COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Bumgardner, Humphreys and Senior Judge Hodges 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

KATHY H. CATLETT 

 

v. Record No. 3031-03-2 

 

LARRY D. CATLETT MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

 JUDGE RUDOLPH BUMGARDNER, III 

LARRY D. CATLETT AUGUST 24, 2004 

v. Record No. 3057-03-2 

KATHY H. CATLETT 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY 

Margaret A. Englisby, Judge pro tempore 

 Bradley D. Wein for Kathy H. Catlett. 

 Elizabeth C. Mooz (Larry D. Catlett; Larry D. Catlett & Associates, 

on briefs), for Larry D. Catlett. 

Kathy H. Catlett and Larry D. Catlett appeal a final decree of divorce entered after four 

years of protracted and contentious litigation. The trial court granted a divorce on the grounds of 

a one-year separation, distributed one half of the marital estate to each party, but did not award 

spousal support or reserve it for the future. The wife presents ten questions in her appeal, and the 

husband raises four in his. The issues raised in his separate appeal are the same as those raised 

by his cross-appeal. 

The parties married in January 1995. It was the second marriage for both. They had no 

children during this marriage, but their children by prior marriages lived with them. The 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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husband moved out of the marital bedroom in the summer of 1999, and filed for divorce 

November 4, 1999 alleging cruelty and desertion. The wife filed a cross-bill asserting 

constructive desertion. Both parties remained in the marital residence until July 30, 2000. 

The husband was an attorney who practiced in Chesterfield County, and all the judges in 

that circuit recused themselves. Despite problems scheduling with the judge designate, the 

parties reached an initial settlement of pendente lite issues with reasonable dispatch. To 

facilitate the proceedings, the parties agreed to designate a judge pro tempore. See Code 

§ 17.1-110. That judge presided over the balance of the proceedings. 

Upon her designation in July 2000, the judge pro tempore entered an agreed order that 

approved the pendente lite agreement. That order directed the wife to leave the marital residence 

and the husband to pay pendente lite support of $1,350 per month. It set the equitable 

distribution hearing for October 2000, though the parties later agreed to continue that hearing to 

January 2001 and then to July 2001. The record reflects active and continuous discovery 

throughout that year. 

In May 2001, the wife’s attorney asked the husband’s attorney to accommodate the wife 

by consenting to a continuance of the July hearing because it conflicted with her mandatory job 

training. The husband’s attorney acquiesced in the request, but shortly after obtaining the 

continuance, the wife discharged her original attorney and retained a new attorney, who 

represented her for the balance of the trial proceedings. Her appellate counsel did not participate 

in the trial. 

The trial court rescheduled the equitable distribution hearing for October 2, 2001. 

Shortly before that date, the wife again moved for a continuance asserting she did not have 

adequate discovery data. She also moved to compel discovery and for an alternate evaluation 
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date. At that time, the husband moved to exclude expert testimony by the wife because she had 

not designated any expert witnesses. 

In view of the various motions indicating discovery problems, the trial court entered a 

scheduling order that continued the hearing to January 8, 2002 and fixed November 28, 2001 as 

the discovery completion date. Despite the order, the wife filed a motion to compel discovery on 

the discovery completion date. The wife acknowledged she had not complied with the requests 

for discovery of her experts but maintained the husband already knew what her experts would 

say. Two days before the January hearing, the wife’s attorney delayed the hearing because she 

had incorrectly calendared the hearing and had created a conflict in the district court on the 

correct date. 

The two days reserved for hearing evidence were not sufficient. The proceedings were 

continued to February 21 but still not completed. Illness forced rescheduling from April to July. 

When testimony was completed July 31, it had consumed six full days. The parties then filed 

extensive memoranda comprising 265 pages of the record. 

The trial judge filed a timely, comprehensive, and meticulous letter opinion January 8, 

2003. Though carefully resolving most of the factual issues presented, the trial judge still had to 

order submission of supplementary data. She required updated balances for several financial 

accounts because the data presented was incomplete. The trial judge rendered a supplemental 

letter opinion February 10, 2003 fixing the account balances as of the date of separation. 

A troublesome issue plagued the proceedings after the January 8, 2003 opinion and 

continued to delay resolution of equitable distribution. The trial court had not received any 

evidence valuing the marital jewelry. The wife did not comply with discovery and refused to 

make the jewelry available for appraisal by the husband’s expert. In the opinion letter, the trial 

court threatened monetary sanctions if the wife persisted in her refusal. Her supplemental letter 
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opinion February 10 noted the wife still had not complied and threatened a sanction of $100 per 

day. 

The trial court never imposed monetary sanctions, but the failure to comply forced an 

additional hearing on June 17, 2003 solely to value the jewelry. Even then, the wife moved for a 

continuance, a reconsideration of the earlier rulings, and a reappraisal of all assets. When the 

wife’s expert testified, she had only appraised eight of the twenty-one items requiring appraisal. 

In the supplemental letter opinion dated the day after the hearing, the trial court adopted 

the values presented by the husband’s appraiser, awarded the husband $2,000 for attorney’s fees 

incurred for the additional hearing, and directed counsel to prepare orders incorporating the 

decisions made beginning January 8, 2003. The final order was entered October 31, 2003. The 

husband filed nineteen objections to the final order. The wife filed twenty-six objections. Her 

last three are handwritten, but two were illegible. 

The wife states ten questions in her brief. They reference the objections appended to the 

final decree when designating the place where she preserved the issues in the record. 

Unfortunately, the list of objections does not indicate where the wife raised and argued the issues 

at trial. The majority of the objections to the order redundantly argue the trial court erred by not 

accepting her version of the facts. Her questions on appeal assert the trial court erred in striking 

the evidence from her expert witnesses; in classifying, valuing, and dividing certain assets and 

debts; in failing to award appreciation on her contribution to the husband’s separate property; 

and in being biased against her. 

Appellant’s opening brief “shall contain . . . [a] statement of the questions presented with 

a clear and exact reference to the page(s) of the transcript, written statement, record, or appendix 

where each question was preserved in the trial court.” Rule 5A:20(c). “Questions ‘unsupported 

by argument, authority, or citations to the record do not merit appellate consideration.’” Kane v. 
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Szymczak, 41 Va. App. 365, 370, 585 S.E.2d 349, 352 (2003) (quoting Buchanan v. Buchanan, 

14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415 S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992)). See Rule 5A:20(e). 

It is not the function of the appellate court “to comb through the record of [seven days of 

testimony] in order to ferret-out for ourselves the validity of these claims.” Fitzgerald v. Bass, 6 

Va. App. 38, 56 n.7, 366 S.E.2d 615, 625 n.7 (1988) (en banc). In order to be considered 

preserved on appeal, objections to a trial court’s rulings must be stated with specificity. Rule 

5A:18; Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 515, 404 S.E.2d 736, 738 (1991) (en banc). 

The wife did not establish a trial record that permitted compliance with the appellate 

rules. Instead of summarily dismissing much of the appeal, we address the substantive issues in 

this case. The ultimate resolution of the equitable distribution issues was so dependent upon 

each of the many mesne decisions made by the trial court that we elect to conclude this lengthy, 

bitter contest definitively. “At some point we must ‘ring the curtain down.’” Bowers v. Bowers, 

4 Va. App. 610, 617-18, 359 S.E.2d 546, 550 (1987) (citation omitted). In addition, we must 

address the issues the husband presents. He contends the trial court erred in finding he intended 

to make a gift of a one-half interest in the marital residence; in setting the date of separation; in 

awarding the wife $5,000 from his retirement fund; and in failing to rule on a motion to 

reconsider the classification of two debts. 

First, the wife contends the trial court erred in striking the testimony of her jewelry 

appraiser and her forensic accountant. The husband filed a request for designation of expert 

witnesses early in the discovery process. When the wife had not designated any experts, the 

husband moved to exclude her expert testimony. The trial court continued the hearing from 

October 2001 and fixed a discovery completion date to eliminate all discovery problems. The 

wife still failed to provide the requested information, and the husband again moved for sanctions. 
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The trial court ordered the wife to deliver her jewelry for appraisal by the husband’s 

expert. At the January 2002 hearings, the wife named an appraiser but never provided 

information about her qualifications or her anticipated testimony. The recalcitrance forced 

postponement from January to June. While the wife blamed her default on the husband’s failure 

to comply with her discovery requests, she never transformed her accusations into a justiciable 

issue for the trial court. 

As of the hearing July 29, 2002, the wife had not complied with discovery. She 

presented a different appraiser than she had designated, and that witness only appraised eight of 

the twenty-one pieces in question. The appraiser based her opinion on the auction market rather 

than fair market value, which she conceded was not the proper standard to use in an equitable 

distribution case. The appraisal was dated January 2002 and indicated a preliminary evaluation 

existed by October 3, 2001. The wife did not provide it to the husband until ten days before the 

second stage of hearings in February 2002. 

The trial court ultimately excluded the evidence because the wife had failed to comply 

with discovery. The wife concedes the appropriate standard of review is abuse of discretion. 

After trial counsel replaced the wife’s original counsel, the trial court permitted the wife more 

than a year to develop her expert testimony. It patiently allowed abundant time for the wife to 

develop her evidence and withheld sanctions. Despite that, the wife never honored the discovery 

request, and when she finally presented her evidence, it only appraised a part of the jewelry and 

employed an inappropriate method. The wife offered repeated excuses that suggested diligence, 

but the record reflects obdurate failure to comply that needlessly and adversely affected the 

orderly and efficient adjudication of the case. The trial court properly exercised its discretion in 

striking the wife’s evidence of the value of the jewelry. Bowers, 4 Va. App. at 618, 359 S.E.2d 

at 551. 
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The wife presented a second expert witness, Gerald Schultz, a forensic accountant. The 

trial court permitted him to testify before ruling on the husband’s motion to exclude for failure to 

designate. The witness classified and valued various assets and debts. Cross-examination 

revealed that the wife had provided the witness incomplete data. For example, the wife’s 

retirement account data did not include her contributions for over three years and lacked her 

employer’s contributions altogether. Similarly, the witness incorrectly designated a Jeep vehicle 

as a marital asset because the wife failed to inform him it was leased not owned. When the 

problem became apparent, the trial court granted the wife’s request to permit her expert to 

recalculate his results. However, she never acted on the opportunity to submit conclusions based 

on corrected data. 

The wife’s primary excuse for not designating that expert was her assertion that her delay 

did not prejudice nor surprise the husband. She claimed she could not identify the expert until 

April because the husband failed to give her required documents in a timely manner. The trial 

court heard the complete testimony of the accountant before deciding whether the wife’s excuses 

justified non-compliance with discovery. 

The witness did not appraise assets. He organized and compiled the maze of financial 

documents produced by the parties. His testimony would only have assisted the trial judge in 

discerning the facts that the documents themselves proved. Much of his testimony repeated the 

wife’s explanations and characterizations of the data. Those explanations and characterizations 

were fully presented by the wife during her testimony. 

The admission of expert testimony and the appropriate sanction for abuse of discovery 

are within the sound discretion of the trial court. Virginia Power v. Dungee, 258 Va. 235, 258, 

520 S.E.2d 164, 177 (1999); Walsh v. Bennett, 260 Va. 171, 175, 530 S.E.2d 904, 907 (2000); 

Woodbury v. Courtney, 239 Va. 651, 654, 391 S.E.2d 293, 295 (1990). The trial court did not 
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abuse its discretion when it ultimately rejected the testimony. His evidence essentially 

summarized the documents and reiterated the explanations given by the wife. Her excuses for 

not complying with discovery orders did not justify her default. 

Next, the wife contends a residence, designated the Krossridge property, was her separate 

property. She purchased the house during the marriage and before the date the court fixed as the 

date of separation. She did not move into it until after the trial court approved the parties’ 

pendente lite agreement and ordered her out of the marital residence. The house was presumed 

to be a marital asset, and the wife bore the burden of rebutting that presumption. Fowlkes v. 

Fowlkes, 42 Va. App. 1, 6-7, 590 S.E.2d 53, 55 (2003). 

The wife maintains the property was separate because she proved her father paid for it. 

Her evidence consisted of a single comment that her father paid for the house. She made the 

comment obliquely when explaining credit card charges. The trial court found the evidence 

insufficient but permitted the wife an opportunity to supplement her evidence. When the wife 

chose not to present further evidence, the trial court treated her objection to the classification as 

waived. 

The wife argues that Huger v. Huger, 16 Va. App. 785, 433 S.E.2d 255 (1993), required 

the trial court to accept her evidence as sufficient proof because the husband did not rebut the 

wife’s testimony. However, Huger does not eliminate the requirement that the evidence 

presented be found credible and of sufficient weight to rebut the presumption. The wife never 

introduced any financial records related to the purchase. The only evidence was her comment 

when explaining charges to purchase a rug for the house. Given the opportunity to present 

additional evidence to support her claim, she did not do so. 

It was the trial court’s prerogative to determine the weight and value of any evidence 

presented to it. “As the trial court heard evidence ore tenus, these factual findings will not be 
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disturbed unless plainly wrong or without evidential support.” Bchara v. Bchara, 38 Va. App. 

302, 309, 563 S.E.2d 398, 402 (2002). The trial court was not required to accept the modicum of 

evidence presented especially when a real estate purchase normally would generate precise 

documentation. See Anderson v. Anderson, 29 Va. App. 673, 688, 514 S.E.2d 369, 377 (1999). 

The wife’s evidence did not rebut the presumption as a matter of law. 

Next, the wife contends the trial court erred in valuing the marital residence. The trial 

court fixed the date for evaluation on the date it found the parties separated, July 30, 2000. It 

valued the residence at $453,000 based on the assessed value for the year 2000. The wife 

contends both the date the trial court used and the value it assigned are erroneous. 

On September 13, 2001, the wife moved for an alternative evaluation date, but her 

pleading offered no reason for doing so, suggested no date to use, and listed no assets to which it 

would apply. Though the wife argues in her brief the court should have used the hearing date, 

January 8, 2002, as the evaluation date, Code § 20-107.3(A), a search of the record reveals the 

issue of selecting that date was never properly raised, presented to the trial court, and preserved 

for appeal. 

After the trial court announced its valuation, the wife filed an objection to which she 

attached copies of county real estate records. Her counsel maintained the records showed 

comparable sales of properties in the neighborhood of the marital home. The trial court properly 

refused to consider the attachments as evidence. Statements of counsel are not evidence, 

Bateman v. Commonwealth, 183 Va. 253, 256-57, 32 S.E.2d 134, 136 (1944); Goin v. 

Commonwealth, 182 Va. 307, 310, 28 S.E.2d 631, 632 (1944), and may not form the basis upon 

which the trial court can base its decision. 

Similarly, after the trial court rendered its final supplemental decision July 20, 2003, and 

shortly before the trial court memorialized all decisions by final order entered October 31, 2003, 
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the wife moved to reappraise the marital residence. Apparently for the first time, she claimed the 

values established by the court were outdated. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by 

proceeding to enter a final order. The untimely motion for a reappraisal would have negated four 

years of litigation at its culmination and commenced the dispute from the beginning. 

The wife also objects to the value assigned to the marital home. The trial court heard 

conflicting opinions presented by the real estate appraisers. The husband’s appraiser valued the 

marital residence at $400,000 as of 1995 and $440,000 as of November 2000. The wife’s 

appraiser valued the residence at $569,000 as of August 2000. Neither party provided an 

appraisal as of July 30, 2000, the valuation date selected by the trial court. The lack of timely 

appraisals was partly caused by continued postponement of the equitable distribution hearing in 

July and October 2000. The trial court properly fixed the valuation as of July 30, 2000. The trial 

court was only presented with appraisals for that year. It had to work with the data made 

available. 

“The trial court has discretion to resolve conflicting expert testimony to determine an 

asset’s value.” Howell v. Howell, 31 Va. App. 332, 341, 523 S.E.2d 514, 519 (2000). It may 

“choose among conflicting assessments of value as long as its finding is supported by the 

evidence.” McDavid v. McDavid, 19 Va. App. 406, 413, 451 S.E.2d 713, 718 (1994). “The trial 

court’s decision will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to 

support it.” Howell, 31 Va. App. at 341, 523 S.E.2d at 519. 

As carefully explained in her letter opinion of January 8, 2003, the trial judge interpolated 

the divergent appraisal data presented by incorporating the tax assessment for 2000 taxes to 

arrive at a value of $453,000. The court resolved the conflicts in the evidence and fixed a value. 

While tax assessment values are normally not used to determine fair market value of real estate, 

evidence established that Chesterfield County assessments were accurate evaluations. The trial 
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court did not abuse its discretion in accepting that evidence and in relying on that data to 

determine value. 

Next, the wife contends the trial court erred in classifying marital debt, in valuing it as of 

the date of separation, and in allocating the debt equally. In her brief, she maintains the husband 

wasted assets and received reimbursement for certain debts during July 2000. That argument 

varies from the objection stated to the final decree. There, she objected that the trial court 

classified the debts without documentation of the source of the debts and included credit card 

debt that accrued during the month of separation to purchase a BMW “solely for the purpose of 

establishing an inflated balance to be offset against any award.” 

The wife has not pointed to a specific place in the record where the trial court erred in 

classifying a debt, and we do not find it from our review of the record. The wife testified 

generally about the credit card charges, but her testimony amounted to commentary on credit 

card statements. She did not substantiate her recollections and characterizations of the various 

transactions or her general complaints of waste. The husband’s testimony disputed her testimony 

explaining the charges and the application of reimbursements. 

Credible evidence supported both claims, but the documentation did not definitely 

support either claim. “Fashioning an equitable distribution award lies within the sound 

discretion of the trial judge[,] and that award will not be set aside unless it is plainly wrong or 

without evidence to support it.” Srinivasan v. Srinivasan, 10 Va. App. 728, 732, 396 S.E.2d 675, 

678 (1990). When there is a conflict in the evidence, the trial court must resolve the factual 

dispute. The record does not indicate the trial judge abused her discretion in classifying and 

distributing the debt. 

Next, both parties appeal portions of the classification of the Advest Investment Account. 

The trial court ruled that this individual retirement account was the husband’s separate property 
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but that the wife had contributed $5,000 of her separate property to it. The wife maintains she 

was entitled to $12,582.20 in accrued appreciation. The husband maintains the evidence did not 

support the finding that the wife contributed $5,000 of her separate funds to his IRA. 

The wife testified that the husband needed to make a payment to his law firm to fund his 

1994 retirement contribution. He asked her for a loan of her separate funds because he did not 

have sufficient funds to make the retirement contribution that was due by April 15, 1995. She 

wrote a check, number 1502, for $5,000, drawn on her separate funds at First Union Bank, and 

payable to their joint account at NationsBank. She testified the check funded a payment to the 

husband’s law firm, which made the retirement contribution for the tax year 1994. First Union 

Bank check number 1502 was not introduced. 

NationsBank check number 5022 was introduced. The wife wrote it for $13,320.50, 

payable to the husband’s law firm, and dated April 13, 1995. The bank statement reflects the 

account lacked sufficient funds to honor the check when it was posted on April 13, 1995. The 

husband testified that after the bank notified him of the insufficiency, he deposited funds to cover 

the delinquency that he had received from his law firm in repayment of a loan. The bank 

statement reflected a deposit of $5,071.40 posted Friday, April 14, 1995. It also showed a 

deposit of $5,000 posted the following Monday. The First Union Bank statement showed that 

check 1502 was debited against the wife’s separate account April 18, 1995. 

The husband maintains the documents prove as a matter of law that the wife never 

contributed separate funds to his individual retirement account. He argues check 1502 for 

$5,000 was not deposited to their joint account until April 17, 1995, which was after check 5022 

for the retirement contribution cleared. 

When separate property is contributed to marital property and is retraceable, and not a 

gift, the separate property retains its original classification. Code § 20-107.3(A)(3)(d); Watts v. 
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Watts, 40 Va. App. 685, 701, 581 S.E.2d 224, 232 (2003). Neither side presented definitive 

proof of their claim. The documentary evidence was not complete, and a key document, check 

1502 for $5,000, was not introduced. The bank statements that were admitted documented the 

transactions of the financial institutions as they accepted and cleared items, but the statements 

did not fully define the complete details of all the financial actions involved. 

The evidence showed that a check was drawn on the wife’s separate account for $5,000 

about the time a check was written on their joint account to fund the husband’s retirement 

account. The evidence showed the joint account had insufficient funds when the check to the 

firm was posted. The parties supplemented the documentary evidence with their explanations, 

which were in conflict though each was supported in some respects by the documents they 

stressed. The ultimate characterization of the banking transactions rested on the testimony of the 

parties about very detailed banking transactions. Their individual recollections supported their 

respective positions. 

While the trial court found the wife had proved her separate contribution, it also found 

that she failed to prove any appreciation in its value. The evidence permitted both decisions. 

The evidence of appreciation was the wife’s general estimate unsupported by documentation or 

expert testimony. Her evidence amounted to her impression that the value had increased by 

nearly $13,000. It did not provide a sufficient basis to determine with any degree of certainty 

that her contribution increased by the amount she asserted. Anderson, 29 Va. App. at 685-87, 

514 S.E.2d at 376. Cf. Moran v. Moran, 29 Va. App. 408, 416-17, 512 S.E.2d 834, 838 (1999) 

(error not to consider passive income from husband’s separate property contributed pre-marriage 

to his pension plan where his expert testified to the amount of passive income the property could 

have earned). 
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The fact finder, who heard the evidence ore tenus, must resolve the conflicts. We will 

not set aside the determination unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. Code 

§ 8.01-680; Howell, 31 Va. App. at 341, 523 S.E.2d at 519. Given the evidence presented, we 

conclude credible evidence supported the wife’s contention that she contributed $5,000 separate 

property to the husband’s retirement account. We further conclude the evidence did not support 

her claim of appreciation. 

Next, the wife contends the trial court erred in classifying her First Union CAP account 

as marital property. That account, which wife owned before the marriage, combined the features 

of a brokerage account and a checking account. She claimed that she deposited $11,000 that 

represented separate funds from a delinquent child support payment and that she made several 

loans of the funds to the husband that he never repaid. However, the wife’s documentary 

evidence did not trace any separate property through the account and did not substantiate her 

claim that she lent funds to the husband. The evidence did establish that over the course of the 

marriage the parties commingled funds in the account. 

“Property which is initially separate may become marital property either by express 

agreement, or by the manner in which it is maintained.” McDavid, 19 Va. App. at 410-11, 451 

S.E.2d at 716. When a party fails to segregate separate property during the marriage, and instead 

commingles it, the property must be classified as marital property subject to equitable 

distribution. Smoot v. Smoot, 233 Va. 435, 441, 357 S.E.2d 728, 731 (1987) (superceded by 

statute on other grounds). The evidence showed the parties commingled their funds in the 

account and permitted the trial court to find the remaining balance of $6,183.40 was marital 

property. 

Next, the wife contends her engagement ring was her separate property because it was 

acquired before the marriage. Other than statements by the wife’s trial counsel, no evidence 
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indicated the ring was a pre-marital gift or when the wife acquired it. Statements of counsel are 

not evidence. Bateman, 183 Va. at 256-57, 32 S.E.2d at 136; Goin, 182 Va. at 310, 28 S.E.2d at 

632. They may not form the basis upon which the trial court based its decision. The record fails 

to support the wife’s contention; indeed, it shows that she designated all the jewelry as a marital 

asset in one of her exhibits. 

Next, the wife contends the trial court erred in classifying the Traveler’s Life and 

Annuity IRA and the American Funds IRA as the husband’s separate property. However, her 

own evidence corroborated the trial court’s ruling and no evidence refuted it. 

The wife’s evidence acknowledged that the DuPont Savings and Investment Account was 

the husband’s separate property. The husband testified that he rolled the DuPont account into a 

Solomon Smith Barney IRA and later used that to fund the purchase of the Traveler’s IRA. That 

explanation corresponded to the wife’s evidence. Nothing indicated that marital funds went into 

this account or that any increase in the account was due to either party’s efforts. 

Similarly, the wife’s evidence supported the finding that the American Funds IRA was 

separate property. Her exhibits assign it a premarital value of $44,139.53. The fund’s advisor 

testified that no contributions were made to the account after 1993, two years before the 

marriage. No evidence showed that contributions were made to this account during the marriage. 

“Classification of property as marital or separate is a factual issue that is determined by 

whether the property was acquired before or during marriage. Property acquired before marriage 

is separate unless it is transmuted; property acquired during marriage is presumed to be marital.” 

Gamer v. Gamer, 16 Va. App. 335, 345, 429 S.E.2d 618, 625 (1993). The trial court did not err 

in classifying the two accounts as the husband’s separate property. 

Next, the wife argues the trial court erred in valuing her Lexus automobile. She first 

contends the trial court used an improper valuation date, but she did not preserve any objection 
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to the evaluation date used for the automobile. She also contends her evidence established the 

correct value. 

Both parties relied on valuations obtained from the Kelly Bluebook web site. The wife 

used a 63,000 mileage figure and obtained a value of $15,695. The correct mileage was 48,000 

miles. The husband used a figure of 45,000 miles and obtained a retail value of $20,615 and a 

trade-in value of $13,690. The trial court selected the average of those two values submitted by 

the husband, $17,172.50. The trial court may not base its valuations on mere guesswork, but the 

parties have the burden to provide the court with sufficient evidence from which it can value 

their property. Bosserman v. Bosserman, 9 Va. App. 1, 5, 384 S.E.2d 104, 107 (1989). We 

cannot say that the trial court erred in resolving the conflicting evidence before it. 

Next, the wife contends the trial court erred in valuing the life insurance policy and her 

fur coat. She raises these complaints for the first time on appeal, and we will not consider an 

argument raised for the first time on appeal. Rule 5A:18; Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 

299, 307-08, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998). If the issue was raised before the trial court, we will 

not search the record for where the objection was made and argued. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. at 

56, 415 S.E.2d at 239. 

Finally, the wife maintains the trial judge was biased. As support for this charge, she 

reiterates the adverse rulings that comprise her appeal. The wife did not present this issue to the 

trial court. More importantly, nothing in the record suggests its validity. 

The husband raised four issues in his appeal. He contends the trial court erred in finding 

he made a gift of a one-half interest in the marital home; in finding the parties separated July 30, 

2000; and in not ruling on his motion to reconsider classification of two debts. His appeal of the 

award to his wife of $5,000 from his Advest Investment account has been addressed. 
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Before their marriage, each party owned a house. When they married, they planned to 

sell both houses and to purchase a new residence. The wife’s house sold quickly, and she moved 

into the husband’s home at 3860 Reeds Landing Circle. When his house did not sell quickly, the 

parties agreed to retain it but to redecorate it so that it would be their “new” marital home. The 

wife testified that the husband told her he wanted the house to be theirs. 

The husband conveyed the wife a half interest in his residence. He testified that he 

granted her the property pursuant to an agreement that she would pay him the $90,000 she 

received from the sale of her house. He transferred title without receiving the $90,000 that he 

claims was the actual consideration. He stated that he did not intend a gift. He paid no recording 

taxes on the transaction. 

The husband argues that Utsch v. Utsch, 266 Va. 124, 128, 581 S.E.2d 507, 508 (2003), 

mandates a finding that the transfer was not a gift. In Utsch, the husband retitled his separate 

property jointly as tenants by the entirety. He executed a deed labeled “deed of gift,” which 

recited a consideration of “love and affection” and which referred to the precise statute that 

exempted deeds of gifts from recording taxes. The Supreme Court held the deed of gift was 

unambiguous proof by clear and convincing evidence of donative intent. Parol evidence was not 

admissible to refute the gift. Id. at 129, 581 S.E.2d at 509. 

In this case, the deed was not labeled as a deed of gift but as “Pursuant to Virginia Code 

Section 58.1-806.” That code section imposes a reduced recording tax of 50 cents on partition 

deeds or deeds pursuant to a decree of divorce or separate maintenance. Neither provision 

applied to the transfer, and the clerk’s receipt on the deed showed that no recording tax was paid. 

While the deed recited consideration “of Ten Dollars ($10.00), cash in hand and other valuable 

consideration, paid by the grantee,” it also acknowledged receipt of the consideration. The 
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husband acknowledged the consideration was never paid, and the record indicates that the 

consideration he would have received was less than the value of the interest he conveyed. 

Unlike the deed of gift in Utsch, the deed in this case was drafted by the husband, an 

attorney, and was ambiguous. It did not establish the lack of donative intent as a matter of law, 

and parol evidence was necessary to interpret it. The testimony of the parties amounted to 

characterizations of antebellum transactions entered when expectations for their marriage were 

sanguine. Other than the deed, which was ambiguous, no documentary evidence supported the 

conflicting testimony of the parties. 

In order to prove an interspousal gift, the wife must prove the husband’s donative intent 

and the nature and extent of that intent. Lightburn v. Lightburn, 22 Va. App. 612, 616-17, 472 

S.E.2d 281, 283 (1996); Theismann v. Theismann, 22 Va. App. 557, 565-66, 471 S.E.2d 809, 

813, aff'd, 23 Va. App. 697, 479 S.E.2d 534 (1996) (en banc). The conflicting testimony 

permitted the trial court’s factual finding. 

Next, the husband maintains the parties separated July 31, 1999, the date he alleged the 

wife deserted the marriage by forcing him to move to a separate bedroom. He stresses that the 

wife acknowledged in her answer and cross-bill that they had separate bedrooms as of August 2, 

1999. He notes the parties entered a pendente lite agreement February 15, 2000 that required her 

to move from the marital home and the wife had purchased her own house by March 2000. 

The wife always maintained that the parties and their blended families continued to live 

together in the marital home though the parties had separate bedrooms. She testified that familial 

relations continued as they had in the past, and as they had when the two had physically 

separated earlier during the marriage. She argues the separation did not occur until she actually 

moved out of the house. 
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Whether and when the parties “‘lived separate and apart without cohabitation’ is a 

fact-based inquiry, requiring examination of all the circumstances before the court.” Bchara, 38 

Va. App. at 310, 563 S.E.2d at 402 (referring to Code § 20-91(A)(9)(a)). The Supreme Court 

noted, “‘“matrimonial cohabitation” consists of more than sexual relations. It also imports the 

continuing condition of living together and carrying out the mutual responsibilities of the marital 

relationship.’” Schweider v. Schweider, 243 Va. 245, 248, 415 S.E.2d 135, 137 (1992) (quoting 

Petachenko v. Petachenko, 232 Va. 296, 299, 350 S.E.2d 600, 602 (1986)). 

This issue was thoroughly litigated, and the trial court heard the conflicting evidence 

about their relationship. It found the parties did not separate until it approved the pendente lite

agreement and ordered the wife to leave. The husband relied on the maintenance of separate 

bedrooms and his filing for divorce. The wife countered with evidence that the parties 

maintained a familial relationship. Because the evidence supported both contentions, see

Bchara, 38 Va. App. at 310, 563 S.E.2d at 402, we cannot say the trial court erred in reaching the 

decision that it reached. 

Finally, the husband contends the trial court failed to rule on factual issues he raised in 

his motion for reconsideration. That motion was filed June 4, 2003 and addressed the 

classification of debts made January 8, 2003. The motion asserts the trial court failed to rule 

whether the husband’s American Express account and debts owed to The Wallpaper Place were 

marital debts. 

The husband originally introduced American Express statements as part of an exhibit 

covering several separate charge accounts all of which he broadly characterized as marital debts. 

He also presented numerous receipts for purchases he and the wife made at a store, The 

Wallpaper Place. His testimony categorized the various charges as his separate debt, her 

separate debt, or their marital debt. In its letter opinion January 8, 2003, the trial court made 
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detailed findings of which of the many obligations incurred by the parties were marital debts. 

The husband’s American Express debt and The Wallpaper Place debt were not listed. The 

opinion did not attempt to enumerate its negative findings. The opinion made clear findings as 

to which obligations were marital debt. At no point during the period the trial court called for 

supplemental submissions and issued additional rulings to complete the evaluation of marital 

debts did either party assert that the omission of those two debts was a failure to act rather than a 

ruling against the husband. 

A motion to reconsider is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court. Morris v. 

Morris, 3 Va. App. 303, 307, 349 S.E.2d 661, 663 (1986). The husband’s motion moved the trial 

court to revisit evidence and rulings made months before on relatively minor details. It asserted 

for the first time the husband’s contention that the failure to state the debts were marital was a 

failure to rule rather than an adverse ruling. Code § 8.01-678(2) provides: 

When it plainly appears from the record and the evidence given at 

the trial that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits and 

substantial justice has been reached, no judgment shall be arrested 

or reversed . . . [f]or any other defect, imperfection, or omission in 

the record, or for any error committed on the trial. 

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying that portion of the motion to reconsider. 

In conclusion, the trial court exercised its discretion appropriately, applied the law 

correctly, and made findings supported by the evidence. The record reflects it considered all the 

evidence and decreed an equitable and just result. Code § 8.01-678. Smoot, 233 Va. at 443, 357 

S.E.2d at 732, held: 

Unless it appears from the record that the chancellor has abused his 

discretion, that he has not considered or has misapplied one of the 

statutory mandates, or that the evidence fails to support the 

findings of fact underlying his resolution of the conflict in the 

equities, the chancellor’s equitable distribution award will not be 

reversed on appeal. 
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We will not disturb on appeal a ruling where the record and the evidence indicate the parties had 

a fair trial. Accordingly, we affirm. 

Affirmed.