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No. 00-315 

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 

2001 MT 117 

TUNGSTEN HOLDINGS, INC., a Montana Corporation, 

Plaintiff, Respondent and

Cross-Appellant,

v.

MARIE PARKER,

Defendant and Appellant,

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Nineteenth Judicial District, 

In and for the County of Lincoln,

The Honorable Robert S. Keller, Judge presiding.

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

William A. Douglas, Douglas Law Firm, P.C., Libby, Montana

For Respondent:

Thomas R. Bostock, Warden, Christiansen, Johnson & Berg, PLLP, 

Kalispell, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: January 11, 2001 

Decided: July 10, 2001

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Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

Justice Terry N. Trieweiler delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 The Plaintiff, Tungsten Holdings, Inc., brought this action to quiet title to real property 

in the District Court for the Nineteenth Judicial District in Lincoln County. The District 

Court entered judgment in favor of Tungsten based on its conclusion that the Appellant, 

Marie Parker, had not acquired title to the property by adverse possession. Parker appeals 

from the judgment and Tungsten cross-appeals the District Court's holding that a prior 

lawsuit did not interrupt the five year period for adverse possession. We reverse in part 

and affirm in part the order and judgment of the District Court.

¶2 The following issues are presented on appeal:

¶3 1. Did the District Court err when it concluded that Parker did not pay property taxes as 

required by § 70-19-411, MCA?

¶4 2. Did the District Court err when it concluded that Tungsten's prior lawsuit did not 

interrupt the five year period for adverse possession?

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

¶5 The parties set forth the material facts and issues of law in a Statement of Agreed Facts 

and Stipulation dated June 22, 1999. The stipulated facts indicate that Parker received a 

tax deed to Lots 20 and 34 of the McAlmond Claim from the Lincoln County Treasurer on 

November 24, 1992. Parker recorded the tax deed on December 1, 1992. However, Parker 

failed to pay property taxes on the lots for the 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996 tax years. As a 

result, Lincoln County took a tax sale assignment for the 1993, 1994, and 1995 tax years. 

On June 27, 1997, Parker redeemed the property from the tax assignments taken by 

Lincoln County and paid the 1996 property taxes prior to any tax sale. 

¶6 On or about October 31, 1997, Parker received the Notice of Taxes for 1997 for Lots 

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20 and 34 from the Lincoln County Treasurer. The first installment of the 1997 property 

taxes on Lots 20 and 34 was due on November 30, 1997. Parker did not pay the 1997 

property taxes. Tungsten, after obtaining deeds from the former owners of the lots, paid 

the 1997 property taxes on July 16, 1998 and has paid all further taxes since that date.

¶7 The tax deed Parker received in 1992 was defective. Consequently, Parker's claim to 

Lots 20 and 34 was predicated entirely on Montana's adverse possession statutes found in 

§§ 70-19-407, -408, and - 411 MCA. The parties stipulated that Parker's actions on the 

property since November 24, 1992, satisfied the criteria for adverse possession pursuant to 

§ 70-19-408, MCA, which provides for adverse possession based on a written instrument. 

¶8 Finally, the parties agreed that the issues of law to be resolved by the District Court 

were whether Parker had paid the real property taxes in conformity with § 70-19-411, 

MCA and whether Tungsten's prior lawsuit tolled the five year adverse possession period. 

The parties stipulated that Parker would be entitled to summary judgment in the event that 

the District Court determined that she had paid the property taxes as required by § 70-19-

411, MCA and that the period of adverse possession was not tolled by the prior action. 

Conversely, Tungsten would be entitled to summary judgment quieting title to the 

premises if the District Court determined that Parker had not paid the property taxes or, 

alternatively, that the adverse possession period had been tolled by the prior action. 

Following the submission of opposing motions for summary judgment, the District Court 

concluded that Parker had not paid the real property taxes as required by § 70-19-411, 

MCA and on that basis granted summary judgment to Tungsten quieting title to the 

premises in its favor. The District Court also declared the tax deeds issued to Parker for 

the property null and void and awarded costs to Tungsten. Parker now appeals from the 

judgment of the District Court. Tungsten cross-appeals the District Court's determination 

that the adverse possession period was not tolled by its prior action. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶9 Our standard of review of appeals from summary judgment is de novo. Motarie v. 

Northern Montana Joint Refuse Disposal Dist. (1995), 274 Mont. 239, 242, 907 P.2d 154, 

156. We apply the same criteria which is applied by the district court pursuant to Rule 56

(c), M.R.Civ.P. Spinler v. Allen, 1999 MT 160, ¶ 14, 295 Mont. 139, ¶ 14, 983 P.2d 348, ¶ 

14. The moving party must establish both the absence of genuine issues of material fact 

and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. Hadford v. Credit Bureau of Havre, Inc., 

1998 MT 179, ¶ 14, 289 Mont. 529, ¶ 14, 962 P.2d 1198, ¶ 14. Once the moving party has 

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met its burden, the opposing party must present material and substantial evidence, rather 

than mere conclusory or speculative statements, to raise a genuine issue of material fact.

Hadford, ¶ 14.

DISCUSSION

ISSUE 1

¶10 Did the District Court err when it concluded that Parker did not pay property taxes as 

required by § 70-19-411, MCA?

¶11 Parker contends that the District Court erred when it held that § 70-19-411, MCA 

requires payment of property taxes without consideration of when such taxes are due. 

Parker argues that § 70-19-411, MCA should be interpreted in combination with Title 15 

of the Montana Code. Title 15 includes the statutory provisions for levy, notice, and 

payment of property taxes. 

¶12 It is uncontroverted that Parker's claim to Lots 20 and 34 is based on the theory of 

adverse possession. Pursuant to § 70-19-411, MCA, a party claiming adverse possession 

must occupy the property continuously for five years and must have "paid all the taxes, 

state, county, or municipal, which have been legally levied and assessed upon said land." 

The parties stipulated that Parker's actions on Lots 20 and 34 met the physical 

requirements for adverse possession. However, in the District Court Tungsten argued that 

all property taxes "legally levied and assessed" had not been paid. Parker received notice 

for 1997 property taxes due on Lots 20 and 34 on or about October 31, 1997. Parker has 

not paid those property taxes. Parker's five year period of adverse possession commenced 

when she received the defective tax deeds on November 24, 1992. Therefore, the five year 

adverse possession period would have expired on November 24, 1997. However, the 

District Court held that the 1997 property taxes were "levied and assessed" prior to 

November 24, 1997. Because Parker failed to pay those taxes, the District Court 

concluded that her claim for adverse possession failed.

¶13 Parker contends that § 70-19-411, MCA should be interpreted in combination with 

Title 15's statutory provisions for levy, notice, and payment of property taxes. Parker 

points out that pursuant to § 15-10-305(2), MCA, real estate taxes are levied and assessed 

on the second Monday in October of each taxable year, but that § 15-16-102, MCA 

specifically provides that one-half of each year's property taxes are payable on or before 

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November 30 and the other one-half are payable on or before May 31of the following 

year. Therefore, while taxes against the property for 1997 had been levied prior to the 

expiration of the five year period of adverse possession, those taxes were not delinquent 

until November 30, after the five year period had passed. Parker argues that she paid all 

property taxes that had come due during the five year period. On that basis, she contends 

that the District Court erred in its interpretation of § 70-19-411, MCA. 

¶14 Although we have no prior decision directly on point, we agree that the interpretation 

of § 70-19-411, MCA advocated by Parker is more consistent with rules of statutory 

construction. Based on the longstanding principle that statutes should be interpreted 

whenever possible in a manner which gives effect to all statutory provisions, we conclude 

that § 70-19-411, MCA does not require the payment of taxes which are not yet due in 

order to sustain a claim of adverse possession. See § 1-2-101, MCA. The 1997 taxes on 

the property in question were not due until November 30, 1997. However, Parker's five 

year adverse possession period ended a week earlier on November 24, 1997. Accordingly, 

we reverse the District Court's conclusion that Parker did not meet the requirements of § 

70-19-411, MCA. 

¶15 Tungsten advances alternative arguments for upholding the judgment of the District 

Court. Tungsten first contends that the District Court's judgment should still be upheld 

because Parker's redemption of taxes assessed during the five year adverse possession 

period does not constitute payment. Tungsten argues that despite our holding in Laas v. All 

Persons (1948), 121 Mont. 43, 189 P.2d 670, a redemption of back taxes is not payment of 

taxes within the meaning of § 70-19-411, MCA. Tungsten suggests we now hold that the 

payment of back taxes by redemption does not qualify as payment for purposes of 

establishing adverse possession. Tungsten argues that allowing an adverse possessor to 

wait for years before paying back taxes fails to give notice to the true owner that the land 

is being claimed adversely. 

¶16 We find no reason to overrule Laas. In Laas we held that an adverse possession 

claimant was not required to pay the taxes on time in successive years. Laas, 121 Mont. at 

55, 189 P.2d at 676. We held that the claimant need only show that at some point in time 

the taxes levied and assessed against the subject property during the period of adverse 

possession were paid. Moreover, we note that Tungsten had adequate notice that Lots 20 

and 34 were being claimed adversely. In the Statement of Agreed Facts, the parties 

stipulated that:

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5. The activities physically conducted by the Defendant, upon the premises at issue 

since November 24, 1992, satisfy the criteria for adverse possession of property as 

required by Section 70-19-408, MCA. 

¶17 Tungsten next contends that the adverse possession period could not have commenced 

prior to December 1, 1992, the date Parker recorded the tax deed upon which her claim of 

adverse possession was founded. Again, Tungsten's contention is predicated on a concern 

for notice. As Tungsten states in its brief, "where such claim is founded upon a written 

instrument, notice of the claim can only be imputed to the owner when the instrument is 

recorded." 

¶18 However, Montana's adverse possession statutes, §§ 70-19-404, -406, -407, -408, and -

411, MCA, do not require that the written instrument upon which the adverse possession 

claim is grounded be recorded in order to provide notice of the adverse possession to the 

true owner. In fact, § 70-19-408, MCA lists the physical acts which must be done by the 

adverse claimant in order to provide notice that the land is being adversely possessed. The 

only notice of adverse possession the owner is entitled to receive are those acts and 

conditions described in § 70-19-408, MCA. As discussed above, the parties in this case 

have stipulated that Parker met the criteria for adverse possession as required by § 70-19-

408, MCA.

ISSUE 2

¶19 Did the District Court err when it concluded that Tungsten's prior lawsuit did not 

interrupt the five year period for adverse possession?

¶20 Tungsten cross-appeals the District Court's determination that a prior lawsuit did not 

toll Parker's five year period of adverse possession. Tungsten contends that the five year 

period was interrupted by an action filed by Tungsten in Cause No. DV-95-118. In that 

action, Tungsten requested that title to an easement over Lot 34 of the McAlmond Claim 

be quieted in its favor. The prior action remained pending for a year and a half, from 

November 10, 1995 to May 6, 1997. 

¶21 Tungsten cites Brown v. Cartwright (1973), 163 Mont. 139, 515 P.2d 684; Flathead 

Lumber Corp. v. Everett (1953), 127 Mont. 291, 263 P.2d 376; and Craddock v. Berryman

(1982), 198 Mont. 155, 645 P.2d 399 in support of this argument. While we agree that 

those cases correctly state the rule that the five year period is tolled during the pendency of 

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an action seeking to establish title to the property which conflicts with the title claimed by 

the adverse claimant, we conclude that the rule does not apply to the facts of this case. 

Brown, Flathead Lumber, and Craddock were all actions to quiet title. Cause No. DV-95-

118 simply sought to establish an easement over Lot 34 in Tungsten's favor. It did not 

challenge Parker's title to the property. In fact, by seeking an easement over Lot 34, 

Tungsten acknowledged that it had no ownership interest in the property - "An easement 

creates a nonpossessory right to enter and use land in the possession of another. . ." 

Restatement (Third) of Property § 1.2 (1998). Furthermore, the premise for the easement 

claim was that Parker held title by tax deed. Therefore, the prior action was not an action 

to establish title adverse to Parker and did not interrupt Parker's five year adverse 

possession period.

¶22 We conclude that Parker paid all property taxes which were due on the property in 

question and that the period of adverse possession was not interrupted. Therefore, the 

requirements of § 70-19-411, MCA were satisfied. Consequently, Parker acquired title to 

the premises by adverse possession on November 24, 1997. Accordingly, the judgment of 

the District Court is reversed and this case is remanded to the District Court for entry of 

judgment in favor of Parker. 

/S/ TERRY N. TRIEWEILER

We Concur:

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY

/S/ JIM REGNIER

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

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