; 23 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxxii) Kauai 20-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-e (9 ha; 
23 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxxiii) Kauai 20-Lysimachia iniki-e (9 ha; 23 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxxiv) Kauai 20-Lysimachia pendens-e (9 ha; 23 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxxv) Kauai 20- Lysimachia venosa-e (9 ha; 23 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxxvi) Kauai 20-Platydesma rostrata-m (9 ha; 23 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxxvii) Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-h (26 ha; 65 
ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-n, Kauai 21-
Charpentiera densiflora-e, Kauai 21-Cyanea eleeleensis-c, Kauai 21-
Cyanea kolekoleensis-c, Kauai 21-Cyanea kuhihewa-c, Kauai 21-Cyrtandra 
oenobarba-h, Kauai 21-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-c, Kauai 21-
Labordia helleri-i, Kauai 21-Melicope paniculata-c, Kauai 21-Melicope 
puberula-f, Kauai 21-Phyllostegia renovans-f, Kauai 21-Platydesma 
rostrata-n, Kauai 21-Stenogyne kealiae-e, and Kauai 21-Tetraplasandra 
bisattenuata-e (see paragraphs (a)(1)(ccclxxxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxxxix), 
(a)(1)(cccxc), (a)(1)(cccxci), (a)(1)(cccxcii), (a)(1)(cccxciii), 
(a)(1)(cccxciv), (a)(1)(cccxcv), (a)(1)(cccxcvi), (a)(1)(cccxcvii), 
(a)(1)(cccxcviii), (a)(1)(cccxcix), (a)(1)(cd), and (a)(1)(cdi), 
respectively, of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 217d follows:

[[Page 62717]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.046

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 62718]]

    (ccclxxxviii) Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-n (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (ccclxxxix) Kauai 21-Charpentiera densiflora-e (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cccxc) Kauai 21-Cyanea eleeleensis-c (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cccxci) Kauai 21-Cyanea kolekoleensis-c (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cccxcii) Kauai 21-Cyanea kuhihewa-c (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cccxciii) Kauai 21-Cyrtandra oenobarba-h (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cccxciv) Kauai 21-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-c (26 ha; 65 
ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cccxcv) Kauai 21-Labordia helleri-i (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cccxcvi) Kauai 21-Melicope paniculata-c (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cccxcvii) Kauai 21-Melicope puberula-f (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cccxcviii) Kauai 21-Phyllostegia renovans-f (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cccxcix) Kauai 21-Platydesma rostrata-n (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cd) Kauai 21-Stenogyne kealiae-e (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdi) Kauai 21-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-e (26 ha; 65 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdii) Kauai 22-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-o (3 ha; 8 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 22-Diellia mannii-b, Kauai 22-Labordia 
helleri-j, Kauai 22-Myrsine knudsenii-b, Kauai 22-Myrsine mezii-e, 
Kauai 22-Platydesma rostrata-o, Kauai 22-Psychotria grandiflora-e, 
Kauai 22-Stenogyne kealiae-f, and Kauai 22-Tetraplasandra flynnii-e 
(see paragraphs (a)(1)(cdiii), (a)(1)(cdiv), (a)(1)(cdv), (a)(1)(cdvi), 
(a)(1)(cdvii), (a)(1)(cdviii), (a)(1)(cdix), and (a)(1)(cdx), 
respectively, of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 217e follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S

[[Page 62719]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.047


[[Page 62720]]


    (cdiii) Kauai 22-Diellia mannii-b (3 ha; 8 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdiv) Kauai 22-Labordia helleri-j (3 ha; 8 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdv) Kauai 22-Myrsine knudsenii-b (3 ha; 8 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdvi) Kauai 22-Myrsine mezii-e (3 ha; 8 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdvii) Kauai 22-Platydesma rostrata-o (3 ha; 8 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdviii) Kauai 22-Psychotria grandiflora-e (3 ha; 8 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdix) Kauai 22-Stenogyne kealiae-f (3 ha; 8 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdx) Kauai 22-Tetraplasandra flynnii-e (3 ha; 8 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxi) Kauai 23-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-p (56 ha; 138 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 23-Diellia mannii-c, Kauai 23-Labordia 
helleri-k, Kauai 23-Myrsine knudsenii-c, Kauai 23-Myrsine mezii-f, 
Kauai 23-Platydesma rostrata-p, Kauai 23-Psychotria grandiflora-f, 
Kauai 23-Stenogyne kealiae-g, and Kauai 23-Tetraplasandra flynnii-f 
(see paragraphs (a)(1)(cdxii), (a)(1)(cdxiii), (a)(1)(cdxiv), 
(a)(1)(cdxv), (a)(1)(cdxvi), (a)(1)(cdxvii), (a)(1)(cdxviii), and 
(a)(1)(cdxix), respectively, of this section).
    (B) Note: Map 217f follows:

[[Page 62721]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.048


[[Page 62722]]


    (cdxii) Kauai 23-Diellia mannii-c (56 ha; 138 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxiii) Kauai 23-Labordia helleri-k (56 ha; 138 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxiv) Kauai 23-Myrsine knudsenii-c (56 ha; 138 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxv) Kauai 23-Myrsine mezii-f (56 ha; 138 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxvi) Kauai 23-Platydesma rostrata-p (56 ha; 138 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxvii) Kauai 23-Psychotria grandiflora-f (56 ha; 138 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxviii) Kauai 23-Stenogyne kealiae-g (56 ha; 138 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxix) Kauai 23-Tetraplasandra flynnii-f (56 ha; 138 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
     (cdxx) Kauai 24-Astelia waialealae-d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 24-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-q, Kauai 24-
Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-d, Kauai 24-Dubautia kalalauensis-d, 
Kauai 24-Dubautia waialealae-d, Kauai 24-Geranium kauaiense-d, Kauai 
24-Keysseria erici-d, Kauai 24-Keysseria helenae-d, Kauai 24-Labordia 
helleri-l, Kauai 24-Labordia pumila-d, Kauai 24-Lysimachia daphnoides-
d, Kauai 24-Melicope degeneri-d, Kauai 24-Melicope puberula-g, Kauai 
24-Myrsine mezii-g, Kauai 24-Phyllostegia renovans-g, Kauai 24-
Platydesma rostrata-q, Kauai 24-Psychotria grandiflora-g, and Kauai 24-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-g (see paragraphs (a)(1)(cdxxi), (a)(1)(cdxxii), 
(a)(1)(cdxxiii), (a)(1)(cdxxiv), (a)(1)(cdxxv), (a)(1)(cdxxvi), 
(a)(1)(cdxxvii), (a)(1)(cdxxviii), (a)(1)(cdxxix), (a)(1)(cdxxx), 
(a)(1)(cdxxxi), (a)(1)(cdxxxii), (a)(1)(cdxxxiii), (a)(1)(cdxxxiv), 
(a)(1)(cdxxxv), (a)(1)(cdxxxvi), and (a)(1)(cdxxxvii), respectively, of 
this section).
    (B) Note: Map 217g follows:

[[Page 62723]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.049


[[Page 62724]]


    (cdxxi) Kauai 24-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-q (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxii) Kauai 24-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-d (0.2 ha; 0.4 
ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxiii) Kauai 24-Dubautia kalalauensis-d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxiv) Kauai 24-Dubautia waialealae-d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxv) Kauai 24-Geranium kauaiense-d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxvi) Kauai 24-Keysseria erici-d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxvii) Kauai 24-Keysseria helenae-d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxviii) Kauai 24-Labordia helleri-l (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxix) Kauai 24-Labordia pumila-d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxx) Kauai 24-Lysimachia daphnoides-d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxxi) Kauai 24-Melicope degeneri-d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxxii) Kauai 24-Melicope puberula-g (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxxiii) Kauai 24-Myrsine mezii-g (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxxiv) Kauai 24-Phyllostegia renovans-g (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxxv) Kauai 24-Platydesma rostrata-q (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxxvi) Kauai 24-Psychotria grandiflora-g (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxxvii) Kauai 24-Tetraplasandra flynnii-g (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of this section for the textual 
description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of this section for the map of 
this unit.
    (cdxxxviii) Kauai 25-Astelia waialealae-e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) [Reserve for textual description of unit.] This unit is also 
critical habitat for Kauai 25-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-r, Kauai 25-
Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-e, Kauai 25-Dubautia kalalauensis-e, 
Kauai 25-Dubautia waialealae-e, Kauai 25-Geranium kauaiense-e, Kauai 
25-Keysseria erici-e, Kauai 25-Keysseria helenae-e, Kauai 25-Labordia 
helleri-m, Kauai 25-Labordia pumila-e, Kauai 25-Lysimachia daphnoides-
e, Kauai 25-Melicope degeneri-e, Kauai 25-Melicope puberula-h, Kauai 
25-Myrsine mezii-h, Kauai 25-Phyllostegia renovans-h, Kauai 25-
Platydesma rostrata-r, Kauai 25-Psychotria grandiflora-h, and Kauai 25-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-h (see paragraphs (a)(1)(cdxxxix), (a)(1)(cdxl), 
(a)(1)(cdxli), (a)(1)(cdxlii), (a)(1)(cdxliii), (a)(1)(cdxliv), 
(a)(1)(cdxlv), (a)(1)(cdxlvi), (a)(1)(cdxlvii), (a)(1)(cdxlviii), 
(a)(1)(cdxlix), (a)(1)(cdl), (a)(1)(cdli), (a)(1)(cdlii), 
(a)(1)(cdliii), (a)(1)(cdliv), and (a)(1)(cdlv), respectively, of this 
section).
    (B) Note: Map 217h follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S

[[Page 62725]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21OC08.050

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 62726]]

    (cdxxxix) Kauai 25-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-r (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdxl) Kauai 25-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-e (0.01 ha; 0.04 
ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdxli) Kauai 25-Dubautia kalalauensis-e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdxlii) Kauai 25-Dubautia waialealae-e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdxliii) Kauai 25-Geranium kauaiense-e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdxliv) Kauai 25-Keysseria erici-e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdxlv) Kauai 25-Keysseria helenae-e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdxlvi) Kauai 25-Labordia helleri-m (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdxlvii) Kauai 25-Labordia pumila-e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdxlviii) Kauai 25-Lysimachia daphnoides-e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdxlix) Kauai 25-Melicope degeneri-e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdl) Kauai 25-Melicope puberula-h (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdli) Kauai 25-Myrsine mezii-h (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdlii) Kauai 25-Phyllostegia renovans-h (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdliii) Kauai 25-Platydesma rostrata-r (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdliv) Kauai 25-Psychotria grandiflora-h (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.
    (cdlv) Kauai 25-Tetraplasandra flynnii-h (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac)
    (A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) of this section for the 
textual description of this unit.
    (B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) of this section for the map 
of this unit.

                 (cdlvi) Table of Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for Kauai
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Unit name                          Species occupied                     Species unoccupied
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var.        Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
 kauaiensis-a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi- Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Cyanea dolichopoda-a         Cyanea dolichopoda                     Cyanea dolichopoda
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Cyrtandra oenobarba-a        Cyrtandra oenobarba                    Cyrtandra oenobarba
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Cyrtandra paliku-a           Cyrtandra paliku                       Cyrtandra paliku
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Dubautia plantaginea ssp.    Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia   Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia
 magnifolia-a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Lysimachia iniki-a           Lysimachia iniki                       Lysimachia iniki
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Lysimachia pendens-a         Lysimachia pendens                     Lysimachia pendens
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4- Lysimachia venosa-a                                                Lysimachia venosa
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62727]]

 
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Platydesma rostrata-a        Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Canavalia napaliensis-a      Canavalia napaliensis                  Canavalia napaliensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-a      Chamaesyce eleanoriae                  Chamaesyce eleanoriae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi- Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 b
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Charpentiera densiflora-a    Charpentiera densiflora                Charpentiera densiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Doryopteris angelica-a       Doryopteris angelica                   Doryopteris angelica
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Dubautia kenwoodii-a         Dubautia kenwoodii                     Dubautia kenwoodii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Labordia helleri-a           Labordia helleri                       Labordia helleri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Pittosporum napaliense-a     Pittosporum napaliense                 Pittosporum napaliense
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Platydesma rostrata-b        Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Psychotria hobdyi-a          Psychotria hobdyi                      Psychotria hobdyi
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata- Tetraplasandra bisattenuata            Tetraplasandra bisattenuata
 a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Astelia waialealae-a        Astelia waialealae                     Astelia waialealae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
 kauaiensis-b
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
 kauaiensis-c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-d
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-e
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Charpentiera densiflora-b   Charpentiera densiflora                Charpentiera densiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyanea dolichopoda-b        Cyanea dolichopoda                     Cyanea dolichopoda
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyanea eleeleensis-a                                               Cyanea eleeleensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyanea kolekoleensis-a                                             Cyanea kolekoleensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyanea kuhihewa-a                                                  Cyanea kuhihewa
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-b       Cyrtandra oenobarba                    Cyrtandra oenobarba
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-c       Cyrtandra oenobarba                    Cyrtandra oenobarba
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyrtandra paliku-b          Cyrtandra paliku                       Cyrtandra paliku
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62728]]

 
Kauai 10-Dryopteris crinalis var.    Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus     Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus
 podosorus-a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Dubautia imbricata ssp.     Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata      Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata
 imbricata-a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Dubautia kalalauensis-a     Dubautia kalalauensis                  Dubautia kalalauensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Dubautia plantaginea ssp.   Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia   Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia
 magnifolia-b
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Dubautia waialealae-a       Dubautia waialealae                    Dubautia waialealae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Geranium kauaiense-a        Geranium kauaiense                     Geranium kauaiense
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Keysseria erici-a           Keysseria erici                        Keysseria erici
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Keysseria helenae-a         Keysseria helenae                      Keysseria helenae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-b          Labordia helleri                       Labordia helleri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-c          Labordia helleri                       Labordia helleri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Labordia pumila-a           Labordia pumila                        Labordia pumila
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Lysimachia daphnoides-a     Lysimachia daphnoides                  Lysimachia daphnoides
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Lysimachia iniki-b          Lysimachia iniki                       Lysimachia iniki
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Lysimachia pendens-b        Lysimachia pendens                     Lysimachia pendens
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Lysimachia venosa-b                                                Lysimachia venosa
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Melicope degeneri-a         Melicope paniculata                    Melicope paniculata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Melicope paniculata-a       Melicope paniculata                    Melicope paniculata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-a         Melicope puberula                      Melicope puberula
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-b         Melicope puberula                      Melicope puberula
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Myrsine mezii-a             Myrsine mezii                          Myrsine mezii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-a     Phyllostegia renovans                  Phyllostegia renovans
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-b     Phyllostegia renovans                  Phyllostegia renovans
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-c       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-d       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-e       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Psychotria grandiflora-a    Psychotria grandiflora                 Psychotria grandiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62729]]

 
Kauai 10-Stenogyne kealiae-a         Stenogyne kealiae                      Stenogyne kealiae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra              Tetraplasandra bisattenuata            Tetraplasandra bisattenuata
 bisattenuata-b
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-a    Tetraplasandra flynnii                 Tetraplasandra flynnii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Astelia waialealae-b        Astelia waialealae                     Astelia waialealae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Canavalia napaliensis-b     Canavalia napaliensis                  Canavalia napaliensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-b     Chamaesyce eleanoriae                  Chamaesyce eleanoriae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-c     Chamaesyce eleanoriae                  Chamaesyce eleanoriae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
 kauaiensis-d
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
 kauaiensis-e
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-f
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-g
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-h
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-i
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-j
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-c   Charpentiera densiflora                Charpentiera densiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-d   Charpentiera densiflora                Charpentiera densiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyanea dolichopoda-c        Cyanea dolichopoda                     Cyanea dolichopoda
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyanea eleeleensis-b                                               Cyanea eleeleensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyanea kolekoleensis-b                                             Cyanea kolekoleensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyanea kuhihewa-b                                                  Cyanea kuhihewa
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-d       Cyrtandra oenobarba                    Cyrtandra oenobarba
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-e       Cyrtandra oenobarba                    Cyrtandra oenobarba
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyrtandra paliku-c          Cyrtandra paliku                       Cyrtandra paliku
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Diellia mannii-a            Diellia mannii                         Diellia mannii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Doryopteris angelica-b      Doryopteris angelica                   Doryopteris angelica
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Dryopteris crinalis var.    Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus     Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus
 podosorus-b
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Dubautia imbricata ssp.     Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata      Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata
 imbricata-b
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Dubautia kalalauensis-b     Dubautia kalalauensis                  Dubautia kalalauensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62730]]

 
Kauai 11-Dubautia kenwoodii-b        Dubautia kenwoodii                     Dubautia kenwoodii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Dubautia plantaginea ssp.   Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia   Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia
 magnifolia-c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Dubautia waialealae-b       Dubautia waialealae                    Dubautia waialealae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Geranium kauaiense-b        Geranium kauaiense                     Geranium kauaiense
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Keysseria erici-b           Keysseria erici                        Keysseria erici
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Keysseria helenae-b         Keysseria helenae                      Keysseria helenae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-d          Labordia helleri                       Labordia helleri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-e          Labordia helleri                       Labordia helleri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-f          Labordia helleri                       Labordia helleri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-g          Labordia helleri                       Labordia helleri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Labordia pumila-b           Labordia pumila                        Labordia pumila
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Lysimachia daphnoides-b     Lysimachia daphnoides                  Lysimachia daphnoides
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Lysimachia iniki-c          Lysimachia iniki                       Lysimachia iniki
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Lysimachia pendens-c        Lysimachia pendens                     Lysimachia pendens
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Lysimachia scopulensis-a    Lysimachia scopulensis                 Lysimachia scopulensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Lysimachia venosa-c                                                Lysimachia venosa
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Melicope degeneri-b         Melicope degeneri                      Melicope degeneri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Melicope paniculata-b       Melicope paniculata                    Melicope paniculata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-c         Melicope puberula                      Melicope puberula
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-d         Melicope puberula                      Melicope puberula
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Myrsine knudsenii-a         Myrsine knudsenii                      Myrsine knudsenii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-b             Myrsine mezii                          Myrsine mezii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-c             Myrsine mezii                          Myrsine mezii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-c     Phyllostegia renovans                  Phyllostegia renovans
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-d     Phyllostegia renovans                  Phyllostegia renovans
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62731]]

 
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Pittosporum napaliense-b    Pittosporum napaliense                 Pittosporum napaliense
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-f       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-g       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-h       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-i       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-j       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-b    Psychotria grandiflora                 Psychotria grandiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-c    Psychotria grandiflora                 Psychotria grandiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Psychotria hobdyi-b         Psychotria hobdyi                      Psychotria hobdyi
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Schiedea attenuata-a        Schiedea attenuata                     Schiedea attenuata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-b         Stenogyne kealiae                      Stenogyne kealiae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-c         Stenogyne kealiae                      Stenogyne kealiae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-d         Stenogyne kealiae                      Stenogyne kealiae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra              Tetraplasandra bisattenuata            Tetraplasandra bisattenuata
 bisattenuata-c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra              Tetraplasandra bisattenuata            Tetraplasandra bisattenuata
 bisattenuata-d
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-b    Tetraplasandra flynnii                 Tetraplasandra flynnii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-c    Tetraplasandra flynnii                 Tetraplasandra flynnii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Astelia waialealae-c        Astelia waialealae                     Astelia waialealae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-k
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Dryopteris crinalis var.    Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus     Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus
 podosorus-c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Dubautia kalalauensis-c     Dubautia kalalauensis                  Dubautia kalalauensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Dubautia waialealae-c       Dubautia waialealae                    Dubautia waialealae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Geranium kauaiense-c        Geranium kauaiense                     Geranium kauaiense
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Keysseria erici-c           Keysseria erici                        Keysseria erici
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Keysseria helenae-c         Keysseria helenae                      Keysseria helenae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Labordia helleri-h          Labordia helleri                       Labordia helleri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Labordia pumila-c           Labordia pumila                        Labordia pumila
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Lysimachia daphnoides-c     Lysimachia daphnoides                  Lysimachia daphnoides
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Melicope degeneri-c         Melicope degeneri                      Melicope degeneri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Melicope puberula-e         Melicope puberula                      Melicope puberula
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Myrsine mezii-d             Myrsine mezii                          Myrsine mezii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62732]]

 
Kauai 18-Phyllostegia renovans-e     Phyllostegia renovans                  Phyllostegia renovans
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Platydesma rostrata-k       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Psychotria grandiflora-d    Psychotria grandiflora                 Psychotria grandiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Tetraplasandra flynnii-d    Tetraplasandra flynnii                 Tetraplasandra flynnii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
 kauaiensis-f
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
 remyi-l
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Cyanea dolichopoda-d        Cyanea dolichopoda                     Cyanea dolichopoda
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Cyrtandra oenobarba-f       Cyrtandra oenobarba                    Cyrtandra oenobarba
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Cyrtandra paliku-d          Cyrtandra paliku                       Cyrtandra paliku
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Dubautia plantaginea ssp.   Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia   Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia
 magnifolia-d
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Lysimachia iniki-d          Lysimachia iniki                       Lysimachia iniki
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Lysimachia pendens-d        Lysimachia pendens                     Lysimachia pendens
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19- Lysimachia venosa-d                                               Lysimachia venosa
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Platydesma rostrata-l       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
 kauaiensis-g
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-m
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Cyanea dolichopoda-e        Cyanea dolichopoda                     Cyanea dolichopoda
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Cyrtandra oenobarba-g       Cyrtandra oenobarba                    Cyrtandra oenobarba
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Cyrtandra paliku-e          Cyrtandra paliku                       Cyrtandra paliku
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Dubautia plantaginea ssp.   Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia   Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia
 magnifolia-e
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Lysimachia iniki-e          Lysimachia iniki                       Lysimachia iniki
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Lysimachia pendens-e        Lysimachia pendens                     Lysimachia pendens
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20- Lysimachia venosa-e                                               Lysimachia venosa
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Platydesma rostrata-m       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis       Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
 kauaiensis-h
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-n
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Charpentiera densiflora-e   Charpentiera densiflora                Charpentiera densiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Cyanea eleeleensis-c                                               Cyanea eleeleensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Cyanea kolekoleensis-c                                             Cyanea kolekoleensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Cyanea kuhihewa-c                                                  Cyanea kuhihewa
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Cyrtandra oenobarba-h       Cyrtandra oenobarba                    Cyrtandra oenobarba
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Dubautia imbricata ssp.     Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata      Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata
 imbricata-c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Labordia helleri-i          Labordia heller                        Labordia heller
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Melicope paniculata-c       Melicope paniculata                    Melicope paniculata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62733]]

 
Kauai 21-Melicope puberula-f         Melicope puberula                      Melicope puberula
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Phyllostegia renovans-f     Phyllostegia renovans                  Phyllostegia renovans
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Platydesma rostrata-n       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Stenogyne kealiae-e         Stenogyne kealiae                      Stenogyne kealiae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Tetraplasandra              Tetraplasandra bisattenuata            Tetraplasandra bisattenuata
 bisattenuata-e
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-o
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Diellia mannii-b            Diellia mannii                         Diellia mannii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Labordia helleri-j          Labordia helleri                       Labordia helleri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Myrsine knudsenii-b         Myrsine knudsenii                      Myrsine knudsenii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Myrsine mezii-e             Myrsine mezii                          Myrsine mezii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Platydesma rostrata-o       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Psychotria grandiflora-e    Psychotria grandiflora                 Psychotria grandiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Stenogyne kealiae-f         Stenogyne kealiae                      Stenogyne kealiae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Tetraplasandra flynnii-e    Tetraplasandra flynnii                 Tetraplasandra flynnii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-p
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Diellia mannii-c            Diellia mannii                         Diellia mannii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Labordia helleri-k          Labordia helleri                       Labordia helleri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Myrsine knudsenii-c         Myrsine knudsenii                      Myrsine knudsenii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Myrsine mezii-f             Myrsine mezii                          Myrsine mezii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Platydesma rostrata-p       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Psychotria grandiflora-f    Psychotria grandiflora                 Psychotria grandiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Stenogyne kealiae-g         Stenogyne kealiae                      Stenogyne kealiae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Tetraplasandra flynnii-f    Tetraplasandra flynnii                 Tetraplasandra flynnii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Astelia waialealae-d        Astelia waialealae                     Astelia waialealae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-q
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Dryopteris crinalis var.    Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus     Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus
 podosorus-d
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Dubautia kalalauensis-d     Dubautia kalalauensis                  Dubautia kalalauensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Dubautia waialealae-d       Dubautia waialealae                    Dubautia waialealae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Geranium kauaiense-d        Geranium kauaiense                     Geranium kauaiense
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Keysseria erici-d           Keysseria erici                        Keysseria erici
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Keysseria helenae-d         Keysseria helenae                      Keysseria helenae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Labordia helleri-l          Labordia helleri                       Labordia helleri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Labordia pumila-d           Labordia pumila                        Labordia pumila
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Lysimachia daphnoides-d     Lysimachia daphnoides                  Lysimachia daphnoides
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Melicope degeneri-d         Melicope degeneri                      Melicope degeneri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Melicope puberula-g         Melicope puberula                      Melicope puberula
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Myrsine mezii-g             Myrsine mezii                          Myrsine mezii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62734]]

 
Kauai 24-Phyllostegia renovans-g     Phyllostegia renovans                  Phyllostegia renovans
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Platydesma rostrata-q       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Psychotria grandiflora-g    Psychotria grandiflora                 Psychotria grandiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Tetraplasandra flynnii-g    Tetraplasandra flynnii                 Tetraplasandra flynnii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Astelia waialealae-e        Astelia waialealae                     Astelia waialealae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Chamaesyce remyi var.       Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi            Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
 remyi-r
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Dryopteris crinalis var.    Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus     Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus
 podosorus-e
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Dubautia kalalauensis-e     Dubautia kalalauensis                  Dubautia kalalauensis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Dubautia waialealae-e       Dubautia waialealae                    Dubautia waialealae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Geranium kauaiense-e        Geranium kauaiense                     Geranium kauaiense
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Keysseria erici-e           Keysseria erici                        Keysseria erici
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Keysseria helenae-e         Keysseria helenae                      Keysseria helenae
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Labordia helleri-m          Labordia helleri                       Labordia helleri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Labordia pumila-e           Labordia pumila                        Labordia pumila
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Lysimachia daphnoides-e     Lysimachia daphnoides                  Lysimachia daphnoides
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Melicope degeneri-e         Melicope degeneri                      Melicope degeneri
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Melicope puberula-h         Melicope puberula                      Melicope puberula
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Myrsine mezii-h             Myrsine mezii                          Myrsine mezii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Phyllostegia renovans-h     Phyllostegia renovans                  Phyllostegia renovans
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Platydesma rostrata-r       Platydesma rostrata                    Platydesma rostrata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Psychotria grandiflora-h    Psychotria grandiflora                 Psychotria grandiflora
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Tetraplasandra flynnii-h    Tetraplasandra flynnii                 Tetraplasandra flynnii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) * * *
    FAMILY AMARANATHACEAE: Charpentiera densiflora (PAPALA)
    Kauai 7-Charpentiera densiflora-a, Kauai 10-Charpentiera 
densiflora-b, Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-c, Kauai 11-Charpentiera 
densiflora-d, and Kauai 21-Charpentiera densiflora-e, identified in the 
legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute 
critical habitat for Charpentiera densiflora on Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 7-Charpentiera densiflora-a, and Kauai 11-
Charpentiera densiflora-c, the primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 
Santalum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
    (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, 
Peperomia.
    (ii) In units Kauai 10-Charpentiera densiflora-b, Kauai 11-
Charpentiera densiflora-d, and Kauai 21-Charpentiera densiflora-e, the 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.
* * * * *
    FAMILY ARALIACEAE: Tetraplasandra bisattenuata (NCN)
    Kauai 7-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-a, Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra 
bisattenuata-b, Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-c, Kauai 11-
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-d, and Kauai 21-Tetraplasandra 
bisattenuata-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Tetraplasandra 
bisattenuata on Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 7-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-a, and Kauai 11-
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-c, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).

[[Page 62735]]

    (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 
Santalum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
    (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, 
Peperomia.
    (ii) In units Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-b, Kauai 11-
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-d, and Kauai 21-Tetraplasandra 
bisattenuata-e, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina,

    FAMILY ARALIACEAE: Tetraplasandra flynnii (NCN)
    Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-a, Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-
b, Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-c, Kauai 18-Tetraplasandra flynnii-
d, Kauai 22-Tetraplasandra flynnii-e, Kauai 23-Tetraplasandra flynnii-
f, Kauai 24-Tetraplasandra flynnii-g, and Kauai 25-Tetraplasandra 
flynnii-h, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 
this section, constitute critical habitat for Tetraplasandra flynnii on 
Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-c, Kauai 22-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-e, and Kauai 23-Tetraplasandra flynnii-f, the 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty 
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 
Zanthoxylum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 
Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, 
Sophora.
    (ii) In units Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-a, Kauai 11-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-b, Kauai 18-Tetraplasandra flynnii-d, Kauai 24-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-g, and Kauai 25-Tetraplasandra flynnii-h, the 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.

    FAMILY ASTELIACEAE: Astelia waialealae (PAINIU)
    Kauai 10-Astelia waialealae-a, Kauai 11-Astelia waialealae-b, Kauai 
18-Astelia waialealae-c, Kauai 24-Astelia waialealae-d, and Kauai 25-
Astelia waialealae-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Astelia 
waialealae on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
    (vii) Hummocks in bogs.

    FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata (NAENAE)
    Kauai 10-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-a, Kauai 11-Dubautia 
imbricata ssp. imbricata-b, and Kauai 21-Dubautia imbricata ssp. 
imbricata-c, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) 
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Dubautia imbricata 
ssp. imbricata on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.

    FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia kalalauensis (NAENAE)
    Kauai 10-Dubautia kalalauensis-a, Kauai 11-Dubautia kalalauensis-b, 
Kauai 18-Dubautia kalalauensis-c, Kauai 24-Dubautia kalalauensis-d, and 
Kauai 25-Dubautia kalalauensis-e, identified in the legal descriptions 
in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Dubautia kalalauensis on Kauai. Within these units, the primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.

    FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia kenwoodii (NAENAE)
    Kauai 7-Dubautia kenwoodii-a and Kauai 11-Dubautia kenwoodii-b, 
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this 
section, constitute critical habitat for Dubautia kenwoodii on Kauai. 
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 
Santalum.
    (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
    (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, 
Peperomia.
* * * * *
    FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia (NAENAE)
    Kauai 4-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-a, Kauai 10-Dubautia 
plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-b, Kauai 11-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 
magnifolia-c, Kauai 19-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-d, and 
Kauai 20-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-e, identified in the 
legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute 
critical habitat for Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia on Kauai. 
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are:
    (i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils, 
weathered lava.

[[Page 62736]]

    (iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 
Metrosideros.
    (iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 
Peperomia.
* * * * *
    FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia waialealae (NAENAE)
    Kauai 10-Dubautia waialealae-a, Kauai 11-Dubautia waialealae-b, 
Kauai 18-Dubautia waialealae-c, Kauai 24-Dubautia waialealae-d, and 
Kauai 25-Dubautia waialealae-e, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Dubautia waialealae on Kauai. Within these units, the primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
    (vii) Bogs.
* * * * *
    FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Keysseria erici (NCN)
    Kauai 10-Keysseria erici-a, Kauai 11-Keysseria erici-b, Kauai 18-
Keysseria erici-c, Kauai 24-Keysseria erici-d, and Kauai 25-Keysseria 
erici-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 
this section, constitute critical habitat for Keysseria erici on Kauai. 
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
    (vii) Bogs.

    FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Keysseria helenae (NCN)
    Kauai 10-Keysseria helenae-a, Kauai 11-Keysseria helenae-b, Kauai 
18-Keysseria helenae-c, Kauai 24-Keysseria helenae-d, and Kauai 25-
Keysseria helenae-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Keysseria 
helenae on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
    (vii) Bogs.
* * * * *
    FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE: Cyanea dolichopoda (HAHA)
    Kauai 4-Cyanea dolichopoda-a, Kauai 10-Cyanea dolichopoda-b, Kauai 
11-Cyanea dolichopoda-c, Kauai 19-Cyanea dolichopoda-d, and Kauai 20-
Cyanea dolichopoda-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea 
dolichopoda on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils, 
weathered lava.
    (iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 
Metrosideros.
    (iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 
Peperomia.

    FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE: Cyanea eleeleensis (HAHA)
    Kauai 10-Cyanea eleeleensis-a, Kauai 11-Cyanea eleeleensis-b, and 
Kauai 21-Cyanea eleeleensis-c, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Cyanea eleeleensis on Kauai. Within these units, the primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.

    FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE: Cyanea kolekoleensis (HAHA)
    Kauai 10-Cyanea kolekoleensis-a, Kauai 11-Cyanea kolekoleensis-b, 
and Kauai 21-Cyanea kolekoleensis-c, identified in the legal 
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical 
habitat for Cyanea kolekoleensis on Kauai. Within these units, the 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.

    FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE: Cyanea kuhihewa (HAHA)
    Kauai 10-Cyanea kuhihewa-a, Kauai 11-Cyanea kuhihewa-b, and Kauai 
21-Cyanea kuhihewa-c, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea kuhihewa 
on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.
* * * * *
    FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE: Schiedea attenuata (NCN)
    Kauai 11-Schiedea attenuata-a, identified in the legal description 
in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Schiedea attenuata on Kauai. Within this unit, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
    (iii) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
    (iv) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
* * * * *
    FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE: Chamaesyce eleanoriae (AKOKO)
    Kauai 7-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-a, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-b, 
and Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-c, identified in the legal 
descriptions in

[[Page 62737]]

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Chamaesyce eleanoriae on Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 7-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-a and Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce eleanoriae-b, the primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 
Santalum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
    (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, 
Peperomia.
    (ii) In unit Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-c, the primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
    (C) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
    (D) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
* * * * *
    FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE: Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis (AKOKO)
    Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-a, Kauai 10-Chamaesyce 
remyi var. kauaiensis-b, Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-c, 
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-d, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi 
var. kauaiensis-e, Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-f, Kauai 
20-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-g, and Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi 
var. kauaiensis-h, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Chamaesyce 
remyi var. kauaiensis on Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-b, Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-d, and Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var. 
kauaiensis-h, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.
    (ii) In units Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-a, Kauai 10-
Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-c, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. 
kauaiensis-e, Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-f, and Kauai 
20-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-g, the primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are:
    (A) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils, 
weathered lava.
    (C) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 
Metrosideros.
    (D) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 
Peperomia.
    FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE: Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi (AKOKO)
    Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-a, Kauai 7-Chamaesyce remyi 
var. remyi-b, Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-c, Kauai 10-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-d, Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-e, 
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-f, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. 
remyi-g, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-h, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce 
remyi var. remyi-i, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-j, Kauai 18-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-k, Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-l, 
Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-m, Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var. 
remyi-n, Kauai 22-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-o, Kauai 23-Chamaesyce 
remyi var. remyi-p, Kauai 24-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-q, and Kauai 
25-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-r, identified in the legal descriptions 
in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi on Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 7-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-b and Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-g, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 
Santalum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
    (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, 
Peperomia.
    (ii) In units Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-d, Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-h, and Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var. 
remyi-n, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.
    (iii) In units Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-j, Kauai 22-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-o, and Kauai 23-Chamaesyce remyi var. 
remyi-p, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty 
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 
Zanthoxylum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 
Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, 
Sophora.
    (iv) In units Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-c, Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-f, Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-k, 
Kauai 24-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-q, and Kauai 25-Chamaesyce remyi 
var. remyi-r, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
    (v) In units Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-a, Kauai 10-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-e, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-i, 
Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-l, and Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi 
var. remyi-m, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:

[[Page 62738]]

    (A) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils, 
weathered lava.
    (C) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 
Metrosideros.
    (D) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 
Peperomia.
* * * * *
    FAMILY FABACEAE: Canavalia napaliensis (AWIKIWIKI)
    Kauai 7-Canavalia napaliensis-a and Kauai 11-Canavalia napaliensis-
b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this 
section, constitute critical habitat for Canavalia napaliensis on 
Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 
Santalum.
    (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
    (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, 
Peperomia.
* * * * *
    FAMILY GERANIACEAE: Geranium kauaiense (NOHOANU)
    Kauai 10-Geranium kauaiense-a, Kauai 11-Geranium kauaiense-b, Kauai 
18-Geranium kauaiense-c, Kauai 24-Geranium kauaiense-d, and Kauai 25-
Geranium kauaiense-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Geranium 
kauaiense on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
    (vii) Bogs.
* * * * *
    FAMILY GESNERIACEAE: Cyrtandra oenobarba (HAIWALE)
    Kauai 4-Cyrtandra oenobarba-a, Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-b, 
Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-c, Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-d, Kauai 
11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-e, Kauai 19-Cyrtandra oenobarba-f, Kauai 20-
Cyrtandra oenobarba-g, and Kauai 21-Cyrtandra oenobarba-h, identified 
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 
constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra oenobarba on Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-b, Kauai 11-Cyrtandra 
oenobarba-d, and Kauai 21-Cyrtandra oenobarba-h, the primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.
    (ii) In units Kauai 4-Cyrtandra oenobarba-a, Kauai 10-Cyrtandra 
oenobarba-c, Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-e, Kauai 19-Cyrtandra 
oenobarba-f, and Kauai 20-Cyrtandra oenobarba-g, the primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils, 
weathered lava.
    (C) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 
Metrosideros.
    (D) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 
Peperomia.
    FAMILY GESNERIACEAE: Cyrtandra paliku (HAIWALE)
    Kauai 4-Cyrtandra paliku-a, Kauai 10-Cyrtandra paliku-b, Kauai 11-
Cyrtandra paliku-c, Kauai 19-Cyrtandra paliku-d, and Kauai 20-Cyrtandra 
paliku-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 
this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra paliku on 
Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are:
    (i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils, 
weathered lava.
    (iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 
Metrosideros.
    (iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 
Peperomia.
* * * * *
    FAMILY LAMIACEAE: Phyllostegia renovans (NCN)
    Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-a, Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-b, 
Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-c, Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-d, 
Kauai 18-Phyllostegia renovans-e, Kauai 21-Phyllostegia renovans-f, 
Kauai 24-Phyllostegia renovans-g, and Kauai 25-Phyllostegia renovans-h, 
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this 
section, constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia renovans on 
Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-b, Kauai 11-
Phyllostegia renovans-d, and Kauai 21-Phyllostegia renovans-f, the 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.
    (ii) In units Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-a, Kauai 11-
Phyllostegia renovans-c, Kauai 18-Phyllostegia renovans-e, Kauai 24-
Phyllostegia renovans-g, and Kauai 25-Phyllostegia renovans-h, the 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
* * * * *
    FAMILY LAMIACEAE: Stenogyne kealiae (NCN)
    Kauai 10-Stenogyne kealiae-a, Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-b, Kauai 
11-Stenogyne kealiae-c, Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-d, Kauai 21-
Stenogyne kealiae-e, Kauai 22-Stenogyne kealiae-f, and Kauai 23-
Stenogyne kealiae-g, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Stenogyne 
kealiae on Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 10-Stenogyne kealiae-a, Kauai 11-Stenogyne 
kealiae-c, and Kauai 21-Stenogyne kealiae-e, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:

[[Page 62739]]

    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.
    (ii) In units Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-d, Kauai 22-Stenogyne 
kealiae-f, and Kauai 23-Stenogyne kealiae-g, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty 
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 
Zanthoxylum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 
Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, 
Sophora.
    (iii) In unit Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-b, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
    (C) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
    (D) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.

    FAMILY LOGANIACEAE: Labordia helleri (KAMAKAHALA)
    Kauai 7-Labordia helleri-a, Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-b, Kauai 10-
Labordia helleri-c, Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-d, Kauai 11-Labordia 
helleri-e, Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-f, Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-g, 
Kauai 18-Labordia helleri-h, Kauai 21-Labordia helleri-i, Kauai 22-
Labordia helleri-j, Kauai 23-Labordia helleri-k, Kauai 24-Labordia 
helleri-l, and Kauai 25-Labordia helleri-m, identified in the legal 
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical 
habitat for Labordia helleri on Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 7-Labordia helleri-a and Kauai 11-Labordia 
helleri-e, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 
Santalum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
    (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, 
Peperomia.
    (ii) In units Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-c, Kauai 11-Labordia 
helleri-f, and Kauai 21-Labordia helleri-i, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.
    (iii) In units Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-g, Kauai 22-Labordia 
helleri-j, and Kauai 23-Labordia helleri-k, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty 
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 
Zanthoxylum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 
Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, 
Sophora.
    (iv) In units Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-b, Kauai 11-Labordia 
helleri-d, Kauai 18-Labordia helleri-h, Kauai 24-Labordia helleri-l, 
and Kauai 25-Labordia helleri-m, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
* * * * *
    FAMILY LOGANIACEAE: Labordia pumila (KAMAKAHALA)
    Kauai 10-Labordia pumila-a, Kauai 11-Labordia pumila-b, Kauai 18-
Labordia pumila-c, Kauai 24-Labordia pumila-d, and Kauai 25-Labordia 
pumila-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 
this section, constitute critical habitat for Labordia pumila on Kauai. 
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
    (vii) Bogs.
* * * * *
    FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia daphnoides (LEHUA MAKANOE)
    Kauai 10-Lysimachia daphnoides-a, Kauai 11-Lysimachia daphnoides-b, 
Kauai 18-Lysimachia daphnoides-c, Kauai 24-Lysimachia daphnoides-d, and 
Kauai 25-Lysimachia daphnoides-e, identified in the legal descriptions 
in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Lysimachia daphnoides on Kauai. Within these units, the primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
    (vii) Bogs.

    FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia iniki (NCN)
    Kauai 4-Lysimachia iniki-a, Kauai 10-Lysimachia iniki-b, Kauai 11-
Lysimachia iniki-c, Kauai 19-Lysimachia iniki-d, and Kauai 20-
Lysimachia iniki-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Lysimachia 
iniki on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are:
    (i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).

[[Page 62740]]

    (ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils, 
weathered lava.
    (iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 
Metrosideros.
    (iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 
Peperomia.

    FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia pendens (NCN)
    Kauai 4-Lysimachia pendens-a, Kauai 10-Lysimachia pendens-b, Kauai 
11-Lysimachia pendens-c, Kauai 19-Lysimachia pendens-d, and Kauai 20-
Lysimachia pendens-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Lysimachia 
pendens on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are:
    (i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils, 
weathered lava.
    (iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 
Metrosideros.
    (iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 
Peperomia.

    FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia scopulensis (NCN)
    Kauai 11-Lysimachia scopulensis-a, identified in the legal 
description in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitutes critical 
habitat for Lysimachia scopulensis on Kauai. Within this unit, the 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
    (iii) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
    (iv) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.

    FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia venosa (NCN)
    Kauai 4-Lysimachia venosa-a, Kauai 10-Lysimachia venosa-b, Kauai 
11-Lysimachia venosa-c, Kauai 19-Lysimachia venosa-d, and Kauai 20-
Lysimachia venosa-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Lysimachia 
venosa on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are:
    (i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils, 
weathered lava.
    (iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 
Metrosideros.
    (iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 
Peperomia.

    FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Myrsine knudsenii (KOLEA)
    Kauai 11-Myrsine knudsenii-a, Kauai 22-Myrsine knudsenii-b, and 
Kauai 23-Myrsine knudsenii-c, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Myrsine knudsenii on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty 
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 
Zanthoxylum.
    (v) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 
Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, 
Sophora.
* * * * *
    FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Myrsine mezii (KOLEA)
    Kauai 10-Myrsine mezii-a, Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-b, Kauai 11-
Myrsine mezii-c, Kauai 18-Myrsine mezii-d, Kauai 22-Myrsine mezii-e, 
Kauai 23-Myrsine mezii-f, Kauai 24-Myrsine mezii-g, and Kauai 25-
Myrsine mezii-h, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Myrsine mezii 
on Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-c, Kauai 22-Myrsine mezii-e, 
and Kauai 23-Myrsine mezii-f, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty 
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 
Zanthoxylum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 
Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, 
Sophora.
    (ii) In units Kauai 10-Myrsine mezii-a, Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-b, 
Kauai 18-Myrsine mezii-d, Kauai 24-Myrsine mezii-g, and Kauai 25-
Myrsine mezii-h, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
* * * * *
    FAMILY PITTOSPORACEAE: Pittosporum napaliense (HOAWA)
    Kauai 7-Pittosporum napaliense-a and Kauai 11-Pittosporum 
napaliense-b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) 
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Pittosporum napaliense 
on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 
Santalum.
    (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
    (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, 
Peperomia.
* * * * *
    FAMILY RUBIACEAE: Psychotria grandiflora (KOPIKO)
    Kauai 10-Psychotria grandiflora-a, Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-
b, Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-c, Kauai 18-Psychotria grandiflora-
d, Kauai 22-Psychotria grandiflora-e, Kauai 23-Psychotria grandiflora-
f, Kauai 24-Psychotria grandiflora-g, and Kauai 25-Psychotria 
grandiflora-h, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) 
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Psychotria grandiflora 
on Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-c, Kauai 22-Psychotria 
grandiflora-e, and Kauai 23-Psychotria grandiflora-f, the primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty 
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 
Zanthoxylum.

[[Page 62741]]

    (E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 
Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, 
Sophora.
    (ii) In units Kauai 10-Psychotria grandiflora-a, Kauai 11-
Psychotria grandiflora-b, Kauai 18-Psychotria grandiflora-d, Kauai 24-
Psychotria grandiflora-g, and Kauai 25-Psychotria grandiflora-h, the 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.

    FAMILY RUBIACEAE: Psychotria hobdyi (KOPIKO)
    Kauai 7-Psychotria hobdyi-a and Kauai 11-Psychotria hobdyi-b, 
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this 
section, constitute critical habitat for Psychotria hobdyi on Kauai. 
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 
Santalum.
    (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
    (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, 
Peperomia.

    FAMILY RUTACEAE: Melicope degeneri (ALANI)
    Kauai 10-Melicope degeneri-a, Kauai 11-Melicope degeneri-b, Kauai 
18-Melicope degeneri-c, Kauai 24-Melicope degeneri-d, and Kauai 25-
Melicope degeneri-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope 
degeneri on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
* * * * *
    FAMILY RUTACEAE: Melicope paniculata (ALANI)
    Kauai 10-Melicope paniculata-a, Kauai 11-Melicope paniculata-b, and 
Kauai 21-Melicope paniculata-c, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Melicope paniculata on Kauai. Within these units, the primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.

    FAMILY RUTACEAE: Melicope puberula (ALANI)
    Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-a, Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-b, Kauai 
11-Melicope puberula-c, Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-d, Kauai 18-Melicope 
puberula-e, Kauai 21-Melicope puberula-f, Kauai 24-Melicope puberula-g, 
and Kauai 25-Melicope puberula-h, identified in the legal descriptions 
in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Melicope puberula on Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-b, Kauai 11-Melicope 
puberula-d, and Kauai 21-Melicope puberula-f, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.
    (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.
    (ii) In units Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-a, Kauai 11-Melicope 
puberula-c, Kauai 18-Melicope puberula-e, Kauai 24-Melicope puberula-g, 
and Kauai 25-Melicope puberula-h, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.

    FAMILY RUTACEAE: Platydesma rostrata (PILO KEA LAU)
    Kauai 4-Platydesma rostrata-a, Kauai 7-Platydesma rostrata-b, Kauai 
10-Platydesma rostrata-c, Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-d, Kauai 10-
Platydesma rostrata-e, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-f, Kauai 11-
Platydesma rostrata-g, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-h, Kauai 11-
Platydesma rostrata-i, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-j, Kauai 18-
Platydesma rostrata-k, Kauai 19-Platydesma rostrata-l, Kauai 20-
Platydesma rostrata-m, Kauai 21-Platydesma rostrata-n, Kauai 22-
Platydesma rostrata-o, Kauai 23-Platydesma rostrata-p, Kauai 24-
Platydesma rostrata-q, and Kauai 25-Platydesma rostrata-r, identified 
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 
constitute critical habitat for Platydesma rostrata on Kauai.
    (i) In units Kauai 7-Platydesma rostrata-b and Kauai 11-Platydesma 
rostrata-g, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 
Santalum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
    (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, 
Peperomia.
    (ii) In units Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-d, Kauai 11-Platydesma 
rostrata-h, and Kauai 21-Platydesma rostrata-n, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland 
bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Hedyotis, Melicope.

[[Page 62742]]

    (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, 
Machaerina, Microlepia.
    (iii) In units Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-j, Kauai 22-Platydesma 
rostrata-o, and Kauai 23-Platydesma rostrata-p, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty 
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 
Zanthoxylum.
    (E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 
Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, 
Sophora.
    (iv) In units Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-c, Kauai 11-Platydesma 
rostrata-f, Kauai 18-Platydesma rostrata-k, Kauai 24-Platydesma 
rostrata-q, and Kauai 25-Platydesma rostrata-r, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
    (v) In units Kauai 4-Platydesma rostrata-a, Kauai 10-Platydesma 
rostrata-e, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-i, Kauai 19-Platydesma 
rostrata-l, and Kauai 20-Platydesma rostrata-m, the primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are:
    (A) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
    (B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils, 
weathered lava.
    (C) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 
Metrosideros.
    (D) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 
Peperomia.
* * * * *
    (2) * * *
* * * * *
    FAMILY ASPLENIACEAE: Diellia mannii (NCN)
    Kauai 11-Diellia mannii-a, Kauai 22-Diellia mannii-b, and Kauai 23-
Diellia mannii-c, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Diellia mannii 
on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty 
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 
Zanthoxylum.
    (v) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 
Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, 
Sophora.
* * * * *
    FAMILY DRYOPTERIDACEAE: Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus 
(PALAPALAI AUMAKUA)
    Kauai 10-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-a, Kauai 11-Dryopteris 
crinalis var. podosorus-b, Kauai 18-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-
c, Kauai 24-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-d, and Kauai 25-
Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-e, identified in the legal 
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical 
habitat for Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus on Kauai. Within these 
units, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
    (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
    (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
* * * * *
    FAMILY PTERIDACEAE: Doryopteris angelica (NCN)
    Kauai 7-Doryopteris angelica-a and Kauai 11-Doryopteris angelica-b, 
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this 
section, constitute critical habitat for Doryopteris angelica on Kauai. 
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are:
    (i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 m).
    (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 
centimeters).
    (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
    (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 
Santalum.
    (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
    (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, 
Peperomia.
* * * * *


    Dated: September 12, 2008
Lyle Laverty,
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks
[FR Doc. E8-23561 Filed 10-20-08; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S`