SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

Appellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department

783 

CA 14-02228 

PRESENT: SCUDDER, P.J., SMITH, SCONIERS, VALENTINO, AND DEJOSEPH, JJ. 

 

GREECE RIDGE, LLC AND TOWN OF GREECE, 

PLAINTIFFS-RESPONDENTS, 

V MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

STATE OF NEW YORK, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. 

 

ERIC T. SCHNEIDERMAN, ATTORNEY GENERAL, ALBANY (KATHLEEN M. ARNOLD OF

COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

FORSYTH, HOWE, O’DWYER, KALB & MURPHY, P.C., ROCHESTER (ROBERT B.

KOEGEL OF COUNSEL), FOR PLAINTIFFS-RESPONDENTS. 

 

Appeal from an order of the Supreme Court, Monroe County (Thomas

A. Stander, J.), entered April 8, 2014. The order granted in part the

motion of plaintiffs to dismiss certain affirmative defenses and

granted in part the cross motion of defendant for summary judgment

dismissing the complaint. 

It is hereby ORDERED that the order so appealed from is modified

on the law by granting that part of the cross motion with respect to

the fourth cause of action, and dismissing that cause of action, and

as modified the order is affirmed without costs. 

Memorandum: Plaintiffs allege that the Department of

Transportation changed the elevation of a storm drainage system near a

mall and other properties owned by plaintiffs, and that those changes

caused plaintiffs’ properties to flood during periods of heavy rain. 

Plaintiffs commenced this action in Supreme Court seeking, among other

relief, an injunction requiring defendant to correct the drainage

system, and damages for injuries caused by the resultant flooding. 

Plaintiffs also commenced an action in the Court of Claims seeking

damages for the same injuries, but the parties stipulated to dismissal

of that action without prejudice. As relevant here, plaintiffs moved

to dismiss certain affirmative defenses pursuant to grounds set forth

in CPLR 3211, and defendant cross-moved for summary judgment

dismissing the complaint. Defendant appeals from an order that, inter

alia, granted parts of the motion and the cross motion.

Contrary to defendant’s contention, the court properly denied

that part of its cross motion seeking summary judgment dismissing all

claims for money damages. Although defendant is correct that 

“ ‘claims that are primarily against the State for damages must be

brought in the Court of Claims, the Supreme Court may consider a claim
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CA 14-02228 

for injunctive relief as long as the claim is not primarily for

damages’ ” (Zutt v State of New York, 50 AD3d 1131, 1132; see Court of

Claims Act § 9 [2]). “Whether the essential nature of the claim is to

recover money, or whether the monetary relief is incidental to the

primary claim, is dependent upon the facts and issues presented in a

particular case” (Matter of Gross v Perales, 72 NY2d 231, 236, rearg

denied 72 NY2d 1042; see generally Metropolitan Taxicab Bd. of Trade v

New York City Taxi & Limousine Commn., 115 AD3d 521, 522-523, lv

denied 24 NY3d 911). Here, defendant failed to establish in support

of its cross motion that the essential nature of the causes of action

for negligence, continuing nuisance, and continuing trespass is to

recover money damages, and thus the court properly declined to grant

summary judgment dismissing those causes of action.

We agree, however, with the further contention of defendant that

the court erred in denying that part of its cross motion seeking

summary judgment dismissing the cause of action for inverse

condemnation, and we therefore modify the order accordingly. That

cause of action alleged that the flooding intruded onto plaintiffs’

properties and interfered with their property rights to such an extent

that it constituted “a constitutional taking requiring [defendant] to

purchase the properties from plaintiffs.” It is well settled that

such a “taking can consist of either a permanent ouster of the owner,

or a permanent interference with the owner’s physical use, possession,

and enjoyment of the property, by one having condemnation powers”

(Weaver v Town of Rush, 1 AD3d 920, 923). “In order to constitute a

permanent ouster, ‘defendant[’s] conduct must constitute a permanent

physical occupation of plaintiff’s property amounting to exercise of

dominion and control thereof’ ” (id. at 923-924; see Reiss v

Consolidated Edison Co. of N.Y., 228 AD2d 59, 61, appeal dismissed 89

NY2d 1085, lv denied 90 NY2d 807, cert denied 522 US 1113). 

Here, defendant met its burden on its cross motion with respect

to the cause of action for inverse condemnation by establishing as a

matter of law that any interference with plaintiffs’ property rights

was not sufficiently permanent to constitute a de facto taking (see

Sarnelli v City of New York, 256 AD2d 399, 400-401, lv denied 93 NY2d

804, reconsideration denied 93 NY2d 958; cf. Sassone v Town of

Queensbury, 157 AD2d 891, 893), and plaintiffs failed to raise a

triable issue of fact in opposition (see generally Alvarez v Prospect

Hosp., 68 NY2d 320, 324). Insofar as the parties rely upon the cause

of action for inverse condemnation as a basis to grant or deny the

motion to dismiss the affirmative defenses, their contentions

concerning those affirmative defenses are academic in light of our

dismissal of that cause of action. 

We have considered defendant’s remaining contentions and conclude

that they are without merit.

All concur except SCONIERS and DEJOSEPH, JJ., who dissent in part

and vote to modify in accordance with the following memorandum: We

respectfully dissent in part. We agree with the majority that Supreme

Court erred in denying that part of defendant’s cross motion seeking

summary judgment dismissing the fourth cause of action, for inverse
-3- 783 

CA 14-02228 

condemnation. With respect to the remaining causes of action,

however, we conclude that the court further erred in denying that part

of the cross motion seeking summary judgment dismissing them to the

extent that they assert claims for damages, and in granting that part

of plaintiffs’ motion seeking dismissal of the 10th affirmative

defense, which alleges that the court lacks subject matter

jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ claims for damages. We would therefore

further modify the order accordingly. 

The remaining causes of action, sounding in negligence,

continuing nuisance and continuing trespass, “are primarily claims

against the State for money damages and as such could only be

entertained in the Court of Claims” (Schaffer v Evans, 57 NY2d 992,

994; see Court of Claims Act § 9 [4]). Contrary to the majority, we

conclude that the damages for losses allegedly incurred as the result

of the flooding are “consequential damages and are not ‘incidental to

the primary relief sought by [plaintiffs]’ ” (Matter of Bennefield v

Annucci, 122 AD3d 1329, 1330). To the extent that the first three

causes of action support plaintiffs’ claim for injunctive relief, they

may remain in Supreme Court (see Zutt v State of New York, 50 AD3d

1131, 1132), but the claims for damages must be asserted in the Court

of Claims (see Bennefield, 122 AD3d at 1330; Matter of Taylor v

Kennedy, 159 AD2d 827, 827). 

Entered: July 10, 2015 Frances E. Cafarell

Clerk of the Court