FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

APR 2, 2010

JOHN LEY

 CLERK

 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 09-11568

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D. C. Docket No. 08-21737-CV-JLK

CRISTOBAL NAVARRO,

and all others similarly situated, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

versus

SANTOS FURNITURE CUSTOM DESIGN, INC.,

DOMINGO SANTOS, 

ROBERTO SANTOS, 

ROSA M. SANTOS, 

 

Defendants-Appellees. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

_________________________

(April 2, 2010)
Before DUBINA, Chief Judge, KRAVITCH, Circuit Judge, and EDENFIELD,*

District Judge.

EDENFIELD, District Judge:

Appellant Cristobal Navarro brought a claim for unpaid overtime wages

pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., against

Appellees Santos Furniture Custom Design (“Santos Furniture”), Roberto Santos,

Domingo Santos, and Rosa Santos. At trial, the district court granted Appellees’

motion for judgment as a matter of law as to Domingo and Rosa Santos, and the jury

ultimately returned a verdict in favor of Appellees Santos Furniture and Roberto

Santos. Navarro now appeals the district court’s dismissal of Domingo Santos and

Rosa Santos, as well as the jury verdict. He asserts that both rulings were the result

ofthe district court’s improper application of the time limitation set forth in 29 U.S.C.

§ 255(a). 

In his complaint, Navarro sought damagesfor unpaid overtime wagesspanning

his fourteen-year employment with Santos Furniture. Section 255(a) of the FLSA

provides, in pertinent part: “Any action . . . to enforce any cause of action for unpaid

minimum wages, unpaid overtime compensation, or liquidated damages, under the

Fair Labor Standards Act . . . may be commenced within two years after the cause of

Honorable B. Avant Edenfield, United States District Judge for the Southern District of *

Georgia, sitting by designation.

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action accrued, and every such action shall be forever barred unless commenced

within two years after the cause of action accrued, except that a cause of action

arising out of a willful violation may be commenced within three years after the cause

of action accrued.” 29 U.S.C. § 255(a).

At trial, Navarro introduced testimony in an attempt to show that Domingo and

Rosa Santos qualified as employers under the FLSA. Following the close of

Navarro’s case-in-chief, Appellees moved the court for judgment as a matter of law

as to the individual liability of Domingo and Rosa Santos. Appellees urged that, at

most, they could only be liable for lost wages for the period beginning three years

prior to the filing of the complaint, and it was undisputed that Navarro had not

presented any evidence that Domingo and Rosa Santos had exercised active

supervisory control over Santos Furniture during that three-year period. The district

court agreed and granted the motion, dismissing Domingo and Rosa Santos as

defendants. The trial continued as to Santos Furniture and Roberto Santos. The

district court instructed the jury as follows: 

The Plaintiff is entitled to recover lost wagesfrom the present time back

to no more than two years before this lawsuit was filed on June 18,

2008, unless you find the employer either knew, or showed reckless

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disregard for the matter of whether its conduct was prohibited by the

FLSA. If you find that the employer knew, orshowed reckless disregard

for the matter of whether its conduct was prohibited by the FLSA, the

Plaintiff is entitled to recover lost wages from the present time back to

no more than three years before this lawsuit was filed. 

The jury answered “no” to the first question on the verdict form, concerning whether

Appellees failed to pay Navarro overtime wages as required by law. Thereafter,

Navarro filed this appeal. 

On appeal, Navarro urges that the district court’s application of § 255(a)’s

limitation was improper because Appellees had waived the limitation by failing to

properly plead it in their Answer. Appellees, on the other hand, urge that § 255(a) is

not a traditional statute of limitations that must be raised as an affirmative defense. 

In the alternative, they claimthat they adequately raised the limitation in their Answer

and in the pretrial stipulations submitted to the district court. 

The Court reviews a district court’s instructions to the jury for abuse of

discretion. U.S. v. Lopez, 590 F.3d 1238, 1247-48 (11th Cir. 2009). The Court

reviews de novo a district court’s grant of a F.R.Civ.P. 50 motion for judgment as a

matter of law. D’Angelo v. Sch. Bd., 497 F.3d 1203, 1208 (11th Cir. 2007).

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This Court has held that the § 255(a) statute of limitations is “an affirmative

defense which must be specifically pled.” Day v. Liberty Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 122 F.3d

1012, 1015 (11th Cir. 1997) (citing F.R.Civ.P. 8(c)). In Day, the Court ruled that the

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defendant had waived the § 255(a) statute of limitations by failing to assert it until

after the jury had rendered a verdict. As a result, the Court reversed the district

court’s grant of a judgment notwithstanding the verdict based on the statute of

limitations defense. Id. at 1015-16 The Day Court emphasized the fact that the

defendant’s failure to raise the defense until after the jury rendered a verdict deprived

the plaintiff of the opportunity to contest the application of the limitation. Id. at 1015

(“[I]f [the defendant] had brought the limitationsissue to the court during the . . . trial,

[the plaintiff] could have offered evidence that the statute was tolled during some

period of time, or have insisted that the jury instructions reflect the effect of the

statute of limitations on any possible recovery by him.”). In finding a waiver, the Day

Court relied on the Fifth Circuit’s earlier opinion in Pearce v. Wichita County, 590

 The Court notes that the plaintiff in Day brought suit pursuant to the Age Discrimination 1

in Employment Act (“ADEA”) and not the FLSA. This distinction is of no effect on the Court’s

analysis, however, as, at the time of Day’s termination, § 255(a) applied to ADEA cases just as it

does to FLSA cases. See Day, 122 F.3d at 1014 (“At the time of the events giving rise to this

litigation, the ADEA incorporated the two-tiered statute of limitations contained in the

Portal-to-Portal Pay Act of 1947. See 29 U.S.C. § 626(e)(1). That statute provided that an action

would be ‘forever barred unless commenced within two years after the cause of action accrued,

except that a cause of action arising out of a willful violation may be commenced within three years

after the cause of action accrued....’ 29 U.S.C. § 255(a).”).

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F.2d 128, 134 (5th Cir. 1979). The Pearce Court had addressed a situation almost

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identical to that in the Day case. In Pearce, the defendant had not raised the statute

of limitations defense in its pleadings or in objection to the court’s jury instructions. 

Id. It had waited until after the jury verdict, finally bringing the limitations issue to

the Court’s attention in a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Id. The

Pearce Court held that such a delay constituted waiver of any objection to the

limitations period that was applied. Id.

The case at hand is clearly distinguishable from the Day and Pearce cases,

however, as Appellees raised § 255(a) several times before the case was submitted

to the jury. First, Appellees stated in their Answer (under the heading “Affirmative

Defenses”) that “[a]ny violation of the [FLSA] by Defendants was not willful, and

was wholly unintentional. Defendants continuously acted in good faith with regard

to the administration of its [sic] pay plan.” Next, more than a month before trial, the

two-or-three-year limitation was referenced more than once in the parties’ Joint

Pretrial Stipulation. Specifically, under the heading “Defendants’ Statement of the

Case,” Appellees stated that “Defendants dispute . . . that Plaintiff was not paid for

any overtime he may have worked during the last two or three years of his

The Eleventh Circuit, in an en banc decision, Bonner v. City of Pritchard, 661 F.2d 1206, 2

1209 (11th Cir. 1981), adopted as precedent decisions of the former Fifth Circuit rendered prior to

October 1, 1981.

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employment.” Also, in the Stipulation, the parties stated that the following fact was

agreed upon and would not require proof at trial: “The corporate Defendant grossed

in excess of $500,000.00 per year during the last three years of Plaintiff’s

employment.” Finally, the parties and the court addressed this matter during trial,

when, following the close of Navarro’s case, the Appellees based several motionsfor

directed verdict on the three-year maximum limitations period. Navarro’s counsel,

armed with case law, responded with the contention that the Appellees had not pled

§ 255(a) as an affirmative defense. The Court reviewed the proffered case, but

ultimately ruled that § 255(a) would apply so that, at most, Navarro would recover

for a three-year time period. Thus, this case stands in stark contrast to the Day and

Pearce cases, where defendants had waived the defense by not raising it until after

the jury had rendered a verdict.

TheCourt findsthat Appelleestimely raised the § 255(a) statute of limitations. 

Even if Appellees’ assertions in their Answer did not comply with a strict reading of

F.R.Civ.P. 8(c), under this Court’s precedent, the limitation was still not waived. 

That is, although Rule 8(c) requires that a statute of limitations defense be raised as

an affirmative defense, this Court has noted that “the purpose of Rule 8(c) is to give

the opposing party notice of the affirmative defense and a chance to rebut it,” and, as

a result, “if a plaintiff receives notice of an affirmative defense by some means other

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than the pleadings, ‘the defendant’s failure to comply with Rule 8(c) does not cause

the plaintiff any prejudice.’” Grant v. Preferred Research, Inc., 885 F.2d 795, 797

(11th Cir. 1989) (quoting Hassan v. U.S. Postal Serv., 842 F.2d 260, 263 (11th Cir.

1988)). In Grant, the defendant raised the statute of limitations defense for the first

time in a motion for summary judgment filed approximately one month before trial. 

Id. This court ruled that, because the plaintiff was “fully aware” that the defendant

intended to rely on the defense, and because the plaintiff did not assert any prejudice

fromthe lateness of the pleading, the defendant’s failure to comply with Rule 8(c) did

not result in a waiver. Id. at 797-98. 

As demonstrated above, in this case, Navarro was given ample notice of

Appellees’ intent to rely on § 255(a) in several instances prior to trial. Moreover,

when the issue was debated in light of the Appellees’ directed verdict motions,

Navarro’s counsel made a thorough argument (including case citations) against the

statute’s application. He never claimed during that argument that he had been

surprised or somehow otherwise prejudiced by defense counsel’s reliance upon §

255(a) at trial. As a result, the district court did not err in limiting the jury’s

consideration of unpaid overtime to the two- or three-year period prior to the filing

of the complaint. Further, because it was uncontested that there was no evidence that

Domingo or Rosa Santos exercised any active supervisory control over the company

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for the period three years prior to the filing of the complaint, the district court did not

err in granting Appellees’ motion for judgment as a matter of law on the issue of the

individual liability of either of them. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment entered

on the jury’s verdict.

AFFIRMED.

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