# Patent

## Title
Semiconductro laser device

## Abstract

This semiconductor laser device has the same structure as the conventional broad-area type semiconductor laser device, except that both side regions of light emission areas of active and clad layers are two-dimensional-photonic-crystallized. The two-dimensional photonic crystal formed on both side regions of the light emission area is the crystal having the property that 780 nm laser light cannot be wave-guided in a resonator direction parallel to a striped ridge within the region. The light traveling in the direction can exist only in the light emission area sandwiched between two photonic crystal regions, which results in the light laterally confined by the photonic crystal region. The optical confinement of the region suppresses the loss in the light at both edges of the stripe serving as the boundary of the optical confinement, which reduces the curve of wave surface and uniforms the light intensity distributions of NFP and FFP.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a Continuation Application of Divisional application Ser. No. 11/790,532, filed Apr. 26, 2007, which is a Divisional Application of Parent application Ser. No. 10/702,604, filed Nov. 2, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,248,612, issued Jul. 24, 2007. The present application is based on Japanese Priority Document JP2002-338782, filed in the Japanese Patent Office on Nov. 22, 2002, the entire contents of which being incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor laser device and a method of manufacturing the same, and relates more particularly to a broad-area type semiconductor laser device in which light intensity distributions of a near field pattern (hereafter, referred to as NFP) and a far field pattern (hereafter, referred to as FFP) are uniform, and to a method of manufacturing such a semiconductor laser device.
2. Description of Related Art
The broad-area type semiconductor laser device in which a stripe width is larger than 10 μm is frequently used for a light source of a laser printer or a display apparatus, as a high output type semiconductor laser device.
Here, the configuration of a conventional AlGaAs-based broad-area type semiconductor laser device is described with reference to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 is a sectional view showing the configuration of the AlGaAs-based broad-area type semiconductor laser device. A conventional AlGaAs-based broad-area type semiconductor laser device 10 (hereafter, referred to as a conventional semiconductor laser device 10) is the semiconductor laser device for oscillating a laser light whose wavelength is 780 nm. As shown in FIG. 5, this has the multilayer structure composed of an n-Al0.7Ga0.3As clad layer 14, an n-Al0.3Ga0.7As guide layer 16, an Al0.1Ga0.9As active layer 18, a p-Al0.3Ga0.7As guide layer 20, a p-Al0.7Ga0.3As clad layer 22 and a p-GaAs cap layer 24, which are grown sequentially on an n+-GaAs substrate 12.
In the multilayer structure, the upper layers of the p-GaAs cap layer 24 and the p-AlGaAs clad layer 22 are processed as striped ridges, and n-GaAs current block layers 26 are embedded on both sides of the ridges. A p-side electrode 28 is formed on the p-GaAs cap layer 24 and the n-GaAs current block layer 26, and an n-side electrode 30 is formed on the rear surface of the n+-GaAs substrate 12.
When the above-mentioned conventional semiconductor laser device is manufactured, the n-Al0.7Ga0.3As clad layer 14, the n-Al0.3Ga0.7As guide layer 16, the Al0.1Ga0.9As active layer 18, the p-Al0.3Ga0.7As guide layer 20, the p-Al0.7Ga0.3As clad layer 22 and the p-GaAs cap layer 24 are epitaxially grown sequentially on the n+-GaAs substrate 12 by using a metal organic chemical vapor deposition method (MOCVD method) and the like. Consequently, the multilayer structure is formed. Next, in the multilayer structure, the upper layers of the p-GaAs cap layer 24 and the p-AlGaAs clad layer 22 are etched to thereby form the striped ridges. Subsequently, the n-GaAs current block layers 26 are embedded and grown on both sides of the ridges, and the ridges are embedded. Next, the p-side electrode 28 is formed on the p-GaAs cap layer 24 and the n-GaAs current block layer 26, and the rear surface of the n+-GaAs substrate 12 is polished to thereby adjust the thickness of the substrate. After that, the n-side electrode 30 is formed on the rear surface (for example, refer to a non-patent document 1).
The lateral mode of the laser light emitted from the semiconductor laser device has a large influence on the suitability of the device property of the semiconductor laser device when the semiconductor laser device is applied as the light source. In short, the lateral mode control to stably control the light mode in the lateral direction of the laser light emitted from the semiconductor laser device to a basic (0-th) mode is one of the important points for the control of the semiconductor laser device. In particular, the broad-area type semiconductor laser device as mentioned above has the wide stripe width. Thus, the lateral mode is apt to be a multi mode. Hence, it is difficult that the light intensity distributions of the NFP and the FFP become uniform. If the semiconductor laser device, in which the light intensity distributions of the NFP and the FFP are not uniform, is used as the light sources for printing and the like, the irregularity in the light intensity is brought about to thereby bring about the irregularity in printed characters. Also, if this is applied to a display, the image quality of a displayed image is deteriorated.
[Non-Patent Document 1]
“Basics and Application of Understandable Semiconductor Laser Device” Written by Shoji Hirata, Edited by Ohmsha Ltd. in 2001, pages 180 to 182.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, there has been a need to provide a semiconductor laser device in which the light intensity distributions of NFP and FFP are uniform, and a method of manufacturing the same.
By the way, the irregularities in the intensities of the NFP and the FFP are thought to be caused by the fact that a wave-guide surface is curved, in addition to the fact that the lateral mode is a multi-mode vibration. That is, the fact that the curve of the wave-guide surface causes the light intensity to tend to be concentrated on edges of both sides of the stripe is thought to be one factor of the occurrence of the irregularities in the intensities of the NFP and the FFP. One of the causes of the curved wave-guide surface results from the delay in the travel of the wave-guidance because the loss of the light occurs at the edges of both sides of the stripe.
So, the present inventors thought up the idea of suppressing the loss of the light at both side edges of the stripe and suppressing the curve of the wave-guide surface and thereby uniforming the light intensity distributions of the NFP and the FFP on the wave-guide surface in the semiconductor laser device. Moreover, in the course of continuing with the research to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors thought up the idea of multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallizing, for example, two-dimensional-photonic-crystallizing the regions on both sides of the light emission area or on the light emission area. This is because the two-dimensional photonic crystallization enables the formation of the structure in which the light having a particular wavelength traveling in a particular direction cannot exist, and enables the control of the wave-guide situation to the particular direction of the light having the particular wavelength. The multi-dimensional-photonic-crystal, for example, the two-dimensional photonic crystal, depending on the structure design, disables the existence of the light having the particular wavelength traveling in the particular direction, or enables the promotion of the wave-guidance in the particular direction of the light having the particular wavelength, whereby the wave-guide situation can be controlled.
Then, the present inventors discovered the fact that by introducing the two- or multi-dimensional photonic crystal region into any of the active layer, the guide layer and the clad layer in the semiconductor laser device, and then defining the light emission area on the basis of the photonic crystal region, and thereby controlling the traveling manner of the light wave-guided through the light emission area on the basis of the photonic crystal region, it is possible to uniform the light intensity distributions of the NFP and the FFP in the semiconductor laser device, and thereby possible to control the lateral mode.
The photonic crystal implies “artificial multi-dimensional periodic structure having periodic property of level similar to wavelength of light”, for example, as introduced on a page 1524 of “0 plus E” magazine in December 1999. It should be noted that “this does not indicate so-called optical crystal material”. The above-mentioned periodicity implies the periodicity with regard to the distribution of refractive indexes, in many cases. An example of the photonic crystal is also reported in the same magazine. The photonic crystals in which the periodicities of the refractive index distributions are a two-dimensional direction and a third-dimensional direction are referred to as a two-dimensional photonic crystal and a third-dimensional photonic crystal, respectively.
In other words, the photonic crystal is the structure in which units have different refractive indexes, each of the units has a size similar to a wavelength of a light, and the units are arrayed such that refractive indexes are periodically changed in one-dimension or multi-dimensional area. This is expected as the material that enables an optical device having an excellent optical property, which cannot be obtained from conventional optical materials, to be attained by designing the material and the structure depending on a purpose. For example, an optical wave-guide device, a polarization splitter, a double refraction device for a visible region, and the like, in which the photonic crystal is used, are proposed.
In order to attain the above-mentioned purposes, from the above-mentioned viewpoints, the semiconductor laser device according to the present invention (hereafter, referred to as a first invention) is a semiconductor laser device having a multilayer structure including at least an active layer, a guide layer and a clad layer, wherein regions on both sides of a light emission area in one of the active layer, the guide layer and the clad layer are multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized.
Preferably, the multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized regions on both sides of the light emission area are in the active layer and in the guide layer formed on the active layer, and further, the multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized regions on both sides of the light emission area are multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized to a structure in which a laser light is not wave-guided in a resonator length direction. The multi-dimensional photonic crystallization is carried out thereby to generate the particular region where the light wave-guided in a resonator length direction cannot exist. Then, the particular region is used to carry out an optical confinement. Thus, the loss of the light is suppressed at both edges of the stripe serving as a boundary of the confinement, namely, the boundary between the light emission area and the particular region. The curve of a wave-guide surface is reduced, and the light intensity distributions of the NFP and the FFP are made uniform.
Another semiconductor laser device according to the present invention (hereafter, referred to as a second invention) is a semiconductor laser device having a multilayer structure including at least an active layer, a guide layer and a clad layer, wherein a region on a light emission area of the guide layer formed on the active layer or a region below a light emission area of the guide layer formed under the active layer is multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized. Moreover, regions below both light emission areas of the guide layer formed under the active layer and a compound semiconductor layer formed under the guide layer are multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized.
In the second invention, preferably, the multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized region is formed in such a way that the wave-guidance in the resonator length direction of the laser light is promoted. The multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized region has the crystal structure having the property to promote the wave-guidance of the laser light in the resonator length direction. Thus, the laser light traveling in the resonator direction is affected by the photonic crystallization region and stably wave-guided in the resonator length direction.
In the multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized region of the concrete embodiments in the first and second inventions, micro pores extended in a direction vertical to a P—N junction plane of the compound semiconductor layer constituting the multilayer structure are arranged at a periodic array. The present invention can be applied without any restriction on the composition of the compound semiconductor layer of the multilayer structure constituting the semiconductor laser device and the kind of the substrate. For example, it can be applied to the semiconductor laser device of an AlGaAs-based, a GaN-based, an InP-based and the like. In particular, it can be preferably applied to the broad-area type semiconductor laser device in which the width of the light emission area extended in the stripe shaped on the surface parallel to the P-N junction plane of the compound semiconductor layer constituting the multilayer structure is 10 μm or more. Also, it can be preferably applied to a so-called edge-emitting semiconductor laser device in which a light output direction is not vertical to the P-N junction plane.
A method of manufacturing a semiconductor laser device according to the present invention (hereafter, referred to as a first invention method) is a method of manufacturing a semiconductor laser device having a multilayer structure including at least an active layer, a guide layer and a clad layer; including the steps of: growing a predetermined compound semiconductor layer, and forming the multilayer structure having the guide layer on the active layer; forming micro pores extended in a multilayer direction of the multilayer structure so as to form a periodic array, on both side regions of a light emission area of the guide layer, and carrying out a multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallization; growing the clad layer on the guide layer that includes the multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized region, and further forming a predetermined compound semiconductor layer thereon, to form the multilayer structure.
Another method of manufacturing a semiconductor laser device according to the present invention (hereafter, referred to as a second invention method) is a method of manufacturing a semiconductor laser device having a multilayer structure including at least an active layer, a guide layer and a clad layer; including the steps of: growing a predetermined compound semiconductor layer, and forming the multilayer structure having the guide layer on the active layer; forming micro pores extended in a multilayer direction of the multilayer structure so as to form a periodic array, on a region of a light emission area of the guide layer, and carrying out a multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallization; and growing the clad layer on the guide layer that includes the multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized region, and further forming a predetermined compound semiconductor layer, to form the multilayer structure.
At the step of forming the micro pores extended in the multilayer direction of the multilayer structure so as to form the periodic array and then carrying out the multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallization, the typical photo lithography technique and etching processing technique are used to form the micro pores at the periodic array.
As mentioned above, according to the first invention, the regions on both sides of the light emission area in any layer of the active layer, the guide layer and the clad layer are multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized, for example, two-dimensional-photonic-crystallized to thereby generate the particular region, in which the light wave-guided in the resonator length direction can not exist, on both sides of the light emission area. Then, the particular region is used to carry out the optical confinement. Consequently, the loss of the light at both edges of the stripe serving as the boundary of the optical confinement, namely, the boundary between the light emission area and the particular region is suppressed, which reduces the curve of the wave-guide surface and uniforms the light intensity distributions of the NFP and the FFP.
According to the second invention, the region on the light emission area or below the light emission area of the guide layer, and the guide layer formed below the light emission area and the compound semiconductor layer formed under the guide layer are multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized, for example, two-dimensional-photonic-crystallized, which thereby enables the multi-dimensional-photonic-crystallized region to have the crystal structure having the property to promote the wave-guidance of the laser light in the resonator length direction. Moreover, the laser light traveling in the resonator length direction is affected by the photonic crystallization region and stably wave-guided in the resonator length direction. Hence, the semiconductor laser device can be attained in which the light intensity distributions of the NFP and the FFP are uniform.
The first and second invention methods are suitable for the broad-area type semiconductor laser device in which the stripe width of the light emission area is 10 μm or more.
Each of the first and second invention methods attains the manufacturing method suitable for the semiconductor laser device according to the first and second inventions.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing a configuration of a semiconductor laser device of a first embodiment;
FIGS. 2A, 2B are sectional views at main steps when the above-mentioned semiconductor laser device 40 is manufactured in accordance with a method in the first embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing a configuration of a semiconductor laser device of a third embodiment;
FIGS. 4A, 4B are sectional views of the above-mentioned semiconductor laser device 40 at main process steps when it is manufactured in accordance with a method in a second embodiment; and
FIG. 5 is a sectional view showing a configuration of a conventional broad-area type semiconductor laser device.



DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in concrete and in detail by exemplifying embodiments and referring to the attached drawings. By the way, a film forming method, a composition and a film thickness of a compound semiconductor layer, a ridge width, a processing condition and the like, which are described in the following embodiments, are one exemplification to easily understand the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not limited to this exemplification.
First Embodiment of Semiconductor Laser Device
This embodiment is one example of the semiconductor laser device according to the present invention. FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing the configuration of the semiconductor laser device of this embodiment. In the members shown in FIG. 1, the same symbols are given to the same members as those in FIG. 5. A semiconductor laser device 40 in this embodiment is the broad-area type semiconductor laser device whose oscillation wavelength is 780 nm. As shown in FIG. 1, this has the same configuration and the same layer structure as the conventional broad-area type semiconductor laser device 10, except that the two-dimensional photonic crystallization is performed on regions 44 on both sides of a light emission area 42 of an AlGaAs active layer 18 and a p-AlGaAs guide layer 20. Here, the light emission area 42 is the region immediately under a striped p-GaAs cap layer 24 surrounded by an n-GaAs current block layer 26.
The structure of the two-dimensional photonic crystal formed in the regions 44 on both sides of the light emission area 42 is the structure in which innumerable micro pores extended in the direction vertical to the substrate surface of an n+-GaAs substrate 12 are arranged in the regions 44 on both sides of the light emission area 42 in a periodic array, as shown in FIG. 2B, and this is the crystal structure having the property that the laser light of 780 nm can not be wave-guided in a direction (a direction of a resonator length, namely, a direction represented by a narrow in FIG. 2B) parallel to a striped ridge within the region 44. Thus, the light of 780 nm traveling in the resonator direction can exist only in the light emission area 42 surrounded by the two photonic crystal regions 44. Hence, it becomes at the situation of a lateral optical confinement caused by the photonic crystal region 44.
In the semiconductor laser device 40 in this embodiment, as mentioned above, the two-dimensional photonic crystallization is carried out to thereby generate the region 44 where the light wave-guided in the resonator length direction cannot exist, and the region 44 is used to carry out the optical confinement. Thus, the loss of the light is suppressed at both edges of the stripe serving as the boundary of the optical confinement, namely, the boundary between the region 42 and the region 44. The curve of a wave-guide surface is reduced. Hence, the light intensity distributions of the NFP and the FFP become uniform.
First Embodiment of Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Laser Device
This embodiment is one example in which the manufacturing method of the semiconductor laser device according to the first invention method is applied to the above-mentioned manufacturing of the semiconductor laser device 40. FIGS. 2A, 2B are sectional views of the above-mentioned semiconductor laser device 40 at the main process steps when it is manufactured in accordance with the method in this embodiment. In the members shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B, the same symbols are given to the same members as those in FIG. 5. In accordance with the method of this embodiment, when the above-mentioned semiconductor laser device 40 is manufactured, at first, the n-Al0.7Ga0.3As clad layer 14, the n-Al0.3Ga0.7As guide layer 16, the Al0.1Ga0.9As active layer 18 and the p-Al0.3Ga0.7As guide layer 20 are epitaxially grown sequentially on the n+-GaAs substrate 12 by using the metal organic chemical vapor deposition method (MOCVD method) and the like, as shown in FIG. 2A, similarly to the conventional method, whereby the multilayer structure is formed.
After the formation of the multilayer structure, a wafer is taken out of a crystal growing apparatus. Subsequently, a mask (not shown) that has the pattern in which micro pores are arrayed at a periodic array on the region 44 where the photonic crystallization is performed, namely, the stripe-shaped region 44 on both sides of the light emission area 42 and perfectly covers the regions except the regions 44 including the light emission area 42 is formed on the p-AlGaAs guide layer 20. For example, photo-resist, SiO2 and the like are used for the mask material. Next, a proper etching method, such as an RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) method and the like, is used to etch the AlGaAs active layer 18 and the p-AlGaAs guide layer 20. When the mask is removed after the etching, the micro pores 46 are formed at the same periodic array as the periodic array of the micro pores formed on the mask, on the region 44 in the p-AlGaAs guide layer 20 and in the AlGaAs active layer 18, as shown in FIG. 2B. Consequently, the two-dimensional photonic crystallization is attained. The depth in the photonic crystallization can be adjusted by adjusting the etching condition and thereby controlling the depth of the vacancies 26.
Next, the wafer is again set in the crystal growing apparatus. Then, the p-Al0.7Ga0.3As clad layer 22 and the p-GaAs cap layer 24 are epitaxially grown to thereby form the multilayer structure. Subsequently, similarly to the conventional method, the ridge is formed and embedded, and the p-side electrode 28 and the n-side electrode 30 are formed.
Second Embodiment of Semiconductor Laser Device
This embodiment is another example of the semiconductor laser device according to the first invention. In the first embodiment, the region 44 is photonic-crystallized and has the structure of the two-dimensional photonic crystal. However, in this embodiment, the region 44 is three-dimensional-photonic-crystallized by a micro processing technique. In the three-dimensional photonic crystal, the proper design of the photonic crystal structure enables the attainment of the condition at which the light having a particular wavelength is never propagated independently of a direction, namely, the light having the particular wavelength can not exist at all. So, the introduction of the three-dimensional photonic crystal structure into the regions 44 enables the regions 44 on both sides of the light emission area 42 to be the region where the laser light cannot exist at all. Thus, in this embodiment, the loss of the light at both edges of the stripe is further suppressed over the first embodiment introducing the two-dimensional photonic crystal, and the curve of a wave-guide surface is reduced thereby to make uniform the light intensity distributions of the NFP and the FFP.
Third Embodiment of the Semiconductor Laser Device
This embodiment is one example of the semiconductor laser device according to the second invention. FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing the configuration of the semiconductor laser device of this embodiment. In the members shown in FIG. 3, the same symbols are given to the same members as those in FIG. 5. A semiconductor laser device 50 in this embodiment is a broad-area type semiconductor laser device whose oscillation wavelength is 780 nm. As shown in FIG. 3, this has the same configuration and the same layer structure as the conventional broad-area type semiconductor laser device 10, except that the a region 54 of the p-AlGaAs guide layer 20 on a light emission area 52 is two-dimensional-photonic-crystallized.
The structure of the two-dimensional photonic crystal formed on the region 54 of the p-AlGaAs guide layer 20 is the structure in which the innumerable micro pores extended in the direction vertical to the substrate surface of the n+-GaAs substrate 12 are arranged in the regions 54 on the light emission area 52 in a periodic array, as shown in FIG. 4B, and this is the crystal structure having the property that the laser light of 780 nm promotes the wave guidance in a direction (a direction of a resonator length, namely, a direction represented by an arrow in FIG. 4B) parallel to the striped ridge. In other words, the structure of the two-dimensional photonic crystal shown in FIG. 2B is the structure to promote the light, in which the oscillation wavelength of the laser is, for example, 780 nm, to be wave-guided in the arrow direction (the direction of the resonator) in FIG. 4B. Thus, it is difficult that the light in the direction different from the arrow direction is wave-guided.
Consequently, the light of 780 nm traveling in the resonator direction is affected by the photonic crystallized region 44 and stably wave-guided in the resonator length direction (the arrow direction in FIG. 4B). Also, the vacancies constituting the photonic crystal structure are uniformly formed throughout the region 54 at the equal interval. Thus, the influence of the wave-guidance also promoted by the region 54 has the uniform influence on the entire area within the stripe (the light emission area). Hence, the light is wave-guided at the uniform intensity within the stripe. In this way, the region where the wave-guidance in the particular direction of the light having the particular wavelength is promoted is used to carry out the optical confinement, which can attain the stabilization and the uniformity of the intensities of the wave-guided lights and can also uniform the light intensity distributions of the NFP and the FFP.
Second Embodiment of Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Laser Device
This embodiment is one example in which the manufacturing method of the semiconductor laser device according to the second invention method is applied to the above-mentioned manufacturing of the semiconductor laser device 50. FIGS. 4A, 4B are respective sectional views of the above-mentioned semiconductor laser device 50 at the main process steps when it is manufactured in accordance with the method in this embodiment. In the members shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, the same symbols are given to the same members as those in FIG. 5. In accordance with the method of this embodiment, when the above-mentioned semiconductor laser device 50 is manufactured, at first, the n-Al0.7Ga0.3As clad layer 14, the n-Al0.3Ga0.7As guide layer 16, the Al0.1Ga0.9As active layer 18 and the p-Al0.3Ga0.7As guide layer 20 are epitaxially grown sequentially on the n+-GaAs substrate 12 by using the metal organic chemical vapor deposition method (MOCVD method) and the like, similarly to the conventional method, whereby the multilayer structure is formed.
After the formation of the multilayer structure, the wafer is taken out of the crystal growing apparatus. Subsequently, on the region 54 where the photonic crystallization is performed, namely, the region 54 on the light emission area 52 of the p-AlGaAs guide layer 20, a mask (not shown) that has the pattern in which the micro pores are arrayed at the periodic array and perfectly covers the regions except the region 54 is formed on the p-AlGaAs guide layer 20. For example, the photo-resist, the SiO2 and the like are used for the mask material. Next, the proper etching method, such as the RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) method and the like, is used to etch the p-AlGaAs guide layer 20. When the mask is removed after the etching, the micro pores 56 are formed at the same periodic array as the periodic array of the micro pores formed on the mask, on the region 54 of the p-AlGaAs guide layer 20, as shown in FIG. 4B. Consequently, the two-dimensional photonic crystallization is attained. The depth in the photonic crystallization can be adjusted by adjusting the etching condition and thereby controlling the depth of the vacancies 56.
Next, the wafer is again set in the crystal growing apparatus. Then, the p-Al0.7Ga0.3As clad layer 22 and the p-GaAs cap layer 24 are epitaxially grown to thereby form the multilayer structure. Subsequently, similarly to the conventional method, a ridge is formed and embedded, and the p-side electrode 28 and the n-side electrode 30 are formed.
In this embodiment, the region 54 on the light emission area 52 is photonic-crystallized. A width of the region 54 on which the photonic crystallization is performed does not need to be perfectly coincident with a width of the light emission area 52. It may be the region 54 having a width slightly larger than that of the light emission area 52. Also, in this embodiment, it is necessary to define a thickness in such a way that a thickness of the layer on which the photonic crystallization is performed is a thickness in a range in which the active layer 18 is not damaged and that the light wave-guided through the active layer 18 receives the influence of the photonic crystallization region.
Fourth Embodiment of Semiconductor Laser Device
This embodiment is still another example of the semiconductor laser device according to the second invention. In the third embodiment, the region 54 of the p-AlGaAs guide layer 20 is photonic-crystallized so that it has the structure of the two-dimensional photonic crystal. However, in this embodiment, although not shown, the region below the light emission area 52 of the n-AlGaAs guide layer 16 and the region of the n-AlGaAs clad layer 14 under it are two-dimensional-photonic-crystallized. Thus, it is possible to provide the same effect as the third embodiment. When the semiconductor laser device in this embodiment is manufactured, after the formation of the n-AlGaAs guide layer 16, the predetermined region is photonic-crystallized similarly to the manufacturing method of the semiconductor laser device in the second embodiment. Subsequently, similarly to the conventional method, the layers on and after the AlGaAs active layer 18 is epitaxially grown to thereby form the multilayer structure. Then, the ridge is formed, and the semiconductor laser device is manufactured.
In the first to fourth embodiments of the semiconductor laser device and the first and second embodiments of the manufacturing method of the semiconductor laser device, they have been explained by exemplifying the AlGaAs-based semiconductor laser device. However, the present invention is not limited to the AlGaAs-based semiconductor laser device. Naturally, it can be applied to even a semiconductor laser device of a GaN-based, an InP-based and the like.
Finally, the embodiments and examples described above are only examples of the present invention. It should be noted that the present invention is not restricted only to such embodiments and examples, and various modifications, combinations and sub-combinations in accordance with its design or the like may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

## Claims

1. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor laser device, the method comprising the steps of:
forming an active layer between a first guide layer of a first conductivity type and a second guide layer of a second conductivity type;
forming micro pores within said first guide layer, and thereafter;
forming a first clad layer of the first conductivity type between a cap layer of the first conductivity type and said first guide layer,
wherein a light emission area of said active layer has no said micro pores,
wherein said micro pores are within said active layer,
wherein said micro pores form a periodic array.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said second conductivity type is opposite to said first conductivity type.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said first clad layer has no said micro pores.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said second guide layer has no said micro pores.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein a striped ridge of said first clad layer separates current block layers.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said micro pores are between said second guide layer and said striped ridge.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said micro pores are between said second guide layer and said current block layers.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said micro pores are formed by an etching method.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said second guide layer is an n-Al0.3Ga0.7As layer.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein said active layer is an Al0.1Ga0.9As layer.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein said first guide layer is a p-Al0.7Ga0.7As layer.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein said first clad layer is a p-Al0.7Ga0.3As layer.

13. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cap layer is a p-GaAs layer.

14. The method according to claim 1, wherein a second clad layer of the second conductivity type is between said second guide layer of the second conductivity type and a substrate.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein said second clad layer is an n-Al0.7Ga0.3As layer.

16. The method according to claim 14, wherein said substrate is an n-GaAs substrate.

17. The method according to claim 14, wherein said micro pores extended in a direction vertical to said substrate.