In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

______________________________

No. 06-11-00036-CV

______________________________

MICHAEL A. ZANCHI, M.D., MICHAEL A. ZANCHI, M.D., P.A.,

AND PARIS REGIONAL ANESTHESIA, P.A., Appellants

V.

REGINALD KEITH LANE, INDIVIDUALLY, AND AS

PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF

JUAMEKA CYNARRA ROSS, DECEASED, ET AL., Appellees

 

On Appeal from the 62nd Judicial District Court 

Lamar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 79324

 

Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.

Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss

Concurring Opinion by Justice Carter

Dissenting Opinion by Justice Moseley
2

O P I N I O N

Twenty-four-year-old Juameka Cynarra Ross died after undergoing a splenectomy at Paris 

Regional Medical Center. Michael A. Zanchi, M.D.,1the anesthesiologist, was sued by Reginald 

Keith Lane, individually, and as personal representative of Ross‘ estate, for medical negligence 

allegedly resulting in Ross‘ death.2 Lane filed the original petition on April 21, 2010, but did not 

serve Zanchi with process until September 16, 2010.3 In the interim, on August 19, 2010, Lane 

mailed the expert report of Jeffrey Wagner, M.D.,

4

to Zanchi by certified mail, return receipt 

requested, as required by Section 74.351(a) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(a) (West 2011). Zanchi filed a motion to dismiss the 

lawsuit, alleging that any transmittal of the expert report to him before the date he was served with 

 

1Michael A. Zanchi, M.D., P.A., and Paris Regional Anesthesia, P.A., were named defendants with Zanchi. The 

three Zanchi defendants are hereinafter collectively referred to as Zanchi.

2

In 2007, Ross was diagnosed with a condition known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and was 

informed that she would have to undergo a splenectomy as part of the treatment for this condition. Ross was admitted 

to Paris Regional Medical Center for surgery in February 2008. The original petition alleged that Ross became 

cyanotic and a code blue was called to attempt to resuscitate her. Zanchi returned to the operating room, where he 

extubated the endotracheal tube and initiated multiple attempts to reintubate Ross. After her pulse was restored, Ross 

was transferred to Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas, where it was determined that her brain was functioning 

only at the level of the brain stem. Ross was removed from life support. 

3The trial court issued an order dated September 7, 2010, authorizing substituted service on Zanchi. The trial court 

specifically found that Lane‘s previous attempts to serve Zanchi were unsuccessful. Zanchi was ultimately served 

with process personally while the process server was proceeding to execute substituted service. 

4Wagner‘s report concludes that Zanchi improperly placed the endotracheal tube in the right main-stem bronchus and 

failed to reposition the tube during surgery. 
3

process was no service at all, because he was not a party to the lawsuit.5 The trial court denied 

Zanchi‘s motion to dismiss. Because Zanchi was a party to the lawsuit when he was timely 

served with the expert report, we affirm the trial court‘s order.6 

Zanchi Was a Party to the Lawsuit When Timely Served with the Expert Report

A trial court‘s ruling on a motion to dismiss under Section 74.351(b) is reviewed for an 

abuse of discretion. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(b) (West 2011); Am. 

Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 877–78 (Tex. 2001). A trial 

court abuses its discretion when it ―reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount 

to a clear and prejudicial error of law.‖ In re Bass, 113 S.W.3d 735, 738 (Tex. 2003); Yilmaz v. 

McGregor, 265 S.W.3d 631, 635–36 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied). When 

the facts are not in dispute, the question of whether service satisfied the requirements of Section 

74.351(a) is a purely legal question. Questions of law are subject to a de novo review. See Oak 

Park, Inc. v. Harrison, 206 S.W.3d 133, 137 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2006, no pet.).7

 

5The expert report was mailed to Zanchi at Paris Regional Medical Center. The return receipt or green card was 

signed by Chuey Potter. While Zanchi does not admit that he received this report, neither does he deny having 

received it.

6Lane contends service of the expert report in this instance is sufficient because he exercised due diligence in serving 

Zanchi with process. Because the ―party‖ issue is dispositive and because inherent uncertainties surround the due 

diligence analysis, we do not reach this issue.

7

―[A] trial court has no discretion in determining what the law is, which law governs, or how to apply the law.‖ Univ. 

of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. at Houston v. Gutierrez, 237 S.W.3d 869, 871 n.1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. 

denied); see also Buck v. Blum, 130 S.W.3d 285, 290 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (de novo 

standard of review applies in reviewing interpretation of health care liability statute).
4

Zanchi contends the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss Lane‘s suit because 

Lane did not timely serve Zanchi with an expert report, as required by Section 74.351 of the Texas 

Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351 (West 

2011). Pursuant to Section 74.351(a), a claimant must serve on each ―party or the party‘s 

attorney‖ one or more expert reports no later than the 120th day after the date the original petition 

was filed. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(a). By statute, if an expert report is not 

served within the specified time period, the court must dismiss the claim with prejudice and award 

to the affected health care provider reasonable attorneys‘ fees and costs of court. TEX. CIV. PRAC.

& REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(b)(1), (2). Each defendant physician whose conduct is implicated 

in a report must file and serve any objection to the sufficiency of the report not later than the 

twenty-first day after the date the report was served, subject to waiver of those objections. TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(a).

Here, because Lane filed his lawsuit April 21, 2010, he was required to serve one or more 

expert reports on Zanchi or Zanchi‘s attorney by August 19, 2010, the 120th day after the filing of 

the original petition. Lane asserts that he timely served his expert report on Zanchi August 19, 

2010, via certified mail, return receipt requested. It is undisputed that, at that time, Zanchi had not 

yet been served with process and that he was not served with process until September 16, 2010. 

Zanchi, therefore, contends that Lane did not serve his expert report on a ―party‖ before the 

expiration of the 120-day period, as required. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
5

§ 74.351(a). Zanchi maintains that the trial court was therefore required, upon motion, to dismiss 

the suit. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(b)(2).

In support of his position, Zanchi points to the language of the statute, which provides that 

a claimant must serve on each ―party or the party‘s attorney‖ one or more expert reports no later 

than the 120th day after the original petition was filed. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 74.351(b)(2). The term ―party‖ is not defined in Section 74.351 or Chapter 74 of the Texas 

Civil Practice and Remedies Code. ―Any legal term or word of art used in this chapter, not 

otherwise defined in this chapter, shall have such meaning as is consistent with the common law.‖ 

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.001(b) (West 2011). The question then, of whether 

Zanchi was a party to the lawsuit when the expert report was served, hinges on the meaning of 

―party‖ under the common law. We conclude that, under the common law and under the statutory 

scheme, one is a ―party‖ if so named in a pleading, whether or not yet served.

Zanchi contends that, under the common law, to be a party, one must generally ―be named 

in the pleadings and . . . be served, accept or waive service, or make an appearance.‖ Yilmaz, 265 

S.W.3d at 637. Yilmaz involved a health care liability claim in which the original petition was 

filed in March 2007. Attempts to serve Yilmaz with process were unsuccessful. McGregor 

alleged service of the expert report one day before the statutory deadline. Because Yilmaz was 

not served with process before service of the expert report, he filed a motion to dismiss, claiming 
6

the expert report was served at a ―known wrong address,‖ at a time when he was not a party to the 

suit. Id. at 635. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss.

On appeal, the First Court of Appeals ruled that Yilmaz was not a party to the lawsuit at the 

time the expert report was served and, thus, that the motion to dismiss should have been granted. 

In defining a party as one who must ―be named in the pleadings and . . . be served, accept or waive 

service, or make an appearance,‖ Yilmaz relied on Ex parte Bowers, 886 S.W.2d 346 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ dism‘d w.o.j.). In Bowers, the defendant complained that 

he did not receive notice of an injunction and was therefore not bound by its provisions. In its 

discussion of whether Bowers was bound by the injunction, the court stated, ―A party to a suit 

generally is one named in the pleadings, who is served, accepts or waives service, or appears, and 

who participates at trial and contests the cause of action.‖ Id. at 349. Bowers relies on Mapco,

Inc. v. Carter, 817 S.W.2d 686 (Tex. 1991), in support of this definition. In addition, Yilmaz

relies on Mapco for the proposition that ―[m]erely being named in a petition as a defendant does 

not make one a  ̳party‘ to the lawsuit.‖ Yilmaz, 265 S.W.3d at 637.

Our reading of Mapco does not support that proposition. In Mapco, the Texas Supreme 

Court ruled that a judgment may not be entered against a party not before the trial court. In that 

case, the Carters sued Mapco Underground Storage of Texas, Inc., and Texasgulf, Inc. Even 

though a related corporation, Mapco, Inc., was not named in the pleadings and was not served with 

process, a judgment was entered against it. In reversing that judgment, the court stated, ―In no 
7

case shall judgment be rendered against any defendant unless upon service, or acceptance or 

waiver of process, or upon an appearance.‖ Mapco, Inc., 817 S.W.2d at 687. Mapco does not 

state, or even support the proposition, that one is not a ―party‖ until that one is served with process, 

accepts or waives such service, or makes an appearance. Three of our sister courts have adopted 

the definition of ―party‖ as used in Yilmaz.

8

 In each of those decisions, the discussion has pointed 

to Mapco as the source of this definition. Our analysis leads us to the belief that such reliance is 

misplaced.

While Mapco recognizes the well defined concept that a party cannot be subjected to the 

jurisdiction of the court when that party has not been served with process, or has otherwise 

accepted or waived service, it did not undertake to define the term ―party.‖ Indeed, a person has 

no duty to participate in proceedings if the person has not been properly served, even if the person 

later becomes aware of the proceedings. Ross v. Nat’l Ctr. for the Employment of the Disabled, 

197 S.W.3d 795, 797–98 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam). The concept of personal jurisdiction, 

however, as discussed in Mapco and in Ross, is distinct from the concept of party status. The 

Texas Supreme Court did not hold, in Mapco or Ross, that one named as a defendant in a lawsuit is 

not a party to that suit unless and until that person has been served, accepts or waives service, or 

 

8Our sister courts in Fort Worth, Austin, and Corpus Christi have used the definition of ―party‖ as one who has been 

served with process, waived service of process, or made an appearance. See Dingler v. Tucker, 301 S.W.3d 761, 

766–67 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied) (defendant named in original petition did not become party until

served with process); Carroll v. Humsi, 342 S.W.3d 693, 701 (Tex. App.––Austin 2011, no pet.) (term ―party‖ denotes 

defendant who has already been served with process, waived service, or entered an appearance in the action); Carreras 

v. Zamora, 294 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex. App.––Corpus Christi 2009, no pet.) (to be party to lawsuit, one must generally 

be served, accept or waive service, or make an appearance). We respectfully disagree.
8

makes an appearance. While it is true that a party must be served, accept or waive service, or 

otherwise appear in order for a judgment to be rendered against that party, it does not logically 

follow that such a party, named in the pleadings on file with the district clerk, is not a party to the 

lawsuit in which the party has been specifically named, merely because there is no obligation to 

participate until brought within the jurisdiction of the court. Stated another way, a party named in 

the pleadings is no less a party to the lawsuit even though that party has yet to be served.

Where a health care provider, and prospective defendant, is served with an expert report 

before suit is even filed against the provider, he or she is not a ―party,‖ but becomes one when a 

claim is asserted against him or her in a suit. Poland v. Ott, 278 S.W.3d 39, 48–49 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (noting distinction in Chapter 74 between use of 

―party‖ after suit filed and ―physicians, and health-care providers‖ before suit filed). See also 

Daybreak Cmty. Servs., Inc. v. Cartrite, 320 S.W.3d 865, 871–72 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, no 

pet.) (―party‖ status established when suit filed against him or her).

Not many years ago, the Texas Supreme Court affirmed that a ―party who becomes aware 

of the proceedings without proper service of process has no duty to participate in them,‖ thus 

tacitly recognizing that one can be a ―party‖ to a legal proceeding even though not served with 

process. Caldwell v. Barnes, 154 S.W.3d 93, 97 n.1 (Tex. 2004); see also Ross, 197 S.W.3d at 

796–97 (trial court had no jurisdiction either to enter judgment or enforce it against party who had 

neither been served nor appeared).
9

The Texas Rules of Civil Procedure generally refer to those named in pleadings as 

―parties‖ regardless of whether they have been served with process. The most prominent 

examples are connected to the pleading that initiates a lawsuit. The plaintiff‘s petition must list 

the ―parties,‖ thus, in every case, requiring that the designation as parties precedes those parties 

being served with process. TEX. R. CIV. P. 79. The Civil Case Information Sheet promulgated 

under Rule 78a also directs the plaintiff to complete it with the names of the ―parties‖ named as 

defendants, certainly contemplating that the defendants are considered parties before being served 

with process. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 78a. There are other examples.9

The term ―party‖ is defined by Black‘s Law Dictionary as ―One by or against whom a 

lawsuit is brought <a party to the lawsuit>.‖ BLACK‘S LAW DICTIONARY 1231, 1232 (9th ed. 

2009). A ―party‖ is ―one of the litigants in a legal proceeding; a plaintiff or a defendant in a 

suit.‖10 WEBSTER‘S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY 1416 (2d ed. 2001). That definition is consistent 

 

9The court clerk is to keep a record of the ―names of the parties to the suit,‖ without any suggestion that a name not be 

registered as a party unless he or she has been served with citation. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 25, 26. A judge must 

disqualify from a case if a ―party‖ is related to the judge. TEX. R. CIV. P. 18b. There is no suggestion that the judge 

should wait to recuse until his or her relative is served with process.

10Consistent with this definition are definitions found in online legal sources. A ―party‖ is a ―person or entity who is 

the plaintiff or defendant in a lawsuit.‖ www.legal-dictionary.org. ―Party with reference to an action means a 

person who is described in the court of record as plaintiff or defendant. Thus, it means a person by or against whom a 

legal suit is brought.‖ www.USLegal.com. A ―party‖ is

one of the participants in a lawsuit or other legal proceeding who has an interest in the outcome. 

Parties include plaintiff (person filing suit), defendant (person sued or charged with a crime), 

petitioner (files a petition asking for a court ruling), respondent (usually in opposition to a petition or 

an appeal), cross-complainant (a defendant who sues someone else in the same lawsuit), or 

cross-defendant (a person sued by a cross-complainant). . . .
10

with the longstanding definition of the term from the Texas Supreme Court stating that a ―party to 

an action‖ is ―one who is directly interested in the subject matter in issue, who has a right to make 

defense, control the proceedings, or appeal from the judgment.‖ Hodde v. Susan, 58 Tex. 389, 

393 (1883). None of these definitions require that one must first be served, accept or waive

service, or enter an appearance before becoming a ―party‖; and we do not believe that to be the law 

or the intent of the statute in question here.

There are also legitimate practical and policy reasons that support a rule that, for these 

purposes, one should be recognized as a party when named in a lawsuit, even before being served 

with process.

The 120-day statutorily decreed period, within which an expert report must be served, 

starts when suit is filed, that is, when the ―parties‖ are named, not from when they are served. 

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(a). Recognizing persons named in a pleading as 

parties at that time thus fits better with the overall structure of the statute and with the general sense 

of what a ―party‖ is, i.e., a person named in the style of a pleading, not the redefinition of a ―party‖ 

as becoming one only when served.

The arguments in this case have revealed two competing problem scenarios, both of which 

arise from the unstated, but not-always-correct, legislative assumption that service of process will 

have been accomplished before the 120-day expert-report deadline.

 

http://dictionary.law.com.
11

The first problem scenario is set up if one does not become a party until served with 

process and if service of process is not accomplished by the end of the 120-day deadline. If such 

is the case, as is suggested by Zanchi here, the suit must be dismissed for lack of service of the 

required expert report. That is a draconian result, based on an interpretation of the statute that is 

not clearly dictated by the statute‘s language and is based on dicta of doubtful derivation, as is 

shown above.

The alternative problem scenario arises if, as Lane suggests, one becomes a party when suit 

is filed or when the party is first named in a pleading, but service of process is delayed beyond the 

120-day expert-report deadline. In such case, the parties are not faced with the draconian result of 

the first scenario, but with what is certainly a less extreme problem. Based on the statute, the 

defendant could have a possible deadline to object to the expert report before he or she is even 

obliged to answer the lawsuit.

The first scenario results in the loss of a claim. The second scenario results in a much less 

severe situation. Faced with the second scenario, it could be said that, since the party has not yet 

been served with process in the suit, there is no obligation to respond in any way until that occurs. 

But, even if a party who has been served with an expert report, but who has not yet been served 

with process, decides that, out of an abundance of caution, he or she will object to the report within 

the time period specified by the statute, that burden or harm is significantly less than on the 

claimant in the first scenario. The second scenario may be seen as an anomaly that may suggest 
12

further legislative action, but that relatively minor anomaly should not dictate that one is not a 

party until served, and thus automatically require a dismissal of a claim when service of process 

has not been accomplished within 120 days after filing suit. That might be seen as throwing the 

baby out with the bath water.

The purpose of the expert report requirement is to provide a shield, a mechanism to weed 

out frivolous suits and not require medical defendants to spend a lot of time and money defending 

a frivolous case, or at least to keep that period short, i.e., a maximum of 120 days. That purpose is 

amply served by recognizing one as a party when he or she is named as one in a pleading rather 

than when, later, he or she is served with process; without the draconian result posed by the 

converse.

In this case, Zanchi was interested in the subject matter in issue—he was named in Lane‘s 

original petition as a defendant alleged to have committed acts of medical negligence allegedly 

resulting in the death of Ross. As such, Zanchi had the right to make a defense, participate in the 

proceedings, and appeal from any judgment rendered against him. Zanchi became a party to the 

underlying lawsuit when he was named in Lane‘s original petition filed with the district clerk.11 

 

11Our determination that Zanchi was a party to the lawsuit when named in a petition duly filed with the clerk of record 

does not diverge from the substantive holdings in Mapco (judgment shall not be rendered against any defendant unless 

upon service, or acceptance or waiver of process, or upon an appearance), Ross (trial court is without jurisdiction to 

enter or enforce judgment against party who had neither been served nor appeared), and Caldwell (party who becomes 

aware of the proceedings without proper service of process has no duty to participate in them). Our holding does not 

suggest that a person or entity that has merely been sued, but not served with process, has any duty to participate in the 

proceedings; certainly, Zanchi had no duty to participate in the proceedings until such time as he was properly served 

with process.
13

Having so determined, we turn to the issue of whether Zanchi was timely served with an expert 

report.

It is undisputed that the expert report was to be served on or before August 19, 2010. The 

record indicates that Lane‘s attorney mailed the expert report and curriculum vitae (CV) of Jeffrey 

Wagner, M.D., via certified mail, return receipt requested, to Zanchi at Paris Regional Medical 

Center on August 19, 2010. The green card indicates these documents were signed for by Chuey 

Potter at Paris Regional Medical Center. Zanchi contends that Lane failed to demonstrate that 

Potter had the authority to accept service on Zanchi‘s behalf. Even so, Zanchi does not deny 

having received Wagner‘s report. Certainly, if Zanchi never received the report, such statement 

would have been clearly and unequivocally articulated in briefing filed on his behalf. This was 

not done. 

In Goforth v. Bradshaw, 296 S.W.3d 849 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no pet.), this Court 

determined that ―service‖ of expert reports and CVs means the same thing as ―service‖ under Rule 

21a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. Id. at 853. The pivotal issue in Goforth was whether 

the Goforths‘ actual and direct delivery of the documents to the defendant and his counsel by 

regular mail, along with acknowledged receipt of those documents, amounted to ―service‖ under 

Rule 21a. In holding that service was indeed accomplished under the Rule, we noted the Rule‘s 

purpose is to achieve actual notice, even when the manner of delivery was not one of those listed in 

Rule 21a. Id. at 854. Because there was actual receipt of the notice and no harm resulted from 
14

the failure to serve the notice by registered or certified mail, we held that service was sufficient, 

and the lawsuit was improperly dismissed. Id.

In this case, Zanchi complains of a failure to prove Potter was authorized to accept service 

on his behalf. Because actual notice was accomplished, and no harm resulted from any alleged 

failure of authority on Potter‘s part to sign for the report, we find that service here was in 

compliance with Rule 21a. Zanchi contends, though, that harm resulted from the fact that the 

expert report was served prior to service of the lawsuit. He maintains that his rights under Section 

74.351(a) of the statute will be waived if service of the expert report is authorized prior to service 

of the lawsuit. Section 74.351(a) requires that ―[e]ach defendant physician or health care 

provider whose conduct is implicated in a report must file and serve any objection to the 

sufficiency of the report not later than the 21st day after the date it was served, failing which all 

objections are waived.‖ TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(a).

Because Zanchi was served with the expert report before being served with process, he had 

no duty to participate in the proceedings. See Caldwell, 154 S.W.3d at 97 n.1. Absent a duty to 

participate in the proceedings, Zanchi was not required to file objections to the sufficiency of 

Wagner‘s report. Therefore, Zanchi did not waive his right to file objections to the report.12 

Zanchi therefore was not harmed by service of the expert report before he was served with 

 

12Out of an abundance of caution, Zanchi may wish to do so within twenty-one days after issuance of this opinion. 

But we offer no opinion on this particular issue.
15

process.13 Because Zanchi was a party to the lawsuit at the time he was served with the expert 

report, and because the report was served within 120 days of filing of the lawsuit, we hold that, as 

a matter of law, the trial court did not err in refusing to dismiss Lane‘s lawsuit.

We affirm the order of the trial court.14

Josh R. Morriss, III

Chief Justice

CONCURRING OPINION

The Legislature has commanded that expert reports be served on a party or the party‘s 

attorney ―not later than the 120th day after the date the original petition was filed.‖ TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351 (West 2011). Here, it is undisputed that Michael A. 

Zanchi, M.D., was served in accordance with Rule 21a within that time period. Those facts 

should end the discussion, but of course it does not; Dr. Zanchi argues that he was not a ―party‖ 

and/or he was not ―served.‖ 

 

13At the dismissal hearing, counsel for Lane stated, ―I think we put in our response that we certainly would not object 

to them having their opportunity at that point to make their objections. We‘re not trying to play games here.‖ 

14Because we hold that Lane properly and timely served the expert report on Zanchi, a party to the lawsuit—and has 

therefore complied with the statute—we do not reach the issues of whether a due diligence exception exists that might 

forgive a lack of compliance by Lane or whether Lane would qualify for such an exception.
16

The first argument presented here is that this service of the expert report is not valid 

because Dr. Zanchi was not a ―party,‖ even though the petition had been filed naming him as such. 

Chief Justice Morriss has fully explained that the case apparently relied on by some courts for that 

proposition, Mapco,

15 does not hold that service of process must be completed before the 

defendant qualifies as a party. His opinion further contains a logical and coherent explanation of 

this issue. This Court is unanimous on this issue––Dr. Zanchi was a party. I fully agree with the 

analysis by the Chief Justice and see no need for further elaboration. 

The dissenting opinion opines that Dr. Zanchi was not ―served‖ with the expert report even 

though it was addressed and mailed to him by certified letter and received at the hospital where the 

alleged negligence occurred. The Legislature, while giving many mandates in this statute, failed 

to define the word ―serve‖ as it relates to the expert report. This Court and many others, having 

no statutory guidance, have concluded compliance with Rule 21a of the Texas Rules of Civil 

Procedure is the most logical and consistent manner that should be employed in deciding if the 

 

15Mapco, Inc. v. Carter, 817 S.W.2d 686 (Tex. 1991) (per curiam). The Texas Supreme Court stated that the issue in 

Mapco was ―whether a judgment may be entered against a party, not before the trial court.‖ Id. at 686. The plaintiffs 

sued Mapco Underground Storage of Texas, Inc. (MUST) for waste and to partition a mineral estate. Mapco, Inc., 

was a separate legal entity. From the discussion in the opinion, it is clear that Mapco, Inc., was never named as a 

party to the lawsuit (―the Carters‘ pleadings identified only MUST as a party . . . ‖), Id. at 687, but a judgment was 

entered against Mapco, Inc. The holding of the Texas Supreme Court was simply that Mapco, Inc. (not MUST) was 

never named as a party in the proceeding, did not voluntarily appear, and therefore, any judgment against it was 

erroneous. In the appellant‘s brief, the following statement is made: ―Merely being named in a petition as a 

defendant does not make one a  ̳party‘ to the lawsuit.‖ The Mapco case is the only cited authority for that proposition. 

After carefully reading the Mapco case, we cannot find any such statement; Mapco‘s holding is that a judgment cannot 

be rendered against a corporation that was never named or appeared as a party, but Mapco does not give any support to 

the appellant‘s statement that ―being named in a petition as a defendant does not make one a  ̳party‘ to the lawsuit.‖ 

We call this major improper attribution to the attention of counsel and remind counsel of the duty of candor to the 

court. 
17

report was served. Goforth v. Bradshaw, 296 S.W.3d 849, 853 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no 

pet.) (―Under Section 74.351 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code,  ̳service‘ of expert 

reports and CVs means the same thing as  ̳service‘ under Rule 21a of the Texas Rules of Civil 

Procedure.‖) (citing Amaya v. Enriquez, 296 S.W.3d 781, 783 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2009, pet. 

denied); Poland v. Ott, 278 S.W.3d 39 (Tex. App.––Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied); Univ. 

of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. at Houston v. Gutierrez, 237 S.W.3d 869, 872 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2007, pet. denied); Herrera v. Seton Nw. Hosp., 212 S.W.3d 452, 459 (Tex. App.—Austin 

2006, no pet.); Kendrick v. Garcia, 171 S.W.3d 698, 704 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2005, pet. 

denied)). 

Citing no authority, the dissenting opinion posits that serving an expert report is not 

governed by Rule 21a unless the defendant has previously been served with citation; no other 

suggestion or definition is proposed, only that Rule 21a should not be used. One reason for the 

employment of Rule 21a is to avoid the classic ―he said - she said‖ argument about whether the 

report was served or received. That Rule provides standards and makes service complete when 

the document is properly addressed, stamped, and sent by registered or certified mail to the last 

known address. Certifying that action was taken provides prima facie evidence of service, subject 

to presentation of evidence of nonreceipt. Here, an affidavit is in the clerk‘s file evidencing that 

the report was properly addressed and sent by certified mail to Dr. Zanchi at the Paris Regional 

Medical Center. A receipt showed that the document was received at the hospital, and Dr. Zanchi 
18

did not attempt to present contrary evidence. Based on this information, the report was served on 

Dr. Zanchi. Very simply, within 120 days from filing the original petition against Dr. Zanchi, he 

was served with the expert report in compliance with the statute. 

The dissent argues that appellate courts have held that service of citation on one other than 

the addressee is defective, but the cited cases involve the service of citation, not notices. This 

distinction makes all the difference in the world. Citation must be served in strict accordance 

with the statutes, rules, and court imposed regulations because it is the manner in which a court 

acquires jurisdiction of a party; without strict compliance the courts will not allow a default 

judgment to stand. Hubicki v. Festina, 226 S.W.3d 405, 408 (Tex. 2007). Rule 21a specifically 

states that it governs notices and other documents ―other than the citation to be served upon filing 

of a cause of action.‖ So the cases cited for the proposition that strict compliance by serving the 

addressee only in serving citation, are not relevant to the issue in this case. 

Finally, I will respond to the dissenting opinion that allowing service of the expert report 

before citation has been completed requires the defendant to file an objection to the expert report 

before having the duty to respond to the suit itself. The question seems to answer itself; if the trial 

court has not acquired jurisdiction of the defendant, that party is not required to do anything,

including submitting an objection to the expert report. When the court does obtain jurisdiction, 

by the proper service of citation, just as the defendant has to answer the suit, likewise the time 

begins to run on filing of the objections to the report. The trial court could not require the 
19

defendant to file an objection before it acquired jurisdiction. In essence, receiving the expert 

report prior to service of citation places the defendant in the same position as if the citation and 

expert report were served simultaneously. See Stroud v. Grubb, 328 S.W.3d 561 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied) (expert report filed one day after serving citation). 

In this instance, the defendant, after being served with citation, had the opportunity to file an 

objection to the expert report, but instead he attempted to persuade the trial court that he was not a 

party or he was not served. Just as in Stroud where the defendant was served one day after the 

citation was served, Dr. Zanchi had twenty-one days to challenge the report. In failing to do so, 

Dr. Zanchi waived any objection. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(a). So to that 

extent, I disagree with Chief Justice Morriss‘ opinion that Dr. Zanchi may now object. That 

objection has been waived. 

The Legislature determined that expert reports must be filed in order to avoid costly, 

unnecessary, and unmerited legal proceedings, but unfortunately, in this case, that goal has not 

been accomplished. Here, a thirty-one-page detailed report from a board-certified 

anesthesiologist was served within 120 days from the filing of the original petition. Instead of 

engaging in expensive and time-consuming trial and appellate litigation attempting to establish 

that the simple words ―party‖ and ―serve‖ have abstruse meanings, these parties should be 

preparing for and trying their case. 

I concur with the result reached in the opinion of the Chief Justice. 
20

Jack Carter

Justice

DISSENTING OPINION

Although I concur with the majority‘s scholarly determination that a person becomes a 

―party‖ to a lawsuit when he is named as such in a petition filed with a court (as opposed to when 

that person is served with citation), I cannot agree with some of the other determinations made to 

arrive at the majority conclusion. I also feel it advisable to address potentially-determinative 

arguments not mentioned in the majority opinion.
21

“Service” of Report Pursuant to Rule 21a?

The first concern lies with the claim by Zanchi16 that there was no expert report served on 

him pursuant to Section 74.351(a) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(a) (West 2011). The primary thrust of Zanchi‘s argument is 

based upon his definition of ―party,‖ a position which, as mentioned above, has little merit. 

However, Zanchi does mention (and the record supports) that at the time of the supposed service of 

the expert report, he had no obligation to respond because he had neither voluntarily filed a 

response nor had he been served with citation pursuant to Rule 106 of the Texas Rules of Civil 

Procedure or any alternate means of citation. TEX. R. CIV. P. 106.

The predecessor of Chapter 74 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code was Article 

4590i. This now-repealed and replaced statute, while requiring an expert report to be obtained by 

a health care liability claimant, used the term ―furnish‖ when speaking of delivery of a copy of that 

report to the defendant. TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 4590i, § 13.01(d), repealed by Act of 

May 16, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 10.09, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 884 (current version at 

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.001 (West 2011)). The current statute requires that 

claimant ―serve‖ a copy of the expert report on the defendant. The question then arises as to 

whether sending a copy of the expert report to Paris Regional Medical Center (where Zanchi 

served on the staff) by certified mail before he had been served with citation and before he had an 

 

16The appellants here are treated as singular under the name ―Zanchi‖ in the singular. Reference to the appellee is 

made as ―Lane.‖
22

obligation to respond to the suit complied with the obligation to ―serve‖ him with a copy of the 

report within 120 days of the filing of the suit. This is compounded by questions of whether the 

certified mail receipt, signed by someone not proven to have the capacity to receive service on 

behalf of Zanchi, was sufficient evidence to establish a presumption that the report was served on 

him.

A number of intermediate appellate courts (including this Court) have determined that the 

term ―serve‖ as used in the statute is tantamount to service pursuant to Rule 21a, Texas Rules of 

Civil Procedure. Goforth v. Bradshaw, 296 S.W.3d 849, 853 (Tex. App.––Texarkana 2009, no 

pet.); Amaya v. Enriquez, 296 S.W.3d 781, 783 (Tex. App.––El Paso 2009, pet. denied); Poland v. 

Ott, 278 S.W.3d 39 (Tex. App.––Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied); Univ. of Tex. Health Sci. 

Ctr. at Houston v. Gutierrez, 237 S.W.3d 869, 872 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. 

denied); Herrera v. Seton Nw. Hosp., 212 S.W.3d 452, 459 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.); 

Kendrick v. Garcia, 171 S.W.3d 698, 704 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2005, pet. denied). Compliance 

with ―Rule 21a sets up a presumption that when notice of trial setting properly addressed and 

postage prepaid is mailed, that the notice was duly received by the addressee.‖ Cliff v. Huggins, 

724 S.W.2d 778, 780 (Tex. 1987); see also Mathis v. Lockwood, 166 S.W.3d 743, 745 (Tex. 2005)

(per curiam). It stands to reason, then, that the purpose of Rule 21a is to achieve actual notice and 

to set up presumptions to use in disputes about whether notice was achieved. See Netherland v. 

Wittner, 662 S.W.2d 786, 788 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1983, writ ref‘d n.r.e.); Hill v. W. 
23

E. Brittain, Inc., 405 S.W.2d 803, 807 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth 1966, no writ). Under that 

rationale, in some circumstances (when it was proven that despite variance between the means of 

effective service under Rule 21a, the defendant nonetheless actually received a copy of the report 

within the statutory 120-day period) when that proof was made, it was deemed that sufficient 

compliance with the requirement of service of the report was made. See Goforth, 296 S.W.3d at 

854; Spiegel v. Strother, 262 S.W.3d 481 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2008, no pet.). There is no 

mention in any of those cases, however, that the service or delivery of the expert report was made 

before service of citation on the defendant had been achieved or before a voluntary appearance had 

been made. Presumably, the case before us is unique in the fact that the report was transmitted 

and received (by someone) after the suit was filed, but before the defendant was either served with 

citation or had appeared. 

Note that when the expert report was sent by certified mail to the hospital where Zanchi 

commonly worked, the postal receipt was signed by someone whom no one identified as being the 

authorized agent for Zanchi. In service of citation, the appellate courts have almost unanimously 

ruled that when there is service by certified mail, if the return receipt is not signed by the 

addressee, the service of process is defective. See Sw. Sec. Servs., Inc. v. Gamboa, 172 S.W.3d 

90, 93 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2005, no pet.) (service defective when return receipt signed by 

someone other than addressee); Ramirez v. Consol. HGM Corp., 124 S.W.3d 914, 916 (Tex. 

App.—Amarillo 2004, no pet.); All Commercial Floors, Inc. v. Barton & Rasor, 97 S.W.3d 723, 
24

727 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.); Keeton v. Carrasco, 53 S.W.3d 13, 19 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 2001, pet. denied); Webb v. Oberkampf Supply of Lubbock, Inc., 831 S.W.2d 

61, 64 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1992, no writ); Am. Universal Ins. Co. v. D.B.&B., Inc., 725 S.W.2d 

764, 765–67 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1987, writ ref‘d n.r.e.); Pharmakinetics Labs., Inc. v. 

Katz, 717 S.W.2d 704, 706 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1986, no writ). Certainly, these cases deal 

with attempts at service of citation and not with service of other papers under Rule 21a and a 

distinction can be made there. There is, however, a good reason to equate the application of these 

citation cases to an attempt to employ Rule 21a to situations in which the defendant has yet to have 

the responsibility to answer: once a person has been served with citation or has voluntarily 

appeared, there is a proven address to which such notices can be sent. In other words, the address 

for service under Rule 21a would be either that at which he was already successfully served or at 

some alternate address designated later by him in pleadings (such as the address of his attorney). 

It appears that this attempt to achieve service of a medical expert report under Rule 21a in a health 

care liability case prior to achieving service of citation may well be a case of first impression. The 

concurrence points out that there are no cases cited here to support the proposition that the same 

requirements as to service pertaining to service of citation would apply equally to the service of an 

expert report to an as-yet-unserved defendant. Because the circumstance here is thus far 

apparently unique, there are likewise no cases which can be cited to rebut that position, either. 
25

One could liken the pre-citation service of the expert report in a health care liability suit 

pursuant to Rule 21a prior to the time that a defendant has a duty to respond to the pre-citation 

service of requests for admissions. As the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure currently stand, such 

requests may be served on another party no later than thirty days before the end of the discovery 

period. TEX. R. CIV. P. 198.1. The person receiving those requests for admissions would have 

thirty days after receipt of the requests to respond to them (fifty days if service of the requests are 

achieved before the defendant‘s answer date) or the requests can be deemed admitted without the 

necessity of a court order. TEX. R. CIV. P. 198.2.17 Would it be effective to serve requests for 

admissions on a defendant pursuant to Rule 21a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure before they 

were ever served with citation, wait fifty days, and deem the requests admitted before the 

defendant was required to file an answer in the lawsuit? One would hardly think so. The Rules 

pertaining to requests for admission are written in contemplation either that the party from whom 

responses are requested is already ―before the court‖ or that the requests would be served in the 

same manner as citation. 

Rule 21a service should apply only after the party is actually before the court, either by 

compliance with the Rules pertaining to service of citation (e.g., Rule 107, Texas Rules of Civil 

Procedure) or by voluntary appearance. Here, we had neither of these circumstances at the time 

 

17In Steffan v. Steffan, 29 S.W.3d 627, 630 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied), it was determined that 

after a person has been served with citation and after that person has attended a hearing and made a pro se approval of 

temporary orders, it is not required that he file a responsive answer before he has the obligation to respond to requests 

for admissions or risk having them deemed admitted.
26

the expert report was mailed to Zanchi at the hospital. In these circumstances, there was neither 

service of citation on him at some situs nor any pleading filed by Zanchi which nailed down the 

proper address for the transmission of such notices (such as the office address of his attorney); the 

certified mail receipt was signed by some person whose relationship to Zanchi remains 

unidentified. Should this ploy work to establish a prima facie case that Zanchi was ―served‖ with 

it? That would be the result if Rule 21a is permitted to apply under these circumstances. 

Since Zanchi had not already been put in the position of being imposed with an obligation 

to respond to anything in the suit, Rule 21a should not apply to service of the expert report. 

Because Rule 21a was never intended to apply under the circumstances we have here, there was no 

―service‖ of the expert report on Zanchi within the prescribed 120-day time period prescribed by 

the statute, nor was it served in such a manner as to suffice to meet the statutory requirement. 

I would rule that the attempt at service pursuant to Rule 21a before Zanchi had an 

obligation to respond was ineffective.

Due Diligence Exception? 

Lane also argued that the time requirements of Section 74.351(a) of the Texas Civil 

Practice and Remedies Code do not apply if he demonstrates that due diligence was pursued in 

unsuccessful attempts to serve Zanchi with citation. In doing so, Lane apparently relies on a 

discussion of the due diligence doctrine in Stockton v. Offenbach, 336 S.W.3d 610, 615 (Tex. 

2011). In Stockton, the Texas Supreme Court explains that under the due diligence doctrine, ―a 
27

plaintiff, who files a petition within the limitations period but does not complete service until after 

the statutory period has expired, is entitled to have the date of service relate back to the date of 

filing, if the plaintiff has exercised diligence in effecting service.‖ Id. The majority does not 

address this argument. 

The problems with reliance on Stockton for the proposition that the due diligence doctrine 

does apply and, thus, potentially exculpates Lane from the harsh consequences of the statute are 

twofold: (1) although the supreme court discusses and explains the doctrine, it neither actually 

applies the due diligence doctrine to abrogate the dictates of the statute nor affirmatively holds that 

it should not apply; (2) after examining the circumstances and the trial court‘s finding that the due 

diligence exception did apply, it rejected the notion that ―a fact issue was raised concerning 

. . . due diligence in the matter‖ and made a judicial determination that due diligence had not been 

shown. Id. at 617. 

It is notable here that Lane made absolutely no attempt at personal service citation on 

Zanchi until about forty days after the suit was filed. Lane showed that the process server made 

unsuccessful attempts on four occasions in June to personally serve Zanchi at his home. Even 

though the process server was aware that Zanchi was a hospital-based physician at Paris Regional 

Medical Center, he attempted personal service citation only at Zanchi‘s home, never attempting to 

serve Zanchi with citation at the hospital. Lane also showed that his attorney relied upon a 

paralegal‘s mistaken representation that Zanchi had, in fact, been served with citation; however, 
28

there is no explanation given by Lane for inactivity in attempts to get service during the lapse of 

time between the last attempt by the process server to effect service on Zanchi at his home 

(June 21) and the paralegal‘s mistaken representation that Zanchi had been served (August 10). 

No motion for substituted service was filed with the trial court until after the 120-day period for the 

service of the expert report had already expired. Personal service citation was finally served 

when the process server located Zanchi exiting his home when the process server was attempting 

to serve a substituted process. What this does not take into account is that Lane‘s attorney, 

apparently realizing that the 120-day period for serving the expert report loomed like the 

messenger of death, did not send the expert report to Zanchi‘s home (where all attempts at service 

of citation had been made), but to the hospital where he worked. The majority has found this 

service of the expert report was effective. Many people work during the day and would be absent 

from their homes. It appears oxymoronic for this Court to make a finding that service of the 

expert report on Zanchi pursuant to Rule 21a was effective when it was sent by certified mail 

addressed to him at the hospital address (this apparently having been construed by Lane as 

Zanchi‘s ―last known address‖ so as to comply with Rule 21a), yet fail to address the issue of due 

diligence when no effort was made to serve Zanchi––either by personal service or by certified 

mail––at the hospital address. Due diligence would have dictated that service of the citation and 

the expert report would have been attempted at the place of Zanchi‘s employment promptly after 

efforts were unsuccessful at his home. As to the erroneous representation to Lane‘s attorney that 
29

Zanchi had actually been personally served with citation, the error of the paralegal amounts to 

error by Lane‘s lawyer and would not provide grist for the claim of due diligence. 

Lane has failed to show facts necessary to support a due diligence claim as a matter of law.

Statutory Construction?

The third point relates to the difficulty of reconciling the statute to the procedures to be 

followed once one allows the service of the expert report before service of citation on the 

defendant. 

The relevant statute reads as follows:

In a health care liability claim, a claimant shall, not later than the 120th day after 

the date the original petition was filed, serve on each party or the party‘s attorney 

one or more expert reports, with a curriculum vitae of each expert listed in the 

report for each physician or health care provider against whom a liability claim is 

asserted. The date for serving the report may be extended by written agreement of 

the affected parties. Each defendant physician or health care provider whose 

conduct is implicated in a report must file and serve any objection to the sufficiency 

of the report not later than the 21st day after the date it was served, failing which 

all objections are waived.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351 (West 2011) (emphasis added).

This sets out two critical times, one for the service of the expert report by the claimant and 

one for the filing of service of objections to that report by the physician or health care provider. 

If one, for instance, employs the due diligence exception to stall the requirement, then the 

health care provider who has been served with the expert report (but who has no obligation to 

respond to the lawsuit) must file his objections to the expert report before he has the duty to 
30

respond to the suit itself. The answer proposed by Lane to that dilemma is to apply a ―relate 

back‖ time to extend the time for filing objections to the time the defendant must file an answer to 

the suit in chief. 

If the relate back time is used, this not only impacts the date that service of the expert report 

must be delivered, it also dictates that the statutory time for filing objections to the report be 

likewise amended. Accordingly, if a court unilaterally tampers with the statutory deadline for the 

service of the expert report, in a circumstance like this it must also extend the time for lodging 

objections to it; otherwise, the time permitted for lodging objections to the report would be 

nullified. Accordingly, in order to do so, the court extending deadlines must rewrite the statute in 

an additional cogent spot.

In Stockton, the Texas Supreme Court acknowledged that difficulty can arise because of 

the way the statute is written. After making that observation, however, the supreme court stated 

that ―[t]he Legislature, however, has chosen to commence the 120-day period from the date of 

filing, and  ̳we are not free to rewrite the statutes to reach a result we might consider more 

desirable, in the name of statutory construction.‘‖ Stockton, 336 S.W.3d at 619 (citing Pub. Util.

Comm’n of Tex. v. Cofer, 754 S.W.2d 121, 124 (Tex. 1988)).

A court‘s primary objective in construing statutes is to give effect to the Legislature‘s 

intent. Galbraith Eng’g Consultants, Inc. v. Pochucha, 290 S.W.3d 863, 867 (Tex. 2009). The 

plain meaning of the text is the best expression of legislative intent unless a different meaning is 
31

apparent from the context or the plain meaning leads to absurd or nonsensical results. See City of 

Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625–26 (Tex. 2008).

Words can be vague and may have multiple shades of meanings, even completely opposite 

meanings (e.g., ravel, adjure, avocation, and inure). Even though the word ―filed‖ may have 

different meanings in other contexts, in the context of Section 74.351, it has only one. TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351. In that context, it means the date that the suit has been 

instituted against the health care provider; that can only mean that the claimant has 120 days from 

the date that the medical provider was made a defendant in the suit to serve the expert report. 

To be sure, the way the Legislature drafted this legislation presents a potentially onerous 

(and, possibly, even ruinous) burden on a claimant against a physician or other health care provider 

in dictating the time that an expert report must be served on the defendant. It is, however, not a 

necessarily impossible burden. 

The courts of appeals are obligated to follow the determinations of the Texas Supreme 

Court in determining the law. See In re K.M.S., 91 S.W.3d 331 (Tex. 2002). Given the strict 

adherence to the principles the Legislature laid down in adopting the Medical Liability law (TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 74.001–.507 (West 2011)), if it will determine that a suit arising 

after a spider bite is a health care liability claim,18 it will also determine that Lane failed to meet 

the obligation in serving Zanchi with the expert report as required. 

 

18Omaha Healthcare Ctr., LLC v. Johnson, No. 08-0231, 2011 Tex. LEXIS 506 (Tex. July 1, 2011).
32

Due to these reasons, I would rule that the expert report was not served on Zanchi in accord 

with the statute and direct the dismissal of Lane‘s suit. 

Bailey C. Moseley

Justice

Date Submitted: June 29, 2011

Date Submitted: September 1, 2011