### IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

No. 14

– 1550
Filed February 5 , 20 16

ROBERT ALLEN BARKER , Appellant,

vs.
DONALD H. CAPOTOSTO and THOMAS M. MAGEE , Appellee s
.

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Palo Alto County, Duane E. Hoffmeyer , Judge.

The plaintiff in a legal malpractice action against his former criminal defense attorneys appeals a district co urt ruling granting summary judgment to the defendants on the ground the plaintiff could not establish he was actually innocent of a crime

. REVERSED AND
REMANDED.

Ashleigh E. O’Connell Hackel (until withdrawal) and J. Campbell
Helton of Whitfield & Eddy, P.L.C., Des Moines , for appellant

.

Alexander E. Wonio a nd David L. Brown of Hansen, McClintock & Riley, Des Moines , for appellee Thomas M. Magee

.

Donald H. Capotosto, West Bend, pro se.2

MANSFIELD , Justice
. This case asks us to determine whether a criminal defendant who sues his or her attorney for legal malpractice must prove actual
i nnocence as a precondition to recovery. In Trobaugh v. Sondag , 668 N.W.2d 577, 583 n.4 (Iowa 2003) , we reser ved judgment on this question. In the present case , the plaintiff faults his former criminal defense attorneys for allowing him to plead guilty to a specific crime that lacked a factual basis. He sued the attorneys for malpractice, but the district
court granted them summary judgment b ecause the plaintiff could not
show he was actually innocent of any offense that formed the basis for the underlying criminal case

. On our review, we decline to adopt proof of actual innocence as a separate prerequisite to recovery for legal malpractice against criminal defense attorneys

. Instead, w e believe judges and juries sh ould take innocence or guilt into account in determining whether the traditional elements of a legal malpractice claim have been established. We therefore reverse and remand for further proceedings

. I. Background Facts and Proceedings
. In 2006, Robert Barker placed crudely worded graffiti on the wall
of a public restroom in a park in Emmetsburg inviting young males
interested in oral sex to contact a certain email address

. In response to public complaints about the graffiti, l aw enforcement began an investigation. An agent of the Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation posed as a fifteen

- year

- old male na med “Jayson” and established on line
contact with B arker using the email address. Eventually, Barker made plans to meet “Jayson” for a se x ac t.
W hen Barker appeared at the arranged location, he was arrested

. The3

State ch arged Barker with attempted enticement of a minor , an aggravated misdemeanor, and lascivious acts with a child , a class “ D ” felony

. See Iowa Code § 710.10(3 ) (2005) ; id . § 709.8(3) . Later, th e court granted the State’s request to amend the second count to solicitation of a
minor to commit a sex act , a purported class “ D ” felony. See id

. § 702.17; id . § 705.1; id . § 709.4(2)( c )(4)

. 1
On October 3 , Bar ker entered into a written plea agreement. Under the plea agreement, Barker was to plead guilty to the amended

c harge of solicitation of a minor

. The first count

— attempted
enticement

— would be dismissed and the State would recommend a suspended sentence a nd probation with t he condition that Barker complete sex

- offender treatment through a residential treatment facility (RTF) in Sioux City

. During this stage of the proceedings, Barker was represented by Thomas Magee, whom Barker consulted concerning his decision to plead guil ty. Thereafter, Magee closed his law office and the court allowed him
to withdraw from further representation . The district court subsequently appointed Donald Capotosto to represent Barker.
On December 11 , Barke r ’s plea and sentencing hearing took place in the Palo Alto County District Court

. The terms of the plea agreement were put on the record. Barke r gave the following statement regarding
the offense :

1 The amended count sought to charge an inchoate crime (Iowa has no general attempt statute) by combining Iowa Code section 705.1’s general prohibition on soliciting other persons to commit crimes with section 709.4(2)( c )(4)’s prohibition on performing a sex act with a person who is fourt een or fifteen years of age when the person committing the act is four or more years older. The problem with this effort, as became apparent years later, is that Barke r wasn’t soliciting someone else to commit the crime of sexual abuse; he was attempting to commit that crime himself.4 On August 16 t h I was in communication on line with what I presumed to be a 15

- year

- old male. That 15

- year

- old male had contacted me the day before after, ostensibly after coming across an e

- mail address that I had written in a restroom . . .

. The conversation was such that we came to an understanding that we would meet and possibly sexual activity c ould happen. That was the nature of the conversation. Obviously it was not a minor. It was a sting operation, and I was arrested.
The district court sentenced Barker to five

- years imprisonment, suspended the sentence, and placed Barker on probation for the
duration of his sentence. Additionally, in Clay County, Barker had pled guilty to second

- degree theft, a c lass “ D ” felony, see Iowa Code § 714.2 (2) , with the understanding that the sentence on that charge would run concurrently with the sentence on the s olicitation of a minor charge.
Barker’s sentencing order for the solicitation offense prohibited him from engaging in unsupervise d contact with minors and provided
that all i nternet access, including chat room use, needed to be
pre appr oved by his probation officer

. T he order permitted Barker to complete ou tpatient sex

- offender treatment through Catholic Charities instead of mandating commitment to the RTF but required him to seek an evaluation from Catholic Charities within sixty days

. The order
f urther provided that Barker had to register as a sex offender.
On December 29 , 2006, the State filed an application for probation
revocation based on Barker’s use of a public library computer

. Barker was arrested and jailed. However, on Janu ary 23, 2007, the district
court denied the application and ordered Barker released, reasoning that
there wa s no specific prohibition on his u se of a computer, so long as it
did not involve use of the i n ternet or chat rooms. On February 5, 2007, Barker received a five

- year suspended sentence on the Clay County theft charge, to run concurrently with his5 sentence for solicitation of a minor. Barker was placed on proba tion for that charge as well. On occasions in April, May, July, and September, Barker was noncompliant with the treatment services at Catholic Charities . He was discharged from that program

. After a home visit revea led that Barker was engaged in i nternet use and had images of young males on his computer, his computer was seized and in Decemb er the district court ordered Barker into the RTF once space became available. In March 2008, Barker was admitted to the RTF. Barker lost several jobs during this time period because of unauthorized i nternet

use , including the access of pornography . On J uly 31 , Barker was unsuccessfully terminated from the RTF , and the State filed another application for revocation of his probation. Barker was jailed again at
this time. On October 30, the district court revoked Barker’s probation on the solicitation of a minor charge and sentenced him to imprisonment for a term not to exceed five years with credit for time served. Barker was transferred to the Mount Pleasant Correctional Facility. On November 14, 2008, a prob ation revocation proce eding was commenced in Clay County on Barker’s theft conviction. This proceeding was dismissed on March 2, 2009 , due to the fact that Barker was already in prison based on the conviction for solicitation of a minor.
On October 1 , Barker filed an applicati on for postconviction relief
from his conviction for solicitation of a minor

. His application alleged
that his prior co unsel had committed ineffective assistance of counsel because there was no factual basis for his guilty plea to solicitation of a
minor to engage in a sex act. In a written ruling, the district court granted the application on February 28, 2011. The court reasoned that6
to commit the offense, Barker had to have solici ted someone else to
commit an actual crime , and he had not done so. The court explained, “If such [sex] act occurred, the adult would be committing the crime and the child would be a victim. Thus, the adult cannot be considered to have asked the fourteen or fifteen year old to commit a felony crime.”
The court then conclude d, By advising and permitting Barker to plead guilty to a crime for which he could not give a factual basis, defendant’ s counsel failed to perform an essential duty and the prejudice to defendant was inherent in the conviction entered upon his defective p lea.
The court vacated Barker’ s conviction and sentence. Barker never appealed or sought postconviction relief from his
second

- degree theft conviction in Clay County. Also, Barker does not dispute that his conduct in Palo Alto County amounted to attempte d enticement of a child in violation of Iowa Code section 710.10(3), the first count charged in the original trial information. On March 1, 2013, Barker filed a petition alleging that Magee and Capotosto committed legal malpractice by advising him t o plead guilty to
an offense for which there was no factual basis

. Thereafter , Capotosto
filed a motion for summary judgment, which Magee joined

. They argued
Barker could not establish that he was factually innocent in the underlying criminal case. They u rged that the Iowa courts should require a plaintiff to prove actual innocence in order to maintain a suit for legal malprac tice occurring in the course of criminal representation

. They also argue d that, as a matter of la w, their alleged malpractice did
not cause Barker’s damages. The district court granted the motion on the first ground , stating, [T]he Court finds actual innocence must be established in a criminal malpractice action. Additionally, the Court finds7 actual innocence requires innocence of a ll transactionally related offenses. Plaintiff does not dispute that he attempted to entice a person whom he believed to be under the age of 16 with the intent to commit an illegal act. Plaintiff admits that what he did do was engage in a telephone conve rsation with a person he believed to be fifteen years old for the purpose of arranging a meeting leading to a sexual encounter and that this meets the definition of attempted enticement of a minor for an illegal act, an aggravated misdemeanor, under Iowa C ode Section 710.10(3) (2005), which was charged in the under[ly]ing criminal case FECR04088. Plaintiff is unable to establish actual innocence of all transactionally related offenses. Therefore, the Court finds summary judgment in favor of Defendants is appropriate. Barker appealed , and we retained the appeal

. II. Standard of Review
. We review grants of summary judgment for correction of errors at
law

. Vossoughi v. Polaschek , 859 N.W.2d 643, 649 (Iowa 2015)

. “Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Amish Connection, Inc. v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. , 861 N.W.2d 230, 235 (Iowa 2015). We view the facts i n the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Veatch v. City of Waverly , 858 N.W.2d 1, 6 (Iowa 2015).
III. Analysis. A party seeking to establish a prima facie claim of legal malpractice must show the following: (1) a duty arising from the establish ed existence of an attorney

– client relationship ; (2) the attorney breached that duty ; (3) the attorney’s breach was the proximat e cause of injury to the client; and (4) the client suffered actual damage, injury, or loss. R uden v. Jenk , 543 N.W.2d 605, 610 (Iowa 1996). Additionally, we have held that a crimi nal defendant must “achieve relief from a conviction before8 advancing a legal malpractice action against his former attorney.” Trobaugh , 668 N.W.2d at 583

. In Trobaugh , we n oted that some courts had al so required proof of actual innocence before allowing recovery but declined to reach the
issue

. Id . at n.4 . We explained, Both the procedural posture of this appeal and the absence of arguments by the parties on the issue lead us to avoid the question of w hat role, if any, the plaintiff’ s guilt or innocence plays in advancing a claim for legal malpractice.
Id

. Barker’s case squarely presents th e issue reserved in Trobaugh

— whether proof of actual innocence is required in a “ criminal malpractice ”
suit. 2 We are not the first court to confront this question

. Other jurisdiction s have addressed whether to require actual innocence in a criminal malpractice action

. We consider three of the approaches taken
elsewhere and their supporting reasoning

. O f those jurisdictions to have considered the issue, a majority have adopted an “ actual innocence ” requirement

. See Wiley v . County of San Diego , 966 P.2d 983, 985 , 991 (Cal. 1998) (holding that actual innocence
is a required element of a plaintiff’ s cause of action in a criminal malpractice action) ; Schreiber v. Rowe , 814 So. 2d 396, 399 (Fla. 2002) (per curiam) (same) ; Glenn v. Aiken , 569 N.E.2d 783, 786 (Mass. 1991) (same) ; Rodriguez v. Nielsen , 609 N.W.2d 368, 374 (Neb. 2000) (same) ; Morgano v. Smith , 8 79 P.2d 735 , 73 8 (Nev. 1994) (holding that “in order to prevail at trial, the [criminal malpractice] plaintiff must prove actual

2 The term “criminal malpractice” has been used to describe a legal malpractice action brought by a former criminal defendant against his o r her former criminal defense attorney. See, e.g. , Otto M. Kaus & Ronald E. Mallen, The Misguiding Hand of Counsel

—

Reflections on “Criminal Malpractice,” 21 U.C.L.A. L. Rev. 1191, 1191 n.2 (1974) (defining the phrase).9 innocence of the underlying charge”) ; Mahoney v. Shaheen, Cappiello,
Stein & Gordon , P.A. , 727 A.2d 996, 998

– 99 (N.H. 1999) ( holding that only clients able to prove actual innocence can challenge decisions made by defense counsel through malpractice actions) ; Carmel v. Lunney , 511 N.E.2d 1126, 1128 (N.Y. 1987) (holding that a criminal malpractice plaintiff “ must allege

. . . inn ocence or a colorable claim of innocence ” to state a cause of action) ; Bailey v. Tucker , 621 A.2d 108, 113 (Pa. 1993) ( “[D]efendant must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he did not commit any unlawful acts with which he was charged as well a s any lesser offenses included therein [to maintain criminal malpractice suit].”) ; Ang v. Martin , 114 P.3d 637, 642 (Wash. 2005) (requiring
criminal mal practice plaintiffs to prove actual innocence by a preponderance of the evidence to state a cause of action) ; Humphries v.
Detch , 712 S.E.2d 795, 80 1 (W. Va. 2011) (same) ; s ee also Lamb v.
Manweiler , 923 P.2d 976, 979 (Idaho 1996) (noting that plaintiff did not dispute that in a criminal malpractice action the plaintiff “must establish
the additional elem ent of actual innocence of the underlying criminal charges”) ; Adkins v. Dixon , 482 S.E.2d 797, 802 (Va. 1997) (holding that actual guilt is a material consideration on issue of proximate cause)

. 3
The Ang case from Washington exemplifie s the reasoning of those courts that have adopted an actual innocence requirement

. The Angs , a married couple who owned a medical examination company, became the target of a social security fraud investigation. Ang , 114 P.3d at 639.

3 Some courts have conflated the gran ting of postconviction relief with innocence. See e.g. , Peeler v. Hughes & Luce , 909 S.W.2d 494, 497

– 98 (Tex. 1995). In doing so, they have not distinguished between what the Washington Supreme Court termed legal innocence

— a grant of postconviction relie f

— and actual innocence, a matter of factual proof. See Ang , 114 P.3d at 642. Because Barker has already received postconviction relief, and the original charges have not been pursued, only his actual, as opposed to legal, innocence is at issue here.10

The y were eventually indicted on eighte en criminal counts, including
bank and tax fraud. Id. Their counsel attempted to negotiate a plea bargain, but the Angs rejected the proposed agreement

. Id. The case went to trial, but just before the close of the prosecution’s case, the Angs’ attorney s recommended they accept a plea

— one the Angs considered less
attractive than previous offers

. Id. The Angs agreed to plead guilty to
two counts but allegedly only after Dr. Ang was told that his wife might be sexually assaulted in prison. Id. Upon retaining new counsel, the Angs successfully moved to
withdra w their pleas. Id. The case went to trial again , and the Angs were acquitted of all eighteen counts. Id. The Angs then filed a legal malpractice action against their original attorneys. Id. The jury in the malpractice action was instructed that the Angs had to prove they were innocent of the underlying criminal charges by a preponderance of the
evidence

. Id . The Angs lost their malpractice case and assigned erro r to the instruction on app eal. Id. at 641.
T he Washington Supreme Court upheld the instruction, deciding
that actual innocence

— as well as relief from th e underlying criminal charges

— was a necessary component of a plaintiff’s suit for criminal malpractice. Id. at 643. The court noted the Angs may have been legally innocent, as evidenced by the successful withdrawal of their guilty pleas and their subsequent acquittal of all charges , but that did not necessarily mean they were actually innocent of the criminal conduct
th ey had been accused of in the prior proceedings. Id. at 641. In the court’s view, actual innocence wa s “essential” to proving causation, both proximate and but

- for causation

. Id. at 642. Additionally, the court
found that r equiring criminal malpractice plaintiffs to prove their actual
innocence11 will prohibit criminals from benefiting from their own bad acts, maintain respect for our criminal justice systems procedural protections, remove the harmful chilling effect on the defense bar, prevent suits from criminals who may be guilty, [but] could have gotten a better deal, and prevent a flood of nuisance litigation.
Id. ( quoting Falkner v. Foshaug , 29 P.3d 771, 776 (Wash Ct. App. 2001) (footnote omitted) ).
As Ang illustrates, courts adopting the actual innocence element in criminal malpractice actions have been motivated by public policy

concerns. Principal among these concerns is that “it would violate public policy to allow a person to profit from participating in an illegal act.” Humphries , 712 S.E. 2d at 800 ; see Wiley , 966 P.2d at 983 (“ [ P ] ermitting a convicted criminal to pursue a legal malpractice claim without requiring proof of innocence would allow the criminal to profit by his own fraud, or to take advantage of his own wrong, or to found [a] claim upon his iniquity, or to acquire property by hi s own crime

. ” (quoting Peeler v. Hughes & Luce , 909 S.W.2d 494, 497 (Tex. 1995) ) )

. A nother rationale is that actual innocence prevents the former criminal defendant from shifting the responsibility for his or her
conviction. Wiley , 966 P.2d at 986. If a plaintiff committed the crimes
he or she was accused of, then he or she “ alone should bear full responsibility for the consequences of [his or her ] acts, including imprisonment. Any subsequent negligent conduct by a plaintiff ’ s attorney is superseded by t he great er culpability of the plaintiff’ s criminal
conduct.” Id. ( quoting Shaw v. State , 861 P.2d 566, 572 (Alaska 1993) ). Also, courts have found that constitutional protections, such as postconviction relief for ineffectiveness of counsel , provide a sufficient remedy for guilty defendants. Id. at 988

– 89 ; see Bailey , 621 A.2d at 113 (“If a person is convicted of a crime becau se of the inadequacy of12

counsel’ s representation, justice is satisfied by the grant of a new trial

. . . . [but] if an innoce nt person is wrongfull y convicted due to the attorney’ s dereliction, justice requires that he be compensated for the wrong which has occurred.”). Moreover, courts have noted a substantial interest in preserving the availability of representation to crimi n al
defendants

. Mahoney , 727 A.2d at 999. Criminal defense counsel is often working for reduced fees or has been appointed at public expense , and “[t] he public has a strong interest in encouraging the representation of criminal defendants, particularly those who are ruled to be indigent.”
Schreiber , 814 So. 2d at 399 (quoting Glenn , 569 N.E.2d at 788). In declining to require criminal malpractice plaintiffs to prove actual innocence, courts might be “[s] etting the standard at a lower level [which]
may well dampen counsels ’ willingness to enter the criminal defense
arena.” Mahoney , 727 A.2d at 1000. And further , the differing burdens of proof in criminal and mal practice actions could create confusion for the jury. Wiley , 966 P.2d at 990

. Additionally, these courts commonly focus on the causation element of a malpractice case in t he ir reasoning. Many of them have
asserted in some form that the p laintiff’ s criminal behavior

— rather than the attorney ’s conduct

— led to the plaintiff’ s predicame nt

. See , e.g. , Rodriguez , 609 N.W.2d at 374 (“We believe that it is the illegal conduct of a convicted criminal who files a malpractice claim, rather than any subsequent negligence of counsel, that is the cause in fact of any injuries flowing from the con viction.”). Judge Posner perhaps best voiced this
consideration in Levine v. Kling , a case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit determined that Illinois law required a criminal malpractice plaintiff to establish innocence, either by13 postconviction relief or other means

. See 123 F.3d 580, 582 (7th Cir. 1997). On [the plaintiff ’ s] view there would be cases in which a defendant guilty in fact of the crime with which he had been charged, and duly convicted and imprisoned (perhaps after a retrial in which he was represented by competent counsel), would nevertheless obtain substantial damages to compensate him for the loss of his liberty during the period of his rightful imprisonment. Not only would this be a paradoxical result, depreciating and in some cases wholly offsetting the plaintiff’ s criminal punishment, but it would be contrary to fundamental principles of both tort and criminal law. Tort law provides damages only for harms to the plaintiff’ s legally protected interests, Restatement (Sec ond) of Torts, § 1 comment d, § 7(1) (1965), and the liberty of a guilty criminal is not one of them. The guilty criminal may be able to obtain an acquittal if he is skillfully represented, but he has no right to that result

. . . and the law provides no relief if the “right” is denied him.
Id.
Alaska has adopted a somewhat different approach. I nstead of requiring the former criminal defendant to establish actual innocence, this approach allows the criminal defense attorn ey to raise actual guilt as an affirmative defense to the malpractice suit. See Shaw, 861 P.2d at 572. The attorney must prove her or his former client’s guilt by a
pr eponderance of the evidence, but in doing so, the attorney is not
limit ed to the evidence admissible on the criminal charge. Id. at 573. In placing this burden on the defendant, the Alaska Supreme Court noted the plaintiff still must obtain postconviction relief before bringing the malpractice claim

. Id. at 572. The court also cited the similarity between an actual guilt defense and other affirmative defense s in tort
such as comparative negligence and assumption of the risk. Id. at 572
n.9.14

A s a third alternative , some courts have reject ed an actual
innocence requirem ent entire ly

. See Godby v. Whitehead , 837 N.E.2d 146, 151 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (reiterating the court’s point from a prior case that “a criminal defendant does not have to prove his innocence before he files a legal malpractice claim”); Mashaney v. Bd. of Indigents’ Def. Servs. , 355 P.3d 667, 687 (Kan. 2015) (rejecting the actual innocence rule in a jurisdiction that requires postconviction relief prior to filing a criminal malpractice suit) ; se e also Mylar v. Wilkinson , 435 So. 2d 1237, 1239 (Al a. 1983) , modifi ed in part on other grounds by Morrison v.
Franklin , 655 So. 2d 964 , 966 (Ala. 1995) (noting that “the validity of [the defendant’s] claim for relief in his criminal prosecution is not necessarily conclusive on his claim for civil damages ”) ; Rantz v. Kaufman , 109 P.3d 132, 136 (Colo. 2005) (refusing to adopt the “exoneration rule,” which
would require criminal malpractice plaintiffs to obtain postconviction relief prior to filing suit) ; Jepson v. Stubbs , 555 S.W.2d 307, 31 3 (Mo. 1977) ( concluding that the setting aside of a judgment of conviction is not a condition to maintaining a suit for malpractice arising from criminal representation); Krahn v. Kinney , 538 N.E.2d 1058, 1061 (Ohio 1989) (holding that the elements of proof for legal m alpractice remain the same whether the action arises from civil or criminal representation )

. The Kansas Supreme Court recently consider ed, and declined to adopt , an actual innocence requirement

. See M ashaney , 355 P.3d at
687. The case involved an individual charged with one count of aggravated criminal sodomy and one count of aggravated indecent
liberties with a child. Id. at 670. After the first trial ended in a mistrial , the individual was convicted in a second jury trial a nd sentenced to 442 months in prison. Id . at 6 70

– 71. Years later, Mashaney successfully
moved to vacate or set aside his sentence , and his case was set for a new15

trial. Id. at 671. At that point, t he defendant agreed to enter an Alford plea to two coun ts of attempted aggravated battery and one count of
aggrav ated endangerment of a child in return for the State dropping the original charges. Id. The court sentenced Mashaney to seventy

- two months in prison , and he was release d for time served. Id. Mashaney subsequently filed a malpractice suit against his former trial counsel, his former appellate counsel, and the state board of indigent defense services

. Id. He sought damages for the nearly eight years he spent in prison. Id. The court dismisse d Mashaney’s cl aim against the state board and granted judgment on the pleadings to the attorneys

. Id . On appeal, the Kansas Court of Appeals held that a plaintiff as a threshold matter must prove actual innocence to pursue a criminal malpractice action. Id. at 672. The Kansas Supreme Court reversed. Id. at 687. First, the court disagreed with the broad notion that public policy support s the actual
innocence rule

. See i d . at 678. It indicated that the justifications for the
rule were too simplistic and “no match for the complexities of a case
such as this.” Id. at 678, 687. Next, the court stated that req uiring actual innocence produced inequitable results in that former defendants who received “lengthy prison sentences as a direct resu lt of their lawyers’ negligence will be deprived of any tort remedy for that malpractice and some lawyers representing criminal defendants will escape liability when their civil counterparts would not.” Id. at 679 , 687

. The court added
that actual innoce nce was based on a flawed conception of causation in
tort law because if counsel “fails to demon strate the State’ s inability to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt when a competent lawyer could have and would have done so, the client has been legally inj ured by being convicted and imprisoned,” regardless of innocence. Id. at 684 , 687

.16

Moreover , the court found the notion that actual innocence furthers the availability of cri minal defense representation supported by judicial speculation rather than empirical evidence

. Id. at 685 , 687

. Lastly, th e Kansas Supreme Court note d that in a pr ior decision, it had adopted the “exoneration rule,” under which the criminal malpractice plainti ff had to obtain relief from her or his conviction before bringing a ny claim. Id . at 673

– 74 (discussing Canaan v. Bartee , 72 P.3d 911 (Kan. 2003)). It indicated that this requirement effectively precluded the bringing of frivolous malpractice claims by criminal defendants. Id

. at 685.
This recent K ansas decision mirrors the recommendation of the
Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers . Regarding actions for malpractice by a criminal defendant, th e Restatement concludes that “it is not necessary to prove that the convicted defendant was in fact innocent,” al though it not es that “most jurisdictions addressing the issue have stricter rules.” Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 53 cmt. d , at 392 ( Am. Law Inst. 2000) [hereinafter Restatement]

. The Restatement adds, As required by most jurisdictions addressin g the issue, a convicted defendant seeking damages for malpractice causing a conviction must have had that conviction set aside when process for that relief on the grounds asserted in the ma lpractice action is available.
Id. Thus, this aspect of the Restatement is consistent with our holding in Trobaugh

. See 668 N.W.2d at 583. We often look to the Restatements for guidance

. Se e Rohlin Const r
. Co. v. City of Hinton , 476 N.W.2d 78, 80 (Iowa 1991) (“We often turn to
Restatements of the Law

. . . . ”). We have previously relied on the
Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers when defin ing the scope of17 the duty of care attorneys owe their clients. See Sabin v. Ackerman , 846 N.W.2d 835, 842 (Iowa 2014)

. We find the approach taken by the Restatement and li ke

- minded jurisdictions to be persuasive. The prerequisite that the malpractice plaintiff obtain judicial relief from her or his conviction, which the
Restatement endorses and which we adopted in Trobaugh after “considering all of the issues presented and the wealth of commentary on this issue,” serves as an important screen against unwarranted claims and “preserves key principles of judicial economy and comity.” 668
N.W.2d at 583. But we do not think an additional actu al innocence screen is appropriate

. Such a prerequisite goes beyond re specting the criminal process

— i.e., “judicial economy and comity”

— and interposes an additional barrier to recovery that other malpractice plaintiffs do not
have to overc ome. Furthermore, a criminal defendant already “must prove both that the lawyer failed to act properly and that, but for that failure, the r esult
would have been different

. ” Restatement § 53 cmt. d , at 392 ; see also Vossoughi , 859 N. W.2d at 649 (noting that to establish a prima facie claim of legal malpractice, the plaintiff must produce evidence showing the attorney’s breach of duty caused actual injury)

. Often, the innocence or guilt of the client will enter into the causation inquiry t ha t is part of the plaintiff’ s prima facie case

. See Mashaney , 355 P.3d at 688 (Stegall, J., concurring). For example, if Barker’s counsel had refused to let him plead guilty to the nonexistent crime of soliciting a minor to commit a sex act, would the Sta te have pursued the original charges , assuming it
could have done so ? What would have been the outcome of those charges? Would Barker have been incarcerated anyway? A criminal
defendant who was factually guilty of the crime for which he or she was18

convi cted

— or at le ast guilty of a related crime or a crime with which he or she was originally charged

— will likely confront significant causation issues in his legal malpractice action. We see no reason why such issues
cannot be resolved , as they generally are in malpractice actions, by the
fact finder

. Thus, we think the causa tion determination will frequently take
into account the guilt or innocence of the client

. And u ltimately, we are not persuaded by the remaining public policy concerns other than
causation . For example, while the not ion that an individual should not “profit from participating in an illegal act” is a good general principle, Humphries , 712 S.E.2d at 800, it is too general to describe how our legal system ac tually operate s. W e do not bar criminal defendants who are guilty of their crimes from recovering overpayments from their criminal
defense counsel , suing for clearly illegal searches , or suing the medical staff in the prison for medical malpractice

. By analogy, a crim inal defendant who is convicted of a crime due to legal malpractice, and gets that conviction set aside, should not be categorically barred from suing his or her former attorney just because the defendant may have been guilty of some lesser charge that wou ld have resulted in a lower
sentence

. Likewise, our legal malpractice precedents have not adopted the principle that “ subsequent negligent conduct ” by the attorney can be compared to the “culpability” of the client that required him to need legal
services in the first place. See Wiley , 966 P.2d at 986 ; cf . Restatement (Third) § 54 cmt. d , at 404 (discussing the scope of comparative negligence in the context of legal malpractice and noting that “clients are entitled to rely on their lawyers to act with comp etence, dili gence, honesty, and loyalty”).19 Additionally , while we wholeheartedly agree that “[t]he public has a strong interest in encouraging the representation of criminal defendants, particularly those who are ruled to be indigent , ” Glenn , 569 N.E .2d at
788 , it also has an interest in encouraging competent representation. Attorneys who serve indigent persons in other contexts, such as legal aid attorneys, are not exempt from potential malpractice claims. Finally, we are not persuaded that an actual inno cence requirement is needed to prevent a proliferation of nuisance suits. A criminal malpractice plaintiff still must obtain relief from the co nviction. See Trobaugh , 668 N.W.2d at 583 ; see also Wiley , 966 P.2d at 994 (Mosk,
J. , dissenting) (asserting that the postconviction relief requirement “will screen out frivolous malpractice claims” obviating the need for an actual innocence requirement). And unless the plaintiff ’ s claim is based on standards of care and professionalism u nderstood and expected by laypersons, the plaintiff will have to retain an expert to go forward

. See Wilson v. Vanden Berg , 687 N.W.2d 575, 583 (Iowa 2004). Furthermore , attorneys will still be able to avail themselves of traditional malpractice
defenses

. See Cort Thomas, Note, Criminal Malpractice: Avoiding the Chutes and Using the Ladders , 37 Am. J. Crim. L. 331, 342 (2010) (outlining a vailable defenses for defendant attorneys in criminal malpractice actions)

. Barker’s former attorneys emphasize that persons suing the State under chapter 663A for wrongful imprisonment are required to prove
actual innocence

. See Iowa Code § 663A.1(2) (requiring proof of actual innocence by clear and convincing evidence); State v. DeSimone , 839 N.W.2d 660, 665 (Io wa 2013); State v. McCoy , 742 N.W.2d 593, 599 (Iowa 2007). However, the two types of actions serve different purposes. The wrongful

- imprisonment statute is a limited exception to sovereign20 immunity intended to provide some compensation regardless of faul t to “innocent persons who have been wrongfully convicted and imprisoned.” McCoy , 742 N.W.2d at 596

. A l egal malpractice claim is design ed to compensate the client for her or his attorney’s breach of duty. See
Sladek v. K M art Corp. , 493 N.W.2d 838, 840 (Iowa 1992) (“The goal in legal malpractice is to put clients in the position they would have occupied had the attorney not been negligent.”)

. To the extent statutes are relevant, we believe Iowa Code section 815.10(6) has more bearing on the present cas e than c hapter 663A. Section 815.10(6), which governs appointed counsel, provides, An attorney appointed under this section is not liable to a person represented by the attorney for damages as a result of a conviction in a criminal case unless the court d etermines in a postconviction proceeding or o n direct appeal that the person’ s conviction resulted from ineffective assistance of counsel, and the ineffective assistance of counsel is the proximate cause of the damage. Thus, the legislature has established immunity for appointed counsel unless a postconviction court determines that the client’s
“conviction resulted from ineffective assistance of counsel

. ” This is
similar to the “relief from a conviction” prerequisite that we recognized
under the common law in Trobaugh

. See 668 N.W.2d at 583

. Section 815.10(6) does not contain an actual innocence requirement , though. In short, Barker’s former attorneys ask us to impose an actual innocence requirement as a matter of common law that the leg islature has decl ined to provide for appointed counsel as a matter of sta tutory law. Hence, for the reasons stated, we conclude that a client’s showing of actual innocence is not a prerequisite to bringing a legal malpractice claim against a form er criminal defense attorney.21

IV. Conclusion
. For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the summary judgment of
the district court and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion

. 4
REVERSED AND REMANDED. All justices concur except Zager and Waterman, JJ., who di ssent.

4 Cap otosto and Magee’s summary judgment motion argued as an alternative ground that Barker could not establish causation as a matter of law. The district court did not reach this issue, granting summary judgment only on the basis of Barker’s inability to esta blish his actual innocence. On appeal, Magee argues this alternative ground only briefly, and Capotosto does not argue it at all. In light of the fact that the district court did not reach this issue, we believe it would be prudent for us not to reach it as well. We leave it open for the parties to brief and for the district court to consider on remand.22

#14

– 1550, Barker v. Capotosto ZAGER, Justice (dissenting). I respectfully dissent. For the reasons stated below, I would affirm the summary judgment ruling of the district court and join the majority of states in adopting the “actual innocence” requirement for a criminal defendant to pursue a criminal malpractice claim. The majority has done a thorough analysis of the dozen or more jurisdictions that have considered and adopted the actual innocence requirement in criminal malpractice claims. See Wiley v. County of San Diego , 966 P.2d 983, 991 (Cal. 1998); Schreiber v. Rowe , 814 So. 2d 396,
399

– 400 (Fla. 2002) (per curiam); Glenn v. Aiken , 569 N.E.2d 783, 787

– 88 (Mass. 1991); Rodriguez v. Nielsen , 609 N.W.2d 368, 374

– 75 (Neb. 2000); Morgano v. Smith , 879 P.2d 735, 738 (Nev. 1994); Mahoney v. Shaheen, Cappiello, Stein & Gordon, P.A. , 727 A.2d 996, 999

– 1000 (N.H. 1999); Carmel v. Lunney , 511 N.E.2d 1126, 1128 (N.Y. 1987); Ang v.
Martin , 114 P.3d 637, 642 (Wash. 2005); Humphries v. Detch , 712 S .E.2d 795, 801 (W. Va. 2011). The majority also did a thorough analysis of alternative approaches to the actual innocence requirement in other jurisdictions, so I will not repeat them here. While the majority does not find the justifications utilized by the above jurisdictions persuasive, whether based on policy considerations or not, I do find them persuasive. We only need to look at the facts of this case to demonstrate that a clear, common sense approach requiring a prerequisite of actual innocence is the appropriate approach. Barker was initially charged with several offenses, including attempted enticement of a minor, an aggravated misdemeanor. Through plea negotiations, the court granted the State’s request to amend the trial
information to an offe nse that was later determined to not be a23 recognizable crime. Barker pleaded guilty to the crime and was sentenced to prison in December 2006. The prison sentence was suspended. After less than two years of unsuccessful supervised probation, Barker’s pr obation was revoked on October 30, 2008. Barker filed an application for postconviction relief on October 1, 2009, for the first time raising an ineffective

- assistance

- of

- counsel claim because there was no factual basis for his guilty plea to solicitation of a minor to engage in a sex act. In a written ruling, the district court granted the application on February 28, 2011, properly ruling that counsel had been ineffective for allowing Barker to plead guilty to a crime that did not
exist. The court vacat ed the conviction and sentence. It is at this point that the actual innocence requirement may have its greatest impact on our analysis. Postconviction relief returns the case to the district court for further proceedings. Once there, it is left to the

u nbridled discretion of the county attorney whether to pursue the original charges, or any charges. In this case, the county attorney apparently made the determination not to continue with the prosecution of Barker. There are a multitude of reasons why a county attorney may choose not to further prosecute a defendant. It is not up to us to second guess those reasons. However, Barker does not dispute that his conduct was the crime of attempted enticement of a child in violation of Iowa
Code section 710.10 (3), an aggravated misdemeanor, the first count charged in the original trial information. See Iowa Code § 710.10(3) (2005). Clearly under the actual innocence requirement employed by the majority of jurisdictions, a plea to the charge would eliminate an y cause of action for criminal malpractice, as I think it properly should. In my opinion, an admission by the malpractice claimant of actual guilt to a crime should also eliminate any claim for criminal malpractice. Whether24

there is a conviction for a cr iminal offense or an acknowledgement of guilt by the defendant, this is a logical basis to preclude a claim for criminal malpractice. This brings us to an analysis of the concept of exoneration. The majority cites with approval the recent Kansas Supreme C ourt case of Mashaney v. Board of Indigents’ Defense Services , 355 P.3d 667 (Kan. 2015). In that case, the court noted that in a prior decision it had adopted the “exoneration rule” under which the defendant had to obtain
relief from his or her conviction before bringing a criminal malpractice
claim. Id. at 673

– 74 (discussing Canaan v. Bartee , 72 P.3d 911 (Kan. 2003)). As noted by the majority, the Kansas approach mirrors that taken by the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers. Compare id. at
681

– 87, with Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 53, at 389 (Am. Law Inst. 2000)

. With regard to criminal malpractice claims, the Restatement concludes that “it is not necessary to prove that the convicted defendant was in fact innocent,” though i t notes that “most jurisdictions addressing the issue have stricter rules.” Restatement § 53
cmt. d , at 392. The Restatement adds, “As required by most jurisdictions addressing the issue, a convicted defendant seeking damages for malpractice causing a co nviction must have had that conviction set aside when process for that relief on the grounds asserted in the malpractice action is available.” Id. As noted by the majority, this is the approach taken by the Iowa legislature with respect to court

appointe d counsel. See Iowa Code § 815.10(6). However, there are two problems with reliance on this Code section. First, we need to have an approach which addresses all criminal malpractice claims, not just those against court

- appointed counsel. Second, even t he statute itself requires
that the “ineffective assistance of counsel is the proximate cause of the25 damage.” Id. (emphasis added). The issue of proximate cause will be discussed later in this dissent. While I acknowledge that we often look to
the Resta tement for guidance, we should only rely on the Restatement to the extent we are persuaded that it is correct. I do not find the approach taken by the Restatement and like

- minded jurisdictions to be persuasive.
The Kansas court believed that this exonerat ion requirement effectively precluded the bringing of frivolous malpractice claims by
criminal defendants. Mashaney , 355 P.3d at 685. Similarly, the majority concludes that the exoneration rule serves as an important screen against unwarranted claims and “preserves key principles of judicial economy and comity.” Trobaugh v. Sondag , 668 N.W.2d 577, 583 (Iowa 2003). While I agree it is an important screen, I do not think it goes far enough. The purpose of postconviction relief is not to determine
whether a convicted defendant is actually innocent, but rather whether that person is not legally guilty. Postconviction relief exists to provide relief for defendants, irrespective of their actual innocence. That is to say, I agree that postconviction relief i s a necessary, but not sufficient, prerequisite for raising a criminal malpractice claim. As will be discussed, actual innocence is necessary to establish an unbroken causal nexus between the criminal defense counsel’s alleged malpractice
and the harm suf fered. In advocating for the adoption of the actual innocence requirement, a causation analysis needs to be part of the review of any potential criminal malpractice action. However, this analysis and screening is more appropriately conducted prior to tria l, either through a motion to dismiss the claim or through a motion for summary judgment as was attempted here. The majority properly sets forth what a party must show to establish a prima facie claim of legal malpractice. The third element is26

that the a ttorney’s breach was the proximate cause of injury to the client.
Ruden v. Jenk , 543 N.W.2d 605, 610 (Iowa 1996). As noted by the Washington Supreme Court: The fourth element, proximate causation, includes “[c]ause in fact and legal causation.” Cause in fact, or “but for” causation refers to “the physical connection between an act and an injury.” In a legal malpractice trial, the “trier of fact will be asked to decide what a reasonable jury or fact finder [in the underlying trial or ‘trial within a tria l’] would have done but for the attorney’s negligence.” Legal causation, however, presents a question of law: “It involves a determination of whether liability should attach as a matter of law given the existence of cause in fact.” To determine whether t he cause in fact of a plaintiff’s harm should also be deemed the legal cause of that harm, a court may consider, among other things, the public policy implications of holding the defendant liable. Ang , 114 P.3d at 640 (quoting Hartley v. State , 698 P.2d 77 , 82

– 83 (Wash. 1985); Daugert v. Pappas , 704 P.2d 600, 603 (Wash. 1985) (emphasis added)). I agree with the position articulated by the Washington Supreme Court that the need to establish actual innocence, not simply legal innocence, is essential to provin g proximate causation

— both cause in fact and legal causation. Id. In Ang , the plaintiffs claimed that legal causation or innocence was established by a not guilty verdict in a criminal prosecution. Id. at 641. In our case, according to the majority,
le gal causation is established by the finding of ineffective assistance of counsel in a postconviction action. I do not believe that legal causation
can be established under either circumstance absent actual innocence. Since I believe that legal causation is a matter of law that can be determined by the district court, and that this can only be established by actual innocence, the district court was correct in granting summary judgment to the defendants.27 The Washington Supreme Court also included within its proximate cause analysis a consideration of public policy in support of requiring
actual innocence: Unless criminal malpractice plaintiffs can prove by a preponderance of the evidence their actual innocence of the charges, their own bad acts, not the alle ged negligence of defense counsel, should be regarded as the cause in fact of their harm. Likewise, if criminal malpractice plaintiffs cannot prove their actual innocence under the civil standard, they will be unable to establish, in light of significant public policy considerations, that the alleged negligence of their defense counsel was the legal cause of their harm. Summarizing the policy concerns, the Falkner court observed that, “[r]equiring a defendant to prove by a preponderance of the evidence th at he is innocent of the charges against him will prohibit criminals from benefitting from their own bad acts, maintain respect for our criminal justice system[’]s procedural protections, remove the harmful chilling effect on the defense bar, prevent suits from criminals who may be guilty, [but] could have gotten a better deal, and prevent a flood of nuisance litigation.”
Id. at 642 (quoting Falkner v. Foshaug , 29 P.3d 771, 776 (Wash. Ct. App. 2001) (footnote omitted)). These are all sound policy reasons w hich support adopting an actual innocence requirement. On a final note, the majority gives inadequate weight to the significant policy reasons for requiring proof of actual innocence as an additional prerequisite for a prima facie criminal malpractice cas e. See Cort Thomas, Note, Criminal Malpractice: Avoiding the Chutes and Using
the Ladders , 37 Am. J. Crim. L. 331, 345

– 46 (2010) [hereinafter Thomas] (outlining the various public policy reasons that courts have found persuasive when adopting an actual in nocence requirement). New York has adopted the actual innocence requirement in criminal malpractice cases where a defendant is seeking pecuniary damages. See Dombrowski
v. Bulson , 971 N.E.2d 338, 340

– 41, (N.Y. 2012); Carmel , 511 N.E.2d at
1128. In a more specific case, when New York’s highest court was faced28 with a criminal malpractice case where the defendant was also seeking nonpecuniary damages, the court recognized that expanding criminal malpractice liability would restrict access to justice, sta ting that: Allowing this type of recovery would have, at best, negative and, at worst, devastating consequences for the criminal justice system. Most significantly, such a ruling could have a chilling effect on the willingness of the already strapped defe nse bar to represent indigent accused. Further, it would put attorneys in the position of having an incentive not to participate in post

- conviction efforts to overturn wrongful convictions.
Dombrowski , 971 N.E.2d at 340

– 41. The same rationale extends to the situation before us, because the approach adopted by the majority places an unnecessary burden on the defense bar. I also note that, in this case, the majority has not applied any limiting language that would restrict criminal malpractice liability to only pecuniary damages. The need to attract competent criminal defense attorneys is great. “The public has a strong interest in encouraging the representation of criminal defendants, particularly those who are ruled to be indigent.”
Glenn , 569 N.E.2d at 788. Establishing an actual innocence requirement “helps to encourage that kind of legal representation by reducing the risk that malpractice claims will be asserted and, if asserted, will be
successful.” Id. This is particularly true today, when more than eighty percent of all criminal defendants in this country are represented by
court

- appointed counsel, under the burden of increasing caseloads and shrinking budgets. Peter A. Joy, Ensuring the Ethical Representation of Clients in the Face of Excessiv e Caseloads , 75 Mo. L. Rev. 771, 774 (2010). While certainly not an excuse, I believe any attorney with a substantial criminal defense practice will be subject to a significant increase in vexatious litigation with its corresponding expense, absent29

some l ogical gate

- keeping function

— which the actual innocence requirement provides. This can be easily accomplished and is not a drastic change in our tort law. It simply requires that a plaintiff plead actual innocence as a prerequisite to the commencement of a criminal malpractice action. The true victims of criminal malpractice, who may be entitled to relief, will become obvious. It makes no sense to simply allow all exonerated defendants, for whatever reason, to be entitled to file a criminal malpractice a ction, perform discovery, procced to trial, and then expect the jury to decide whether the acts of the attorney were the proximate cause of damage to the defendant. This is an unnecessary expense to all parties concerned and a waste of judicial resources. See Thomas, 37 Am. J. Crim. L. at 346 (noting that one pervasive public policy concern is flooding courts with unnecessary cases). The clear and rational solution is to adopt an actual innocence requirement, as a majority of jurisdictions have done. Th en, the courts can evaluate the pleadings, review the factual basis of the claim, allow claims with merit to proceed, and dispose of meritless claims. This is what our court system is designed to do and is fair and reasonable to all parties involved.
Fo r the above reasons, I believe a reasonable threshold showing of actual innocence should be a prerequisite to bringing a criminal malpractice claim, as adopted by the majority of jurisdictions. Plaintiffs
would then be allowed to utilize our traditional t ort rules in the processing of their claims. Since the plaintiff in this action could not meet this reasonable threshold of actual innocence, I would affirm the summary judgment entered by the district court. Waterman, J., joins this dissent.