T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on a nd i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by 9th C i r . R . 36- 3. C O R R E C T E D M ar c h 12, 2012 + NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS FOR T HE NI NTH CI RC UI T GEORGE A. TI LL ET T, + etal . , et c. P l ai n t i ffs-A p p el l an t s, v. CI TY O F BREM ERTO N , J EFF I n k l e b a r g e r , S T E VE N M. P OL ON S KY , HA R OL D P . WHAT L E Y A ND KE I T H A . S A R G E N T , e t a l. D efen d an t s-A p p el l ees. N o. 11- 35103 D . C . N o . 3 : 0 9 -C V -0 5 6 2 1 -R JB ME MOR AN DU M *

A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe W e s t e rn D i s tr i c tof W a s hi ngt on R obe r tJ . B ry a n, D i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng A r gue d a nd S ubm i tt e d F e brua ry 10, 2012

S e a tt l e , W a s hi ngt on B efo re: S C H R O E D E R , A L A R C Ó N , G O U L D , C i rcu i tJu d g es. G eorge and G ra ce T i l l ett(“ A pp el l ant s” ) f i l ed thi s a ct i on base d o n i nj uri es G eorge T i l l ettre ce i ved w hen h e w as forc i bl y det ai ned d uri ng the execut i on of a 

# FI LED MA R 06 2012 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2

w arra ntt o sea rc h h i s s on ’ s r es i dence and sei ze evi dence of a vi ol at i on of a W as hi ng t on st at e l aw proh i bi t i ng the di stri bu t i on of a c on trol l ed subst ance . In the i rc om pl a i nt , A ppe l l a nt s a l l e ge d tha tthe y w e r e e nt i t l e d t o da m a ge s f orvi ol a t i on o f st at e an d fed eral l aw b y th e n am ed d efen d an t s. A pp el l ee s f

i l ed a m ot i on for s um m ary j ud gm enti n w hi ch they a l l eged that A p p e lla n ts c o u ld n o t d e m o n s tr a te th a t th e r e w a s ag e n u in e is s u e o f f a c t in d is p u te abou tw hether the nam ed defendant s had vi ol at ed st at e or f eder al l aw . W e a ff

i rm the order grant i ng A pp el l ee s’ m ot i on for s um m ary j ud gm entbecause the re cord show s thati n thei r opp osi t i on , A pp el l ant s f ai l ed t o rebutA pp el l ee s’ evi dence that a ny i nj ury s uf

f e r e d by G e or ge T i l l e ttw a s c a us e d by hi s r e s i s t a nc e t o be i ng r e s tr a in e d to p r o te c t o f

f ic e r s e n g a g e d in e x e c u tin g av a lid s e a r c h w a rr a n t.

I In supp ortof thei r m ot i on for s um m ary j ud gm ent , the D ef endant s pre se nt ed the f ol l ow i ng f

a c t s . P ol i c e of

f i c e r s of the C i ty of

B r e m e r t on, a c t i ng pur s ua ntt o a se ar ch w arra nt , ent er ed the re si dence ow ned b y the A pp el l ant s’ son. T hey a n n o u n c e d th e i rp r e s e n c e b y s h o u t i n g “ Po l i c e Se a r c h W a rr a n t . ” O f f i c e rH a r o l d P. W h a tle y w e n t to th e b o tto m o f as ta irw a y w h e r e h e o b s e rv e d ac lo s e d d o o r . G eorge T i l l ettop ened the do or and ent er ed the ar eaw here O ff i ce r W hat l eyw as s ta n d in g . G e o r g e T ille tt w a s w e a r in g ab u lk y c o a t c ap ab le o f c o n c e a lin g aw e ap o n .3

O f f ic e rW h a tle y y e lle d a t h im “P o lic e , g e t o n th e g r o u n d .” G e o r g e T ille tt re spon ded, “ N o. ” I nst ea d, he att em pt ed t o return t o the adj oi ni ng room . O ff i ce r W ha t l e y r e a c he d outt o gr ab hi s ove r c oa tt o de t a i n hi m . G e or ge T i l l e ttr e s i s t e d a nd f e l l t o as i tt i ng pos i t i on a s he ba c ke d a w a y . O f f i c e rW ha t l e y gr abbe d G e or ge T i l l ett ’ s c oatand p l ac ed hi m on hi s s t om ac h. G eorge T i l l ettpl ac ed hi s l ef tarm unde rhi s body t o pr e ve ntO f f i c e rW ha t l e y a nd O f

f i c e rJ e f f I nkl e ba r ge rf

r om pl a c i ng ha nd r e s tr a i nt s on hi m . T he of f i c e r s s uc c e s s f

ul l y pl a c e d ha nd r e s tr a i nt s on h i s w ri st s. T h e restrai n t s w ere rem o v ed w i th i n fi v e m i n u t es. O f f ic e rI n k le b a r g e rn o tic e d th a t G e o r g e T ille tt h a d as m a ll la c e r a tio n o n h is r i ghtw r i s t . O f

f i c e rI nkl e ba r ge rc he c ke d the r e s tr a i nt s t o e ns ur e tha tthe y w oul d not c ont a c tthe l a c e r a t i on. H e a l s o doubl e l oc ke d the r e s tr a i nt s s o tha tthe y w oul d not t i ght e n. T h e o f f i c e r s a s k e d Ge o r g e T i l l e tti f h e wa n t e d t o r e c e i v e m e d i c a l a i d . He r e f u s e d . T h e o f

f ic e r s a s k e d m e m b e r s o f th e B r e m e r to n F ir e D e p a r tm e n t to e va l ua t e the l a c e r a t i on on G e or ge T i l l e tt ’ s w r i s t . B r e m e r t on F i r e D e pa r tm e nt pe r s onne l e xa m i ne d G e or ge T i l l e tt ’ s w r i s t . T he y l e f tw he n G e or ge T i l l e ttdi d not r e q u e s t a n y f

u r th e rm e d ic a l e x a m in a tio n o rtr e a tm e n t. I n the i rr e s pons e t o the m ot i on f ors um m a ry j udgm e nt , A ppe l l a nt s di d not chal l enge A pp el l ee s’ evi dence thatG eorge T i l l ettre fuse d t o o bey4

O f f i c e rW ha t l e y ’ s c om m a nd t o ge ton the f l oora nd pl a c e d hi s a rm unde rhi s body t o a voi d ha vi ng r e s tr a i nt s pl a c e d on hi s w r i s t s . A c c or di ngl y , w e m us tde c i de w he the rthe r e c or d s how s the r e a r e ge nui ne i s s ue s of f a c ti n di s put e r e ga r di ng the l i abi l i ty of

the na m e d de f

e nda nt s f orthe i nj ury s uf

f e r e d by G e or ge T i l l e ttw he n the o ffi cers p l aced restrai n t s o n h i s w ri st s. I I We r e v i e w de no vo A p p e lla n ts ’ c o n te n tio n th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u r t e rr e d in g r a n tin g A p p e lle e s ’ m o tio n f o rs u m m a ry ju d g m e n t. B r a v o v . C ity o f Sa n ta M

a r ia , 6 6 5 F .3 d 1 0 7 6 , 1 0 8 3 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 1 1 ) . A T he di s pos i t i ve i s s ue i n thi s m a tt e ri s w he the rO f f i c e rW ha t l e y a nd O f f ic e rI n k le b a r g e ra r e liab le f o ru s in g e x c e s s iv e f

o r c e in r e s tr a in in g G e o r g e T ille tt w he n he r e s i s t e d the i ra tt e m pt s t o pl a c e ha nd r e s tr a i nt s on hi m dur i ng the e xe c ut i on o f av a lid s e a r c h w a rr a n t. A ppe l l a nt s appe a rt o c ont e nd tha tthe of f i c e r s vi ol a t e d 42 U . S . C . § 1983 by f a ilin g to e n te rth e r e s id e n c e th r o u g h th e g a r a g e in s te a d o f th e f r o n t d o o rto r e s tr a in G e or ge T i l l e tt , i f

the y be l i e ve d he w a s ada nge rt o the i rs a f e ty . T he r e i s no e vi de nc e i n the r e c or d of a ny c onduc tby G e or ge T i l l e tt , w hi l e he s t ood i n the ga r a ge , tha tde m ons tr a t e d tha the w oul d r e s i s tbe i ng r e s tr a i ne d ortha the m i ghtbe5

a rm e d . I n s te a d , th e u n d is p u te d e v id e n c e s h o w s th a t h e d idn o t p o s e ad a n g e ru n til a f t e rhe e nt e r e d the hous e f r om the ga r a ge w e a r i ng ac oa tw hi c h c oul d ha ve c o n c e a le d aw e ap o n , w h ile th e o f f ic e r s c o n d u c te d th e irs e a r c h p u r s u a n t to av a lid w a rr a nt . H e r e f

us e d O f f i c e rW ha t l e y ’ s c om m a nd tha the l i e dow n on the f l oora nd a tte m p te d to e n te ra n o th e rp a r t o f th e r e s id e n c e . A l though s e tf

or th i n A ppe l l e e s ’ a ns w e r i ng br i e f , A ppe l l a nt s f

a i l e d t o c i t e or a tte m p t to d is tin g u is h th e ap p lic ab ility o f th e S u p r e m e C o u r t’s d e c is io n s in Mi ch i g a n v. Su m m ers , 452 U . S . 692 ( 1981) a nd Mue hl e rv . Me na , 544 U . S . 93 ( 2005) . I n Su m m ers , the C ou rtre cogn i ze d thatthe execut i on of a w arra ntt o sea rc h f ordrugs “ m a y gi ve r i s e t o s udde n vi ol e nc e orf r a nt i c e f f or t s t o c onc e a l orde s tr oy evi dence, ” id . a t702, a nd he l d tha tof f i c e r s e xe c ut i ng as e a r c h w a rr a ntf or c o n tr ab a n d m a y u s e r e a s o n ab le f o r c e to d e ta in p e r s o n s w ith in ar e s id e n c e to preventfl i gh tand “ m i ni m i z[ e] the ri sk of harm t o the offi ce rs . ” Id . I n Muehl er , th e C o u r t h e ld th a t p la c in g th e o c c u p a n t o f ar e s id e n c e in h a n d c u f

f s a t g u n p o in t, an d d et ai n i n g h er fo r th ree h o u rs w h i l e ex ecu t i n g a search w arran t , w as a re as on abl e use of forc e a nd re pres ent ed a m ar gi nal i ntrusi on of her c on st i tut i on al r i ght s . 544 U . S . a t98–99. H e r e , G e or ge T i l l e ttr e f us e d t o f ol l ow the c om m a nd of

O f f i c e rW ha t l e y , a nd w o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n in

ju r e d if h e h a d n o t p la c e d h is a rm u n d e rh is b o d y to a v o id6

the of f i c e r s ’ e f f or t s t o pl a c e ha nd r e s tr a i nt s on hi m . H e w a s onl y r e s tr a i ne d f orf i ve m i nu t es . G eorge T i l l ettdecl i ned the offe r of m edi ca l as si st ance m ade by off i ce rs on the sc ene. A tthe offi ce rs ’ re qu es t , the B re m ert on F i re D epartm ent(“ B F D ”) c o n d u c te d am e d ic a l e v a lu a tio n o f G e o r g e T ille tt. T h e B F D c le a r e d T ille tt m ed i cal l y. U n d e rth e to ta lity o f

th e irc ir c u m s ta n c e s , n o n e o f th e n a m e d d e f

e n d a n ts a c te d u n r e a s o n ab ly in d e ta in in g G e o r g e T ille tt o rin p la c in g h a n d r e s tr a in ts o n h im a f te rh e r e s is te d th e ire f

f o r ts . Se e i d. a t 9 8

– 1 0 0 . T h e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id n o t e rrin h o l d i n g th atth e O ffi cers w ere en t i t l ed t o q u al i fi ed i m m u n i ty. B T he di s tr i c tc our ta l s o di d note rri n de t e rm i ni ng tha tthe C i ty of B r e m e r t on w as n o tl i ab l e fo r an y al l eg ed co n st i tu t i o n al v i o l at i o n s u n d er § 1 9 8 3 . T o est ab l i sh m uni c i pa l l i abi l i ty unde r§ 1983, apl a i nt i f f m us te s t abl i s h tha the w a s de pr i ve d of a c on st i tut i on al ri gh tand that“ the const i tut i on al vi ol at i on w as the prod uctof a po l i cy , prac t i ce , or cust om adop t ed and p rom ul gat ed by the ci ty’ s off i ci al s. ” L e v i ne v . C i t

y of A lam e da , 525 F . 3d 903, 907 ( 9th C i r . 2008) ( c i t i ng Mon el l v. D ep ’t o f So c. Servs. o

f N ew Y o rk , 436 U . S . 658, 690–91 ( 1978) ) . A ppe l l a nt s ha ve f a i l e d t o de m ons tr a t e tha tG e or ge T i l l e tt ’ s c ons t i tut i ona l r i ght s w e r e vi ol a t e d or7

tha tthe C i ty ha d apol i c y orc us t om tha tr e s ul t e d i n the a l l e ge d vi ol a t i on of G e or ge T i l l ett ’ s co n st i tu t i o n al ri g h t s. A ppe l l a nt s ha ve pr e s e nt e d no e vi de nc e s uppor t i ng the i rc l a i m tha te i the rthe C i ty orthe of

f i c e r s i gnor e d the pr oc e dur e s f ore xe c ut i ng as e a r c h w a rr a nt , or o th e rw is e f

o llo w e d ap r a c tic e th a t w a s s o w id e s p r e a d a s to h a v e th e f o r c e o f la w . Se e Bd. o f th e Cn t y . Co m m ’ rs v . Br o wn , 52 0 U . S . 39 7, 40 4 (19 97 ) ( ho l di ng that“ an ac tperf orm ed [by am un i ci pal em pl oyee ] pu rs uantt o a ‘ cust om ’ thathas notbeen f o rm a lly ap p r o v e d b y a n ap p r o p r ia te d e c is io n m a k e rm a y f a ir ly s u b je c t a m un i ci pal i ty t o l i abi l i ty on the theory thatthe re l evantprac t i ce i s s o w i despre ad as to h a v e th e f

o r c e o f la w ” ) . A b s e n t c o m p e te n t e v id e n c e d e m o n s tr a tin g th a t th e C ity ha d apol i c y , pr a c t i c e , orc us t om tha tc a us e d ac ons t i tut i ona l i nj ury , the C i ty i s not liab le f o rm o n e ta ry d a m a g e s in a§ 1 9 8 3 s u it. See L eatherm an v. T arrantCnt

y. N a r c o tic s I

n te llig e n c e & C o o r d in a tio n U n it , 5 0 7 U .S . 1 6 3 , 1 6 6 (1 9 9 3 ) ( “a m uni c i pa l i ty . . . c a nnotbe he l d l i abl e [ unde r§ 1983] unl e s s am uni c i pa l pol i c y or c u s to m c a u s e d th e c o n s titu tio n a l in ju ry ” ) . C T he di s tr i c tc our tdi d note rri n di s m i s s i ng A ppe l l a nt s ’ s t a t e l a w t or tc l a i m of o u tr a g e . W a s h in g to n ’s to r t o f o u tr a g e r e q u ir e s p r o o f

o f b e h a v io r“s o o u tr a g e o u s in c ha r a c t e r , a nd s o e xtr e m e i n de gr e e , a s t o go be y ond a l l pos s i bl e bounds of8

dece ncy, and t o b e r egar ded as a troci ou s, and u tt er l y i nt ol er abl e i n a ci vi l i ze d com m un i ty. ” G r i m s by v . Sam s on , 530 P . 2d 291, 295 ( W a s h. 1975) ( c i t a t i on om i tt e d) . T he r e c or d s uppor t s the di s tr i c tc our t ’ s f i ndi ng tha tar e a s onabl e pe r s on c oul d notvi e w the c onduc tof the de f e nda ntpol i c e of

f i c e r s a s e xtr e m e a nd ou tra geou s. A pp el l ant s pre se nt ed no evi dence dem on stra t i ng thatany of the po l i ce o f f ic e r s u s e d f

o r c e b e y o n d w h a t w a s r e a s o n ab le u n d e rth e c ir c u m s ta n c e s . D T he di s tr i c tc our tdi d note rri n di s m i s s i ng G r a c e T i l l e tt ’ s l os s of c ons or t i um cl ai m . T o p rove l oss of c on sort i um , G ra ce T i l l ettw as re qu i re d t o d em on stra t e that the r e i s age nui ne i s s ue of m a t e r i a l f

a c ta s t o w he the rG e or ge T i l l e ttw a s i nj ur e d by th e o f f ic e r s . See L un dg re n v. W hi tney’s, Inc. , 614 P . 2d 1272, 1275 ( W a s h. 1980) (hol di ng thata w i fe m aybri ng a c ause of ac t i on for dam ages for the l oss of her hu sband’ s c on sort i um du e t o the negl i gence of a thi rd party) . G ra ce T i l l etthas d ied sin ce th is li ti g atio n b eg an . W e n ee d n o t d ec id e w h eth erth e d ec ed en t’ s pers on al re pres ent at i ve m aypres s acl ai m for l oss of c on sort i um un der W a s h in g to n ’s s u rv iv a l s ta tu te , R .C .W . 4 .2 0 .0 4 6 , b e c a u s e e v e n if s u c h ac la im s urvi ve s G r a c e T i l l e tt ’ s de a th, i tf a i l s on the m e r i t s . G r a c e T i l l e ttdi d notpr e s e nt9

a ny e vi de nc e t o s uppor the rc l a i m tha tthe of f i c e r s a c t e d ne gl i ge nt l yi n pl a c i ng G e o r g e T ille tt in h a n d r e s tr a in ts to e n s u r e th e irs a f e ty . A F F I R M E D .