Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 15A05-1505-SC-499 | December 29, 2015 Page 1 of 8

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before any 

court except for the purpose of establishing 

the defense of res judicata, collateral 

estoppel, or the law of the case.

APPELLANT PRO SE

Chris E. Harkins

Bunker Hill, Indiana

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE

J. Stephen Smith

Graydon Head & Ritchey LLP

Fort Mitchell, Kentucky

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Chris E. Harkins,

Appellant-Plaintiff,

v.

Quick-Cash Pawn, Inc.,

Appellee-Defendant.

December 29, 2015

Court of Appeals Case No.

15A05-1505-SC-499

Appeal from the Dearborn 

Superior Court No. 1

The Honorable Jonathan N. 

Cleary, Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

15D01-1503-SC-260

Bailey, Judge.
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Case Summary

[1] Chris E. Harkins (“Harkins”), pro se, appeals the trial court’s dismissal of his 

small claims action. Harkins presents one issue for review, which we restate as: 

whether the trial court’s dismissal effectively denied Harkins his constitutional 

right to bring a civil action. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.

Facts and Procedural History

[2] On March 5, 2015, while incarcerated in the Miami Correctional Facility,

Harkins, pro se, filed a small claims action against Quick-Cash Pawn, Inc. 

(“Quick-Cash”), alleging that Quick-Cash “negligently, intentionally and 

wrongfully took possession of” a necklace Harkins pawned in 2014. (App. 9.) 

Harkins also filed a Verified Petition for an Order Waiving Filing Fees and 

Court Costs, to which he attached a report showing his prison trust account 

transaction history. The trial court granted Harkins’s petition to waive fees and 

costs, and set the claim for a bench trial on May 6, 2015.

[3] On April 17, 2015, Harkins requested that the court issue a subpoena to QuickCash to produce certain documents related to his pawn transactions. Harkins

also requested a continuance so that the documents could be produced prior to 

trial. The subpoena was issued to Quick-Cash, but the trial court denied his 

motion to continue. Then, on April 22, 2015, counsel for Quick-Cash entered 
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an appearance and filed a motion to continue. The trial court granted QuickCash’s motion, and the bench trial was rescheduled for May 13, 2015.

1

[4] In a letter dated April 29, 2015 and filed May 4, 2015, Harkins, having not yet 

received the trial court’s order granting Quick-Cash’s motion to continue, 

objected to the motion. In the same letter, Harkins provided the court with 

various exhibits and documents related to his case “in the event a telephonic 

hearing takes place.” (App. 25.) The trial court apparently treated Harkins’s 

letter in part as a motion to participate via telephone.2 In an order dated May 4, 

2015, the trial court “notifie[d] Plaintiff that the request to participate by 

telephone is denied.” (App. 45.) 

[5] Harkins next filed a letter and motion asking the court to issue a transport order

so that he could attend the bench trial. In the alternative, he requested to attend 

via teleconference, video, or telephone using equipment available from the 

prison library. Although not filed until May 11, 2015, the letter and motion 

were dated April 24, 2015, thus predating his previously-filed letter.

3

[6] The bench trial was held as scheduled on May 13, 2015. At the outset, the trial 

court noted that Harkins filed his motion for transport only two days before 

 

1 Quick-Cash’s motion and the court’s order are not included in the Appendix, but were recorded in the 

Chronological Case Summary (“CCS”).

2 The CCS entry for May 4, 2015 reads in part: “motion to continue and participate in hearing telephonically 

w/exhibits filed by [plaintiff.]” (App. 2).

3

It is unclear from the record why the letter and motion dated April 24 were not filed for over two weeks, 

while other letters and motions from Harkins were filed more quickly. 
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trial and that the court “currently does not have the technology to do a 

teleconference hearing[.]” (Tr. 1.) The court therefore denied his motion for 

transport and request to attend via teleconference, video, or telephone. Because 

Harkins was not present, Quick-Cash then orally moved to dismiss. The court 

granted the motion to dismiss and entered a written judgment order stating that 

Harkins did not appear and the claim was dismissed without prejudice. 

[7] By a letter and attachments dated May 12, 2015 and filed May 18, 2015, 

Harkins filed a number of motions based on the trial court’s May 4, 2015 order

denying his request to appear via telephone.

4

 Harkins reasoned that due to the 

court’s order, he was “precluded from prosecuting his claim in the traditional 

manner[.]” (App. 51.) He therefore moved for leave to argue his claim via a 

written brief and accompanying memorandum of law, serve interrogatories in 

lieu of eliciting testimony at trial, and amend his complaint to provide the court 

further information about his claim. On May 19, 2015, the trial court denied 

the motions because “[t]his cause number was dismissed on May 13, 2015.” 

(App. 64.)

[8] Harkins now appeals the trial court’s dismissal of his small claim. 

Discussion and Decision

 

4 Harkins did not receive the court’s May 4 order until May 12. 
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[9] The Indiana Small Claims Rules govern all small claims proceedings in Indiana 

courts. Ind. Small Claims Rule 1(A). “Small claims courts and the small 

claims divisions of general jurisdiction courts are intended to be places where 

justice may be dispensed inexpensively and promptly.” Flint v. Hopkins, 720 

N.E.2d 1230, 1231-32 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). Small Claims Rule 10(A) provides: 

“If the plaintiff fails to appear at the time and place specified in the notice of 

claim, or for any continuance thereof, the court may dismiss the action without 

prejudice.” Rule 10(A) “authorizes dismissal without prejudice when a plaintiff 

has once failed to appear for a hearing.” Wood v. Zeigler Bldg. Materials, Inc., 436 

N.E.2d 1168, 1170 (Ind. Ct. App. 1982).

[10] Harkins failed to appear at the scheduled bench trial (although not because of a 

lack of diligence on his part), and the trial court dismissed the claim without 

prejudice as authorized by Small Claims Rule 10(A). Nevertheless, Harkins 

argues that the trial court’s orders denying his motions – for transport, to attend 

via teleconference, video, or telephone, and later to argue his claim via a 

written brief – effectively denied him his constitutional right to bring a civil 

action. 

[11] Article 1, Section 12 of the Indiana Constitution provides, in part: “All courts 

shall be open; and every person, for injury done to him in his person, property, 

or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law.” A prisoner clearly has 

a constitutional right to bring a civil action against persons who have injured 

him. Zimmerman v. Hanks, 766 N.E.2d 752, 757 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). 
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“Moreover, implicit in this right to bring a civil action is the right to present 

one’s claim to the trial court.” Id. 

[12] Here, the trial court rightly dismissed Harkins’s motion for transport order 

because it was not within the court’s authority to secure his attendance at a civil 

action unrelated to the case resulting in incarceration. See id. (citing Hill v. 

Duckworth, 679 N.E.2d 938, 939 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997). But the trial court also 

denied Harkins’s request to participate telephonically with submitted exhibits 

and his formal motion to proceed via teleconference, video, or telephone in lieu 

of transport. Immediately after receiving notice of the court’s first denial and 

realizing that the court’s order effectively prevented him from prosecuting his 

claim “in the traditional manner” (App. 51), Harkins diligently moved for leave 

to argue his claim via a written brief and accompanying memorandum of law. 

Nevertheless, the court denied his motions because the cause had already been 

dismissed for failure to appear, despite the court’s knowledge that Harkins was 

a prisoner who had been denied the ability to participate via teleconference, 

video, or telephone.

5

 

 

5 Harkins contends that his motions mailed on May 12, 2015, but not filed until May 18, 2015, were subject 

to the prison mailbox rule. The prison mailbox rule “provides that pro se filings from an incarcerated litigant 

are considered filed at the time they are delivered to prison authorities for forwarding to the court.” Lawrence 

v. State, 915 N.E.2d 202, 205 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied. In Indiana, the prison mailbox rule has not 

explicitly been extended to civil filings. However, because we hold that the court’s orders collectively denied 

Harkins an opportunity to present his case, we decline to reach the question of whether the prison mailbox 

rule applies to his filings. 
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[13] As this court has previously observed, a “trial court should not be able to 

deprive a prisoner of his constitutional right to maintain a civil action by 

denying motions that the court can properly deny while concurrently ignoring 

the prisoner’s requests for other methods that would allow the prisoner to 

prosecute from prison.” Zimmerman, 766 N.E.2d at 758. By denying Harkins’s 

motions, the court effectively denied him his constitutional right to prosecute 

his small claim.

[14] In this case, the statute of limitations governing Harkins’s claim will likely

expire before he is released from prison and able to prosecute his claim in 

person.6 Therefore, some means must exist by which Harkins can prosecute his 

claim while still incarcerated so that his constitutional right is not denied. Id. 

At the bare minimum, the court could have granted Harkins’s request to submit 

the case by documentary evidence. But when widely-used cell phone 

technology enables ordinary citizens to communicate via video in real time, we 

are hard-pressed to believe that the trial court could not find some way for 

Harkins to participate remotely so as to provide him with meaningful access to 

the courts and preserve his constitutional right. Nonetheless, we reserve for the 

trial court the decision as to how the hearing should be conducted on remand. 

See Murfitt v. Murfitt, 809 N.E.2d 332, 335 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (after finding 

that an incarcerated defendant was denied the ability to defend his interests in 

 

6 Counsel for Quick-Cash informed the trial court at the bench trial that “Mr. Harkins is incarcerated until 

about two thousand twenty five[.]” (Tr. 1.) 
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divorce proceedings, remanding the case but reserving to the trial court the 

method for conducting a new hearing).

Conclusion

[15] By dismissing Harkins’s case for failure to appear while concurrently denying 

his motions to proceed by alternate means, the trial court effectively denied 

Harkins his constitutional right to prosecute his small claim. We reverse the 

trial court’s dismissal and order the court to provide Harkins some manner of 

prosecuting his claim.

[16] Reversed and remanded.

Vaidik, C.J., and Crone, J., concur.