United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted February 14, 2018

Decided February 22, 2018

Before

WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge

DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge

No. 17-1157

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

WILLIAM BOSWELL,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District 

Court for the Southern District of Indiana, 

Indianapolis Division.

No. 1:12CR00098-001

William T. Lawrence,

Judge.

O R D E R

William Boswell was convicted of possessing a firearm as a felon, 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(g)(1), and sentenced under the Armed Career Criminal Act, id. § 924(e). He filed a 

notice of appeal from his resentencing, which was ordered after Johnson v. United States, 

135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), and Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257 (2016), invalidated the 

residual clause of the Act and held the invalidation retroactive. His attorney moved to 

withdraw on the ground that the appeal is frivolous. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 

738 (1967). Boswell has not responded to counsel’s motion. See 7TH CIR. R. 51(b). 

Counsel submitted a brief explaining the nature of the case and addressing issues that 

an appeal of this kind might be expected to involve. Because the analysis in the brief 

appears thorough, we limit our review to the subjects that counsel discusses. See United 

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
No. 17-1157 Page 2

States v. Bey, 748 F.3d 774, 776 (7th Cir. 2014); United States v. Wagner, 103 F.3d 551, 553 

(7th Cir. 1996).

We begin by describing the history of Boswell’s sentencing. At his original 

sentencing, the district judge deemed Boswell an armed career criminal based on three 

prior felony convictions—one in Indiana for Class C felony battery and two in Florida 

for aggravated battery. He imposed a 235-month prison term, which we affirmed along 

with Boswell’s conviction in United States v. Boswell, 772 F.3d 469, 471 (7th Cir. 2014). 

After the Supreme Court decided Johnson and Welch, Boswell moved to vacate his 

sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. The parties stipulated that resentencing was warranted 

because they believed that Boswell’s three convictions qualified as violent felonies 

under only the invalidated residual clause. The judge vacated the original sentence

based on the parties’ stipulation.

Before resentencing the government changed its position. It argued that all three

of Boswell’s convictions constituted violent felonies under the Act’s elements clause, 

§ 924(e)(2)(B)(i). That clause applies to felonies that include “as an element the use, 

attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another.” At 

resentencing Boswell contended that his Indiana conviction did not meet this definition; 

he raised no argument about his two Florida convictions. Siding with the government, 

the judge concluded that Boswell remained an armed career criminal and resentenced 

him to 211 months followed by 5 years of supervised release. The judge also ordered 

him to pay a fine and special assessment.

Counsel first considers, and correctly rejects as frivolous, an argument that the 

judge erred by ruling that Boswell has three violent felonies under the Act. We begin 

with the Indiana conviction and look to the definition of Class C felony battery that 

applied at the time of Boswell’s conviction, IND. CODE § 35-42-2-1(a)(3) (effective July 1, 

2007 to June 30, 2008). Because the Indiana statute required a touching that either 

caused “serious bodily injury” or was “committed by means of a deadly weapon,”

Boswell’s Indiana conviction for Class C felony battery qualifies as a violent felony 

under the elements clause of § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). See Douglas v. United States, 858 F.3d 1069, 

1071 (7th Cir. 2017) (reasoning that an act that actually causes “serious bodily injury” 

must have entailed physical force within the meaning of the elements clause); see also

United States v. Taylor, 630 F.3d 629, 635 (7th Cir. 2010) (deciding that battery with a 

deadly weapon qualifies as a violent felony under the elements clause). 
No. 17-1157 Page 3

We reach the same conclusion regarding Boswell’s two Florida convictions for 

aggravated battery under § 784.045(1)(a)1 of the Florida Statutes. Because in the district 

court Boswell did not dispute that these convictions were for violent felonies, we would 

review a challenge only for plain error, United States v. Butler, 777 F.3d 382, 387–88 

(7th Cir. 2015), but such a challenge would be frivolous. Section 784.045(1)(a)1 requires 

“great bodily harm, permanent disability, or disfigurement,” all of which entail physical 

force for purposes of the elements clause, i.e., “force capable of causing physical pain or 

injury to another person.” See Curtis Johnson v. United States, 559 U.S. 133, 140 (2010). 

Two other circuits already confirmed that aggravated battery in Florida is a violent 

felony under the elements clause. See Turner v. Warden Coleman FCI (Medium), 709 F.3d 

1328, 1341 (11th Cir. 2013); United States v. Dominguez, 479 F.3d 345, 349 (5th Cir. 2007).

Thus we see no potential argument for plain error.

Boswell’s attorney also considers whether the judge should have “held [the 

government] to the stipulation” that Boswell was not an armed career criminal. The

attorney correctly concludes this contention would be frivolous. Judges are not bound 

by stipulations on legal questions. United States v. Lisk, 522 F.2d 228, 231 n.8 (7th Cir. 

1975); see also United States v. Barnes, 602 F.3d 790, 796 (7th Cir. 2010) (“A stipulation is a 

contract between two parties to agree that a certain fact is true. ... A contract between 

the prosecutor and the defendant cannot bind a third party—the district court 

judge ... .”). Rather judges must independently consider whether a statute requires a 

certain sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(3); United States v. Siegel, 753 F.3d 705, 714 

(7th Cir. 2014); United States v. Moody, 770 F.3d 577, 580 (7th Cir. 2014). The judge did 

exactly this by revisiting the issue of Boswell’s status as an armed career criminal. Nor 

did the law-of-the-case doctrine require the judge to abide by the stipulation. That 

doctrine governs issues of law decided by judges. See Pepper v. United States, 562 U.S. 

476, 506 (2011). Because Boswell’s armed-career-criminal status was tentatively agreed 

upon by the parties, not the judge, no prior ruling governed Boswell’s status at 

resentencing.

Counsel next questions whether the judge misapplied the Sentencing Guidelines.

But counsel cannot identify any possible error; nor can we. The judge correctly 

calculated a Guidelines imprisonment range of 235 to 293 months based on a total 

offense level of 33 and a criminal history category of VI. Boswell’s total offense level 

reflected his status as an armed career criminal. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(a), (b)(3)(B). And 

his criminal history category of VI was the result of a correct calculation of 17 criminal 

history points. Id. § 4B1.4(c)(1). Two of those points were assessed because Boswell was 
No. 17-1157 Page 4

on probation at the time of his arrest, id. § 4A1.1(d), and the others resulted from his 

qualifying convictions under § 4A1.1(a).

Lastly, the attorney has considered whether he could contend that Boswell’s 

sentence is substantively unreasonable, but he has rightly concluded this argument 

would be pointless. Boswell’s below-Guidelines prison term and within-Guidelines 

period of supervised release are presumed reasonable. See United States v. White, 

868 F.3d 598, 603 (7th Cir. 2017); United States v. Jones, 774 F.3d 399, 404 (7th Cir. 2014).

Counsel has not identified any reason to rebut those presumptions; nor have we.

At resentencing the judge assessed Boswell’s arguments in mitigation and properly 

evaluated the sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Boswell argued that a prison 

term of 180 months was “sufficient” based on his harsh childhood and good conduct in

prison. As to good conduct, Boswell pointed to several factors: he had worked to pay 

his special assessment and some of his fine, taken prison classes, and received only one 

conduct report early in his term. The judge mentioned these aspects of Boswell’s

personal history, acknowledging that he lacked childhood role models and “maybe” 

had “turned around to some degree” in prison. The judge credited him for working to 

pay his sentencing obligations; for taking classes in anger management, personal 

development, and drug education; and for his lack of recent conduct reports. 

Nonetheless, the judge adequately justified a 211-month term (which was 24 months 

less than the original sentence) by saying Boswell had “show[n] little or no respect for 

the law” before his incarceration. In particular, at trial Boswell had lied about 

possessing the gun for which he was convicted, despite “overwhelming evidence” of 

his crime. The judge’s balancing of these factors is reasonable, so it would be frivolous 

to ask us to substitute a different judgment if this case were to be argued on the merits.

United States v. Warner, 792 F.3d 847, 856 (7th Cir. 2015),

Counsel’s motion to withdraw is GRANTED and the appeal is DISMISSED.