* District Judge of the Western District of Louisiana, sitting

by designation.

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

________________________________

No. 95-60442

________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

CARLOS RAY BREWSTER, JR.,

Defendant-Appellant.

_____________________________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Mississippi

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March 24, 1998

Before HIGGINBOTHAM and STEWART, Circuit Judges, and WALTER,*

District Judge.

DONALD E. WALTER, District Judge:

Defendant-Appellant Carlos Ray Brewster, Jr., pleaded guilty

to possession with intent to distribute 468.3 grams of cocaine

base. The district court sentenced Brewster to 262 months

imprisonment, five years supervised release, and a fine of

$3,000. Brewster raises five issues on appeal: (1) the district

court improperly sentenced him under the enhanced crack cocaine

provision of the Sentencing Guidelines; (2) he did not knowingly

and voluntarily enter his guilty plea; (3) the district court
 

2 When asked by the district judge if he knew the controlled

substance was cocaine base, Brewster stated, “Okay. I don’t know

how you guys say cocaine base, because powder rocked up—— I mean

cooked, but like in big cities, they do have crack, but crack is

not cocaine. Cocaine, that’s powder that’s cooked up. It’s a

lot of stuff added, but——.” The district judge then asked

Brewster if he contested the lab report finding of “468.3 grams

of cocaine base at an 81 percent purity” and Brewster

erred in denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea; (4) he

should not have been classified as a career offender under the

Sentencing Guidelines; and (5) he was denied effective assistance

of counsel at his guilty plea hearing. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

In January 1995, Jackson police officers, working with an

informant, arranged a drug transaction with Brewster. After the

informant identified Brewster, the officers arrested him and

seized 468.3 grams of cocaine base. In April 1995, Brewster

signed a Memorandum of Understanding outlining his plea agreement

and entered a guilty plea to possession with intent to distribute

468.3 grams of cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §

841(a)(1). 

At his plea hearing, Brewster announced he was unsatisfied

with his retained attorney, Chris Ganner. After an off-therecord conversation among Brewster, Ganner, and the Assistant

United States Attorney, Brewster told the district court that he

had no complaints with Ganner. The hearing resumed and Brewster

pled guilty. During the hearing, the substance seized from

Brewster was referred to as “cocaine base” aside from one

ambiguous reference to “crack” by Brewster.2 The court informed 
responded “no.” Supp. Record on Appeal, vol. 1, p. 20.

3

Brewster that the maximum and minimum sentence for the offense

was not less than ten years or more than life imprisonment, a

fine of $4,000,000, or both. 

After the hearing, Brewster discharged Ganner. With new

counsel, Brewster moved to withdraw his guilty plea at his

sentencing hearing in July 1995. The district court denied the

motion, and proceeded with sentencing, applying a base offense

level of 34 under § 2D1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines, as the

offense involved 468.3 grams of cocaine base. The court

increased Brewster’s offense level to 37, with a criminal history

category of VI, after concluding that he was a career offender

pursuant § 4B1.1. The court then applied a three-level reduction

for acceptance of responsibility pursuant to § 3E1.1(a) & (b),

thereby reducing the offense level to 34. Based on the total

offense level of 34 and a criminal history category of VI, the

Sentencing Guideline range of imprisonment is 262 to 327 months. 

Following the government’s recommendation, the court sentenced

Brewster to 262 months. Additionally, the court imposed fiveyears supervised release, a partial fine of $3,000, and a $50

special assessment fee.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Cocaine Base

Section 2D1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines prescribes

enhanced punishments for persons convicted of crimes involving
4

cocaine base rather than powder cocaine. Brewster argues that

the enhanced cocaine base guideline is inapplicable to his case,

as the record lacks proof that the substance involved is actually

“crack.” 

Brewster raises this issue for the first time on appeal. 

As such, we review only for plain error. United States v. Spires,

79 F.3d 464, 465 (5th Cir. 1996). Plain error is established

when there is an error that is clear and obvious, and that error

affects substantial rights of the appellant. United States v.

Cerverizzo, 74 F.3d 629, 631 (5th Cir. 1996). A plain error must

be clear under current law at the time of trial. United States v.

Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 1777, 123 L.Ed.2d 508

(1993). 

Effective November 1, 1993, the Sentencing Guidelines were

amended to include the following definition of cocaine base:

“Cocaine base,” for the purposes of this guideline, means

“crack.” “Crack” is the street name for a form of cocaine

base, usually prepared by processing cocaine hydrochloride

and sodium bicarbonate, and usually appearing in a lumpy,

rocklike form.

USSG § 2D1.1, Note D. In light of this definition and the

absence of proof in the record that the cocaine base he possessed

was actually crack, Brewster contends that he erroneously

received an enhanced sentence for crack cocaine. 

The penalty imposed for possession with intent to distribute

cocaine, is far less than that imposed for cocaine base. 

Although the district judge explained and the Memorandum of

Understanding outlined the minimum and maximum penalty for the
 

3 At his sentencing hearing, Brewster asked the district judge

whether the Sentencing Commission’s recommended changes to the

Sentencing Guidelines, pending before Congress at that time,

would apply to his case: “[I]f that crack law comes in, that

powder law, couldn’t I get under that?” The district judge

responded, “Now, on this other matter about your sentence under

crack cocaine, if there is a change in the guidelines, then the

next question would be whether that change is to be applied

prospectively only or whether it could be applied retroactively.”

Supp. Record on Appeal, vol. 2, pp. 30 & 33.

 

4 Brewster contends that the Third Circuit’s holding in United

States v. James, 78 F.3d 851 (3d Cir. 1996), should apply to his

case. The court in James held that the enhanced crack cocaine

sentencing provisions did not apply without government proof, by

a preponderance of the evidence, that the cocaine base is

actually crack. 78 F.3d at 858. This issue was presented to the

sentencing court in the form of James’ argument that only a

5

quantity of cocaine base he possessed, Brewster never objected

that the penalty was too high. Moreover, although the base

offense level is lower for cocaine, Brewster did not object at

sentencing when the district court applied the higher offense

level for cocaine base. Brewster had the benefit of different

counsel for his plea and sentencing hearings, yet neither

objected that the cocaine sentencing provisions applied instead

of the cocaine base provisions. 

The record shows that Brewster was aware that he was charged

with, was pleading guilty to, and was sentenced for possession

with intent to distribute cocaine base (“crack”). In fact, the

record indicates that Brewster fully understood that the enhanced

crack cocaine guideline applied to his case.3 The law is clear

that for purposes of the Sentencing Guidelines, “cocaine base”

means “crack.” We find no plain error with the district court’s

decision to sentence Brewster under the cocaine base guidelines.4
sodium bicarbonate form of cocaine base is subject to the

sentencing enhancements. 78 F.3d at 857. In the instant case,

however, we review Brewster’s claim only for plain error, as it

is presented for the first time on appeal.

6

To avoid similar disputes in the future, district judges should

make clear on the record that the crime charged as cocaine base

is “crack.” 

B. Knowing and Voluntary Plea

We apply a “harmless error” analysis when an appellant

claims that the district court failed to comply with Federal Rule

of Criminal Procedure 11: (1) Did the sentencing court vary from

the procedures required by Rule 11, and (2) if so, did such

variance affect the defendant’s substantial rights? United States

v. Johnson, 1 F.3d 296, 298 (5th Cir. 1993).

Brewster claims that his guilty plea was unknowing and

involuntary, as the district court did not properly advise him of

the mandatory minimum and maximum sentence pursuant to Rule

11(c). Brewster argues that the court erroneously advised him of

the mandatory minimum sentence for crack cocaine. As we find

that the district court correctly applied the cocaine base

guideline, a thorough review of the record reveals that the

district court properly explained the statutory minimum and

maximum sentence and plea consequences as required under Rule 11. 

C. Motion to Withdraw Plea

A defendant has no absolute right to withdraw a guilty plea;

however, the district court may permit withdrawal before

sentencing upon a showing of a “fair and just reason.” United
7

States v. Still, 102 F.3d 118, 123-24 (5th Cir. 1996), cert.

denied, --- U.S. ---, 118 S.Ct. 43, 139 L.Ed.2d 10 (1997);

FED.R.CRIM.P. 32(e). The district court’s decision is

discretionary and will not be disturbed, absent an abuse of

discretion. Id. at 123. Factors to consider when applying this

standard of a fair and just reason are whether: (1) the defendant

has asserted his innocence; (2) withdrawal will prejudice the

government; (3) the defendant delayed in filing his withdrawal

motion; (4) withdrawal would substantially inconvenience the

court; (5) close assistance of counsel was available to a

defendant; (6) the plea was knowing and voluntary; and (7)

withdrawal would waste judicial resources. United States v. Carr,

740 F.2d 339, 343-44 (5th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S.

1004, 105 S.Ct. 1865, 85 L.Ed.2d 159 (1985). The district court

is not required to make findings as to each of the Carr factors.

United States v. Badger, 925 F.2d 101, 104 (5th Cir. 1991). The

decision to permit or deny withdrawal is based on the totality of

the circumstances. Still, 102 F.3d at 124. Finally, the burden

of establishing a fair and just reason for withdrawing a guilty

plea rests with the defendant. Id.

Brewster moved to withdraw his guilty plea at the sentencing

hearing, more than three months after his plea. Brewster

asserted three reasons for withdrawal: first, he claimed

ineffective assistance of counsel concerning advice of the effect

of his plea and his possible sentence; second, he claimed that

the Assistant United States Attorney threatened him with an
 

5 The district court was not aware of Brewster’s status as a

career offender at the time of the plea. The court’s failure to

advise Brewster of the application of the career offender

guideline, USSG § 4B1.1, when taking his plea does not violate

FED.R.CRIM.P. 11(c)(1). United States v. Pearson, 910 F.2d 221,

223 (5th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1093, 111 S.Ct. 977,

112 L.Ed.2d 1062 (1991).

 

6 The government contends this issue is presented for the

first time on appeal; however, Brewster raised this issue at his

sentencing hearing. Supp. Record on Appeal, vol. 2, pp. 21-22.

8

increased sentence if he did not plead; and third, he claimed

that he was not guilty. Concerning Brewster’s first two reasons

for withdrawal, the district court specifically found that

Brewster was advised of the statutory minimum and maximum

sentence.5 The district court also found that Brewster’s claim

regarding the government’s alleged threats lacked credibility. 

Finally, Brewster’s belated claim of innocence is far from

sufficient to overturn the denial of withdrawal motion. Carr, 740

F.2d at 344. 

The record indicates that the Carr factors support the

district court’s denial of Brewster’s motion to withdraw his

guilty plea. We find no abuse of discretion. 

D. Career Offender

The district court’s determination that Brewster is a career

offender under § 4B1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines is subject to

de novo review. United States v. Garcia, 962 F.2d 479, 481 (5th

Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 902, 113 S.Ct. 293, 121

L.Ed.2d 217 (1992).6 Brewster specifically objects to the

district court’s finding that he meets the requirement of having
 

7 The other two elements of a career offender are “(1) the

defendant was at least eighteen years old at the time of the

instant offense,” and “(2) the instant offense of conviction is a

felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled

substance offense.” USSG § 4B1.1.

9

“at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of

violence or a controlled substance offense.” USSG § 4B1.1.7

Brewster contends that the prior offenses were part of a single

common scheme or plan to traffic in drugs. 

Section 4B1.2(3) defines “two prior felony convictions” and

provides that § 4A1.1(a)-(c) govern whether the prior sentences

will be counted separately. In unrelated cases, prior sentences

are counted separately while in related cases, prior sentences

are treated as one sentence. USSG § 4A1.2(a)(2). The official

commentary of § 4A1.2 provides, in pertinent part:

Prior sentences are not considered related if they were for

offenses that were separated by an intervening arrest (i.e.,

the defendant is arrested for the first offense prior to

committing the second offense). Otherwise, prior sentences

are considered related if they resulted from offenses that

(1) occurred on the same occasion, (2) were part of a single

common scheme or plan, or (3) were consolidated for trial or

sentencing.

USSG § 4A1.2, comment (n. 3). The first sentence of this comment

was added by amendment, effective November 1, 1991. Because the

felony convictions characterizing Brewster as a career offender

were committed prior to this amendment, Brewster contends

application of the amendment to his case violates the ex post

facto clause of the United States Constitution.

Section 1B1.11 instructs courts to apply the Sentencing

Guidelines in effect on the date of sentencing. However, if the
 

8 Brewster originally denied the intervening arrest and

conviction in his objections to the presentence investigation

report. At his sentencing hearing, the government offered court

documents for the contested proceeding, photographs of Brewster

taken on the dates of the contested arrest and sentencing, and

fingerprint cards taken on the date of the contested arrest. 

Brewster did not object to the evidence. Supp. Record on Appeal,

vol. 2, pp. 22-26.

 

9 Regardless of the application of the amended commentary to §

4A1.2, Brewster qualifies as a career offender. The presentence

investigation report reveals that each prior conviction was for a

separate drug transaction. In United States v. Garcia, 962 F.2d

479, 482 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 902, 113 S.Ct.

293, 121 L.Ed.2d 217 (1992), this court reviewed a similar

argument and found that “[a]lthough the crimes may have been

temporally and geographically alike, they were not part of a

common scheme or plan that would preclude imposition of career

offender status.”

 

10 Brewster’s appeal captions this argument as ineffective

assistance of counsel at the plea and sentencing hearings. 

10

guidelines violate the ex post facto clause, the court shall use

the Sentencing Guidelines in effect “on the date that the offense

of conviction was committed.” USSG § 1B1.11(b)(1). The offense

of conviction was committed and sentencing occurred for Brewster

in 1995. Under § 1B1.11, the guideline comment of § 4A1.2

applies regardless of an ex post facto determination by this

court. The government proved an intervening arrest at Brewster’s

sentencing; thus, the prior sentences are considered unrelated.8

We conclude that the district court correctly determined

Brewster’s status as a career offender.9

E. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Brewster contends that he was denied his Sixth Amendment

right to effective assistance of counsel in evaluating his plea

options.10 At his plea and sentencing hearings, Brewster
However, Brewster only argues ineffective assistance of counsel

with regard to his plea. As such, we only address his claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel at his plea hearing.

11

commented to the court that he did not receive adequate

assistance from Ganner, his first retained counsel. Brewster’s

claim of ineffective assistance is based upon: the conversation

among Brewster, Ganner, and the Assistant United States Attorney

held off-the-record at the plea hearing; and conversations with

Ganner prior to the plea hearing. The record does not

sufficiently establish the substance of these conversations. 

“The general rule in this circuit is that a claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel cannot be resolved on direct

appeal when the claim has not been before the district court

since no opportunity existed to develop the record on the merits

of the allegation.” United States v. Thomas, 12 F.3d 1350, 1368

(5th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1095, 114 S.Ct. 1861, 128

L.Ed.2d 483 (1994), and cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1114, 114 S.Ct.

2119, 128 L.Ed.2d 676 (1994)(citation omitted). We decline to

reach the merits of Brewster’s ineffective assistance of counsel

claim, as the record is not well developed for review. Brewster

may raise this claim by motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. 

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we find the district court

committed no plain error when it applied the cocaine base

guideline. However, we stress that district judges should

clearly find, on the record, that the cocaine base involved is in

fact “crack.” It is clear from the record that the district
12

court complied with Rule 11 and did not abuse its discretion in

denying Brewster’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Also, we

find that the district court did not err in determining Brewster

to be a career offender under the Sentencing Guidelines. 

Accordingly, Brewster’s conviction is AFFIRMED.

STEWART, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment only: