UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 15-2576

EVELYN JOSSELY GOMEZ VILLATORO; CHRISTER JASUAT GOMEZ 

VILLATORO,

Petitioners,

v.

JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.

Argued: December 6, 2016 Decided: March 2, 2017

Before KING, SHEDD, and FLOYD, Circuit Judges.

Petition for review granted in part and denied in part; remanded for further proceedings 

by unpublished opinion. Judge Floyd wrote the majority opinion, in which Judge King 

joined. Judge Shedd wrote a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part. 

ARGUED: Jasper Jimmy Nzedu, JASPER ATTORNEYS & ASSOCIATES, PLLC, 

Alexandria, Virginia, for Petitioners. Julia Tyler, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT 

OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent. ON BRIEF: Benjamin C. Mizer, 

Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Russell J.E. Verby, Senior Litigation

Counsel, Monica Antoun, Office of Immigration Litigation, UNITED STATES 

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
2

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
3

FLOYD, Circuit Judge:

Petitioners Evelyn Gomez-Villatoro (“Gomez”) and her minor son, C. J. GomezVillatoro, citizens and natives of Honduras, had their asylum petitions rejected by both an 

Immigration Judge (IJ) and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). Because the BIA’s 

decision represents a misapplication of our precedent, we reverse, and remand with 

instructions to grant the asylum petitions. 

I.

A.

Gomez and her minor son, citizens and natives of Honduras, entered the United 

States on or about September 25, 2012, when Gomez was nineteen years old and her son 

was three months old. They entered on B-2 tourist visas that required them to depart the 

United States on or before December 25, 2012. However, both overstayed their visas. 

On or about January 7, 2013, Gomez filed an application for asylum, including her minor 

son as a derivative applicant.

1

 In addition to seeking asylum, Gomez sought removal of 

withholding, as well as protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).2

 Gomez 

 1 As Gomez’s son’s applications are all derivative of her own claims, the 

remainder of this memorandum will refer only to Gomez.

2 United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or 

Degrading Treatment or Punishment, opened for signature Dec. 10, 1984, 1465 U.N.T.S. 

85 (entered into force in United States Nov. 20, 1994); see also 136 Cong. Rec. S17,486, 

17,491–92 (daily ed. Oct. 27, 1990) (Senate understandings on ratification); Foreign 

Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-277 § 2242, 112 Stat. 

2681, 2822–23 (implementing legislation); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18 (implementing 

regulations).
4

appeared to base her claims on her father’s and her brother’s religious activities, and on 

her membership in her family. During the pendency of her application, Gomez gave birth 

to a second child in the United States, who is a citizen by birth.

After initial procedural issues, Gomez eventually appeared for a hearing on 

August 19, 2014, before IJ David W. Crossland in Baltimore, Maryland. The IJ denied 

her application in full. Gomez then appealed to the BIA which dismissed the appeal in a 

single-judge written order and opinion on December 3, 2015, affirming the IJ’s decision. 

Gomez now petitions this Court for relief, and we exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 

Section 242 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. § 1252. 

B.

In Honduras, Gomez was part of a fairly well-off family. The family owned a 

working farm that employed six to eight people and had approximately 200 head of cattle 

in addition to several chickens and hogs. Gomez and her family were also active 

members of the Evangelical Church in their community, located in Sonaguera within the 

Department of Colón. According to Gomez, her father led the men’s fellowship group, 

where he would preach that it was against their Christian faith to pay money to gangs and 

also warned the men not to support the gangs. Gomez further alleged that beginning in 

2010, when she was seventeen, she and her family began receiving threats from members 

of MS-13, a prominent gang in Honduras. Gomez alleged and testified that it was 

because of these religion-based threats made against her family, and the ensuing deaths of 

her father and brother, that she feared return to Honduras.
5

At her hearing, Gomez explained to the IJ that her father received threatening texts 

from the gangs demanding that he stop preaching, which her father showed to her 

brother, and which her brother then told her about. Gomez’s father was subsequently 

killed on July 5, 2011—when Gomez was seventeen years old—allegedly by members of 

MS-13. In April 2012, after her father’s death, Gomez came to the United States on a 

tourist visa, and then returned to Honduras. When asked why she did not file for asylum 

at that point, she told the IJ that she “thought that after that, things were going to be 

calmer,” and that she “didn’t think they were going to continue receiving threats.” A.R. 

96.3

Gomez also testified at her hearing that her brother began preaching against the 

gangs once her father was killed, and that soon after her brother also received threatening 

text messages about preaching. These texts messages were not seen by Gomez either, but 

instead shown to the brother’s friend, who told Gomez’s mother, who ultimately told 

Gomez. Gomez’s brother was then killed on June 18, 2012, also allegedly by members 

of MS-13. Following the death of Gomez’s brother, Gomez’s mother entered the United 

States alone. Gomez’s mother filed an asylum request at that time. Gomez then entered 

the country, as mentioned above, on or about September 25, 2012.

Gomez testified to the IJ that she feared persecution by members of the MS-13 

gang because of her father and brother, and that “what [the gang members] wanted to do 

 3 Citations to the “A.R.” refer to the Administrative Record of the proceedings 

below filed by the parties in this appeal.
6

was punish him and all of us because of the—of his preachings.” A.R. 102. The IJ then 

further asked, “So why would they kill you now?” to which Gomez replied, “Because if 

we go back there, they are angry because of what my father used to preach about, and if 

we go back there, they’re going to kill us all as well.” Id. Gomez also related to the IJ 

that members of MS-13 once stopped her when leaving school after her father had been 

killed and told her that “the next one dying, it was going to be [her].” A.R. 97–98. She 

also told the IJ that once her father and brother were deceased, her mother received the 

same threatening text messages her father and brother used to receive. She testified that 

the messages only stopped when her mother changed phone numbers.

Gomez told the IJ that she was not aware of anyone else in her community of 

approximately 6,000 people being threatened by the gangs, nor was she aware of anyone 

specifically in her church of between 40 and 50 people being threatened by the gangs. 

The IJ took issue with this assertion. He asked Gomez to explain why her father and 

brother would be preaching to the members of the church about a problem with gangs 

such that they brought significant trouble upon themselves if there was never an issue 

with gangs in the first place, to which Gomez replied that she was young at the time and 

was simply unaware.

The IJ then asked Gomez specifically, “W[ere] your father and family targeted for 

money because of your, your—the standard of living you enjoyed and what may have 

been a fairly high standard of living and success?” to which Gomez replied, “No, it, it 

was because of what my father was preaching about.” A.R. 114.
7

Despite being prepared to testify at the hearing, Gomez’s mother did not testify 

because she had her asylum hearing the following week before the same IJ. However, 

she did submit a written affidavit on behalf of Gomez. Gomez also submitted her own 

sworn affidavit into the record, in addition to her own live testimony before the IJ. In 

their affidavits, Gomez and her mother both stated that the family received threats that 

they would all be killed if Gomez’s father did not pay the gangs, and that the threats were 

motivated by religious preaching. A.R. 154 ¶¶ 9–10, 162 ¶¶ 10–11. They also both 

stated that the gangs called and sent messages at odd times “stating that they knew 

exactly where [the family members] were,” and that they would see the gangs soon if 

they refused to pay. A.R. 154 ¶ 13, 162 ¶ 14. Gomez’s mother also stated that the threats 

from the gangs were that she and her children “would follow the path of [her] husband if 

[they] did not pay the money [the gangs] had demanded.” A.R. 162 ¶ 16.

The record also contained affidavits from the head of Gomez’s evangelical church, 

as well as friends and family from Honduras. The pastor stated that Gomez’s mother was 

forced to leave the country, but did not offer that Gomez’s father and brother were killed 

due to their pastoral activities. See A.R. 207. Similarly, neighbors referred only to the 

refusal to pay a “war tax,” and never mentioned religious activities. See A.R. 213, 219, 

225, 230, 236. Some neighbors did, however, note that Gomez continued to be targeted 

by the gangs due to her family ties. See A.R. 225, 230, 236. Finally, Gomez’s aunt—her 

father’s sister—stated that Gomez’s father and brother were killed because the gangs 

desired to “take their properties.” A.R. 242.
8

Based on the record and testimony, the IJ found Gomez’s testimony regarding 

preaching not credible, and rejected her religion-based asylum claim. The IJ explained in 

his holding that he “simply d[id] not find it plausible” that Gomez’s father and brother 

would preach about resisting extortion efforts in light of Gomez’s testimony that she was 

unaware of any extortion efforts targeting anyone else in the church. A.R. 53–54. The IJ 

explained further in his holding:

[I]ndeed, the minister of the organization, which . . . presumably would 

have . . . allowed the head of the men’s group . . . to preach. He has had no 

problem, according to [Gomez], nor has the church had a problem. Indeed, 

according to [Gomez], [she] is unaware of any efforts by the gang to recruit 

people from her high school. She is unaware of the gang activities of 

extorting persons in the community; and therefore, the Court does not find 

[Gomez]’s testimony credible for lack of plausibility that the death of the 

father and the death of the brother were related to their allegedly preaching. 

The Court, however, does note that unlike the vast majority of the people 

living in Honduras, this family seems to be [a] rather wealthy family . . . 

[thus] any extortion efforts were because of [the family’s] perceived wealth 

[and] ability to pay money, not because of any religious activities. 

Therefore, the Court does not find that the respondent’s father and brother 

were killed on account of any alleged volunteer preaching they did. It is 

not plausible that nobody else in the church would have been targeted, 

especially the minister would not have been targeted.

A.R. 54. 

Turning to the social group asylum claim, the IJ did make a finding that Gomez “is 

a member of a particular social group, that is a member of a particular family.” A.R. 53. 

However, the IJ found that “the threat for money was a clear criminal extortion because 

of the economic standing of [Gomez]’s family in the community and not because of any 

religious activities, and the Court does not find that the action of the gang members in 
9

extorting money from family members would create a nexus, resulting in a grant of 

asylum to [Gomez].” A.R. 54.

Finding that Gomez failed to make out her asylum claim, the IJ reasoned she 

would not be able to meet the higher burden of demonstrating withholding of removal, 

and denied that claim. A.R. 55. The IJ then denied relief under CAT, finding “there is 

no showing that the government of Honduras would cause [Gomez] any harm, nor is 

there any showing that the government of Honduras could not or would not provide 

protection to [Gomez] were she to return to Honduras.” Id. 

On appeal to the BIA, the BIA declined to disturb the IJ’s credibility and factual 

findings with respect to the motivation for threatening and killing Gomez’s father and 

brother. The BIA concluded that the IJ’s finding that extortion was the motivation was 

“not clearly erroneous as it is supported by [Gomez]’s own testimony.” A.R. 4. The BIA 

also found the IJ’s finding about motivation supported by substantial evidence in the 

record, including the failure of any affidavit submitted by Gomez—other than her own 

and her mother’s—to indicate religion or preaching as a basis for her family being 

targeted, and referring only to criminal extortion as a basis for targeting, and her father 

and brother being killed for failure to pay extortion money. A.R. 4–5. The BIA 

additionally upheld the IJ’s ruling with respect to the social group asylum claim, again 

concluding that no asylum was warranted because Gomez “did not demonstrate [that] her 

religion or familial connection were central reasons for the extortion demands and death 

threat.” A.R. 5–6. 
10

In support of both of these determinations, the BIA cited our opinion in Cordova 

v. Holder, 759 F.3d 332 (4th Cir. 2014), for the proposition that “threats prompted by 

greed and a desire to extort money are not on account of the alien’s membership in a 

family or any particular social group,” and that “extortion demands, without substantial 

evidence of a familial motivation, do not establish nexus to a protected category.” 

A.R. 5–6. Finally, the BIA agreed with the IJ’s findings with respect to the CAT claim. 

A.R. 6. 

II.

We have previously elucidated the standard for reviewing a decision of the BIA 

that dismisses an appeal from an IJ by written opinion:

When, as here, the BIA adopts and affirms the IJ’s decision and 

supplements it with its own opinion, we review both decisions. Ai Hua 

Chen v. Holder, 742 F.3d 171, 177 (4th Cir. 2014). We review factual 

findings for substantial evidence, treating them as conclusive “unless any 

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 

Id. at 178 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). We review legal conclusions 

de novo. Crespin-Valladares v. Holder, 632 F.3d 117, 124 (4th Cir. 2011). 

We must uphold the BIA’s decision unless it is “manifestly contrary to law 

and an abuse of discretion.” Tassi v. Holder, 660 F.3d 710, 719 (4th Cir. 

2011). The BIA abuses its discretion if it fails “to offer a reasoned 

explanation for its decision, or if it distort[s] or disregard[s] important 

aspects of the applicant’s claim.” Id. We may not affirm the BIA’s 

decision on any conceivable basis, but rather only if “the grounds upon 

which the agency acted . . . were those upon which its action can be 

sustained.” Nken v. Holder, 585 F.3d 818, 822 (4th Cir. 2009) (quoting 

SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 94 (1943)).

Cordova,759 F.3d at 337 (alterations in original). 
11

Additionally, to the extent the BIA opinion inteprets the INA, has been issued by a 

single member, and is non-precedential, it “is not entitled to Chevron[4

] deference; only 

Skidmore[5

] deference applies.” Id. at 337 n.3 (citing Martinez v. Holder, 740 F.3d 902, 

909–10 (4th Cir. 2014)). The extent of our deference to the BIA “depends upon the 

thoroughness evident in the BIA’s consideration, the validity of its reasoning, its 

consistency with earlier and later pronouncements, and all those factors which give it the 

power to persuade.” Id. (internal quotations and alterations omitted). 

III.

Gomez argues that the IJ and the BIA incorrectly determined that (1) she was not 

credible with respect to the religious motivation she alleged was behind the gangs 

threatening and killing her father and brother; and (2) she was not subject to persecution 

due to her membership in a particular social group consisting of her immediate family. In 

addition to arguing the propriety of the decision, the government also submits that Gomez 

has procedurally defaulted on her social group claim of error. For the reasons explained 

herein, we hold that Gomez’s social group claim of error is successful, and we will waive 

the procedural default, finding that a miscarriage of justice would otherwise occur.

 4 Chevron, U.S.A. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).

5 Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944).
12

A.

An asylum applicant must demonstrate that he or she was persecuted or has “a 

well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in 

a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42)(A), 1158(b)(1). 

In order to establish eligibility for withholding of removal, an applicant must show that 

“the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in [the alien’s home country] because of 

the alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political 

opinion.” Id. § 1231(b)(3)(A); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b). “An applicant ‘who has 

failed to establish the less stringent well-founded fear standard of proof required for 

asylum relief is necessarily also unable to establish an entitlement to withholding of 

removal.’” Marynenka v. Holder, 592 F.3d 594, 600 (4th Cir. 2010) (quoting Anim v. 

Mukasey, 535 F.3d 243, 253 (4th Cir. 2008)).

Under both standards, “the applicant must establish that race, religion, nationality, 

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion was or will be at least one 

central reason for persecuting the applicant.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i) (emphasis 

added); see also Crespin-Valladares, 632 F.3d at 127; In re C-T-L-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 341, 

348 (B.I.A. 2010). 

B.

Despite being the primary focus of Gomez’s petition, there is no meritorious claim 

based on the fear of religious persecution. Gomez makes no claim that she herself will be 

persecuted because of her religion; rather, she claims that because of her father’s and her 
13

brother’s religious activities, she will be persecuted. She argues that this provides the 

basis for a successful claim for asylum and withholding of removal, but we disagree.

As we have held, the issue of “the gang members’ motivations [is] a classic factual 

question” governed by the substantial evidence standard. Crespin-Valladares, 632 F.3d 

at 127–28 (citations omitted). Similarly, an “adverse credibility finding is also subject to 

the substantial evidence standard.” Munyakazi v. Lynch, 829 F.3d 291, 298 (4th Cir. 

2016). The IJ made a credibility determination, and found that Gomez’s testimony was 

not credible based on the record before him. The IJ based this credibility determination 

on the implausibility of Gomez’s testimony that her father and brother were threatened 

because of their religious activities, and not because of the family’s relative wealth and 

status among the church and the community in general. The IJ found the testimony 

implausible because Gomez was unable to identify anyone else targeted because of 

religious beliefs, including the pastor, and because the affidavits submitted by friends and 

family all indicated a failure to pay extortion money and a desire to obtain the Gomez 

family properties as the basis for MS-13 threatening and ultimately killing Gomez’s 

father and brother.

Gomez argues that the IJ failed to credit her youth as a basis for being unaware of 

the situation of people in her church and community, but this argument misses the point. 

The overwhelming weight of the evidence in the record supports the IJ’s determination as 

affirmed by the BIA. It was not a clearly erroneous determination, as not a single person 

aside from Gomez or her mother submitted testimony that Gomez’s father and brother 

were persecuted because of their religious activities. This conclusion is further 
14

supported, as recognized by the IJ and the BIA, by the fact that the head pastor of the 

church—who was the pastor during all times relevant to Gomez’s claims and as far as the 

record reveals is still the pastor—makes no mention of Gomez’s father or brother even 

conducting pastoral activities in the affidavit he submitted. As the BIA explained:

Most notable are the statements from family and friends in Honduras, 

including the pastor of [Gomez]’s church, that consistently indicate 

[Gomez] and her family were targeted by the street gang due to criminal 

extortion, and her father and brother were killed due to their refusal to pay 

extortion. None of these statements, including the pastor’s, corroborate that 

[Gomez]’s father or brother led a men’s group at their church and publicly 

preached against the gang activity or paying extortion.

A.R. 5 (citations omitted). The credibility determinations of both the IJ and the BIA are 

supported by substantial evidence, and we affirm. In light of the adverse credibility 

finding on this issue, Gomez cannot make out a claim of a well-founded fear based on 

religious persecution, and we deny her petition as to this issue.

C.

1.

Before reaching the merits of the second issue in Gomez’s petition, we must first 

address a procedural issue. The government in its opposition brief asserts that Gomez’s 

opening brief only dealt with the religious aspects of her asylum claim, and although she 

referred to her family, never specifically argued that the BIA erred in rejecting her social 

group asylum claim. As a result, the government submits that “to the extent Gomez did 

not argue persecution on account of her membership in a particular social group 

consisting of her immediate family, Gomez waived this argument.” Resp.’s Br. at 19–20. 
15

Gomez replied that her petition did argue a fear of persecution due to membership in a 

particular social group consisting of her immediate family, but if she did not do so 

sufficiently, she requests we review the argument to avoid a miscarriage of justice. 

Pet’r’s Reply Br. at 11–12.

Rule 28 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure and this Court’s own 

precedent establish a general rule that “contentions not raised in the argument section of 

the opening brief are abandoned.” Suarez-Valenzuela v. Holder, 714 F.3d 241, 249 (4th 

Cir. 2013) (quoting A Helping Hand, LLC v. Balt. Cty., 515 F.3d 356, 369 (4th Cir. 

2008)) (internal quotations omitted). However, we have also explained that we may 

“overlook” this rule “if [we] determine that a ‘miscarriage of justice’ would otherwise 

result.” Id. (quoting A Helping Hand, 515 F.3d at 369) (internal quotations omitted). In 

determining what constitutes a “miscarriage of justice,” we typically ask a petitioner to 

explain his or her failure to raise the argument earlier and why a miscarriage of justice 

would result absent our consideration of the argument. Id. However, even where not 

explained by the appellant, “if the error is ‘plain’ and if our refusal to consider such 

would result in the denial of fundamental justice,” we may still consider the argument, 

even sua sponte. Stewart v. Hall, 770 F.2d 1267, 1271 (4th Cir. 1985) (citations omitted).

Gomez did brief the social group claim before the BIA, see A.R. 18–19, 

alleviating concerns that the error was not preserved for appellate review; however, she 

did not raise the issue in her opening brief to this court. Thus, under the normal 

application of our rules, the issue would be waived. See Suarez-Valenzuela, 714 F.3d at 

249. Although Gomez does not explain why she failed to raise the argument earlier, 
16

under these facts, her arguments for why this would constitute a miscarriage of justice are 

inextricably tied up in the merits of the argument for why the IJ and BIA erred in finding 

she did not make out a claim for asylum on the basis of social group membership. 

When the matter is considered on the merits, as explained in Section III.C.2 of this 

Opinion, infra, the miscarriage of justice is apparent. As we explain below, the decisions 

of the BIA and the IJ are contrary to precedent and misapply our prior case law. In light 

of our eventual denial of Gomez’s CAT claim in Section III.D, infra, rejecting this 

meritorious argument out of hand on procedural grounds would result in our affirming 

deportation of Gomez when she has a successful asylum claim. Not every single 

potentially meritorious argument that was procedurally waived need be evaluated by this 

Court, but we deem Gomez’s argument the rare exception.

6

 We will consider the merits 

of the argument and rule on it.

2.

Turning now to the merits of Gomez’s claim, Gomez submits that she faced

persecution and has a well-founded fear of future persecution in Honduras on the basis of 

membership in a particular social group consisting of her immediate family. We agree.

 6 This is not to suggest that any future panel need undertake a searching view of 

the record to find all potential issues on which the BIA could be reversed. We only hold 

today that under the specific facts of this case—i.e., where the petitioner has briefed the 

issue before us (albeit not in the opening brief), the respondent has had adequate 

opportunity to argue the issue, the BIA has ruled on the issue, the BIA has clearly 

misapplied precedent, and the issue is the sole determinative factor on whether the 

petitioner will be deported—not addressing the merits of the issue would be a miscarriage 

of justice.
17

The IJ made a factual determination that Gomez’s “testimony is credible that she 

is a member of a particular social group, that is a member of a particular family.” A.R. 

53. The IJ went on to conclude that Gomez was not at risk of persecution due to her 

membership in the family because her father and brother were threatened because of their 

wealth. A.R. 54. This was upheld by the BIA, which relied on Cordova for the 

proposition that “threats prompted by greed and a desire to extort money are not on 

account of the alien’s membership in a family or any particular social group.” A.R. 5 

(citing Cordova, 759 F.3d at 339–40). However, this misstates and misapplies our 

holding from Cordova and our continued development of social group-based asylum 

claims.

In Cordova, the alien’s cousin and uncle were killed by a rival gang. 759 F.3d at 

339. The BIA reasoned that because the cousin and uncle were not killed due to their 

family status, the alien could not have a fear of persecution based on his own family 

status. Id. We rejected this rationale, and held that a familial relationship could provide 

the basis for a well-founded fear of persecution when other family members were 

targeted for persecution, even if those other members were targeted “not because of their 

kinship ties.” Id. We further explained that even though other family members “may not 

have been ‘uniquely or specially targeted’ . . . [that] does not undermine [an alien’s] own 

fear of persecution.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

The BIA in Cordova also denied the alien’s request for asylum on the basis that 

the alien was twice targeted by the gang for recruitment purposes unrelated to his uncle 

and cousin. Id. However, he was targeted an additional two times due to his association 
18

with his cousin, a member of a rival gang. Id. We held that being targeted by gangs “for 

purposes of recruitment or extortion” and not related to kinship ties would not support a 

finding of asylum based on membership in a particular social group consisting of the 

alien’s family. Id. at 339–40. However, if the targeting was connected to family 

relationships, as was the targeting of the alien in Cordova, then it would support a finding 

of asylum. Id. at 340.

Following Cordova, we have continued to clarify how a family tie may provide a 

basis for asylum. In Hernandez-Avalos v. Lynch, we reversed the BIA, finding that the 

alien’s “relationship to her son is why she, and not another person, was threatened with 

death if she did not allow him to join [the gang], and the gang members’ demands 

leveraged her maternal authority to control her son’s activities.” 784 F.3d 944, 950 (4th 

Cir. 2015). We further clarified that our holding was “not to say that every threat that 

references a family member is made on account of family ties . . . . [but] the two threats 

that directed [the alien] to turn her son over to the gang were meaningful only because of 

her maternal authority over her son’s actions, and there is no evidence that she would 

have been selected as the recipient of those threats absent that familial connection.” Id. at 

950 n.7.

Here, Gomez and her mother have testified—either orally, via sworn declaration, 

or both—that Gomez was targeted for persecution by members of MS-13 because of her 

father and brother. This assertion was corroborated by the affidavits of friends and 

neighbors who did note that Gomez continued to be targeted by the gangs due to her 

family associations. See A.R. 225, 230, 236. 
19

The BIA and the IJ improperly focused on whether Gomez’s father and brother 

were threatened due to a protected reason in order to impute such protection to the whole 

family. This was in error. The correct analysis focuses on Gomez herself as the 

applicant, and asks whether Gomez was targeted because of her membership in the social 

group consisting of her immediate family. In other words, whether “she would have been 

selected as the recipient of those threats absent that familial connection.” HernandezAvalos, 784 F.3d at 950 n.7. It is of no moment that the IJ made a finding of fact that the 

gang’s motivation with respect to her father and brother was actually because of extortion 

and not religious activity, as we explained in both Cordova and Hernandez-Avalos.

The government similarly misses the mark, arguing that “the gang did not target 

anyone in the Gomez family because they belong to that family, but because the family 

has wealth that the gang wished to appropriate.” Resp.’s Br. at 29. This misses our 

instruction from Cordova that the fact “that other members of [the alien]’s family may 

not have been ‘uniquely or specially targeted’ by MS-13 does not undermine [the alien]’s 

own fear of persecution.” Cordova, 759 F.3d at 339 (emphases added). Gomez has 

established that her fear is based on threats made to her that specifically promised harm 

to her if members of the social group consisting of her immediate family, i.e. her father 

and brother, did not pay the extortion money. 

The record is clear that Gomez’s “relationship to her [father and brother] is why 

she, and not another person, was threatened with death if she [refused to acquiesce to the 

gang’s demands].” See Hernandez-Avalos, 784 F.3d at 950. The IJ’s conclusion to the 

contrary and the BIA’s affirmance were in error as a misinterpretation and misapplication 
20

of our case law. Gomez has made out a claim of a well-founded fear of persecution on 

account of her membership in a particular social group, as being a member of her family 

was at least one central reason for being targeted for persecution. Accordingly, we will 

grant the petition for review, reverse the BIA, and remand with instructions to the BIA to 

grant Gomez’s asylum application on this ground.

D.

The IJ and the BIA both based their determination on Gomez’s application for 

withholding of removal solely on the denial of her asylum claim, on the basis that failure 

to carry the lighter burden on an asylum claim necessarily results in a failure to carry the 

heavier burden on a withholding of removal claim. A.R. 6, 55; accord Marynenka, 592 

F.3d at 600 (“An applicant who has failed to establish the less stringent well-founded fear 

standard of proof required for asylum relief is necessarily also unable to establish an 

entitlement to withholding of removal.” (internal quotations omitted)). Our precedent 

dictates that in this situation, where we reverse the BIA on a claim for asylum, we reverse 

and remand the decision of the BIA for reconsideration of the withholding of removal 

claim in the first instance. Cordova, 759 F.3d at 340 n.7 (citing Li Fang Lin v. Mukasey, 

517 F.3d 685, 694 (4th Cir. 2008)). 

IV.

Gomez finally petitions this Court to reverse the determination that she did not 

make out a claim for protection under CAT. To qualify for CAT protections, an 

applicant must “establish that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if 
21

removed to the proposed country of removal. The testimony of the applicant, if credible, 

may be sufficient to sustain the burden of proof without corroboration.” 8 C.F.R. 

§ 1208.16(c)(2) (emphasis added). “Torture” is later defined in the implementing 

regulations as requiring “the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person 

acting in an official capacity.” Id. § 1208.18(a)(1). The regulations further explain that 

“[a]cquiescence of a public official requires that the public official, prior to the activity 

constituting torture, have awareness of such activity and thereafter breach his or her legal 

responsibility to intervene to prevent such activity.” Id. § 1208.18(a)(7). “We review a 

denial of relief under CAT for substantial evidence.” Mulvani v. Holder, 771 F.3d 190, 

200 (4th Cir. 2014) (citing Lizama v. Holder, 629 F.3d 440, 449 (4th Cir. 2011)).

The IJ held that “there is no showing that the government of Honduras would 

cause [Gomez] any harm nor is there any showing that the government of Honduras 

could not or would not provide protection to [Gomez] were she to return to Honduras,” 

and then denied relief under CAT. A.R. 55. The BIA agreed, finding that Gomez failed 

to demonstrate any clear error with this factual finding. A.R. 6.

Gomez here appears to argue that the IJ improperly considered her credibility in 

making the assessment of the facts for purposes of the CAT claim, and also argues that 

the record established “the government of Honduras has been unable or unwilling to 

protect [Gomez]’s family.” See Pet’r’s Br. at 21–23. With respect to the credibility 

argument, this is incorrect in light of 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2), which clearly and 

explicitly states that the IJ may consider the credibility of the alien’s testimony in 

evaluating a CAT claim.
22

Regarding her substantive record argument, Gomez fails to meet her burden before 

this Court to demonstrate a clear error in the IJ’s factual finding that there was a failure of 

proof on the issue of “consent or acquiescence of a public official” with respect to feared 

persecution were she to return to Honduras. She argues that the failure of the police in 

Honduras to arrest a suspect for either her father’s or her brother’s murder is conclusive 

evidence that she will not be protected. However, the record does not support her

argument.

The Department of State’s Honduras 2012 Human Rights Report (the “Report”), 

does indicate that “[a]mong the most serious human rights problems were . . . corruption 

and institutional weakness of the justice system.” A.R. 246. But, the Report also 

indicates that Honduras has instituted an organization for police oversight, the Directorate 

General for the Investigation and Evaluation of the Police Career (DIECP), that has been 

reviewing citizen complaints “with charges including violations of human rights, 

corruption, acting against the public good, and participating in organized crime.” A.R. 

251. Thus far, 60% of the DIECP’s investigations have resulted in formal criminal 

charges or administrative sanctions. Id. Additionally, to deal with official corruption, the 

government developed and implemented a four-year anticorruption and transparency plan 

based on corruption audits conducted by third parties. A.R. 257–58. The government 

has also created the Public Ministry’s Corruption Prosecutor’s Office, but over the tenyear period before the Report, the office had a 5,000-case backlog. Id. Additionally, 

Gomez’s argument that the government and police are clearly corrupt because no charges 
23

have been filed in her father’s and brother’s murder is belied by her own inability to 

identify a specific person in MS-13 as the killer.

In light of stronger evidence in Lizama, we held that the alien had “failed to 

demonstrate that gangs or other criminal entities . . . have the approval or acquiescence of 

the government.” 629 F.3d at 449. Further, as we explained in Mulvani, “our task at this 

juncture ‘is not to reweigh the evidence and determine which of the competing views is 

more compelling. It is instead to ensure that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s 

judgment.’” 771 F.3d at 200 (quoting Gonahasa v. INS, 181 F.3d 538, 542 (4th Cir. 

1999)). Finding such substantial evidence here, we deny Gomez’s petition with respect 

to the CAT claim.

V.

For the foregoing reasons, we grant in part Gomez’s petition for review with 

respect to her eligibility for asylum and withholding of removal, deny in part with respect 

to her claim under CAT, and remand the case to the BIA for further proceedings 

consistent with this opinion.

PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED IN

PART AND DENIED IN PART;

REMANDED FOR FURTHER 

PROCEEDINGS
24

SHEDD, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

I concur in the majority’s conclusion that Gomez-Villatoro makes no meritorious 

claim based on fear of religious persecution, but I dissent from the majority’s holding 

regarding asylum based on membership in a particular social group. In my view, GomezVillatoro has waived her social group asylum claim in relation to the gang’s effort to 

extort money from her father and brother by failing to raise the claim in her opening 

brief.

Although the majority excuses the waiver under the miscarriage of justice 

standard, I disagree because I do not think this case is the “rare circumstance” where a 

miscarriage of justice would result. A Helping Hand, LLC, v. Balt. Cty., 515 F.3d 356, 

369 (4th Cir. 2008); see also Suarez-Valenzuela v. Holder, 714 F.3d 241, 249 (4th Cir. 

2013). Gomez-Villatoro did not explain why she failed to raise this argument earlier or 

why a miscarriage of justice would result if we did not address it. Further, any error 

below was not “plain”; Gomez-Villatoro’s own testimony before the IJ indicates that she 

did not face a well-founded fear of future persecution. After the death of her father, 

Gomez-Villatoro was in Honduras and was not killed despite MS-13’s threats. A.R. 97–

98. Moreover, when the IJ asked Gomez-Villatoro if she would be killed if she returned 

to Honduras and did not pay the war tax, Gomez-Villatoro answered “No.” A.R. 98. If 

this does not legally foreclose her claim, it certainly means there has been no miscarriage 

of justice in this case. These cases often suggest difficult circumstances for those seeking 

protection under our law, but here the immigration process worked fairly.