62592 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Fish and Wildlife Service 

50 CFR Part 17 

[FWS-R1-ES-2008–0046; MO 9221050083- 

B2] 

RIN 1018-AV48 

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 

and Plants; Listing 48 Species on 

Kauai as Endangered and Designating 

Critical Habitat 

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Interior. 

ACTION: Proposed rule. 

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service (Service), propose to 

list 48 species on the island of Kauai in 

the Hawaiian Islands as endangered 

under the Endangered Species Act of 

1973, as amended (Act). We also 

propose to designate critical habitat for 

47 of these species totaling 27,674 acres 

(ac) (11,199 hectares (ha)). Critical 

habitat designation is not prudent for 

one species, Pritchardia hardyi, which 

is threatened by overcollection, 

vandalism, or other human activity. 

This proposed rule, if made final, would 

extend the Act’s protections to these 

species. 

DATES: We will accept comments 

received on or before December 22, 

2008. We must receive requests for 

public hearings, in writing, at the 

address shown in the FOR FURTHER

INFORMATION CONTACT section by 

December 5, 2008. 

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments 

by one of the following methods: 

• Federal eRulemaking Portal: http:// 

www.regulations.gov. Follow the 

instructions for submitting comments. 

• U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public 

Comments Processing, Attn: FWS-R1- 

ES-2008–0046; Division of Policy and 

Directives Management; U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, 

Suite 222; Arlington, VA 22203. 

We will not accept e-mail or faxes. We 

will post all comments on http:// 

www.regulations.gov. This generally 

means that we will post any personal 

information you provide us (see the 

‘‘Public Comments’’ section below for 

more information). 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

Patrick Leonard, Field Supervisor, 

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 

300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Box 50088, 

Honolulu, HI 96850; telephone 808-792- 

9400; facsimile 808-792-9581. If you use 

a telecommunications device for the 

deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information 

Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Public Comments 

We intend that any final action 

resulting from this proposal will be 

based on the best scientific and 

commercial data available and be as 

accurate and as effective as possible. 

Therefore, we request comments or 

suggestions on this proposed rule from 

the public, other concerned 

governmental agencies, the scientific 

community, industry, or any other 

interested parties. We particularly seek 

comments concerning: 

(1) Specific information on: 

•The amount and distribution of 

habitat for the species included in this 

proposed rule, 

• What areas currently occupied, and 

that contain features essential for the 

conservation of the species, we should 

include in the designation and why, and 

• What areas not currently occupied 

are essential to the conservation of the 

species and why. 

(2) Biological, commercial trade, or 

other relevant data concerning threats 

(or lack thereof) to these species. 

(3) Additional information concerning 

the range, distribution, and population 

sizes of these species, including the 

locations of any additional populations 

of these species. 

(4) Any information on the biological 

or ecological requirements of these 

species. The following information 

regarding the potential economic and 

other impacts of the proposed critical 

habitat designation is requested solely 

so that we may consider the potential 

effects of critical habitat designation in 

the final rule; this information will not 

be considered in the decision whether 

to list these 48 species. 

(5) Land use designations and current 

or planned activities in the areas 

occupied by these species and their 

possible impacts on these species and 

proposed critical habitat. 

(6) Which areas are appropriate as 

critical habitat for these species and 

why they should be proposed for 

designation as critical habitat. 

(7) The reasons why we should or 

should not designate habitat as ‘‘critical 

habitat’’ under section 4 of the Act (16 

U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), including whether 

the benefit of designation outweighs 

threats to the species caused by the 

designation, such that the designation of 

critical habitat for any particular species 

is prudent. 

(8) Information on whether the draft 

economic analysis (DEA) identifies all 

State and local costs and benefits 

attributable to the proposed critical 

habitat designation, and information on 

any costs or benefits that we have 

overlooked. 

(9) Information on whether the DEA 

makes appropriate assumptions 

regarding current practices and any 

regulatory changes likely if we designate 

critical habitat. 

(10) Information on whether the DEA 

identifies all costs that could result from 

the critical habitat designation and 

whether you agree with the analysis. 

(11) Information on whether the DEA 

correctly assesses the effect on regional 

costs associated with any land use 

controls that may result from the critical 

habitat designation. 

(12) Information on areas that the 

critical habitat designation could 

potentially impact to a disproportionate 

degree. 

(13) Economic data on the 

incremental costs of designating any 

particular area as critical habitat. 

(14) Information on any quantifiable 

economic benefits of the designation of 

critical habitat. 

(15) Whether the benefits of excluding 

any particular area from critical habitat 

outweigh the benefits of including that 

area in critical habitat under section 

4(b)(2) of the Act. 

(16) Information on economic impacts 

that have occurred since the previous 

economic analyses were completed 

relevant to critical habitat ‘‘overlap’’ 

areas, or that may occur in the future 

due to designation of critical habitat (see 

Economic Analysis, below, for details). 

(17) Information on economic impacts 

relevant to areas where the proposed 

critical habitat does not overlap with 

existing critical habitat for other plants 

on the island of Kauai. 

(18) Any foreseeable economic, 

national security, or other potential 

impacts resulting from the proposed 

critical habitat designation and, in 

particular, any impacts on small 

entities, and the benefits of including or 

excluding areas that exhibit these 

impacts. 

(19) Whether we could improve or 

modify our approach to designating 

critical habitat in any way to provide for 

greater public participation and 

understanding, or to better 

accommodate public concerns and 

comments. 

You may submit your comments and 

materials concerning this proposed rule 

by one of the methods listed in the 

ADDRESSES section. We will not 

consider comments sent by e-mail or fax 

or to an address not listed in the 

ADDRESSES section. 

If you submit a comment via http:// 

www.regulations.gov, your entire 

comment—including any personal 

identifying information—will be posted 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
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on the website. If you submit a 

hardcopy comment that includes 

personal identifying information, you 

may request at the top of your document 

that we withhold this information from 

public review. However, we cannot 

guarantee that we will be able to do so. 

We will post all hardcopy comments on 

http://www.regulations.gov. 

Comments and materials we receive, 

as well as supporting documentation we 

used in preparing this proposed rule, 

will be available for public inspection at 

http://www.regulations.gov, or by 

appointment, during normal business 

hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, Pacific Islands Fish and 

Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER

INFORMATION CONTACT). 

You may obtain copies of the 

proposed rule and draft economic 

analysis by mail from the Pacific Islands 

Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR

FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT) or by 

visiting the Federal eRulemaking Portal 

at http://www.regulations.gov. 

Background 

An Ecosystem-based Approach 

On the island of Kauai, as on most of 

the Hawaiian Islands, native species 

that occur in the same habitat types 

(ecosystems) depend on many of the 

same biological features and on the 

successful functioning of that ecosystem 

to survive. We have therefore organized 

the species addressed in this proposed 

rule by common ecosystem. Although 

the listing determination for each 

species is analyzed separately, we have 

organized the specific analysis for each 

species within the context of the 

broader ecosystem in which it occurs to 

avoid redundancy. In addition, native 

species that share ecosystems often face 

a suite of common factors that may 

threaten them, and these threat factors 

require similar management actions to 

ameliorate or eliminate them. Effective 

management of these threat factors often 

requires implementation of conservation 

actions at the ecosystem scale to 

enhance or restore critical ecological 

processes and provide for long-term 

viability of those species in their native 

environment. Thus, by taking this 

approach, we hope to not only organize 

this proposed rule effectively, but also 

to more effectively focus conservation 

management efforts on the common 

threats that occur across these 

ecosystems, restore ecosystem function 

for the recovery of each species, and 

provide conservation benefits for 

associated native species, thereby 

potentially precluding the need to list 

other species under the Act that occur 

in these shared ecosystems. 

We propose to list each of the 48 

species endemic to the island of Kauai 

addressed in this rule as an endangered 

species. These 48 species (45 plants, 2 

birds, and 1 picture-wing fly) are found 

in 6 ecosystem types: lowland mesic, 

lowland wet, montane mesic, montane 

wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff (Table 1). 

Although most of these species are 

restricted to a single ecosystem, some 

are found in multiple ecosystems. For 

each species, we identified and 

evaluated those factors that threaten the 

species and that may be common to all 

of the species at the ecosystem level. For 

example, the degradation of habitat by 

feral ungulates is considered a threat to 

each species within each ecosystem. As 

a result, this threat factor is considered 

to be a multiple ecosystem-level threat, 

as each individual species within each 

ecosystem faces a threat that is 

essentially identical in terms of the 

nature of the impact, its severity, its 

imminence, and its scope. We further 

identified and evaluated any threat 

factors that may be unique to certain 

species, and do not apply to all species 

under consideration within the same 

ecosystem. For example, the threat of 

avian malaria is unique to the two birds 

in this proposed rule, and is not 

applicable to any of the other species 

proposed for listing. We have identified 

such threat factors, which apply only to 

certain species within the ecosystems 

addressed here, as species-specific 

threats. 

TABLE 1.—THE 48 KAUAI SPECIES AND THE ECOSYSTEMS UPON WHICH THEY DEPEND 

Ecosystem Species 

Lowland Mesic Plants: Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera 

densiflora, Doryopteris angelica, Dubautia kenwoodii, Labordia helleri, Pittosporum napaliense, 

Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria hobdyi, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata 

Lowland Wet Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, 

Cyanea eleelensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba, Dubautia 

imbricata ssp. imbricata, Labordia helleri, Melicope paniculata, Melicope puberula, Phyllostegia 

renovans, Platydesma rostrata, Pritchardia hardyi, Stenogyne kealiae, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata 

Montane Mesic Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Diellia mannii, Labordia helleri, Myrsine knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, 

Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria grandiflora, Stenogyne kealiae, Tetraplasandra flynnii 

Animals: Akekee, Drosophila attigua 

Montane Wet Plants: Astelia waialeale, Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, Dubautia 

kalalauensis, Dubautia waialeale, Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae, Labordia 

helleri, Labordia pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope degeneri, Melicope puberula, Myrsine 

mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria grandiflora, Tetraplasandra flynnii 

Animals: Akekee, Akikiki, Drosophila attigua 

Dry Cliff Plants: Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Lysimachia scopulensis, Schiedea attenuata, Stenogyne kealiae 

Wet Cliff Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Cyanea dolichopoda, 

Cyrtandra oenobarba, Cyrtandra paliku, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Lysimachia iniki, 

Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia venosa, Platydesma rostrata, Pritchardia hardyi 

Under the Act, we are required to 

designate critical habitat to the 

maximum extent prudent and 

determinable concurrently with the 

publication of a final determination that 

a species is endangered or threatened. In 

this rule, we are proposing to designate 

critical habitat for 47 of the 48 Kauai 

species. We have determined that the 

designation of critical habitat is not 

prudent for one species of native palm 

tree due to the increased threat of 


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collection that may result from such 

designation. The designation of critical 

habitat for the other 47 Kauai species is 

organized by common ecosystem. 

Although critical habitat is identified for 

each species individually, we have 

found that the conservation of each 

depends, at least in part, on the 

successful functioning of the commonly 

shared ecosystem. Each critical habitat 

unit identified in this proposed rule 

therefore contains the physical and 

biological features essential to the 

conservation of each species and those 

areas that are essential for the 

conservation of each associated species. 

Where the unit is not occupied by a 

particular species, we believe it is 

essential for the conservation of that 

species. All of the areas proposed for 

designation would constitute critical 

habitat for multiple species, based upon 

their shared habitat requirements. The 

identification of critical habitat also 

takes into account any species-specific 

conservation needs as appropriate. For 

example, the presence of specific host 

plants for larval development is 

essential for the conservation of the 

picture-wing fly Drosophila attigua, but 

is not a requirement shared by all 

species within the same ecosystem. 

This approach represents a departure 

from our previous approaches to 

designating critical habitat for 

threatened and endangered species in 

Hawaii, which focused on discrete areas 

occupied by the species at the time of 

listing. Because Hawaii has 394 listed 

species (294 plants), the previous 

approach to critical habitat designations 

resulted in an overlapping and 

confusing patchwork of critical habitat 

areas that could be confusing to the 

public to interpret. More importantly, 

we have learned that many native 

Hawaiian plants and animals currently 

occupy areas of marginal habitat 

because the threats are reduced in those 

areas, but these species can thrive when 

reintroduced into historical habitats 

when threats are being effectively 

managed. For this reason, we believe it 

is important to designate unoccupied 

habitat in those cases where it is 

essential to the recovery of the species. 

We believe the approach adopted in 

this proposed rule will make critical 

habitat in Hawaii a more useful 

conservation tool for land managers. 

Focusing on the management and 

restoration of habitat at the ecosystem 

scale and on ecosystem processes that 

these species require will result in more 

effective conservation than a 

designation based solely on the 

locations of the last few known 

individuals. In addition, we believe this 

approach will aid recovery given the 

uncertainties of climate change and 

other processes that may impact highly 

localized habitat conditions and 

essential features in the future. Critical 

habitat areas for multiple species may 

also better provide for the recovery of 

these species by guiding our 

conservation efforts as well as those of 

our partners, and by providing better 

information to the public and other 

entities about important conservation 

areas. 

The Island of Kauai 

The island of Kauai is the 

northernmost and oldest of the eight 

major Hawaiian Islands (Foote et al. 

1972, p. 3). It was formed about 6 

million years ago by a single shield 

volcano and is 553 square miles (sq mi) 

(1,430 sq kilometers (km)) in area. The 

island is characterized by deeply 

dissected canyons and steep ridges 

(Department of Geography 1998, p. 151). 

The large caldera, once the largest in the 

Hawaiian Islands, now extends about 10 

mi (16 km) in diameter and comprises 

the elevated tableland of the Alakai 

Swamp (Department of Geography 1998, 

p. 151). To the west of the Alakai 

Swamp is the deeply dissected Waimea 

Canyon, extending 10 mi (16 km) in 

length and up to 1 mi (1.6 km) in width. 

Later volcanic activity on the 

southeastern flank of the volcano 

formed the smaller Haupu caldera. 

Subsequent erosion and collapse of its 

flank formed Haupu Ridge (Macdonald 

et al. 1983, p. 457). 

The amount of rainfall on the 

Hawaiian Islands depends greatly on 

topography, and the orographic 

(mountain-caused) effect is revealed by 

the wide range in the pattern of annual 

rainfall, from 10 inches (in) to 450 in (25 

centimeters (cm) to 1,145 cm) 

(Giambelluca and Schroeder 1998, p. 

59). Variations in the landscape can 

create microclimates, with large changes 

in rainfall and wind patterns over very 

short distances (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 

43). Mount Waialeale, Kauai’s second 

highest point at 5,148 feet (ft) (1,569 

meters (m)) in elevation (Walker 1999, 

p. 21) is one of the wettest spots on 

earth, with annual rainfall measured at 

more than 450 in (1,145 cm) 

(Department of Geography 1998, p. 151). 

One of the island’s most famous features 

is the Na Pali Coast, where stream and 

wave action have cut deep valleys and 

eroded the land to form precipitous 

cliffs as high as 3,000 ft (910 m) 

(Joesting 1984, p. 14). 

The current soil classification system 

for the Hawaiian Islands distinguishes 

soil types based on their measurable 

physical and chemical properties, and 

environmental factors that influenced 

their formation. Eleven of the 12 soil 

types occur in Hawaii (Gavenda et al. 

1998, p. 96). Hawaii’s basaltic rocks 

decompose to clay and various oxides 

and hydroxides when exposed to the 

weather in high rainfall areas. Silica and 

other elements are leached out, leaving 

the iron oxides, which are 

conspicuously red in color, and very 

evident in the eroded cliffs of Waimea 

Canyon. These red soils support plant 

life, and have low fertility and nutrient 

content (Walker 1999, p. 32). The soils 

in drier areas lack significant organic 

material and are characterized by 

deposits, called caliche, of soluble salts 

near the soil surface. Caliche may form 

concretions (solid mass or coalescence) 

around plant roots and stems (Walker 

1999, p. 32). 

Because of its age and relative 

isolation, levels of floristic diversity and 

endemism are higher on Kauai than on 

any other island in the Hawaiian 

archipelago. However, the vegetation of 

Kauai has undergone extreme 

alterations because of past and present 

land use. Land with rich soils was 

altered by the early Hawaiians and, 

more recently, converted to agricultural 

use (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45) or 

pasture. Intentional and inadvertent 

introduction of alien plant and animal 

species has also contributed to the 

reduction in range of the native 

vegetation on the island of Kauai. 

(Throughout this rule, the terms ‘‘alien,’’ 

‘‘feral,’’ ‘‘nonnative,’’ and ‘‘introduced’’ 

all refer to species that are not naturally 

native to the Hawaiian Islands.) Most of 

the taxa included in this rule persist on 

steep slopes, precipitous cliffs, valley 

headwalls, and other regions where 

unsuitable topography has prevented 

urbanization and agricultural 

development, or where inaccessibility 

has limited encroachment by nonnative 

plant and an!imal species. 

Kauai Ecosystems 

The six Kauai ecosystems that support 

the species addressed in this proposed 

rule are described in the following 

sections. 

Lowland Mesic 

The lowland mesic ecosystem 

includes a variety of grasslands, 

shrublands, and forests, generally below 

3,000 ft (1,000 m) elevation, that receive 

between 50 and 75 in (127 and 191 cm) 

annual rainfall, or in otherwise mesic 

substrate conditions (The Nature 

Conservancy (TNC) 2006b). In the 

Hawaiian Islands, this ecosystem is 

found on Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, 

Oahu, and Kauai, on both windward 

and leeward sides of the islands. On 

Kauai, this ecosystem is typically found 

on the western slopes of the island 


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(Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 75; TNC 

2006b). Biological diversity is high in 

this system (TNC 2006b), and 11 of the 

48 species included in this proposed 

rule are reported from this ecosystem 

(Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping 

Program (HBMP) 2007; TNCH 2007). 

Lowland Wet 

The lowland wet ecological system is 

generally found below 3,000 ft (1,000 m) 

elevation on the windward sides of the 

main Hawaiian Islands, except 

Kahoolawe and Niihau (Gagne and 

Cuddihy 1999, p. 85; TNC 2006c). These 

areas include a variety of wet 

grasslands, shrublands, and forests that 

receive greater than 75 in (191 cm) 

annual precipitation, or are found in 

otherwise wet substrate conditions 

(TNC 2006c). On Kauai, this system is 

best developed in wet valleys and 

slopes adjacent to the summit plateau of 

Waialealae and Alakai (TNC 2006c). 

According to The Nature Conservancy 

(TNC), biological diversity is high in 

this system (TNC 2006c), and 16 of the 

48 species included in this proposed 

rule are reported from this ecosystem 

(HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). 

Montane Mesic 

A variety of natural communities (e.g., 

grasslands, shrublands, and forests) are 

found in the montane mesic ecological 

system. This system is found between 

3,000 and 6,000 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m) 

elevation in areas receiving 50 to 75 in 

(127 to 191 cm) of precipitation yearly 

(TNC 2006e). The montane mesic 

system is found on the islands of 

Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, and Kauai. On 

Kauai, this system is best developed on 

the west-facing slopes. Biological 

diversity is ranked as moderate in the 

montane mesic system, according to 

TNC (TNC 2006e), and 11 of the 48 

species included in this proposed rule 

are reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 

2007; TNCH 2007). 

Montane Wet 

The montane wet ecological system is 

composed of natural communities 

(grasslands, shrublands, forests, bogs) 

found at elevations between 3,000 and 

6,000 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m) and in areas 

where annual precipitation is greater 

than 75 in (191 cm) (TNC 2006f). This 

system is found on all of the main 

Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and 

Kahoolawe (TNC 2006f). On Kauai it is 

best developed in the summit plateau of 

Waialeale and Alakai. In this system, 

biological diversity is moderate to high 

(TNC 2006f), and 21 of the 48 species 

included in this proposed rule are 

reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 

2007; TNCH 2007). 

Dry Cliff 

The dry cliff ecological system is 

composed of vegetation communities 

occupying steep slopes (greater than 65 

degrees) in areas that receive less than 

75 in (191 cm) of rainfall annually, or 

in otherwise dry substrate conditions 

(TNC 2006a). This system is found on 

all of the main Hawaiian Islands except 

Niihau, and on the island of Kauai is 

best developed in the leeward canyons. 

A variety of grasslands and shrublands 

occur within this system (TNC 2006a). 

Biological diversity is low to moderate 

in this system (TNC 2006a), and 4 of the 

48 species included in this proposed 

rule are reported from this ecosystem 

(Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping 

Program (HBMP) 2007; TNCH 2007). 

Wet Cliff 

The wet cliff ecological system is 

generally composed of grasslands and 

shrublands on near-vertical slopes 

(greater than 65 degrees) in areas that 

receive more than 75 in (191 cm) of 

annual precipitation, or that are in 

otherwise wet substrate conditions 

(TNC 2006d). This system is found on 

the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, 

Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai. On Kauai, this 

system is typically found on the 

windward cliffs adjacent to Waialeale 

(TNC 2006d). Biological diversity is low 

to moderate in this system (TNC 2006d), 

and 11 of the 48 species included in this 

proposed rule are reported from this 

ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). 

Description of the 48 Species 

Here we provide a brief description of 

each of the 48 species proposed for 

listing, presented in alphabetical order 

by genus; plants are presented first, 

followed by animals. 

Plants 

Astelia waialealae (painiu), an herb in 

the Asteliaceae family, occurs in bogs 

and on bog hummocks (low mounds or 

ridges of vegetation) dominated by 

Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) in the 

montane wet ecosystem at elevations 

between 4,000 and 5,000 ft (1,220 and 

1,525 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,461; 

TNCH 2007). A. waialealae was known 

historically from five locations in the 

Alakai Swamp region of Kauai (Wagner 

et al. 1999, p. 1,461; HBMP 2007). 

Between October and December 1994, 

botanists from the National Tropical 

Botanical Garden (NTBG) and the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) 

undertook a systematic survey of bogs 

on the island of Kauai, revisiting all of 

the historically known locations of A. 

waialealae, as well as 16 additional 

bogs. At that time, A. waialealae was 

confirmed to exist in three bogs. One 

bog, known as Sincock Bog 1, contained 

three Astelia clumps with 3 individuals 

in one, 5 in another, and possibly 10 in 

the third, for a total of 18 individuals. 

Sincock Bog 2 contained two clumps, 

with one individual in each, and 

Waikoali Bog, or Circle Bog, contained 

two clumps with one individual in each 

(Perlman and Wood 1995, pp. 9-11). In 

1996 and 1997, both Sincock Bog 1 and 

Sincock Bog 2 were fenced, followed by 

Circle bog in 1998. Regular monitoring 

of these bogs commenced, and with 

protection from the fences, there was an 

increase in numbers of clumps and 

individuals of A. waialealae found in all 

three bogs. By 2001, the numbers of 

clumps (and individuals) reached their 

peaks of 5 clumps (9 individuals) for 

Circle bog, 6 clumps (36 individuals) for 

Sincock Bog 1, and 2 clumps (7 

individuals) for Sincock Bog 2. By 2003, 

numbers of individuals began dropping 

dramatically, with visible signs of poor 

health for those remaining (USFWS 

Kauai monitoring database 2008). Some 

individuals were removed at that point 

for preservation in local propagation 

facilitie!s. Between December 2005 and 

January 2006, NTBG conducted 

botanical research around the summit 

bog region of Waialeale and located one 

clump of A. waialealae consisting of 

three individual plants. With the 

discovery of these three plants, the 

current total of A. waialealae is believed 

to be 27 individuals, possibly 

representing only 13 genetically distinct 

plants (Service 2005a; Wood 2006, pp. 

8-9; USFWS Kauai monitoring database 

2008). 

Canavalia napaliensis (awikiwiki), a 

climbing plant in the pea family 

(Fabaceae), occurs in open sites, on 

talus slopes, and on gulch bottoms in 

mesic forest in the lowland mesic 

ecosystem, at elevations between 20 and 

1,900 ft (6 and 579 m) (Wagner and 

Herbst 1999, p. 654; TNCH 2007). C. 

napaliensis was historically known 

from 12 locations along the 

northwestern coast of the island of 

Kauai, extending westward from Haena 

to Makaha ridge (HBMP 2007). 

Currently, this species is restricted to a 

small section of the Na Pali coast from 

Haena to Kalalau Valley (S. Perlman, 

pers. comm. 2000; HBMP 2007), in 5 

populations totaling approximately 106 

to 206 individuals (HBMP 2007). The 

populations are located in Hoolulu 

Valley (50 to 100 individuals); 

Waiahuaka Valley (1 individual); 

Pohakuao (5 individuals); Kalalau 

Valley (50 to 100 individuals); and 

Limahuli Valley (1 individual) (Wagner 

and Herbst 1999, p. 654; HBMP 2007). 

Chamaesyce eleanoriae (akoko), a 

small shrub in the spurge family 

(Euphorbiaceae), is restricted to steep, 

north-facing, narrow ridge crests, 

outcrops, and steep rocky slopes and 

upper portions of basalt cliffs in the dry 


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cliff and lowland mesic ecosystems 

(Lorence and Wagner 1996, p. 68; K. 

Wood, NTBG, in litt. 2007a; TNCH 

2007). Documented habitats include 

Metrosideros-Diospyros (ohia-lama) 

mesic forest, Metrosideros cliff 

shrubland, Metrosideros mesic 

shrubland, and Eragrostis variabilis 

(kawelu) coastal dry cliffs, at elevations 

between 885 and 3,499 ft (270 and 1,036 

m) (HBMP 2007). C. eleanoriae was 

historically known from 10 populations 

totaling fewer than 500 individuals (K. 

Wood, in litt. 2007a; Lorence and 

Wagner 1996, pp. 68-70). Currently, 

three populations are known: one at the 

Kalalau Valley rim between 2,950 and 

3,200 ft (900 and 975 m), below and 

between the two Kalalau lookouts; one 

at Alealau above Kalalau at 3,100 ft (945 

m) elevation; and one at Pohakuao, an 

isolated hanging valley northeast of 

Kalalau, at elevations from 886 to 2,592 

ft (270 to 790 m). As of the last 

monitoring visit in 2001, these 3 

populations combined totaled fewer 

than 50 individuals (NTBG 2007). 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis 

(akoko), a shrub in the spurge family 

(Euphorbiaceae), is found in the 

lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in 

Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest at 

elevations between 1,900 and 2,297 ft 

(579 and 700 m) (Koutnik 1999, pp. 613- 

614; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Little is 

known about the historical range of this 

species; however, two collections made 

on private lands at Kaholuamanao and 

near Hanapepe Falls in 1916 and 1926, 

respectively, indicate that its range 

likely extended south and west from its 

currently known locations on the island 

of Kauai (HBMP 2007). Currently, C. 

remyi var. kauaiensis is found in 

Lumahai Valley, Wainiha, Wailua River, 

the ‘‘Blue Hole’’ at the head of Wailua 

River in the Lihue-Koloa forest reserve, 

and at Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 

2005a; HBMP 2007). Based on surveys 

conducted from 2000 through 2004, the 

number of individuals at Lumahai 

Valley dropped from 50 to only 

‘‘occasional.’’ The number of 

individuals at Wailua River dropped 

from 500 to 200; the number of 

individuals at the Wainiha population 

increased from 200 to as many as 700; 

about 200 are found at ‘‘Blue Hole’’; and 

a population of 20 individuals was 

found in Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 

2005a; HBMP 2007). The total number 

of individuals is at least 920 and 

possibly over 1,000 in the 5 

populations. 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi (akoko) 

is a vine-like shrub in the spurge family 

(Euphorbiaceae) found in the lowland 

mesic, lowland wet, wet cliff, montane 

mesic, and montane wet ecosystems in 

mesic to wet Metrosideros polymorphaDicranopteris linearis (ohia-uluhe) 

forest, at elevations between 1,200 and 

4,100 ft (366 and 1,250 m) (Wood 1998; 

Koutnik 1999, pp. 613-614; HBMP 2007; 

TNCH 2007). This species is historically 

known from widely distributed 

populations on the island of Kauai 

(HBMP 2007). Currently C. remyi var. 

remyi is found in 10 populations 

totaling a little more than 350 

individuals at Pohakupili, Makaleha, 

Malamamaiki, Limahuli, Lumahai, 

Limahuli-Hanakapiai, Kalalau-Honopu, 

Koaie canyon, Wahiawa drainage, and 

Puu Kolo (Wood 1998; K. Wood, pers. 

comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007). 

Charpentiera densiflora (papala) is a 

tree in the amaranth family 

(Amaranthaceae) which occurs 

primarily in the lowland mesic 

ecosystem, with one record from the 

lowland wet ecosystem (Wagner et al. 

1999, p. 190; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). 

This species is found in moist, closed 

areas, and grows along drainages and in 

gulches in valleys, primarily in 

Diospyros-Metrosideros (lama-ohia) 

mixed mesic forest, at elevations 

between 400 and 2,200 ft (122 and 671 

m) (HBMP 2007). Historically, C. 

densiflora was found along the Kalalau 

trail in the Hoolulu Valley, with limited 

distribution in three valleys (including 

Hanakapiai and Hanakoa) along the Na 

Pali Coast of Kauai (Sohmer 1972, p. 

294). Currently, 7 populations are 

known, totaling approximately 400 

individuals, in Hanakapiai, Kalalau, 

Limahuli, Hoolulu, and Waiahuakua 

valleys, and in Pohakuao, a hanging 

valley between Kalalau and Hanakoa 

(HBMP 2007). 

Cyanea dolichopoda (haha) is a shrub 

in the bellflower family 

(Campanulaceae). It is found in 

Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet 

shrubland on a cliff face at 

approximately 2,300 ft (700 m) elevation 

within the wet cliff ecosystem (Lammers 

and Lorence 1993, p. 432; TNCH 2007). 

The species was first discovered in 1990 

in the ‘‘Blue Hole’’ area below Mt. 

Waialeale, and the plant was last seen 

in 1992 (Lammers and Lorence 1993, 

pp. 431-432). However, additional 

individuals are very likely to be found 

in the extremely steep habitat with 

additional surveys (S. Perlman, in litt. 

2007). 

Cyanea eleeleensis (haha) is a shrub 

in the bellflower family 

(Campanulaceae) and is reported from 

the lowland wet ecosystem (Lammers 

1992, p. 129; TNCH 2007). It was found 

growing in a shaded gulch in wet forest, 

surrounded by steep, precipitous cliffs 

of Pali Eleele, at an elevation of 699 ft 

(213 m) (HBMP 2007; Lammers 1992, p. 

129). This species was discovered in 

Wainiha Valley on the island of Kauai 

in 1977, in one population noted as 

‘‘fewer than 10’’ individuals (Lammers 

1992, p. 129; K. Wood, pers. comm. 

2000; HBMP 2007). Collections for 

genetic storage and ex situ propagation 

were not made at the time of the 1977 

discovery. Since its discovery in 1977, 

subsequent surveys for this species have 

not been conducted in the original 

(type) location. Although individuals of 

this species were not relocated in 

surveys conducted in August 2001 and 

June 2002 in areas adjacent to the 

original location, much of the suitable 

habitat (Metrosideros lowland wet 

forest) for this species on Kauai has not 

been surveyed. If surveys are conducted, 

additional individuals are likely to be 

found (S. Perlman and K. Wood, pers. 

comm. 2007). 

Cyanea kolekoleensis (haha), a shrub 

in the bellflower family 

(Campanulaceae), occurs in wet 

Metrosideros polymorpha forest in the 

lowland wet ecosystem at elevations of 

2,125 to 2,500 ft (650 to 765 m) 

(Lammers 1992, p. 130; HBMP 2007; 

TNCH 2007). First discovered in 1987 in 

the Wahiawa drainage, the last known 

C. kolekoleensis was observed in 1992. 

Seeds were in storage and propagation 

for this species was attempted, but none 

survived (M. Clark, NTBG, in litt. 2007; 

Lyon Arboretum 2007). However, there 

are many areas within the ecosystem 

type in the Wahiawa drainage that have 

not been surveyed for this species, from 

Mt. Kahili to Kapalaoa and the 

Hanapepe Valley rim, and species 

experts are confident that additional 

individuals will be found (S. Perlman, 

in litt. 2007). 

Cyanea kuhihewa (haha), a shrub in 

the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), 

is reported from Metrosideros 

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet 

forest at an elevation of 1,680 ft (512 m) 

in the lowland wet ecosystem (Lammers 

1996, pp. 238-240; HBMP 2007; TNCH 

2007). In a 1994 survey for C. kuhihewa, 

seven individuals were observed, most 

of which were damaged by a nonnative 

insect, the two-spotted leafhopper 

(Sophonia rufofacia) (NTBG Provenance 

Report 1994). In 2001, only one 

individual plant remained, and was 

observed dead in 2003 (Wood et al. 

2002, p. 3; S. Perlman, pers. comm. 

2003a). Prior to that time, seeds and 

tissue were collected for genetic storage 

and propagation (Wood et al. 2002, p. 3; 

Bender 2006, p. 1; N. Sugii, Lyon 

Arboretum, pers. comm. 2006; V. Pence, 

Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, 

pers. comm. 2007). This species is still 

found in cultivation at the Lyon 

Arboretum and the Cincinnati Zoo, 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
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Center for Conservation and Research of 

Endangered Wildlife (D. Burney, NTBG, 

pers. comm. 2006; N. Sugii, pers. comm. 

2006a; V. Pence, pers. comm. 2007). 

Cyrtandra oenobarba (haiwale) is a 

subshrub (a lowgrowing woody shrub or 

perennial with a woody base) in the 

African violet family (Gesneriaceae) that 

occurs in the lowland wet and wet cliff 

ecosystems (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 770- 

771; TNCH 2007). C. oenobarba is found 

on wet slopes, mossy areas, or in rock 

crevices near waterfalls in Metrosideros 

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet 

cliffs, forest and shrubland, at elevations 

between 1,320 and 2,800 ft (402 and 853 

m) (Wood 1998, p. 3; HBMP 2007). 

Historically, wide-ranging collections 

were made of C. oenobarba on the 

island of Kauai, from the eastern side at 

Kekoiki ridge, the northern coast at 

Haena, the south-central area at Olokele 

and Hanapepe, and from the south at 

Haupu (NTBG Provenance Report 1993; 

HBMP 2007). Currently, populations of 

C. oenobarba in the Halelea Forest 

Reserve include east Mamalahoa (10 

individuals), north Namolokama (15 to 

200 individuals), and Hanalei Valley 

(scattered) on State land, and upper 

Lumahai Valley (50 individuals) and 

Wainiha (100 individuals) on private 

land (HBMP 2007). Populations of C. 

oenobarba in the Lihue-Koloa Forest 

Reserve include Wailua River (40 to 50 

individuals) on State land, and Iliiliula 

drainage (occasional) and Wahiawa 

drainage (50 individuals) on private 

land (HBMP 2007). The 8 populations 

total 270 to as many as 450 individuals 

(NTBG Provenance Report 1993; HBMP 

2007; Wood 1998, p. 3). 

Cyrtandra paliku (haiwale) is a 

subshrub in the African violet family 

(Gesneriaceae) that occurs on seeping 

basalt rock faces of north-facing cliffs 

dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha 

and Dicranopteris linearis in the wet 

cliff ecosystem, at elevations between 

2,200 and 2,800 ft (670 to 850 m). C. 

paliku was first discovered in 1993 on 

the cliffs below Kekoiki, in the 

Makaleha Mountains of Kauai, where 

approximately 70 individuals were 

found (Wagner et al. 2001, pp. 150-151; 

HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). The species 

maintained a population of 

approximately 70 individuals from 1993 

through 1999; however, there are 

currently only 10 known individuals 

(Perlman, in litt. 2006). 

Diellia mannii is a fern in the 

asplenium family (Aspleniaceae). It is 

found on a northwest-facing slope just 

above a gulch bottom in what was likely 

Acacia koa (koa)–Metrosideros 

polymorpha dominated montane mesic 

forest in the past, but which is now a 

forest dominated by the nonnative 

Corynocarpus laevigatus (karakanut) in 

the montane mesic ecosystem, at an 

elevation of 3,450 ft (1,050 m) 

(Aguraiuja and Wood 2003, p. 155; 

HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). D. mannii 

was historically known from one 

location in the Halemanu area of what 

is now Kokee State Park, in the 

northwestern region of Kauai. The 

species was thought to be extinct since 

the early 1900s, until 2002 when a 

single individual was rediscovered 

(Aguraiuja and Wood 2003, pp. 154-155; 

Palmer 2003, p. 120). Currently, the 

species is known only from this one 

individual in the southeastern branch of 

Nawaimaka Stream in the Halemanu 

Mountains of Kokee State Park (HBMP 

2007). 

Doryopteris angelica is a fern in the 

pteris family (Pteridaceae) found in 

Acacia koa (koa)–Metrosideros 

polymorpha lowland mesic forest in the 

lowland mesic ecosystem at elevations 

between roughly 1,900 and 3,000 ft (579 

and 914 m) (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). 

Three populations of fewer than 20 

individuals were discovered in 1994, 

and currently the species is known from 

approximately 29 to 54 individuals in 5 

populations at Awaawapuhi (2 to 3 

individuals), Mahanaloa (3 to 6 

individuals), Makaha (10 to 20 

individuals), Kuia (10 to 20 

individuals), and Paaiki (4 to 5 

individuals) (NTBG 1998; Wagner 

[W.H.] et al. 1999b, p. 147; Wood 1999, 

2000, 2007a; Perlman, in litt. 2006; 

HBMP 2007). 

Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, a 

fern in the dryopteris family 

(Dryopteridaceae), is known from steep 

to vertical riparian basalt walls within 

dark seeping drainages in Metrosideros 

polymorpha montane wet forest within 

the montane wet ecosystem, from 4,000 

to 5,100 ft (1,200 to 1,550 m) in 

elevation (TNCH 2007; Wood 2007c). 

Historically, this variety was known 

from the Kokee area, Kawaikoi, and 

Waialeale (Palmer 2003, p. 139). 

Currently, 3 populations totaling 32 to 

47 individuals are known. The Mohihi 

population is made up of 10 to 20 

individuals, from 15 to 20 individuals 

comprise the south Kilohana 

population, and the Waialeale 

population is known from 7 individuals 

(Wood 2007c). 

Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata 

(naenae), a shrub in the sunflower 

family (Asteraceae), currently occurs in 

the lowland wet ecosystem, although 

there are historical records from the 

montane wet ecosystem as well (Carr 

1999, p. 298; TNCH 2007). Occurrence 

records show that D. imbricata ssp. 

imbricata has typically been found in 

wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest and 

Metrosideros, Oreobolus (sedge), 

Rhynchospora (kuolohia) bogs at 

elevations between approximately 2,165 

and 3,640 ft (660 and 1,110 m) (HBMP 

2007). Historically and currently, D. 

imbricata ssp. imbricata is known only 

from the Wahiawa Mountains of Kauai 

(St. John and Carr 1981, pp. 198, 201; 

Carr 1999, p. 298; HBMP 2007). There 

are approximately 200 individuals at 

Wahaiawa drainage, approximately 

1,000 individuals on both sides of the 

ridge between Hanapepe and Iole, and 

an estimate of several hundred 

individuals at Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. 

comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007). These 3 

populations total approximately 1,400 

individuals (K. Wood, pers. comm. 

2005a; HBMP 2007). 

Dubautia kalalauensis (naenae), a 

shrub or tree in the sunflower family 

(Asteraceae), is found in the montane 

wet ecosystem in Metrosideros 

polymorpha wet forest at elevations 

between 4,000 and 4,050 ft (1,205 and 

1,235 m) (Baldwin and Carr 2005, p. 

261; TNCH 2007). Historically, this 

species, as a part of the species 

Dubautia laxa, was known from several 

locations below the rim of Kalalau 

Valley in Kokee State Park in the 

northwestern region of Kauai. Currently, 

D. kalalauensis is found in only one 

location along the rim of Kalalau Valley 

near Puu o Kila Lookout and totals 26 

individuals (Baldwin and Carr 2005, p. 

261). 

Dubautia kenwoodii (naenae), a shrub 

in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is 

found in diverse lowland mesic forest in 

the lowland mesic ecosystem at an 

elevation of 2,625 ft (800 m) (HBMP 

2007; TNCH 2007; Wood 2007b). First 

described in 1998 as a new species, D. 

kenwoodii is known from one 

individual found below the western rim 

of Kalalau Valley, in the northwestern 

region of Kauai (Carr 1998). 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia 

(naenae) is a shrub or small tree in the 

sunflower family (Asteraceae) found in 

the wet cliff ecosystem (Carr 1999, p. 

304; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Typical 

habitat for this species includes wet cliff 

and wet forest and shrubland at 

elevations between 1,542 and 2,395 ft 

(470 and 730 m) (HBMP 2007). 

Historically, D. plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia was known from two 

populations less than 2 mi (3.2 km) 

apart in bog habitat in the Alakai 

Wilderness Preserve and the Na PaliKona Forest Reserve on Kauai (HBMP 

2007). In 1992, the year that Hurricane 

Iniki struck Kauai, the only known 

population at ‘‘Blue Hole’’ at the 

headwaters of the Wailua River of ‘‘a 

couple hundred’’ individuals was 

greatly reduced. Currently, there are 


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approximately 100 individuals in the 

only known population (Blue Hole) (S. 

Perlman, pers. comm. 2003b). 

Dubautia waialealae (naenae) is a 

dome or tussock-shaped shrub in the 

sunflower family (Asteraceae) that 

occurs in bogs in the montane wet 

ecosystem at elevations between 3,980 

and 5,249 ft (1,213 and 1,600 m) (Carr 

1999, p. 308; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). 

The type collection was made on the 

summit of Waialeale in 1909 (Rock 

1910, p. 304), but little is known of 

other historical locations of D. 

waialealae on Kauai. Currently, there is 

one large population centered on the 

rain-gauge summit of Waialeale, with 

many subpopulations radiating about 

0.6 mi (1 km) to the north and south. 

These subpopulations were observed in 

groups of 7 to 400 individuals (Wood 

2006, pp. 25-29), with a total population 

of 3,000 individuals (Wood 2006, p. 9). 

In 1994, a single individual of D. 

waialealae was reported at North Bog, 

8.5 mi (14 km) away from the 

population at Waialeale; however, in 

2006, it was reported that this 

individual had died (K. Wood, in litt. 

1994a; M. Bruegmann, pers. comm. 

2006b; HBMP 2007). 

Geranium kauaiense (nohoanu) is a 

decumbent (reclining) subshrub in the 

geranium family (Geraniaceae) (Wagner 

et al. 1999, p. 733). It occurs in the 

montane wet ecosystem in 

Metrosideros-Rhynchospora bogs and 

bog margins at elevations between 4,000 

and 4,080 ft (1,219 and 1,463 m) 

(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 733; HBMP 2007; 

TNCH 2007). 

Historically, G. kauaiense was known 

from montane bogs on the island of 

Kauai, ranging from North Bog to as far 

south as the summit of Waialeale 

(HBMP 2007). Currently, there are three 

subpopulations within a very small 

range (within 0.5 mi, 0.8 km) in the 

Halehaha Bogs of the Alakai Wilderness 

Preserve totaling approximately 140 

individuals (K. Wood, in litt. 1994b; S. 

Perlman, pers. comm. 1999b; Wood 

2006, p. 10; HBMP 2007). 

Keysseria erici is a herb in the 

sunflower family (Asteraceae) that 

occurs in Metrosideros mixed bogs in 

the montane wet ecosystem, at 

elevations between 4,000 and 5,120 ft 

(1,219 and 1,561 m) (Mill 1999, pp. 329- 

330; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Little is 

known of the historical occurrences of 

K. erici. The type was collected by 

Forbes (1918, p. 306) from the ‘‘Alakai 

swamp, Waimea drainage basin’’ on 

Kauai. Currently, this species is found 

in three to four populations totaling 

several thousand individuals (HBMP 

2007). The populations occur at 

Namolokama, Hanakapiai-Wainiha 

ridge, In-between Bog, and at the 

Kilohana bogs (including Rain Gauge 

Bog, T Bog, and Platanthera Bog) (HBMP 

2007). 

Keysseria helenae is an herb in the 

sunflower family (Asteraceae) and is 

found in Metrosideros polymorpha or 

mixed sedge and grass bogs at elevations 

between 3,900 and 5,120 ft (1,189 and 

1,561 m) in the montane wet ecosystem 

(Mill 1999, p. 330; HBMP 2007; TNCH 

2007). Little is known of the historical 

occurrences of K. helenae. The type was 

collected from the ‘‘swamp near 

Kaholuamano’’ by Forbes (1918, p. 306). 

Currently, this species is found at 

Kauluwehi Bog in the Alakai 

Wilderness Preserve, at Waialeale, and 

on Kahili-Kawaikini Ridge, totaling 

approximately 300 individuals (K. 

Wood, pers. comm. 2003b; HBMP 2007). 

Labordia helleri (kamakahala) is a 

shrub, sometimes climbing, in the 

logania family (Loganiaceae) (Wagner et 

al. 1999, pp. 856-857). It occurs in 

Metrosideros-Acacia-Dicranopteris 

mesic to wet forest, at elevations 

between 1,200 and 3,900 ft (366 and 

1,189 m), in the lowland mesic, lowland 

wet, montane mesic, and montane wet 

ecosystems (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). 

Historically, L. helleri was wide-ranging 

on Kauai. Collections were made as far 

south as the Haupu Mountains, through 

central Kauai to the northwestern coast 

(HBMP 2007). Currently, there are 10 

populations totaling 350 to 550 

individuals. The largest population 

extends from the Na Pali Kona Forest 

Reserve into Kuia Natural Area Reserve 

(NAR), and contains 300 to 500 

individuals at Honopu, Awaawapuhi, 

Kuia drainage, and Kalalau-Milolii 

ridge. Other much smaller populations 

occur at upper Mahanaloa (10 

individuals), Limahuli (recorded as 

‘‘occasional’’ in HBMP database), Waioli 

(1 individual), Kaunuohua ridge (1 

individual), Kohua ridge (1 individual), 

Koaie stream (10 individuals), Kawaiiki 

(3 individuals), southeast Puu Kolo 

(recorded as ‘‘localized’’ in HBMP 

database), and Puu Kolo-Kahuamoa (1 

individual) (HBMP 2007). 

Labordia pumila (kamakahala), a 

shrub in the logania family 

(Loganiaceae), occurs in the montane 

wet ecosystem at elevations between 

3,478 and 5,100 ft (1,060 to 1,555 m) in 

Metrosideros polymorpha mixed sedge 

and grass bogs (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 

860; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Little is 

known of the historical locations of L. 

pumila on Kauai. The type specimen 

was collected by Wawra (1869, 1870) at 

the summit of Waialeale. Currently, L. 

pumila is found in three populations on 

the Alakai plateau. The largest 

population along the Wainiha rim totals 

500 individuals (HBMP 2007). There are 

also about 300 to 400 individuals at the 

summit of Waialeale, and occasional 

individuals at Namolakama (Wood 

2006, p. 10). The total number of known 

individuals from all 3 populations is 

800 to 900; however, one estimate 

suggests that the overall population in 

the summit areas may be as high as 

5,000 to 6,000 individuals (Wood 2006, 

p. 10). 

Lysimachia daphnoides (lehua 

makanoe), a member of the myrsine 

family (Myrsinaceae), is found in 

Metrosideros polymorpha mixed bogs at 

elevations between 3,960 and 4,440 ft 

(1,207 and 1,353 m) in the montane wet 

ecosystem (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 

265; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,080; HBMP 

2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, L. 

daphnoides was known from the more 

southerly mountains of Kauai, including 

the Wahiawa drainage and ridges, in 

what is now the Lihue-Koloa Forest 

Reserve (HBMP 2007). Currently, this 

species is found in the Alakai 

Wilderness Preserve and the Na Pali 

Kona Forest Reserve, in 3 populations 

totaling 200 to 300 individuals (HBMP 

2007; Service 2005a). The population 

along the Alakai swamp trail (including 

Charlie’s Bog, Kilohana, south Kilohana, 

and northwest Kilohana) totals 190 to 

280 individuals; the second population 

includes Sincock Bog 1 and Kauluwehi 

(21 individuals); and the third 

population occurs at Waiakoali-Mohihi 

and Mohihi drainage (7 individuals) 

(HBMP 2007). 

Lysimachia iniki is a woody shrub in 

the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae) that 

occurs on wet, mossy, or rocky cliffs in 

the wet cliff ecosystem at 2,400 ft (720 

m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, pp. 270-271; 

TNCH 2007). This species was first 

described in 1997 from material 

collected in the ‘‘Blue Hole’’ at the 

headwaters of the Wailua River on 

Kauai. At the time it was discovered it 

was known from 26 individuals, but 

currently at least 40 individuals are 

known (Marr and Bohm 1997, pp. 270- 

271; S. Perlman, in litt. 2006, 2007). 

Lysimachia pendens is a manybranched shrub in the myrsine family 

(Myrsinaceae) and is reported from wet, 

mossy, or rocky cliffs in the wet cliff 

ecosystem at 2,400 ft (720 m) (Marr and 

Bohm 1997, p. 275; TNCH 2007). This 

species was discovered in the ‘‘Blue 

Hole’’ area of Kauai in 1987 from several 

small populations totaling 

approximately 100 individuals (Marr 

and Bohm 1997, p. 275; Division of 

Forestry and Wildlife 2005 

[Comprehensive Conservation Wildlife 

Strategy]). Many plants were destroyed 

by two major landslides that apparently 

occurred between 1997 and 2003, based 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
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on information taken from field survey 

reports. Currently, the species is known 

from only eight individuals (S. Perlman, 

in litt. 2003, 2006, 2007). 

Lysimachia scopulensis, a shrub in 

the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is 

found on cliffs in lowland diverse mesic 

forest pockets at elevations between 

2,950 and 3,200 ft (900 and 975 m) 

within the dry cliff ecosystem (Wood 

2007d; TNCH 2007). First discovered in 

1991 in Kalalau Valley, this species is 

currently known from two populations. 

The Kalalau population is comprised of 

approximately 15 individuals and the 

Puu Kii population is comprised of 10 

to 15 individuals, for a total of 25 to 30 

individuals (Marr and Bohm 1997, pp. 

283-284; Wood 2007d). 

Lysimachia venosa, a shrub in the 

myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), occurs in 

Metrosideros polymorpha dominated 

wet forest areas in the wet cliff 

ecosystem, at elevations between 3,000 

and 5,700 ft (915 and 1,740 m) (Marr 

and Bohm 1997, p. 284; Wood 2006, p. 

11; TNCH 2007). L. venosa was known 

historically from two collections in the 

early 1900s from the Waialeale summit 

region of Kauai (Marr and Bohm 1997, 

p. 284; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,085; 

HBMP 2007). In 1991, a broken branch 

of this species was collected from the 

headwaters of the Wailua River that had 

fallen from the cliffs above, possibly 

from the summit area of Waialeale 

(Wood 2006, p. 11; Marr and Bohm 

1997, p. 284). While no plants were 

found during surveys of the summit area 

in 2006, there is still additional habitat 

to be surveyed, and species experts 

believe L. venosa still exists (S. Perlman, 

in litt. 2007; Wood 2006, p. 11). 

Melicope degeneri (alani) is a small 

shrub or tree in the rue family 

(Rutaceae) that occurs in the montane 

wet ecosystem in MetrosiderosCheirodendron-Dicranopteris wet forest 

between the elevations of 3,000 and 

3,800 ft (914 and 1,158 m) (Stone et al. 

1999, p. 1,186; HBMP 2007; TNCH 

2007). M. degeneri was thought to be 

extinct until it was rediscovered in 

Pohakuao, just beyond the northwest 

corner of the Hono o Na Pali NAR, in 

1993 (Wood 2000, p. 6), and 

subsequently observed in upper 

Hanakoa in 1995 and along Koaie 

Stream in 1999 (NTBG Accession Data 

1999). The Pohakuao individual has not 

been relocated since its discovery 

(Wood 2000, p. 5). Ten trees were 

originally documented during the 

discovery of the Hanakoa population in 

1995 (Wood 2000, p. 4; Wood 2007 pp. 

4-6). Since 1995, 2 of the trees have died 

and 3 additional individuals were 

located, for a current total of 11 

individuals (S. Perlman, in litt. 2007c; 

N. Tangalin, in litt. 2007a). In addition, 

1 small mature tree of M. degeneri was 

found growing in Koaie Canyon’s upper 

drainage in 1999, and was last observed 

there in September of 2006 (K. Wood, 

pers. comm. 2007b), bringing the total 

known number of M. degeneri to 12, and 

possibly 13, known individuals 

(including the Pohakuao occurrence). 

Melicope paniculata (alani) is a tree in 

the rue family (Rutaceae) (Stone et al. 

1999, p. 1,199). It occurs in the lowland 

wet ecosystem in forests dominated by 

Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations 

between 1,200 and 2,680 ft (365 and 815 

m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,199; HBMP 

2007; TNCH 2007). This species was 

historically reported from central Kauai 

(HBMP 2007; Stone et al. 1999, p. 

1,199). Currently, M. paniculata is 

known from six sites, with five 

individuals in upper Limahuli Valley, 

three individuals along the north fork of 

the Wailua River, five individuals along 

Koaie Stream, and three individuals on 

the ridge between Hulua and Kapalaoa. 

The population in Lumahai Valley is 

estimated to be approximately 100 to 

200 individuals; however Bender (2006, 

p. 7) estimated that there may be a total 

of 500 individuals (Wood 1998, p. 4; 

Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,199; Wagner and 

Herbst 2003, p. 45; HBMP 2007). 

Melicope puberula (alani) is a shrub 

or small tree in the rue family 

(Rutaceae) that occurs in the lowland 

wet and montane wet ecosystems in wet 

forest and bogs at elevations ranging 

between 2,080 and 4,100 ft (634 and 

1,250 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,202; 

HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, 

M. puberula was known from the Alakai 

Swamp on the island of Kauai (St. John 

1944b, p. 266). Currently, this species is 

known from the south rim of Kalalau 

east to the Alakai-Kilohana plateau area, 

and north into Hono o Na Pali NAR 

(HBMP 2007). The Hawaii Biodiversity 

and Mapping Program delineated these 

three areas as one population (named 

the Kalalau-Wainiha population) 

(HBMP 2007). In 1993, a single 

individual was observed near Hinalele 

Falls in the southern portion of the 

Wainiha Mountain Range (HBMP 2007). 

The largest population occurs in the 

Alakai-Kilohana Plateau area with 

approximately 600 individuals. About 

100 individuals are found within the 

Kalalau area, and approximately 200 

individuals occur within the Hono o Na 

Pali NAR, for a total of approximately 

900 individuals (HBMP 2007). 

Myrsine knudsenii (kolea) is a small 

tree in the myrsine family 

(Myrsinaceae). Historically, the species 

may have been found in lowland mesic 

and wet ecosystems, but currently it is 

only known from Acacia koaMetrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris 

linearis mesic forest at elevations 

between 3,200 and 3,900 ft (975 and 

1,200 m) in the montane mesic 

ecosystem (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 941; 

Wood et al. 2002, p. 15; HBMP 2007; 

TNCH 2007). Historically, M. knudsenii 

was found in Hanapepe Valley in southcentral Kauai; Kawaiula Trail in western 

Kauai; and Awaawapuhi, Kumuwela, 

Honopu, and Nualolo in the Kokee 

region of the island of Kauai (Wagner et 

al. 1999, p. 941). Currently, the species 

is known from 3 populations totaling 

approximately 30 individuals at 

Honopu, Awaawapuhi, and Nualolo (S. 

Perlman, in litt. 2007; Wood et al. 2001, 

p. 10; Wood et al. 2002, p. 15; HBMP 

2007; Wood 4907 (BISH)). 

Myrsine mezii (kolea), a small tree in 

the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is 

found in Acacia-Metrosideros forest in 

the montane mesic and montane wet 

ecosystems at elevations between 3,380 

and 3,480 ft (1,030 and 1,060 m) 

(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 943; HBMP 2007; 

NTBG Accession Data 9888, 2002; 

TNCH 2007). M. mezii is known from 

only two locations totaling five 

individuals, in the Koaie Canyon area of 

western Kauai (N. Tangalin, in litt. 

2007b). Four trees comprise one 

population at Nawaimaka, and the 

second known occurrence at Kawaiiki is 

composed of a single tree in poor 

condition (N. Tangalin, in litt. 2007b). 

The population size has not changed in 

the last 10 years, and historical 

locations and numbers are unknown. 

Phyllostegia renovans, a subshrub in 

the mint family (Lamiaceae), occurs at 

elevations from 2,700 to 3,700 ft (225 to 

1,125 m) in Metrosideros polymorpha 

wet forest in the lowland wet and 

montane wet ecosystems (HBMP 2007; 

TNCH 2007). First discovered in 1989 in 

the headwaters of the Wainiha River, 

this species is currently known from 4 

populations: approximately 30 

surviving individuals reintroduced into 

Limahuli Valley after the last wild 

individual from that area died, 5 

individuals at Wainiha, 10 individuals 

at Kalalau Valley, and 1 individual in 

Lumahai Valley (K. Wood, in litt. 1994, 

p.4; Wagner 1999, p. 275; HBMP 2007). 

Pittosporum napaliense (hoawa) is a 

small tree in the pittosporum family 

(Pittosporaceae) typically found in 

Pandanus and lowland mesic forest in 

the lowland mesic ecosystem, at 

elevations between 400 and 2,100 ft 

(122 and 640 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 

1,045-1,047; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). 

Historically, P. napaliense was known 

from northwestern Kauai (Wagner et al. 

1999, p. 1,047; HBMP 2007). Currently, 

this species is known from 3 

populations; 2 of these are located 


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within the Hono o Na Pali NAR in 

Waiahuakua (50 individuals) and 

Hoolulu valleys (100 individuals), with 

the third population (10 to 50 

individuals) located in upper Kalalau 

Valley in the Na Pali Coast State Park 

(HBMP 2007). 

Platydesma rostrata (pilo kea lau lii) 

is a shrub in the rue family (Rutaceae). 

It occurs in the lowland mesic, lowland 

wet, wet cliff, montane mesic, and 

montane wet ecosystems, in forest 

dominated by Acacia koa and 

Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations 

between 2,500 and 4,000 ft (760 and 

1,220 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,210; 

HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). P. rostrata 

was historically known from Makaha 

and Milolii ridge in the Na Pali Kona 

Forest Reserve, and Kaunuohua ridge 

and Nualolo trail in Kokee State Park, 

on the island of Kauai (HBMP 2007). 

Currently, this species is found in the 

Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve on the 

Awaawapuhi and Honopu trails; in 

Halelea Forest Reserve at Lumahai; in 

Hono o Na Pali NAR at Pihea; in Kunia 

NAR on the Nualolo Trail; in Mahanaloa 

and Kuia valleys; and in the LihueKoloa Forest Reserve at Pohakupele, 

Hulua, Kapalaoa, and Iliiliula Valley 

(HBMP 2007). These small populations 

total approximately 100 individuals 

(HBMP 2007). 

Pritchardia hardyi (loulu) is a tree in 

the palm family (Arecaceae) that occurs 

in the lowland wet and wet cliff 

ecosystems (Read and Hodel 1999, p. 

1,370; TNCH 2007). It is found in 

Metrosideros-Dicranopteris wet forest 

and shrubland and on windswept 

windward ridges and headwater 

drainages, at elevations between 1,800 

and 3,400 ft (548 and 1,036 m) (Read 

and Hodel 1999, p. 1,370; HBMP 2007). 

Historically, P. hardyi was known from 

a single population totaling about 200 

individuals in an area on the southeast 

(windward) side of Kauai (HBMP 2007). 

An additional population totaling about 

100 individuals was found north of that 

area (NTBG Provenance Report 040094), 

bringing the total number of known 

individuals of P. hardyi to 

approximately 300. Both populations 

occur almost entirely within the LihueKoloa and Halelea Forest Reserves 

(HBMP 2007). 

Psychotria grandiflora (kopiko) is a 

small tree or shrub in the coffee family 

(Rubiaceae) that occurs in the montane 

mesic and montane wet ecosystems (K. 

Wood, in litt. 2007c; TNCH 2007). It is 

found in Acacia-Metrosideros mesic to 

wet forest between the elevations of 

3,400 and 4,100 ft (1,128 and 1,250 m) 

(HBMP 2007). Historically, this species 

was known from collections at Waimea, 

Kokee, and Kalalau, all from the 

northwestern area of Kauai (Fosberg 

1964, p. 258). Currently, 10 small 

populations of Psychotria grandiflora 

are found only within Kokee State Park, 

and are estimated to total between 16 

and 30 individuals (Arnold 2007, pp. 1- 

3; HBMP 2007; S. Perlman, in litt. 

2007d; N. Tangalin, in litt. 2007c). 

Psychotria hobdyi (kopiko) is a tree in 

the coffee family (Rubiaceae) that occurs 

in lowland Acacia koa-Metrosideros 

polymorpha mesic forest in the lowland 

mesic ecosystem at elevations between 

1,700 and 2,700 ft (520 and 825 m) 

(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,166-1,168; 

HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). The first 

collection of P. hobdyi was made in 

Mahanaloa Valley on Kauai in 1970 (St. 

John 1975, p. 59). Currently, this species 

is known from 10 populations totaling 

approximately 120 individuals in the 

following locations: 1 population of 2 

individuals in Kawaiula Valley; 1 

population of approximately 5 

individuals at the junction of 

Mahanaloa Valley and Kuia Valley; 3 

populations totaling approximately 47 

individuals in Mahanaloa Valley; 2 

populations of 17 to 22 individuals in 

Paaiki Valley; 2 populations of 

approximately 39 individuals in 

Poopooiki Valley; and 1 population in 

upper Kalalau Valley of approximately 

10 individuals (HBMP 2007). 

Schiedea attenuata, a shrub in the 

pink family (Caryophyllaceae), occurs 

on cliffs at elevations between 2,297 and 

2,625 ft (700 and 900 m) in the dry cliff 

ecosystem (Wagner et al. 1994, pp. 187- 

190; TNCH 2007). Schiedea attenuata 

was discovered in 1991 by K. Wood 

during a rappel on the cliffs in an area 

of precipitous slopes above the Kalalau 

Valley on Kauai. Approximately 20 

individuals were last observed there in 

1994 (M. Bruegmann, in litt. 1994b, 

Wagner et al. 1994, p. 187). 

Stenogyne kealiae is a trailing or 

scandent vine in the mint family 

(Lamiaceae) (Wagner and Weller 1991, 

p.51). It occurs in the dry cliff, lowland 

wet, and montane mesic ecosystems, in 

Metrosideros polymorpha forest, M. 

polymorpha-Acacia koa forest, and M. 

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 

shrubland, at elevations between 3,550 

and 4,100 ft (1,082 and 1,250 m) 

(Wagner and Weller 1991, p. 51; TNCH 

2007). One population (Wainiha), 

however, is reported between 2,231 and 

2,707 ft (680 and 825 m) elevation 

(HBMP 2007). Historically, this species 

occurred at Pohakupili near Kealia in 

the Kealia Forest Reserve on the island 

of Kauai. Currently, this species occurs 

at Honopu, Kalalau, Malamalamaiki, 

Pohakupili, and Wainiha. The 5 

populations of S. kealiae total 

approximately 100 to 200 individuals 

(HBMP 2007). 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata (ohe ohe) 

is a tree in the ginseng family 

(Araliaceae), which occurs in lowland 

mesic to wet forest and shrubland in the 

lowland mesic and lowland wet 

ecosystems at elevations between 1,800 

and 2,000 ft (550 and 610 m) (TNCH 

2007; Wood 2007f, pp. 1-5). This species 

is known only from the Haupu and 

Kahili regions of Kauai. Currently, 35 

individuals are found at Mt. Haupu and 

2 individuals are at Mt. Kahili (Wood 

2007f, p. 1). 

Tetraplasandra flynnii (ohe ohe) is a 

tree in the ginseng family (Araliaceae) 

found in Metrosideros polymorpha 

(ohia) montane mesic to wet forest in 

the montane mesic and montane wet 

ecosystems, at elevations between 3,850 

and 4,000 ft (1,175 and 1,225 m) (Lowry 

and Wood 2000, p. 42; HBMP 2007; 

TNCH 2007). Three individuals of T. 

flynii were first discovered in 1988, and 

currently it is only known from those 

three individuals (Lowry and Wood 

2000, pp. 40 and 43; HBMP 2007). 

A. Animals 

The Kauai creeper (Oreomystis 

bairdi), or akikiki, is a small Hawaiian 

honeycreeper found only on the island 

of Kauai, currently in the montane wet 

ecosystem (TNCH 2007). The Hawaiian 

honeycreepers are in the subfamily 

Drepanidinae of the finch family, 

Fringillidae (AOU 1998, p. 676). The 

akikiki is most common in forests 

dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha 

with a diverse subcanopy (Scott et al. 

1986, p. 139). Based on surveys 

conducted from 1968 through 1973, its 

distribution was thought to encompass 

21,750 ac (88 sq km) at elevations 

between 1,968 and 5,248 ft (600 and 

1,600 m), but a survey in 2000 indicated 

its distribution had decreased to 8,896 

ac (36 sq km) (Scott et al. 1986, p. 141; 

Tweed et al. 2005, pp. 3-4). The akikiki 

generally forages on trunks, branches, 

and twigs of live and dead trees, and 

occasionally forages in subcanopy 

shrubs. It feeds primarily on insects, 

insect larvae, and spiders gleaned and 

extracted from bark, lichens, and moss 

(Foster et al. 2000, p. 4). Nests are made 

of moss, small pieces of bark, bits of 

lichen, and fine plant fibers (Eddinger 

1972, p. 673; Foster et al. 2000, p. 7; 

VanderWerf and Roberts, in press). The 

akikiki was considered common from 

high to low elevation in native forests in 

the late 1800s (Perkins 1903, p. 54), and 

was described as locally abundant on 

and near the Alakai Plateau in the early 

1960s (Richardson and Bowles 1964, p. 

29). From 1968 to 1973, the species was 

estimated to number 6,832 ± 966 birds 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
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(Sincock et al. 1983, p. 53). In 1981, data 

from the Hawaii Forest Bird Survey 

indicated there were approximately 

1,650 ± 450 akikiki in a 9.7 sq mi (25 

sq km) area of the southeastern Alakai, 

in the vicinity of Sincock’s Bog (Scott et 

al. 1986, p. 141). The current population 

of the akikiki is estimated to be 1,312 ± 

530 birds, based on surveys conducted 

in April and May 2007 (Hawaii 

Divis!ion of Forestry and Wildlife and 

USGS, unpubl. data 2007). The 

abundance of the akikiki has thus 

declined by approximately 80 percent in 

the last 40 years, and its distribution has 

been reduced to less than half of its 

former extent. 

The Kauai akepa (Loxops 

caeruleirostris), or akekee, is a small 

forest bird found only on the island of 

Kauai. Like the akikiki, the akekee is 

also a Hawaiian honeycreeper in the 

subfamily Drepanidinae of the 

Fringillidae family (AOU 1998, p. 677). 

The akekee occurs in the montane mesic 

and montane wet ecosystems in forests 

dominated by Metrosideros 

polymorpha, Acacia koa, 

Cheirodendron trigynum, and C. 

platyphyllum (Lepson and Pratt 1997, p. 

4; TNCH 2007). The akekee uses its bill 

to open flower and leaf buds while 

foraging for arthropod prey (insects, 

insect larvae, spiders), and is a 

specialist on the ohia tree (M. 

polymorpha) (Lepson and Pratt 1997, p. 

4). Nests are made of moss and lichen, 

with the nest lining made of fine grasses 

and soft bark strips (Eddinger 1972, p. 

97; Berger 1981, p. 140; Lepson and 

Freed 1997, pp. 11-12). Until recently, 

the population of akekee appeared to be 

relatively stable, even while other 

endemic Kauai birds demonstrated 

sharp declines (Lepson and Pratt 1997, 

p. 14). The akekee was described as 

‘‘quite plentiful’’ (Bryan and Seale 1901, 

p. 136) and common ‘‘over a large part 

of the high plateau’’ in the late 1800s 

(Perkins 1903, p. 417), and probably 

occurred throughout upper elevation 

forested regions of the island (Perkins 

1903, p. 417). Richardson and Bowles 

(1964, p. 30) reported that it was fairly 

common in higher elevation forests. 

Conant et al. (1998, p. 16) reported that 

the akekee was common in the area 

around Sincock’s Bog in 1975 and 

observed it daily. The first quantitative 

information on population size and 

distribution was based on extensive 

surveys conducted from 1968 to 1973, 

which yielded an island-wide 

population estimate of 5,066 ± 840 

birds, with most individuals found in 

the Alakai Plateau area, west to Kokee, 

and on Makaleha Mountain and in 

Wainiha Valley (Sincock et al. 1983, p. 

53). This was followed by popula!tion 

estimates of 7,839 ± 704 birds in 2000, 

and 5,669 ± 1,003 birds in 2005 (Hawaii 

Division of Forest and Wildlife and 

USGS, unpubl. data 2007). The most 

recent surveys, conducted in April and 

May 2007, show the current population 

of akekee to be 3,536 ± 1,030 birds 

(Hawaii Division of Forest and Wildlife 

and USGS, unpubl. data 2007), 

indicating that the population has 

dropped to less than half its former size 

within the last 7 years. The geographic 

range occupied by the akekee was 

approximately 34 sq mi (88 sq km) in 

1970 (Scott et al. 1986, p. 155), which 

was reported not to have changed in 

2000 (Foster et al. 2004, p. 721). 

However the 2007 surveys failed to find 

the species in many areas where it had 

previously been observed, indicating 

that there has likely been a range 

contraction, although the extent of that 

contraction is not yet known. 

Drosophila attigua, a large species of 

Hawaiian picture-wing fly, occurs in 

wet forest in the montane mesic and 

montane wet ecosystems at elevations 

generally between 3,000 and 3,936 ft 

(914 and 1,200 m), although it has been 

found as low as 2,460 ft (750 m). The 

adult flies are generalist microbivores 

(microbe eaters) and feed upon a variety 

of decomposing plant material. The eggs 

are laid within the decomposing bark of 

native Cheirodendron sp. (olapa) trees 

(family Araliaceae), where the hatching 

larvae complete development before 

dropping to the soil to pupate (Speith 

1980, p. 278; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 

1995, p. 13-14; TNCH 2007). D. attigua 

was historically known from 2 

populations on the island of Kauai: one 

population east of the Alakai massif at 

Mt. Kahili where 19 males and 13 

females were observed (Hardy and 

Kaneshiro 1969, p. 41; Kaneshiro and 

Kaneshiro 1995, p. 13; HBMP 2007), and 

a second population on the western end 

of the Alakai Swamp in the Na Pali 

Kona Forest Reserve at Pihea (K. 

Kaneshiro, pers. comm. 2007). The 

species was also collected at Mohihi 

Stream located within the Alakai 

Wilderness Preserve in 1963, and at the 

Kokee Stream within Kokee State Park 

in 1991 (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, 

p. 14). Observations of D. attigua at the 

Pihea site have been somewhat 

sporadic, as the species has been 

observed there only three times, once 

each in 1986, 1987, and most recently 

in 1991, despite numerous surveys 

(HBMP 2007; K. Kaneshiro, pers. comm. 

2007; K. Magnacca, Wesley College, 

pers. comm. 2007). 

Previous Federal Action 

Thirty-one of the species proposed 

here for listing are currently candidate 

species (72 FR 69033, December 6, 

2007); candidate species are those taxa 

for which the Service has sufficient 

information on their biological status 

and threats to propose them for listing 

under the Act, but for which the 

development of a listing regulation has 

been precluded to date by other higher 

priority listing activities. The current 

candidates addressed in this proposed 

listing rule include the plants Astelia 

waialealae, Canavalia napaliensis, 

Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis, Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera 

densiflora, Cyanea eleeleensis, Cyanea 

kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba, 

Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, 

Dubautia waialealae, Geranium 

kauaiense, Keysseria erici, Keysseria 

helenae, Labordia helleri, Labordia 

pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, 

Melicope degeneri, Melicope paniculata, 

Melicope puberula, Myrsine mezii, 

Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma 

rostrata, Pritchardia hardyi, Psychotria 

grandiflora, Psychotria hobdyi, 

Schiedea attenuata, Stenogyne kealiae; 

the bird, akikiki; and the picture-wing 

fly, Drosophila attigua. The candidate 

status of all of these species was most 

recently assessed and reaffirmed in the 

December 6, 2007, Notice of Review of 

Native Species that are Candidates or 

Proposed for Listing as Threatened or 

Endangered (CNOR) (72 FR 69033). 

On May 4, 2004, the Center for 

Biological Diversity petitioned the 

Secretary of the Interior to list 225 

species of plants and animals, including 

the 31 candidate species listed above, as 

endangered or threatened under the 

provisions of the Act. Since then, we 

have published our annual findings on 

the May 4, 2004, petition (including our 

findings on the 31 candidate species 

listed above) in the CNOR dated May 

11, 2005 (70 FR 24870), September 12, 

2006 (71 FR 53756), and December 6, 

2007 (72 FR 69033). This proposal 

constitutes a further response to the 

2004 petition. 

On October 11, 2007, we received a 

petition from Dr. Eric VanderWerf and 

the American Bird Conservancy to list 

the akikiki and the akekee as 

endangered or threatened species. 

According to the petitioners, the akikiki 

and akekee warrant listing under the 

Act because they have small 

populations, occur in small geographic 

ranges, and are undergoing rapid 

population and range declines; the two 

species also face numerous imminent 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
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and significant threats including, but 

not limited to, habitat loss and 

degradation by alien plants and 

nonnative ungulates, diseases spread by 

alien mosquitoes, predation by alien 

mammals, and catastrophic events such 

as hurricanes (VanderWerf and 

American Bird Conservancy, in litt. 

2007). The petitioners also cite the 

inadequacy of regulatory mechanisms as 

a threat, noting that as members of the 

subfamily Drepanidinae (Hawaiian 

honeycreepers), the akikiki and akekee 

are not protected under the Migratory 

Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. 703-712; see 

71 FR 50205, August 24, 2006). The 

akikiki was already a candidate species. 

This proposal constitutes our response 

to the October 11, 2007, petition. 

In addition to the 31 candidate 

species and the akekee, we are 

proposing to list, with critical habitat, 

the following 16 species of plants 

endemic to Kauai: Cyanea 

kolekoleensis, Cyanea dolichopoda, 

Cyrtandra paliku, Diellia mannii, 

Doryopteris angelica, Dryopteris crinalis 

var. podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis, 

Dubautia kenwoodii, Lysimachia iniki, 

Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia 

scopulensis, Lysimachia venosa, 

Myrsine knudsenii, Phyllostegia 

renovans, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, 

and Tetraplasandra flynnii. These 16 

Kauai plant species, as well as 170 

others on the Hawaiian Islands, have 

been identified as the ‘‘rarest of the 

rare’’ Hawaiian plant species, in need of 

immediate conservation, by the 

members of the multiagency (Federal, 

State, and private) Plant Extinction 

Prevention (PEP) program. The goal of 

this program is to prevent the extinction 

of plant species with fewer than 50 

individuals remaining in the wild on 

the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, 

Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii. The goal of 

the PEP program is to prevent extinction 

by establishing a network of multiisland plant propagation sites and 

storage facilities, and conducting 

emergency monitoring and genetic 

sampling of all PEP species (Hawaii 

Division of Forestry and Wildlife 

(DOFAW) 2007; Service 2007). The 

Service has provided significant funding 

to this program since 2002, through 

section 6 (Cooperation with the States) 

of the Act. We believe these 16 plant 

species warrant listing under the Act for 

the reasons discussed above 

(‘‘Description of the 48 Species’’) and in 

the ‘‘Summary of Factors Affecting the 

Species’’ (below), and since these 

species occur within the same six 

ecosystems and share common threats 

with the other 32 species we are 

addressing in this proposed rule, we 

have included them here in an effort to 

provide them with Federal protection in 

an expeditious manne!r. 

Summary of Factors Affecting the 

Species 

Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) 

and our implementing regulations (50 

CFR part 424) set forth the procedures 

for adding species to the Federal Lists 

of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 

and Plants. A species may be 

determined to be an endangered or 

threatened species due to one or more 

of the five factors described in section 

4(a)(1) of the Act: (A) The present or 

threatened destruction, modification, or 

curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) 

overutilization for commercial, 

recreational, scientific, or educational 

purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) 

the inadequacy of existing regulatory 

mechanisms; and (E) other natural or 

manmade factors affecting its continued 

existence. If we determine that the level 

of threat posed to a species by one or 

more of the five listing factors is such 

that the species meets the definition of 

either endangered or threatened under 

section 3 of the Act, that species may 

then be proposed for listing. The Act 

defines an endangered species as ‘‘in 

danger of extinction throughout all or a 

significant portion of its range,’’ and a 

threatened species as ‘‘likely to become 

an endangered species within the 

foreseeable future throughout all or a 

significant portion of its range.’’ The 

threats to each of the individual 48 

species are summarized in Table 2, and 

discussed in detail below. Factor D is 

not included in the table as no primary 

threats to the species fell under this 

category. 


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TABLE 2.—SUMMARY OF PRIMARY

THREATS IDENTIFIED FOR EACH OF THE 48 KAUAI SPECIES 

Species Ecosystem 

Factor A Factor B Factor C Factor E 

Nonnative 

plants 

Pigs Goats Deer Fire Hurri- canes 

Landslides 

or 

Flooding 

Climate 

Change 

Illegal collection Predation by ungulates Preda- tion by rats 

Predation by 

nonnative 

invertebrates 

Other speciesspecific 

threats 

Astelia waialealae MW (bogs 

only) 

X X X X X LN, NR 

Canavalia napaliensis LM X X X X X X X Chamaesyce 

eleanoriae 

LM, DC X X X L X X X LN 

Chamaesyce remyi 

var.kauaiensis 

LW, WC X X X L X X 

Chamaesyce remyi 

var.remyi 

LM, LW,MM, 

MW, WC 

X X X X X L X X X X 

Charpentiera 

densiflora 

LM, LW X X X X L, F X X X X 

Cyanea dolichopoda WC X X L X X LN Cyanea eleeleensis LW X X X L X X X X NW Cyanea kolekoleensis LW X X X F X X X NW Cyanea kuhihewa LW X X X L X X X X NW Cyrtandra oenobarba LW, WC X X X X L, F X X X X Cyrtandra paliku WC X X L X LN Diellia mannii MM X X X X X L X X LN Doryopteris angelica LM X X X X X X X LN Dryopteris crinalis 

var.podosorus 

MW X X X X LN 

Dubautia imbricata 

ssp. imbricata 

LW X X X X X 

Dubautia kalalauensis MW X X X LN Dubautia kenwoodii LM X X X X FR X FR, LN Dubautia plantaginea 

ssp. magnifolia 

WC X X X L X 

Dubautia waialealae MW (bogs 

only) 

X X X X X X LN 


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62604 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules TABLE 2.—SUMMARY OF PRIMARY

THREATS IDENTIFIED FOR EACH OF THE 48 KAUAI SPECIES—Continued 

Species Ecosystem 

Factor A Factor B Factor C Factor E 

Nonnative 

plants 

Pigs Goats Deer Fire Hurri- canes 

Landslides 

or 

Flooding 

Climate 

Change 

Illegal collection Predation by ungulates Preda- tion by rats 

Predation by 

nonnative 

invertebrates 

Other speciesspecific 

threats 

Geranium kauaiense MW (bogs 

only) 

X X X X X NR 

Keysseria erici MW (bogs 

only) 

X X X X X 

Keysseria helenae MW (bogs 

only) 

X X X X X 

Labordia helleri LM, LW,MM, 

MW 

X X X X X X X X 

Labordia pumila MW (bogs 

only) 

X X X X X NR 

Lysimachia 

daphnoides 

MW (bogs 

only) 

X X X X X NR 

Lysimachia iniki WC X X L X LN Lysimachia pendens WC X X X L X Lysimachia 

scopulensis 

DC X X X X L X LN 

Lysimachia venosa WC X X L X NW Melicope degeneri MW X X X X X X LN, NR Melicope paniculata LW X X X X L X X Melicope puberula LW, MW X X X X X X X Myrsine knudsenii MM X X X X X X X LN Myrsine mezii MM, MW X X X X L X X LN Phyllostegia renovans LW, MW X X X X L X X X LN Pittosporum 

napaliense 

LM X X X X X X 

Platydesma rostrata LM, LW, 

MMMW, WC 

X X X X X L X X X X 

Pritchardia hardyi LW, WC X X X X X X X X 


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Psychotria grandiflora MM, MW X X X X X X X X LN, NR Psychotria hobdyi LM X X X X X X X X X X LN Schiedea attenuata DC X X X X L X X LN Stenogyne kealiae LW, MM, DC X X X X X X L X X X Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata 

LM, LW X X X X X LN 

Tetraplasandra flynnii MM, MW X X X X LN Animals Akekee MM, MW X X X X X X AD, PCO Akikiki MM, MW X X X X X X AD, PCO picture-wing fly Drosophila attigua 

MM, MW X X X X X X X X X CTF 

LM = Lowland Mesic LW = Lowland Wet MM = Montane Mesic MW = Montane Wet DC = Dry Cliff WC = Wet Cliff L = Landslides F = Flooding LN = Limited numbers/? 50 individuals NR = No reproduction FR = Falling rocks NW = Not extant in wild AD = Avian diseases PCO = Predation by feral cats and owls CTF = Competition with nonnative tipulid flies Factor A - Habitat Modification Factor B - Overutilization Factor C - Disease or Predation Factor E - Other 


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A. The Present or Threatened 

Destruction, Modification, or 

Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range 

The Hawaiian Islands are located over 

2,000 mi (3,200 km) from the nearest 

continent. This isolation has allowed 

the few plants and animals that arrived 

in the Hawaiian Islands to evolve into 

many varied and highly endemic 

species (species that occur nowhere else 

in the world). The only native terrestrial 

mammal on the Hawaiian Islands is a 

flying mammal, the Hawaiian hoary bat 

(Lasirus cinereus semotus). The native 

plants and animals of the Hawaiian 

Islands have therefore evolved in the 

absence of any mammalian predators, 

browsers, or grazers; many of the native 

species have lost defenses against 

threats such as mammalian predation 

and competition with aggressive, weedy 

plant species that are typical of 

mainland environments (Loope 1992, p. 

11; Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 3-6, 45). For 

example, Carlquist (in Carlquist and 

Cole 1974, p. 29) notes that ‘‘Hawaiian 

plants are notably nonpoisonous, free 

from armament, and free from many 

characteristics thought to be deterrents 

to herbivores (oils, resins, stinging hairs, 

coarse texture).’’ In addition, species 

restricted to highly specialized locations 

or food sources (e.g., some Hawaiian 

forest birds and picture-wing flies) are 

particularly vulnerable to changes (from 

nonnative species, hurricanes, fire, and 

climate change) in their habitat 

(Carlquist and Cole 1974, pp. 28-29; 

Loope 1992, pp. 3-6; Stone 1992, pp. 88- 

102). 

Habitat destruction and modification 

by introduced ungulates 

Introduced mammals have greatly 

impacted the native vegetation, as well 

as the native fauna, of the Hawaiian 

Islands. The first introductions of alien 

mammals began with pigs, dogs, and 

rats that arrived with the Polynesians 

around 400 A.D. (Kirch 1982, p. 3-4). 

Impacts to the native species and 

ecosystems of Hawaii accelerated 

following the arrival of Captain James 

Cook in 1778. The Cook expedition and 

subsequent explorers intentionally 

introduced a European race of pigs or 

boars and other livestock, such as goats, 

to serve as food sources for seagoing 

explorers (USGS 1998, p. 752). The mild 

climate of the islands, combined with 

the lack of competitors or predators, has 

led to the successful establishment of 

large populations of these introduced 

mammals, to the detriment of native 

Hawaiian species and ecosystems. Over 

the 200 years following the introduction 

of these animals, the numbers of 

introduced ungulates has increased, and 

the adverse impacts on native vegetation 

have become increasingly apparent 

(Mueller-Dombois et al. 1981, p. 310). 

Beyond the direct effects of trampling 

and consuming native plants, feral 

ungulates (hoofed mammals) contribute 

significantly to increased erosion on the 

islands, and their behavior (i.e., rooting, 

moving across large expanses) facilitates 

the spread and establishment of 

competing, invasive, nonnative plant 

species. The presence of introduced 

alien mammals is considered one of the 

primary factors underlying the 

alteration and degradation of native 

vegetation and habitats on the island of 

Kauai. All six ecosystems and the 

associated native species that occur in 

these ecosystems are threatened by the 

destruction or degradation of habitat 

due to nonnative ungulates (hoofed 

mammals), including pigs (Sus scrofa), 

goats (Capra hircus), and black-tailed 

deer (Odocoileus hemionus). 

Pigs have been described as the most 

pervasive and disruptive nonnative 

influence on the unique native forests of 

the Hawaiian Islands, and are widely 

recognized as one of the greatest current 

threats to forest ecosystems in Hawaii 

(Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56; Anderson and 

Stone 1993, p. 195; Loope 1999, p. 56). 

European pigs, introduced to Hawaii by 

Captain James Cook in 1778, hybridized 

with domesticated Polynesian pigs, 

became feral, and invaded forested 

areas, especially wet and mesic forests 

and dry areas at high elevations. They 

are currently present on Kauai, Niihau, 

Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. 

These introduced pigs are extremely 

destructive and have both direct and 

indirect impacts on native plant 

communities. While rooting in the earth 

in search of invertebrates and plant 

material, pigs directly impact native 

plants by disturbing and destroying 

vegetative cover, and trampling plants 

and seedlings. They may also reduce or 

eliminate plant regeneration by 

damaging or eating seeds and seedlings 

(further discussion of predation by 

nonnative ungulates is under Factor C, 

below). Pigs are a major vector for the 

establishment and spread of competing 

invasive nonnative plant species, by 

dispersing plant seeds on their hooves 

and coats as well as through the spread 

of manure, and by fertilizing the 

disturbed soil through their feces. Pigs 

feed preferentially on the fruits of many 

nonnative plants, such as Passiflora 

mollisima (banana poka) and Psidium 

cattleianum (strawberry guava), 

spreading the seeds of these invasive 

species through their feces as they travel 

in search of food. In addition, rooting 

pigs contribute to erosion by clearing 

vegetation and creating large areas of 

disturbed soil, especially on slopes 

(Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56; Smith 1985, pp. 

190, 192, 196, 200, 204, 230-231; Stone 

1985, pp. 254-255, 262-264; Medeiros et 

al. 1986, pp. 27-28; Scott et al. 1986, pp. 

360-361; Tomich 1986, pp. 120-12!6; 

Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64-65; 

Loope et al. 1991, pp. 1-21; Wagner et 

al. 1999, p. 52). The compacted volcanic 

soils, wallows, and downed, hollowedout tree ferns created by feral pig 

activity hold water and create breeding 

sites for mosquitoes, which transmit 

avian disease (Scott et al. 1986, pp. 365- 

368; Atkinson et al. 1995, p. S68). 

Mosquito-borne diseases such as 

malaria pose a significant threat to 

native Hawaiian forest birds, including 

the akikiki and akekee (see Factor C). 

Goats native to the Middle East and 

India were also successfully introduced 

to the Hawaiian Islands in the late 

1700s. Feral goats now occupy a wide 

variety of habitats on Kauai, where they 

consume native vegetation, trample 

roots and seedlings, accelerate erosion, 

and promote the invasion of alien plants 

(Stone 1985, p. 48; van Riper and van 

Riper 1982, pp. 34-35). Goats are able to 

access and forage in extremely rugged 

terrain, including nearly vertical cliffs of 

the Na Pali Coast, and have a high 

reproductive capacity (Clarke and 

Cuddihy 1980, pp. C-19, C-20; Culliney 

1988, p. 336; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, 

p. 64); because of these factors, goats are 

believed to have completely eliminated 

some plant species from islands 

(Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p. 21). 

Goats can be highly destructive to 

natural vegetation, and contribute to 

erosion by: eating young trees and 

young shoots of plants before they can 

become established; creating trails that 

can damage native vegetative cover, 

destabilize substrate, and create gullies 

that convey water and exacerbate 

erosion; and dislodging stones from 

ledges that can damage vegetation below 

(C. Phillipson, pers.comm. 2008). The 

erosion caused by goats on the steep 

slopes of Kauai contributes to the 

potential for landslides and also 

increases the potential for flooding. 

Large feral herds of goats can cause 

damage at multiple scales; their 

climbing ability allows access to the 

more remote areas of Kauai and their 

browsing cau!seshabitat degradation 

that can lead to landslides from erosion. 

Black-tailed deer (also known as mule 

deer) were first introduced to Kauai in 

1961 for the purpose of sport hunting. 

These deer are currently limited to the 

western side of Kauai, where they feed 

on a variety of native and alien plants 

(van Riper and van Riper 1982, p. 42- 

46). In addition to directly impacting 


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native plants through browsing, deer 

likely inpact native plants indirectly by 

serving as a primary vector for the 

spread of introduced plants. Deer feed 

on many alien plant species, and likely 

distribute these plants seeds through 

their feces as they travel. Black-tailed 

deer have been noted as a vector of 

habitat alteration in the Kauai 

ecosystems (NTBG report 2007a; HBMP 

2007), and impact the Kauai plants 

through predation as well (Factor C). 

Each of the six Kauai ecosystems 

identified in this proposed rule 

(lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane 

mesic, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet 

cliff) and the proposed native species 

dependent on these habitat types are 

subject to both the direct and indirect 

adverse impacts of feral ungulates, 

which result in the destruction and 

degradation of habitat for the native 

Kauai species. The effects of these 

nonnative animals include the 

destruction of vegetative cover; 

trampling of plants and seedlings; direct 

consumption of native vegetation; soil 

disturbance; dispersal of alien plant 

seeds on hooves, coats, and through the 

spread of seeds in feces; and creation of 

open disturbed areas conducive to 

further invasion by nonnative pest plant 

species. All of these impacts lead to the 

subsequent conversion of a plant 

community dominated by native species 

to one dominated by nonnative species 

(see Habitat destruction and 

modification by nonnative plants, 

below). In addition, because these 

mammals inhabit terrain that is often 

steep and remote (Cuddihy and Stone 

1990, p. 59), foraging and trampling 

contributes to severe erosion of 

watersheds. As early as 1900, there was 

increasing concern expressed about the 

integrity of island watersheds leading to 

establishment of a professional forestry 

program emphasizing soil and water 

conservation (Nelson 1989, p. 3). 

Habitat destruction and modification 

by nonnative plants 

General Ecosystem Impacts 

The native vegetation on all of the 

main Hawaiian Islands has undergone 

extreme alteration because of past and 

present land management practices, 

including ranching, the deliberate 

introduction of nonnative plants and 

animals, and agricultural development 

(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 27, 58). 

All of the species being addressed in 

this proposed rule are threatened by 

almost 50 taxa of introduced plants that 

alter their habitat. The original native 

flora of Hawaii (species that were 

present before humans arrived) 

consisted of about 1,000 taxa, 89 percent 

of which were endemic (species that 

occur only on the Hawaiian Islands). 

Over 800 plant taxa have been 

introduced from elsewhere, and nearly 

100 of these have become pests (e.g., 

injurious plants) in Hawaii (Smith 1985, 

p. 180; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45; 

Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 73). Some 

of these plants were brought to Hawaii 

by various groups of people, including 

the Polynesians, for food or cultural 

reasons. Plantation owners (and the 

territorial government of Hawaii), 

alarmed at the reduction of water 

resources for their crops caused by the 

destruction of native forest cover by 

grazing feral and domestic animals, 

introduced nonnative trees for 

reforestation. Ranchers intentionally 

introduced pasture grasses and other 

nonnative plants for agriculture, and 

sometimes inadvertently introduced 

weed seeds as well. Other plants were 

brought to Hawaii for their potential 

horticultural value (Cuddihy and Stone 

1990, p. 73; Scott et al. 1986, pp. 361- 

363). 

Nonnative plants adversely impact 

native Hawaiian habitat, including the 6 

Kauai ecosystems and the 48 species 

identified in this proposed rule, by 

modifying the availability of light, 

altering soil-water regimes, modifying 

nutrient cycling, altering fire 

characteristics of native plant 

communities (e.g., successive fires that 

burn farther and farther into native 

habitat, destroy native plants, and 

remove habitat for native species by 

altering microclimatic conditions to 

favor alien species), and ultimately 

converting native dominated plant 

communities to nonnative plant 

communities (Cuddihy and Stone, 1990, 

p. 74; D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 

73; Smith 1985, pp. 180-181; Vitousek et 

al. 1997, p. 6). This directly and 

indirectly affects the plant and animal 

species proposed for listing by 

modifying or destroying their habitat 

and reducing food sources. Below we 

have organized by ecosystem a list of 

nonnative plants followed by a 

discussion of the specific negative 

effects of those nonnative plants on the 

proposed species. 

Lowland Mesic Ecosystem 

The nonnative plant threats to the 

species inhabiting the lowland mesic 

ecosystem include the understory and 

subcanopy species Blechnum 

appendiculatum (no common name, 

hereafter ‘‘NCN’’), Erigeron 

karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), 

Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili 

ginger), Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), 

Lantana camara (lantana), Melastoma 

septemnervium (Indian rhododendron), 

Rubus argutus (prickly Florida 

blackberry), Rubus rosifolius 

(thimbleberry), and the canopy species 

Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), 

P. guajava (common guava), 

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (downy or rose 

myrtle), and Schinus terebinthifolius 

(Christmasberry) (Carr 1998, p. 10; 

NTBG Accession Database 1999; NTBG 

Provenance Report 1991; Wood 1998, p. 

1; Wood 1999, p. 1; Wood 2005, p. 1; 

Wood 2007a, p. 1; Wood 2007f, p. 1; 

HBMP 2007). In addition, there are 

several nonnative grasses such as 

Melinus minutiflora (molasses grass), 

Oplismenus hirtellus (basketgrass), 

Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), P. 

urvillei (Vasey grass), and Setaria 

parviflora (yellow foxtail) that pose a 

significant threat to the species 

dependent on this ecosystem (HBMP 

2007). 

Lowland Wet Ecosystem 

The nonnative plant threats to the 

species inhabiting the lowland wet 

ecosystem include the understory and 

subcanopy species Axonopus fissifolius 

(narrow-leaved carpetgrass), Christella 

parasitica (NCN), Clidemia hirta 

(Koster’s curse), Coffea arabica (Arabian 

coffee), Cyperus meyenianus (NCN), 

Erigeron karvinskianus, Juncus 

planifolius (bog rush), Lantana camara, 

Melastoma septemnervium, Oplismenus 

hirtellus, Pterolepis glomerata (NCN), 

Rubus rosifolius, Sacciolepis indica 

!(glenwood grass), Setaria parviflora, 

and Sphaeropteris cooperi (Australian 

tree fern), and the canopy species 

Psidium cattleianum, P. guajava, and 

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Hawaii State 

Comprehensive Wildlife Strategy 

(HSCWS) 2005; NTBG 2006; Wood 

1998, p. 2; Wood 2007f, p. 3; HBMP 

2007). 

Montane Mesic Ecosystem 

The nonnative plant threats to the 

species inhabiting the montane mesic 

ecosystem include the understory and 

subcanopy species Axonopus fissifolius, 

Blechnum appendiculatum, Christella 

parasitica, Cyperus meyenianus, 

Ehrharta stipioides (meadow ricegrass), 

Erigeron karvinskianus, Hedychium 

gardnerianum, Holcus lanatus (common 

velvet grass), Kalanchoe pinnata, 

Lantana camara, Lonicera japonica 

(Japanese honeysuckle), Melastoma 

septemnervium, Paspalum urvillei, 

Passiflora tarminiana (banana poka), 

Rubus argutus, R. ellipticus (yellow 

Himalayan raspberry), and R. rosifolius, 

and the canopy species Corynocarpus 

laevigatus (karakanut), Eucalyptus 

robusta (swamp mahogany), Psidium 

cattleianum, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, 


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and Ricinus communis (castor bean) 

(HBMP 2007). 

Montane Wet Ecosystem 

The nonnative plant threats to the 

species inhabiting the montane wet 

ecosystem include the understory and 

subcanopy species Andropogon 

glomeratus (bushy bluestem), 

Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), 

Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, 

Cyperus meyenianus, Erechtites 

valerianifolia (fireweed), Erigeron 

karvinskianus, Hedychium 

gardnerianum, Juncus planifolius, 

Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, 

Paspalum urvillei, Passiflora 

tarminiana, Rubus argutus, R. ellipticus, 

R. rosifolius, Sacciolepis indica, Setaria 

parviflora, and Xyris complanata 

(yellow-eyed grass), and the canopy 

species Morella faya (firetree) and 

Psidium cattleianum (HBMP 2007). 

Dry Cliff Ecosystem 

The nonnative plant threats to the 

species inhabiting the dry cliff 

ecosystem include the understory and 

subcanopy species Andropogon 

glomeratus, Erigeron karvinskianus, 

Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, 

Lonicera japonica, Passiflora 

tarminiana, Rubus argutus, and Verbena 

litoralis (vervain) (Wood 2007d; HBMP 

2007). 

Wet Cliff Ecosystem 

The nonnative plant threats to the 

species inhabiting the wet cliff 

ecosystem include the understory and 

subcanopy species Ageratum 

conyzoides (maile honohono), 

Andropogon glomeratus, Blechnum 

appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, 

Cyperus meyenianus, Erigeron 

karvinskianus, Juncus planifolius, 

Kalanchoe pinnata, Lonicera japonica, 

Paspalum conjugatum, Passiflora edulis 

(passion fruit, lilikoi), P. tarminiana, 

Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush), Rubus 

argutus, R. rosifolius, Setaria parviflora, 

Sphaeropteris cooperi, and Youngia 

japonica (oriental hawksbeard), and the 

canopy species Buddleja asiatica (dog 

tail) and Psidium cattleianum (S. 

Perlman, in litt. 2007; HBMP 2007). 

Nonnative Species-Specific Impacts 

Nonnative plants represent a 

significant and immediate threat to each 

of the 48 species being addressed in this 

proposed rule throughout their ranges 

by destroying and modifying habitat. 

They can adversely impact microhabitat 

by modifying the availability of light, 

altering soil-water regimes, and 

modifying nutrient cycling processes. 

They can also alter fire characteristics of 

native plant habitat, leading to 

incursions of fire-tolerant nonnative 

plant species into native habitat. 

Nonnative plants outcompete native 

plants by growing faster; in addition, 

they release chemicals that inhibit the 

growth of other plants. By outcompeting 

native species, nonnative plants convert 

native-dominated plant communities to 

nonnative plant communities (Cuddihy 

and Stone 1990, p. 74; Vitousek 1992, 

pp. 33-35). The following list provides 

a brief description of the nonnative 

plants that pose a threat to the species 

proposed for listing that occur in the 

ecosystems being addressed in this 

proposed rule. 

• Ageratum conyzoides is a perennial 

herb that produces thousands of seeds 

spread by wind and water, with over 

half germinating shortly after being 

shed, displacing native understory 

vegetation (Pacific Island Ecosystem at 

Risk (PIER) 2007). 

• Andropogon glomeratus, a grass 

species, displaces native vegetation by 

invading disturbed areas, with culms 

(stems of grasses or similar plants) to 5 

ft (1.5 m) tall, and reproduces readily by 

seed (Ohio Department of Natural 

Resources 2006; PIER 2008a). 

• Andropogon virginicus is a grass 

with seeds that are easily distributed by 

wind, clothing, vehicles, and feral 

animals (Smith 1989, p. 63). Some 

research suggests that this species may 

also release allelopathic substances 

(chemicals that inhibit growth in other 

plants) that dramatically decrease the 

reestablishment of native plants (Rice 

1972, p 752). This species is on the 

Hawaii State noxious weed list (HAR 

Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68). 

• Axonopus fissifolius is a pasture 

grass that forms dense mats with tall 

foliage. This species does well in soils 

with low nitrogen levels, and can 

outcompete other grasses in wet forests 

and bogs. The species is not subject to 

any major diseases or insect pests, and 

recovers quickly from fire. The seeds are 

readily spread by water, vehicles, and 

grazing animals (O’Connor 1999, pp. 

1,500-1,502; Cook et al. 2005, p. 4). 

• Blechnum appendiculatum is a fern 

with fronds to 23 in (60 cm) long, that 

forms large colonies, outcompeting 

many native fern species (Palmer 2003, 

p. 81). 

• Buddleja asiatica is a shrub or 

small tree that can tolerate a wide range 

of habitats, forms dense thickets, and is 

rapidly spreading into wet forest and 

even lava and cinder substrate areas in 

Hawaii where it displaces native 

vegetation (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 415; 

Pacific Island Ecosystem at Risk (PIER) 

2008b). 

• Christella parasitica (a fern) is 

known to hybridize with other 

Christella species, and may hybridize 

with endemic Hawaiian Christella 

species (Palmer 2003, p. 90). 

• Clidemia hirta is a noxious shrub in 

the Melastomataceae family that forms a 

dense understory, shades out native 

plants and prevents their regeneration, 

and is considered a significant 

nonnative plant threat (Wagner et al. 

1985, p. 41; Smith 1989, p. 64). All 

plants in the Melastomataceae family 

are legally declared noxious in the State 

of Hawaii (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, 

Chapter 68). 

• Coffea arabica is shade tolerant and 

can form dense stands in the forest 

understory. Its seeds are dispersed by 

birds and rats and can germinate under 

the forest canopy displacing native 

vegetation (PIER 2008c). 

• Corynocarpus laevigatus is a tree up 

to 49 ft (15 m) tall. C. laevigatus seeds 

were broadcast by aircraft over the 

interior of Kauai in 1929 in an attempt 

to restore the watershed, and it is now 

naturalized there (Wagner et al. 1985, p. 

39; Forster and Forster 1999, p. 566). It 

forms dense shade which excludes other 

species, and the seeds are distributed by 

frugivorous (fruit-eating) birds and pigs 

(PIER 2008d). 

• Cyperus meyenianus can grow as 

tall as 2 ft (0.6 m) in height and 

outcompetes native plants (Koyama 

1999, p. 1,421). 

• Ehrharta stipioides is a grass that 

creates a thick mat in which other 

species cannot regenerate; its seeds are 

easily dispersed by awns (slender, 

terminal, bristle-like process found at 

the spikelette in many grasses) that 

attach to fur or clothing (U.S. Army 

2006, p. 2-1-20). 

• Erechtites valerianifolia, a tall (up 

to 8 ft (2.5 m)), widely-distributed 

annual herb, produces thousands of 

wind-dispersed seeds, outcompeting 

native plants (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 

314). 

• Erigeron karvinskianus reproduces 

and spreads rapidly to form dense mats, 

and can spread by stem layering and 

regrowth of broken roots. This species 

crowds out and displaces ground level 

plants (Weeds of Blue Mountains 

Bushland 2006). 

• Eucalyptus robusta was planted by 

State foresters in the early 1900s on all 

the main Hawaiian Islands except 

Niihau and Kahoolawe in an attempt to 

protect watersheds. These trees are 

quick-growing, can reach 99 ft (30 m) in 

height, reproduce from seed, and 

replace native forest species (Cuddihy 

and Stone 1990, p 52; Wagner et al. 

1999, p. 957; PIER 2008e). 

• Hedychium gardnerianum forms 

vast, dense colonies, displacing other 

plant species, and reproduces by stolons 


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where already established. The 

conspicuous, fleshy, red seeds are 

dispersed by fruit-eating birds as well as 

humans (Smith 1985, p. 191). Aircraftbased analysis has found that this 

species reduces the amount of nitrogen 

in the native Metrosideros forest canopy 

in Hawaii, a finding subsequently 

corroborated by ground-based sampling 

(Asner and Vitousek 2005). This species 

may also block stream edges, altering 

water flow and the native vegetation 

community (Global Invasive Species 

Database (GISD) 2007). 

• Holcus lanatus is an aggressively 

growing and possibly allelopathic 

(having a chemical inhibitory effect on 

other organisms) grass that quickly 

becomes dominant over other plants 

(Pitcher and Russo 1980, p. 3). 

• Juncus planifolius forms dense mats 

and has the potential of displacing 

natives by preventing establishment of 

their seedlings (Medeiros et al. 1991, p. 

28). 

• Kalanchoe pinnata can form dense 

stands that prevent reproduction of 

native species. It can also reproduce by 

vegetative means at indents along the 

leaf (Motooka et al. 2003). 

• Lantana camara was brought to 

Hawaii as an ornamental plant, and is 

an aggressive, thicket-forming shrub 

which is now found on all of the main 

islands (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,320). 

• Lonicera japonica is a sprawling 

vine that can grow over and smother 

shrubs and small trees, and cover the 

forest floor, preventing growth of native 

species (PIER 2008f). 

• Melastoma septemnervium is 

another member of the Melastomataceae 

family. This plant displaces and 

outcompetes native vegetation because 

of its invasive characteristics such as 

high germination rate, rapid growth, 

early maturity, ability of fragments to 

root, possible asexual reproduction, and 

efficient seed dispersal, especially by 

birds (Smith 1985, p. 194; University of 

Florida Herbarium 2006). This species is 

on the Hawaii State noxious weed list 

(HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68). 

• Melinus minutiflora forms dense 

mats that can fuel more intense fires 

that destroy native plants (O’Connor 

1999, p. 1.562; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, 

p. 89). 

• Morella faya is an evergreen shrub 

or small tree up to 26 ft (8 m) tall. It 

forms monotypic stands, has the ability 

to fix nitrogen, and alters the 

successional ecosystems in areas it 

invades, displacing native vegetation 

through competition. It is also a prolific 

fruit producer (average of 400,000 fruit 

per individual shrub or tree per year), 

and the fruit are spread by frugivorous 

birds and feral pigs (Vitousek 1990, p. 

8-9; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 931; PIER 

2008g). This species is on the Hawaii 

State noxious weed list (HAR Title 4, 

Subtitle 6, Chapter 68). 

• Oplismenus hirtellus forms a dense 

groundcover, is sometimes climbing, 

and roots at the nodes, enabling its 

rapid spread. It also has sticky seeds 

that attach to visiting animals and birds 

that then carry them to new areas where 

they are deposited and spread 

accordingly (O’Connor 1999, p. 1,565; 

Johnson 2005). 

• Paspalum conjugatum is found in 

wet habitats, and forms a dense ground 

cover. Its small hairy seeds are easily 

transported on humans and animals or 

are carried by the wind through native 

forests, where it establishes and 

displaces native vegetation (Cuddihy 

and Stone 1990, p. 83; Tomich 1986, p. 

125; PIER 2006; University of Hawaii 

2008h). 

• Paspalum urvillei forms dense 

stands which displace native vegetation 

(Motooka et al. 2003, p. 1). 

• Passiflora edulis is a vigorous, 

climbing vine cultivated for its fruit in 

Hawaii (Escobar 1999, p. 1,010). It can 

grow up to 20 ft (6 m) per year once 

established, smothering trees and 

shrubs. Each fruit has hundreds of seeds 

which are eaten and distributed by pigs 

(PIER 2008i). 

• Passiflora tarminiana, a vine native 

to South America, is widely cultivated 

for its fruit (Escobar 1999, p 1,012). First 

introduced to Hawaii in the early 1900s, 

it is now a significant pest in mesic 

forest, where it overgrows and smothers 

the forest canopy. Its seeds are readily 

dispersed by humans, birds, and feral 

pigs (La Rosa 1992, pp. 272, 290). 

• Pluchea carolinensis is a fastgrowing shrub that forms thickets in dry 

habitats and can tolerate saline 

conditions. The wind-dispersed seeds 

facilitate plant dispersal which 

displaces native vegetation (Francis 

2006). 

• Psidium cattleianum forms dense 

stands in which few other plants can 

grow, displacing native vegetation 

through competition. The fruit is eaten 

by pigs and birds that disperse the seeds 

throughout the forest (Smith 1985, p. 

200; Wagner et al. 1985, p. 24). 

• Psidium guajava forms dense 

stands in disturbed forest. The seeds are 

spread by feral pigs and alien birds, and 

it can also regenerate from underground 

parts by suckering (Wagner et al. 1999, 

p. 972). 

• Pterolepis glomerata is another 

member of the Melastomataceae family. 

The basis for its classification as 

invasive are the plant’s germination 

rates, rapid growth, early maturity, 

ability of fragments to root, possible 

asexual reproduction, and seed 

dispersal by birds (University of Florida 

Herbarium 2006). Because of these 

attributes, it displaces native vegetation 

through competition. 

• Rhodomyrtus tomentosa forms 

dense thickets and produces large 

amounts of seed that are dispersed by 

frugivorous birds and mammals (Smith 

1985, p. 201). It also alters natural fire 

regimes and sprouts prolifically after 

fires (University of Florida 2006). This 

species is on the Hawaii State noxious 

weed list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, 

Chapter 68). 

• Ricinus communis is a fast growing 

tree that can form thickets that shade 

out other species (PIER 2007). 

• Rubus argutus reproduces both 

vegetatively and by seed, readily sprouts 

from underground runners, and is 

quickly spread by frugivorous birds 

(Tunison 1991, p. 2; Wagner et al. 1999, 

p. 1,107; U.S. Army 2006, p. 2-1-21, 2- 

1-22). This species, which displaces 

native vegetation through competiton, is 

on the Hawaii State noxious weed list 

(HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68). 

• Rubus ellipticus is a climbing shrub 

that forms impenetrable thickets, is 

covered with prickles, and has edible 

yellow fruit that are readily dispersed 

by birds. This species, which displaces 

native vegetation through competition, 

is on the Hawaii State noxious weed list 

(Benton 2005, p 1; GISD 2008a; HAR 

Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68). 

• Rubus rosifolius forms dense 

thickets and outcompetes native plant 

species. It easily reproduces from roots 

left in the ground, and seeds are spread 

by feral animals and birds (PIER 2008j; 

GISD 2008b). 

• Sacciolepis indica is an annual 

grass that invades disturbed and open 

areas in wet habitats. The seeds are 

dispersed by sticking to animal fur 

(University of Hawaii 1998). 

• Schinus terebinthifolius forms 

dense thickets and grows in all terrain, 

and the red berries are attractive to birds 

(Smith 1989, p. 63). Schinus seedlings 

grow very slowly and can survive in 

dense shade, exhibiting vigorous growth 

when the canopy is opened after a 

disturbance (Brazilian Pepper Task 

Force 1997). Because of these attributes, 

it is able to displace native vegetation 

through competition. 

• Setaria parviflora can grow in a 

wide variety of habitats. Its culms 

(hollow or pithy stalks or stems) can be 

up to 4 ft (1.2 m) tall, and this species 

can form significant colonies shading 

and crowding out native plant species 

(O’Connor 1999, p. 1,592; University of 

Florida 2007). 

• Sphaeropteris cooperi is a tree fern 

native to Australia that was brought to 


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Hawaii for use in landscaping (Medeiros 

et al. 1992, p. 43). It can achieve high 

densities in native Hawaiian forest and 

grows up to 1 ft (0.3 m) in height per 

year. It reaches maximum known 

heights of 39 ft (12 m) (Jones and 

Clemesha 1976, p. 56), and can displace 

native species. Understory disturbance 

by pigs facilitates its establishment 

(Medeiros et al. 1992, p. 30), and it has 

been known to spread over seven mi (12 

km) through windblown dispersal of 

spores from plant nurseries (Medeiros et 

al. 1992, p 29). 

• Verbena litoralis is a perennial herb 

up to 6.5 ft (2 m) tall, and is naturalized 

in a wide range of habitats in Hawaii 

(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,325). It 

displaces native vegetation through 

competition. 

• Xyris complanata is a clumping 

herb cultivated for use in floral 

arrangements. It is naturalized in 

Hawaii in wet muddy areas and on lava 

and can outcompete native vegetation 

(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,615). 

• Youngia japonica is an annual herb 

3 ft (0.9 m) tall that is native to 

southeastern Asia and is now a 

pantropical weed (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 

377). In Hawaii it occurs in moist, 

disturbed sites, and can invade nearly 

intact native wet forest (Wagner et al. 

1999, p. 377), outcompeting native 

vegetation. 

Habitat destruction and modification by 

fire 

Fire is a relatively new, humanrelated threat to native species and 

natural vegetation in Hawaii. The 

historical fire regime in Hawaii was 

characterized by infrequent, low 

severity fires (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, 

p. 91; Smith and Tunison 1992, pp. 395- 

397). Few natural ignition sources 

existed, natural fuel beds were often 

discontinuous, and rainfall in many 

areas on most islands was, and is 

moderate to high. Fires inadvertently or 

intentionally ignited by the original 

Polynesians in Hawaii probably 

contributed to the initial decline of 

native vegetation in the drier plains and 

foothills. These early settlers practiced 

slash-and-burn agriculture that created 

open lowland areas suitable for the later 

colonization of nonnative, fire-adapted 

grasses (Kirch 1982, pp. 5-6, 8; Cuddihy 

and Stone 1990, pp. 30-31). Beginning 

in the late 18th century, Europeans and 

Americans introduced plants and 

animals that further degraded native 

Hawaiian ecosystems. Pasturage and 

ranching, in particular, created highly 

fire-prone areas of nonnative grasses 

and shrubs (D’Antonio and Vitousek 

1992, p. 67). Although fires are 

infrequent in mountainous regions 

today, extensive fires have occurred in 

lowland mesic areas, and up to half of 

the areas dominated by alien species 

have been damaged by fire. 

Fires of all intensities, seasons, and 

sources are destructive to native 

Hawaiian ecosystems (Brown and Smith 

2000, p. 172), and a single grass-fueled 

fire can kill most native trees and shrubs 

in the burned area (D’Antonio and 

Vitousek 1992, p. 74). Few native 

Hawaiian plants and animals are 

adapted to withstand fire, and none are 

known to depend on fire for their 

existence or regeneration. Although 

Vogl (1969) (in Cuddihy and Stone 

1990, p. 91) proposed that naturally 

occurring fires, primarily from lightning 

strikes, have been important in the 

development of the original Hawaiian 

flora, and that many Hawaiian plants 

might be fire adapted, Mueller-Dumbois 

(1981) (in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 

91) point out that most natural 

vegetation types of Hawaii would not 

carry fire before the introduction of 

alien grasses, and Smith and Tunison 

(in press) (in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, 

p. 91) state that native plant fuels 

typically have low flammability. 

Cuddihy and Stone (1990, p. 91) state 

that fire probably influenced the 

evolution of the montane ecosystems of 

Maui and Hawaii, which contain 

grasslands of the native Deschampsia 

nubigena and stands of native shrub 

species and koa (Acacia koa). 

Alien-dominated grasslands and 

shrublands constitute the greatest fire 

threat to native lowland vegetation, 

including the lowland mesic ecosystem 

described in this proposal. Grasses 

(particularly those that produce mats of 

dry material or retain a mass of standing 

dead leaves) that invade native forests 

and shrublands provide fuels that allow 

fire to burn areas that would not 

otherwise easily burn (Fujioka and Fujii 

1980, in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 

93). Native woody plants may recover 

from fire to some degree, but fire tips 

the competitive balance toward alien 

species (National Park Service 1989 in 

Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 93). Many 

nonnative invasive plants, especially 

fire tolerant grasses, outcompete native 

plants and inhibit their regeneration 

(D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 70, 

73-74; Tunison et. al. 2002, p. 122). 

Fire represents a threat to many of the 

species found in the lowland mesic, 

montane mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems 

addressed in this proposed rule. Fire 

can destroy dormant seeds as well as 

plants, even in steep or inaccessible 

areas. Successive fires that burn farther 

and farther into native habitat destroy 

native plants and remove habitat for 

native species by altering microclimate 

conditions favorable to alien plants. 

Alien plant species most likely to be 

spread as a consequence of fire are those 

that produce a high fuel load, are 

adapted to survive and regenerate after 

fire, and establish rapidly in newly 

burned areas. For example, a 

documented increase in the frequency 

and size of fires at Hawaii Volcanoes 

National Park since 1968 coincided with 

an increasing cover of alien grasses 

(Smith and Tunison 1992, p. 398). 

Habitat destruction and modification by 

hurricanes 

Hurricanes adversely impact native 

Hawaiian habitat, including all six 

Kauai ecosystems and their associated 

species identified in this proposed rule. 

They do this by destroying native 

vegetation, opening the canopy and thus 

modifying the availability of light, and 

creating disturbed areas conducive to 

invasion by nonnative pest species 

(Asner and Goldstein 1997, p. 148; 

Harrington et al. 1997, pp. 539-540). 

Because many Hawaiian plant and 

animal species, including the 48 species 

in this proposal, persist in low numbers 

and in restricted ranges, natural 

disasters, such as hurricanes, can be 

particularly devastating (Hawaii 

Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation 

Plan 2005, p. 4-3). 

In November 1982, Hurricane Iwa 

struck the Hawaiian Islands with wind 

gusts exceeding 100 miles per hour 

(mph) (161 kilometers per hour (kph)), 

causing extensive damage, especially on 

the islands of Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu 

(Businger 1998, pp. 2, 6). Many forest 

trees were destroyed, which opened the 

canopy and facilitated invasion of 

native habitat by nonnative plants. 

Competition with nonnative plants is a 

threat to each of the 6 ecosystems and 

the 48 species addressed in this 

proposed rule, as described above. In 

September 1992, Hurricane Iniki, a 

Category 4 hurricane with maximum 

wind speeds recorded at 140 mph (225 

kph), passed directly over the island of 

Kauai, causing significant damage to 

Kauai’s native plant populations 

(Businger 1998, pp. 2, 6; S. Perlman, in 

litt. 1992, pp. 1-9). Several species of 

Kauai’s endemic forest birds suffered 

significant declines in population, and 

some have not been observed since the 

hurricanes. In addition, populations of 

several of Hawaii’s rare plants, 

including three of the species in this 

proposal, Lysimachia iniki, L. pendens, 

and L. venosa, were adversely impacted 

by hurricanes Iwa and Iniki through 

wind damage, canopy disruption, and 

landslides (S. Perlman, in litt. 1992, p. 

1). Damage by future hurricanes could 

further decrease the remaining nativeVerDate Aug<31>2005 16:54 Oct 20, 2008 Jkt 217001 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\FR\FM\21OCP2.SGM 21OCP2

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plant dominated habitat areas that 

support rare plants and wildlife in 

Kauai ecosystems (S. Perlman, in litt. 

1992, pp. 1-9). 

Habitat destruction and modification 

due to landslides and flooding 

Landslides and flooding destabilize 

substrates, damage and destroy 

individual plants, and alter hydrological 

patterns, which result in changes to 

native plant and animal communities. 

Due to the steep topography of much of 

the island of Kauai, erosion and 

disturbance caused by introduced 

ungulates exacerbates the potential for 

landslides or flooding, which in turn 

threaten native plants. For those species 

that occur in small numbers in highly 

restricted geographic areas, such events 

have the potential to eradicate all 

individuals of a population, or even all 

populations of a species, resulting in 

extinction. 

Landslides and flooding likely 

adversely many of the species addressed 

in this proposed rule, including: 

Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis, C. remyi var. 

remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea 

dolichopoda, C. eleeleensis, C. 

kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa, Cyrtandra 

oenobarba, C. paliku, Diellia mannii, 

Dubautia kenwoodii, Dubautia 

plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Lysimachia 

iniki, L. pendens, L. scopulensis, L. 

venosa, Melicope paniculata, Myrsine 

mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, 

Platydesma rostrata, Schiedea 

attenuata, and Stenogyne kealiae. 

Monitoring data from the HBMP 

suggests that these species are 

threatened by landslides or falling 

rocks, since they are found in landscape 

settings susceptible to these events (e.g., 

steep slopes and cliffs). Since Schiedea 

attenuata is known from only a single 

population of 20 individuals on a steep 

cliff, one landslide could lead to the 

extinction of the species by direct 

destruction of the individual plants, 

mechanical damage to individual plants 

which could lead to their death, 

destabilization of the cliff habitat 

leading to additional landslides, and 

alteration of hydrological patterns (e.g., 

affecting the availability of soil 

moisture). Field survey data presented 

in the HBMP suggest that Charpentiera 

densiflora and Cyrtandra oenobarba are 

threatened by both landslides and 

flooding, and Cyanea kolekoleensis is 

threatened by flooding. 

Habitat destruction and modification by 

climate change 

The exact nature of the impacts of 

global climate change and increasing 

temperatures on native Hawaiian 

ecosystems, including the 6 Kauai 

ecosystems and each of the associated 

48 species identified in this proposed 

rule, are unknown, but are likely to 

include the loss of native species that 

comprise the communities in which the 

48 Kauai species occur (Benning et al. 

2002, pp. 14,246 and 14,248; Pounds et 

al. 1999, pp. 611-612; Still et al. 1999, 

p. 610). Future changes in precipitation 

are uncertain because they depend in 

part on how El Nin ̃o (a disruption of the 

ocean atmospheric system in the 

Tropical Pacific having important global 

consequences for weather and climate) 

might change, and reliable projections 

of changes in El Nin ̃ o have yet to be 

made (Hawaii Climate Change Action 

Plan 1998, pp. 2-10). 

According to some climate change 

projections, temperature increases could 

pose an additional threat specific to the 

akekee and akikiki by causing an 

increase in the elevation at which 

regular transmission of avian malaria 

occurs (Benning et al. 2002). 

Experimental evidence has shown that 

the malarial parasite does not develop 

in birds in an environment below 55 

degrees Fahrenheit (F) (13 degrees 

Celsius (C)), and field studies have 

found that maximum malaria 

transmission occurs where mean 

ambient summer temperature is 63 

degrees F (17 degrees C) (Benning et al. 

2002, p. 14,246). Between 55 and 63 

degrees F (13 and 17 degrees C), malaria 

transmission is sporadic and usually 

associated with warmer periods, such as 

El Nin ̃ o events (Benning et al. 2002, p. 

14,246). There are no forested areas on 

Kauai where mean ambient temperature 

is below 55 degrees F (13 degrees C), 

which indicates that all areas are subject 

to malaria at least periodically. Benning 

et al. (2002) used GIS simulation to 

show that an increase in temperature of 

3.6 degrees F (2 degrees C), which is 

within the range predicted by some 

climate models (e.g. Still et al. 1999 and 

references therein, p. 608; IPCC 2001, p. 

67-69), would raise the 63 degrees F (17 

degrees C) isotherm in the Alakai 

swamp region on Kauai by 984 ft (300 

m), resulting in an 85 percent decrease 

in the land area where malaria 

transmission currently is only periodic. 

If climate change were to reduce the 

remaining suitable habitat for the akekee 

and akikiki by 85 percent as predicted, 

it would likely contribute to the 

extinction of the species over time. 

The 48 Kauai species in this proposal 

are theoretically amongst the most 

vulnerable to extinction due to 

anticipated global climate change, 

although the specific impacts of such 

climate change on these species cannot 

currently be known. Impacts to the 

species proposed for listing would be 

expected to include habitat loss or 

alteration and/or changes in disturbance 

regimes, in addition to direct 

physiological stress. The probability of 

species going extinct as a result of these 

factors increases when ranges are 

restricted, habitat decreases, and 

population numbers decline (IPCC 2007, 

p. 8). Such is the case for each of the 

48 Kauai species, which are 

characterized by limited climactic 

ranges and/or restricted habitat 

requirements, small population size, 

and low number of individuals. The 

threat of climate change for the akikiki 

and akekee would be further 

exacerbated by the extensive loss of 

suitable habitat due to the expansion of 

the transmission zone for malaria. 

Summary of Habitat Destruction and 

Modification 

The threats to each of the 48 Kauai 

species addressed in this proposed rule 

are occurring throughout the entire 

range of each of the species. These 

threats include introduced ungulates, 

nonnative plants, fire, natural disasters, 

and climate change. 

The effects from ungulates are 

immediate because ungulates currently 

occur in all of the ecosystems on which 

these species depend. The threat posed 

by introduced ungulates is significant 

because they cause: (1) Trampling and 

grazing that directly impacts the plant 

species proposed for listing; (2) 

increased soil disturbance, leading to 

mechanical damage to individuals of 

proposed plants and host plants of 

Drosophila attigua (picture-wing fly); (3) 

trampling and grazing native plants 

used for nesting and foraging by the 

akekee and akikiki, and for foraging by 

D. attigua; (4) creation of open, 

disturbed areas conducive to weedy 

plant invasion and establishment of 

alien plants from dispersed fruits and 

seeds, which results over time in the 

conversion of a community dominated 

by native vegetation to one dominated 

by nonnative vegetation (leading to all 

of the negative impacts associated with 

nonnative plants, detailed below); (5) 

increased watershed erosion and 

sedimentation; and (6) creation of 

breeding sites for mosquitoes, the 

primary vector for the transmission of 

avian diseases, which threaten the 

akikiki and akekee. These threats are 

expected to continue or increase 

without control or eradication. 

Nonnative plants represent a 

significant and immediate threat to all 

48 species being addressed in this 

proposed rule through habitat 

destruction and modification for the 

following reasons: (1) They adversely 


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impact microhabitat by modifying the 

availability of light; (2) they alter soilwater regimes; (3) they modify nutrient 

cycling processes; (4) they alter fire 

characteristics of native plant habitat, 

leading to incursions of fire-tolerant 

nonnative plant species into native 

habitat; and (5) they outcompete, and 

possibly directly inhibit the growth of, 

native plant species. All of these threats 

can convert native dominated plant 

communities to nonnative plant 

communities (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, 

p. 74; Vitousek 1992, pp. 33-35). This 

conversion has negative impacts on, and 

threatens, the 45 plant species 

addressed here, as well as the akikiki, 

akekee, and Drosophila attigua, which 

depend upon native plant species for 

essential life history needs. 

The threat from fire to the species in 

this proposed rule that depend on 

lowland mesic, montane mesic, and dry 

cliff ecosystems (see Table 2) is 

significant because fire damages and 

destroys native vegetation, including 

dormant seeds, seedlings, and juvenile 

and adult plants. Many nonnative 

invasive plants, particularly fire-tolerant 

grasses, outcompete native plants and 

inhibit their regeneration (D’Antonio 

and Vitousek 1992, pp. 70, 73-74; 

Tunison et al 2001, p. 122). Successive 

fires that burn farther and farther into 

native habitat destroy native plants and 

remove habitat for native species by 

altering microclimatic conditions and 

creating conditions favorable to alien 

plants. The threat from fire is 

unpredictable but omnipresent in these 

ecosystems that have been invaded by 

nonnative, fire-prone grasses. 

Natural disasters such as hurricanes 

represent a significant threat to native 

habitat and the 48 species addressed in 

this proposed rule because they open 

the forest canopy, modify available 

light, and create disturbed areas that are 

conducive to invasion by nonnative pest 

plants (Asner and Goldstein 1997, p. 

148; Harrington et al. 1997, pp. 346- 

347). These impacts can be particularly 

devastating to the 48 species addressed 

in this proposed rule because due to 

other threats they now persist in low 

numbers or occur in restricted ranges, 

and are therefore less resilient to such 

disturbances. Furthermore, a 

particularly destructive hurricane holds 

the potential of driving a highly 

localized endemic species to extinction 

in a single event. In 1982 and 1992, the 

island of Kauai received the brunt of 

hurricane-force winds and rain 

associated with Hurricanes Iwa and 

Iniki. Field biologists noted significant 

declines in native Hawaiian plant and 

wildlife populations following these 

events, and believe that future hurricane 

damage could further exacerbate these 

declines (S. Perlman, in litt. 1992, p. 1). 

Hurricanes pose an immediate and everpresent threat, because they can occur at 

any time, although their occurrence is 

not predictable. 

Landslides and flooding adversely 

impact many of the species in this 

proposed rule (see Table 2) by 

destabilizing substrates, damaging and 

destroying individual plants, and 

altering hydrological patterns which 

result in habitat destruction or 

modification and changes to native 

plant and animal communities. These 

threats are significant and, as with 

hurricanes, have the potential to occur 

at any time, although their occurrence is 

not predictable. 

The projected effects of global climate 

change and increasing temperatures on 

the 48 species addressed in this 

proposed rule relate to changes in 

microclimatic conditions, which may 

lead to the loss of native species due to 

direct physiological stress, the loss or 

alteration of habitat, and/or changes in 

disturbance regimes (e.g., storms and 

hurricanes). Because the probability of 

species going extinct increases when 

ranges are restricted, habitat decreases, 

and population numbers decline – 

conditions that describe the situation for 

small populations of single-island 

endemics such as those addressed in 

this proposed listing – each of the 48 

Kauai species are particularly 

vulnerable to extinction due to such 

changes. In addition, climate change 

may pose a significant threat specific to 

the akekee and akikiki by causing an 

increase in the elevation at which 

regular transmission of avian malaria 

occurs. However, because the specific 

effects of probable climate change on 

these species are unknown at this time, 

we are not able to determine the 

magnitude of this threat with 

confidence. 

B. Overutilization for Commercial, 

Recreational, Scientific, or Educational 

Purposes 

The palm tree Pritchardia hardyi is 

found only on the island of Kauai. Rare 

palm trees are highly desirable to 

collectors, and there is an active internet 

sales and online auction market for their 

seeds and seedlings, including P. hardyi 

(GardenGuides.com 2007; 

Rarepalmseeds.com 2007; South Coast 

Palms 2007; Kapoho Palms 2007; J.D. 

Anderson Nursery 2007; Jungle Music 

Palms and Cycads 2007; Tropical 

Gardens of Maui 2007). Seeds of P. 

hardyi have been stolen from an 

outplanting site in the past (R. Nishek, 

NTBG, pers. comm. 2007), and we have 

evidence of vandalism and illegal 

collection of other species of 

endangered Pritchardia palms on Kauai 

(Johnson 1996, pp. 16-17; A. Kyono, 

DOFAW, pers. comm. 2000; R. Nishek, 

pers. comm. 2007). Because this species 

is found in only two populations with 

limited numbers of individuals, we 

consider overutilization to be an 

immediate and significant threat to P. 

hardyi throughout its entire range. We 

do not consider overutilization to pose 

a threat to any of the other 47 Kauai 

species. 

C. Disease or Predation 

Avian Diseases 

Avian diseases transmitted by the 

introduced southern house mosquito 

(Culex quinquefasciatus), including 

avian pox (Poxvirus avium) and malaria 

(Plasmodium relictum), play a major 

role in limiting the distribution of the 

many Hawaiian forest bird species, and 

pose a significant and immediate threat 

to the akekee and akikiki throughout 

their ranges (Benning et al. 2002, p. 

14,246). Like many other native 

Hawaiian forest birds, the akikiki and 

akekee are no longer found at lower 

elevations, but have become restricted 

to the higher elevation montane mesic 

(akekee only) and montane wet (both 

akekee and akikiki) ecosystems where 

mosquitoes and the diseases they carry 

are less prevalent (Scott et al. 1986, p. 

367-368). In the warmer fall months, 

Culex quinquefasciatus breeds at higher 

densities in upper elevation forests, 

coinciding with a prevalence of malaria 

in avian populations at higher 

elevations (van Riper et al. 1986, pp. 

332-333, 338). 

Native Hawaiian birds evolved in the 

absence of mosquito-borne avian 

diseases, and only recently became 

exposed when mosquitoes were 

accidentally introduced to the islands in 

1827, in association with the 

introduction of avian pox and malaria 

through imported cage birds and 

domestic fowl (Yorinks and Atkinson 

2000, p. 731 and references therein). 

Native Hawaiian forest birds are more 

susceptible to malaria than are 

nonnative bird species (van Riper et al. 

1986, pp. 327-328). In addition, native 

birds infected with malaria also show 

altered behaviors that increase their 

vulnerability to predation (Yorinks and 

Atkison 2000, pp. 731-738). Avian 

malaria appears to be highly pathogenic 

for the Hawaiian honeycreepers (birds 

in the subfamily Drepanidinae), 

including the akikiki and akekee 

(Yorinks and Atkinson, p. 737). In a 

study of iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea), 

another Hawaiian honeycreeper, 

Atkinson et al. (1995, p. S65) described 

‘‘extraordinarily high mortality’’ of birds 


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infected with malaria. This 

susceptibility, in combination with the 

observation that other Hawaiian 

honeycreepers have become restricted to 

high elevation forests, led Atkinson et 

al. (1995, p. S68) to predict that a shift 

in the current mosquito distribution to 

higher elevations could be disastrous for 

those species with already reduced 

populations. As discussed below 

(‘‘Other Natural or Manmade Factors 

Affecting Their Continued Existence’’), 

climate change may pose just such a 

threat to the akikiki and akekee, by 

potentially causing an increase in the 

elevation at which regular transmission 

of avian malaria occurs (Benning et al. 

2002, pp. 12,246-14,247). 

Predation 

Hawaii’s plants and animals evolved 

in nearly complete isolation. Successful 

colonization of these remote volcanic 

islands was infrequent, and many 

organisms never established 

populations. As an example, Hawaii 

lacks any native ants or conifers, has 

very few bird families, and has only a 

single native land mammal (Loope 1998, 

p. 748). Defenses against mammalian 

herbivory, such as thorns, prickles, and 

production of toxins, were not needed, 

and evolutionary pressure for plants to 

produce or maintain them was lacking. 

Therefore, Hawaiian plants lost or never 

developed these defenses (Carlquist 

1980, p. 173). Likewise, birds endemic 

to Hawaii lost their resistance to 

diseases common to their continental 

origins, and strategies to avoid 

mammalian predators. Native Hawaiian 

birds were not able to withstand the 

stressors of habitat change and 

predation caused when browsers, 

grazers, rooters, and predators were 

introduced (e.g., goats, cattle, pigs, rats, 

cats, and deer) (Scott et al. 1986, pp. 

352-361, 364-365). The native flora and 

fauna of the islands are thus particularly 

vulnerable to the impacts of introduced 

alien species. 

Introduced Ungulates 

In addition to the habitat impacts 

discussed above (See ‘‘Habitat 

Destruction and modification by 

introduced ungulates’’), the following 

ungulates most likely threaten the 45 

plant species in this proposal by 

trampling and eating individual plants, 

as follows (this information is also 

presented in Table 2): Astelia 

waialealae (feral goats and pigs), 

Canavalia napaliensis (feral goats), 

Chamaesyce eleanoriae (feral goats), 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis (feral 

pigs), C. remyi var. remyi (feral goats, 

pigs, and black-tailed deer), 

Charpentiera densiflora (feral goats), 

Cyanea eleeleensis (feral pigs), C. 

kolekoleensis (feral pigs), C. kuhihewa 

(feral pigs), Cyrtandra oenobarba (feral 

goats and pigs), Diellia mannii (blacktailed deer and feral pigs), Doryopteris 

angelica (black-tailed deer, feral goats 

and pigs), Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus (feral pigs), Dubautia 

imbricata ssp. imbricata (feral pigs), 

Dubautia kenwoodii (feral goats and 

pigs), Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia (feral pigs), Dubautia 

waialealae (feral goats and pigs), 

Geranium kauaiense (feral pigs), 

Keysseria erici (feral pigs), K. helenae 

(feral pigs), Labordia helleri (blacktailed deer, and feral goats and pigs); 

Labordia pumila (feral pigs); Lysimachia 

daphnoides (feral pigs), L. pendens 

(feral pigs), L. scopulensis (feral pigs 

and goats), Melicope degeneri (feral 

goats and pigs), M. paniculata (feral 

goats and pigs), M. puberula (feral goats 

and pigs), Myrsine knudsenii (blacktailed deer, feral goats and pigs), M. 

mezii (feral!goats and pigs), Phyllostegia 

renovans (feral goats and pigs), 

Pittosporum napaliense (feral goats), 

Platydesma rostrata (black-tailed deer, 

feral goats and pigs), Pritchardia hardyi 

(feral goats and pigs), Psychotria 

grandiflora (black-tailed deer, feral goats 

and pigs), P. hobdyi (black-tailed deer, 

feral goats and pigs), Schiedea attenuata 

(feral goats), Stenogyne kealiae (blacktailed deer, feral goats and pigs), 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata (feral pigs), 

and Tetraplasandra flynnii (feral goats) 

(Wood 1998, p. 1; Wagner et al. 1999, 

p. 282; HBMP Database 2007; Wood in 

litt. 2007, pp. 1, 4, 6-8, 10-12; USFWS 

2007 Candidate Status Assessments). 

We have direct evidence of ungulate 

damage to some of these species, but for 

many, ungulate damage is presumed 

based on several studies conducted in 

Hawaii and elsewhere. In a study 

conducted by Diong (1982, p. 160) on 

Maui, feral pigs were observed browsing 

on young shoots, leaves, and fronds of 

a wide variety of plants, of which over 

75 percent were endemic species (Diong 

1982, p. 160). A stomach content 

analysis in this study showed that 60 

percent of the pigs’ food source 

consisted of the endemic Cibotium (tree 

fern). Pigs were observed to fell plants 

and remove the bark of the native plant 

species Clermontia, Cibotium, 

Coprosma, Psychotria, Scaevola, and 

Hedyotis, resulting in larger trees being 

killed over a few months of repeated 

feeding (Diong 1982, p. 144). A study in 

Texas conducted by Beach (1997, pp. 3- 

4) revealed that feral pigs spread disease 

and parasites, and that their rooting and 

wallowing behavior led to spoilage of 

watering holes and loss of soil through 

leaching and erosion. Rooting activities 

also decreased the survivability of some 

plant species through disruption at root 

level of mature plants and seedlings 

(Beach 1997, pp. 3-4). 

Feral goats thrive on a variety of food 

plants, and are instrumental in the 

decline of native vegetation in many 

areas (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 64). 

Feral goats trample roots and seedlings, 

cause erosion, and promote the invasion 

of alien plants. They are able to forage 

in extremely rugged terrain and have a 

high reproductive capacity (Clarke and 

Cuddihy 1980, p. C-20; van Riper and 

van Riper 1982, pp. 34-35; Tomich 

1986, pp. 153-156; Cuddihy and Stone 

1990, p. 64). A study of goat predation 

on a native Acacia koa (koa) forest on 

the island of Hawaii has shown that 

grazing pressure by goats can cause the 

eventual extinction of koa because it is 

unable to reproduce (Spatz and MuellerDombois 1973, p. 874). If goats are 

maintained at constantly high numbers, 

mature trees will eventually die and 

with them, the root systems that support 

suckers and vegetative reproduction. An 

exclosure analysis demonstrated that 

release from goat pressure by fencing 

resulted in a rapid recovery in height 

growth and numbers of vegetative 

resprouts of koa (Spatz and MuellerDombois 1973, p. 873). Another study at 

Puuwaawaa on the island of Hawaii 

demonstrated that prior to management 

actions in 1985, regeneration of endemic 

shrubs and trees in the goat-grazed area 

was almost totally lacking, contributing 

to the invasion of the forest understory 

by exotic grasses and weeds. After the 

removal of grazing animals in 1985, koa 

and Metrosideros spp. (ohia) seedlings 

were observed germinating by the 

thousands (Department of Land and 

Natural Resources 2002, p. 52). Goats 

have been observed uprooting, eating, 

and trampling native plants in the Kauai 

ecosystems (e.g., K.R. Wood 1994; S. 

Perlman, in litt. 2007). Based on a 

comparison of fenced and unfenced 

areas, it is clear that goats can devastate 

native ecosystems. They can also 

outcompete black-tailed deer. It is 

estimated that there are 2 goats per 

hectare in Hawaii (C. Kessler, pers. 

comm. 2008). 

Black-tailed deer co!nsume native 

vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, 

accelerate erosion, and promote the 

invasion of nonnative plants (van Riper 

and van Riper 1982, pp. 42-43; Stone 

1985, pp. 261-262; Tomich 1986, pp. 

132-134; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 

67). About 350 animals are known to 

occur in and near Waimea Canyon, with 

some invasion into Alakai Swamp in 

drier periods (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, 

p. 67). According to current State 


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records, they are feeding largely on the 

introduced species strawberry guava, 

thimbleberry, passion flower, and 

blackberry, as well as the native species 

Alyxia oliviformis (maile), Dodonaea 

viscosa (aalii), Dianella sandwicensis 

(ukiuki), Coprosma sp. (pilo), and 

Acacia koa (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 

67). Black-tail deer affect the species 

and ecosystems addressed in this 

proposed rule by damaging native 

plants through browsing or trampling, 

resulting in plant mortality and/or the 

loss of reproductive vigor. By spreading 

seeds of nonnative species on their coats 

or in their digestive tracts, they also 

increase competition for resources with 

native species. 

Rats 

There are three species of introduced 

rats in the Hawaiian Islands. The 

Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) and the 

black rat (Rattus rattus) are primarily 

found in the wild, in dry to wet habitats, 

while the Norway rat (Rattus 

norvegicus) is typically found in 

manmade habitats such as urban areas 

or agricultural fields (Tomich 1986, p. 

41). The Polynesian rat probably arrived 

on the Hawaiian Islands as an 

inadvertent introduction by early 

Polynesian colonizers from the central 

Pacific (Tomich 1986, p. 42). More 

recently, the black rat and the Norway 

rat most likely arrived on the Hawaiian 

Islands as stowaways on ships sometime 

in the 19th century (Atkinson and 

Atkinson 2000, p. 25). 

Rats occur in all six of the Kauai 

ecosystems, and rat predation threatens 

at least 19 of the 45 plant species 

addressed in this proposed rule (see 

Table 2). Although introduced rats are 

best known for their impacts on island 

birds, rat predation on seeds and young 

plants can seriously affect regeneration. 

They are also known to have caused 

declines or even the total elimination of 

island plant species (Campbell and 

Atkinson 1999, as cited in Atkinson and 

Atkinson 2000, p. 24). Rats impact the 

native plants by eating fleshy fruits, 

seeds, flowers, stems, leaves, roots, and 

other plant parts (Atkinson and 

Atkinson 2000, p. 23). In the Hawaiian 

Islands, rats may consume as much as 

90 percent of the seeds produced by 

some trees, or in some cases prevent the 

regeneration of forest species 

completely (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, 

pp. 68-69). Plants with large, fleshy 

fruits are particularly susceptible to rat 

predation including several of the plant 

genera proposed for listing here, for 

example the fruits of Pritchardia spp., 

and plants in the bellflower (e.g., 

Cyanea spp.), and African violet (e.g., 

Cyrtandra spp.) families (Cuddihy and 

Stone 1990, pp. 67-69). Research on rats 

in forests in New Zealand has 

demonstrated that, over time, rats may 

alter the species composition of forest 

plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 68- 

69). 

Rat predation may also threaten the 

native host and foraging plants of 

Drosophila attigua, and is a threat to the 

akekee and akikiki in the montane 

mesic and montane wet ecosystems. 

Rats are reported in the ecosystems 

where these birds occur and are 

potential predators on roosting or 

incubating adults, nests, and young 

(VanderWerf and Smith 2002, p. 73; 

Scott et al. 1986, pp. 363-364; USFWS 

2007 Candidate Status Assessments). 

Predation by rats was the greatest cause 

of nest failure for the puaiohi, or small 

Kauai thrush (Myadestes palmeri), an 

endangered bird that inhabits the same 

areas as!the akekee and akikiki (Tweed 

et al. 2006, p. 753). Puaiohi nest almost 

exclusively in pseudo-cavities on cliff 

faces (Snetsinger et al. 2005, p. 77), 

unlike akikiki and akekee that build cup 

nests in trees (Akikiki, BNA 555, p. 7; 

Akekee, BNA 295, p. 6). Captive raised 

puaiohi built cup nests in trees during 

a 1999 captive release in the Kawaikoi, 

and two females and their associated 

young were killed by rats at these nests 

(Tweed et al. 2003, USGS/BRD, 

unpublished data). From these data and 

information on rat predation for cliff 

nests (Snetsinger et al. 2005, p. 79), it 

is clear that both puaiohi cliff nests and 

cup nests built in trees are vulnerable to 

rat predation. Although we do not have 

direct evidence of rat predation on the 

akekee or akikiki from nest studies, it is 

reasonable to assume that these birds 

nesting in the same area as the puaiohi 

would be exposed to similar impacts 

from rat predation. 

Cats and Owls 

Feral cats (Felis domesticus) are 

present in the Alakai Swamp, which is 

within the montane wet ecosystem 

(Tweed et al. 2006, p. 753). Cats are 

believed to prey on roosting or 

incubating akekee and akikiki adults, 

nests, and young (VanderWerf and 

Smith 2002, p. 73; Scott et al. 1986, pp. 

363-364). Though cats are most common 

at lower elevations, they have been 

observed in high-elevation rain forests 

on Hawaii and Maui (Scott et al. 1986, 

p. 363). On Hawaii Island, native forest 

birds have been found to be a regular 

component in the diets of feral cats in 

the montane wet forest (Smucker et al. 

2000, p. 233). Examination of the 

stomach contents of 118 feral cats at 

Hakalau forest found native and 

introduced birds to be the most common 

prey item (Banko et al. 2004, p. 162). In 

addition, two species of owls, the native 

pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) 

and the introduced barn owl (Tyto alba), 

are also known to prey on forest birds. 

Between 1996 and 1998, 10 percent of 

nest failures of the endangered puaiohi 

on Kauai were attributed to owls 

(Snetsinger et al. 1994, p. 47; Snetsinger 

et al. 2005, pp. 72, 79). Since the 

puaiohi occurs in the same area and 

forest type as the akikiki and akekee and 

is of generally similar size, it is not 

unreasonable to assume there may be 

similar impacts to these bird species. 

Invertebrates 

Predation by nonnative invertebrate 

pests adversely impacts 13 of the plant 

and animal species (Table 2) in this 

proposed rule through mechanical 

damage to plants, destruction of plant 

parts, parasitism, and mortality. Those 

introduced invertebrate pests with the 

greatest effect on these native species 

include at least 12 different species of 

slugs (Joe 2006, pp. 6, 12), the black 

twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus) 

(Davis 1970, pp. 38-39), the two-spotted 

leafhopper (Sophonia rufofascia) 

(Hawaii Department of Agriculture, p. 1; 

Fukada 1996, pp. 1-12), and the western 

yellow-jacket wasp (Vespula 

pensylvanica) (Gambino and Loope 

1992, p. 1). 

Predation by nonnative slugs is most 

likely a threat to individuals of the four 

species of Cyanea in this proposed rule: 

Cyanea dolichopoda, C. eleeleensis, C. 

kolekoleensis, and C. kuhihewa (Joe 

2006, p. 10). On Oahu, slugs have been 

reported to destroy C. grimesiana ssp. 

obatae and C. superba ssp. superba in 

the wild, and have been observed eating 

leaves and fruit of cultivated 

individuals of Cyanea (L. Mehrhoff, 

pers. comm. 1995; U.S. Army Garrison 

2005, pp. 3-34, 3-51). Little is known 

about the predation of certain rare 

plants by slugs; however, information in 

the U.S. Army’s 2005 Status Report for 

the Makua Implementation Plan 

indicates that slugs can be a threat to all 

species of Cyanea (U.S. Army Garrison 

2005, p. 3-51). Research investigating 

slug herbivory and control methods 

shows that slug impacts on Cyanea 

seedlings results in up to 70 to 80 

percent seedling mortality (U.S. Army 

Garrison 2005, p. 3-51). Although we do 

not have direct evidence of slug 

predation on the 4 species of Cyanea 

addressed in this rule, slugs are found 

in the ecosystems on Kauai in which 

these plants occur. It is therefore 

reasonable to assume these plant species 

would be exposed to similar impacts 

from slug predation. 

The black twig borer (Xylosandrus 

compactus) is known to infest a wide 


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variety of common plant taxa, including 

native species of Melicope (Davis 1970, 

p. 39; Extension Entomology and UHCTAHR Integrated Pest Management 

Program 2006a, p. 1). This insect pest 

burrows into branches, introduces a 

pathogenic fungus as food for its larvae, 

and lays its eggs (Davis 1970, p. 39). 

Twigs, branches, and even entire plants 

can be killed from an infestation 

(Extension Entomology and UH-CTAHR 

Integrated Pest Management Program 

2006a, p. 2). On the Hawaiian Islands, 

the black twig borer has many hosts, 

disperses easily, and is probably present 

at most elevations up to 2,500 ft (762 m) 

(Howarth 1985, pp. 152-153). Damage 

caused by the black twig borer has been 

observed by field biologists on 

Canavalia napaliensis, Charpentiera 

densiflora, Melicope degeneri, M. 

paniculata, and M. puberula (HBMP 

2006). 

The two-spotted leafhopper is a threat 

as the effects of its predation have been 

observed on four plant species included 

in this proposed rule: Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi (K. Wood, pers. comm. 

2000), Cyanea kuhihewa (Wood 2004), 

Platydesma rostrata (HBMP 2007), and 

Psychotria hobdyi (HBMP 2006). This 

nonnative insect damages the leaves it 

feeds on, typically causing chlorosis 

(yellowing due to disrupted chlorophyll 

production) to browning and death of 

foliage (Hawaii Department of 

Agriculture 2006, p. 1). The damage to 

plants can result in the death of affected 

leaves or the whole plant, owing to the 

combined action of its feeding and 

oviposition behavior (Alyokhin et al. 

2004, p. 13). In addition to the 

mechanical damage caused by the 

feeding process, the insect may 

introduce plant pathogens that lead to 

eventual plant death (Extension 

Entomology and UH-CTAHR Integrated 

Pest Management Program 2006b, p. 2). 

The two-spotted leafhopper is a highly 

polyphagous insect, and of its recorded 

host plant species 68 percent are fruit, 

vegetable and ornamental crops, and 22 

percent are endemic plants, over half of 

which are rare and endangered 

(Alyokhin et al. 2004, p. 13). Its range 

is limited to below 4,000 ft (1,219 m) in 

elevation, unless there is a favorable 

microclimate. There has been a dramatic 

reduction in the two-spotted leafhopper 

populations in the past few years, 

possibly due to egg parasitism (M. 

Fukada, pers. comm. 2007). 

Nonnative predatory and parasitic 

insects are considered significant factors 

contributing to the reduction in range 

and abundance of Drosophila attigua 

(Science Panel 2005, p. 25). In addition 

to the accidental establishment of 

nonnative species, nonnative predators 

and parasites have been purposefully 

imported and released in Hawaii since 

1865 for biological control of pests. 

Between 1890 and 2004, 387 nonnative 

species were introduced, sometimes 

with the specific intent of reducing 

populations of native Hawaiian insects 

(Funasaki et al. 1988, pp. 109-110, 143; 

Lai 1988, pp. 180, 186; Staples and 

Cowie 2001, pp. 41, 54-57). Nonnative 

arthropods pose a serious threat to 

Hawaii’s native Drosophila, both 

through direct predation or parasitism 

as well as competition for food and 

space (Howarth and Medeiros 1989, pp. 

82-83; Howarth and Ramsay 1991, pp. 

80-83; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, 

pp. 41-45; Staples and Cowie 2001, pp. 

41, 54-57). 

Due to their large colony sizes and 

systematic foraging habits, species of 

social Hymenoptera (ants and some 

wasps) and parasitic wasps pose a 

predation threat to the Hawaiian 

picture-wing flies, including D. attigua 

(Gambino et al. 1987, p. 170; Foote and 

Carson 1995, p. 370; Kaneshiro and 

Kaneshiro 1995, p. 12). Hawaiian 

arthropods, including D. attigua, 

evolved without the predation influence 

of social wasps (Kaneshiro and 

Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 41-45), and 

therefore have no defenses against such 

predation. In 1977, an aggressive race of 

the western yellow-jacket wasp became 

established in the State of Hawaii, and 

is now abundant between 1,969 and 

5,000 ft (600 and 1,524 m) in elevation 

(Gambino et al. 1990, p. 1,087; Foote 

and Carson 1995, p. 370) on all the main 

islands (Tenorio and Nishida 1995, p. 

174). Drosophila attigua is present 

within the elevation range occupied by 

the yellow-jacket wasps. Yellow-jacket 

wasps are voracious predators in most 

ecosystems in which they are found. 

Compared with typical North American 

populations, yellow-jackets in Hawaii 

display a high incidence of colonies that 

overwinter and persist into at least a 

second year. The result is that numbers 

of workers at such colonies are much 

greater than at annual colonies 

(Gambino et al. 1987, p. 169). Yellowjacket colonies in Hawaii can each 

produce over a half-million foragers that 

consume tens of millions of arthropods 

(Gambino and Loope 1992, p. 19). 

Picture-wing flies may be particularly 

vulnerable to predation by wasps due to 

their lekking (gathering in groups for 

breeding) behavior, conspicuous 

courtship displays that can last for 

several minutes, and relatively large size 

(K. Kaneshiro, University of Hawaii at 

Manoa, pers. comm. 2006). Yellowjacket wasps are widespread within at 

least a portion of the range 

encompassing the D. attigua population 

sites in the montane mesic and montane 

wet ecosystems on Kauai (Sci!ence 

Panel 2005, p. 12). 

The rarity or disappearance of 

numerous picture-wing fly species, 

including Drosophila attigua, from 

historical observation sites over the past 

25 years may be due to a variety of 

factors. While there is no 

documentation that conclusively ties 

this decrease in observations to the 

establishment of yellow-jacket wasps 

within their habitats, the concurrent 

arrival of wasps and decline of picturewing fly observations in some areas 

suggest that the wasps may have played 

a significant role in the decline of some 

picture-wing fly populations, including 

that of D. attigua (Foote and Carson 

1995, p. 370; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 

1995, p. 41-45; Science Panel 2005, p. 

25). 

Summary of Predation 

We consider predation and parasitism 

by nonnative animal species (pigs, 

goats, deer, rats, cats, owls, and 

invertebrates) to pose an immediate and 

significant threat to 36 of the 48 species 

in this proposed rule throughout their 

ranges for the following reasons: (1) 

Observations and reports have 

documented pigs, goats, and deer 

browsing and trampling of 26 of the 

plant species, in addition to other 

studies demonstrating the negative 

impacts of ungulate browsing and 

trampling on native plant species of the 

islands (Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 

1973, p. 874; Diong 1982, p. 160; 

Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 67); (2) 

nonnative invertebrates and rats cause 

mechanical damage to plants and 

destruction of plant parts (branches, 

fruits, seeds) to 22 of the 45 plant 

species in this proposed rule; (3) 

nonnative invertebrates such as yellowjacket wasps prey upon, parasitize, and 

kill Drosophila attigua; and (4) rats, 

owls, and cats are likely predators on 

roosting or incubating adults, nests, and 

young of the akekee and akikiki (See 

Table 2). 

D. The Inadequacy of Existing 

Regulatory Mechanisms 

Currently, there are no Federal, State, 

or local laws, treaties, or regulations that 

specifically conserve or protect the 48 

species from the threats described in 

this proposed rule. The Migratory Bird 

Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C. 703-712) 

is the domestic law that implements the 

United States’ commitment to four 

international conventions (with Canada, 

Japan, Mexico, and Russia) for the 

protection of shared migratory bird 

resources. Each of the conventions 


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protects selected species of birds; 

however, the MBTA does not provide 

protection for any Hawaiian 

honeycreepers (Drepanidianae), 

including the two species being 

addressed in this proposed rule (akikiki 

and akekee) (71 FR 50205, August 24, 

2006). 

E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors 

Affecting Their Continued Existence 

Competition with Nonnative 

Invertebrates 

Competition by nonnative crane-flies 

(family Tipulidae) is a threat to 

Drosophila attigua in the montane 

mesic and montane wet ecosystems on 

Kauai. The Hawaiian Islands now 

support several established species of 

nonnative crane-flies, and the larvae of 

some species feed within the 

decomposing bark of Cheirodendron 

spp. (Science Panel 2005, p. 18; K. 

Magnacca, pers. comm. 2005; S. 

Montgomery, pers. comm. 2005a). These 

tipulid larvae feed within the same 

portion of the decomposing host plant 

area normally occupied by D. attigua 

larvae during their development. The 

effect of this competition is a reduction 

in available host plant material for D. 

attigua larvae (Science Panel 2005, p. 

18). There have been no statistical 

studies conducted on tipulid larvae 

competition in Hawaii, but it is thought 

the issue is severe based on many 

observations of very high numbers of 

tipulid flies present within the host 

plants of several species of Hawaiian 

Drosophila (S. Montgomery, pers. 

comm. 2008). In laboratory studies, 

Grimaldi and Jaenike (1984) 

demonstrated that competition between 

Drosophila larvae and other fly larvae 

can exhaust food resources, which 

affects both the probability of larval 

survival and the body size of adults, 

resulting in reduced adult fitness, 

fecundity, and lifespan. 

Small Number of Populations and 

Individuals 

Species that are endemic to single 

islands are inherently more vulnerable 

to extinction than widespread species 

because of the increased risk of genetic 

bottlenecks, random demographic 

fluctuations, climate change, and 

localized catastrophes such as 

hurricanes and disease outbreaks 

(Mangel and Tier 1994, p. 607; Pimm et 

al. 1998, p. 757). These problems are 

further magnified when populations are 

few and restricted to a very small 

geographic area, and when the number 

of individuals is very small. Populations 

with these characteristics face an 

increased likelihood of stochastic 

extinction due to changes in 

demography, the environment, genetics, 

or other factors (Gilpin and Soule ́ 1986, 

pp. 24-34). 

Small, isolated populations often 

exhibit reduced levels of genetic 

variability, which diminishes the 

species’ capacity to adapt and respond 

to environmental changes, thereby 

lessening the probability of long-term 

persistence (e.g., Barrett and Kohn 1991, 

p. 4; Newman and Pilson 1997, p. 361). 

The problems associated with small 

population size and vulnerability to 

random demographic fluctuations or 

natural catastrophes are further 

magnified by synergistic interactions 

with other threats, such as those 

discussed above (Factors A–C). 

Very small plant populations may 

experience reduced reproductive vigor 

due to ineffective pollination or 

inbreeding depression. This is 

particularly true for dioecious species, 

such as Melicope degeneri and Myrsine 

mezii in this proposal, in which 

staminate (male) and pistillate (female) 

flowers occur on separate individuals. 

Isolated individuals have difficulty 

achieving natural pollen exchange, 

which decreases the production of 

viable seed. Populations are also 

impacted by demographic stochasticity, 

through which populations are skewed 

toward either male or female 

individuals by chance. 

The following 25 plant species in this 

proposal are threatened by the effects of 

small population size (fewer than 50 

individuals): Astelia waialealae, 

Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Cyanea 

dolichopoda, C. eleeleensis, C. 

kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa, Cyrtandra 

paliku, Diellia mannii, Doryopteris 

angelica, Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis, D. 

kenwoodii, D. waialealae, Lysimachia 

iniki, L. pendens, L. scopulensis, L. 

venosa, Melicope degeneri, Myrsine 

knudsenii, M. mezii, Phyllostegia 

renovans, Psychotria grandiflora, 

Schiedea attenuata, Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata, and T. flynnii. We 

consider these species threatened by 

small population size because: 

• No viable seeds or reproduction 

have been observed in Astelia 

waialealae, Melicope degeneri, and 

Psychotria grandiflora. 

• Only five individuals of Myrsine 

mezii are known, and this number has 

not changed over 10 years (N. Tangalin, 

in litt. 2007b). 

• Cyrtandra paliku, Dubautia 

kalalauensis, Lysimachia iniki, 

Schiedea attenuata, and Tetraplasandra 

flynnii are known only from a single 

population with fewer than 50 

individuals (Wagner et al. 1994, p. 187; 

K. Wood, pers. comm. 1995; Marr and 

Bohm 1997, pp. 270-271; S. Perlman, 

pers. comm. 2003b; Baldwin and Carr 

2005, p. 261; S. Perlman, in litt. 2006 

and 2007). 

• Diellia mannii and Dubautia 

kenwoodii are each known from only 

one individual in the wild (Carr 1998, 

p. 8; HBMP 2007). 

• At least four species, Cyanea 

eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis, C. 

kuhihewa, and Lysimachia venosa, are 

not known to persist in the wild. Of 

these, Cyanea eleeleensis, C. 

kolekoleensis, and Lysimachia venosa 

are not in storage or propagation, but 

individuals familiar with these species 

believe they may possibly remain extant 

and that much of their suitable habitat 

(lowland wet and wet cliff) on Kauai 

remains to be surveyed (Wood 2006, p. 

11; S. Perlman, in litt. 2007; S. Perlman 

and K. Wood, pers. comm. 2007). 

• Cyanea kuhihewa is found only in 

cultivation (D. Burney, NTBG, pers. 

comm. 2006; N. Sugii, pers. comm. 

2006a; V. Pence, pers. comm. 2007) and 

is threatened by reduced reproductive 

vigor as well as vulnerability to 

extinction due to a single catastrophic 

event at either of the facilities that are 

propagating this species. 

Summary of Other Natural or 

Manmade Factors Affecting Their 

Continued Existence 

The threat to Drosophila attigua from 

nonnative tipulid flies is immediate and 

significant because the larvae of 

nonnative tipulid flies feed on the same 

host plants occupied by the larvae of 

Drosophila attigua, and the effect of this 

competition is a reduction in available 

host plant material for D. attigua larvae. 

This threat occurs throughout the range 

of D. attigua. Laboratory studies have 

shown that competition between 

Drosophila larvae and other fly larvae 

can exhaust food resources, which 

affects both the probability of larval 

survival and the body size of adults, 

resulting in reduced adult fitness, 

fecundity, and lifespan. 

We consider the threat to at least 25 

plant species in this proposal from 

limited numbers of populations and few 

(less than 50) individuals is significant 

and immediate for the following 

reasons: (1) These species may 

experience reduced reproductive vigor 

due to ineffective pollination or 

inbreeding depression; (2) they may 

experience reduced levels of genetic 

variability leading to diminished 

capacity to adapt and respond to 

environmental changes, thereby 

lessening the probability of long-term 

persistence; and (3) a single catastrophic 


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event may result in extinction of the 

species. This threat applies to the entire 

range of each species. 

Proposed Listing Determination 

We have carefully assessed the best 

scientific and commercial information 

available regarding threats to each of the 

48 Kauai species. We find that all of 

these species face immediate and 

significant threats throughout their 

ranges from the present destruction and 

modification of their habitats, primarily 

from feral ungulates and nonnative 

plants, and from the threatened 

destruction and modification of their 

habitats from hurricanes (compounded 

because of their small population sizes 

and limited distribution), landslides, 

and flooding. In addition, we are 

concerned about the effects of projected 

climate change, particularly rising 

temperatures and consequent increased 

likelihood of malarial transmission, but 

recognize there is limited information 

on the exact nature of impacts from 

climate change (Factor A). There is also 

immediate and significant threat of 

disease or predation, including avian 

diseases such as malaria that impact the 

akikiki and akekee; widespread impacts 

of predation and herbivory on 36 of the 

species by nonnative pigs, goats, deer, 

rats, cats, owls, and invertebrates 

(Factor C); the threat of extinction due 

to factors associated with small numbers 

of populations and individuals; and 

competition from introduced tipulid 

flies for Drosophila attigua (Factor E) 

(see Table 2). In addition, the palm 

Pritchardia hardyi is threatened by 

overcollection (Factor B). These threats 

are exacerbated by the species’ inherent 

vulnerability to extinction from 

stochastic events at any time because of 

their endemism, small numbers of 

individuals and populations, and 

restricted habitats. 

The Act defines an endangered 

species as any species that is ‘‘in danger 

of extinction throughout all or a 

significant portion of its range’’ and a 

threatened species as any species ‘‘that 

is likely to become endangered 

throughout all or a significant portion of 

its range within the foreseeable future.’’ 

We find that each of these endemic 

species is presently in danger of 

extinction throughout its entire range, 

based on the immediacy, severity, and 

scope of the threats described above. 

Therefore, on the basis of the best 

available scientific and commercial 

information, we propose listing the 

following 48 species as endangered in 

accordance with section 3(6) of the Act: 

the plants Astelia waialealae, Canavalia 

napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, 

Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea 

dolichopoda, Cyanea eleeleensis, 

Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea 

kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba, 

Cyrtandra paliku, Diellia mannii, 

Doryopteris angelica, Dryopteris crinalis 

var. podosorus, Dubautia imbricata ssp. 

imbricata, Dubautia kalalauensis, 

Dubautia kenwoodii, Dubautia 

plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Dubautia 

waialealae, Geranium kauaiense, 

Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae, 

Labordia helleri, Labordia pumila, 

Lysimachia daphnoides, Lysimachia 

iniki, Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia 

scopulens, Lysimachia venosa, Melicope 

degeneri, Melicope paniculata, Melicope 

puberula, Myrsine knudsenii, Myrsine 

mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, 

Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma 

rostrata, Pritchardia hardyi, Psychotria 

grandiflora, Psychotria hobdyi, 

Schiedea attenuata, Stenogyne kealiae, 

Tetraplasandra bisattenu!ata, and 

Tetraplasandra flynii; the birds, akekee 

(Loxops caeruleirostris) and akikiki 

(Oreomystis bairdi); and the insect 

Drosophila attigua. 

Under the Act and our implementing 

regulations, a species may warrant 

listing if it is threatened or endangered 

throughout all or a significant portion of 

its range. Each of the 48 endemic Kauai 

species proposed for listing in this rule 

is highly restricted in its range, and the 

threats occur throughout its range. 

Therefore, we assessed the status of 

each species throughout its entire range. 

In each case, the threats to the survival 

of these species occur throughout the 

species’ range and are not restricted to 

any particular portion of that range. 

Accordingly, our assessment and 

proposed determination applies to each 

species throughout its entire range. 

Critical Habitat 

Critical habitat is defined in section 3 

of the Act as: 

(1) The specific areas within the 

geographical area occupied by a species, 

at the time it is listed in accordance 

with the Act, on which are found those 

physical or biological features 

(a) essential to the conservation of the 

species and 

(b) which may require special 

management considerations or 

protection; and 

(2) specific areas outside the 

geographical area occupied by a species 

at the time it is listed, upon a 

determination that such areas are 

essential for the conservation of the 

species. 

Conservation, as defined under 

section 3 of the Act, means the use of 

all methods and procedures that are 

necessary to bring an endangered or 

threatened species to the point at which 

the measures provided under the Act 

are no longer necessary. 

Critical habitat receives protection 

under section 7 of the Act through the 

prohibition against Federal agencies 

carrying out, funding, or authorizing the 

destruction or adverse modification of 

critical habitat. Section 7(a)(2) of the Act 

requires consultation on Federal actions 

that may affect critical habitat. The 

designation of critical habitat does not 

affect land ownership or establish a 

refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or 

other conservation area. Such 

designation does not allow the 

government or public to access private 

lands. Such designation does not 

require implementation of restoration, 

recovery, or enhancement measures by 

the landowner. Where a landowner 

seeks or requests Federal agency 

funding or authorization that may affect 

a listed species or critical habitat, the 

consultation requirements of section 

7(a)(2) would apply, but even in the 

event of a destruction or adverse 

modification finding, the landowner’s 

obligation is not to restore or recover the 

species, but to implement reasonable 

and prudent alternatives to avoid 

destruction or adverse modification of 

critical habitat. 

For inclusion in a critical habitat 

designation, habitat within the 

geographical area occupied by the 

species at the time of listing must 

contain the physical and biological 

features (we also refer to these as 

primary constituent elements, or PCEs) 

that are essential to the conservation of 

the species, and be included only if 

those features may require special 

management considerations or 

protection. Critical habitat designations 

identify, to the extent known using the 

best scientific data available, habitat 

areas containing the PCEs laid out in the 

appropriate quantity and spatial 

arrangement that is essential to the 

conservation of the species. Un!der 

theAct, we can designate critical habitat 

in areas outside the geographical area 

occupied by the species at the time it is 

listed only when we determine that 

those areas are essential for the 

conservation of the species. 

Section 4 of the Act requires that we 

designate critical habitat on the basis of 

the best scientific and commercial data 

available. Further, our Policy on 

Information Standards Under the 

Endangered Species Act (published in 

the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 

FR 34271)), the Information Quality Act 

(section 515 of the Treasury and General 

Government Appropriations Act for 

Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106-554; H.R. 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
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5658)), and our associated Information 

Quality Guidelines, provide criteria, 

establish procedures, and provide 

guidance to ensure that our decisions 

are based on the best scientific data 

available. They require our biologists, to 

the extent consistent with the Act and 

with the use of the best scientific data 

available, to use primary and original 

sources of information as the basis for 

recommendations to designate critical 

habitat. 

When we are determining which areas 

should be proposed as critical habitat, 

our primary source of information is 

generally the information developed 

during the listing process for the 

species. Additional information sources 

include the recovery plan for the 

species, if available; articles in peerreviewed journals; conservation plans 

developed by States and counties; 

scientific status surveys and studies; 

biological assessments; or other 

unpublished materials and expert 

opinion or personal knowledge. 

Habitat is often dynamic, and species 

may move from one area to another over 

time. Furthermore, we recognize that 

critical habitat designated at a particular 

point in time may not include all of the 

habitat areas that we may later 

determine to be necessary for the 

recovery of the species, as additional 

scientific information may become 

available in the future. For these 

reasons, a critical habitat designation 

does not signal that habitat outside the 

designated area is unimportant or may 

not be required for recovery of the 

species. 

Areas that support populations, but 

are outside the critical habitat 

designation, will be subject to 

conservation actions implemented by 

the Service and other Federal agencies 

under section 7(a)(1) of the Act. They 

are also subject to the regulatory 

protections afforded by the section 

7(a)(2) jeopardy standard, as determined 

on the basis of the best available 

scientific information at the time of the 

agency action. Federally funded or 

permitted projects affecting listed 

species outside their designated critical 

habitat areas may require consultation 

under section 7 of the Act and may still 

result in jeopardy findings in some 

cases. Similarly, critical habitat 

designations made on the basis of the 

best available information at the time of 

designation will not control the 

direction and substance of future 

recovery plans, habitat conservation 

plans (HCPs), or other species 

conservation planning efforts if any new 

information available to these planning 

efforts calls for a different outcome. 

Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as 

amended, and our implementing 

regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, 

to the maximum extent prudent and 

determinable, the Secretary designate 

critical habitat at the time a species is 

determined to be endangered or 

threatened. Service regulations (50 CFR 

424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of 

critical habitat is not prudent when one 

or both of the following situations exist: 

(1) The species is threatened by taking 

or other human activity, and 

identification of critical habitat can be 

expected to increase the degree of threat 

to the species, or (2) such designation of 

critical habitat would not be beneficial 

to the species. 

In considering the designation of 

critical habitat for each of the 48 Kauai 

species, we have determined that there 

is one species, the palm Pritchardia 

hardyi, for which the designation of 

critical habitat is not prudent. Rare palm 

trees are highly desirable to collectors, 

and there is an active market for the 

seeds and seedlings of rare palms, 

including those of P. hardyi, through 

internet sales and online auctions 

(GardenGuides.com 2007; 

Rarepalmseeds.com 2007; South Coast 

Palms 2007; Kapoho Palms 2007; J.D. 

Anderson Nursery 2007; Jungle Music 

Palms and Cycads 2007; Tropical 

Gardens of Maui 2007). Seeds of P. 

hardyi have been stolen from an 

outplanting site in the past (R. Nishek, 

pers. comm. 2007), and we have 

evidence of vandalism and illegal 

collection of other species of 

endangered Pritchardia palms on Kauai 

(Johnson 1996, pp. 16-17; A. Kyono, 

pers. comm. 2000; R. Nishek, pers. 

comm. 2007). The designation of critical 

habitat for P. hardyi would require us to 

identify the geographic areas where the 

species occurs, thereby increasing the 

species’ vulnerability to further 

unauthorized and illegal collection. 

Collecting and vandalism is identified 

as a threat specific to P. hardyi in our 

threats analysis. As the designation of 

critical habitat for this species would 

exacerbate this ongoing threat, we 

determine that the designation of 

critical habitat for P. hardyi is not 

prudent in accordance with the Act and 

its implementing regulations. 

With the exception of Pritchardia 

hardyi, we find that the designation of 

critical habitat for each of the other 47 

species addressed in this rule will 

benefit them by serving to focus 

conservation efforts on the restoration 

and maintenance of ecosystem functions 

that are essential for attaining their 

recovery and long-term viability. In 

addition, the designation of critical 

habitat serves to inform management 

and conservation decisions by 

identifying any additional physical and 

biological features of the ecosystem that 

may be essential for the conservation of 

certain species, such as the availability 

of sufficient arthropod prey for the 

akikiki and akekee, or hummocks in bog 

systems for Astelia waialeale. We 

therefore find that designation of critical 

habitat is prudent for the following 47 

Kauai species, as critical habitat would 

be beneficial and there is no evidence 

that the designation of critical habitat 

would result in an increased threat from 

taking or other human activity for these 

species: (1) Plants—Astelia waialealae, 

Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce 

eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea 

dolichopoda, Cyanea eleeleensis, 

Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea 

kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba, 

Cyrtandra paliku, Diellia mannii, 

Doryopteris angelica, Dryopteris crinalis 

var. podosorus, Dubautia imbricata ssp. 

imbricata, Dubautia kalalauensis, 

Dubautia kenwoodii, Dubautia 

plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Dubautia 

waialealae, Geranium kauaiense, 

Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae, 

Labordia helleri, Labordia pumila, 

Lysimachia daphnoides, Lysimachia 

iniki, Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia 

scopulensis, Lysimachia venosa, 

Melicope degeneri, Melicope 

pani!culata, Melicope puberula, 

Myrsine knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, 

Phyllostegia renovans, Pittosporum 

napaliense, Platydesma rostrata, 

Psychotria grandiflora, Psychotria 

hobdyi, Schiedea attenuata, Stenogyne 

kealiae, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, 

and Tetraplasandra flynii; (2) 

Animals—akekee, akikiki, and 

Drosophila attigua. 

Methods 

As required by section 4(b) of the Act, 

we used the best scientific data 

available in determining those areas that 

contain the physical and biological 

features essential to the conservation of 

the 47 species proposed for listing in 

this rule, and for which designation of 

critical habitat is considered prudent, by 

identifying the occurrence data for each 

species and determining the ecosystems 

upon which they depend. This 

information was developed by using: 

• The known locations of the 47 

species, including site-specific species 

information from the Hawaii 

Biodiversity and Mapping Program 

(HBMP) database (HBMP 2007) and our 

own rare plant database; 

• Species information from the plant 

database housed at NTBG; 


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• The Nature Conservancy’s 

Ecoregional Assessment of the Hawaiian 

High Islands (2006), and ecosystem 

maps (2007); 

• Color mosaic 1:19,000 scale digital 

aerial photographs for the Hawaiian 

Islands (April to May 2005); 

• Island-wide Geographic Information 

System (GIS) coverage, e.g., Gap 

Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation data 

2005; 

• 1:24,000 scale digital raster graphics 

of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 

topographic quadrangles; 

• Geospatial data sets associated with 

parcel data from Kauai County (2005); 

• Designated critical habitat for listed 

species on the island of Kauai (68 FR 

9116, February 27, 2003); 

• Recent biological surveys and 

reports; and 

• Discussions with qualified 

individuals familiar with these species 

and ecosystems (HBMP 2007; TNCH 

2007; NTBG in litt. 2007). 

Based upon all of this data, we 

determined that the 47 species 

addressed in this proposed rule are all 

found in or dependent upon one or 

more of the six ecosystems described in 

this rule: lowland mesic (TNC 2006b), 

lowland wet (TNC 2006c), montane 

mesic (TNC 2006e), montane wet (TNC 

2006f), dry cliff (TNC 2006a), and wet 

cliff (TNC 2006d). 

Primary Constituent Elements 

In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) 

and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act and the 

regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in 

determining which areas to propose as 

critical habitat, we consider the physical 

and biological features that are essential 

to the conservation of the species to be 

the primary constituent elements laid 

out in the appropriate quantity and 

spatial arrangement for conservation of 

the species. These physical and 

biological features provide the essential 

life history requirements of the species 

which may include, but are not limited 

to, the following: 

(1) Space for individual and 

population growth, and for normal 

behavior; 

(2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or 

other nutritional or physiological 

requirements; 

(3) Cover or shelter; 

(4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, 

rearing (or development) of offspring, 

germination, or seed dispersal; and 

generally; 

(5) Habitats that are protected from 

disturbance or are representative of the 

historical geographical and ecological 

distributions of a species. 

As required by 50 CFR 424.12(b), we 

are to list the known primary 

constituent elements (PCEs) with our 

description of critical habitat. The 

primary constituent elements provided 

by the physical and biological features 

upon which the designation is based 

may include, but are not limited to, the 

following: Roost sites, nesting grounds, 

spawning sites, feeding sites, seasonal 

wetland or dryland, water quality or 

quantity, host species or plant 

pollinator, geological formation, 

vegetation type, tide, and specific soil 

types. 

In this proposal, we derived the PCEs 

for each of the 47 species primarily 

based on those physical and biological 

features that support the successful 

functioning of the ecosystem upon 

which that species depends. As each 

species is dependent upon a functioning 

ecosystem to provide its fundamental 

life requirements, such as a certain soil 

type, minimum level of rainfall, or 

conditions conducive to supporting the 

presence of a certain species of plant for 

foraging or larval development, we 

considered the physical and biological 

features of the ecosystems described in 

this rule to be PCEs for each species. 

The PCEs collectively provide the suite 

of environmental conditions within 

each ecosystem essential to meeting the 

requirements of each species, including 

the appropriate microclimatic 

conditions for germination and growth 

of the plants (e.g., light availability, soil 

nutrients, hydrologic regime, 

temperature); habitat for shelter, 

foraging, nesting, and raising young in 

the case of the akikiki and akekee; larval 

host plants in the case of the picturewing fly; and in all cases, space within 

the appropriate habitats for population 

growth and expansion, as well as to 

maintain the historical geographical and 

ecological distribution of each species. 

In many cases, due to our limited 

knowledge of the specific life-history 

requirements for these species that are 

little-studied and occur in remote and/ 

or inaccessible areas, the more general 

description of the physical and 

biological features that provide for the 

successful function of the ecosystem 

that is essential to the conservation of 

the species represents the best, and in 

many cases, the only, scientific 

information available. Table 3 identifies 

the PCEs of a functioning ecosystem for 

each of the ecosystem types identified 

in this proposed rule; these are termed 

‘‘ecosystem-level PCEs,’’ and each 

species identified in this rule requires 

the ecosystem-level PCEs for each 

ecosystem in which that species occurs, 

as noted in Table 4. The ec!osystemlevel PCEs are defined here by 

elevation, annual levels of precipitation, 

substrate type and slope, and the 

characteristic native plant genera that 

are found in the canopy, subcanopy, 

and understory levels of the vegetative 

community, where applicable. If further 

information is available indicating 

additional, specific life-history 

requirements for some species, PCEs 

relating to these requirements are 

described separately and are termed 

‘‘species-specific PCEs,’’ which are also 

identified in Table 4. The PCEs for each 

species are therefore composed of the 

PCEs for the functioning of its 

associated ecosystem(s) in combination 

with additional species-specific 

requirements, if any, as shown in Table 

4. Note that the ecosystem-level PCEs 

identified in Table 4 for each species are 

presented in detail in Table 3, thus both 

Table 3 and Table 4 must be read 

together to fully describe all of the PCEs 

for each species. 


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TABLE 3.—ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS (PCES) FOR EACH SPECIES (READ IN 

ASSOCIATION WITH TABLE 4) 

Primary Constituent Elements 

Ecosystem Elevation Annual Precipitation Substrate 

One or More of these Associated Native Plants (by Genus) 

Canopy Subcanopy Understory 

Lowland Mesic1 < 3,000 ft 

(<1,000 m) 

50-75 in 

(127-190 cm) 

shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer Acacia, Diospyros, 

Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, 

Pouteria, 

Santalum 

Dodonaea, 

Freycinetia, 

Leptecophylla, 

Melanthera, 

Osteomeles, 

Pleomele 

Psydrax 

Carex, 

Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, 

Elaphoglossum, 

Peperomia 

Lowland Wet2 < 3,000 ft 

(<1,000 m) 

> 75 in 

(> 190 cm) 

clays, ashbeds, 

deep welldrained soils, 

lowland bogs 

Antidesma, 

Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, 

Psychotria 

Cibotium, 

Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, 

Melicope 

Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, 

Microlepia, 

Machaerina, 

Montane Mesic3 3, 000 to 6,600 

ft 

(1,000 to 2,000 

m) 

50-75 in 

(127-190cm) 

weathered aa 

lava flows, 

rocky mucks, 

thin silty 

loams, deep 

volcanic ash 

soils 

Acacia, 

Metrosideros, 

Psychotria, 

Tetraplasandra, 

Zanthoxylum 

Cheirodendron, 

Coprosma, 

Hedyotis, Ilex, 

Myoporum, 

Myrsine 

Bidens, Dryopteris, 

Leptecophylla, 

Poa, Scaevola, 

Sophora 

Montane Wet4 3, 000 to 6,600 

ft 

(1,000 to 2,000 

m) 

> 75 in 

(> 190 cm) 

well-developed 

soils, montane 

bogs 

Acacia, 

Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, 

Metrosideros 

Broussaisia, 

Cibotium, Eurya, 

Ilex, Myrsine 

Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, 

Leptecophylla, 

Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, 

Vaccinium 

Dry Cliff5 unrestricted < 75 in 

(< 190 cm) 

> 65 degree 

slope, rocky 

talus 

none Antidesma, 

Chamaesyce, 

Diospyros, 

Dodonaea, 

Bidens, Eragrostis, 

Melanthera, 

Schiedea 

Wet Cliff6 unrestricted > 75 in 

(> 190 cm) 

> 65 degree 

slope, shallow 

soils, weathered lava 

none Broussaisia, 

Cheirodendron, 

Leptecophylla, 

Metrosideros 

Ferns, Bryophytes, 

Coprosma, 

Dubautia, 

Hedyotis, 

Peperomia 

1The PCEs for species in the lowland mesic ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai – Lowland Mesic Units 1, 2, 3, 4, and 

5. 2The PCEs for species in the lowland wet ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai – Lowland Wet Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 

6. 2The PCEs for species in the lowland wet ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai – Lowland Wet Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 

6. 3The PCEs for species in the montane mesic ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai – Montane Mesic Units 1, 2, and 3. 3The PCEs for species in the montane mesic ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai – Montane Mesic Units 1, 2, and 3. 4The PCEs for species in the montane wet ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai – Montane Wet Units 1, 2, and 3. 5The PCEs for species in the dry cliff ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai – Dry Cliff Units 1 and 2.

6The PCEs for species in the wet cliff ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai – Wet Cliff Units 1, 2, and 3. 

TABLE 4.— PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS FOR THE KAUAI SPECIES ARE A COMBINATION OF THE 

ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL PCES (SEE TABLE 3) FOR THE APPLICABLE ECOSYSTEM(S) AS WELL AS SPECIES-SPECIFIC PCES, IF ANY ARE IDENTIFIED 

Species 

Ecosystem-level PCEs 

Species-specific PCEs Lowland 

Mesic 

Lowland 

Wet 

Montane 

Mesic 

Montane 

Wet Dry Cliff Wet Cliff 

Plants 

Astelia waialealae X Hummocks in bogs 

Canavalia napaliensis X 

Chamaesyce eleanoriae X X 


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TABLE 4.— PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS FOR THE KAUAI SPECIES ARE A COMBINATION OF THE 

ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL PCES (SEE TABLE 3) FOR THE APPLICABLE ECOSYSTEM(S) AS WELL AS SPECIES-SPECIFIC PCES, IF ANY ARE IDENTIFIED—Continued 

Species 

Ecosystem-level PCEs 

Species-specific PCEs Lowland 

Mesic 

Lowland 

Wet 

Montane 

Mesic 

Montane 

Wet Dry Cliff Wet Cliff 

Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis 

X X 

Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi 

X X X X X 

Charpentiera densiflora X X 

Cyanea dolichopoda X 

Cyanea eleeleensis X 

Cyanea kolekoleensis X 

Cyanea kuhihewa X 

Cyrtandra oenobarba X X 

Cyrtandra paliku X 

Diellia mannii X 

Doryopteris angelica X 

Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus 

X 

Dubautia imbricata ssp. 

imbricata 

X 

Dubautia kalalauensis X 

Dubautia kenwoodii X 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia 

X 

Dubautia waialealae X bogs 

Geranium kauaiense X bogs 

Keysseria erici X bogs 

Keysseria helenae X bogs 

Labordia helleri X X X X 

Labordia pumila X bogs 

Lysimachia daphnoides X bogs 

Lysimachia iniki X 

Lysimachia pendens X 

Lysimachia scopulensis X 

Lysimachia venosa X 

Melicope degeneri X 

Melicope paniculata X 

Melicope puberula X X 

Myrsine knudsenii X 

Myrsine mezii X X 


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62622 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

TABLE 4.— PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS FOR THE KAUAI SPECIES ARE A COMBINATION OF THE 

ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL PCES (SEE TABLE 3) FOR THE APPLICABLE ECOSYSTEM(S) AS WELL AS SPECIES-SPECIFIC PCES, IF ANY ARE IDENTIFIED—Continued 

Species 

Ecosystem-level PCEs 

Species-specific PCEs Lowland 

Mesic 

Lowland 

Wet 

Montane 

Mesic 

Montane 

Wet Dry Cliff Wet Cliff 

Phyllostegia renovans X X 

Pittosporum napaliense X 

Platydesma rostrata X X X X X 

Psychotria grandiflora X X 

Psychotria hobdyi X 

Schiedea attenuata X 

Stenogyne kealiae X X X 

Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata 

X X 

Tetraplasandra flynnii X X 

Animals 

Akekee X X arthropod prey 

Akikiki X arthropod prey 

Drosophila attigua X X larval host plants 

Cheirodendron sp. 

Some of the species addressed in this 

proposed rule occur in more than one 

ecosystem. The PCEs for these species 

are described separately for each 

ecosystem in which they occur. The 

reasoning behind this approach is that 

each species requires a different suite of 

environmental conditions depending 

upon the ecosystem in which it occurs. 

For example, an individual plant of the 

species Stenogyne kealiae will require a 

different level of annual precipitation, 

will occur on different soils and slopes, 

and will grow in association with 

different native plant species when it is 

growing in the dry cliff ecosystem as 

opposed to the lowland wet and 

montane mesic ecosystems in which it 

also is found. All of the primary 

constituent elements as described for 

each ecosystem in which the species 

occurs are essential to the conservation 

of the species to retain its geographical 

and ecological distribution across the 

different ecosystem types in which it 

may occur, and to retain the genetic 

representation that allows this species 

to successfully adapt to different 

environmental conditions in various 

native ecosystems. It should be noted 

that, although these species are flexible 

enough to occur in multiple native 

ecosystems, the declining abundance of 

these species in the face of ongoing 

threats, such as increasing numbers of 

nonnative plant competitors, indicates 

that these species are not such broad 

habitat generalists as to be able to 

persist in highly altered habitats. To the 

best of our knowledge, functioning 

native ecosystems provide the 

fundamental biological requirements for 

all of these species. 

Some examples may help to clarify 

our approach to describing the PCEs for 

each individual species. If we want to 

determine the PCEs for the plant Cyanea 

dolichopoda, we look at Table 4 and see 

that the PCEs for C. dolichopoda are 

provided by the ecosystem-level PCEs 

for the wet cliff ecosystem. Referring 

back to Table 3 tells us that the PCEs for 

the wet cliff ecosystem include no 

restrictions on elevation; annual 

precipitation greater than 75 inches; 

shallow soils or weathered lava at 

greater than 65 degrees slope; no canopy 

vegetation; a subcanopy that includes 

native plants in the genera Broussaisia, 

Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, and 

Metrosideros; and an understory of 

native plants including ferns, 

bryophytes, and representatives of the 

genera Coprosma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 

and Peperomia. As there are no speciesspecific PCEs identified for C. 

dolichopoda, and this plant is found 

only in the wet cliff ecosystem, the 

ecosystem-level PCEs for the wet cliff 

ecosystem describe the PCEs for C. 

dolichopoda in their entirety. As 

another example, Table 4 tells us that 

the PCEs for the picture-wing fly 

Drosophila attigua include the 

ecosystem-level PCEs for the montane 

mesic and montane wet ecosystems, and 

also that this species has an additional 

species-specific PCE, the presence of 

larval host plants in the genus 

Cheirodendron. The PCEs for D. attigua 

are thus composed of the PCEs for each 

of the two ecosystems it occupies, as 

described in Table 3 for the montane 

mesic and montane wet ecosystems, as 

well as the larval host plant 

Cheirodendron. Table 4 is read in a 

similar fashion in conjunction with 

Table 3 to describe the PCEs for each of 

the 47 species for which we are 

proposing to designate critical habitat in 

this proposed rule. 

Criteria Used to Identify Critical 

Habitat Boundaries 

We considered several factors in the 

selection and proposal of specific 

boundaries for critical habitat for these 

47 species. We propose to designate 

critical habitat on lands that contain the 

physical and biological features 

essential to conserving multiple species, 

based on their shared dependence on 


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the functioning ecosystems they have in 

common. Because each of the six 

ecosystems addressed in this rule does 

not form a single contiguous area, the 

ecosystems are divided into geographic 

subunits that we refer to as ‘‘sections.’’ 

The 6 ecosystem areas are divided into 

a total of 22 separate geographic 

sections. Although we do not usually 

refer to areas of critical habitat as 

sections, compliance with Federal 

Register publication requirements 

necessitated the subdivision of the 

ecosystem areas presented here into 

smaller subunits to correspond with 

existing critical habitat units currently 

published in the Code of Federal 

Regulations (CFR), since much of the 

proposed critical habitat for the plant 

species overlies critical habitat already 

designated for other plants on the island 

of Kauai. We thus refer to ecosystem 

‘‘sections’’ here in order to retain the 

focus on the contiguous ecosystem areas 

of interest in this proposed rule, while 

recognizing that from a legal standpoint, 

multiple critical habitat units may 

comprise these sections. Further details 

are provided under the section titled 

‘‘Proposed Critical Habitat Designation,’’ 

below. 

The proposed critical habitat is a 

combination of areas currently occupied 

by the species in that ecosystem, as well 

as areas that may be currently 

unoccupied. Due to the extremely 

remote and inaccessible nature of the 

area, surveys are relatively infrequent 

and may be limited in scope; therefore 

it is difficult to say with certainty 

whether individual representatives of a 

rare species may or may not be present. 

The occupied areas provide the physical 

and biological features essential to the 

conservation of the species that occur 

there by providing for the successful 

functioning of the ecosystem on which 

the species depend. However, due to the 

small population sizes, few numbers of 

individuals, and reduced geographic 

range of each of the 47 species for which 

critical habitat is proposed here, we 

have determined that a designation 

limited to the known present range of 

each species would be inadequate to 

achieve the conservation of those 

species. The areas believed to be 

unoccupied have been determined to be 

essential for the conservation and 

recovery of the species because they 

provide the physical and biological 

features necessary for the expansion of 

existing wild populations and 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. For four of the plant species, 

Cyanea eleeleensis, Cyanea 

kolekoleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, and 

Lysimachia venosa, we are proposing to 

designate unoccupied areas only, since 

these species are not believed to be 

extant in the wild and thus unoccupied 

areas are essential for their recovery. 

Critical habitat boundaries were 

delineated to clearly depict and promote 

the recovery and conservation of these 

species by protecting the functioning 

ecosystems on which they depend. 

In some cases, we have identified 

areas of critical habitat for species in 

multiple ecosystems. With the 

exception of the four species described 

above that are no longer known to be 

extant in the wild, all of the critical 

habitat units in these ecosystems 

contain some areas that are occupied by 

the species and some areas that are 

currently unoccupied, but have been 

determined to be essential for the 

conservation of the species. Because of 

the small numbers of individuals or low 

population sizes of each of the 47 

species, each requires suitable habitat 

and space for the expansion of existing 

populations to achieve a level that could 

approach recovery. For example, 

although Platydesma rostrata is found 

in multiple critical habitat units across 

five ecosystem types, only a total of 

approximately 100 individuals comprise 

this entire distribution. The unoccupied 

areas of each unit are essential for the 

expansion of this species to achieve 

viable population numbers and 

maintain its historical geographical and 

ecological distribution. 

The current and historical species 

location information was used to 

develop initial critical habitat 

boundaries (polygons) in each of the 6 

ecosystems that would individually and 

collectively provide for the conservation 

of the 47 species addressed in this 

proposed rule. The initial polygons 

were superimposed over digital 

topographic maps of the island of Kauai 

and further evaluated. We also 

considered the correlation of these areas 

with areas already designated as critical 

habitat for other listed species. Land 

areas that were identified as highly 

degraded were removed from the 

proposed critical habitat units, and 

natural or manmade features (e.g., ridge 

lines, valleys, streams, coastlines, roads, 

obvious land features, etc.) were used to 

delineate the proposed critical habitat 

boundaries. 

The critical habitat areas described 

below constitute our best assessment of 

the physical and biological features 

essential for the recovery and 

conserva!tion ofthe 47 species and 

habitat that is essential to the 

conservation of the species for 

population expansion. The approximate 

size of each of the 22 critical habitat 

ecosystem sections and the status of 

their land ownership is identified in 

Table 5. The species that currently 

occupy each of the 22 sections are 

identified in Table 6; this table also 

identifies the sections that have been 

designated for the four species that are 

presumably no longer extant in the 

wild, and are therefore currently 

unoccupied by those species. 

TABLE 5.—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 47 KAUAI SPECIES (TOTALS MAY NOT SUM DUE TO ROUNDING) 

Land ownership (acres) 

Proposed critical habitat 

area 

Size of section in 

acres 

Size of section in 

hectares State Private 

Corresponding critical habitat units and maps in the 

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 

Kauai—Lowland Mesic 

—Section 1 2,007 812 2,007 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 66a 

—Section 2 379 154 379 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 66a 

—Section 3 124 50 124 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 66a 


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TABLE 5.—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 47 KAUAI SPECIES (TOTALS MAY NOT SUM DUE TO ROUNDING)—Continued 

Land ownership (acres) 

Proposed critical habitat 

area 

Size of section in 

acres 

Size of section in 

hectares State Private 

Corresponding critical habitat units and maps in the 

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 

—Section 4 81 33 81 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 66a 

—Section 5 37 15 0 37 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

7, Map 23a 

TOTAL Lowland Mesic 2,628 1,064 2,590 37 

Kauai—Lowland Wet 

—Section 1 1,164 471 117 1,047 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 70a; Unit 21, 

Map 217d. 

—Section 2 172 70 172 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 70a 

—Section 3 756 306 0 756 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 70a 

—Section 4 591 239 10 581 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 70a 

—Section 5 1,541 624 442 1,099 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

10, Map 36a 

—Section 6 789 319 134 655 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

10, Map 36a 

TOTAL Lowland Wet 5,013 2,029 875 4,138 

Kauai—Montane Mesic 

—Section 1 2,462 996 2,462 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 76c. Akekee: 50 

17.95(b), Unit 1 – 

Montane Mesic. Picturewing fly: 50 CFR 17.95(i), 

Unit 1 – Montane Mesic. 

—Section 2 376 152 376 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 70c; Unit 22, 

map 217e. Akekee: 50 

CFR 17.95(b), Unit 2 – 

Montane Mesic. Picturewing fly: 50 CFR 17.95(i), 

Unit 2 – Montane Mesic. 

—Section 3 138 56 138 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

23, Map 217f. Akekee: 

50 CFR 17.95(b), Unit 3 

– Montane Mesic. Picture-wing fly: 50 CFR 

17.95(i), Unit 3 – 

Montane Mesic. 

TOTAL Montane Mesic 2,976 1,204 2,976 0 

Kauai—Montane Wet 


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TABLE 5.—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 47 KAUAI SPECIES (TOTALS MAY NOT SUM DUE TO ROUNDING)—Continued 

Land ownership (acres) 

Proposed critical habitat 

area 

Size of section in 

acres 

Size of section in 

hectares State Private 

Corresponding critical habitat units and maps in the 

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 

—Section 1 14,107 5,709 12,629 1,478 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

10, Map 35a; Unit 11, 

Map 74a; Unit 18, Map 

217a; Unit 24, Map 217g; 

Unit 25, Map 217h. 

Akekee and akikiki: 50 

CFR 17.95(b), Unit 1 – 

Montane Wet. Picturewing fly: 50 CFR 17.95(i), 

Unit 1 – Montane Wet. 

—Section 2 790 320 790 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 64a. Akekee 

and akikiki: 50 CFR 

17.95(b), Unit 2 – 

Montane Wet. Picturewing fly: 50 CFR 17.95(i), 

Unit 2 – Montane Wet. 

—Section 3 413 167 156 257 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 64a. Akekee 

and akikiki: 50 CFR 

17.95(b), Unit 3 – 

Montane Wet. Picturewing fly: 50 CFR 17.95(i), 

Unit 3 – Montane Wet. 

TOTAL Montane Wet 15,310 6,196 13,575 1,735 

Kauai—Dry Cliff 

—Section 1 404 163 404 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 67a. 

—Section 2 308 125 308 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, map 67a. 

TOTAL Dry Cliff 712 288 712 0 

Kauai—Wet Cliff 

—Section 1 190 77 190 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

11, Map 70b. 

—Section 2 784 317 778 7 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

10, Map 36b; Unit 19, 

Map 217b. 

—Section 3 61 24 8 53 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99, Unit 

4, Map 5a; Unit 20, map 

217c. 

TOTAL Wet Cliff 1,035 418 976 60 

TOTAL ALL SECTIONS 27,674 11,199 21,706 5,970 

TABLE 6.—SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT IS DESIGNATED IN EACH ECOSYSTEM 

Species Critical Habitat Units 

Lowland Mesic Lowland Wet Montane Mesic Montane Wet Dry Cliff Wet Cliff 

Plants 

Astelia waialealae X 


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62626 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

TABLE 6.—SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT IS DESIGNATED IN EACH ECOSYSTEM—Continued 

Species Critical Habitat Units 

Lowland Mesic Lowland Wet Montane Mesic Montane Wet Dry Cliff Wet Cliff 

Canavalia 

napaliensis 

X 

Chamaesyce 

eleanoriae 

X X 

Chamaesyce 

remyi var. 

kauaiensis 

X X 

Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi 

X X X X X 

Charpentiera 

densiflora 

X X 

Cyanea 

dolichopoda 

X 

Cyanea 

eleeleensis* 

X 

Cyanea 

kolekoleensis* 

X 

Cyanea 

kuhihewa* 

X 

Cyrtandra 

oenobarba 

X X 

Cyrtandra paliku X 

Diellia mannii X 

Doryopteris angelica X 

Dryopteris crinalis 

var. podosorus 

X 

Dubautia 

imbricata ssp. 

imbricata 

X 

Dubautia 

kalalauensis 

X 

Dubautia 

kenwoodii 

X 

Dubautia 

plantaginea 

ssp. magnifolia 

X 

Dubautia 

waialealae 

X 

Geranium 

kuauaiense 

X 

Keysseria erici X 

Keysseria helenae X 

Labordia helleri X X X X 

Labordia pumila X 


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TABLE 6.—SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT IS DESIGNATED IN EACH ECOSYSTEM—Continued 

Species Critical Habitat Units 

Lowland Mesic Lowland Wet Montane Mesic Montane Wet Dry Cliff Wet Cliff 

Lysimachia 

daphnoides 

X 

Lysimachia iniki X 

Lysimachia 

pendens 

X 

Lysimachia 

scopulensis 

X 

Lysimachia 

venosa* 

X 

Melicope degeneri X 

Melicope 

paniculata 

X 

Melicope puberula X X 

Melicope 

knudsenii 

X 

Myrsine mezii X X 

Phyllostegia 

renovans 

X X 

Pittosporum 

napaliense 

X 

Platydesma 

rostrata 

X X X X X 

Psychotria 

grandiflora 

X X 

Psychotria hobdyi X 

Schiedea 

attenuata 

X 

Stenogyne kealiae X X X 

Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata 

X X 

Tetraplasandra 

flynnii 

X X 

Animals 

Akikiki 

(Oreomystis 

bairdi) 

X X 

Akekee (Loxops 

caeruleirostris) 

X 

Picture-wing fly 

(Drosophila 

attigua) 

X X 

*Species with an asterisk are those that, to the best of our knowledge, no longer occur naturally in the wild, therefore there is no known occupied critical habitat for these species. The critical habitat units for these species have been determined to be essential to the conservation of the 

species because the area provides for the reestablishment of populations within the species’ historical range. 


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When determining proposed critical 

habitat boundaries within this proposed 

rule, we made every effort to avoid 

including developed areas such as 

buildings, paved areas, and other 

structures that lack the physical and 

biological features essential for the 

conservation of the 47 species. The scale 

of the maps we prepared under the 

parameters for publication within the 

Code of Federal Regulations may not 

reflect the exclusion of such developed 

areas. Any such structures and the land 

under them inadvertently left inside 

critical habitat boundaries shown on the 

maps of this proposed rule have been 

excluded by text in the proposed rule 

and are not proposed for designation as 

critical habitat. Therefore, Federal 

actions involving these areas would not 

trigger section 7 consultation with 

respect to critical habitat unless the 

specific action would affect the adjacent 

critical habitat or its primary constituent 

elements. 

Special Management Considerations or 

Protections 

The term critical habitat is defined in 

section 3(5)(A) of the Act, in part, as 

geographic areas on which are found 

those physical or biological features 

essential to the conservation of the 

species and ‘‘which may require special 

management considerations or 

protection.’’ Accordingly, in identifying 

critical habitat in occupied areas, we 

determine whether those areas that 

contain the features essential to the 

conservation of the species may require 

any special management actions. 

Although the determination that special 

management may be required is not a 

prerequisite to designating critical 

habitat in unoccupied areas, special 

management is needed throughout all of 

the proposed critical habitat units; the 

following discussion of special 

management needs is therefore 

applicable to each of the 47 Kauai 

species for which we are proposing to 

designate critical habitat in this 

proposed rule. 

The 47 Kauai species for which we 

are proposing to designate critical 

habitat in this proposed rule include 43 

species that are currently found in the 

wild, and four species that are not 

currently extant in the wild. For each of 

the 43 Kauai species currently found in 

the wild and for which we are 

proposing critical habitat, we have 

determined that the features essential to 

their conservation are primarily 

dependent on the successful functioning 

of the ecosystem(s) in which they occur 

(Tables 3 and 4). As described earlier, in 

some cases, additional species-specific 

primary constituent elements were also 

identified (Table 4). Special 

management considerations or 

protections are necessary throughout the 

critical habitat areas proposed here to 

avoid further degradation or destruction 

of the habitat that provides those 

features essential to their conservation. 

The primary threats to the physical and 

biological features essential to the 

conservation of all of these species 

include habitat destruction and 

modification by feral ungulates, 

competition with nonnative species, 

hurricanes, landslides, flooding, and 

climate change. The reduction of these 

threats will require the implementation 

of special management actions within 

each of the critical habitat areas 

identified in this proposed rule. 

All proposed critical habitat requires 

active management to address the 

ongoing degradation and loss of native 

habitat caused by feral ungulates (pigs, 

goats, black-tailed deer). Feral ungulates 

also impact the habitat through 

predation and trampling. Without this 

special management, habitat containing 

the features that are essential for the 

conservation of these species will 

continue to be degraded and destroyed. 

All proposed critical habitat requires 

active management to address the 

ongoing degradation and loss of native 

habitat caused by nonnative plants. 

Special management is also required to 

prevent the introduction of new alien 

plant species into native habitats. 

Particular attention is required in 

nonnative plant control efforts to avoid 

creating additional disturbances that 

may facilitate the further introduction 

and establishment of invasive plant 

seeds. Precautions are also required to 

avoid the inadvertent trampling of listed 

plant species in the course of 

management activities. The active 

control of nonnative plant species will 

help to address the threat posed by fire 

to three of the critical habitat areas in 

particular (Kauai—Lowland Mesic— 

Section 1, Kauai—Montane Mesic— 

Section 2, and Kauai—Dry Cliff— 

Section 1; see Table 5 for corresponding 

CFR unit numbers). This threat is 

largely a result of the presence of 

nonnative species, such as the grasses 

Andropogon sp. and Setaria sp., that 

increase the fuel load and quickly 

regenerate after a fire. These species can 

outcompete native plants that are not 

adapted to fire, creating a grass-fire 

cycle that alters ecosystem functions 

(D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 64- 

66; Brooks et al. 2004, p. 680). 

In addition, five sections of the 

critical habitat areas (Kauai—Dry Cliff— 

Section 1, Kauai—Dry Cliff—Section 2, 

Kauai—Wet Cliff—Section 1, Kauai— 

Wet Cliff—Section 2, and Kauai—Wet 

Cliff—Section 3; see Table 5 for 

corresponding CFR unit numbers) may 

require special management to reduce 

the threat of landslides and flooding, 

which threaten to further degrade the 

habitat conditions and have the 

potential to eliminate some species in 

their entirety (e.g., Schiedea attenuata). 

In summary, we find that each of the 

areas we are proposing as critical habitat 

contains features essential to the 

conservation of the species that may 

require special management 

considerations or protection to ensure 

the conservation of the 47 Kauai 

species. These special management 

considerations and protections are 

required to preserve and maintain the 

essential features provided to these 

species by the ecosystems upon which 

they depend. A more detailed 

discussion of these threats is presented 

above (‘‘Summary of Factors Affecting 

the Species’’). 

Proposed Critical Habitat Designation 

We are proposing critical habitat in 6 

ecosystem types as critical habitat for 47 

species; this critical habitat falls within 

12 critical habitat units for the plants, 6 

critical habitat units for the birds, and 

6 critical habitat units for the picturewing fly (see Table 5, above, for details). 

In total, approximately 27,674 ac 

(11,199 ha) fall within the boundaries of 

this proposed critical habitat 

designation. Of these proposed units, 

26,028 ac (10,533 ha), or 94 percent, are 

already designated as critical habitat for 

other listed species. The proposed 

critical habitat includes land under 

State and private ownership. The 

critical habitat units we describe below 

constitute our current best assessment of 

those areas that meet the definition of 

critical habitat for the 47 species of 

plants and animals. 

Because much of the proposed critical 

habitat for the plants overlies critical 

habitat already designated for other 

plant species on the island of Kauai, we 

have incorporated the maps of the 

ecosystem areas identified in this 

proposed rule into the existing critical 

habitat unit numbering system 

established for plants on the island of 

Kauai in the Code of Federal 

Regulations (50 CFR 17.99(a)(1)). This 

required further subdividing some of the 

ecosystem areas that we identified as 

‘‘sections’’ into units that correspond to 

both existing and new critical habitat 

unit numbers and map numbers as 

published in the CFR. The maps and 

area descriptions presented here 

represent the 6 essential ecosystem 

areas that we have identified for all 47 

species, subdivided into a total of 22 

sections. For the 44 plant species, the 


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critical habitat unit numbers that 

collectively comprise these ecosystem 

areas and the corresponding map 

numbers that will appear at 50 CFR 

17.99 are additionally provided for ease 

of reference with the CFR. Critical 

habitat for each of the 3 animal species 

is published in a separate section of the 

CFR (50 CFR 17.95(b) for the akekee and 

akikiki, and 50 CFR 17.95(i) for the 

picture-wing fly), and thus have their 

own separate critical habitat unit 

numbers and map numbers; these 

numbers are also provided in each of 

the critical habitat descriptions below 

for reference in the CFR. 

As provided under section 4(b)(2) of 

the Act, all or portions of each of these 

areas may be considered for exclusion 

from critical habitat when this rule is 

finalized. Exclusions are considered 

based on the relative costs and benefits 

of designating critical habitat, including 

information provided during the public 

comment period on potential economic 

impacts of this proposed critical habitat 

designation, and may be made at the 

discretion of the Secretary. The 

consideration of potential economic 

impacts applies solely to the 

designation of critical habitat, and is not 

a factor in our assessment of w!hether 

aspecies warrants listing as a threatened 

or endangered species under the Act. 

Kauai—Lowland Mesic—Section 1 

Lowland Mesic – Section 1 consists of 

2,007 ac (812 ha) in the lowland mesic 

ecosystem, including mesic forest 

extending from Awaawapuhi Trail 

south to Makaha Ridge, in the Na Pali 

Kona Forest Reserve and the Kuia NAR 

(Figure 1-A). The entire section is Stateowned and within previously 

designated critical habitat; it falls within 

Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, 

Map 66a. This section is occupied by 

the plants Doryopteris angelica, 

Labordia helleri, Platydesma rostrata 

and Psychotria hobdyi, and includes 

mesic forest, the moisture regime, and 

canopy, subcanopy, and understory 

native plant species identified as PCEs 

in the lowland mesic ecosystem (Table 

3). This section also contains 

unoccupied habitat that is essential to 

the conservation of these four species by 

providing the physical and biological 

features necessary for the expansion of 

the existing wild populations. Lowland 

Mesic – Section 1 is not known to be 

occupied by the species Canavalia 

napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, 

Charpentiera densiflora, Dubautia 

kenwoodii, Pittosporum napaliense, and 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We have, 

however, determined this area to be 

essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these lowland mesic species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

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Kauai—Lowland Mesic—Section 2 

Lowland Mesic – Section 2 consists of 

379 ac (154 ha) in the lowland mesic 

ecosystem, including mesic forest 

extending from Keanapuka to Kahuamaa 

Flat along the rim and cliffs of the 

Kalalau Valley, in the Na Pali Coast 

State Park (Figure 1-A, above). The 

entire section is State-owned and within 

previously designated critical habitat; it 

falls within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 

50 CFR 17.99, Map 66a. This section is 

occupied by the plants Chamaesyce 

eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, 

Dubautia kenwoodii, Pittosporum 

napaliense, and Psychotria hobdyi, and 

includes mesic forest, the moisture 

regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and 

understory native plant species 

identified as PCEs in the lowland mesic 

ecosystem (Table 3). This section also 

contains unoccupied habitat that is 

essential to the conservation of these six 

species by providing the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

expansion of the existing wild 

populations. Lowland Mesic – Section 2 

is not known to be occupied by the 

species Canavalia napaliensis, 

Doryopteris angelica, Labordia helleri, 

Platydesma rostrata, and 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We have, 

however, determined this area to be 

essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these lowland mesic species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

Kauai—Lowland Mesic—Section 3 

Lowland Mesic – Section 3 consists of 

124 ac (50 ha) in the lowland mesic 

ecosystem, including mesic forest 

extending from Manono Ridge, 

Pohakuao Valley, to Kanakuu, within 

the Na Pali Coast State Park (Figure 1- 

A, above). The entire section is Stateowned and within previously 

designated critical habitat; it falls within 

Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, 

Map 66a. This section is occupied by 

the plants Canavalia napaliensis, 

Chamaesyce eleanoriae, and 

Charpentiera densiflora, and includes 

mesic forest, the moisture regime, and 

canopy, subcanopy, and understory 

native plant species identified as PCEs 

in the lowland mesic ecosystem (Table 

3). This section also contains 

unoccupied habitat that is essential to 

the conservation of these three species 

by providing the physical and biological 

features necessary for the expansion of 

the existing wild populations. Lowland 

Mesic – Section 3 is not known to be 

occupied by the species Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi, Doryopteris angelica, 

Dubautia kenwoodii, Labordia helleri, 

Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma 

rostrata, Psychotria hobdyi, and 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We have, 

however, determined this area to be 

essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these lowland mesic species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

Kauai—Lowland Mesic—Section 4 

Lowland Mesic – Section 4 consists of 

81 ac (33 ha) in the lowland mesic 

ecosystem, including mesic forest at the 

head of the Hanakapiai Valley, in the Na 

Pali Coast State Park (Figure 1-A, 

above). The entire section is Stateowned and within previously 

designated critical habitat; it falls within 

Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, 

Map 66a. This section is occupied by 

the plant Charpentiera densiflora, and 

includes mesic forest, the moisture 

regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and 

understory native plant species 

identified as PCEs in the lowland mesic 

ecosystem (Table 3). This section also 

contains unoccupied habitat that is 

essential to the conservation of this 

species by providing the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

expansion of the existing wild 

population. Lowland Mesic – Section 4 

is not known to be occupied by the 

species Canavalia napaliensis, 

Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi, Doryopteris angelica, 

Dubautia kenwoodii, Labordia helleri, 

Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma 

rostrata, Psychotria hobdyi, and 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We have, 

however, determined this area to be 

essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these lowland mesic species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

Kauai—Lowland Mesic—Section 5 

Lowland Mesic – Section 5 consists of 

37 ac (15 ha) in the lowland mesic 

ecosystem, including mesic forest on the 

slopes of Mt. Haupu, on privately 

owned land (Figure 1-B). The entire 

section is within previously designated 

critical habitat, and falls within Critical 

Habitat Unit 7 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 

23a. This section is occupied by the 

plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi and 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and 

includes mesic forest and shrubland, the 

moisture regime, and subcanopy and 

understory native plant species 

identified as PCEs in the lowland mesic 

ecosystem (Table 3). This section also 

contains unoccupied habitat that is 

essential to the conservation of these 

two species by providing the physical 

and biological features necessary for the 

expansion of the existing wild 

populations. Lowland Mesic – Section 5 

is not known to be occupied by the 

species Canavalia napaliensis, 

Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Charpentiera 

densiflora, Doryopteris angelica, 

Dubautia kenwoodii, Labordia helleri, 

Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma 

rostrata, and Psychotria hobdyi. We 

have, however, determined this area to 

be essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these lowland mesic species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

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Kauai—Lowland Wet—Section 1 

Lowland Wet – Section 1 consists of 

1,164 ac (471 ha) in the lowland wet 

ecosystem (117 ac (47.4 ha) on State 

land; 1,047 ac (424 ha) on private land), 

including wet forest extending from 

Kulanalilia into Limahuli Valley to 

Honoonapali, in the Halelea Forest 

Reserve (Figure 2-A). The section 

includes 1,099 ac (445 ha) of State and 

privately owned land within previously 

designated critical habitat and 65 ac (26 

ha) of newly proposed critical habitat on 

private land. The area that falls within 

designated critical habitat lies within 

Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, 

Map 70a, and proposed new Critical 

Habitat Unit 21, Map 217d. This section 

is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera 

densiflora, Labordia helleri, and 

Phyllostegia renovans. This section also 

contains unoccupied habitat that is 

essential to the conservation of these 

three species by providing the physical 

and biological features necessary for the 

expansion of the existing wild 

populations. This section includes the 

lowland wet forest, the moisture regime, 

and canopy, subcanopy, and understory 

plant species identified as PCEs in the 

lowland wet ecosystem (Table 3). 

Lowland Wet – Section 1 is not known 

to be occupied by the species 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, 

Cyanea eleelensis, Cyanea 

kolekoleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, 

Cyrtandra oenobarba, Dubautia 

imbricata ssp. imbricata, Melicope 

paniculata, Melicope puberula, 

Platydesma rostrata, Stenogyne kealiae, 

and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We 

have, however, determined this area to 

be essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these lowland wet species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of t!hese species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 


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Kauai—Lowland Wet—Section 2 

Lowland Wet – Section 2 consists of 

172 ac (70 ha) in the lowland wet 

ecosystem, including wet forest 

extending from Alealau to Pohakea, 

within the Hono o Na Pali NAR and the 

Na Pali Coast State Park (Figure 2-A, 

above). The entire section is Stateowned and within previously 

designated critical habitat; it falls within 

Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, 

Map 70a, and is occupied by the plant 

Melicope puberula. This section also 

contains unoccupied habitat that is 

essential to the conservation of this 

species by providing the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

expansion of the existing wild 

population. This section includes the 

lowland wet forest, the moisture regime, 

and canopy, subcanopy, and understory 

plant species identified as PCEs in the 

lowland wet ecosystem (Table 3). 

Lowland Wet – Section 2 is not known 

to be occupied by the species 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, 

Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea 

eleelensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, 

Cyanea kuhihewa, Cyrtandra 

oenobarba, Dubautia imbricata ssp. 

imbricata, Labordia helleri, Melicope 

paniculata, Phyllostegia renovans, 

Platydesma rostrata, Stenogyne kealiae, 

and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We 

have, however, determined this area to 

be essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these lowland wet species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

Kauai—Lowland Wet—Section 3 

Lowland Wet – Section 3 consists of 

756 ac (306 ha) in the lowland wet 

ecosystem, including wet forest in 

upper Wainiha Valley, on privately 

owned land in the Halelea Forest 

Reserve (Figure 2-B). The entire section 

is within previously designated critical 

habitat, falling within Critical Habitat 

Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 70a, and 

is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis, Cyrtandra 

oenobarba, Melicope puberula, and 

Stenogyne kealiae. This section also 

contains unoccupied habitat that is 

essential to the conservation of these 

four species by providing the physical 

and biological features necessary for the 

expansion of the existing wild 

populations. This section includes the 

lowland wet forest, the moisture regime, 

and canopy, subcanopy, and understory 

plant species identified as PCEs in the 

lowland wet ecosystem (Table 3). 

Lowland Wet – Section 3 is not known 

to be occupied by the species 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, 

Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea 

eleelensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, 

Cyanea kuhihewa, Dubautia imbricata 

ssp. imbricata, Labordia helleri, 

Melicope paniculata, Phyllostegia 

renovans, Platydesma rostrata, and 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We have, 

however, determined this area to be 

essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these lowland wet species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

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Kauai—Lowland Wet—Section 4 

Lowland Wet – Section 4 consists of 

591 ac (239 ha) in the lowland wet 

ecosystem, including wet forest at the 

head of Lumahai Valley, on State (10 ac, 

4.1 ha) and privately owned (581 ac, 235 

ha) land in the Halelea Forest Reserve 

(Figure 2-B, above). The entire section is 

within previously designated critical 

habitat, falling within Critical Habitat 

Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 70a, and 

is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi, Cyrtandra oenobarba, 

Melicope paniculata, Phyllostegia 

renovans, and Platydesma rostrata. This 

section also contains unoccupied 

habitat that is essential to the 

conservation of these five species by 

providing the physical and biological 

features necessary for the expansion of 

the existing wild populations. This 

section includes the lowland wet forest, 

the moisture regime, and canopy, 

subcanopy, and understory plant 

species identified as PCEs in the 

lowland wet ecosystem (Table 3). 

Lowland Wet – Section 4 is not known 

to be occupied by the species 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, 

Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea 

eleelensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, 

Cyanea kuhihewa, Dubautia imbricata 

ssp. imbricata, Labordia helleri, 

Melicope puberula, Stenogyne kealiae, 

and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We 

have, however, determined this area to 

be essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these lowland wet species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

Kauai—Lowland Wet—Section 5 

Lowland Wet – Section 5 consists of 

1,541 ac (624 ha) in the lowland wet 

ecosystem, including wet forest 

extending from the headwaters of the 

Wailua River at ‘‘Blue Hole’’ south to 

Iole, on State (442 ac, 179 ha) and 

privately owned (1,099 ac, 445 ha) land 

in the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve 

(Figure 2-C). The entire section is within 

previously designated critical habitat, 

falling within Critical Habitat Unit 10 of 

50 CFR 17.99, Map 36a, and is occupied 

by the plants Cyrtandra oenobarba, 

Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, 

Melicope paniculata, and Platydesma 

rostrata. This section also contains 

unoccupied habitat that is essential to 

the conservation of these four species by 

providing the physical and biological 

features necessary for the expansion of 

the existing wild populations. This 

section includes the lowland wet forest, 

the moisture regime, and canopy, 

subcanopy and understory plant species 

identified as PCEs in the lowland wet 

ecosystem (Table 3). Lowland Wet – 

Section 5 is not known to be occupied 

by the species Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea 

eleelensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, 

Cyanea kuhihewa, Labordia helleri, 

Melicope puberula, Phyllostegia 

renovans, Stenogyne kealiae, and 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. We have, 

however, determined this area to be 

essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these lowland wet species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

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Kauai—Lowland Wet—Section 6 

Lowland Wet – Section 6 consists of 

789 ac (319 ha) in the lowland wet 

ecosystem, including wet forest 

extending from Kapalaoa to Kanaele Bog 

and Lauahihaihai in the Wahiawa 

Mountains, on State (134 ac, 54 ha) and 

privately owned (655 ac, 265 ha) land in 

the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (Figure 

2-D). The entire section is within 

previously designated critical habitat, 

falling within Critical Habitat Unit 10 of 

50 CFR 17.99, Map 36a, and is occupied 

by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi, Cyrtandra oenobarba, Dubautia 

imbricata ssp. imbricata, Platydesma 

rostrata, and Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata. This section also contains 

unoccupied habitat that is essential to 

the conservation of these five species by 

providing the physical and biological 

features necessary for the expansion of 

the existing wild populations. This 

section includes the lowland wet forest, 

the moisture regime, and canopy, 

subcanopy, and understory plant 

species identified as PCEs in the 

lowland wet ecosystem (Table 3). 

Lowland Wet – Section 6 is not known 

to be occupied by the species 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, 

Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea 

eleelensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, 

Cyanea kuhihewa, Labordia helleri, 

Melicope paniculata, Melicope 

puberula, Phyllostegia renovans, and 

Stenogyne kealiae. We have, however, 

determined this area to be essential for 

the conservation and recovery of these 

lowland wet species because it provides 

the physical and biological features 

necessary for the reestablishment of 

wild populations within the historical 

range of the species. Due to the small 

numbers of individuals or low 

population sizes of each of these 

species, each requires suitable habitat 

and space for expansion or 

reintroduction to achieve a population 

level that could approach recovery. 


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Kauai—Montane Mesic—Section 1 

Montane Mesic – Section 1 consists of 

2,462 ac (996 ha) in the montane mesic 

ecosystem, including the area above 

Honopu Valley to Mahanaloa Valley, on 

State-owned land in Kokee State Park, 

the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and 

Kuia NAR (Figure 3-A). The entire 

section is within previously designated 

critical habitat for the plant species, 

falling within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 

50 CFR 17.99, Map 70C, and is occupied 

by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi, Labordia helleri, Myrsine 

knudsenii, Platydesma rostrata, 

Psychotria grandiflora, Stenogyne 

kealiae, and Tetraplasandra flynii. This 

section is also occupied by the bird 

akekee, and the picture-wing fly 

Drosophila attigua; maps of critical 

habitat for these species can be found at 

50 CFR 17.95(b) for the akekee (Unit 1 

– Montane Mesic), and at 50 CFR 

17.95(i) for the picture-wing fly (Unit 1 

– Montane Mesic). This section also 

contains unoccupied habitat that is 

essential to the conservation of these 

nine species by providing the physical 

and biological features necessary for the 

expansion of the existing wild 

populations. This section includes the 

montane mesic forest, the moisture 

regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and 

understory plant species identified as 

PCEs in the montane mesic ecosystem 

(Table 3), as well as species-specific 

PCEs for the akekee (arthropod prey) 

and picture-wing fly (the larval-stage 

host plant, Cheirodendron sp.). Montane 

Mesic – Section 1 is not known to be 

occupied by the species Diellia mannii 

and Myrsine mezii. We have, however, 

determined this area to be essential for 

the conservation and recovery of these 

montane mesic species because it 

provides the physical and biological 

features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 


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Kauai—Montane Mesic—Section 2 

Montane Mesic – Section 2 consists of 

376 ac (152 ha) in the montane mesic 

ecosystem and includes a portion of the 

area surrounding a tributary of 

Nawaimaka Stream east to Kumuwela 

Ridge (Figure 3-A). The entire section is 

State-owned within Kokee State Park, 

and includes 8 ac (3 ha) of newly 

proposed critical habitat. This section is 

occupied by Diellia mannii and the 

picture-wing fly Drosophila attigua and 

includes the montane mesic forest, the 

moisture regime, and canopy, 

subcanopy, and understory plant 

species identified as PCEs in the 

montane mesic ecosystem (Table 3), as 

well as the larval-stage host plant 

(Cheirodendron sp.) associated with the 

picture-wing fly. This section also 

contains unoccupied habitat that is 

essential to the conservation of these 

two species by providing the physical 

and biological features necessary for the 

expansion of the existing wild 

populations. Montane Mesic – Section 2 

is not known to be occupied by the 

plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, 

Labordia helleri, Myrsine knudsenii, 

Myrsine mezii, Platydesma rostrata, 

Psychotria grandiflora, Stenogyne 

kealiae, and Tetraplasandra flynnii; or 

by the bird akekee. We have, however, 

determined this area to be essential for 

the conservation and recovery of these 

montane mesic species because it 

provides the physical and biological 

features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

For the plants, that portion of the 

section that overlies previously 

designated critical habitat falls within 

Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, 

Map 70c. The previously undesignated 

land comprises proposed Critical 

Habitat Unit 22 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 

217e. Maps of critical habitat for the 

akekee can be found at 50 CFR 17.95(b) 

(Unit 2 – Montane Mesic), and for the 

picture-wing fly at 50 CFR 17.95(i) (Unit 

2 – Montane Mesic). 

Kauai—Montane Mesic—Section 3 

Montane Mesic – Section 3 consists of 

138 ac (56 ha) in the montane mesic 

ecosystem, including the upper portion 

of the Nawaimaka Valley up to 

Kapukapaia Ridge, on State-owned land 

in the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve 

(Figure 3-B). This section is not in 

previously designated critical habitat 

and includes the only montane mesic 

forest occupied by the plant Myrsine 

mezii, and the moisture regime, and 

canopy, subcanopy, and understory 

plant species identified as PCEs in the 

montane mesic ecosystem (Table 3). 

This section also contains unoccupied 

habitat that is essential to the 

conservation of this species by 

providing the physical and biological 

features necessary for the expansion of 

the existing wild population. Montane 

Mesic - Section 3 is not known to be 

occupied by the plants Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi, Labordia helleri, 

Myrsine knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, 

Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria 

grandiflora, Stenogyne kealiae, and 

Tetraplasandra flynnii; by the bird 

akekee; or by the picture-wing fly 

Drosophila attigua. We have, however, 

determined this area to be essential for 

the conservation and recovery of these 

montane mesic species because it 

provides the physical and biological 

features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

For the plants, this section comprises 

proposed Critical Habitat Unit 23 of 50 

CFR 17.99, Map 217f. Maps of critical 

habitat for the akekee can be found at 50 

CFR 17.95(b) (Unit 3 – Montane Mesic), 

and for the picture-wing fly at 50 CFR 

17.95(i) (Unit 3 – Montane Mesic). 

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Kauai—Montane Wet—Section 1 

Montane Wet – Section 1 consists of 

14,107 ac (5,709 ha) in the montane wet 

ecosystem, extending across the Alakai 

Plateau from Hanakoa to Mount 

Waialeale, on State (12,629 ac, 5,111 ha) 

and privately owned (1,478 ac, 598 ha) 

land in the Na Pali Coast State Park, the 

Alakai Wilderness Preserve, the Na PaliKona and Halelea forest reserves, and 

Hono o Na Pali NAR (Figure 4). This 

section includes 1,116 ac (452 ha) of 

privately owned land that is newly 

proposed as critical habitat. It is 

occupied by the plants Astelia 

waialealae, Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi, Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus, Dubautia waialealae, 

Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici, 

Keysseria helenae, Labordia helleri, 

Labordia pumila, Lysimachia 

daphnoides, Melicope degeneri, 

Melicope puberula, Myrsine mezii, 

Phyllostegia renovans, and Platydesma 

rostrata; by the akekee and akikiki; and 

by the picture-wing fly. This section 

also contains unoccupied habitat that is 

essential to the conservation of these 18 

species by providing the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

expansion of the existing wild 

populations. This section includes the 

montane wet forest, the moisture 

regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and 

understory plant species identified as 

PCEs in the montane wet ecosystem 

(Table 3), and the species-specific PCEs 

including (1) bogs (identified as PCEs 

for Dubautia waialealae, Geranium 

kauaiense, Keysseria erici, Keysseria 

helenae, Labordia pumila, Lysimachia 

daphnoides); (2) bog hummocks 

(identified as PCEs for Astelia 

waialealae); (3) arthropod prey 

(identified as PCEs for the akekee and 

the akikiki); and (4) larval-stage host 

plants, Cheirodendron sp., (identified as 

a PCE for the picture-wing fly). 

Montane Wet – Section 1 is not 

known to be occupied by !the plants 

Dubautia kalalauensis, Psychotria 

grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra flynnii. 

We have, however, determined this area 

to be essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these montane wet species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

For the plants, those portions of the 

section that overlie previously 

designated critical habitat falls within 

two existing Critical Habitat Units of 50 

CFR 17.99: Unit 10, Map 35a and Unit 

11, Map 64a. The previously 

undesignated land comprises proposed 

Critical Habitat Unit 18 of 50 CFR 17.99, 

Map 217a; proposed Unit 24, Map 217g; 

and proposed Unit 25, Map 217h. Maps 

of critical habitat for the akekee and 

akikiki can be found at 50 CFR 17.95(b) 

(Unit 1 – Montane Wet), and for the 

picture-wing fly Drosophila attigua at 

50 CFR 17.95(i) (Unit 1 – Montane Wet). 


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Kauai—Montane Wet—Section 2 

Montane Wet - Section 2 consists of 

790 ac (320 ha) in the montane wet 

ecosystem, extending from Kahuamaa 

Flat south to the edge of Waimea 

Canyon, on State-owned land in Kokee 

State Park (Figure 4, above). The entire 

section is within previously designated 

critical habitat, and is occupied by the 

plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, 

Dubautia kalalauensis, Melicope 

puberula, Platydesma rostrata, 

Psychotria grandiflora, and 

Tetraplasandra flynii, and by the 

akekee. This section includes the 

montane wet forest, the moisture 

regime, and canopy, subcanopy and 

understory plant species identified as 

PCEs in the montane wet ecosystem 

(Table 3), and arthropod prey (identified 

as a species-specific PCE for the akekee). 

Montane Wet - Section 2 is not known 

to be occupied by the plants Astelia 

waialeale, Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus, Dubautia waialeale, 

Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici, 

Keysseria helenae, Labordia helleri, 

Labordia pumila, Lysimachia 

daphnoides, Melicope degeneri, Myrsine 

mezii, and Phyllostegia renovans; by the 

bird akikiki; or by the picture-wing fly, 

Drosophila attigua. We have, however, 

determined this area to be essential for 

the conservation and recovery of these 

montane wet species because it provides 

the physical and biological features 

necessary for the reestablishment of 

wild populations within the historical 

range of the species. Due to the small 

numbers of individuals or low 

population sizes of each of these 

species, each requires suitable habitat 

and space for expansion or 

reintroduction to achieve a population 

level that could approach recovery. 

For the plants, critical habitat falls 

within previously designated Critical 

Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 

64a. Maps of critical habitat for the 

akekee and akikiki can be found at 50 

CFR 17.95(b) (Unit 2 – Montane Wet), 

and for the picture-wing fly Drosophila 

attigua at 50 CFR 17.95(i) (Unit 2 – 

Montane Wet). 

Kauai—Montane Wet—Section 3 

Montane Wet - Section 3 consists of 

413 ac (167 ha) in the montane wet 

ecosystem, encompasses the summit of 

Namolokama, on State (156 ac, 63 ha) 

and privately owned (257 ac, 104 ha) 

land in the Halelea Forest Reserve 

(Figure 4). It is entirely within 

previously designated critical habitat, 

and is occupied by the plants Keysseria 

erici and Labordia pumila. This section 

includes the montane wet forest, the 

moisture regime, and the canopy, 

subcanopy, and understory plant 

species identified as PCEs in the 

montane wet ecosystem (Table 3), and 

bogs (identified as a species-specific 

PCE for K. erici). Montane Wet - Section 

3 is not known to be occupied by the 

plants Astelia waialeale, Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi, Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis, 

Dubautia waialeale, Geranium 

kauaiense, Keysseria helenae, Labordia 

helleri, Lysimachia daphnoides, 

Melicope degeneri, Melicope puberula, 

Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, 

Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria 

grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra flynnii; 

by the birds akekee and akikiki; or by 

the picture-wing fly, Drosophila attigua. 

We have, however, determined this area 

to be essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these montane wet species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 

For the plants, critical habitat falls 

within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 

CFR 17.99, Map 64a. Maps of critical 

habitat for the akekee and akikiki can be 

found at 50 CFR 17.95(b) (Unit 3 – 

Montane Wet), and for the picture-wing 

fly Drosophila attigua at 50 CFR 17.95(i) 

(Unit 3 – Montane Wet). 

Kauai—Dry Cliff—Section 1 

Dry Cliff - Section 1 consists of 404 

ac (163 ha) in the dry cliff ecosystem, 

along cliffs from Kalanu to Pihea peak, 

within the Na Pali Coast State Park 

(Figure 5). The entire section is within 

previously designated critical habitat 

and is State-owned; it falls within 

Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, 

Map 67a. This section is occupied by 

the plants Chamaesyce eleanoriae, 

Lysimachia scopulensis, Schiedea 

attenuata, and Stenogyne kealiae. This 

section includes the dry cliffs, the 

moisture regime, and subcanopy and 

understory plant species identified as 

PCEs in the dry cliff ecosystem (Table 

3). 

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Kauai—Dry Cliff—Section 2 

Dry Cliff - Section 2 consists of 308 

ac (125 ha) in the dry cliff ecosystem, 

including cliffs and ridges extending 

from Kanakou to Keanapuka and along 

Manono Ridge, surrounding the hanging 

valley Pohakuao, in the Na Pali Coast 

State Park (Figure 5). The entire section 

is State-owned and within previously 

designated critical habitat; it falls within 

Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, 

Map 67a. This section is occupied by 

the plant Chamaesyce eleanoriae and 

includes the dry cliffs, the moisture 

regime, and subcanopy and understory 

plant species identified as PCEs in the 

dry cliff ecosystem (Table 3). Dry Cliff 

- Section 3 is not known to be occupied 

by the plants Lysimachia scopulensis, 

Schiedea attenuata, and Stenogyne 

kealiae. We have, however, determined 

this area to be essential for the 

conservation and recovery of these dry 

cliff species because it provides the 

physical and biological features 

necessary for the reestablishment of 

wild populations within the historical 

range of the species. Due to the small 

numbers of individuals or low 

population sizes of each of these 

species, each requires suitable habitat 

and space for expansion or 

reintroduction to achieve a population 

level that could approach recovery. 

Kauai—Wet Cliff—Section 1 

Wet Cliff - Section 1 consists of 190 

ac (77 ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem, 

including cliffs along the rim of Kalalau 

Valley from Alealeau to Pihea, on Stateowned land in the Na Pali Coast State 

Park and the Hono o Na Pali NAR 

(Figure 6-A). The entire section is 

within previously designated critical 

habitat, falling within Critical Habitat 

Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 70b, and 

is occupied by the plant Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi. This section includes 

the wet cliffs, the moisture regime, and 

subcanopy and understory plant species 

identified as PCEs in the wet cliff 

ecosystem (Table 3). Wet Cliff - Section 

1 is not known to be occupied by the 

plants Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis, Cyanea dolichopoda, 

Cyrtandra oenobarbara, Cyrtandra 

paliku, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia, Lysimachia iniki, 

Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia 

venosa, and Platydesma rostrata. We 

have, however, determined this area to 

be essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these wet cliff species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 


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BILLING CODE 4310–55–S 

Kauai—Wet Cliff—Section 2 

Wet Cliff - Section 2 consists of 784 

ac (317 ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem, 

and includes the cliffs at the headwaters 

of the Wailua River or ‘‘Blue Hole,’’ on 

State (778 ac, 315 ha) and privately 

owned (7 ac, 3 ha) land in the LihueKoloa Forest Reserve (Figure 6-B). There 

are 489 ac (198 ha) within previously 

designated critical habitat and 296 ac 

(120 ha) of newly proposed critical 

habitat on State-owned land. The 

portion of the section that is in 

previously designated critical habitat 

falls within Critical Habitat Unit 10 of 

50 CFR 17.99, Map 36b. The newly 

proposed portion of the section 

comprises Critical Habitat Unit 19 of 50 

CFR 17.99, Map 217b. This section is 

occupied by the plants Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis, Cyanea 

dolichopoda, Cyrtandra oenobarba, 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, 

Lysimachia iniki, Lysimachia pendens, 

and Platydesma rostrata. The section 

includes the wet cliffs, the moisture 

regime, and subcanopy and understory 

plant species identified as PCEs in the 

wet cliff ecosystem (Table 3). Wet Cliff 

- Section 2 is not known to be occupied 

by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi, Cyrtandra paliku, and 

Lysimachia venosa. We have, however, 

determined this area to be essential for 

the conservation and recovery of these 

wet cliff species because it provides the 

physical and biological features 

necessary for the reestablishment of 

wild populations within the historical 

range of the species. Due to the small 

numbers of individuals or low 

population sizes of each of these 

species, each requires suitable habitat 

and space for expansion or 

reintroduction to achieve a population 

level that could approach recovery. 


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Kauai—Wet Cliff—Section 3 

Wet Cliff - Section 3 consists of 61 ac 

(24 ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem, 

including cliffs below Kekoiki, on State 

(8 ac, 3 ha) and privately owned (53 ac, 

22 ha) land in the Halelea, Moloaa and 

Kealia forest reserves (Figure 6-C). There 

are 23 ac (9 ha) of newly proposed 

critical habitat on privately owned land 

within this section. That portion of the 

section that falls within previously 

designated critical habitat falls within 

Critical Habitat Unit 4 of 50 CFR 17.99, 

Map 5a. The newly proposed portion of 

the section comprises Critical Habitat 

Unit 20 of 50 CFR 17.99, Map 217c. This 

section is occupied by the plant 

Cyrtandra paliku, and includes the wet 

cliffs, the moisture regime, and 

subcanopy and understory plant species 

identified as PCEs in the wet cliff 

ecosystem (Table 3). Wet Cliff - Section 

3 is not known to be occupied by the 

plants Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi, Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyrtandra 

oenobarbara, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia, Lysimachia iniki, 

Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia 

venosa, and Platydesma rostrata. We 

have, however, determined this area to 

be essential for the conservation and 

recovery of these wet cliff species 

because it provides the physical and 

biological features necessary for the 

reestablishment of wild populations 

within the historical range of the 

species. Due to the small numbers of 

individuals or low population sizes of 

each of these species, each requires 

suitable habitat and space for expansion 

or reintroduction to achieve a 

population level that could approach 

recovery. 


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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


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Effects of Critical Habitat Designation 

Section 7 Consultation 

Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires 

Federal agencies, including the Service, 

to ensure that actions they fund, 

authorize, or carry out are not likely to 

destroy or adversely modify critical 

habitat. Decisions by the 5th and 9th 

Circuit Court of Appeals have 

invalidated our definition of 

‘‘destruction or adverse modification’’ 

(50 CFR 402.02) (see Gifford Pinchot 

Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, 378 F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2004) 

and Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service et al., 245 F.3d 434, 

442F (5th Cir. 2001)), and we do not rely 

on this regulatory definition when 

analyzing whether an action is likely to 

destroy or adversely modify critical 

habitat. Under the statutory provisions 

of the Act, an important factor in 

determinig whether an action will 

destroy or adversely modify critical 

habitat is whether, with implementation 

of the proposed Federal action, the 

affected critical habitat would remain 

functional (or retain the current ability 

for the PCEs to be functionally 

established) to serve its intended 

conservation role for the species. 

If a species is listed or critical habitat 

is designated, section 7(a)(2) of the Act 

requires Federal agencies to ensure that 

activities they authorize, fund, or carry 

out are not likely to jeopardize the 

continued existence of the species or to 

destroy or adversely modify its critical 

habitat. If a Federal action may affect a 

listed species or its critical habitat, the 

responsible Federal agency (action 

agency) must enter into consultation 

with us. Consultation may be concluded 

through our issuance, as appropriate, of: 

(1) A concurrence letter for Federal 

actions that may affect, but are not 

likely to adversely affect, listed species 

or critical habitat; or 

(2) A biological opinion for Federal 

actions that may affect, and are likely to 

adversely affect, listed species or critical 

habitat. 

When we issue a biological opinion 

concluding that a project is likely to 

jeopardize the continued existence of a 

listed species or destroy or adversely 

modify critical habitat, we also provide 

reasonable and prudent alternatives to 

the project, if any are identifiable. We 

define ‘‘Reasonable and prudent 

alternatives’’ at 50 CFR 402.02 as 

alternative actions identified during 

consultation that: 

• Can be implemented in a manner 

consistent with the intended purpose of 

the action, 

• Can be implemented consistent 

with the scope of the Federal agency’s 

legal authority and jurisdiction, 

• Are economically and 

technologically feasible, and 

• Would, in the Director’s opinion, 

avoid jeopardizing the continued 

existence of the listed species or 

destroying or adversely modifying 

critical habitat. 

Reasonable and prudent alternatives 

can vary from slight project 

modifications to extensive redesign or 

relocation of the project. Costs 

associated with implementing a 

reasonable and prudent alternative are 

similarly variable. 

Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require 

Federal agencies to reinitiate 

consultation on previously reviewed 

actions in instances where we have 

listed a new species or subsequently 

designated critical habitat that may be 

affected and the Federal agency has 

retained discretionary involvement or 

control over the action (or the agency’s 

discretionary involvement or control is 

authorized by law). Consequently, 

Federal agencies may sometimes need to 

request reinitiation of consultation with 

us on actions for which formal 

consultation has been completed, if 

those actions with discretionary 

involvement or control may affect 

subsequently listed species or 

designated critical habitat. 

Federal activities that may affect the 

species included in this proposed rule 

or their designated critical habitat 

require section 7 consultation under the 

Act. Activities on State, Tribal, local, or 

private lands requiring a Federal permit 

(such as a permit from the U.S. Army 

Corps of Engineers under section 404 of 

the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et 

seq.) or a permit from us under section 

10 of the Act) or involving some other 

Federal action (such as funding from the 

Federal Highway Administration, 

Federal Aviation Administration, or the 

Federal Emergency Management 

Agency) are subject to the section 7 

consultation process. Federal actions 

not affecting listed species or critical 

habitat, and actions on State, Tribal, 

local, or private lands that are not 

federally funded, authorized, or 

permitted, do not require section 7 

consultations. 

Application of the ‘‘Adverse 

Modification’’ Standard 

The key factor related to the adverse 

modification determination is whether, 

with implementation of the proposed 

Federal action, the affected critical 

habitat would continue to serve its 

intended conservation role for the 

species, or would retain its current 

ability for the primary constituent 

elements to be functionally established. 

Activities that may destroy or adversely 

modify critical habitat are those that 

alter the PCEs to an extent that 

appreciably reduces the conservation 

value of critical habitat for the species 

included in this proposed rule. 

Generally, the role of the critical habitat 

areas is to support the essential 

conservation needs of the 47 species 

identified in this proposed rule; we 

have determined that this critical 

habitat is not only necessary for the 

species’ survival, but is also essential to 

achieve the recovery of these species. 

Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us 

to briefly evaluate and describe, in any 

proposed or final regulation that 

designates critical habitat, activities 

involving a Federal action that may 

destroy or adversely modify such 

habitat, or that may be affected by such 

designation. Activities that, when 

carried out, funded, or authorized by a 

Federal agency, may destroy or 

adversely modify critical habitat for the 

47 species, and therefore may be 

affected by this proposed designation, 

include, but are not limited to: 

(1)Activities that might appreciably 

degrade or destroy the primary 

constituent elements for the species 

including, but not limited to, the 

following: Overgrazing; maintaining or 

increasing feral ungulate levels; clearing 

or cutting native live trees and shrubs 

(e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, 

construction, road building, mining, 

herbicide application); and taking 

actions that pose a risk of fire. 

(2)Activities that may alter watershed 

characteristics in ways that would 

appreciably reduce groundwater 

recharge or alter natural, wetland, or 

vegetative communities. Such activities 

include new water diversion or 

impoundment, excess groundwater 

pumping, and manipulation of 

vegetation through activities such as the 

ones mentioned above. 

(3)Recreational activities that may 

appreciably degrade vegetation. 

(4)Mining sand or other minerals. 

(5)Introducing or encouraging the 

spread of nonnative plant species. 

(6)Importing nonnative species for 

research, agriculture, and aquaculture, 

and releasing biological control agents. 

Exemptions and Exclusions 

Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the 

Act 

The National Defense Authorization 

Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub. L. 108- 

136) amended the Act to limit areas 

eligible for designation as critical 

habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) 


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of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) 

now provides: ‘‘The Secretary shall not 

designate as critical habitat any lands or 

other geographical areas owned or 

controlled by the Department of 

Defense, or designated for its use, that 

are subject to an integrated natural 

resources management plan prepared 

under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 

U.S.C. 670a), if the Secretary determines 

in writing that such plan provides a 

benefit to the species for which critical 

habitat is proposed for designation.’’ 

There are no Department of Defense 

lands with a completed integrated 

natural resources management plan 

within the proposed critical habitat 

designation. 

Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the 

Act 

Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that 

the Secretary must designate and revise 

critical habitat on the basis of the best 

available scientific data after taking into 

consideration the economic impact, 

national security impact, and any other 

relevant impact of specifying any 

particular area as critical habitat. The 

Secretary may exclude an area from 

critical habitat if he determines that the 

benefits of such exclusion outweigh the 

benefits of specifying such area as part 

of the critical habitat, unless he 

determines, based on the best scientific 

data available, that the failure to 

designate such area as critical habitat 

will result in the extinction of the 

species. In making that determination, 

the legislative history is clear that the 

Secretary has broad discretion regarding 

which factor(s) to use and how much 

weight to give to any factor. 

Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, in 

considering whether to exclude a 

particular area from the designation, we 

must identify the benefits of including 

the area in the designation, identify the 

benefits of excluding the area from the 

designation, and determine whether the 

benefits of exclusion outweigh the 

benefits of inclusion. If based on this 

analysis, we make this determination, 

then we can exclude the area only if 

such exclusion would not result in the 

extinction of the species. 

Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we 

must consider all relevant impacts, 

including economic impacts. In 

addition to economic impacts, we 

consider a number of factors in a section 

4(b)(2) analysis. For example, we 

consider whether there are lands owned 

or managed by the Department of 

Defense (DOD) where a national security 

impact might exist. We also consider 

whether landowners have developed 

any habitat conservation plans (HCPs) 

for the area, or whether there are 

conservation partnerships that would be 

encouraged or discouraged by 

designation of, or exclusion from, 

critical habitat in an area. In addition, 

we look at the presence of Tribal lands 

or Tribal trust resources that might be 

affected, and consider the governmentto-government relationship of the 

United States with Tribal entities. We 

also consider any social impacts the 

might occur because of the designation. 

This discussion of the potential 

economic and other impacts of critical 

habitat designation is separate from and 

has not been considered in the proposed 

listing rule. The inclusion of this 

information in the proposed rule is 

solely for the purpose of soliciting 

public comments on the proposed 

critical habitat designation, not the 

proposed listing. 

In developing this proposal, we have 

determined that the lands within the 

proposed designation of critical habitat 

for the 47 species are not owned or 

managed by the Department of Defense, 

there are currently no HCPs for these 

species, and the proposed designation 

does not include any Tribal lands or 

trust resources. As such, we do not 

anticipate any impacts to national 

security, Tribal lands, or HCPs from this 

proposed critical habitat designation. 

Economic Analysis 

On May 28, 2002, we published a 

document in the Federal Register 

announcing the availability of the draft 

economic analysis (DEA) for the 

proposed designation of 99,206 acres 

(40,147 ha) of critical habitat on Kauai 

for 83 Kauai plants (67 FR 36851). The 

draft economic analysis covered the 10– 

year timeframe from 2002-2012, and 

characterizes both the total section 7 

consultation cost, and the costs 

attributable to critical habitat (DEA VI1). On February 27, 2003, the final rule 

(2003 rule) designated 52,549 acres 

(21,266 ha) as critical habitat on Kauai 

and 357 acres (145 ha) on Niihau, in 217 

critical habitat units (68 FR 9116). The 

final economic analysis addendum was 

adjusted to delete costs related to units 

that were excluded or modified for 

biological reasons and to respond to 

public comments. No critical habitat 

units in the proposed rule were 

excluded or modified in the final rule 

because of economic impacts. 

Ninety-four percent (26,026 acres of 

27,674 acres) of the critical habitat in 

this proposed rule, encompassing all or 

part of 21 sections, occurs within 6 of 

the units that were designated in 2003. 

Proposed ecosystem sections Lowland 

Mesic 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; Lowland Wet 1, 2, 

3, 4, 5, 6; Montane Mesic 1, 2; Montane 

Wet 1, 2, 3; Dry Cliff 1, 2; and Wet Cliff 

1, 2, 3 overlap in whole or in part with 

critical habitat units designated in the 

2003 rule. Only proposed Montane 

Mesic – Section 3 does not overlap any 

previously designated critical habitat 

unit. (See Table 5 for cross-reference of 

ecosystem section numbers with critical 

habitat unit numbers in the CFR). 

The final economic analysis for the 

2003 rule estimates that the listing of 

the 83 plants and the designation of this 

critical habitat could result in potential 

direct economic effects ranging from 

approximately $170,000 to $520,000. Of 

that, we estimate that $37,388 to 

$293,030 could be attributable to critical 

habitat in the units that overlap with the 

areas !proposedin this proposed rule. 

On March 29, 2002, we published a 

notice in the Federal Register (67 FR 

15159), announcing the availability of a 

draft economic analysis for the 

proposed designation of 16.3 miles (26.3 

kilometers (km)) of main stream channel 

in nine critical habitat units for 

Newcomb’s snail (Erinna newcombi) on 

Kauai. The draft economic analysis 

covers the 10–year timeframe from 

2002-2012, and identifies the total 

section 7 consultation costs, and the 

incremental costs attributable to critical 

habitat (DEA ES-7). 

On August 20, 2002, the final rule (67 

FR 54026) designated eight stream 

segments and associated tributaries, 

springs and seeps, and adjacent riparian 

areas on the island of Kauai totaling 

12.28 miles of stream channel and 4,479 

acres (1,813 ha) as critical habitat for 

Newcomb’s snail. It was determined 

that the designation could result in 

potential economic effects of $28,500, 

with $19,500 of this cost attributable to 

critical habitat. No critical habitat units 

in the proposed rule were excluded or 

modified in the final rule because of 

economic impacts. 

The Na Pali Coast Streams/Critical 

Habitat Unit I designated as critical 

habitat for the Newcomb’s snail (67 FR 

54054), encompasses 609 acres (246 

ha)). This unit is under State ownership 

and partially overlaps with three of the 

proposed critical habitat areas in this 

rule (Dry Cliff – Section 2, Lowland 

Mesic – Section 2, and Lowland Mesic 

– Section 4; see Table 5 for crossreference with critical habitat unit 

numbers in the CFR). Of the $19,500 in 

potential costs that were identified in 

the Newcomb’s snail final critical 

habitat designation, we estimate that 

$1,574 could be attributable to the area 

overlapping this proposal. The three 

critical habitat areas identified above 

also overlap with areas that were 

designated as critical habitat in the 2003 

final rule for 83 Kauai plants. 


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The PCEs described in the 2003 rule 

and those for the 47 species 

prop!osedhere are similar. Because of 

this similarity, no additional economic 

costs are anticipated for the 26,026 acres 

(10,523 ha) of proposed critical habitat 

that overlaps with the 2003 rule beyond 

those identified in the previous 

economic analyses. Any management 

actions that may be necessary to avoid 

adverse modification of the existing 

critical habitat and PCEs in the 26,026 

overlapping acres (10,532 ha) would 

likely coincidentally be adequate to 

avoid adverse modification of critical 

habitat for the additional species being 

considered in this proposed rule. 

Furthermore, in both cases the adverse 

modification standard considered both 

the conservation and recovery of the 

species as the goal of critical habitat. We 

are unaware of any new potential 

impacts in these overlap areas that were 

not considered in the previous 

economic analyses, but are seeking 

updated information from the public 

during the comment period on this 

proposed rule. 

We are proposing to designate as 

critical habitat approximately 1,646 

acres (667 ha) in six ecosystem areas 

that do not completely overlap with 

existing critical habitat units designated 

in the final rules for the 83 Kauai 

species and/or Newcomb’s snail. 

Montane Mesic – Section 2 includes 7.8 

acres (3.16 ha) classified as State Parks 

and Recreation lands; Montane Mesic – 

Section 3 includes 138 acres (55.8 ha) 

classified as State Forest Reserve lands; 

Montane Wet – Section 1 includes 1,116 

acres (452 ha) classified as State Forest 

Reserve lands (the remainder of the unit 

is classified as State Conservation Area); 

Wet Cliff – Section 2 includes 296 acres 

(3 ha) classified as State Forest Reserve 

lands; Lowland Wet – Section 1 

includes 65 acres (26.3) in the Limahuli 

Garden and Preserve, which is owned 

by the National Tropical Botanical 

Garden (NTBG); and Wet Cliff – Section 

3 includes 23 acres of privately owned 

land (see Table 5 for cross-reference 

with critical habitat unit numbers in the 

CFR). There is no history of section 7 

!consultation in these areas, nor are we 

aware of any planned activities in any 

of these areas that would require section 

7 consultation in the future. To the 

extent there may be consultations in the 

future on, for example, Federal grants to 

assist the NTBG in managing its lands 

or maintenance of an existing power 

transmission line on the private land in 

Wet Cliff – Section 3, any additional 

costs are expected to be minimal. 

However, we are also seeking public 

comment on the potential costs of 

critical habitat designation in these 

areas. 

In summary, the areas being proposed 

as critical habitat are remote, lack 

development potential, and overlap 

with existing critical habitat units by 

approximately 94 percent. The 

economic analyses for the 83 Kauai 

plants and the Newcomb’s snail final 

critical habitat rules took into account 

the potential economic costs of critical 

habitat designation over a 10–year 

timeframe (2002-2012). We have 

determined that over that timeframe, 

$38,862 to $294,604 in costs could be 

attributable to critical habitat 

designation in the units that overlap 

with the critical habitat areas proposed 

in this rule. Moreover, since these 

designations in 2002 and 2003, we have 

had no section 7 consultations for any 

of those overlapping lands. The 

management actions that may be 

necessary to avoid adverse modification 

in existing critical habitat units would 

likely also be adequate to avoid adverse 

modification of critical habitat being 

proposed for the 47 Kauai species in 

this rule because of the similar PCEs, 

and in both cases the consideration of 

possible adverse modification similarly 

holds to the standard of species 

recovery. The remaining 6 percent 

(1,646 acres, 667 ha) of land we are 

proposing as critical habitat in this rule 

that does not overlap with existing 

critical habitat is managed as State Parks 

and Recreation Land (7.8 acres, 3.16 ha), 

State Forest Reserve (1,550 acres, 627 

ha), or is owned by private individuals 

(88 acres, 35.6 ha). We have no section 

7 consultat!ionhistory in these areas and 

are unaware of any planned activities 

that would require consultation. 

Our draft analysis of the potential 

economic impacts posed by the critical 

habitat designation proposed here is 

available by mail from the Pacific 

Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR

FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT) or for 

download at http:// 

www.regulations.gov. 

We do not anticipate more than 

minimal (if any) economic or other 

impacts that would be additive to those 

already identified above. To ensure that 

our final critical habitat determination 

is based on the best available data, we 

are requesting updated information on 

potential effects of this additional 

designation in overlap areas, as well as 

information on potential impacts from 

critical habitat designation on lands not 

currently designated (e.g., the nonoverlap areas), during the comment 

period. We will fully consider any new 

information or data in our final 

determination. We are hereby soliciting 

comments from the public on any 

potential economic or other impacts of 

this proposed critical habitat 

designation (see ‘‘Public Comments’’ 

section). We are not proposing to 

exclude any areas under section 4(b)(2) 

of the Act at this time. However, based 

on public comment on this proposed 

critical habitat designation, we may 

exclude areas from the final critical 

habitat designation under section 4(b)(2) 

of the Act. 

Peer Review 

In accordance with our joint policy 

published in the Federal Register on 

July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we are 

obtaining the expert opinions of at least 

three appropriate independent 

specialists regarding this proposed rule. 

The purpose of peer review is to ensure 

that our critical habitat designation is 

based on scientifically sound data, 

assumptions, and analyses. We have 

posted our proposed peer review plan 

on our website at http://www.fws.gov/ 

pacific/informationquality/index.htm. 

We will send these peer reviewers 

copies of this proposed rule, 

immediately following publication in 

the Federal Register. We have invited 

these peer reviewers to comment during 

this public comment period on our 

specific assumptions and conclusions in 

this proposed designation of critical 

habitat. 

We will consider all comments and 

information we receive during the 

comment period on this proposed rule 

during our preparation of a final 

determination. Accordingly, our final 

decision may differ from this proposal. 

Public Hearings 

The Act provides for one or more 

public hearings on this proposal, if we 

receive any requests for hearings. We 

must receive your request for a public 

hearing within 45 days after the date of 

this Federal Register publication. Send 

your request to the person named in the 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT

section, above. We will schedule public 

hearings on this proposal, if any are 

requested, and announce the dates, 

times, and place of the hearing, as well 

as how to obtain reasonable 

accommodations, in the Federal 

Register and local newspapers at least 

15 days before the first public hearing. 

Persons needing reasonable 

accommodations to attend and 

participate in a public hearing should 

contact the Pacific Islands Fish and 

Wildlife Office at (808) 792-9400 as 

soon as possible. To allow sufficient 

time to process requests, please call no 

later than one week before the hearing 

date. Information regarding this 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
62658 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

proposal is available in alternative 

formats upon request. 

Required Determinations 

Regulatory Planning and Review 

The Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) has determined that this rule is 

not significant under Executive Order 

12866 (E.O. 12866). OMB bases its 

determination upon the following four 

criteria: 

(a) Whether the rule will have an 

annual effect of $100 million or more on 

the economy or adversely affect an 

economic sector, productivity, jobs, the 

environment, or other units of the 

government. 

(b) Whether the rule will create 

inconsistencies with other Federal 

agencies’ actions. 

(c) Whether the rule will materially 

affect entitlements, grants, user fees, 

loan programs, or the rights and 

obligations of their recipients. 

(d) Whether the rule raises novel legal 

or policy issues. 

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 

et seq.) 

Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act 

(RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended 

by the Small Business Regulatory 

Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 

1996), whenever an agency must 

publish a notice of rulemaking for any 

proposed or final rule, it must prepare 

and make available for public comment 

a regulatory flexibility analysis that 

describes the effects of the rule on small 

entities (small businesses, small 

organizations, and small government 

jurisdictions). However, no regulatory 

flexibility analysis is required if the 

head of the agency certifies the rule will 

not have a significant economic impact 

on a substantial number of small 

entities. SBREFA amended RFA to 

require Federal agencies to provide a 

statement of the factual basis for 

certifying that the rule will not have a 

significant economic impact on a 

substantial number of small entities. 

Small entities include small 

organizations, such as independent 

nonprofit organizations; small 

governmental jurisdictions, including 

school boards and city and town 

governments that serve fewer than 

50,000 residents; as well as small 

businesses. Small businesses include 

manufacturing and mining concerns 

with fewer than 500 employees, 

wholesale trade entities with fewer than 

100 employees, retail and service 

businesses with less than $5 million in 

annual sales, general and heavy 

construction businesses with less than 

$27.5 million in annual business, 

special trade contractors doing less than 

$11.5 million in annual business, and 

agricultural businesses with annual 

sales less than $750,000. To determine 

if potential economic impacts to these 

small entities are significant, we 

consider the types of activities that 

might trigger regulatory impacts under 

this rule, as well as the types of project 

modifications that may result. In 

general, the term ‘‘significant economic 

impact’’ is meant to apply to a typical 

small business firm’s business 

operations. 

To determine if a designation of 

critical habitat could significantly affect 

a substantial number of small entities, 

we consider the number of small 

entities affected within particular types 

of economic activities (e.g., housing 

development, grazing, oil and gas 

production, timber harvesting). We 

apply the ‘‘substantial number’’ test 

individually to each industry to 

determine if certification is appropriate. 

However, the SBREFA does not 

explicitly define ‘‘substantial number’’ 

or ‘‘significant economic impact.’’ 

Consequently, to assess whether a 

‘‘substantial number’’ of small entities is 

affected by this designation, this 

analysis considers the relative number 

of small entities likely to be impacted in 

an area. In some circumstances, 

especially with critical habitat 

designations of limited extent, we may 

aggregate across all industries and 

consider whether the total number of 

small entities affe!cted issubstantial. In 

estimating the number of small entities 

potentially affected, we also consider 

whether their activities have any 

Federal involvement. 

Designation of critical habitat only 

affects activities carried out, funded, or 

permitted by Federal agencies. Some 

kinds of activities are unlikely to have 

any Federal involvement and so will not 

be affected by critical habitat 

designation. If there is a Federal nexus, 

Federal agencies will be required to 

consult with us under section 7 of the 

Act on activities they fund, permit, or 

carry out that may affect critical habitat. 

If we conclude, in a biological opinion, 

that a proposed action is likely to 

destroy or adversely modify critical 

habitat, we can offer ‘‘reasonable and 

prudent alternatives.’’ Reasonable and 

prudent alternatives are alternative 

actions that can be implemented in a 

manner consistent with the scope of the 

Federal agency’s legal authority and 

jurisdiction, that are economically and 

technologically feasible, and that would 

avoid destroying or adversely modifying 

critical habitat. A Federal agency and an 

applicant may elect to implement a 

reasonable and prudent alternative 

associated with a biological opinion that 

has found adverse modification of 

critical habitat. An agency or applicant 

could alternatively choose to seek an 

exemption from the requirements of the 

Act or proceed without implementing 

the reasonable and prudent alternative. 

However, unless an exemption were 

obtained, the Federal agency or 

applicant would be at risk of violating 

section 7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to 

proceed without implementing the 

reasonable and prudent alternatives. We 

may also identify discretionary 

conservation recommendations 

designed to minimize or avoid the 

adverse effects of a proposed action on 

critical habitat, help implement 

recovery plans, or to develop 

information that could contribute to the 

recovery of the species. 

Within the proposed critical habitat 

designation, the types of actions or 

authorized activities that we have 

identified as potential concerns and that 

are subject to consultation under section 

7 if there is a Federal nexus include: 

• Activities that might degrade or 

destroy the primary constituent 

elements for the species including, but 

not limited to, the following: Grazing; 

maintaining or increasing feral ungulate 

levels; clearing or cutting native live 

trees and shrubs (e.g., woodcutting, 

bulldozing, construction, road building, 

mining, herbicide application); and 

taking actions that pose a risk of fire. 

• Activities that may alter watershed 

characteristics in ways that would 

reduce groundwater recharge or alter 

natural, wetland, or vegetative 

communities. Such activities include 

new water diversion or impoundment, 

groundwater pumping, and 

manipulation of vegetation through 

activities such as the ones mentioned 

above. 

• Recreational activities that may 

degrade vegetation. 

• Mining sand or other minerals. 

• Introducing or encouraging the 

spread of nonnative plant species. 

• Importing nonnative species for 

research, agriculture, and aquaculture, 

and releasing biological control agents. 

None of the proposed critical habitat 

units contains significant residential, 

commercial, industrial, or golf-course 

projects; crop farming; or intensive 

livestock operations. Few projects are 

planned for locations in the proposed 

critical habitat. This situation reflects 

the fact that (1) most of the land is 

unsuitable for development, farming, or 

other economic activities due to the 

rugged mountain terrain, lack of access, 

and remote locations; and (2) existing 

land-use controls severely limit 

development and most other economic 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
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activities in the mountainous interior of 

Kauai. Although some existing and 

continuing activities involve the 

operation and maintenance of existing 

manmade features and structures in 

certain areas, these areas do not contain 

the primary constituent elements for the 

species, and would not be impacted by 

the designation. Any existing and 

planned projects, land uses, and 

activities that could affect the proposed 

critical habitat but have no Federal 

involvement would not require section 

7 consultation with the Service, so they 

are not restricted by the requirements of 

the Act. Finally, for the anticipated 

projects and activities that will have 

Federal involvement, many are 

conservation efforts that will not 

negatively impact the species or their 

habitat, so they will be subject to a 

minimal level of informal section 7 

consultation. We anticipate that a 

developer or other project proponent 

could modify a project or take measures 

to protect the 47 Kauai species. The 

kinds of actions that may be included if 

future reasonable and prudent 

alternatives become necessary include 

conservation set-asides, management of 

competing nonnative species, 

restoration of degraded habitat, and 

regular monitoring. These measures are 

not likely to result in a significant 

economic impact to project proponents. 

In addition, Federal agencies may also 

need to reinitiate a previous 

consultation if discretionary 

involvement or control over the Federal 

action has been retained or is authorized 

by law and the activities may affect 

critical habitat. However, between 2002 

and 2007, there have been no formal 

consultations and 55 informal 

consultations on Kauai, in addition to 

consultations on Federal grants to State 

wildlife programs (which would not 

affect small entities). The majority of the 

consultations were related to project 

effects on seabird flyways, nesting by 

endangered waterbirds, or roosting by 

the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat or 

ope ape a. Several consultations were 

conducted with the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture (Natural Resources 

Conservation Service (NRCS)) for 

proposed funding for habitat restoration 

projects under the auspices of the 

Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program 

(WHIP), and one was conducted with 

the Navy for weed removal at the Pacific 

Missile Range Facility (PMRF). Five of 

the 55 informal consultations concerned 

designated critical habitat, and we 

concurred with each agency’s 

determination that the project, as 

proposed, was not likely to adversely 

affect critical habitat. In this rule, we are 

proposing to designate critical habitat 

on a total of 27,674 ac (11,199 ha) of 

land. Ninety-four percent (26,028 ac 

(10,533 ha)) of this proposed critical 

habitat designation is already 

designated critical habitat for one or 

more species, and six percent (1,646 ac 

(666 ha)) of the proposed designation is 

on lands newly proposed as critical 

habitat. However, none of the Federal 

actions that were subject to previous 

section 7 consultation are on the lands 

we are proposing as critical habitat in 

this rule. Therefore, there is no 

requirement to reinitiate consultation 

for any ongoing Federal projects. 

Moreover, in the 2001 economic 

analysis of the designation of critical 

habitat for 83 species of plants from the 

islands of Kauai and Niihau, we 

evaluated the potential economic effects 

on s!mall business entities resulting 

from the protection of these plant 

species and their habitat related to the 

proposed designation of critical habitat 

and determined that it would not have 

a significant economic impact on a 

substantial number of small entities. 

The RFA/SBREFA defines ‘‘small 

governmental jurisdiction’’ as the 

government of a city, county, town, 

school district, or special district with a 

population of less than 50,000. By this 

definition, Kauai County is not a small 

governmental jurisdiction because its 

population was 58,463 in 2000. Certain 

State agencies may be affected by the 

proposed critical habitat designation— 

such as the Department of Land and 

Natural Resources and the State 

Department of Transportation. However, 

for the purposes of the RFA, State 

governments are considered 

independent sovereigns, not small 

governments. Because of Federal 

involvement, The Nature Conservancy 

in Hawaii (TNC) and the National 

Tropical Botanical Gardens (NTBG) 

could be affected by the proposed 

critical habitat designation and would 

possibly be considered to be small 

organizations. The SBREFA defines 

‘‘small organization’’ as any not-forprofit enterprise which is independently 

owned and operated and is not 

dominant in its field. We determined 

that TNC and NTBG are both large 

organizations that are dominant in 

Kauai County in their respective fields. 

The significant overlap between the 

critical habitat designation for the 83 

species and this proposed critical 

habitat designation is further evidence 

that this proposal will not have a 

significant economic impact on a 

substantial number of small entities. 

We have made an initial RFA finding 

that the proposed designation of critical 

habitat for the 47 species will not have 

a significant effect on a substantial 

number of small entities, for the reasons 

described above. However, we will defer 

making a final RFA finding in order to 

allow the public an opportunity to 

comment on potential economic 

consequences of this critical habitat 

proposal. 

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 

U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) 

In accordance with the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et 

seq.), we make the following findings: 

(a) This designation of critical habitat 

will not produce a Federal mandate. In 

general, a Federal mandate is a 

provision in legislation, statute, or 

regulation that would impose an 

enforceable duty upon State, local, or 

Tribal governments, or the private 

sector, and includes both ‘‘Federal 

intergovernmental mandates’’ and 

‘‘Federal private sector mandates.’’ 

These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 

658(5)-(7). ‘‘Federal intergovernmental 

mandate’’ includes a regulation that 

‘‘would impose an enforceable duty 

upon State, local, or Tribal 

governments’’ with two exceptions. It 

excludes ‘‘a condition of Federal 

assistance.’’ It also excludes ‘‘a duty 

arising from participation in a voluntary 

Federal program,’’ unless the regulation 

‘‘relates to a then-existing Federal 

program under which $500,000,000 or 

more is provided annually to State, 

local, and Tribal governments under 

entitlement authority,’’ if the provision 

would ‘‘increase the stringency of 

conditions of assistance’’ or ‘‘place caps 

upon, or otherwise decrease, the Federal 

Government’s responsibility to provide 

funding,’’ and the State, local, or Tribal 

governments ‘‘lack authority’’ to adjust 

accordingly. At the time of enactment, 

these entitlement programs were: 

Medicaid; AFDC work programs; Child 

Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social Services 

Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation 

State Grants; Foster Care, Adoption 

Assistance, and Independent Living; 

Family Support Welfare Services; and 

Child Support Enforcement. ‘‘Federal 

private sector mandate’’ includes a 

regulation that ‘‘would impose an 

enforceable duty upon the private 

sector, except (i) a condition of Federal 

assistance or (ii) a duty arising from 

participation in a voluntary Federal 

program.’’ 

(b) The designation of critical habitat 

does not impose a legally binding duty 

on non-Federal Government entities or 

private parties. Under the Act, the only 

regulatory effect is that Federal agencies 

must ensure that their actions do not 

destroy or adversely modify critical 

habitat under section 7. While nonVerDate Aug<31>2005 16:54 Oct 20, 2008 Jkt 217001 PO 00000 Frm 00069 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\FR\FM\21OCP2.SGM 21OCP2

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Federal entities that receive Federal 

funding, assistance, or permits, or that 

otherwise require approval or 

authorization from a Federal agency for 

an action, may be indirectly impacted 

by the designation of critical habitat, the 

legally binding duty to avoid 

destruction or adverse modification of 

critical habitat rests squarely on the 

Federal agency. Furthermore, to the 

extent that non-Federal entities are 

indirectly impacted because they 

receive Federal assistance or participate 

in a voluntary Federal aid program, the 

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would 

not apply, nor would critical habitat 

shift the costs of the large entitlement 

programs listed above onto State 

governments. 

We do not believe that this rule will 

significantly or uniquely affect small 

governments. The lands we are 

proposing for critical habitat 

designation are owned by the State of 

Hawaii and private citizens. None of 

these entities fit the definition of ‘‘small 

governmental jurisdiction.’’ Therefore, a 

Small Government Agency Plan is not 

required. 

Takings 

In accordance with E.O. 12630 

(Government Actions and Interference 

with Constitutionally Protected Private 

Property Rights), we have analyzed the 

potential takings implications of 

designating critical habitat for each of 

the 47 species in a takings implications 

assessment. The takings implications 

assessment concludes that this 

designation of critical habitat for each of 

these species does not pose significant 

takings implications for lands within or 

affected by the proposed designation. 

Federalism 

In accordance with E.O. 13132 

(Federalism), this proposed rule does 

not have significant Federalism effects. 

A Federalism assessment is not 

required. In keeping with Department of 

the Interior and Department of 

Commerce policy, we requested 

information from, and coordinated 

development of, this proposed critical 

habitat designation with appropriate 

State resource agencies in Hawaii. The 

designation of critical habitat for each of 

these species (excluding Pritchardia 

hardyi for which no critical habitat has 

been proposed) would impose no 

additional restrictions to those currently 

in place and, therefore, would have 

little incremental impact on State and 

local governments and their activities. 

The designation may have some benefit 

to these governments because the areas 

that contain the features essential to the 

conservation of the species would be 

more clearly defined, and the primary 

constituent elements of the habitat 

necessary to the conservation of the 

species would be specifically identified. 

This information would not alter where 

and what federally sponsored activities 

may occur. However, it may assist local 

governments in long-range planning 

(rather than having them wait for caseby-case section 7 consultations to 

occur). 

Civil Justice Reform 

In accordance with E.O. 12988 (Civil 

Justice Reform), the Office of the 

Solicitor has determined that the rule 

does not unduly burden the judicial 

system and that it meets the 

requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) 

of the Order. We have issued this 

proposed critical habitat designation in 

accordance with the provisions of the 

Act. This proposed rule uses standard 

property descriptions and identifies the 

primary constituent elements within the 

designated areas to assist the public in 

understanding the habitat needs of each 

of the species being considered in this 

proposed rule. 

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 

U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) 

This rule does not contain any new 

collections of information that require 

approval by OMB under the Paperwork 

Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 

et seq.). This rule will not impose 

recordkeeping or reporting requirements 

on State or local governments, 

individuals, businesses, or 

organizations. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not 

required to respond to, a collection of 

information unless it displays a 

currently valid OMB control number. 

National Environmental Policy Act 

It is our position that, outside the 

jurisdiction of the United States Court of 

Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, we do not 

need to prepare environmental analyses 

as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4321 et 

seq.) in connection with designating 

critical habitat under the Act. We 

published a notice outlining our reasons 

for this determination in the Federal 

Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 

49244). This assertion was upheld by 

the United States Court of Appeals for 

the Ninth Circuit (Douglas County v. 

Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), 

cert. denied 516 U.S. 1042 (1996)). 

Clarity of the Rule 

We are required by Executive Orders 

12866 and 12988 and by the 

Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 

1998, to write all rules in plain 

language. This means that each rule we 

publish must: 

(a) Be logically organized; 

(b) Use the active voice to address 

readers directly; 

(c) Use clear language rather than 

jargon; 

(d) Be divided into short sections and 

sentences; and 

(e) Use lists and tables wherever 

possible. 

If you feel that we have not met these 

requirements, send us comments by one 

of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES

section. To better help us revise the 

rule, your comments should be as 

specific as possible. For example, you 

should tell us the numbers of the 

sections or paragraphs that are unclearly 

written, which sections or sentences are 

too long, the sections where you feel 

lists or tables would be useful, etc. 

Government-to-Government 

Relationship with Tribes 

In accordance with the President’s 

memorandum of April 29, 1994, 

Government-to-Government Relations 

with Native American Tribal of the 

Interior’s manual at 512 DM 2, we 

readily acknowledge our responsibility 

to communicate meaningfully with 

recognized Federal Tribes on a 

government-to-government basis. In 

accordance with Secretarial Order 3206 

of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal 

Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust 

Responsibilities, and the Endangered 

Species Act), we readily acknowledge 

our responsibilities to work directly 

with Tribes in developing programs for 

healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge that 

Tribal lands are not subject to the same 

controls as Federal public lands, to 

remain sensitive to Indian culture, and 

to make information available to Tribes. 

We have determined that there are no 

Tribal lands essential for the 

conservation of the 48 Kauai species. 

Therefore, this proposed designation of 

critical habitat does not involve any 

Tribal lands. 

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use 

On May 18, 2001, the President issued 

an Executive Order (E.O. 13211; Actions 

Concerning Regulations That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use) on regulations that 

significantly affect energy supply, 

distribution, and use. E.O. 13211 

requires agencies to prepare Statements 

of Energy Effects when undertaking 

certain actions. This proposed rule to 

designate critical habitat for 47 of the 48 

species is not a significant regulatory 

action under E.O. 12866 and we do not 

expect it to significantly affect energy 

supplies, distribution, or use because 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62661 

these areas are not presently used for 

energy production, and we are unaware 

of any future plans in this regard. 

Therefore, this action is not a significant 

energy action, and no Statement of 

Energy Effects is required. 

References Cited 

A complete list of references cited in 

this rule is available upon request from 

the Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands 

Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR

FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above) 

or at http://www.regulations.gov. 

Author(s) 

The authors of this document are the 

staff of the Fish and Wildlife Service. 

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 

Endangered and threatened species, 

Exports, Imports, Reporting and 

recordkeeping requirements, and 

Transportation. 

Proposed Regulation Promulgation 

Accordingly, we propose to amend 

part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 

50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, 

as set forth below: 

PART 17—[AMENDED] 

1. The authority citation for part 17 

continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. 

1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99– 

625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. 

2.Amend § 17.11(h), the List of 

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, as 

follows: 

a. By adding entries for ‘‘Akekee 

(honeycreeper)’’ and ‘‘Akikiki 

(honeycreeper)’’ in alphabetical order 

under BIRDS; and 

b. By adding an entry for ‘‘Fly, 

Hawaiian picture-wing’’ (Drosophila 

attigua) in alphabetical order under 

INSECTS, to read as set forth below. 

§ 17.11 Endangered and threatened 

wildlife. 

* * * * * 

(h) * * * 

Species 

Historic range 

Vertebrate population where 

endangered or 

threatened 

Status When listed Critical habitat Special rules 

Common name Scientific name 

* * * * * * * 

BIRDS 

Akekee 

(honeycreeper) 

Loxops 

caeruleirostris 

U.S.A. (HI) Entire E 17.95(b) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Akikiki 

(honeycreeper) 

Oreomystis 

bairdi 

U.S.A. (HI) Entire E 17.95(b) NA 

* * * * * * * 

INSECTS 

* * * * * * * 

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing 

Drosophila 

attigua 

U.S.A. 

(HI) 

NA E 17.95(i) NA 

* * * * * * * 

3. Amend § 17.12(h), the List of 

Endangered and Threatened Plants, as 

follows: 

a. By adding entries for Astelia 

waialealae, Canavalia napaliensis, 

Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis, Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera 

densiflora, Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyanea 

eleeleensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, 

Cyanea kuhihewa, Cyrtandra 

oenobarba, Cyrtandra paliku, Dubautia 

imbricata ssp. imbricate, Dubautia 

kalalauensis, Dubautia kenwoodii, 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, 

Dubautia waialealae, Geranium 

kauaiense, Keysseria erici, Keysseria 

helenae, Labordia helleri, Labordia 

pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, 

Lysimachia iniki, Lysimachia pendens, 

Lysimachia scopulensis, Lysimachia 

venosa, Melicope degeneri, Melicope 

paniculata, Melicope puberula, Myrsine 

knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia 

renovans, Pittosporum napaliense, 

Platydesma rostrata, Pritchardia hardyi, 

Psychotria grandiflora, Psychotria 

hobdyi, Schiedea attenuata, Stenogyne 

kealiae, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, 

and Tetraplasandra flynnii in 

alphabetical order under FLOWERING 

PLANTS; and 

b. By adding entries for Diellia 

mannii, Doryopteris angelica, and 

Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus in 

alphabetical order under FERNS AND 

ALLIES, to read as set forth below. 

§ 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants. 

* * * * * 

(h) * * * 


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62662 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

Species 

Historic range Family Status When 

listed 

Critical 

habitat 

Special 

rules Scientific name Common name 

FLOWERING PLANTS 

* * * * * * * 

Astelia waialealae Painiu U.S.A. (HI) Asteliaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Canavalia napaliensis Awikiwiki U.S.A. (HI) Fabaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Chamaesyce 

eleanoriae 

Akoko U.S.A. (HI) Euphorbiaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Chamaesyce remyi 

var. kauaiensis 

Akoko U.S.A. (HI) Euphorbiaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi 

Akoko U.S.A. (HI) Euphorbiaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Charpentiera 

densiflora 

Papala U.S.A. (HI) Amaranathaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Cyanea dolichopoda Haha U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Cyanea eleeleensis Haha U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Cyanea kolekoleensis Haha U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Cyanea kuhihewa Haha U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Cyrtandra oenobarba Haiwale U.S.A. (HI) Gesneriaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

Cyrtandra paliku Haiwale U.S.A. (HI) Gesneriaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Dubautia imbricata 

ssp. imbricata 

Naenae U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 17.99(a) NA 

Dubautia kalalauensis Naenae U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 17.99(a) NA 

Dubautia kenwoodii Naenae U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Dubautia plantaginea 

ssp. magnifolia 

Naenae U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 17.99(a) NA 

Dubautia waialealae Naenae U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Geranium kauaiense Nohoanu U.S.A. (HI) Geraniaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Keysseria erici No common name U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 17.99(a) NA 


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Species 

Historic range Family Status When 

listed 

Critical 

habitat 

Special 

rules Scientific name Common name 

Keysseria helenae No common name U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Labordia helleri Kamakahala U.S.A. (HI) Loganiaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Labordia pumila Kamakahala U.S.A. (HI) Loganiaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Lysimachia 

daphnoides 

Lehua makanoe U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Lysimachia iniki No common name U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Lysimachia pendens No common name U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

Lysimachia 

scopulensis 

No common name U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

Lysimachia venosa No common name U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Melicope degeneri Alani U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Melicope paniculata Alani U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

Melicope puberula Alani U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Myrsine knudsenii Kolea U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Myrsine mezii Kolea U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Phyllostegia renovans No common name U.S.A. (HI) Lamiaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Pittosporum 

napaliense 

Hoawa U.S.A. (HI) Pittosporaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Platydesma rostrata Pilo kea lau lii U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Pritchardia hardyi Loulu U.S.A. (HI) Arecaceae E NA NA 

* * * * * * * 

Psychotria grandiflora Kopiko U.S.A. (HI) Rubiaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

Psychotria hobdyi Kopiko U.S.A. (HI) Rubiaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Schiedea attenuata No common name U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae E 17.99(a) NA 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
62664 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

Species 

Historic range Family Status When 

listed 

Critical 

habitat 

Special 

rules Scientific name Common name 

* * * * * * * 

Stenogyne kealiae No common name U.S.A. (HI) Lamiaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata 

No common name U.S.A. (HI) Araliaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

Tetraplasandra flynnii No common name U.S.A. (HI) Araliaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

FERNS AND ALLIES 

* * * * * * * 

Diellia mannii No common name U.S.A. (HI) Aspleniaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

Doryopteris angelica No common name U.S.A. (HI) Pteridaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus 

Palapalai aumakua U.S.A. (HI) Dryopteridaceae E 17.99(a) NA 

* * * * * * * 

4. Amend § 17.95 as follows: 

a. In paragraph (b), by adding critical 

habitat for ‘‘Akekee (Loxops 

caeruleirostris)’’ and ‘‘Akikiki 

(Oreomystis bairdi)’’ in the same 

alphabetical order as these species occur 

in the table at § 17.11(h); and 

b. In paragraph (i), by adding critical 

habitat for ‘‘Hawaiian picture-wing fly 

(Drosophila attigua)’’ in the same 

alphabetical order as this species occurs 

in the table at § 17.11(h), to read as set 

forth below. 

§ 17.95 Critical habitat—fish and wildlife. 

* * * * * 

(b) Birds. 

Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) 

(1) Critical habitat units are depicted 

for Kauai County, Hawaii, on the maps 

below. 

(2) Primary constituent elements. 

(i) In units 1, 2, and 3, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava 

flows, rocky mucks, thin silty loams, 

deep volcanic ash soils. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, 

Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 

Zanthoxylum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, 

Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 

Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, 

Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, Sophora. 

(G) Arthropod prey. 

(ii) In units 4, 5, and 6, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

(G) Arthropod prey. 

(3) Existing manmade features and 

structures, such as buildings, roads, 

railroads, airports, runways, other paved 

areas, lawns, and other urban 

landscaped areas, do not contain one or 

more of the primary constituent 

elements. Federal actions limited to 

those areas, therefore, would not trigger 

a consultation under section 7 of the Act 

unless they may affect the species or 

primary constituent elements in 

adjacent critical habitat. 

(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were 

created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM 

Zone 4, units in meters using North 

American datum of 1983 (NAD 83). 

(5) Index map of critical habitat units 

for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) 

follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–S 


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Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62665 

(6) Unit 1, Kauai County, Hawaii. (i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 1 for Akekee (Loxops 

caeruleirostris) follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.013</GPH>
62666 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(7) Unit 2, Kauai County, Hawaii. 

(i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 2 for Akekee (Loxops 

caeruleirostris) follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.014</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62667 

(8) Unit 3, Kauai County, Hawaii. 

(i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 3 for Akekee (Loxops 

caeruleirostris) follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.015</GPH>
62668 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(9) Unit 4, Kauai County, Hawaii. 

(i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 4 for Akekee (Loxops 

caeruleirostris) follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.016</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62669 

(10) Unit 5, Kauai County, Hawaii. 

(i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 5 for Akekee (Loxops 

caeruleirostris) follows: 


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62670 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(11) Unit 6, Kauai County, Hawaii. 

(i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 6 for Akekee (Loxops 

caeruleirostris) follows: 


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Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62671 

Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) (1) Critical habitat units are depicted 

for Kauai County, Hawaii, on the map 

below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Akikiki 

(Oreomystis bairdi) are: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.019</GPH>
62672 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

(vii) Arthropod prey. 

(3) Existing manmade features and 

structures, such as buildings, roads, 

railroads, airports, runways, other paved 

areas, lawns, and other urban 

landscaped areas, do not contain one or 

more of the primary constituent 

elements. Federal actions limited to 

those areas, therefore, would not trigger 

a consultation under section 7 of the Act 

unless they may affect the species or 

primary constituent elements in 

adjacent critical habitat. 

(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were 

created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM 

Zone 4 with units in meters using North 

American datum of 1983 (NAD 83). 

(5) Index map of critical habitat units 

for Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.020</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62673 

(6) Unit 1, Kauai County, Hawaii. 

(i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 1 for Akikiki 

(Oreomystis bairdi) follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.021</GPH>
62674 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(7) Unit 2, Kauai County, Hawaii. (i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 2 for Akikiki 

(Oreomystis bairdi) follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62675 

(8) Unit 3, Kauai County, Hawaii. 

(i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 3 for Akikiki 

(Oreomystis bairdi) follows: 


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62676 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 


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Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62677 

* * * * * 

(i) Insects. 

* * * * * 

Hawaiian picture-wing fly 

(Drosophila attigua) 

(1) Critical habitat units are depicted 

for Kauai County, Hawaii, on the maps 

below. 

(2) Primary constituent elements. 

(i) In units 1, 2, and 3, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

for Hawaiian picture-wing fly 

(Drosophila attigua) are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava 

flows, rocky mucks, thin silty loams, 

deep volcanic ash soils. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, 

Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 

Zanthoxylum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, 

Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 

Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, 

Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, Sophora. 

(G) Larval host plants (Cheirodendron 

sp.). 

(ii) In units 4, 5, and 6, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

for Hawaiian picture-wing fly 

(Drosophila attigua) are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

(G) Larval host plants (Cheirodendron 

sp.). 

(3) Existing manmade features and 

structures, such as buildings, roads, 

railroads, airports, runways, other paved 

areas, lawns, and other urban 

landscaped areas, do not contain one or 

more of the primary constituent 

elements. Federal actions limited to 

those areas, therefore, would not trigger 

a consultation under section 7 of the Act 

unless they may affect the species or 

primary constituent elements in 

adjacent critical habitat. 

(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were 

created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM 

Zone 4 with units in meters using North 

American datum of 1983 (NAD 83). 

(5) Index map of critical habitat units 

for Hawaiian picture-wing fly 

(Drosophila attigua) follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
62678 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(6) Unit 1, Kauai County, Hawaii. 

(i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 1 for Hawaiian 

picture-wing fly (Drosophila attigua) 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.024</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62679 

(7) Unit 2, Kauai County, Hawaii. 

(i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 2 for Hawaiian 

picture-wing fly (Drosophila attigua) 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.025</GPH>
62680 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(8) Unit 3, Kauai County, Hawaii. 

(i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 3 for Hawaiian 

picture-wing fly (Drosophila attigua) 

follows: 


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Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62681 

(9) Unit 4, Kauai County, Hawaii. (i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 4 for Hawaiian 

picture-wing fly (Drosophila attigua) 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.027</GPH>
62682 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(10) Unit 5, Kauai County, Hawaii. (i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 5 for Hawaiian 

picture-wing fly (Drosophila attigua) 

follows: 


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Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62683 

(11)Unit 6, Kauai County, Hawaii. 

(i) [Reserved for textual description of 

unit.] 

(ii) Map of Unit 6 for Hawaiian 

picture-wing fly (Drosophila attigua) 

follows: 


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62684 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.030</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62685 

* * * * * 

5. Amend § 17.99 as follows: 

a. By revising the introductory text of 

paragraph (a)(1) to read as set forth 

below; 

b. By revising paragraph (a)(1)(i) as set 

forth below; 

c. By redesignating paragraphs 

(a)(1)(vi) through (a)(1)(ccxviii) as 

paragraphs (a)(1)(viii) through 

(a)(1)(ccxx); 

d. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(vi) 

and (a)(1)(vii) to read as set forth below; 

e. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(ix) through (a)(1)(ccxx) 

as paragraphs (a)(1)(x) through 

(a)(1)(ccxxi); 

f. By adding new paragraph (a)(1)(ix) 

to read as set forth below; 

g. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(xvi) through 

(a)(1)(ccxxi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xix) 

through (a)(1)(ccxxiv); 

h. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(xvi), (a)(1)(xvii), and (a)(1)(xviii) 

to read as set forth below; 

i. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(xxv) through 

(a)(1)(ccxxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xxviii) 

through (a)(1)(ccxxvii); 

j. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(xxv), (a)(1)(xxvi), and (a)(1)(xxvii) 

to read as set forth below; 

k. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(xxix) through 

(a)(1)(ccxxvii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xxx) 

through (a)(1)(ccxxviii); 

l. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(xxix) to read as set forth below; 

m. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxiv) through 

(a)(1)(ccxxviii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(xxxviii) through (a)(1)(ccxxxii); 

n. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(xxxiv), (a)(1)(xxxv), (a)(1)(xxxvi), 

and (a)(1)(xxxvii) to read as set forth 

below; 

o. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxix) through 

(a)(1)(ccxxxii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xli) 

through (a)(1)(ccxxxiv); 

p. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(xxxix) and (a)(1)(xl) to read as set 

forth below; 

q. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(xlii) through 

(a)(1)(ccxxxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xliii) 

through (a)(1)(ccxxxv); 

r. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(xlii) to read as set forth below; 

s. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(xlviii) through 

(a)(1)(ccxxxv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(li) 

through (a)(1)(ccxxxviii); 

t. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(xlviii), (a)(1)(xlix), and (a)(1)(l) to 

read as set forth below; 

u. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(liii) through 

(a)(1)(ccxxxviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(liv) 

through (a)(1)(ccxxxix); 

v. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(liii) to read as set forth below; 

w. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(lvii) through 

(a)(1)(ccxxxix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lviii) 

through (a)(1)(ccxl); 

x. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(lvii) to read as set forth below; 

y. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(lix) through 

(a)(1)(ccxl) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxv) 

through (a)(1)(ccxlvi); 

z. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(lix), (a)(1)(lx), (a)(1)(lxi), 

(a)(1)(lxii), (a)(1)(lxiii), and (a)(1)(lxiv) to 

read as set forth below; 

aa. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(lxvi) through 

(a)(1)(ccxlvi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxx) 

through (a)(1)(ccl); 

bb. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(lxvi), (a)(1)(lxvii), (a)(1)(lxviii), 

and (a)(1)(lxix) to read as set forth 

below; 

cc. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxiii) through 

(a)(1)(ccl) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxix) 

through (a)(1)(cclvi); 

dd. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(lxxiii), (a)(lxxiv), (a)(1)(lxxv), 

(a)(1)(lxxvi), (a)(1)(lxxvii), and 

(a)(1)(lxxviii) to read as set forth below; 

ee. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxx) through 

(a)(1)(cclvi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxii) 

through (a)(1)(cclviii); 

ff. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(lxxx) and (a)(1)(lxxxi) to read as 

set forth below; 

gg. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxiii) through 

(a)(1)(cclviii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(lxxxiv) through (a)(1)(cclix); 

hh. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(lxxxiii) to read as set forth below; 

ii. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxvi) through 

(a)(1)(cclix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xc) 

through (a)(1)(cclxiii); 

jj. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(lxxxvi), (a)(1)(lxxxvii), 

(a)(1)(lxxxviii), and (a)(1)(lxxxix) to read 

as set forth below; 

kk. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(xci) through 

(a)(1)(cclxiii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xcii) 

through (a)(1)(cclxiv); 

ll. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(xci) to read as set forth below; 

mm. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xciii) 

through (a)(1)(cclxiv) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(xciv) through (a)(1)(cclxv); 

nn. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(xciii) to read as set forth below; 

oo. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(xcv) through 

(a)(1)(cclxv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cii) 

through (a)(1)(cclxxii); 

pp. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(xcv), (a)(1)(xcvi), (a)(1)(xcvii), 

(a)(1)(xcviii), (a)(1)(xcix), (a)(1)(c), and 

(a)(1)(ci) to read as set forth below; 

qq. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(ciii) through 

(a)(1)(cclxxii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(civ) 

through (a)(1)(cclxxiii); 

rr. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(ciii) to read as set forth below; 

ss. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(cv) through 

(a)(1)(cclxxiii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cvii) 

through (a)(1)(cclxxv); 

tt. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cv) and (a)(1)(cvi) to read as set 

forth below; 

uu. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cviii) 

through (a)(1)(cclxxv) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cxii) through (a)(1)(cclxxix); 

vv. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cviii), (a)(1)(cix), (a)(1)(cx), and 

(a)(1)(cxi) to read as set forth below; 

ww. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxiii) 

through (a)(1)(cclxxix) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cxvi) through (a)(1)(cclxxxii); 

xx. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cxiii), (a)(1)(cxiv), and (a)(1)(cxv) 

to read as set forth below; 

yy. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxix) through 

(a)(1)(cclxxxii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cxxx) through (a)(1)(cclxxxiii); 

zz. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(cxxix) to read as set forth below; 

aaa. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxii) 

through (a)(1)(cclxxxiii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cxxxiii) through (a)(1)(cclxxxiv); 

bbb. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(cxxxii) to read as set forth below; 

ccc. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxiv) 

through (a)(1)(cclxxxiv) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cxxxvi) through (a)(1)(cclxxxvi); 

ddd. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cxxxiv) and (a)(1)(cxxxv) to read 

as set forth below; 

eee. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxix) 

through (a)(1)(cclxxxvi) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cxlviii) through (a)(1)(ccxcv); 

fff. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cxxxix), (a)(1)(cxl), (a)(1)(cxli), 

(a)(1)(cxlii), (a)(1)(cxliii), (a)(1)(cxliv), 

(a)(1)(cxlv), (a)(1)(cxlvi), and 

(a)(1)(cxlvii) to read as set forth below; 

ggg. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxlix) 

through (a)(1)(ccxcv) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cliii) through (a)(1)(ccxcix); 

hhh. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cxlix), (a)(1)(cl), (a)(1)(cli), and 

(a)(1)(clii) to read as set forth below; 

iii. By redesignating newly designated 

paragraphs (a)(1)(clxii) through 


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62686 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(a)(1)(ccxcix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(clxv) 

through (a)(1)(cccii); 

jjj. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(clxii), (a)(1)(clxiii), and 

(a)(1)(clxiv) to read as set forth below; 

kkk. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxi) 

through (a)(1)(cccii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(clxxii) through (a)(1)(ccciii); 

lll. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(clxxi) to read as set forth below; 

mmm. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxv) 

through (a)(1)(ccciii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(clxxx) through (a)(1)(cccviii); 

nnn. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(clxxv), (a)(1)(clxxvi), 

(a)(1)(clxxvii), (a)(1)(clxxviii), and 

(a)(1)(clxxix) to read as set forth below; 

ooo. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxxiii) 

through (a)(1)(cccviii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(clxxxv) through (a)(1)(cccx); 

ppp. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(clxxxiii) and (a)(1)(clxxxiv) to 

read as set forth below; 

qqq. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxcviii) 

through (a)(1)(cccx) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cxcix) through (a)(1)(cccxi); 

rrr. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(cxcviii) to read as set forth below; 

sss. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxv) 

through (a)(1)(cccxi) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccxvii) through (a)(1)(cccxiii); 

ttt. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccxv) and (a)(1)(ccxvi) to read as 

set forth below; 

uuu. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxi) 

through (a)(1)(cccxiii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccxxv) through (a)(1)(cccxvii); 

vvv. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccxxi), (a)(1)(ccxxii), 

(a)(1)(ccxxiii), and (a)(1)(ccxxiv) to read 

as set forth below; 

www. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxviii) 

through (a)(1)(cccxvii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccxxix) through (a)(1)(cccxviii); 

xxx. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccxxviii) to read as set forth 

below; 

yyy. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxxiv) 

through (a)(1)(cccxviii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccxxxix) through (a)(1)(cccxxiii); 

zzz. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccxxxiv), (a)(1)(ccxxxv), 

(a)(1)(ccxxxvi), (a)(1)(ccxxxvii), and 

(a)(1)(ccxxxviii) to read as set forth 

below; 

aaaa. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxl) 

through (a)(1)(cccxxiii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccxli) through (a)(1)(cccxxiv); 

bbbb. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccxl) to read as set forth below; 

cccc. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxlvii) 

through (a)(1)(cccxxiv) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccl) through (a)(1)(cccxxvii); 

dddd. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccxlvii), (a)(1)(ccxlviii), and 

(a)(1)(ccxlix) to read as set forth below; 

eeee. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclii) 

through (a)(1)(cccxxvii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccliii) through (a)(1)(cccxxviii); 

ffff. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(cclii) to read as set forth below; 

gggg. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclvii) 

through (a)(1)(cccxxviii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cclix) through (a)(1)(cccxxx); 

hhhh. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cclvii) and (a)(1)(cclviii) to read as 

set forth below; 

iiii. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxv) 

through (a)(1)(cccxxx) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cclxvii) through (a)(1)(cccxxxii); 

jjjj. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cclxv) and (a)(1)(cclxvi) to read as 

set forth below; 

kkkk. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxi) 

through (a)(1)(cccxxxii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cclxxii) through (a)(1)(cccxxxiii); 

llll. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(cclxxi) to read as set forth below; 

mmmm. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxvi) 

through (a)(1)(cccxxxiii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cclxxxi) through (a)(1)(cccxxxviii); 

nnnn. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cclxxvi), (a)(1)(cclxxvii), 

(a)(1)(cclxxviii), (a)(1)(cclxxix), and 

(a)(1)(cclxxx) to read as set forth below; 

oooo. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxxix) 

through (a)(1)(cccxxxviii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccxcii) through (a)(1)(cccxli); 

pppp. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cclxxxix), (a)(1)(ccxc), and 

(a)(1)(ccxci) to read as set forth below; 

qqqq. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cccviii) 

through (a)(1)(cccxli) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cccix) through (a)(1)(cccxlii); 

rrrr. By adding a new paragraph 

(a)(1)(cccviii) to read as set forth below; 

ssss. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cccxxviii) 

through (a)(1)(cccxlii) as paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cccxxxv) through (a)(1)(cccxlix); 

tttt. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cccxxviii), (a)(1)(cccxxix), 

(a)(1)(cccxxx), (a)(1)(cccxxxi), 

(a)(1)(cccxxxii), (a)(1)(cccxxxiii), and 

(a)(1)(cccxxxiv) to read as set forth 

below; 

uuuu. By redesignating newly 

designated paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix) as 

paragraph (a)(1)(cdlvi); 

vvvv. By adding new paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cccxlix), (a)(1)(cccl), (a)(1)(cccli), 

(a)(1)(ccclii), (a)(1)(cccliii), (a)(1)(cccliv), 

(a)(1)(ccclv), (a)(1)(ccclvi), 

(a)(1)(ccclvii), (a)(1)(ccclviii), 

(a)(1)(ccclix), (a)(1)(ccclx), (a)(1)(ccclxi), 

(a)(1)(ccclxii), (a)(1)(ccclxiii), 

(a)(1)(ccclxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxv), 

(a)(1)(ccclxvi), (a)(1)(ccclxvii), 

(a)(1)(ccclxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxix), 

(a)(1)(ccclxx), (a)(1)(ccclxxi), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxii), (a)(1)(ccclxxiii), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxxv), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxvi), (a)(1)(ccclxxvii), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxxix), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxx), (a)(1)(ccclxxxi), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxii), (a)(1)(ccclxxxiii), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxxxv), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvi), (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxxxix), 

(a)(1)(cccxc), (a)(1)(cccxci), 

(a)(1)(cccxcii), (a)(1)(cccxciii), 

(a)(1)(cccxciv), (a)(1)(cccxcv), 

(a)(1)(cccxcvi), (a)(1)(cccxcvii), 

(a)(1)(cccxcviii), (a)(1)(cccxcix), 

(a)(1)(cd), (a)(1)(cdi), (a)(1)(cdii), 

(a)(1)(cdiii), (a)(1)(cdiv), (a)(1)(cdv), 

(a)(1)(cdvi), (a)(1)(cdvii), (a)(1)(cdviii), 

(a)(1)(cdix), (a)(1)(cdx), (a)(1)(cdxi), 

(a)(1)(cdxii), (a)(1)(cdxiii), (a)(1)(cdxiv), 

(a)(1)(cdxv), (a)(1)(cdxvi), (a)(1)(cdxvii), 

(a)(1)(cdxviii), (a)(1)(cdxix), (a)(1)(cdxx), 

(a)(1)(cdxxi), (a)(1)(cdxxii), 

(a)(1)(cdxxiii), (a)(1)(cdxxiv), 

(a)(1)(cdxxv), (a)(1)(cdxxvi), 

(a)(1)(cdxxvii), (a)(1)(cdxxviii), 

(a)(1)(cdxxix), (a)(1)(cdxxx), 

(a)(1)(cdxxxi), (a)(1)(cdxxxii), 

(a)(1)(cdxxxiii), (a)(1)(cdxxxiv), 

(a)(1)(cdxxxv), (a)(1)(cdxxxvi), 

(a)(1)(cdxxxvii), (a)(1)(cdxxxviii), 

(a)(1)(cdxxxix), (a)(1)(cdxl), (a)(1)(cdxli), 

(a)(1)(cdxlii), (a)(1)(cdxliii), 

(a)(1)(cdxliv), (a)(1)(cdxlv), 

(a)(1)(cdxlvi), (a)(1)(cdxlvii), 

(a)(1)(cdxlviii), (a)(1)(cdxlix), (a)(1)(cdl), 

(a)(1)(cdli), (a)(1)(cdlii), (a)(1)(cdliii), 

(a)(1)(cdliv), and (a)(1)(cdlv) to read as 

set forth below; 

wwww. By amending the table at 

newly designated paragraph (a)(1)(cdlvi) 

by adding the following entries, first by 

unit number and then alphabetically by 

species name, in the same order as these 

units are presented in the preceding 

subparagraphs of this section, as set 

forth below: 

New entry: 

Kauai 4–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–a 

Kauai 4–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–a 

Kauai 4–Cyanea dolichopoda–a 

Kauai 4–Cyrtandra oenobarba–a 

Kauai 4–Cyrtandra paliku–a 

Kauai 4–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–a 

Kauai 4–Lysimachia iniki–a 

Kauai 4–Lysimachia pendens–a 

Kauai 4–Lysimachia venosa–a 

Kauai 4–Platydesma rostrata–a 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62687 

Kauai 7–Canavalia napaliensis–a 

Kauai 7–Chamaesyce eleanoriae–a 

Kauai 7–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–b 

Kauai 7–Charpentiera densiflora–a 

Kauai 7–Doryopteris angelica–a 

Kauai 7–Dubautia kenwoodii–a 

Kauai 7–Labordia helleri–a 

Kauai 7–Pittosporum napaliense–a 

Kauai 7–Platydesma rostrata–b 

Kauai 7–Psychotria hobdyi–a 

Kauai 7–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–a 

Kauai 10–Astelia waialealae–a 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–b 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–c 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–c 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–d 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–e 

Kauai 10–Charpentiera densiflora–b 

Kauai 10–Cyanea dolichopoda–b 

Kauai 10–Cyanea eleeleensis–a 

Kauai 10–Cyanea kolekoleensis–a 

Kauai 10–Cyanea kuhihewa–a 

Kauai 10–Cyrtandra oenobarba–b 

Kauai 10–Cyrtandra oenobarba–c 

Kauai 10–Cyrtandra paliku–b 

Kauai 10–Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus–a 

Kauai 10–Dubautia imbricata ssp. 

imbricata–a 

Kauai 10–Dubautia kalalauensis–a 

Kauai 10–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–b 

Kauai 10–Dubautia waialealae–a 

Kauai 10–Geranium kauaiense–a 

Kauai 10–Keysseria erici–a 

Kauai 10–Keysseria helenae–a 

Kauai 10–Labordia helleri–b 

Kauai 10–Labordia helleri–c 

Kauai 10–Labordia pumila–a 

Kauai 10–Lysimachia daphnoides–a 

Kauai 10–Lysimachia iniki–b 

Kauai 10–Lysimachia pendens–b 

Kauai 10–Lysimachia venosa–b 

Kauai 10–Melicope degeneri–a 

Kauai 10–Melicope paniculata–a 

Kauai 10–Melicope puberula–a 

Kauai 10–Melicope puberula–b 

Kauai 10–Myrsine mezii–a 

Kauai 10–Phyllostegia renovans–a 

Kauai 10–Phyllostegia renovans–b 

Kauai 10–Platydesma rostrata–c 

Kauai 10–Platydesma rostrata–d 

Kauai 10–Platydesma rostrata–e 

Kauai 10–Psychotria grandiflora–a 

Kauai 10–Stenogyne kealiae–a 

Kauai 10–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–b 

Kauai 10–Tetraplasandra flynnii–a 

Kauai 11–Astelia waialealae–b 

Kauai 11–Canavalia napaliensis–b 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce eleanoriae–b 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce eleanoriae–c 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–d 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–e 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–f 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–g 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–h 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–i 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–j 

Kauai 11–Charpentiera densiflora–c 

Kauai 11–Charpentiera densiflora–d 

Kauai 11–Cyanea dolichopoda–c 

Kauai 11–Cyanea eleeleensis–b 

Kauai 11–Cyanea kolekoleensis–b 

Kauai 11–Cyanea kuhihewa–b 

Kauai 11–Cyrtandra oenobarba–d 

Kauai 11–Cyrtandra oenobarba–e 

Kauai 11–Cyrtandra paliku–c 

Kauai 11–Diellia mannii–a 

Kauai 11–Doryopteris angelica–b 

Kauai 11–Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus–b 

Kauai 11–Dubautia imbricata ssp. 

imbricata–b 

Kauai 11–Dubautia kalalauensis–b 

Kauai 11–Dubautia kenwoodii–b 

Kauai 11–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–c 

Kauai 11–Dubautia waialealae–b 

Kauai 11–Geranium kauaiense–b 

Kauai 11–Keysseria erici–b 

Kauai 11–Keysseria helenae–b 

Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–d 

Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–e 

Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–f 

Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–g 

Kauai 11–Labordia pumila–b 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia daphnoides–b 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia iniki–c 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia pendens–c 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia scopulensis–a 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia venosa–c 

Kauai 11–Melicope degeneri–b 

Kauai 11–Melicope paniculata–b 

Kauai 11–Melicope puberula–c 

Kauai 11–Melicope puberula–d 

Kauai 11–Myrsine knudsenii–a 

Kauai 11–Myrsine mezii–b 

Kauai 11–Myrsine mezii–c 

Kauai 11–Phyllostegia renovans–c 

Kauai 11–Phyllostegia renovans–d 

Kauai 11–Pittosporum napaliense–b 

Kauai 11–Platydesma rostrata–f 

Kauai 11–Platydesma rostrata–g 

Kauai 11–Platydesma rostrata–h 

Kauai 11–Platydesma rostrata–i 

Kauai 11–Platydesma rostrata–j 

Kauai 11–Psychotria grandiflora–b 

Kauai 11–Psychotria grandiflora–c 

Kauai 11–Psychotria hobdyi–b 

Kauai 11–Schiedea attenuata–a 

Kauai 11–Stenogyne kealiae–b 

Kauai 11–Stenogyne kealiae–c 

Kauai 11–Stenogyne kealiae–d 

Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–c 

Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–d 

Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra flynnii–b 

Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra flynnii–c 

Kauai 18–Astelia waialealae–c 

Kauai 18–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–k 

Kauai 18–Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus–c 

Kauai 18–Dubautia kalalauensis–c 

Kauai 18–Dubautia waialealae–c 

Kauai 18–Geranium kauaiense–c 

Kauai 18–Keysseria erici–c 

Kauai 18–Keysseria helenae–c 

Kauai 18–Labordia helleri–h 

Kauai 18–Labordia pumila–c 

Kauai 18–Lysimachia daphnoides–c 

Kauai 18–Melicope degeneri–c 

Kauai 18–Melicope puberula–e 

Kauai 18–Myrsine mezii–d 

Kauai 18–Phyllostegia renovans–e 

Kauai 18–Platydesma rostrata–k 

Kauai 18–Psychotria grandiflora–d 

Kauai 18–Tetraplasandra flynnii–d 

Kauai 19–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–f 

Kauai 19–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–l 

Kauai 19–Cyanea dolichopoda–d 

Kauai 19–Cyrtandra oenobarba–f 

Kauai 19–Cyrtandra paliku–d 

Kauai 19–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–d 

Kauai 19–Lysimachia iniki–d 

Kauai 19–Lysimachia pendens–d 

Kauai 19–Lysimachia venosa–d 

Kauai 19–Platydesma rostrata–l 

Kauai 20–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–g 

Kauai 20–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–m 

Kauai 20–Cyanea dolichopoda–e 

Kauai 20–Cyrtandra oenobarba–g 

Kauai 20–Cyrtandra paliku–e 

Kauai 20–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–e 

Kauai 20–Lysimachia iniki–e 

Kauai 20–Lysimachia pendens–e 

Kauai 20–Lysimachia venosa–e 

Kauai 20–Platydesma rostrata–m 

Kauai 21–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–h 

Kauai 21–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–n 

Kauai 21–Charpentiera densiflora–e 

Kauai 21–Cyanea eleeleensis–c 

Kauai 21–Cyanea kolekoleensis–c 

Kauai 21–Cyanea kuhihewa–c 

Kauai 21–Cyrtandra oenobarba–h 

Kauai 21–Dubautia imbricata ssp. 

imbricata–c 

Kauai 21–Labordia helleri–i 

Kauai 21–Melicope paniculata–c 

Kauai 21–Melicope puberula–f 

Kauai 21–Phyllostegia renovans–f 

Kauai 21–Platydesma rostrata–n 

Kauai 21–Stenogyne kealiae–e 


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Kauai 21–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–e 

Kauai 22–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–o 

Kauai 22–Diellia mannii–b 

Kauai 22–Labordia helleri–j 

Kauai 22–Myrsine knudsenii–b 

Kauai 22–Myrsine mezii–e 

Kauai 22–Platydesma rostrata–o 

Kauai 22–Psychotria grandiflora–e 

Kauai 22–Stenogyne kealiae–f 

Kauai 22–Tetraplasandra flynnii–e 

Kauai 23–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–p 

Kauai 23–Diellia mannii–c 

Kauai 23–Labordia helleri–k 

Kauai 23–Myrsine knudsenii–c 

Kauai 23–Myrsine mezii–f 

Kauai 23–Platydesma rostrata–p 

Kauai 23–Psychotria grandiflora–f 

Kauai 23–Stenogyne kealiae–g 

Kauai 23–Tetraplasandra flynnii–f 

Kauai 24–Astelia waialealae–d 

Kauai 24–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–q 

Kauai 24–Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus–d 

Kauai 24–Dubautia kalalauensis–d 

Kauai 24–Dubautia waialealae–d 

Kauai 24–Geranium kauaiense–d 

Kauai 24–Keysseria erici–d 

Kauai 24–Keysseria helenae–d 

Kauai 24–Labordia helleri–l 

Kauai 24–Labordia pumila–d 

Kauai 24–Lysimachia daphnoides–d 

Kauai 24–Melicope degeneri–d 

Kauai 24–Melicope puberula–g 

Kauai 24–Myrsine mezii–g 

Kauai 24–Phyllostegia renovans–g 

Kauai 24–Platydesma rostrata–q 

Kauai 24–Psychotria grandiflora–g 

Kauai 24–Tetraplasandra flynnii–g 

Kauai 25–Astelia waialealae–e 

Kauai 25–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–r 

Kauai 25–Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus–e 

Kauai 25–Dubautia kalalauensis–e 

Kauai 25–Dubautia waialealae–e 

Kauai 25–Geranium kauaiense–e 

Kauai 25–Keysseria erici–e 

Kauai 25–Keysseria helenae–e 

Kauai 25–Labordia helleri–m 

Kauai 25–Labordia pumila–e 

Kauai 25–Lysimachia daphnoides–e 

Kauai 25–Melicope degeneri–e 

Kauai 25–Melicope puberula–h 

Kauai 25–Myrsine mezii–h 

Kauai 25–Phyllostegia renovans–h 

Kauai 25–Platydesma rostrata–r 

Kauai 25–Psychotria grandiflora–h 

Kauai 25–Tetraplasandra flynnii–h 

xxxx. By amending paragraph (b) as 

follows: 

i. In paragraph (b)(1), by adding 

‘‘Family Amaranathaceae’’, ‘‘Family 

Asteliaceae’’ ‘‘Family Geraniaceae’’, and 

‘‘Family Pittosporaceae’’ in alphabetical 

order to the list of family names; 

ii. In paragraph (b)(1), by adding 

entries in alphabetical order by family 

name to read as set forth below: 

New entry: 

Family Amaranathaceae: 

Charpentiera densiflora 

Family Araliaceae: Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata 

Family Araliaceae: Tetraplasandra 

flynnii 

Family Asteliaceae: Astelia 

waialealae 

Family Asteraceae: Dubautia 

imbricata ssp. imbricata 

Family Asteraceae: Dubautia 

kalalauensis 

Family Asteraceae: Dubautia 

kenwoodii 

Family Asteraceae: Dubautia 

plantaginea ssp. magnifolia 

Family Asteraceae: Dubautia 

waialealae 

Family Asteraceae: Keysseria erici 

Family Asteraceae: Keysseria helenae 

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea 

dolichopoda 

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea 

eleeleensis 

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea 

kolekoleensis 

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea 

kuhihewa 

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea 

attenuate 

Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce 

eleanoriae 

Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis 

Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi 

Family Fabaceae: Canavalia 

napaliensis 

Family Geraniaceae: Geranium 

kauaiense 

Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra 

oenobarba 

Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra 

paliku 

Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia 

renovans 

Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne kealiae 

Family Loganiaceae: Labordia helleri 

Family Loganiaceae: Labordia pumila 

Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia 

daphnoides 

Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia iniki 

Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia 

pendens 

Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia 

scopulensis 

Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia 

venosa 

Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine 

knudsenii 

Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine mezii 

Family Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum 

napaliense 

Family Rubiaceae: Psychotria 

grandiflora 

Family Rubiaceae: Psychotria hobdyi 

Family Rutaceae: Melicope degeneri 

Family Rutaceae: Melicope paniculata 

Family Rutaceae: Melicope puberula 

Family Rutaceae: Platydesma rostrata 

iii. In paragraph (b)(2), by adding 

‘‘Family Dryopteridaceae’’ and ‘‘Family 

Pteridaceae’’ in alphabetical order to the 

list of family names; and 

iv. In paragraph (b)(2), by adding 

entries in alphabetical order by family 

name to read as set forth below: 

New entry: 

Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia mannii 

Family Dryopteridaceae: Dryopteris 

crinalis var. podosorus 

Family Pteridaceae: Doryopteris 

angelica 

§ 17.99 Critical habitat; plants on the 

islands of Kauai, Niihau, Molokai, Maui, 

Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Hawaii, HI, and on 

the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 

(a) * * * 

(1) Kauai. Critical habitat units are 

described below. Coordinates are in 

UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using 

North American Datum of 1983 

(NAD83). The following map shows the 

general locations of the critical habitat 

units designated on the island of Kauai. 

(i) Note: Map 1—Index map follows: 

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* * * * * 

(vi) Kauai 4–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–a (15.4 ha; 38 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 4–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

a, Kauai 4–Cyanea dolichopoda–a, 

Kauai 4–Cyrtandra oenobarba–a, Kauai 

4–Cyrtandra paliku–a, Kauai 4– 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia–a, 

Kauai 4–Lysimachia iniki–a, Kauai 4– 

Lysimachia pendens–a, Kauai 4– 

Lysimachia venosa–a, and Kauai 4– 

Platydesma rostrata–a (see paragraphs 

(a)(1)(vii), (a)(1)(ix), (a)(1)(xvi), 

(a)(1)(xvii), (a)(1)(xviii), (a)(1)(xxv), 

(a)(1)(xxvi), (a)(1)(xxvii), and 

(a)(1)(xxix), respectively, of this 

section). 

(B) Note: Map 5a follows: 


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(vii) Kauai 4–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–a (15.4 ha; 38 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(ix) Kauai 4–Cyanea dolichopoda–a 

(15.4 ha; 38 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(xvi) Kauai 4–Cyrtandra oenobarba–a 

(15.4 ha; 38 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(xvii) Kauai 4–Cyrtandra paliku–a 

(15.4 ha; 38 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(xviii) Kauai 4–Dubautia plantaginea 

ssp. magnifolia–a (15.4 ha; 38 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(xxv) Kauai 4–Lysimachia iniki–a 

(15.4 ha; 38 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(xxvi) Kauai 4–Lysimachia pendens–a 

(15.4 ha; 38 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(xxvii) Kauai 4– Lysimachia venosa– 

a (15.4 ha; 38 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(xxix) Kauai 4–Platydesma rostrata–a 

(15.4 ha; 38 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(xxxiv) Kauai 7–Canavalia 

napaliensis–a (15 ha; 37 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 7–Chamaesyce eleanoriae–a, 

Kauai 7–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

b, Kauai 7–Charpentiera densiflora–a, 

Kauai 7–Doryopteris angelica–a, Kauai 

7–Dubautia kenwoodii–a, Kauai 7– 

Labordia helleri–a, Kauai 7–Pittosporum 

napaliense–a, Kauai 7–Platydesma 

rostrata–b, Kauai 7–Psychotria hobdyi– 

a, and Kauai 7–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–a (see paragraphs 

(a)(1)(xxxv), (a)(1)(xxxvi), (a)(1)(xxxvii), 

(a)(1)(xxxix), (a)(1)(xl), (a)(1)(xlii), 

(a)(1)(xlviii), (a)(1)(xlix), (a)(1)(l), and 

(a)(1)(liii), respectively, of this section). 

(B) Note: Map 23a follows: 


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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


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(xxxv) Kauai 7–Chamaesyce 

eleanoriae–a (15 ha; 37 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(xxxvi) Kauai 7–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–b (15 ha; 37 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(xxxvii) Kauai 7–Charpentiera 

densiflora–a (15 ha; 37 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(xxxix) Kauai 7–Doryopteris angelica– 

a (15 ha; 37 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(xl) Kauai 7–Dubautia kenwoodii–a 

(15 ha; 37 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(xlii) Kauai 7–Labordia helleri–a (15 

ha; 37 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(xlviii) Kauai 7–Pittosporum 

napaliense–a (15 ha; 37 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(xlix) Kauai 7–Platydesma rostrata–b 

(15 ha; 37 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(l) Kauai 7–Psychotria hobdyi–a (15 

ha; 37 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(liii) Kauai 7–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–a (15 ha; 37 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(lvii) Kauai 10—Astelia waialealae—a 

(40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

c, Kauai 10–Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus–a, Kauai 10–Dubautia 

kalalauensis–a, Kauai 10–Dubautia 

waialealae–a, Kauai 10–Geranium 

kauaiense–a, Kauai 10–Keysseria erici– 

a, Kauai 10–Keysseria helenae–a, Kauai 

10–Labordia helleri–b, Kauai 10– 

Labordia pumila–a, Kauai 10– 

Lysimachia daphnoides–a, Kauai 10– 

Melicope degeneri–a, Kauai 10– 

Melicope puberula–a, Kauai 10–Myrsine 

mezii–a, Kauai 10–Phyllostegia 

renovans–a, Kauai 10–Platydesma 

rostrata–c, Kauai 10–Psychotria 

grandiflora–a, and Kauai 10– 

Tetraplasandra flynnii–a (see 

paragraphs (a)(1)(lxi), (a)(1)(lxxvi), 

(a)(1)(lxxviii), (a)(1)(lxxxi), 

(a)(1)(lxxxiii), (a)(1)(lxxxvi), 

(a)(1)(lxxxvii), (a)(1)(lxxxviii), 

(a)(1)(xci), (a)(1)(xciii), (a)(1)(xcviii), 

(a)(1)(c), (a)(1)(ciii), (a)(1)(cv), 

(a)(1)(cviii), (a)(1)(cxi), and (a)(1)(cxv), 

respectively, of this section). 

(B) Note: Map 35a follows: 

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* * * * * 

(lix) Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–b (943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

d, Kauai 10–Charpentiera densiflora–b, 

Kauai 10–Cyanea eleeleensis–a, Kauai 

10–Cyanea kolekoleensis–a, Kauai 10– 

Cyanea kuhihewa–a, Kauai 10– 

Cyrtandra oenobarba–b, Kauai 10– 

Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata–a, 

Kauai 10–Labordia helleri–c, Kauai 10– 

Melicope paniculata–a, Kauai 10– 

Melicope puberula–b, Kauai 10– 

Phyllostegia renovans–b, Kauai 10– 

Platydesma rostrata–d, Kauai 10– 

Stenogyne kealiae–a, and Kauai 10– 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–b (see 

paragraphs (a)(1)(lxii), (a)(1)(lxiv), 

(a)(1)(lxvii), (a)(1)(lxviii), (a)(1)(lxix), 

(a)(1)(lxxiii), (a)(1)(lxxvii), (a)(1)(lxxxix), 

(a)(1)(xcix), (a)(1)(ci), (a)(1)(cvi), 

(a)(1)(cix), (a)(1)(cxiii), and (a)(1)(cxiv), 

respectively, of this section). 

(B) Note: Map 36a follows: 


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(lx) Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–c (198 ha; 489 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

e, Kauai 10–Cyanea dolichopoda–b, 

Kauai 10–Cyrtandra oenobarba–c, Kauai 

10–Cyrtandra paliku–b, Kauai 10– 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia–b, 

Kauai 10–Lysimachia iniki–b, Kauai 10– 

Lysimachia pendens–b, Kauai 10– 

Lysimachia venosa–b, and Kauai 10– 


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Platydesma rostrata–e (see paragraphs 

(a)(1)(lxiii), (a)(1)(lxvi), (a)(1)(lxxiv), 

(a)(1)(lxxv), (a)(1)(lxxx), (a)(1)(xcv), 

(a)(1)(xcvi), (a)(1)(xcvii), and (a)(1)(cx), 

respectively, of this section). 

(B) Note: Map 36b follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


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(lxi) Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–c (40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxii) Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–d (943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxiii) Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–e (198 ha; 489 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxiv) Kauai 10–Charpentiera 

densiflora–b (943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(lxvi) Kauai 10–Cyanea dolichopoda– 

b (198 ha; 489 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxvii) Kauai 10–Cyanea eleeleensis–a 

(943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxviii) Kauai 10–Cyanea 

kolekoleensis–a (943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxix) Kauai 10–Cyanea kuhihewa–a 

(943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(lxxiii) Kauai 10–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–b (943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxxiv) Kauai 10–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–c (198 ha; 489 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxxv) Kauai 10–Cyrtandra paliku–b 

(198 ha; 489 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxxvi) Kauai 10–Dryopteris crinalis 

var. podosorus–a (40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxxvii) Kauai 10–Dubautia imbricata 

ssp. imbricata–a (943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxxviii) Kauai 10–Dubautia 

kalalauensis–a (40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(lxxx) Kauai 10–Dubautia plantaginea 

ssp. magnifolia–b (198 ha; 489 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxxxi) Kauai 10–Dubautia 

waialealae–a (40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(lxxxiii) Kauai 10–Geranium 

kauaiense–a (40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(lxxxvi) Kauai 10–Keysseria erici–a 

(40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxxxvii) Kauai 10–Keysseria helenae– 

a (40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxxxviii) Kauai 10–Labordia helleri–b 

(40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(lxxxix) Kauai 10–Labordia helleri–c 

(943 ha; 2,330ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(xci) Kauai 10–Labordia pumila–a (40 

ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(xciii) Kauai 10–Lysimachia 

daphnoides–a (40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(xcv) Kauai 10–Lysimachia iniki–b 

(198 ha; 489 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(xcvi) Kauai 10–Lysimachia pendens– 

b (198 ha; 489 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(xcvii) Kauai 10–Lysimachia venosa– 

b (198 ha; 489 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(xcviii) Kauai 10–Melicope degeneri– 

a (40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(xcix) Kauai 10–Melicope paniculata– 

a (943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(c) Kauai 10–Melicope puberula–a (40 

ha; 99 ac) 


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(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(ci) Kauai 10–Melicope puberula–b 

(943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(ciii) Kauai 10–Myrsine mezii–a (40 

ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cv) Kauai 10–Phyllostegia renovans– 

a (40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(cvi) Kauai 10–Phyllostegia renovans– 

b (943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cviii) Kauai 10–Platydesma rostrata– 

c (40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(cix) Kauai 10–Platydesma rostrata–d 

(943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(cx) Kauai 10–Platydesma rostrata–e 

(198 ha; 489 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(cxi) Kauai 10–Psychotria 

grandiflora–a (40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cxiii) Kauai 10–Stenogyne kealiae–a 

(943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(cxiv) Kauai 10–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–b (943 ha; 2,330 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(cxv) Kauai 10–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–a (40 ha; 99 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cxxix) Kauai 11—Astelia 

waialealae—b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

f, Kauai 11–Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus–b, Kauai 11–Dubautia 

kalalauensis–b, Kauai 11–Dubautia 

waialealae–b, Kauai 11–Geranium 

kauaiense–b, Kauai 11–Keysseria erici– 

b, Kauai 11–Keysseria helenae–b, Kauai 

11–Labordia helleri–d, Kauai 11– 

Labordia pumila–b, Kauai 11– 

Lysimachia daphnoides–b, Kauai 11– 

Melicope degeneri–b, Kauai 11– 

Melicope puberula–c, Kauai 11–Myrsine 

mezii–b, Kauai 11–Phyllostegia 

renovans–c, Kauai 11–Platydesma 

rostrata–f, Kauai 11–Psychotria 

grandiflora–b, and Kauai 11– 

Tetraplasandra flynnii–b (see 

paragraphs (a)(1)(cxli), (a)(1)(clxxvi), 

(a)(1)(clxxviii), (a)(1)(clxxxiv), 

(a)(1)(cxcviii), (a)(1)(ccxv), (a)(1)(ccxvi), 

(a)(1)(ccxxi), (a)(1)(ccxxviii), 

(a)(1)(ccxxxiv), (a)(1)(ccxl), 

(a)(1)(ccxlviii), (a)(1)(cclvii), 

(a)(1)(cclxv), (a)(1)(cclxxvi), 

(a)(1)(cclxxxix), and (a)(1)(cccxxxiii), 

respectively, of this section). 

(B) Note: Map 64a follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–S 


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* * * * * 

(cxxxii) Kauai 11–Canavalia 

napaliensis–b (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce eleanoriae–b, 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

g, Kauai 11–Charpentiera densiflora–c, 

Kauai 11–Doryopteris angelica–b, Kauai 


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11–Dubautia kenwoodii–b, Kauai 11– 

Labordia helleri–e, Kauai 11– 

Pittosporum napaliense–b, Kauai 11– 

Platydesma rostrata–g, Kauai 11– 

Psychotria hobdyi–b, and Kauai 11– 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–c (see 

paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxiv), (a)(1)(cxlii), 

(a)(1)(cxlvi), (a)(1)(clxxv), (a)(1)(clxxix), 

(a)(1)(ccxxii), (a)(1)(cclxxi), 

(a)(1)(cclxxvii), (a)(1)(ccxci), and 

(a)(1)(cccxxxi), respectively, of this 

section). 

(B) Note: Map 66a follows: 


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* * * * * 

(cxxxiv) Kauai 11–Chamaesyce 

eleanoriae–b (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cxxxv) Kauai 11–Chamaesyce 

eleanoriae–c (288 ha; 712 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia scopulensis–a, 

Kauai 11–Schiedea attenuata–a, and 

Kauai 11–Stenogyne kealiae–b (see 

paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxxvii), 

(a)(1)(cccviii), and (a)(1)(cccxxviii), 

respectively, of this section). 

(B) Note: Map 67a follows: 


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* * * * * 

(cxxxix) Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. kauaiensis–d (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

h, Kauai 11–Charpentiera densiflora–d, 

Kauai 11–Cyanea eleeleensis–b, Kauai 

11–Cyanea kolekoleensis–b, Kauai 11– 

Cyanea kuhihewa–b, Kauai 11– 

Cyrtandra oenobarba–d, Kauai 11– 

Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata–b, 

Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–f, Kauai 11– 

Melicope paniculata–b, Kauai 11– 

Melicope puberula–d, Kauai 11– 

Phyllostegia renovans–d, Kauai 11– 

Platydesma rostrata–h, Kauai 11– 

Stenogyne kealiae–c, and Kauai 11– 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–d (see 

paragraphs (a)(1)(cxliii), (a)(1)(cxlvii), 

(a)(1)(cl), (a)(1)(cli), (a)(1)(clii), 

(a)(1)(clxii), (a)(1)(clxxvii), 

(a)(1)(ccxxiii), (a)(1)(ccxlvii), 

(a)(1)(ccxlix), (a)(1)(cclxvi), 

(a)(1)(cclxxviii), (a)(1)(cccxxix), and 

(a)(1)(cccxxxii), respectively, of this 

section). 

(B) Note: Map 70a follows: 


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(cxl) Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–e (77 ha; 190 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

i, Kauai 11–Cyanea dolichopoda–c, 

Kauai 11–Cyrtandra oenobarba–e, Kauai 

11–Cyrtandra paliku–c, Kauai 11– 


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Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia–c, 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia iniki–c, Kauai 11– 

Lysimachia pendens–c, Kauai 11– 

Lysimachia venosa–c, and Kauai 11– 

Platydesma rostrata–i (see paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cxliv), (a)(1)(cxlix), (a)(1)(clxiii), 

(a)(1)(clxiv), (a)(1)(clxxxiii), 

(a)(1)(ccxxxv), (a)(1)(ccxxxvi), 

(a)(1)(ccxxxviii), and (a)(1)(cclxxix), 

respectively, of this section). 

(B) Note: Map 70b follows: 


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(cxli) Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–f (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cxlii) Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–g (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cxliii) Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–h (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cxliv) Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–i (77 ha; 190 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(cxlv) Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–j (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 11–Diellia mannii–a, Kauai 11– 

Labordia helleri–g, Kauai 11–Myrsine 

knudsenii–a, Kauai 11–Myrsine mezii–c, 

Kauai 11–Platydesma rostrata–j, Kauai 

11–Psychotria grandiflora–c, Kauai 11– 

Stenogyne kealiae–d, and Kauai 11– 

Tetraplasandra flynnii–c (see 

paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxi), (a)(1)(ccxxiv), 

(a)(1)(cclii), (a)(1)(cclviii), (a)(1)(cclxxx), 

(a)(1)(ccxc), (a)(1)(cccxxx), and 

(a)(1)(cccxxxiv), respectively, of this 

section). 

(B) Note: Map 70c follows: 


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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


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(cxlvi) Kauai 11–Charpentiera 

densiflora–c (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cxlvii) Kauai 11–Charpentiera 

densiflora–d (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cxlix) Kauai 11–Cyanea 

dolichopoda–c (77 ha; 190 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(cl) Kauai 11–Cyanea eleeleensis–b 

(1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cli) Kauai 11–Cyanea kolekoleensis– 

b (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(clii) Kauai 11–Cyanea kuhihewa–b 

(1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(clxii) Kauai 11–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–d (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(clxiii) Kauai 11–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–e (77 ha; 190 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(clxiv) Kauai 11–Cyrtandra paliku–c 

(77 ha; 190 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(clxxi) Kauai 11–Diellia mannii–a 

(1,145 ha; 2,830 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(clxxv) Kauai 11–Doryopteris 

angelica–b (1,048 ha; 2,591ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(clxxvi) Kauai 11–Dryopteris crinalis 

var. podosorus–b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(clxxvii) Kauai 11–Dubautia imbricata 

ssp. imbricata–b (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(clxxviii) Kauai 11–Dubautia 

kalalauensis–b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(clxxix) Kauai 11–Dubautia 

kenwoodii–b (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(clxxxiii) Kauai 11–Dubautia 

plantaginea ssp. magnifolia–c (77 ha; 

190 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(clxxxiv) Kauai 11–Dubautia 

waialealae–b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cxcviii) Kauai 11–Geranium 

kauaiense–b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(ccxv) Kauai 11–Keysseria erici–b 

(5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccxvi) Kauai 11–Keysseria helenae–b 

(5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(ccxxi) Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–d 

(5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccxxii) Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–e 

(1,048 ha; 2,591 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccxxiii) Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–f 

(1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccxxiv) Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–g 

(1,145 ha; 2,830 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(ccxxviii) Kauai 11–Labordia pumila– 

b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(ccxxxiv) Kauai 11–Lysimachia 

daphnoides–b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccxxxv) Kauai 11–Lysimachia iniki–c 

(77 ha; 190 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(ccxxxvi) Kauai 11–Lysimachia 

pendens–c (77 ha; 190 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 


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(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(ccxxxvii) Kauai 11–Lysimachia 

scopulensis–a (288 ha; 712 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccxxxviii) Kauai 11– Lysimachia 

venosa–c (77 ha; 190 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(ccxl) Kauai 11–Melicope degeneri–b 

(5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(ccxlvii) Kauai 11–Melicope 

paniculata–b (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccxlviii) Kauai 11–Melicope 

puberula–c (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccxlix) Kauai 11–Melicope puberula– 

d (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cclii) Kauai 11–Myrsine knudsenii–a 

(1,145 ha; 2,830 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cclvii) Kauai 11–Myrsine mezii–b 

(5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cclviii) Kauai 11–Myrsine mezii–c 

(1,145 ha; 2,830 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cclxv) Kauai 11–Phyllostegia 

renovans–c (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cclxvi) Kauai 11–Phyllostegia 

renovans–d (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cclxxi) Kauai 11–Pittosporum 

napaliense–b (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cclxxvi) Kauai 11–Platydesma 

rostrata–f (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cclxxvii) Kauai 11–Platydesma 

rostrata–g (1,048 ha; 2,591ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cclxxviii) Kauai 11–Platydesma 

rostrata–h (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cclxxix) Kauai 11–Platydesma 

rostrata–i (77 ha; 190 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this 

section for the textual description of this 

unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this 

section for the map of this unit. 

(cclxxx) Kauai 11–Platydesma 

rostrata–j (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cclxxxix) Kauai 11–Psychotria 

grandiflora–b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccxc) Kauai 11–Psychotria 

grandiflora–c (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccxci) Kauai 11–Psychotria hobdyi–b 

(1,048 ha; 2,591ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cccviii) Kauai 11–Schiedea 

attenuata–a (288 ha; 712 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cccxxviii) Kauai 11–Stenogyne 

kealiae–b (288 ha; 712 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxxix) Kauai 11–Stenogyne 

kealiae–c (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxxx) Kauai 11–Stenogyne kealiae– 

d (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxxxi) Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–c (1,048 ha; 2,591 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxxxii) Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–d (1,060 ha; 2,618 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxxxiii) Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–b (5,705 ha; 14,096 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxxxiv) Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–c (1,145 ha; 2,830 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 


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(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlv)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

* * * * * 

(cccxlix) Kauai 18—Astelia 

waialealae—c (452 ha; 1,116ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 18–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

k, Kauai 18–Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus–c, Kauai 18–Dubautia 

kalalauensis–c, Kauai 18–Dubautia 

waialealae–c, Kauai 18–Geranium 

kauaiense–c, Kauai 18–Keysseria erici– 

c, Kauai 18–Keysseria helenae–c, Kauai 

18–Labordia helleri–h, Kauai 18– 

Labordia pumila–c, Kauai 18– 

Lysimachia daphnoides–c, Kauai 18– 

Melicope degeneri–c, Kauai 18– 

Melicope puberula–e, Kauai 18–Myrsine 

mezii–d, Kauai 18–Phyllostegia 

renovans–e, Kauai 18–Platydesma 

rostrata–k, Kauai 18–Psychotria 

grandiflora–d, and Kauai 18– 

Tetraplasandra flynnii–d (see 

paragraphs (a)(1)(cccl), (a)(1)(cccli), 

(a)(1)(ccclii), (a)(1)(cccliii), (a)(1)(cccliv), 

(a)(1)(ccclv), (a)(1)(ccclvi), 

(a)(1)(ccclvii), (a)(1)(ccclviii), 

(a)(1)(ccclix), (a)(1)(ccclx), (a)(1)(ccclxi), 

(a)(1)(ccclxii), (a)(1)(ccclxiii), 

(a)(1)(ccclxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxv), and 

(a)(1)(ccclxvi), respectively, of this 

section). 

(B) Note: Map 217a follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–S 


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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


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(cccl) Kauai 18–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–k (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccli) Kauai 18–Dryopteris crinalis 

var. podosorus–c (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclii) Kauai 18–Dubautia 

kalalauensis–c (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccliii) Kauai 18–Dubautia 

waialealae–c (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccliv) Kauai 18–Geranium 

kauaiense–c (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclv) Kauai 18–Keysseria erici–c 

(452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclvi) Kauai 18–Keysseria helenae– 

c (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclvii) Kauai 18–Labordia helleri–h 

(452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclviii) Kauai 18–Labordia pumila– 

c (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclix) Kauai 18–Lysimachia 

daphnoides–c (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclx) Kauai 18–Melicope degeneri–c 

(452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxi) Kauai 18–Melicope puberula– 

e (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxii) Kauai 18–Myrsine mezii–d 

(452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxiii) Kauai 18–Phyllostegia 

renovans–e (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxiv) Kauai 18–Platydesma 

rostrata–k (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxv) Kauai 18–Psychotria 

grandiflora–d (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxvi) Kauai 18–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–d (452 ha; 1,116 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxlix)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxvii) Kauai 19—Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis–f (120 ha; 296 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 19–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

l, Kauai 19–Cyanea dolichopoda–d, 

Kauai 19–Cyrtandra oenobarba–f, Kauai 

19–Cyrtandra paliku–d, Kauai 19– 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia– 

d, Kauai 19–Lysimachia iniki–d, Kauai 

19–Lysimachia pendens–d, Kauai 19– 

Lysimachia venosa–d, and Kauai 19– 

Platydesma rostrata–l (see paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccclxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxix), 

(a)(1)(ccclxx), (a)(1)(ccclxxi), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxii), (a)(1)(ccclxxiii), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxxv), and 

(a)(1)(ccclxxvi), respectively, of this 

section). 

(B) Note: Map 217b follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–S 


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(ccclxviii) Kauai 19–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi–l (120 ha; 296 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxix) Kauai 19–Cyanea 

dolichopoda–d (120 ha; 296 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxx) Kauai 19–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–f (120 ha; 296 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxi) Kauai 19–Cyrtandra paliku– 

d (120 ha; 296 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxii) Kauai 19–Dubautia 

plantaginea ssp. magnifolia–d (120 ha; 

296 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxiii) Kauai 19–Lysimachia 

iniki–d (120 ha; 296 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxiv) Kauai 19–Lysimachia 

pendens–d (120 ha; 296 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxv) Kauai 19– Lysimachia 

venosa–d (120 ha; 296 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxvi) Kauai 19–Platydesma 

rostrata–l (120 ha; 296 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxvii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxvii) Kauai 20–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis–g (9 ha; 23 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 20–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

m, Kauai 20–Cyanea dolichopoda–e, 

Kauai 20–Cyrtandra oenobarba–g, Kauai 

20–Cyrtandra paliku–e, Kauai 20– 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia–e, 

Kauai 20–Lysimachia iniki–e, Kauai 20– 

Lysimachia pendens–e, Kauai 20– 

Lysimachia venosa–e, and Kauai 20– 

Platydesma rostrata–m (see paragraphs 

(a)(1)(ccclxxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxxix), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxx), (a)(1)(ccclxxxi), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxii), (a)(1)(ccclxxxiii), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxxxv), and 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvi), respectively, of this 

section). 

(B) Note: Map 217c follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62715 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.045</GPH>
62716 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(ccclxxviii) Kauai 20–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi–m (9 ha; 23 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxix) Kauai 20–Cyanea 

dolichopoda–e (9 ha; 23 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxx) Kauai 20–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–g (9 ha; 23 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxxi) Kauai 20–Cyrtandra 

paliku–e (9 ha; 23 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxxii) Kauai 20–Dubautia 

plantaginea ssp. magnifolia–e (9 ha; 23 

ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxxiii) Kauai 20–Lysimachia 

iniki–e (9 ha; 23 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxxiv) Kauai 20–Lysimachia 

pendens–e (9 ha; 23 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxxv) Kauai 20– Lysimachia 

venosa–e (9 ha; 23 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxxvi) Kauai 20–Platydesma 

rostrata–m (9 ha; 23 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxxvii) Kauai 21–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis–h (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 21–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

n, Kauai 21–Charpentiera densiflora–e, 

Kauai 21–Cyanea eleeleensis–c, Kauai 

21–Cyanea kolekoleensis–c, Kauai 21– 

Cyanea kuhihewa–c, Kauai 21– 

Cyrtandra oenobarba–h, Kauai 21– 

Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata–c, 

Kauai 21–Labordia helleri–i, Kauai 21– 

Melicope paniculata–c, Kauai 21– 

Melicope puberula–f, Kauai 21– 

Phyllostegia renovans–f, Kauai 21– 

Platydesma rostrata–n, Kauai 21– 

Stenogyne kealiae–e, and Kauai 21– 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–e (see 

paragraphs (a)(1)(ccclxxxviii), 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxix), (a)(1)(cccxc), 

(a)(1)(cccxci), (a)(1)(cccxcii), 

(a)(1)(cccxciii), (a)(1)(cccxciv), 

(a)(1)(cccxcv), (a)(1)(cccxcvi), 

(a)(1)(cccxcvii), (a)(1)(cccxcviii), 

(a)(1)(cccxcix), (a)(1)(cd), and (a)(1)(cdi), 

respectively, of this section). 

(B) Note: Map 217d follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62717 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.046</GPH>
62718 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(ccclxxxviii) Kauai 21–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi–n (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(ccclxxxix) Kauai 21–Charpentiera 

densiflora–e (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxc) Kauai 21–Cyanea eleeleensis– 

c (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxci) Kauai 21–Cyanea 

kolekoleensis–c (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxcii) Kauai 21–Cyanea kuhihewa– 

c (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxciii) Kauai 21–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–h (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxciv) Kauai 21–Dubautia 

imbricata ssp. imbricata–c (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxcv) Kauai 21–Labordia helleri–i 

(26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxcvi) Kauai 21–Melicope 

paniculata–c (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxcvii) Kauai 21–Melicope 

puberula–f (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxcviii) Kauai 21–Phyllostegia 

renovans–f (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cccxcix) Kauai 21–Platydesma 

rostrata–n (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cd) Kauai 21–Stenogyne kealiae–e 

(26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdi) Kauai 21–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–e (26 ha; 65 ac) 

(A) See paragraph 

(a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for 

the textual description of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdii) Kauai 22–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–o (3 ha; 8 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 22–Diellia mannii–b, Kauai 22– 

Labordia helleri–j, Kauai 22–Myrsine 

knudsenii–b, Kauai 22–Myrsine mezii–e, 

Kauai 22–Platydesma rostrata–o, Kauai 

22–Psychotria grandiflora–e, Kauai 22– 

Stenogyne kealiae–f, and Kauai 22– 

Tetraplasandra flynnii–e (see 

paragraphs (a)(1)(cdiii), (a)(1)(cdiv), 

(a)(1)(cdv), (a)(1)(cdvi), (a)(1)(cdvii), 

(a)(1)(cdviii), (a)(1)(cdix), and 

(a)(1)(cdx), respectively, of this section). 

(B) Note: Map 217e follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–S 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62719 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.047</GPH>
62720 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(cdiii) Kauai 22–Diellia mannii–b (3 

ha; 8 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdiv) Kauai 22–Labordia helleri–j (3 

ha; 8 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdv) Kauai 22–Myrsine knudsenii–b 

(3 ha; 8 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdvi) Kauai 22–Myrsine mezii–e (3 

ha; 8 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdvii) Kauai 22–Platydesma rostrata– 

o (3 ha; 8 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdviii) Kauai 22–Psychotria 

grandiflora–e (3 ha; 8 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdix) Kauai 22–Stenogyne kealiae–f 

(3 ha; 8 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdx) Kauai 22–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–e (3 ha; 8 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdii)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxi) Kauai 23–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–p (56 ha; 138 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 23–Diellia mannii–c, Kauai 23– 

Labordia helleri–k, Kauai 23–Myrsine 

knudsenii–c, Kauai 23–Myrsine mezii–f, 

Kauai 23–Platydesma rostrata–p, Kauai 

23–Psychotria grandiflora–f, Kauai 23– 

Stenogyne kealiae–g, and Kauai 23– 

Tetraplasandra flynnii–f (see paragraphs 

(a)(1)(cdxii), (a)(1)(cdxiii), (a)(1)(cdxiv), 

(a)(1)(cdxv), (a)(1)(cdxvi), (a)(1)(cdxvii), 

(a)(1)(cdxviii), and (a)(1)(cdxix), 

respectively, of this section). 

(B) Note: Map 217f follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62721 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.048</GPH>
62722 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(cdxii) Kauai 23–Diellia mannii–c (56 

ha; 138 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxiii) Kauai 23–Labordia helleri–k 

(56 ha; 138 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxiv) Kauai 23–Myrsine knudsenii– 

c (56 ha; 138 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxv) Kauai 23–Myrsine mezii–f (56 

ha; 138 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxvi) Kauai 23–Platydesma 

rostrata–p (56 ha; 138 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxvii) Kauai 23–Psychotria 

grandiflora–f (56 ha; 138 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxviii) Kauai 23–Stenogyne kealiae– 

g (56 ha; 138 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxix) Kauai 23–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–f (56 ha; 138 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxi)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxx) Kauai 24–Astelia waialealae–d 

(0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 24–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

q, Kauai 24–Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus–d, Kauai 24–Dubautia 

kalalauensis–d, Kauai 24–Dubautia 

waialealae–d, Kauai 24–Geranium 

kauaiense–d, Kauai 24–Keysseria erici– 

d, Kauai 24–Keysseria helenae–d, Kauai 

24–Labordia helleri–l, Kauai 24– 

Labordia pumila–d, Kauai 24– 

Lysimachia daphnoides–d, Kauai 24– 

Melicope degeneri–d, Kauai 24– 

Melicope puberula–g, Kauai 24–Myrsine 

mezii–g, Kauai 24–Phyllostegia 

renovans–g, Kauai 24–Platydesma 

rostrata–q, Kauai 24–Psychotria 

grandiflora–g, and Kauai 24– 

Tetraplasandra flynnii–g (see 

paragraphs (a)(1)(cdxxi), (a)(1)(cdxxii), 

(a)(1)(cdxxiii), (a)(1)(cdxxiv), 

(a)(1)(cdxxv), (a)(1)(cdxxvi), 

(a)(1)(cdxxvii), (a)(1)(cdxxviii), 

(a)(1)(cdxxix), (a)(1)(cdxxx), 

(a)(1)(cdxxxi), (a)(1)(cdxxxii), 

(a)(1)(cdxxxiii), (a)(1)(cdxxxiv), 

(a)(1)(cdxxxv), (a)(1)(cdxxxvi), and 

(a)(1)(cdxxxvii), respectively, of this 

section). 

(B) Note: Map 217g follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62723 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.049</GPH>
62724 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(cdxxi) Kauai 24–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–q (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxii) Kauai 24–Dryopteris crinalis 

var. podosorus–d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxiii) Kauai 24–Dubautia 

kalalauensis–d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxiv) Kauai 24–Dubautia 

waialealae–d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxv) Kauai 24–Geranium 

kauaiense–d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxvi) Kauai 24–Keysseria erici–d 

(0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxvii) Kauai 24–Keysseria 

helenae–d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxviii) Kauai 24–Labordia helleri– 

l (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxix) Kauai 24–Labordia pumila–d 

(0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxx) Kauai 24–Lysimachia 

daphnoides–d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxxi) Kauai 24–Melicope degeneri– 

d (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxxii) Kauai 24–Melicope 

puberula–g (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxxiii) Kauai 24–Myrsine mezii–g 

(0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxxiv) Kauai 24–Phyllostegia 

renovans–g (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxxv) Kauai 24–Platydesma 

rostrata–q (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxxvi) Kauai 24–Psychotria 

grandiflora–g (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxxvii) Kauai 24–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–g (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(A) of 

this section for the textual description of 

this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxx)(B) of 

this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxxxviii) Kauai 25–Astelia 

waialealae–e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) [Reserve for textual description of 

unit.] This unit is also critical habitat for 

Kauai 25–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

r, Kauai 25–Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus–e, Kauai 25–Dubautia 

kalalauensis–e, Kauai 25–Dubautia 

waialealae–e, Kauai 25–Geranium 

kauaiense–e, Kauai 25–Keysseria erici– 

e, Kauai 25–Keysseria helenae–e, Kauai 

25–Labordia helleri–m, Kauai 25– 

Labordia pumila–e, Kauai 25– 

Lysimachia daphnoides–e, Kauai 25– 

Melicope degeneri–e, Kauai 25– 

Melicope puberula–h, Kauai 25–Myrsine 

mezii–h, Kauai 25–Phyllostegia 

renovans–h, Kauai 25–Platydesma 

rostrata–r, Kauai 25–Psychotria 

grandiflora–h, and Kauai 25– 

Tetraplasandra flynnii–h (see 

paragraphs (a)(1)(cdxxxix), (a)(1)(cdxl), 

(a)(1)(cdxli), (a)(1)(cdxlii), (a)(1)(cdxliii), 

(a)(1)(cdxliv), (a)(1)(cdxlv), 

(a)(1)(cdxlvi), (a)(1)(cdxlvii), 

(a)(1)(cdxlviii), (a)(1)(cdxlix), (a)(1)(cdl), 

(a)(1)(cdli), (a)(1)(cdlii), (a)(1)(cdliii), 

(a)(1)(cdliv), and (a)(1)(cdlv), 

respectively, of this section). 

(B) Note: Map 217h follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–S 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62725 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2EP21oc08.050</GPH>
62726 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(cdxxxix) Kauai 25–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi–r (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxl) Kauai 25–Dryopteris crinalis 

var. podosorus–e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxli) Kauai 25–Dubautia 

kalalauensis–e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxlii) Kauai 25–Dubautia 

waialealae–e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxliii) Kauai 25–Geranium 

kauaiense–e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxliv) Kauai 25–Keysseria erici–e 

(0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxlv) Kauai 25–Keysseria helenae–e 

(0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxlvi) Kauai 25–Labordia helleri–m 

(0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxlvii) Kauai 25–Labordia pumila–e 

(0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxlviii) Kauai 25–Lysimachia 

daphnoides–e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdxlix) Kauai 25–Melicope degeneri– 

e (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdl) Kauai 25–Melicope puberula–h 

(0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdli) Kauai 25–Myrsine mezii–h (0.01 

ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdlii) Kauai 25–Phyllostegia 

renovans–h (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdliii) Kauai 25–Platydesma 

rostrata–r (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdliv) Kauai 25–Psychotria 

grandiflora–h (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(cdlv) Kauai 25–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–h (0.01 ha; 0.04 ac) 

(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(A) 

of this section for the textual description 

of this unit. 

(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxxviii)(B) 

of this section for the map of this unit. 

(CDLVI) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAUAI

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 4–Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis–a Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis 

Kauai 4–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–a Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 4–Cyanea dolichopoda–a Cyanea dolichopoda Cyanea dolichopoda 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 4–Cyrtandra oenobarba–a Cyrtandra oenobarba Cyrtandra oenobarba 

Kauai 4–Cyrtandra paliku–a Cyrtandra paliku Cyrtandra paliku 

Kauai 4–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–a 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 4–Lysimachia iniki–a Lysimachia iniki Lysimachia iniki 

Kauai 4–Lysimachia pendens–a Lysimachia pendens Lysimachia pendens 

Kauai 4– Lysimachia venosa–a Lysimachia venosa 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62727 

(CDLVI) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAUAI—Continued 

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 4–Platydesma rostrata–a Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 7–Canavalia napaliensis–a Canavalia napaliensis Canavalia napaliensis 

Kauai 7–Chamaesyce eleanoriae–a Chamaesyce eleanoriae Chamaesyce eleanoriae 

Kauai 7–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–b Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 7–Charpentiera densiflora–a Charpentiera densiflora Charpentiera densiflora 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 7–Doryopteris angelica–a Doryopteris angelica Doryopteris angelica 

Kauai 7–Dubautia kenwoodii–a Dubautia kenwoodii Dubautia kenwoodii 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 7–Labordia helleri–a Labordia helleri Labordia helleri 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 7–Pittosporum napaliense–a Pittosporum napaliense Pittosporum napaliense 

Kauai 7–Platydesma rostrata–b Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 7–Psychotria hobdyi–a Psychotria hobdyi Psychotria hobdyi 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 7–Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–a Tetraplasandra bisattenuata Tetraplasandra bisattenuata 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Astelia waialealae–a Astelia waialealae Astelia waialealae 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis– 

b 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis– 

c 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–c Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–d Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 10–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–e Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 10–Charpentiera densiflora–b Charpentiera densiflora Charpentiera densiflora 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Cyanea dolichopoda–b Cyanea dolichopoda Cyanea dolichopoda 

Kauai 10–Cyanea eleeleensis–a Cyanea eleeleensis 

Kauai 10–Cyanea kolekoleensis–a Cyanea kolekoleensis 

Kauai 10–Cyanea kuhihewa–a Cyanea kuhihewa 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Cyrtandra oenobarba–b Cyrtandra oenobarba Cyrtandra oenobarba 

Kauai 10–Cyrtandra oenobarba–c Cyrtandra oenobarba Cyrtandra oenobarba 

Kauai 10–Cyrtandra paliku–b Cyrtandra paliku Cyrtandra paliku 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
62728 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(CDLVI) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAUAI—Continued 

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied 

Kauai 10–Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus–a Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus 

Kauai 10–Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata–a Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata 

Kauai 10–Dubautia kalalauensis–a Dubautia kalalauensis Dubautia kalalauensis 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–b 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia 

Kauai 10–Dubautia waialealae–a Dubautia waialealae Dubautia waialealae 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Geranium kauaiense–a Geranium kauaiense Geranium kauaiense 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Keysseria erici–a Keysseria erici Keysseria erici 

Kauai 10–Keysseria helenae–a Keysseria helenae Keysseria helenae 

Kauai 10–Labordia helleri–b Labordia helleri Labordia helleri 

Kauai 10–Labordia helleri–c Labordia helleri Labordia helleri 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Labordia pumila–a Labordia pumila Labordia pumila 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Lysimachia daphnoides–a Lysimachia daphnoides Lysimachia daphnoides 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Lysimachia iniki–b Lysimachia iniki Lysimachia iniki 

Kauai 10–Lysimachia pendens–b Lysimachia pendens Lysimachia pendens 

Kauai 10–Lysimachia venosa–b Lysimachia venosa 

Kauai 10–Melicope degeneri–a Melicope paniculata Melicope paniculata 

Kauai 10–Melicope paniculata–a Melicope paniculata Melicope paniculata 

Kauai 10–Melicope puberula–a Melicope puberula Melicope puberula 

Kauai 10–Melicope puberula–b Melicope puberula Melicope puberula 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Myrsine mezii–a Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Phyllostegia renovans–a Phyllostegia renovans Phyllostegia renovans 

Kauai 10–Phyllostegia renovans–b Phyllostegia renovans Phyllostegia renovans 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 10–Platydesma rostrata–c Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 10–Platydesma rostrata–d Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 10–Platydesma rostrata–e Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 10–Psychotria grandiflora–a Psychotria grandiflora Psychotria grandiflora 

* * * * * * * 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62729 

(CDLVI) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAUAI—Continued 

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied 

Kauai 10–Stenogyne kealiae–a Stenogyne kealiae Stenogyne kealiae 

Kauai 10–Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–b Tetraplasandra bisattenuata Tetraplasandra bisattenuata 

Kauai 10–Tetraplasandra flynnii–a Tetraplasandra flynnii Tetraplasandra flynnii 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Astelia waialealae–b Astelia waialealae Astelia waialealae 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Canavalia napaliensis–b Canavalia napaliensis Canavalia napaliensis 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce eleanoriae–b Chamaesyce eleanoriae Chamaesyce eleanoriae 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce eleanoriae–c Chamaesyce eleanoriae Chamaesyce eleanoriae 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis– 

d 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis– 

e 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–f Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–g Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–h Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–i Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–j Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 11–Charpentiera densiflora–c Charpentiera densiflora Charpentiera densiflora 

Kauai 11–Charpentiera densiflora–d Charpentiera densiflora Charpentiera densiflora 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Cyanea dolichopoda–c Cyanea dolichopoda Cyanea dolichopoda 

Kauai 11–Cyanea eleeleensis–b Cyanea eleeleensis 

Kauai 11–Cyanea kolekoleensis–b Cyanea kolekoleensis 

Kauai 11–Cyanea kuhihewa–b Cyanea kuhihewa 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Cyrtandra oenobarba–d Cyrtandra oenobarba Cyrtandra oenobarba 

Kauai 11–Cyrtandra oenobarba–e Cyrtandra oenobarba Cyrtandra oenobarba 

Kauai 11–Cyrtandra paliku–c Cyrtandra paliku Cyrtandra paliku 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Diellia mannii–a Diellia mannii Diellia mannii 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Doryopteris angelica–b Doryopteris angelica Doryopteris angelica 

Kauai 11–Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus–b Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus 

Kauai 11–Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata–b Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata 

Kauai 11–Dubautia kalalauensis–b Dubautia kalalauensis Dubautia kalalauensis 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
62730 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(CDLVI) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAUAI—Continued 

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied 

Kauai 11–Dubautia kenwoodii–b Dubautia kenwoodii Dubautia kenwoodii 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–c 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia 

Kauai 11–Dubautia waialealae–b Dubautia waialealae Dubautia waialealae 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Geranium kauaiense–b Geranium kauaiense Geranium kauaiense 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Keysseria erici–b Keysseria erici Keysseria erici 

Kauai 11–Keysseria helenae–b Keysseria helenae Keysseria helenae 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–d Labordia helleri Labordia helleri 

Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–e Labordia helleri Labordia helleri 

Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–f Labordia helleri Labordia helleri 

Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–g Labordia helleri Labordia helleri 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Labordia pumila–b Labordia pumila Labordia pumila 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia daphnoides–b Lysimachia daphnoides Lysimachia daphnoides 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia iniki–c Lysimachia iniki Lysimachia iniki 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia pendens–c Lysimachia pendens Lysimachia pendens 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia scopulensis–a Lysimachia scopulensis Lysimachia scopulensis 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia venosa–c Lysimachia venosa 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Melicope degeneri–b Melicope degeneri Melicope degeneri 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Melicope paniculata–b Melicope paniculata Melicope paniculata 

Kauai 11–Melicope puberula–c Melicope puberula Melicope puberula 

Kauai 11–Melicope puberula–d Melicope puberula Melicope puberula 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Myrsine knudsenii–a Myrsine knudsenii Myrsine knudsenii 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Myrsine mezii–b Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii 

Kauai 11–Myrsine mezii–c Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Phyllostegia renovans–c Phyllostegia renovans Phyllostegia renovans 

Kauai 11–Phyllostegia renovans–d Phyllostegia renovans Phyllostegia renovans 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62731 

(CDLVI) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAUAI—Continued 

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Pittosporum napaliense–b Pittosporum napaliense Pittosporum napaliense 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Platydesma rostrata–f Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 11–Platydesma rostrata–g Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 11–Platydesma rostrata–h Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 11–Platydesma rostrata–i Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 11–Platydesma rostrata–j Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Psychotria grandiflora–b Psychotria grandiflora Psychotria grandiflora 

Kauai 11–Psychotria grandiflora–c Psychotria grandiflora Psychotria grandiflora 

Kauai 11–Psychotria hobdyi–b Psychotria hobdyi Psychotria hobdyi 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Schiedea attenuata–a Schiedea attenuata Schiedea attenuata 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 11–Stenogyne kealiae–b Stenogyne kealiae Stenogyne kealiae 

Kauai 11–Stenogyne kealiae–c Stenogyne kealiae Stenogyne kealiae 

Kauai 11–Stenogyne kealiae–d Stenogyne kealiae Stenogyne kealiae 

Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–c Tetraplasandra bisattenuata Tetraplasandra bisattenuata 

Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–d Tetraplasandra bisattenuata Tetraplasandra bisattenuata 

Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra flynnii–b Tetraplasandra flynnii Tetraplasandra flynnii 

Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra flynnii–c Tetraplasandra flynnii Tetraplasandra flynnii 

* * * * * * * 

Kauai 18–Astelia waialealae–c Astelia waialealae Astelia waialealae 

Kauai 18–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–k Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 18–Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus–c Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus 

Kauai 18–Dubautia kalalauensis–c Dubautia kalalauensis Dubautia kalalauensis 

Kauai 18–Dubautia waialealae–c Dubautia waialealae Dubautia waialealae 

Kauai 18–Geranium kauaiense–c Geranium kauaiense Geranium kauaiense 

Kauai 18–Keysseria erici–c Keysseria erici Keysseria erici 

Kauai 18–Keysseria helenae–c Keysseria helenae Keysseria helenae 

Kauai 18–Labordia helleri–h Labordia helleri Labordia helleri 

Kauai 18–Labordia pumila–c Labordia pumila Labordia pumila 

Kauai 18–Lysimachia daphnoides–c Lysimachia daphnoides Lysimachia daphnoides 

Kauai 18–Melicope degeneri–c Melicope degeneri Melicope degeneri 

Kauai 18–Melicope puberula–e Melicope puberula Melicope puberula 

Kauai 18–Myrsine mezii–d Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
62732 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(CDLVI) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAUAI—Continued 

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied 

Kauai 18–Phyllostegia renovans–e Phyllostegia renovans Phyllostegia renovans 

Kauai 18–Platydesma rostrata–k Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 18–Psychotria grandiflora–d Psychotria grandiflora Psychotria grandiflora 

Kauai 18–Tetraplasandra flynnii–d Tetraplasandra flynnii Tetraplasandra flynnii 

Kauai 19–Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis– 

f 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis 

Kauai 19–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–l Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis 

Kauai 19–Cyanea dolichopoda–d Cyanea dolichopoda Cyanea dolichopoda 

Kauai 19–Cyrtandra oenobarba–f Cyrtandra oenobarba Cyrtandra oenobarba 

Kauai 19–Cyrtandra paliku–d Cyrtandra paliku Cyrtandra paliku 

Kauai 19–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–d 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia 

Kauai 19–Lysimachia iniki–d Lysimachia iniki Lysimachia iniki 

Kauai 19–Lysimachia pendens–d Lysimachia pendens Lysimachia pendens 

Kauai 19– Lysimachia venosa–d Lysimachia venosa 

Kauai 19–Platydesma rostrata–l Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 20–Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis– 

g 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis 

Kauai 20–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–m Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 20–Cyanea dolichopoda–e Cyanea dolichopoda Cyanea dolichopoda 

Kauai 20–Cyrtandra oenobarba–g Cyrtandra oenobarba Cyrtandra oenobarba 

Kauai 20–Cyrtandra paliku–e Cyrtandra paliku Cyrtandra paliku 

Kauai 20–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–e 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia 

Kauai 20–Lysimachia iniki–e Lysimachia iniki Lysimachia iniki 

Kauai 20–Lysimachia pendens–e Lysimachia pendens Lysimachia pendens 

Kauai 20– Lysimachia venosa–e Lysimachia venosa 

Kauai 20–Platydesma rostrata–m Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 21–Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis– 

h 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis 

Kauai 21–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–n Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 21–Charpentiera densiflora–e Charpentiera densiflora Charpentiera densiflora 

Kauai 21–Cyanea eleeleensis–c Cyanea eleeleensis 

Kauai 21–Cyanea kolekoleensis–c Cyanea kolekoleensis 

Kauai 21–Cyanea kuhihewa–c Cyanea kuhihewa 

Kauai 21–Cyrtandra oenobarba–h Cyrtandra oenobarba Cyrtandra oenobarba 

Kauai 21–Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata–c Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata 

Kauai 21–Labordia helleri–i Labordia heller Labordia heller 

Kauai 21–Melicope paniculata–c Melicope paniculata Melicope paniculata 


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(CDLVI) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAUAI—Continued 

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied 

Kauai 21–Melicope puberula–f Melicope puberula Melicope puberula 

Kauai 21–Phyllostegia renovans–f Phyllostegia renovans Phyllostegia renovans 

Kauai 21–Platydesma rostrata–n Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 21–Stenogyne kealiae–e Stenogyne kealiae Stenogyne kealiae 

Kauai 21–Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–e Tetraplasandra bisattenuata Tetraplasandra bisattenuata 

Kauai 22–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–o Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 22–Diellia mannii–b Diellia mannii Diellia mannii 

Kauai 22–Labordia helleri–j Labordia helleri Labordia helleri 

Kauai 22–Myrsine knudsenii–b Myrsine knudsenii Myrsine knudsenii 

Kauai 22–Myrsine mezii–e Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii 

Kauai 22–Platydesma rostrata–o Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 22–Psychotria grandiflora–e Psychotria grandiflora Psychotria grandiflora 

Kauai 22–Stenogyne kealiae–f Stenogyne kealiae Stenogyne kealiae 

Kauai 22–Tetraplasandra flynnii–e Tetraplasandra flynnii Tetraplasandra flynnii 

Kauai 23–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–p Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 23–Diellia mannii–c Diellia mannii Diellia mannii 

Kauai 23–Labordia helleri–k Labordia helleri Labordia helleri 

Kauai 23–Myrsine knudsenii–c Myrsine knudsenii Myrsine knudsenii 

Kauai 23–Myrsine mezii–f Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii 

Kauai 23–Platydesma rostrata–p Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 23–Psychotria grandiflora–f Psychotria grandiflora Psychotria grandiflora 

Kauai 23–Stenogyne kealiae–g Stenogyne kealiae Stenogyne kealiae 

Kauai 23–Tetraplasandra flynnii–f Tetraplasandra flynnii Tetraplasandra flynnii 

Kauai 24–Astelia waialealae–d Astelia waialealae Astelia waialealae 

Kauai 24–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–q Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 24–Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus–d Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus 

Kauai 24–Dubautia kalalauensis–d Dubautia kalalauensis Dubautia kalalauensis 

Kauai 24–Dubautia waialealae–d Dubautia waialealae Dubautia waialealae 

Kauai 24–Geranium kauaiense–d Geranium kauaiense Geranium kauaiense 

Kauai 24–Keysseria erici–d Keysseria erici Keysseria erici 

Kauai 24–Keysseria helenae–d Keysseria helenae Keysseria helenae 

Kauai 24–Labordia helleri–l Labordia helleri Labordia helleri 

Kauai 24–Labordia pumila–d Labordia pumila Labordia pumila 

Kauai 24–Lysimachia daphnoides–d Lysimachia daphnoides Lysimachia daphnoides 

Kauai 24–Melicope degeneri–d Melicope degeneri Melicope degeneri 

Kauai 24–Melicope puberula–g Melicope puberula Melicope puberula 

Kauai 24–Myrsine mezii–g Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii 


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62734 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(CDLVI) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAUAI—Continued 

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied 

Kauai 24–Phyllostegia renovans–g Phyllostegia renovans Phyllostegia renovans 

Kauai 24–Platydesma rostrata–q Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 24–Psychotria grandiflora–g Psychotria grandiflora Psychotria grandiflora 

Kauai 24–Tetraplasandra flynnii–g Tetraplasandra flynnii Tetraplasandra flynnii 

Kauai 25–Astelia waialealae–e Astelia waialealae Astelia waialealae 

Kauai 25–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–r Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi 

Kauai 25–Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus–e Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus 

Kauai 25–Dubautia kalalauensis–e Dubautia kalalauensis Dubautia kalalauensis 

Kauai 25–Dubautia waialealae–e Dubautia waialealae Dubautia waialealae 

Kauai 25–Geranium kauaiense–e Geranium kauaiense Geranium kauaiense 

Kauai 25–Keysseria erici–e Keysseria erici Keysseria erici 

Kauai 25–Keysseria helenae–e Keysseria helenae Keysseria helenae 

Kauai 25–Labordia helleri–m Labordia helleri Labordia helleri 

Kauai 25–Labordia pumila–e Labordia pumila Labordia pumila 

Kauai 25–Lysimachia daphnoides–e Lysimachia daphnoides Lysimachia daphnoides 

Kauai 25–Melicope degeneri–e Melicope degeneri Melicope degeneri 

Kauai 25–Melicope puberula–h Melicope puberula Melicope puberula 

Kauai 25–Myrsine mezii–h Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii 

Kauai 25–Phyllostegia renovans–h Phyllostegia renovans Phyllostegia renovans 

Kauai 25–Platydesma rostrata–r Platydesma rostrata Platydesma rostrata 

Kauai 25–Psychotria grandiflora–h Psychotria grandiflora Psychotria grandiflora 

Kauai 25–Tetraplasandra flynnii–h Tetraplasandra flynnii Tetraplasandra flynnii 

* * * * * 

(b) * * * 

(1) * * * 

FAMILY AMARANATHACEAE: 

Charpentiera densiflora (PAPALA) 

Kauai 7–Charpentiera densiflora–a, 

Kauai 10–Charpentiera densiflora–b, 

Kauai 11–Charpentiera densiflora–c, 

Kauai 11–Charpentiera densiflora–d, 

and Kauai 21–Charpentiera densiflora– 

e, identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for 

Charpentiera densiflora on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 7–Charpentiera 

densiflora–a, and Kauai 11– 

Charpentiera densiflora–c, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 

no herbaceous layer. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, 

Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 

Santalum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 

Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 

Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 

(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 

(ii) In units Kauai 10–Charpentiera 

densiflora–b, Kauai 11–Charpentiera 

densiflora–d, and Kauai 21– 

Charpentiera densiflora–e, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY ARALIACEAE: 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata (NCN) 

Kauai 7–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–a, Kauai 10– 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–b, Kauai 

11–Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–c, 

Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra bisattenuata– 

d, and Kauai 21–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–e, identified in the legal 

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this 

section, constitute critical habitat for 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 7–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–a, and Kauai 11– 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–c, the 

primary constituent elements of critical 

habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62735 

(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 

no herbaceous layer. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, 

Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 

Santalum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 

Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 

Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 

(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 

(ii) In units Kauai 10–Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata–b, Kauai 11– 

Tetraplasandra bisattenuata–d, and 

Kauai 21–Tetraplasandra bisattenuata– 

e, the primary constituent elements of 

critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

FAMILY ARALIACEAE: 

Tetraplasandra flynnii (NCN) 

Kauai 10–Tetraplasandra flynnii–a, 

Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra flynnii–b, 

Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra flynnii–c, 

Kauai 18–Tetraplasandra flynnii–d, 

Kauai 22–Tetraplasandra flynnii–e, 

Kauai 23–Tetraplasandra flynnii–f, 

Kauai 24–Tetraplasandra flynnii–g, and 

Kauai 25–Tetraplasandra flynnii–h, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for 

Tetraplasandra flynnii on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–c, Kauai 22–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–e, and Kauai 23–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–f, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava 

flows, rocky mucks, thin silty loams, 

deep volcanic ash soils. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, 

Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 

Zanthoxylum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, 

Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 

Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, 

Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, Sophora. 

(ii) In units Kauai 10–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–a, Kauai 11–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–b, Kauai 18–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–d, Kauai 24–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–g, and Kauai 25–Tetraplasandra 

flynnii–h, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

FAMILY ASTELIACEAE: Astelia 

waialealae (PAINIU) 

Kauai 10–Astelia waialealae–a, Kauai 

11–Astelia waialealae–b, Kauai 18– 

Astelia waialealae–c, Kauai 24–Astelia 

waialealae–d, and Kauai 25–Astelia 

waialealae–e, identified in the legal 

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this 

section, constitute critical habitat for 

Astelia waialealae on Kauai. Within 

these units, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

(vii) Hummocks in bogs. 

FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia 

imbricata ssp. imbricata (NAENAE) 

Kauai 10–Dubautia imbricata ssp. 

imbricata–a, Kauai 11–Dubautia 

imbricata ssp. imbricata–b, and Kauai 

21–Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata– 

c, identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for Dubautia 

imbricata ssp. imbricata on Kauai. 

Within these units, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

are: 

(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 

m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia 

kalalauensis (NAENAE) 

Kauai 10–Dubautia kalalauensis–a, 

Kauai 11–Dubautia kalalauensis–b, 

Kauai 18–Dubautia kalalauensis–c, 

Kauai 24–Dubautia kalalauensis–d, and 

Kauai 25–Dubautia kalalauensis–e, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for Dubautia 

kalalauensis on Kauai. Within these 

units, the primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia 

kenwoodii (NAENAE) 

Kauai 7–Dubautia kenwoodii–a and 

Kauai 11–Dubautia kenwoodii–b, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for Dubautia 

kenwoodii on Kauai. Within these units, 

the primary constituent elements of 

critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 

m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 

no herbaceous layer. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, 

Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 

Santalum. 

(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 

Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 

Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 

(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia 

plantaginea ssp. magnifolia (NAENAE) 

Kauai 4–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–a, Kauai 10–Dubautia 

plantaginea ssp. magnifolia–b, Kauai 

11–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–c, Kauai 19–Dubautia 

plantaginea ssp. magnifolia–d, and 

Kauai 20–Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

magnifolia–e, identified in the legal 

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this 

section, constitute critical habitat for 

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia 

on Kauai. Within these units, the 

primary constituent elements of critical 

habitat are: 

(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 


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62736 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, 

Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 

Metrosideros. 

(iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, 

Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 

Peperomia. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia 

waialealae (NAENAE) 

Kauai 10–Dubautia waialealae–a, 

Kauai 11–Dubautia waialealae–b, Kauai 

18–Dubautia waialealae–c, Kauai 24– 

Dubautia waialealae–d, and Kauai 25– 

Dubautia waialealae–e, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Dubautia waialealae on Kauai. 

Within these units, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

are: 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

(vii) Bogs. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Keysseria 

erici (NCN) 

Kauai 10–Keysseria erici–a, Kauai 11– 

Keysseria erici–b, Kauai 18–Keysseria 

erici–c, Kauai 24–Keysseria erici–d, and 

Kauai 25–Keysseria erici–e, identified in 

the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) 

of this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Keysseria erici on Kauai. Within 

these units, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

(vii) Bogs. 

FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Keysseria 

helenae (NCN) 

Kauai 10–Keysseria helenae–a, Kauai 

11–Keysseria helenae–b, Kauai 18– 

Keysseria helenae–c, Kauai 24– 

Keysseria helenae–d, and Kauai 25– 

Keysseria helenae–e, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Keysseria helenae on Kauai. Within 

these units, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

(vii) Bogs. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE: Cyanea 

dolichopoda (HAHA) 

Kauai 4–Cyanea dolichopoda–a, 

Kauai 10–Cyanea dolichopoda–b, Kauai 

11–Cyanea dolichopoda–c, Kauai 19– 

Cyanea dolichopoda–d, and Kauai 20– 

Cyanea dolichopoda–e, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Cyanea dolichopoda on Kauai. 

Within these units, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

are: 

(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 

(iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, 

Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 

Metrosideros. 

(iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, 

Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 

Peperomia. 

FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE: Cyanea 

eleeleensis (HAHA) 

Kauai 10–Cyanea eleeleensis–a, Kauai 

11–Cyanea eleeleensis–b, and Kauai 21– 

Cyanea eleeleensis–c, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Cyanea eleeleensis on Kauai. Within 

these units, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 

m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE: Cyanea 

kolekoleensis (HAHA) 

Kauai 10–Cyanea kolekoleensis–a, 

Kauai 11–Cyanea kolekoleensis–b, and 

Kauai 21–Cyanea kolekoleensis–c, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for Cyanea 

kolekoleensis on Kauai. Within these 

units, the primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 

m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE: Cyanea 

kuhihewa (HAHA) 

Kauai 10–Cyanea kuhihewa–a, Kauai 

11–Cyanea kuhihewa–b, and Kauai 21– 

Cyanea kuhihewa–c, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Cyanea kuhihewa on Kauai. Within 

these units, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 

m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE: 

Schiedea attenuata (NCN) 

Kauai 11–Schiedea attenuata–a, 

identified in the legal description in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea 

attenuata on Kauai. Within this unit, 

the primary constituent elements of 

critical habitat are: 

(i) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 

inches (190 centimeters). 

(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, rocky talus. 

(iii) Subcanopy: Antidesma, 

Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. 

(iv) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, 

Melanthera, Schiedea. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE: 

Chamaesyce eleanoriae (AKOKO) 

Kauai 7–Chamaesyce eleanoriae–a, 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce eleanoriae–b, 

and Kauai 11–Chamaesyce eleanoriae– 

c, identified in the legal descriptions in 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62737 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for 

Chamaesyce eleanoriae on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 7–Chamaesyce 

eleanoriae–a and Kauai 11–Chamaesyce 

eleanoriae–b, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 

no herbaceous layer. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, 

Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 

Santalum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 

Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 

Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 

(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 

(ii) In unit Kauai 11–Chamaesyce 

eleanoriae–c, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 

inches (190 centimeters). 

(B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, rocky talus. 

(C) Subcanopy: Antidesma, 

Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. 

(D) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, 

Melanthera, Schiedea. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE: 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis 

(AKOKO) 

Kauai 4–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–a, Kauai 10–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis–b, Kauai 10– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis–c, 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–d, Kauai 11–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis–e, Kauai 19– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis–f, 

Kauai 20–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–g, and Kauai 21– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis–h, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis on 

Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 10–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis–b, Kauai 11– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis–d, 

and Kauai 21–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–h, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

(ii) In units Kauai 4–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis–a, Kauai 10– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis–c, 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis–e, Kauai 19–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. kauaiensis–f, and Kauai 20– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis–g, 

the primary constituent elements of 

critical habitat are: 

(A) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 

(C) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, 

Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 

Metrosideros. 

(D) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, 

Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 

Peperomia. 

FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE: 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi (AKOKO) 

Kauai 4–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–a, Kauai 7–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–b, Kauai 10–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi–c, Kauai 10– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–d, Kauai 

10–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–e, 

Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

f, Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–g, Kauai 11–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–h, Kauai 11–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi–i, Kauai 11– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–j, Kauai 

18–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–k, 

Kauai 19–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

l, Kauai 20–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–m, Kauai 21–Chamaesyce remyi 

var. remyi–n, Kauai 22–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi–o, Kauai 23– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–p, Kauai 

24–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–q, and 

Kauai 25–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

r, identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 7–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi–b and Kauai 11– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–g, the 

primary constituent elements of critical 

habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 

no herbaceous layer. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, 

Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 

Santalum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 

Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 

Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 

(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 

(ii) In units Kauai 10–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi–d, Kauai 11– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–h, and 

Kauai 21–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

n, the primary constituent elements of 

critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

(iii) In units Kauai 11–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi–j, Kauai 22– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–o, and 

Kauai 23–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

p, the primary constituent elements of 

critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava 

flows, rocky mucks, thin silty loams, 

deep volcanic ash soils. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, 

Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 

Zanthoxylum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, 

Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 

Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, 

Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, Sophora. 

(iv) In units Kauai 10–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi–c, Kauai 11– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–f, Kauai 

18–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–k, 

Kauai 24–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

q, and Kauai 25–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–r, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

(v) In units Kauai 4–Chamaesyce 

remyi var. remyi–a, Kauai 10– 

Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–e, Kauai 

11–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi–i, 

Kauai 19–Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi– 

l, and Kauai 20–Chamaesyce remyi var. 

remyi–m, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
62738 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(A) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 

(C) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, 

Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 

Metrosideros. 

(D) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, 

Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 

Peperomia. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY FABACEAE: Canavalia 

napaliensis (AWIKIWIKI) 

Kauai 7–Canavalia napaliensis–a and 

Kauai 11–Canavalia napaliensis–b, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for Canavalia 

napaliensis on Kauai. Within these 

units, the primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 

m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 

no herbaceous layer. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, 

Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 

Santalum. 

(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 

Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 

Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 

(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY GERANIACEAE: Geranium 

kauaiense (NOHOANU) 

Kauai 10–Geranium kauaiense–a, 

Kauai 11–Geranium kauaiense–b, Kauai 

18–Geranium kauaiense–c, Kauai 24– 

Geranium kauaiense–d, and Kauai 25– 

Geranium kauaiense–e, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Geranium kauaiense on Kauai. 

Within these units, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

are: 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

(vii) Bogs. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY GESNERIACEAE: Cyrtandra 

oenobarba (HAIWALE) 

Kauai 4–Cyrtandra oenobarba–a, 

Kauai 10–Cyrtandra oenobarba–b, 

Kauai 10–Cyrtandra oenobarba–c, Kauai 

11–Cyrtandra oenobarba–d, Kauai 11– 

Cyrtandra oenobarba–e, Kauai 19– 

Cyrtandra oenobarba–f, Kauai 20– 

Cyrtandra oenobarba–g, and Kauai 21– 

Cyrtandra oenobarba–h, identified in 

the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) 

of this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Cyrtandra oenobarba on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 10–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–b, Kauai 11–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–d, and Kauai 21–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–h, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

(ii) In units Kauai 4–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–a, Kauai 10–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–c, Kauai 11–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–e, Kauai 19–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–f, and Kauai 20–Cyrtandra 

oenobarba–g, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 

(C) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, 

Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 

Metrosideros. 

(D) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, 

Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 

Peperomia. 

FAMILY GESNERIACEAE: Cyrtandra 

paliku (HAIWALE) 

Kauai 4–Cyrtandra paliku–a, Kauai 

10–Cyrtandra paliku–b, Kauai 11– 

Cyrtandra paliku–c, Kauai 19– 

Cyrtandra paliku–d, and Kauai 20– 

Cyrtandra paliku–e, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Cyrtandra paliku on Kauai. Within 

these units, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 

(iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, 

Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 

Metrosideros. 

(iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, 

Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 

Peperomia. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY LAMIACEAE: Phyllostegia 

renovans (NCN) 

Kauai 10–Phyllostegia renovans–a, 

Kauai 10–Phyllostegia renovans–b, 

Kauai 11–Phyllostegia renovans–c, 

Kauai 11–Phyllostegia renovans–d, 

Kauai 18–Phyllostegia renovans–e, 

Kauai 21–Phyllostegia renovans–f, 

Kauai 24–Phyllostegia renovans–g, and 

Kauai 25–Phyllostegia renovans–h, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for 

Phyllostegia renovans on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 10–Phyllostegia 

renovans–b, Kauai 11–Phyllostegia 

renovans–d, and Kauai 21–Phyllostegia 

renovans–f, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

(ii) In units Kauai 10–Phyllostegia 

renovans–a, Kauai 11–Phyllostegia 

renovans–c, Kauai 18–Phyllostegia 

renovans–e, Kauai 24–Phyllostegia 

renovans–g, and Kauai 25–Phyllostegia 

renovans–h, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY LAMIACEAE: Stenogyne 

kealiae (NCN) 

Kauai 10–Stenogyne kealiae–a, Kauai 

11–Stenogyne kealiae–b, Kauai 11– 

Stenogyne kealiae–c, Kauai 11– 

Stenogyne kealiae–d, Kauai 21– 

Stenogyne kealiae–e, Kauai 22– 

Stenogyne kealiae–f, and Kauai 23– 

Stenogyne kealiae–g, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Stenogyne kealiae on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 10–Stenogyne 

kealiae–a, Kauai 11–Stenogyne kealiae– 

c, and Kauai 21–Stenogyne kealiae–e, 

the primary constituent elements of 

critical habitat are: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 62739 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

(ii) In units Kauai 11–Stenogyne 

kealiae–d, Kauai 22–Stenogyne kealiae– 

f, and Kauai 23–Stenogyne kealiae–g, 

the primary constituent elements of 

critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava 

flows, rocky mucks, thin silty loams, 

deep volcanic ash soils. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, 

Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 

Zanthoxylum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, 

Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 

Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, 

Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, Sophora. 

(iii) In unit Kauai 11–Stenogyne 

kealiae–b, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 

inches (190 centimeters). 

(B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, rocky talus. 

(C) Subcanopy: Antidesma, 

Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. 

(D) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, 

Melanthera, Schiedea. 

FAMILY LOGANIACEAE: Labordia 

helleri (KAMAKAHALA) 

Kauai 7–Labordia helleri–a, Kauai 10– 

Labordia helleri–b, Kauai 10–Labordia 

helleri–c, Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–d, 

Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–e, Kauai 11– 

Labordia helleri–f, Kauai 11–Labordia 

helleri–g, Kauai 18–Labordia helleri–h, 

Kauai 21–Labordia helleri–i, Kauai 22– 

Labordia helleri–j, Kauai 23–Labordia 

helleri–k, Kauai 24–Labordia helleri–l, 

and Kauai 25–Labordia helleri–m, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for Labordia 

helleri on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 7–Labordia helleri– 

a and Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–e, the 

primary constituent elements of critical 

habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 

no herbaceous layer. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, 

Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 

Santalum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 

Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 

Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 

(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 

(ii) In units Kauai 10–Labordia 

helleri–c, Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–f, 

and Kauai 21–Labordia helleri–i, the 

primary constituent elements of critical 

habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

(iii) In units Kauai 11–Labordia 

helleri–g, Kauai 22–Labordia helleri–j, 

and Kauai 23–Labordia helleri–k, the 

primary constituent elements of critical 

habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava 

flows, rocky mucks, thin silty loams, 

deep volcanic ash soils. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, 

Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 

Zanthoxylum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, 

Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 

Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, 

Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, Sophora. 

(iv) In units Kauai 10–Labordia 

helleri–b, Kauai 11–Labordia helleri–d, 

Kauai 18–Labordia helleri–h, Kauai 24– 

Labordia helleri–l, and Kauai 25– 

Labordia helleri–m, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY LOGANIACEAE: Labordia 

pumila (KAMAKAHALA) 

Kauai 10–Labordia pumila–a, Kauai 

11–Labordia pumila–b, Kauai 18– 

Labordia pumila–c, Kauai 24–Labordia 

pumila–d, and Kauai 25–Labordia 

pumila–e, identified in the legal 

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this 

section, constitute critical habitat for 

Labordia pumila on Kauai. Within these 

units, the primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

(vii) Bogs. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia 

daphnoides (LEHUA MAKANOE) 

Kauai 10–Lysimachia daphnoides–a, 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia daphnoides–b, 

Kauai 18–Lysimachia daphnoides–c, 

Kauai 24–Lysimachia daphnoides–d, 

and Kauai 25–Lysimachia daphnoides– 

e, identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for Lysimachia 

daphnoides on Kauai. Within these 

units, the primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

(vii) Bogs. 

FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia 

iniki (NCN) 

Kauai 4–Lysimachia iniki–a, Kauai 

10–Lysimachia iniki–b, Kauai 11– 

Lysimachia iniki–c, Kauai 19– 

Lysimachia iniki–d, and Kauai 20– 

Lysimachia iniki–e, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Lysimachia iniki on Kauai. Within 

these units, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 


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62740 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 

(iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, 

Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 

Metrosideros. 

(iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, 

Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 

Peperomia. 

FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia 

pendens (NCN) 

Kauai 4–Lysimachia pendens–a, 

Kauai 10–Lysimachia pendens–b, Kauai 

11–Lysimachia pendens–c, Kauai 19– 

Lysimachia pendens–d, and Kauai 20– 

Lysimachia pendens–e, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Lysimachia pendens on Kauai. 

Within these units, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

are: 

(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 

(iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, 

Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 

Metrosideros. 

(iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, 

Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 

Peperomia. 

FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia 

scopulensis (NCN) 

Kauai 11–Lysimachia scopulensis–a, 

identified in the legal description in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitutes critical habitat for 

Lysimachia scopulensis on Kauai. 

Within this unit, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

are: 

(i) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 

inches (190 centimeters). 

(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, rocky talus. 

(iii) Subcanopy: Antidesma, 

Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. 

(iv) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, 

Melanthera, Schiedea. 

FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia 

venosa (NCN) 

Kauai 4–Lysimachia venosa–a, Kauai 

10–Lysimachia venosa–b, Kauai 11– 

Lysimachia venosa–c, Kauai 19– 

Lysimachia venosa–d, and Kauai 20– 

Lysimachia venosa–e, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Lysimachia venosa on Kauai. Within 

these units, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 

(iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, 

Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 

Metrosideros. 

(iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, 

Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 

Peperomia. 

FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Myrsine 

knudsenii (KOLEA) 

Kauai 11–Myrsine knudsenii–a, Kauai 

22–Myrsine knudsenii–b, and Kauai 23– 

Myrsine knudsenii–c, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Myrsine knudsenii on Kauai. Within 

these units, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Weathered aa lava 

flows, rocky mucks, thin silty loams, 

deep volcanic ash soils. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, 

Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 

Zanthoxylum. 

(v) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, 

Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 

Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, 

Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, Sophora. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Myrsine 

mezii (KOLEA) 

Kauai 10–Myrsine mezii–a, Kauai 11– 

Myrsine mezii–b, Kauai 11–Myrsine 

mezii–c, Kauai 18–Myrsine mezii–d, 

Kauai 22–Myrsine mezii–e, Kauai 23– 

Myrsine mezii–f, Kauai 24–Myrsine 

mezii–g, and Kauai 25–Myrsine mezii–h, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for Myrsine 

mezii on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 11–Myrsine mezii– 

c, Kauai 22–Myrsine mezii–e, and Kauai 

23–Myrsine mezii–f, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava 

flows, rocky mucks, thin silty loams, 

deep volcanic ash soils. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, 

Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 

Zanthoxylum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, 

Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 

Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, 

Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, Sophora. 

(ii) In units Kauai 10–Myrsine mezii– 

a, Kauai 11–Myrsine mezii–b, Kauai 18– 

Myrsine mezii–d, Kauai 24–Myrsine 

mezii–g, and Kauai 25–Myrsine mezii–h, 

the primary constituent elements of 

critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY PITTOSPORACEAE: 

Pittosporum napaliense (HOAWA) 

Kauai 7–Pittosporum napaliense–a 

and Kauai 11–Pittosporum napaliense– 

b, identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for 

Pittosporum napaliense on Kauai. 

Within these units, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

are: 

(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 

m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 

no herbaceous layer. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, 

Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 

Santalum. 

(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 

Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 

Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 

(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY RUBIACEAE: Psychotria 

grandiflora (KOPIKO) 

Kauai 10–Psychotria grandiflora–a, 

Kauai 11–Psychotria grandiflora–b, 

Kauai 11–Psychotria grandiflora–c, 

Kauai 18–Psychotria grandiflora–d, 

Kauai 22–Psychotria grandiflora–e, 

Kauai 23–Psychotria grandiflora–f, 

Kauai 24–Psychotria grandiflora–g, and 

Kauai 25–Psychotria grandiflora–h, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for Psychotria 

grandiflora on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 11–Psychotria 

grandiflora–c, Kauai 22–Psychotria 

grandiflora–e, and Kauai 23–Psychotria 

grandiflora–f, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava 

flows, rocky mucks, thin silty loams, 

deep volcanic ash soils. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, 

Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 

Zanthoxylum. 


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(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, 

Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 

Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, 

Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, Sophora. 

(ii) In units Kauai 10–Psychotria 

grandiflora–a, Kauai 11–Psychotria 

grandiflora–b, Kauai 18–Psychotria 

grandiflora–d, Kauai 24–Psychotria 

grandiflora–g, and Kauai 25–Psychotria 

grandiflora–h, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

FAMILY RUBIACEAE: Psychotria 

hobdyi (KOPIKO) 

Kauai 7–Psychotria hobdyi–a and 

Kauai 11–Psychotria hobdyi–b, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for Psychotria 

hobdyi on Kauai. Within these units, the 

primary constituent elements of critical 

habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 

m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 

no herbaceous layer. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, 

Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 

Santalum. 

(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 

Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 

Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 

(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 

FAMILY RUTACEAE: Melicope 

degeneri (ALANI) 

Kauai 10–Melicope degeneri–a, Kauai 

11–Melicope degeneri–b, Kauai 18– 

Melicope degeneri–c, Kauai 24– 

Melicope degeneri–d, and Kauai 25– 

Melicope degeneri–e, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Melicope degeneri on Kauai. Within 

these units, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY RUTACEAE: Melicope 

paniculata (ALANI) 

Kauai 10–Melicope paniculata–a, 

Kauai 11–Melicope paniculata–b, and 

Kauai 21–Melicope paniculata–c, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for Melicope 

paniculata on Kauai. Within these units, 

the primary constituent elements of 

critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 

m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

FAMILY RUTACEAE: Melicope 

puberula (ALANI) 

Kauai 10–Melicope puberula–a, Kauai 

10–Melicope puberula–b, Kauai 11– 

Melicope puberula–c, Kauai 11– 

Melicope puberula–d, Kauai 18– 

Melicope puberula–e, Kauai 21– 

Melicope puberula–f, Kauai 24– 

Melicope puberula–g, and Kauai 25– 

Melicope puberula–h, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Melicope puberula on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 10–Melicope 

puberula–b, Kauai 11–Melicope 

puberula–d, and Kauai 21–Melicope 

puberula–f, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 

(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

(ii) In units Kauai 10–Melicope 

puberula–a, Kauai 11–Melicope 

puberula–c, Kauai 18–Melicope 

puberula–e, Kauai 24–Melicope 

puberula–g, and Kauai 25–Melicope 

puberula–h, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

FAMILY RUTACEAE: Platydesma 

rostrata (PILO KEA LAU) 

Kauai 4–Platydesma rostrata–a, Kauai 

7–Platydesma rostrata–b, Kauai 10– 

Platydesma rostrata–c, Kauai 10– 

Platydesma rostrata–d, Kauai 10– 

Platydesma rostrata–e, Kauai 11– 

Platydesma rostrata–f, Kauai 11– 

Platydesma rostrata–g, Kauai 11– 

Platydesma rostrata–h, Kauai 11– 

Platydesma rostrata–i, Kauai 11– 

Platydesma rostrata–j, Kauai 18– 

Platydesma rostrata–k, Kauai 19– 

Platydesma rostrata–l, Kauai 20– 

Platydesma rostrata–m, Kauai 21– 

Platydesma rostrata–n, Kauai 22– 

Platydesma rostrata–o, Kauai 23– 

Platydesma rostrata–p, Kauai 24– 

Platydesma rostrata–q, and Kauai 25– 

Platydesma rostrata–r, identified in the 

legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Platydesma rostrata on Kauai. 

(i) In units Kauai 7–Platydesma 

rostrata–b and Kauai 11–Platydesma 

rostrata–g, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 

no herbaceous layer. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, 

Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 

Santalum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 

Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 

Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 

(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 

(ii) In units Kauai 10–Platydesma 

rostrata–d, Kauai 11–Platydesma 

rostrata–h, and Kauai 21–Platydesma 

rostrata–n, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft 

(1,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep 

well-drained soils, lowland bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, 

Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 

Hedyotis, Melicope. 


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(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 

Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 

Microlepia. 

(iii) In units Kauai 11–Platydesma 

rostrata–j, Kauai 22–Platydesma 

rostrata–o, and Kauai 23–Platydesma 

rostrata–p, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava 

flows, rocky mucks, thin silty loams, 

deep volcanic ash soils. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, 

Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 

Zanthoxylum. 

(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, 

Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 

Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, 

Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, Sophora. 

(iv) In units Kauai 10–Platydesma 

rostrata–c, Kauai 11–Platydesma 

rostrata–f, Kauai 18–Platydesma 

rostrata–k, Kauai 24–Platydesma 

rostrata–q, and Kauai 25–Platydesma 

rostrata–r, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

(v) In units Kauai 4–Platydesma 

rostrata–a, Kauai 10–Platydesma 

rostrata–e, Kauai 11–Platydesma 

rostrata–i, Kauai 19–Platydesma 

rostrata–l, and Kauai 20–Platydesma 

rostrata–m, the primary constituent 

elements of critical habitat are: 

(A) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 

slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 

(C) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, 

Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, 

Metrosideros. 

(D) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, 

Coprosoma, Dubautia, Hedyotis, 

Peperomia. 

* * * * * 

(2) * * * 

* * * * * 

FAMILY ASPLENIACEAE: Diellia 

mannii (NCN) 

Kauai 11–Diellia mannii–a, Kauai 22– 

Diellia mannii–b, and Kauai 23–Diellia 

mannii–c, identified in the legal 

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this 

section, constitute critical habitat for 

Diellia mannii on Kauai. Within these 

units, the primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Weathered aa lava 

flows, rocky mucks, thin silty loams, 

deep volcanic ash soils. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, 

Psychotria, Tetraplasandra, 

Zanthoxylum. 

(v) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, 

Coprosma, Hedyotis, Ilex, Myoporum, 

Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, 

Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola, Sophora. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY DRYOPTERIDACEAE: 

Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus 

(PALAPALAI AUMAKUA) 

Kauai 10–Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus–a, Kauai 11–Dryopteris 

crinalis var. podosorus–b, Kauai 18– 

Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus–c, 

Kauai 24–Dryopteris crinalis var. 

podosorus–d, and Kauai 25–Dryopteris 

crinalis var. podosorus–e, identified in 

the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) 

of this section, constitute critical habitat 

for Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus on 

Kauai. Within these units, the primary 

constituent elements of critical habitat 

are: 

(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 6,600 ft (1,000 

to 2,000 m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 

75 inches (190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 

montane bogs. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 

Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 

(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 

Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 

(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 

Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 

Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 

* * * * * 

FAMILY PTERIDACEAE: Doryopteris 

angelica (NCN) 

Kauai 7–Doryopteris angelica–a and 

Kauai 11–Doryopteris angelica–b, 

identified in the legal descriptions in 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 

constitute critical habitat for Doryopteris 

angelica on Kauai. Within these units, 

the primary constituent elements of 

critical habitat are: 

(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (1,000 

m). 

(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 

inches (127 to 190 centimeters). 

(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 

no herbaceous layer. 

(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, 

Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 

Santalum. 

(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 

Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 

Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 

(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, 

Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 

* * * * * 

Dated: September 12, 2008 

Lyle Laverty, 

Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and 

Parks 

[FR Doc. E8–23561 Filed 10–20–08; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–S 


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