# Patent

## Title
Methods and systems for control of switches in power regulators/power amplifiers

## Abstract

Systems and methods control timing of switches in power regulators and power amplifiers. The systems and methods monitor a switch node voltage and obtain rising and falling edges of signals obtained from the monitoring. The systems and methods utilize the rising and falling edges of switch drive signals and predetermined data to obtain delay times for subsequent drive signals.

## Background
BACKGROUND
These teachings relate to the control of switches used in power regulators and power amplifiers. A typical example, a variety of other examples being also available, is a buck regulator shown in FIG. 1. In this example, the two switches 26 and 28 control the switch node, 14. When the mosfet switch 26 is closed the switch node is connected to the supply. When the mosfet switch 28 is closed, the switch node is connected to ground. Mosfets 26 and 28 are known as the source side (or HS) switch and synchronous rectifier switch (or LS) respectively. If both mosfets are closed, this results in a very undesirable condition and possibly results in catastrophic failure. If both mosfet switches are open, the switch node is free to move as dictated by the inductor current until the body-diode in the mosfets starts to conduct. This mode of operation is also undesirable because the voltage drop across the body-diode results in lower efficiency and higher power dissipation. It is desired to have a control strategy that manages the timing of mosfets 26 and 28 such that they are neither on at the same time (cross conduction or shoot-through) or off at the same time for any significant period (dead-time).
A number of conventional control strategies have been proposed and implemented but the conventional control strategies do not have both high speed and insensitivity to high frequency ringing.
BRIEF SUMMARY
In one embodiment, the method of these teachings for controlling timing of switches in power regulator/power amplifiers includes monitoring a switch node voltage, obtaining rising and falling edges of signals obtained from monitoring and utilizing the rising and falling edges of the signals obtained from monitoring, rising and falling edges of control circuit system switch drive signals and predetermined data to obtain delay time for actual drive signals.
Various detailed embodiments of the method of these teachings are disclosed.
Embodiments of the system of these teachings are also disclosed.
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further needs thereof, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and detailed description and its scope will be pointed out in the appended claims.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a conventional buck regulator system;
FIG. 2 is a graphical schematic representation of an embodiment of the system of these teachings;
FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3d are graphical schematic representations of exemplary embodiments of a time measurement circuit utilized in one embodiment of the system of these teachings;
FIG. 3c is a graphical representation of timing diagrams for FIGS. 3b; 
FIG. 4 is a graphical schematic representation of an embodiment of a component of one embodiment the system of these teachings;
FIG. 5a is another graphical schematic representation of an embodiment of a component of one embodiment of the system of these teachings;
FIG. 5b is yet another graphical schematic representation of an embodiment of a sub-system of one embodiment of the system of these teachings;
FIGS. 6a-6c are graphical schematic representations of exemplary embodiments of a variable time delay circuit utilized in one embodiment of the system of these teachings;
FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of the timing diagrams for operation of an embodiment of the system of these teachings;
FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of timing diagrams for signals in a PWM controller utilizing an embodiment of the system of these teachings; and
FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of measurements of conventional waveforms illustrating crossover times as noted by significant body diode conduction.
FIGS. 10-11 are graphical representations of measurements of waveforms using an embodiment of the system of these teachings.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In one embodiment, the method of these teachings for controlling timing of switches in power regulator/power amplifiers includes monitoring a switch node voltage, obtaining rising and falling edges of signals obtained from monitoring and utilizing the rising and falling edges of the signals obtained from monitoring, rising and falling edges of control circuit system switch drive signals and predetermined data to obtain delay time for actual drive signals. The actual drive signals provide the control strategy for turning on and off the high side (source) and low side (synchronous rectifier) switches.
In one instance, (in the step of utilizing of the rising or falling edges of the signals) time differences are obtained by monitoring rising and falling edges of control circuit systems switch drive signals and predetermined data, the result of which generates two or more groups of time differences. A first group of time differences is provided to a programmable time delay. The programmable time delay controls a circuit system high side switch drive signal. A second group of time differences is provided to another programmable time delay to control a circuit system low side switch drive signal. The delayed control circuit and system drive signals are the actual drive signals.
The embodiment of the method of these teachings described hereinabove enables rendering the delay between the control circuit system switch drive signal and the drive signal to the switch (high side or low side) input a predetermined value.
One embodiment of the system of these teachings is shown in FIG. 2. Although the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 is applied to a buck regulator, it should be noted that this application is not a limitation of these teachings and the system of these teachings can be applied to other power regulators or power amplifiers. Referring to FIG. 2, two signals are derived from comparators 15, 20; one signal, labeled “swmon,” is obtained from a comparator 15 having as inputs the switch node voltage and a predetermined threshold (50% of Vsupply in the embodiment shown); another signal, labeled “ineg,” is obtained from another comparator 20 having as inputs the switch node voltage and another predetermined threshold (a negative threshold, −300 mV, in the embodiment shown). (If the signal monitoring is performed when there is no load on the power regulator, one comparator can be sufficient. These teachings also include embodiments with only one comparator.) It should be noted that although the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 utilizes one or more comparators, embodiments utilizing other instances of one or more pulse generating component (other than comparators) for generating a first rising edge and a first falling edge indicative of source switch (high side) output and for generating a second rising edge and a second falling edge indicative of synchronous rectifier (low side) switch body diode conduction, are within the scope of these teachings.
The rising and falling edges of the “swmon” signal, the rising and falling edges of the “ineg” signal, a control system high side (HS, also referred to as source) switch drive signal rising edge, a control system high side (HS, also referred to as source) switch drive signal falling edge, a control system low side (LS, also referred to as synchronous rectifier) switch drive signal rising edge, a control system low side (LS) switch drive signal falling edge and a signal indicative of a predetermined time are utilized by a time measurement component in the adaptive dead time controller 30 to provide a number of time measurements 35, 40, 45, 50 to a controller 55. The controller 55 provides the actual drive signals to the source switch (high side) 60 and to the synchronous rectifier switch (low side) 65.
Embodiments of time measurements circuits are shown in FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3d. Referring to FIG. 3a, the circuit shown therein comprises a counter 110 receiving a trigger signal 115 (and a clock 107; in one instance, the counter counts clock pulses) and a latch 120 receiving another trigger signal 125. A time measurement circuit utilizing analog components is shown in FIG. 3b. Referring to FIG. 3b, a trigger signal 130 initiates the charging of a capacitor 140. Another trigger signal 135 initiates the discharging of a capacitor 140. The capacitor voltage is compared to a reference voltage by means of a comparator 145. The rising and falling edges from the output of the comparator are provided to a flip-flop 150 and the output of the flip-flop is provided to a counter 160. The timing of the signals for the circuit shown in FIG. 3b is shown in FIG. 3c. A counter/delay circuit for time measurement is shown in FIG. 3d. Referring to FIG. 3d, the output of a counter 170 and the output of a delay line 175, (both the counter 170 and the delay line 175 receive a clock signal 165 as input) are concatenated in order to obtain increased time resolution (allowing obtaining resolution higher than the clock frequency). The concatenated outputs are provided in parallel to two latches 185, 190. A decoder 180 transforms the latched delay line 175 values into the same form as the output of the counter 170. The time measurements with delay line decodes from the latches 185, 190 are subtracted in order to obtain a time interval measurement. (It should be noted that these teachings are not limited to only the embodiments of time measuring circuits shown in FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3d.)
One embodiment of the time measurement component in the adaptive dead time controller 30 is shown in FIG. 4. It should be noted that the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 is one of many possible embodiments. Embodiments with other implementations of the time measuring circuit are also within the scope of these teachings. Referring to FIG. 4, a counter/delay line circuit, such as the front end of FIG. 3d, provides a concatenated input to a bank of latches 205, 210, 215, 220 to 25, 230 235, 240. One latch from the first group of two latches 205, 210 receives as input the rising edge of the signal indicative of source switch (high side) output, “swmon” and the rising edge of the control system high side (HS, also referred to as source) switch drive signal. The difference between the outputs of the two latches in the first group of two latches 205, 210 is obtained by a subtraction component 245. The difference between the output of the two latches 205, 210 is subtracted from a predetermined quantity (labeled as Tmax, but other predetermined quantities, such as Tmax+Tho, are also within the scope of this teachings) by another subtraction component 250 in order to obtain the first output 255.
One latch from the second group of two latches 215, 220 receives as input the falling edge of the signal indicative of source switch (high side) output, “swmon” and the falling edge of the control system high side (HS, also referred to as source) switch drive signal. The difference between the output of the two latches in the second group of two latches 215, 220 is obtained by a subtraction component 260. The difference between the output of the two latches 215, 220 is subtracted from a predetermined quantity (labeled as Tmax, but other predetermined quantities, such as Tmax+Tho, are also within the scope of this teachings) by another subtraction component 265 in order to obtain the second output 270.
One latch from the third group of two latches 225, 230 receives as input the rising edge of the signal indicative of synchronous rectifier (low side) switch body diode conduction, “ineg,” and the rising edge of the control system low side (LS, also referred to as synchronous rectifier) switch drive signal. The difference between the output of the two latches in the third group of two latches 225, 230 is obtained by a subtraction component 275. The difference between the output of the two latches 225, 230 is subtracted from a predetermined quantity (labeled as Tmax, but other predetermined quantities, such as Tmax+Tlo, are also within the scope of this teachings) by another subtraction component 280 in order to obtain the third output 285.
Finally, one latch from the fourth group of two latches 235, 240 receives as input the falling edge of the signal indicative of synchronous rectifier (low side) switch body diode conduction, “ineg,” and the falling edge of the control system low side (LS, also referred to as synchronous rectifier) switch drive signal. The difference between the output of the two latches in the fourth group of two latches 235, 240 is obtained by a subtraction component 290. The difference between the output of the two latches 235, 240 is subtracted from a predetermined quantity (labeled as Tmax, but other predetermined quantities, such as Tmax+Tlo, are also within the scope of this teachings) by another subtraction component 295 in order to obtain the fourth output 297.
The outputs of the time measurement component in the adaptive dead time controller 30 are provided to a pair of adjustable time delays in the controller 55. One embodiment of the section of the controller 55 comprising the adjustable time delays is shown in FIG. 5a. Referring to FIG. 5a, one adjustable time delay 305 from the pair of adjustable time delays 305, 310 receives a first group of time measurements to 255, 270 and a control system (PWM controller) high side switch drive signal (HS) and provides a delayed control system high side switch drive signal (HSD). Another adjustable time delay 310 from the pair of adjustable time delays 305, 310 receives a second group of time measurements 25, 297 and a control system (PWM controller) low side switch drive signal (LS) and provides a delayed control system low side switch drive signal (LSD). The delayed control system high side switch drive signal (HSD) and the delayed control system low side switch drive signal (LSD) are the actual drive signals for the high side (source) switch and the low side (synchronous rectifier) switch.
FIGS. 6a-6c present several exemplary embodiments of an adjustable time delay element. It should be noted that these teachings are not limited only to those exemplary embodiments.
During operation of the embodiment of these teachings shown in FIG. 2, the switch node voltage is monitored (the inductor current is not monitored). The quantity labeled “ineg” (the output of comparator 20 in FIG. 2) is only sampled when body-diode conduction is expected (in the synchronous rectifier switch) and, thus, a negative voltage on the SW node is expected. When below critical conduction, as noted by the lack of negative voltage on SW between the LS-HS positive transition in FIG. 7, there will be no “ineg” signal associated with the LS-HS-LS pulse. To ensure body diode conduction occurs and to minimize the impact on efficiency, a special calibration pulse (320, FIG. 7) is inserted in the LS signal at a periodic rate substantially less than the nominal PWM rate.
In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 5b, a timing circuit 335 generates the calibration pulse (320, FIG. 7). The timing circuit 335 monitors a master PWM ramp counter and a reference pulse relating to the reset value of the ramp (a control system signal ramp counter) 340 and compares the output of the master PWM ramp counter against a predetermined offset 350 from the rising edge of the LS signal and another predetermined time 355.(In some conventional systems, the input to the circuits providing the control system switch drive signals is a PWM signal from PWM circuit. However, it should be noted that other techniques besides PWM are within the scope of these teachings.) A blanking (calibration) signal 330 is generated by the timing circuit 335 and is added to the LSD signal (see FIG. 5a) at a periodic rate determined by another separate counter 345, which is synchronous to the PWM rate (control system signal rate). The periodic rate is substantially less than the nominal PWM rate.
The rising and falling edges of HS, LS, swmon and ineg trigger latches that capture the PWM ramp counter which acts as a substantially absolute time base for the time calculations. In one instance, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, each latch circuit has a valid flag to tell the dead-time logic both samples are latched. If there is a missing timestamp, the logic ignores the values and holds its previous sample till the next PWM cycle. The ineg signal is qualified further to ensure the time from LS calibrate pulse to ineg is a positive time and less than a predetermined time (in one exemplary embodiment, the limitation of this teachings, 199 ns, an empirically determined number that is a substantially worst case over the operating range of the circuit).
Once the time stamps are captured and validated, the logic (as shown in FIG. 4) calculates the raw propagation delays from command to respective switch transition with the following equations:

Thplh=swRise−hsRise

Thphl=swFall−hsFall

Tlplh=inegRise−lsRise

Tlphl=inegFall−lsFall

In the event a sample is not valid, the previous version of that value is used in the calculation to prevent erroneous results.
Once these values are available, the final Duty cycle values are calculated. (LS falling to HS rising ) and negative (HS falling to LS rising) offsets are calculated and PWM is instructed (the calculated delays are utilized) to insert these values into its LS generation circuit. The final equations are as follows, where DutyIn is the desired (predetermined) time value from the center of the rising portion of the switch node voltage to the center of the switch node voltage pulse:

HSdutyRise=DutyIn+Tmax−Thplh 

HSdutyFall=DutyIn+Tmax−Thphl 

LSdutyRise=DutyIn+Tmax−Tlplh+Tho 

LSdutyFall=DutyIn+Tmax−Tlphl+Tlo 

The four duty cycle values are used by a dual-edge modulator to precisely place all four edges. (in the embodiment disclosed hereinabove, the adaptive dead time Controller 30 provides the PWM the desired timing utilize to generate the delays. In one embodiment, the timer utilized to generate a signal for measuring the LS-ineg delays is incorporated in the PWM. However this is not a limitation of these teachings; other embodiments are within the scope of these teachings. The signal generated by the timer is provided to the adaptive dead time controller 30.)
Tmax is a predetermined value. In one instance, Tmax is measured and corresponds to the substantially maximum propagation delay a user would want to compensate for. The measured delays Thplh, Thphl, Tlphl and Tlplh are subtracted from the pre-determined Tmax delay in order to, among other effects, normalize the switch delay variability.
In one embodiment, due to the dual edge nature of the PWM circuit, allowing the cycle center time to slide forward in time requires two ramp counters phase shifted by 180 degrees. (see FIG. 8) Referring to FIG. 8, the rising edge of HS is computed from ramp TB1 and the falling edge is computed from ramp TB2. This permits the final duty cycle value including adaptive dead-time offsets to introduce a substantially full half cycle offset. The substantially full half cycle offset cannot be obtained with one ramp as the falling edge will wrap to the next PWM cycle.
The above-described operations have the effect of moving the center of the PWM cycle forward in time, allowing the falling edge of LS and rising edge of HS to be pre-delayed by up to this same value. Tho and Tlo are additional user selectable (predetermined) offsets which permit adding safety margin to the dead-time ensuring shoot through current does not occur. The present teachings enable control of the on time of the switch node, thereby substantially obtaining a desired duty cycle. The predetermined delay time Tmax is utilized in order to obtain the desired result.
In order to better illustrate the present teachings, results of measurements for an exemplary embodiment, this teachings not being limited to only the exemplary embodiment, are presented hereinbelow.
FIG. 9 depicts a graphical representation of signals from a conventional Buck regulator showing a fixed positive and negative dead-time delay. The body diode conduction time in the synchronous rectifier is indicated by the switch node voltage dipping below 0V.
FIG. 10 depicts a graphical representation of the switch command signals (HS, LS) from the PWM controller and the feedback signals used to measure the correct dead-time. “Ineg” is only observed during the special LS off time (the calibration time).
FIG. 11 is a graphical representation of the output of the two comparators (labeled 15 and 20 in FIG. 2), “swmon” and “ineg.” “Swmon” is triggered at Vsupply/2 and “ineg” is triggered at −300 mV.
It should be noted that although these teachings have been illustrated above by means of a conventional buck regulator, this is not a limitation of these teachings and these teachings can be applied to other power regulators and power amplifiers.
Although these teachings have been described with respect to various embodiments, it should be realized these teachings are also capable of a wide variety of further and other embodiments within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A system for controlling timing of switches in power regulator/power amplifiers, the system comprising:
at least one pulse generating component to generate a first rising edge and a first falling edge indicative of source switch (high side) output and to generate a second rising edge and a second falling edge indicative of synchronous rectifier (low side) switch body diode conduction;
a time measuring component to:
receive signals corresponding to the first rising edge, the first failing edge, the second rising edge and the second falling edge and signals corresponding to a control system high side switch drive signal rising edge, a control system high side switch drive signal falling edge, a control system low side switch drive signal rising edge, a control system low side switch drive signal falling edge and a signal indicative of a predetermined time, and
provide a plurality of time measurements,
wherein the plurality of time measurements are indicative of time differences between edges;

a first adjustable time delay circuit to receive a first group of time measurements from the plurality of time measurements and a control system high side switch drive signal and to provide a delayed control system high side switch drive signal;
a second adjustable time delay circuit to receive a second group of time measurements from the plurality of time measurements and a control system low side switch drive signal and to provide a delayed control system low side switch drive signal;
a timing circuit to receive an output of a control system signal ramp counter, to compare the output of the control system signal ramp counter to a predetermined offset from a rising edge of a control system high side switch drive signal and to a predetermined time and to generate a blanking pulse; and
a counter synchronous with a control system signal rate to deliver a signal indicative of a rate at which the blanking pulse is provided as a calibration pulse,
wherein the rate is substantially less than a nominal control system signal rate,
wherein an output of the counter is provided to the timing circuit, and
wherein the timing circuit provides a calibration signal comprising the blanking pulse provided at the rate.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein the calibration signal is added to the delayed control system low side switch drive signal.

3. A method for controlling timing of switches in power regulators/power amplifiers, the method comprising:
monitoring a switch node voltage between the switches;
identifying a first rising edge and a first falling edge of the switch node voltage based on a first predetermined threshold;
determining a first time difference between the first rising edge of the switch node voltage and a rising edge of a first drive signal;
determining a second time difference between the first falling edge of the switch node voltage and a falling edge of the first drive signal;
determining a first drive signal delay based on a difference between a desired maximum time delay and the first time difference;
determining a second drive signal delay based on a difference between the desired maximum time delay and the second time difference; and
utilizing the first and second drive signal delays to delay a subsequent rising edge and a subsequent falling edge of the first drive signal.

4. The method of claim 3 further comprising:
identifying a second rising edge and a second falling edge of the switch node voltage based on a second predetermined threshold;
determining a third time difference between the second rising edge of the switch node voltage and a rising edge of a second drive signal;
determining a fourth time difference between the second falling edge of the switch node voltage and a falling edge of the second drive signal;
determining a third drive signal delay based on a difference between a desired maximum time delay and the third time difference;
determining a fourth drive signal delay based on a difference between the desired maximum time delay and the fourth time difference; and
utilizing the third and fourth drive signal delays to delay a subsequent rising edge and a subsequent falling edge of the second drive signal.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein:
the third time difference is further based on a first predetermined delay between the falling edge of the first drive signal and the rising edge of the second drive signal; and
the fourth time difference is further based on a second predetermined delay between the rising edge of the first drive signal and the falling edge of the second drive signal.

6. The method of claim 3 further comprising:
providing a calibration signal,
wherein the second rising and falling edges of the switch node voltage are obtained during a calibration time period determined by the calibration signal.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein body diode conduction occurs in one of the switches during the calibration time period.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein the calibration signal is a calibration pulse in the second drive signal.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the calibration pulse occurs in second drive signal at a periodic rate less than a nominal pulse width modulation (PWM) rate.

10. A system for controlling timing of switches in power regulator/power amplifiers, the system comprising:
a pulse generating circuit to identify a first rising edge and a first falling edge of a switch node voltage;
a time determining circuit to determine:
a first time difference between the first rising edge of the switch node voltage and a rising edge of a first drive signal;
a second time difference between the first falling edge of the switch node voltage and a falling edge of the first drive signal;
a first drive signal delay based on a difference between a desired maximum time delay and the first time difference; and
a second drive signal delay based on a difference between the desired maximum time delay and the second time difference; and

a first adjustable time delay circuit to receive the first and second drive signal delays and the first drive signal and to adjust a subsequent rising edge and a subsequent falling edge of the first drive signal.

11. The system of claim 10 wherein:
the pulse generating circuit identifies a second rising edge and second falling edge of the switch node voltage based on a second predetermined threshold;
the time determining circuit determines:
a third time difference between the second rising edge of the switch node voltage and a rising edge of a second drive signal;
a fourth time difference between the second falling edge of the switch node voltage and a falling edge of the second drive signal;
a third drive signal delay based on a difference between a desired maximum time delay and the third time difference;
a fourth drive signal delay based on a difference between the desired maximum time delay and the fourth time difference; and

the system further comprises a second adjustable time delay circuit to receive the third and fourth drive signal delays and the second drive signal and to adjust a subsequent rising edge and a subsequent falling edge of the second drive signal.

12. The system of claim 11 wherein:
the third time difference is further based on a first predetermined delay between the falling edge of the first drive signal and the rising edge of the second drive signal; and
the fourth time difference is further based on a second predetermined delay between the rising edge of the first drive signal and the falling edge of the second drive signal.

13. The system of claim 11 wherein the pulse generating circuit comprises:
a comparator circuit to compare the switch node voltage to a predetermined voltage threshold,
wherein a first output signal of the comparator circuit generates the first rising edge and the first falling edge of the switch node voltage, and
wherein a second output signal of the comparator circuit generates the second rising edge and the second falling edge of the switch node voltage.

14. The system of claim 11 wherein the pulse generating circuit comprises:
a first comparator circuit to compare the switch node voltage to a first predetermined voltage threshold; and
a second comparator circuit to compare the switch node voltage to a second predetermined voltage threshold.

15. The system of claim 14 wherein the second predetermined voltage threshold is a negative voltage.