2013 IL App (1st) 110413

FIFTH DIVISION

November 15, 2013

No. 1-11-0413

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

ANTONIO MORRIS, 

Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from

the Circuit Court

of Cook County

No. 06 CR 13757

 

Honorable 

Thomas V. Gainer,

Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE PALMER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices Howse and Taylor concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 Following a jury trial, defendant Antonio Morris was found guilty of first degree murder

based on a theory of accountability. Defendant was sentenced to a term of 30 years'

imprisonment. On appeal, defendant contends that: (1) the trial court erred when it ruled that the

State could use portions of defendant's suppressed videotaped statement to impeach two medical

experts that defendant intended to call on his behalf; (2) he was denied a fair trial when the court

prevented him from eliciting evidence that a prior statement of one of the participants in the

crime, who testified at defendant's trial, was given in exchange for a plea to a lesser offense and a

reduced sentence; (3) he received ineffective assistance of counsel; and (4) the court failed to

properly admonish the potential jurors pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. May

1, 2007). For the reasons that follow, we affirm. 

¶ 2 Defendant and three other men were arrested and charged with first degree murder arising
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out of the fatal beating of the victim, Phillip Thomas, in a vacant parking lot on the evening of

May 8, 2006. Two of those men, Johnny Graves and Laronne Wallace, pled guilty to lesser

offenses and testified at defendant's trial.1 Defendant and the other man, codefendant Marcel

Simpson, were tried together before a single jury. 

¶ 3 Prior to trial, defendant filed a motion to suppress a videotaped statement he gave to

police following his arrest. In that statement, defendant told police that he threw a metal pole at

the decedent's back and hit him with it in the ribs. The trial court granted the motion and

suppressed defendant's statement. The court noted that its ruling was based on a "technical

violation of the Miranda warnings" and that there was no allegation that defendant's statement

was coerced. 

¶ 4 Prior to trial, defendant also filed a motion in limine asking the trial court to prohibit the

State from introducing evidence of defendant's videotaped confession to police during trial. 

Defendant stated that he would not be testifying at trial but that he intended to introduce

"evidence from treating medical personnel at the Cook County jail that he was not able to

physically commit the crime as alleged due to a medical condition, specifically his Hills-Sachs

deformity as diagnosed by Cermak physicians." Defendant claimed that the testimony of these

experts would be based on their own opinions and not on based on statements that defendant

made in his confession. Defendant asked the court to preclude the State from introducing any

details of his confession, including his statement that he threw a pipe at the victim. 

1Graves pled guilty to conspiracy to commit murder in exchange for a 14-year prison

sentence. Wallace pled guilty to second degree murder in exchange for a 17-year sentence.

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¶ 5 Defendant submitted three documents to the trial court as an offer of proof in support of

his motion in limine. The first was a medical intake form from the Cook County jail signed by a

paramedic on May 16, 2006. In the document, there is a mark by the section for "Assistive

Devices (prostesis, cane, etc.)" with the "etc." circled and the word "Brace" written in. In the

remarks section it states "Hx. R. shoulder injury 4/06 Rx. Pain Pills and Brace." The next

document was a Cook County radiology report regarding two X-rays taken of defendant's right

shoulder on June 8, 2006. The document is signed by a "reading radiologist" named Oscar Jara. 

The report lists "Reason for Exam: Chronic Dislocation." The "Findings" section states that

"[t]wo views of the right shoulder reveal[] no evidence of fracture or dislocation. There is

flattening of the lateral aspect of the humeral head suggestive of Hill-Sachs deformity from

previous dislocations." The final document was a definition of "Hill-Sachs deformity" taken

from the Internet website biology-online.org, which defines "Hill-Sachs deformity" as

"indentation or groove on posterolateral aspect of humeral head, probably due to compression of

humeral head on posterior lip of glenoid, suggests repeated or chronic anterior shoulder

dislocation, may occur after one episode of dislocation associated with: Bankhart lesion of

glenoid." Biology Online, http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Hill-sachs_deformity (last

visited November 13, 2103).

¶ 6 The State responded by asking the court to deny defendant's motion and to allow it to play

portions of defendant's videotaped statement to impeach defendant's proposed medical experts. 

The State pointed out that in his confession, defendant admitted to throwing a pipe at the victim

and to hitting the victim in the back and rib cage with the pipe. The State argued that allowing it

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to introduce evidence of defendant's confession would further the State's "truth seeking function."

¶ 7 When arguing the motion before the trial court, defense counsel stated that the experts

examined defendant and diagnosed him with Hill-Sachs deformity. Counsel argued that the

testimony would be that defendant would "at least have a diminished capability for performing

that (throwing or hitting the victim with a pole)." In response, the State argued that defendant

wanted to call witnesses who would testify to things that defendant had told them about his

physical condition and that it should be allowed to impeach those experts with portions of

defendant's statement to rebut what amounted to "perjury by proxy." Defense counsel responded

that although defendant made statements that he had a history of shoulder problems that were

recently exacerbated, the doctors would testify to information they learned from "a physical

observation of [defendant]" and that defendant did not "have a conversation with" the radiologist

who read defendant's X-ray. The trial court agreed with the State and ruled that if defendant

called the medical experts, the State would be allowed to confront them with portions of

defendant's videotaped statement.2

¶ 8 The following evidence was presented at trial.

¶ 9 Jesse Rucker, who was 74 years old at the time of trial, lived next to the vacant lot where

the victim's body was found. On the day of the incident, Rucker was at home working on his

second-floor deck when he heard a loud noise coming from a nearby alley. He saw two or three

men chasing another man from the alley and across a nearby vacant lot. The group of men were

2Defendant did not ultimately call these experts during trial.

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being followed by a beige Chevy and a Ford Bronco. The men did not have anything in their

hands at this time and they were shouting "vulgar names" at the victim. The Chevy followed the

men through the vacant lot while the Ford drove south to the "T" in the alley and then drove west

to Waller Street. Rucker lost sight of the incident when he walked to the bedroom window at the

front of his house to get a better view. When Rucker reached the bedroom window, he saw six

men beating the victim and he also saw the Chevy and the Bronco, which were now empty. The

victim was lying on the ground and could not protect himself because "they were beating him too

bad." All six men took turns using weapons to beat the victim, and Rucker explained that one of

the weapons looked like a bat and the other looked like a tire iron or crowbar. Rucker did not see

the men kicking or hitting the victim and he did not see anyone throw a pole or a bat at him. 

Rucker moved to his front porch and saw that the men were still beating the victim. The victim

tried to crawl under a car but men pulled him out and continued to beat him. The beating lasted

approximately 10 minutes and the men then "jumped" into the two cars with the bat and the tire

iron and drove from the scene. 

¶ 10 Rucker spoke to the police that day and during the course of the investigation he was

shown various photographs by the police. He could not describe for police the attackers'

hairstyles or facial hair, but he did say that one of the attackers was much heavier than the others

-approximately 300 pounds- and that another attacker had scars. On May 10, Detective David

Gillespie showed Rucker three photo arrays which included photographs of Dwayne Thompson

and Vonzell Franklin. Rucker identified a photograph of Powell as someone who chased and

beat the victim. Approximately one week later, on May 14, Rucker viewed a lineup at the police

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station. He identified defendant as one of the men who beat the victim and as the person who he

was "almost sure" was driving the Chevy. Rucker also identified Simpson as one of the men

chasing the victim and Wallace as a passenger in the Chevy. 

¶ 11 On cross-examination, Rucker testified that he gave a handwritten statement

approximately one week after the incident but claimed that he did not remember telling police

that he saw the attackers stomp on the victim's head. When shown his handwritten statement,

Rucker denied having signed it and claimed that his signature on the statement looked "altered." 

Rucker further testified that he was 100% sure of the lineup identifications he made on May 14,

and he did not recall telling a defense investigator that was 90% sure of those identifications. 

¶ 12 Johnny Graves testified that he was originally charged with first degree murder in

connection with his role in the victim's death. Graves later pled guilty to conspiracy to commit

murder and entered into an agreement with the State's Attorney's office by which, in exchange for

his truthful testimony, he would be sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment with day-for-day goodtime credit after defendant's trial concluded. Graves acknowledged that he expected to serve 6

1/2 to 7 years in prison after good-time credit and that a murder conviction would have meant a

20-year minimum sentence, a 60-year maximum sentence and no good-time credit. After making

his deal with the prosecution, Graves was also put in a special area of the prison and received

special privileges. Graves also had a prior felony conviction for manufacturing and delivery of a

controlled substance. 

¶ 13 Graves testified that on the afternoon of May 8, 2006, he was at his cousin's house when

defendant and codefendant Marcel Simpson arrived in defendant's orange Ford Bronco. Graves

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got into the car and the group drove to the store. While Simpson was in the store, Graves was

sitting in defendant's vehicle when he saw the victim getting off the "el" train at Central and Lake

Streets and pointed him out to defendant. Defendant then made a call on his cell phone. The

group was going to drive back to Graves's cousin's house but defendant was on the phone and

instead they drove to West End and Waller. Defendant was driving, Simpson was in the front

passenger seat and Graves was sitting in the back. Graves knew that there had been an

altercation between the victim and Dwayne Powell a month or two ago during which the victim

kicked out Powell's teeth. Graves had never had a problem with the victim and he had "no clue"

as to what was going to happen that day.

¶ 14 When the group arrived at West End and Waller, defendant was using his cell phone

when the group saw the victim coming out of an alley. Graves saw Dwayne Thompson

following the victim in his tan or grey Chevy Cavalier and also saw Larron Wallace and Powell

inside that vehicle. When the victim ran back down the alley going south, Powell got out of the

Chevy and Simpson got out of the Bronco and they chased the victim on foot while Graves and

defendant stayed in the Bronco. Thompson drove the Chevy through the alley after the victim

and defendant pulled his vehicle "behind them through the alley." The victim ran down the alley

and through a vacant lot. Thompson drove through the vacant lot after the victim while

defendant turned his vehicle around to cut him off. 

¶ 15 Graves testified that the victim ran around the Bronco and that he and defendant jumped

out of the vehicle. Defendant threw a pole at the victim and hit him in the back with it from

about five to seven feet away. Graves had not seen the pole in the Bronco and did not know

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where the defendant got it. The victim continued to run until Graves grabbed him. Graves and

defendant then started punching and kicking the victim, who fell to the ground. Simpson,

Powell, Thompson and Wallace also approached and surrounded the victim. Powell approached

the victim with a wooded baseball bat but he fell and dropped it. Simpson picked up the bat and

used it to hit the victim once in the head. The victim tried to get up but could not do so and then

he was punched, kicked and hit with the bat several more times. Graves could not recall the

victim getting hit again with the pole and he did not know if anyone was holding the pole during

the beating. Graves identified a photograph of a dumbell as the "pole" which defendant threw at

the victim. While on the ground, the victim tried to crawl under a car but Graves pulled him out

by his legs. The group continued to punch and kick the victim and they also hit him with the

pole several more times. Somebody said, "lets go," and then Graves, Powell and Wallace entered

Thompson's vehicle while defendant and Simpson got into defendant's vehicle and they all drove

away from the scene. Graves was arrested approximately three weeks later and initially denied

involvement in the crime. He testified that he lied to the police when he denied involvement in

order to distance himself from the crime. However, when he most recently spoke to police, he

told them a version of events that was the same as his testimony at trial. 

¶ 16 Graves testified that although Wallace, Thompson and Powell stood in a circle around the

victim, they did not actually participate in beating the victim. He explained that Wallace was the

biggest of the six men and weighed approximately 260 pounds. Graves testified that he has a

scar on his forehead and another on his neck.

¶ 17 Dwayne Thompson testified that he was currently serving an eight-year prison sentence

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for a drug conviction from Champaign County along with two concurrent one-year sentences for

drug convictions in Cook County. He also had a prior conviction for driving on a revoked

license. Thompson testified that he had no agreement with the prosecution in exchange for his

testimony in this case. 

¶ 18 Thompson further testified that he "somewhat" recalled the events of May 8, 2006. He

used his girlfriend's beige Chevy Cavalier to go and buy shoes for his children but claimed he

never made it to the store because he started gambling in an alley near his home. Thompson also

let Wallace borrow the car later that day. Wallace left with the car but returned a couple of hours

later. Thompson entered the car and he and Wallace drove around the neighborhood for a while

until they "ran into the situation." He explained that they initially drove to Lake Street but then

drove to "where some other guys was" at Waller and West End, where he saw defendant's orange

Bronco. Thompson did not see anyone other than defendant in the Bronco and he did not see

anyone running in the area. Thompson "couldn't see from the distance" what was taking place

because he "wasn't close enough up on it to be able to pinpoint exactly what was happening." 

Around June 15, Thompson went to downstate Illinois in order to "lay low for a while" and he

got into some "legal problems" while he was there. 

¶ 19 On cross-examination, Thompson testified that Detectives James Gilger and Vaulkner

visited him in the Champaign County jail in September of 2007 and that they said they wanted

Thompson to be a witness. At trial, Thompson agreed that it was better to be a witness than a

defendant. Thompson could "not recall" if he told the detectives that he drove to Waller and

West End and saw the orange Bronco and Graves and Powell running in the alley. Thompson

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then testified that he told the detectives that he did see Graves and Powell chasing after the

victim. He also told the detectives that five people were involved in the beating, but he could not

recall the names he gave to the detectives. On October 24, 2007, while he was still in the

Champaign County jail, he was visited by Detective Gilger and Assistant State's Attorney (ASA)

Phyllis Porcelli. Thompson acknowledged that he answered ASA Porcelli's questions and that he

gave a handwritten statement but he denied telling the ASA anything about the victim's murder

or saying the things that were contained in the statement. He claimed that the specific statements

about the murder had been put in his statement by someone else. 

¶ 20 ASA Phyllis Warren testified that on October 24, 2007, she accompanied Detectives

Gilger and Volker to the police station to interview Thompson.3

 The ASA explained to

Thompson her role in the case and that she wanted to speak to him about the victim's death. 

Thompson agreed to speak with her. The ASA and the detectives spoke to Thompson for about

an hour and then ASA Warren spoke to Thompson alone to ask if anyone had made threats or

promises to him and Thompson said no. ASA Warren then wrote out a statement based upon

what Thompson had told her and she showed him some photographs, which he identified. ASA

Warren verified that Thompson could read by having him read the first paragraph of the

statement to her and then she read the rest of the statement to him. Thompson signed every page

and indicated that he was giving the statement voluntarily and that no threats or promises were

made to him in return for giving the statement. The ASA also did not promise Thompson any

3At the time of the investigation, ASA Warren's last name was "Porcelli."

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deal regarding his Cook County drug cases in exchange for his statement and she did not

compare his statement to the one he previously gave to the detectives. ASA Warren then

published Thompson's statement to the jury.

¶ 21 In the statement, Thompson stated that in February of 2006, the victim was acting

"crazy," snatching people's money or pouring out their liquor. Around that time, the victim got

into a verbal confrontation with Powell, but Thompson did not know if it was physical. 

Thompson heard that the day after the verbal confrontation, Powell had his teeth kicked in by the

victim and his brother and some other men with baseball bats and poles. 

¶ 22 At approximately 4 p.m. on the day of the incident, Thompson borrowed his girlfriend's

tan Chevy Cavalier. He stopped to play some cards and, while doing so, Wallace asked to

borrow the vehicle. Thompson let Wallace use the car and Wallace returned sometime later and

told Thompson that Graves had called and told him that "they" were chasing the victim. 

Thompson got into the car with Wallace and they drove toward Waller and Lake streets because

that is where Graves told Wallace they were going. At that location, Thompson saw the victim

running through an alley and also saw defendant's orange Bronco chasing behind the victim. 

Powell and Simpson were running behind the Bronco and Graves got out of the Bronco and

joined the chase. Thompson and Wallace parked nearby and Thompson saw the victim lying on

the ground next to a car while defendant, Simpson and Graves beat the victim. Defendant had a

metal pole, "maybe like a tire iron," and was hitting the victim with it everywhere but his head. 

Simpson was hitting the victim in the head with a baseball bat and Graves was "stomping" and

kicking the victim's body. Thompson did not know if Powell hit the victim and did not think

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Wallace did because he was standing by the car. Simpson repeatedly hit the victim in the head

with the bat and, after one of the blows, Thompson heard what sounded like a "turtle shell

cracking" and heard a girl say, "oh, they killed him." Thompson and Wallace then left in the

Cavalier.

¶ 23 Thompson concluded by stating that no deals had been made in any of his cases in

exchange for his statement, which he was giving freely and voluntarily, and that no threats or

promises were made to him. Thompson also stated that the police and the ASA had treated him

"right" and that when the police visited him in jail in September of 2007, he told them the same

version of events he was relating in this statement. 

¶ 24 On cross-examination, ASA Warren testified that she reviewed Detective Gilger's reports

about his September 2007 interview with Thompson and that, based upon those reports, she

considered Thompson a witness and not a suspect. She acknowledged that the detective's notes

indicated that Thompson drove the Chevy and pursued the decedent. 

¶ 25 Franklin testified that he was currently in custody on two cases. He was charged with

contempt of court for not appearing on a subpoena in this case and he was in possession of

narcotics when he was arrested for contempt. Franklin also had three prior felony drug

convictions. However, Franklin testified that no promises were made to him in exchange for his

testimony in this case.

¶ 26 Franklin testified that he spoke with Simpson on the night of the incident but he could not

remember what Simpson told him about the beating. Franklin could not remember whether he

told police that during that conversation, Simpson admitting hitting the victim 30 times in the

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head with a baseball bat. Franklin admitted that he knew defendant and that he told police where

defendant's Bronco was located. He knew the location of the Bronco because two days after the

incident, he picked defendant up and defendant asked him to look at his car. Franklin identified

a photograph of himself and Powell that was taken on March 6, 2006, at Franklin's birthday

which showed Powell with his teeth knocked out. He also admitted that Powell had been beaten

up by the victim and others who knocked Powell's teeth out with bats and sticks. On crossexamination, Franklin testified that the police threatened to charge him with the victim's murder

if he did not tell them "something," and that he was not charged in connection with the victim's

death. 

¶ 27 Chicago police detective John Valkner testified that he spoke with Franklin about a week

after the incident and that Franklin was in custody at the time as a suspect in the victim's murder. 

The State played a videotape of Detective Valkner's interview with Franklin, in which Franklin

stated that Simpson admitted hitting the victim 30 times in the head with a bat. 

¶ 28 Detective David Gillespie testified that he met with Rucker at his home on May 10, 2006,

and showed him some photo arrays. Rucker identified Powell in the first array as one of the men

who beat the victim. Rucker made no identifications from the other two photo arrays which

included photographs of Thompson and Franklin. 

¶ 29 Detective James Gilger testified that on May 14, 2006, he went with Franklin to an

address and located defendant's 1987 orange and tan Ford Bronco. Later that day, defendant

signed a consent to search form for the Bronco. Detective Gilger searched the vehicle and

observed a 12-inch-long metal pipe with a "collar" on the end that turned out to be a dumbbell

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between the driver's seat and the center console. At approximately 9:45 a.m. that day, Rucker

viewed a lineup at the police station made up of defendant, Simpson, Wallace, Franklin and two

"fillers." Rucker identified defendant, Wallace and Simpson. Defendant was identified as

driving the Bronco, Simpson was identified as chasing the victim and Wallace was identified as

being someone who was inside the vehicle and who got out of the vehicle. All three were

identified as having participated in beating the victim. Detective Gilger also testified that ASA

Lauretta Froelich took a handwritten statement from Rucker. Rucker told the ASA that six men

took turns beating the victim with a bat and a metal bar and stomping on the victim's head. The

detective also testified that the Chevy Cavalier was later recovered and that a search warrant was

obtained for the car. The Cavalier was processed by an evidence technician. Detective Gilger

went to Rucker's house on May 31 with a photo array that included Thompson but Rucker made

no identification. Rucker also did not identify Graves or Powell in ensuing lineups. 

¶ 30 The parties stipulated that the Illinois State Police crime lab detected no latent prints

suitable for comparison and no traces of blood on the dumbbell or the "collar" recovered from the

Bronco. The parties further stipulated that defendant was the registered owner of the Bronco. 

The parties stipulated that no blood was found on any of the evidence recovered from the Bronco

or the Cavalier. It was stipulated that the victim's clothing was recovered but never submitted for

trace or micro analysis. 

¶ 31 The parties further stipulated to the results of the autopsy performed on the victim's body. 

The victim had fractures on both sides of his skull, a comminuted or multifragmentary fracture

along the skull and three lacerations on this back of his head which aligned with the fractures

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underneath. The victim also had a bruise above his right eye, internal head injuries caused by the

comminuted fractures, and a total of 10 contusions to the brain located at the fracture sites. 

The cause of death was craniocerebral injuries from blunt trauma due to assault. The State rested

its case following these stipulations.

¶ 32 The first defense witness called was investigator Quentin Hall. Hall spoke with Rucker

on January 25, 2007, and Rucker told Hall that he was 90% sure of his identifications. Hall

measured the distance from Rucker's second-floor window to the place the victim was found

lying and it was 164 feet. 

¶ 33 The defense also called Detective Gilger as a witness. The detective testified that he and

Detective Valkner interviewed Thompson at the Champaign County jail on September 17, 2007,

and that he was present when ASA Warren interviewed Thompson in October of 2007. The

detective agreed that there were some differences between what Thompson told the detectives in

September and what he told the ASA on October 24, 2007. Specifically, Thompson told

Detective Gilger that Powell and Graves chased the victim by foot but he told ASA Warren that

Powell and Simpson chased him by foot. Further, Thompson told Detective Gilger that

defendant, Powell, Graves, Simpson and Wallace beat the victim but he told the ASA that

defendant, Simpson and Graves beat him. The detective also testified that Thompson was not

charged because nobody identified him. 

¶ 34 The next defense witness was Wallace, who was Powell's cousin. Wallace testified that

on the day of the incident he and Thompson rode to the area of 123 North Waller in Thompson's

Cavalier but that he did not remember anyone else in the car. Wallace admitted striking the

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victim twice with a baseball bat. At first, Wallace testified that he did not remember seeing

defendant or his Ford Bronco on Waller before the beating, stating that "it went too fast" and

"everything happened too quick." Wallace then agreed, however, that on May 8, at about 5:20

p.m., he saw defendant, Simpson, Graves, Thompson and Powell on the 100 block of Waller. He

also saw the victim, who was not his friend. Wallace then testified that "[o]ur car chased him

down. I got out. And struck him twice with the object I was holding." He said the object was a

bat but he could not remember where he struck the victim. 

¶ 35 On cross-examination by the State, Wallace admitted that defendant and Simpson were

two of the men that he was with on the day of the incident. Wallace further admitted that

defendant's Ford Bronco was there that day but Wallace testified that he did not know who was

in the Bronco. When asked if the Bronco was one of the vehicles chasing the victim, Wallace

responded, "I guess. I don't know. I was in the front car." Wallace then testified that he did not

know if Simpson or defendant was present when the victim was beaten or if other people hit the

victim with a bat and a pole. Wallace then admitted that during a "prior proceeding" on May 7,

2007, he agreed and swore to certain facts that were read into the record. Wallace agreed to

having sworn that the victim was running toward Waller street, that the victim was caught by all

six men chasing him and that Wallace kicked the victim and hit him with a baseball bat. Wallace

also swore that in addition to himself, defendant, Simpson, Graves, Thompson and Powell

punched and kicked the victim and hit him with a bat and what was believed to be a barbell. 

¶ 36 The jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder and the trial court subsequently

sentenced him to a term of 30 years' imprisonment. This appeal followed.

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¶ 37 Defendant first contends that the trial court erred when denied his motion in limine to

preclude the State from introducing evidence from defendant's videotaped confession to impeach

two physicians that defendant intended to call in his defense. Defendant claims that this ruling

denied him the right to present "critical probative evidence" to the jury that would have

contradicted the testimony of the State's witnesses that defendant threw a metal pole at the victim

or used one as a weapon. 

¶ 38 The State initially responds that defendant has forfeited this issue because he did not

ultimately call the medical experts to testify at trial. The State relies upon Luce v. United States,

469 U.S. 38 (1984), People v. Whitehead, 116 Ill. 2d 425 (1987), and People v. Patrick, 233 Ill.

2d 62 (2009). 

¶ 39 In Luce, the petitioner moved for a ruling to preclude the government from using a prior

conviction to impeach him if he testified. The district court ruled that the prior conviction fell

within the category of permissible impeachment evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence

609(a). Luce, 469 U.S. at 39-40. The petitioner did not testify, and the jury returned guilty

verdicts. The court of appeals affirmed, holding that since the petitioner did not testify, it would

not consider the petitioner's contention that the district court abused its discretion in denying his

motion in limine without making a finding, as required by Rule 609(a)(1), that the probative

value of the prior conviction outweighed its prejudicial effect. At the time the case was decided,

Rule 609(a) provided:

"General Rule.–For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness,

evidence that he has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited from

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him or established by public record during cross-examination but only if the crime

(1) was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year under the law

under which he was convicted, and the court determines that the probative value

of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to the defendant, or (2)

involved dishonesty or false statement, regardless of the punishment." Fed. R.

Evid. 609(a).

The Supreme Court affirmed. The Court observed the difficulty in reviewing an evidentiary

question under Rule 609(a)(1):

"A reviewing court is handicapped in any effort to rule on subtle

evidentiary questions outside a factual context. This is particularly true under

Rule 609(a)(1), which directs the court to weigh the probative value of a prior

conviction against the prejudicial effect to the defendant. To perform this

balancing, the court must know the precise nature of the defendant's testimony,

which is unknowable when, as here, the defendant does not testify." Luce, 469

U.S. at 41.

The Court further observed that any possible harm from the ruling on the motion in limine was

speculative because the ruling was subject was subject to change and, without the defendant's

testimony, a reviewing court could not determine whether the government would have sought to

impeach with the prior conviction. Id. at 42. The Court therefore held that "to raise and preserve

for review the claim of improper impeachment with a prior conviction, a defendant must testify." 

Id. at 43. 

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¶ 40 In Whitehead, our supreme court adopted the reasoning set forth in Luce. In that case, the

defendant made motions in limine seeking to limit cross-examination of the defendant's

psychiatric expert and admissions that the defendant made during his treatment regarding prior

attacks on young girls. Whitehead, 116 Ill. 2d at 442-43. The trial court denied both motions and

ruled that "the State would be afforded an opportunity to raise the earlier admissions of knife

attacks on young girls depending upon the testimony actually elicited on direct examination of

[the psychiatrist] and the defendant." Id. at 443. The court also refused the defendant's offer of

proof on the substance of his direct testimony that the defendant claimed would have allowed the

court to rule in limine on the scope of cross-examination. Id. On appeal, the defendant argued

that these rulings made him drop his insanity defense and forced his decision not to testify on his

own behalf, and he claimed that he did not call the psychiatrist because evidence of prior

convictions would have been allowed. Id.

¶ 41 Our supreme court affirmed. The court recognized that the trial court's ruling was

conditioned on the direct testimony actually given and observed:

"Because neither [the psychiatrist] nor the defendant testified, this court

cannot determine whether the trial court would have erroneously permitted the

State to raise the substance of defendant's 1975 statements in cross-examination. 

The defendant claims that [the psychiatrist] was not called because evidence of

prior crimes would have been allowed. The State responds to that claim by saying

that the doctor was not called because the State would impeach his testimony with

evidence of previous false claims of amnesia by the defendant. The record

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supports both explanations, demonstrating the difficulty of reviewing hypothetical

cross-examination. This court should not speculate what the substance of [the

psychiatrist's] and the defendant's testimony on direct examination would have

been or what the prosecution would have asked during cross-examination of those

witnesses, and it follows that no decision on the appropriate scope of

cross-examination can be had on appeal of this case. Counsel must stand on their

objections and call the witnesses, thus opening the possibility that an erroneous

decision on the scope of examination might occur and require review by a

reviewing court, or forgo calling the witnesses and adopt an alternative strategy. 

But defense counsel may not have it both ways by altering their trial strategy to

make the best of the trial court's order, depriving the reviewing court of a

reviewable record, and still maintain that the order was erroneously entered." Id.

at 443-44.

¶ 42 Our supreme court recently considered this issue in Patrick. In that case, the defendant

filed a motion in limine asking the trial court to rule on the admissibility of prior convictions if

the defendant chose to testify. Patrick, 233 Ill. 2d at 67. The court granted the motion in part

and determined that one of the convictions could be admitted, but stated that it "could not

determine whether three other convictions *** were more probative than prejudicial until he

heard [the defendant's] testimony. " Id. Based on the trial judge's ruling, the defendant chose not

to testify. Id. The court noted that the appellate court had found that the trial court abused its

discretion in refusing to rule on the admissibility of the prior convictions until after the defendant

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testified but declined further review of the error because the defendant did not testify. Id. at 77.

¶ 43 The court began by reviewing the decision in Luce and Whitehead. The court noted that

in Whitehead, "this court required defense witnesses and defendant to testify and obtain a

definitive ruling before the issue could be properly reviewed on appeal. This court's rationale in

Whitehead goes beyond the Luce rationale and provides this court's independent basis for

requiring a defendant to testify and preserve the issue for review." Id. at 79. The court then

observed:

"In both Whitehead and [the appellate court opinion in the case before it],

the defendant could not be certain whether the disputed evidence would be

admitted until after the direct testimony was given. In both cases, the defendants

were making decisions about whether to present direct testimony without knowing

if the unwanted evidence would be admitted. Nonetheless, this court ruled in

Whitehead that defendants must take the risk and present the testimony for the

issue to be reviewable." (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at 79.

Based on the foregoing, the court held that the defendant failed to preserve his right to appellate

review of the issue because he chose not to testify. Id.

¶ 44 Defendant claims that these cases are distinguishable from the present case and, relying

upon the holding in People v. Easley, 148 Ill. 2d 281 (1992), he claims that he need not have

called his experts to testify in order to preserve the issue. In Easley, the defendant made an

incriminating statement to a Department of Corrections investigator. Id. at 308. The trial court

suppressed the statement, finding that under a recent appellate court decision, the informant was

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an agent of the State and was therefore required to apprise the defendant of his fifth amendment

rights. Id. at 309. In its final ruling on the issue, the trial court held that the otherwise

suppressed statement could be used for impeachment purposes if the defendant testified. Id.

¶ 45 On appeal, our supreme court found that although the defendant did not testify, the

constitutional issues he raised were properly before the court. Id. at 310. The court noted that

"although the trial court was concerned with making rulings in advance of the underlying issues

being raised, it did in fact rule on the merits of the constitutional issues defendant raises." The

court then addressed and distinguished the holding in Luce:

"And, while the Supreme Court has held that to raise the claim of

improper impeachment with a prior conviction, a defendant must testify (Luce v.

United States (1984), 469 U.S. 38, ***), the Court declined to review the errors

defendant raised on the basis of the special requirements of Rule 609(a) of the

Federal Rules of Evidence. Justice Brennan, in a concurrence joined by Justice

Marshall, wrote that in cases 'in which the determinitive question turns on legal

and not factual considerations, a requirement that the defendant actually testify at

trial to preserve the admissibility issue for appeal might not necessarily be

appropriate.' (Emphasis added.) Luce, 469 U.S. at 44, *** (Brennan, J.,

concurring, joined by Marshall, J.)." Id.

¶ 46 We believe that the present case presents a situation more similar to that found in Easley

than to the ones presented in Luce, Whitehead and Patrick, and we therefore find that defendant's

claim of error is properly before us. In this case, unlike in the cases cited by the State, the trial

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court made a definitive ruling that defendant's suppressed statement could be used for

impeachment purposes. The trial court's ruling did not turn on primarily factual considerations

such as weighing the probative value of a prior conviction versus its prejudicial effect under

Federal Rule of Evidence 609(a)(1). Nor was the trial court's ruling conditional and dependant

upon the testimony actually elicited by the witness on direct examination. There is also no

question as to whether the State was going to impeach defendant's proposed experts with portions

of defendant's suppressed statement, as the State clearly represented to the court that it would do

so if defendant called those witnesses. The trial court's ruling on the motion in limine was also

one of constitutional dimensions and the propriety of that ruling turns primarily on a legal

question, specifically, whether under the United States Supreme Court's holding in cases such as

James v. Illinois, 493 U.S. 307 (1990), the State should be allowed to use defendant's suppressed

statement to impeach defense witnesses other than the defendant himself. Finally, unlike the

cases cited by the State and as will be more fully explained below, the record is sufficient for this

court to review the propriety of the trial court's ruling and to conclude that, even if the ruling was

error, it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. For these reasons, we find that defendant has

not forfeited his claim that the court's ruling denied him the right to present probative evidence

on his own behalf. We now turn to the merits of that claim.

¶ 47 Rulings on evidentiary matters, including motions in limine, are within the sound

discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed absent an abuse of that discretion. People v.

Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d 368 (2004). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court's decision is

arbitrary, fanciful, unreasonable, or when no reasonable person would take the same view as the

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trial court. People v. Smith, 406 Ill. App. 3d 747 (2010). 

¶ 48 Under the exclusionary rule, evidence seized in violation of a defendant's fourth

amendment rights is generally inadmissible at trial. People v. Sutherland, 223 Ill. 2d 187, 227

(2006). However, an exception to the exclusionary rule allows the prosecution to introduce

illegally obtained evidence for the limited purpose of impeaching the credibility of a defendant's

own testimony. James, 493 U.S. at 312. 

¶ 49 In James, the United States Supreme Court considered whether this exception should be

extended to allow the prosecution to impeach the testimony of all defense witnesses with

illegally obtained evidence. In that case, the defendant was arrested for murder and made a

statement to police that the previous day his hair had been reddish brown, long and combed

straight back. Id. at 309. The trial court later found that the defendant had been arrested without

probable cause and suppressed his statement to police. Id. At trial, witnesses identified the

shooter as having reddish hair that was long and slicked back and the defendant called a witness

who testified that on the day of the shooting defendant's hair was black. Id. at 310. The State

sought to introduce the defendant's illegally obtained statement to impeach this witness's

testimony. The trial court allowed the State to do so and defendant was ultimately found guilty

of the crimes charged. Id.

¶ 50 The Illinois Supreme Court affirmed the trial court's ruling and extended the

impeachment exception to the exclusionary rule to "permit the prosecution to impeach the

testimony of all defense witnesses with illegally obtained evidence." (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at

309 (citing People v. James, 123 Ill. 2d 523 (1988)). The Illinois Supreme Court reasoned that in

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order to deter the defendant from engaging in "perjury by proxy," the impeachment exception

should be extended to allow the State to impeach the testimony of defense witnesses other than

the defendant himself. Id. at 311. 

¶ 51 The United States Supreme Court reversed and declined to so extend the impeachment

exception. Id. The Court stated:

"In this case, the Illinois Supreme Court held that our balancing approach

in Walder and its progeny justifies expanding the scope of the impeachment

exception to permit prosecutors to use illegally obtained evidence to impeach the

credibility of defense witnesses. We disagree. Expanding the class of

impeachable witnesses from the defendant alone to all defense witnesses would

create different incentives affecting the behavior of both defendants and law

enforcement officers. As a result, this expansion would not promote the truthseeking function to the same extent as did creation of the original exception, and

yet it would significantly undermine the deterrent effect of the general

exclusionary rule. Hence, we believe that this proposed expansion would frustrate

rather than further the purposes underlying the exclusionary rule." Id. at 313-14.

The Court specifically noted that the "perjury by proxy" concern was "suspect" because the threat

of criminal prosecution for perjury was more likely to deter a witness from intentionally lying

than to deter a defendant, already facing criminal prosecution, from lying on his own behalf. Id.

at 314. The Court also expressed concern that "expanding the impeachment exception to

encompass the testimony of all defense witnesses likely would chill some defendants from

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presenting their best defense–and sometimes any defense at all–through the testimony of others."

Id. at 314-15.

¶ 52 In this case, under the holding in James and its rejection of impeachment to rebut "perjury

by proxy," the State should not have been allowed to use portions of defendant's suppressed

statement to impeach defendant's proposed medical expert witnesses if they testified at trial. We

also note that here the risk of so-called "perjury by proxy" was negligible in that the proposed

defense testimony was that of medical professionals with regard to their objective findings.

Nevertheless, for the reasons that follow, we find that the error was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt. See Easley, 148 Ill. 2d at 320-21 (finding that even if it was error to allow a

statement obtained in violation of the due process clause to be used for impeachment purposes,

the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt in light of the overwhelming evidence of the

defendant's guilt). 

¶ 53 Defendant's offer of proof was weak at best and is an insufficient basis upon which to

conclude that the verdict would have been different had defendant's medical experts testified. 

Defense counsel never outlined exactly what the experts' opinions would be and instead counsel

only indicated that the doctors diagnosed defendant with Hill-Sachs deformity. While counsel

stated that this testimony would prove that defendant could not have committed the crime as

alleged, counsel never represented that the experts would offer this opinion. Most importantly,

there was no offer made that either expert would testify that defendant could not have thrown a

metal pole or used one as a weapon or that he could not have otherwise beaten the victim. At

most, counsel represented that the testimony would be that defendant would "at least have a

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diminished capability for performing that (throwing or hitting the victim with a pole)." The offer

of proof also did not indicate what arm defendant throws with or if his alleged shoulder injury

was to that same arm. The offer of proof did not even indicate if this alleged injury existed on

the day of the murder. 

¶ 54 In contrast to defendant's offer of proof, three eyewitnesses identified defendant as having

participated in beating the victim. It is true that the proposed expert testimony could have been

used in an attempt to impeach Graves's testimony that defendant threw a metal pole at the victim

and hit him with it in the back. However, Graves was the only person to offer this specific

testimony and whether defendant threw a metal pole was at most a minor portion of the State's

case. The remainder of Graves's testimony was consistent with the testimony of the State's other

witnesses that defendant participated in the beating death of the victim. 

¶ 55 Morever, defendant was tried under an accountability theory and therefore he need not

have even wielded or thrown a metal pole at the victim in order to have been found guilty. An

individual commits the offense of first degree murder when he or she intends to kill or do great

bodily harm and knows that his or her acts will cause death, or knows that the acts create a strong

probability of death or great bodily harm. 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (2) (West 2010). Under

Illinois's accountability statute, a person is legally accountable for the conduct of another when

"either before or during the commission of an offense, and with the intent to promote or facilitate

[such] commission, he or she solicits, aids, abets, agrees, or attempts to aid that other person in

the planning or commission of the offense." 720 ILCS 5/5-2(c) (West 2010).

¶ 56 To prove the defendant had the intent to promote or facilitate the crime, the State must

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present evidence that establishes, beyond a reasonable doubt, that (1) the defendant shared the

criminal intent of the principal or (2) there was a common criminal design. In re W.C., 167 Ill.

2d 307, 337 (1995). "Active participation has never been a requirement for the imposition of

criminal guilt upon the theory of accountability." People v. Ruiz, 94 Ill. 2d 245, 254 (1982). 

"Accountability may be established through a person's knowledge of and participation in the

criminal scheme, even though there is no evidence that he directly participated in the criminal act

itself." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Velez, 388 Ill. App. 3d 493, 512 (2009). 

Words of agreement are not required to prove a common design or purpose between

codefendants; a common design may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the crime. 

People v. Batchelor, 171 Ill. 2d 367, 376 (1996). In determining a defendant's legal

accountability, the trier of fact may consider the defendant's presence during its commission, the

defendant's continued close association with other offenders after its commission, the defendant's

failure to report the crime, and the defendant's flight from the scene. People v. Taylor, 164 Ill. 2d

131, 141 (1995). "Evidence that a defendant voluntarily attached himself to a group bent on

illegal acts with knowledge of its design supports an inference that he shared the common

purpose and will sustain his conviction for an offense committed by another." In re W.C., 167

Ill. 2d at 338. "Absent other circumstances indicating a common design, presence at the scene

and flight therefrom do not constitute prima facie evidence of accountability; however, they do

constitute circumstantial evidence which may tend to prove and establish a defendant's guilt." 

People v. Foster, 198 Ill. App. 3d 986, 993 (1990). 

¶ 57 In this case, even if defendant did not use a metal pole to attack the victim, the evidence

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presented at trial was more than sufficient to find him guilty of murder under an accountability

theory. The evidence indicated that defendant was driving his vehicle with Graves and Simpson

when Graves saw the victim and pointed him out to defendant. Defendant made a call on his cell

phone and then drove the group to the area of West End and Waller Streets. According to

Thompson's statement, Wallace picked Thompson up in Thompson's car and said that Graves

had just called and said that "they" were chasing the victim and were headed toward Waller and

Lake Streets. Thompson's vehicle then headed to the area of West End and Waller. In other

words, the evidence established that these two vehicles began in different locations, that there

was cell-phone communication between people in each vehicle and the two vehicles ultimately

converged at the location where the beating occurred. The jury could infer from this evidence

that defendant was knowingly part of a common plan or design to attack the victim. The

evidence further indicated that when defendant's vehicle arrived in that area, the group spotted

the victim coming out of an alley and defendant pursued him in his vehicle and cornered him in a

vacant lot. After the beating, defendant also fled the scene in his vehicle with at least one of the

other attackers. See People v. Gomez, 127 Ill. App. 3d 551, 556 (1984) ("a person who

knowingly drives a get-away car is accountable for the crimes committed"). Defendant did not

report the crime after it occurred. 

¶ 58 This evidence established that defendant was more than merely present at the scene of the

crime. The evidence was sufficient for the jury to conclude that defendant was actively engaged

in aiding and abetting the other attackers in pursuing the victim, committing the crime charged

and then driving one of the get-away cars. Therefore, even if defendant had introduced evidence

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that he had a diminished capacity to either throw or wield a metal pole, defendant would have

still been found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, the trial court's ruling on

defendant's motion in limine was harmless. 

¶ 59 Defendant next contends that he was denied a fair trial when the trial court precluded

defense counsel from introducing evidence that Wallace's prior statements implicating defendant

were made in exchange for a plea to a lesser offense and a reduced sentence. 

¶ 60 The record shows that after the State rested its case, codefendant Simpson's counsel

indicated that he would be calling Wallace as a witness. The State made a motion in limine to

bar defense counsel from introducing evidence that Wallace, who was originally charged as a

codefendant in this case with first degree murder, pled guilty to second degree murder and

received a 17-year prison sentence. The State pointed out that Wallace pled guilty without any

promise to testify for the prosecution and that no deals were made with him for later testimony. 

The State also expressed concern that Wallace was being called so that the defense could argue

or imply that the cases against defendant and Simpson was a case of second degree rather than

first degree murder. When arguing the motion, codefendant Simpson's counsel claimed that it

was proper to bring out that Wallace was in prison, that he was charged in connection with his

role in this case and that he pled guilty to second degree murder in exchange for a 17-year

sentence. Counsel claimed that the State had opened to the door to the issue by explaining what

happened to the other five men involved in the crime and that the defense had a right to explain

to the jury what happened to the sixth man, Wallace. Simpson's counsel further stated that he did

intend to make an argument to the jury based upon the deal that Wallace made with the State. 

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Defendant's counsel stated that he agreed and adopted Simpson's counsel's argument. The trial

court found that this line of questioning was not relevant and ruled that counsel could not bring

out the fact that Wallace pled guilty to second degree murder or the sentence that he received. 

The court noted that unlike with Wallace, the line of questioning was relevant when Graves had

been called as a witness by the State because he pled guilty to a lesser offense in exchange for his

testimony against defendant and Simpson. The court also agreed with the State that it would be

improper to let the defense argue or imply that because Wallace was convicted of second degree

murder, defendant should be convicted of the same offense or that the case against defendant did

not amount to first degree murder. 

¶ 61 Defendant claims that the trial court's ruling was an abuse of discretion because the terms

of Wallace's plea were relevant to showing bias and because Wallace's testimony on direct

examination challenged the strength of the State's identification evidence. Defendant claims that

the terms of Wallace's plea agreement were relevant because the facts he swore to at his plea

hearing implicated defendant in the crime and therefore evidence that Wallace pled guilty to a

reduced charge would have supported an argument that the sworn facts from Wallace's plea were

unreliable. Thus, defendant argues that he was denied the right to rehabilitate a witness after that

witness was impeached with a prior inconsistent statement. 

¶ 62 As noted, rulings on motions in limine and other evidentiary issues are within the sound

discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed absent an abuse of that discretion. People v.

Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d 368 (2004). Moreover, evidence is relevant if it has a tendency to prove or

disprove a fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action. Id. However, even

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when evidence is relevant, it may, in the trial court's discretion, be excluded if its prejudicial

effect substantially outweighs its probative value. People v. Lewis, 165 Ill. 2d 305, 329 (1995). 

Thus, in deciding whether to admit evidence, a trial court must weigh the likely prejudicial effect

of evidence against its probative value. People v. Walker, 211 Ill. 2d 317, 338 (2004).

¶ 63 We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's ruling on the motion in limine. It is

true, as defendant points out, that the exposure of a witness's motivation in testifying is a proper

and important function of the constitutionally protected right of cross-examination. See Davis v.

Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316-17 (1974). Similarly, the fact that a witness has been arrested or

himself charged with an offense may be inquired into for the purpose of showing that his

testimony might be influenced by bias, interest or a motive to testify falsely. People v. Adams,

129 Ill. App. 3d 202, 207 (1984). Therefore, "[t]he jury is entitled to hear the defense theory that

the witness may be testifying falsely because he is or was vulnerable to pressure from the police

regarding his own connection with the crime." Id.

¶ 64 However, unlike in the cases cited above, Wallace was called by defense, not the State,

and therefore there is no issue as to whether he testified at trial pursuant to an agreement with the

State. Defendant points out that Graves was questioned about his deal with the State. However,

Graves was originally charged with first degree murder but pled guilty to conspiracy to commit

murder and entered into an agreement with the State's Attorney's office by which, in exchange for

his truthful testimony, he would be sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment with day-for-day goodtime credit after defendant's trial concluded. Therefore, inquiry into the nature of that deal and

whether it influenced his testimony was relevant and a proper subject of examination. Here,

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however, there was never any indication by defense counsel that Wallace's plea agreement was

conditioned on his agreement to the factual basis presented. Defense counsel merely wanted to

bring out the plea deal to raise that implication. The trial court was reasonably concerned that

bringing out Wallace's plea deal would imply to the jury that the case against defendant did not

amount to first degree murder. In the absence of any substantiation of the theory that Wallace

agreed to this factual basis as a result of his plea deal, it was not an abuse of discretion for the

trial court to bar details of the plea agreement. 

¶ 65 We also find that defendant has forfeited this claim. The motion in limine was not argued

in the context of rehabilitating Wallace after he was impeached. Rather, the State moved in

limine to bar the terms of the plea deal when counsel for Simpson announced that Wallace would

be called as a witness. When the motion in limine was argued, the context in which it was raised

was the State's request to bar details of the plea agreement during direct examination of Wallace. 

Counsel for Simpson argued that he should be allowed to explain during his examination of

Wallace what happened to the other persons charged in this offense. Counsel for the defendant

herein joined in that argument. The State argued that this was irrelevant and would imply to the

jury that other dispositions were more appropriate than a finding of guilty of first degree murder. 

The trial court agreed with the State's position in this regard. There was some vague argument by

Simpson's counsel that if Wallace did not testify according to his expectations from the factual

basis of the plea then the terms of the plea could become relevant. The trial court responded by

indicating that defense counsel could impeach Wallace with his sworn testimony at the plea

hearing if he strayed from that testimony. However, defense counsel never argued that he should

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be allowed to rehabilitate Wallace with the terms of his deal if he was impeached by the State. 

Further, after Wallace was impeached by the State, defense counsel never attempted to

rehabilitate him with the terms of the deal or otherwise asked the trial court to revisit its prior

ruling on the issue. In order to preserve an issue for appeal, defendant must raise the issue at trial

and in a posttrial motion. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988); see also People v. Leak,

398 Ill. App. 3d 798, 829 (2010) (an objection upon a specific ground is a waiver of all grounds

not specified). By failing to do so, defendant deprived the trial court of an opportunity to rule on

the issue and perhaps to have granted defendant's request. For this reason, we find defendant's

claim forfeited. 

¶ 66 Defendant next contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant

claims that his counsel conceded defendant's presence at the scene of the crime and thereby

demonstrated a lack of understanding of accountability theory. Defendant argues that counsel

was thus ineffective for presenting a defense that left the jury with no choice but to return a guilty

verdict. 

¶ 67 Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are resolved under the standard set forth in

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). In Strickland, the Supreme Court delineated a

two-part test to use when evaluating whether a defendant was denied the effective assistance of

counsel in violation of the sixth amendment of the United States Constitution. Under Strickland,

a defendant must demonstrate that counsel's performance was deficient and that such deficient

performance substantially prejudiced defendant. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. To demonstrate

performance deficiency, a defendant must establish that counsel's performance fell below an

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objective standard of reasonableness. People v. Edwards, 195 Ill. 2d 142, 162 (2001). In

evaluating sufficient prejudice, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability

that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the

outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Defendant must satisfy both prongs of this test in order

to prove ineffective assistance of counsel. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.

¶ 68 In order to properly evaluate defendant's claim, we first recount the prosecution's closing

argument because defense counsel's argument was partially made in response to that closing. 

The prosecution began its closing by reading the accountability instruction that would later be

given to the jury and then explaining to the jury how the instruction applied to the facts of the

case. The prosecutor stated, "[b]asically that means the team. The kill team." The prosecutor

then used several sports analogies to illustrate the concept, including that the Chicago

Blackhawks had won the Stanley Cup and that everyone on the team received a ring, including

the owners and the people in charge of the players' baggage. The prosecutor stated, "it is the

same for criminals. He knowingly solicits, aids, abets, agrees to aid or attempts to aid the other

person."

¶ 69 It was in this context that defense counsel made his closing argument. Counsel began by

arguing that there was a lack of physical or corroborating evidence. Counsel discussed the other

evidence and stated, "[b]ut I tell you if you believe that Antonio was part of a kill team, or team

kill, then you have to be certain that all the players are playing with the same goal. That they are

playing by the same rules." Counsel further argued that "there was no team involvement for

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Antonio" and no evidence of a long-planned mission to get revenge upon the victim. Counsel

attacked the testimony of the State's eyewitnesses and then made the following complained-of

remarks:

"The State has talked at length about the computer generation about the

legal responsibility of the conduct of another person. And I submit to you that in

this case, before you assess [defendant's] responsibility as being one of these team

players, you must be certain they are all playing by the same rules and the same

goal.

[Defendant] didn't run interference for the quarterback. Or the running

back. He wasn't the lead runner in a marathon race, trying to make certain that

somebody wins the race. His mere presence there, without any active

participation in hitting and striking and causing the death, does not make him

legally responsible for somebody else, and their activities of swinging the bat. 

The bat that did not come from his car. The bat that was not found in his

car. The bat that Johnny Graves indicated that he knew where it was. The bat that

contains the blood of [the vicitm]. That blood was never brought back into the

Bronco."

¶ 70 Defendant claims through these comments, counsel "insisted" that defendant was present

at the scene and overlooked the principle that active participation is not a requirement under

accountability. Defendant concluded that, because there was some evidence of a common plan,

counsel's arguments left the jury no choice but to return a guilty verdict. We disagree. 

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¶ 71 Counsel did not "insist" that defendant was present at the scene. Counsel initially

attacked the State's eyewitness evidence that placed defendant at the scene with the other

attackers. However, in likely recognition that three eyewitnesses placed defendant at the scene,

counsel argued that defendant's mere presence at the scene was insufficient to find him guilty

under accountability. This was a reasonable strategy and an accurate statement of the law. See

Foster, 198 Ill. App. 3d at 993. Moreover, as noted above, to prove that defendant had the intent

to promote or facilitate the crime, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

(1) the defendant shared the criminal intent of the principal or (2) there was a common criminal

design. See In re W.C., 167 Ill. 2d at 337. Counsel was essentially arguing that the State had

failed to prove that defendant shared the criminal intent of the principal or that there was

common criminal design when counsel told the jury that even if it believed defendant was part of

the "kill team," the jury had to be sure that all the players were playing with the "same goal."

Counsel also told the jury that "as you look through the witnesses, you see that there was no team

involvement for [defendant]," that there was no "great plan that [defendant] was part of" and that

"[t]here wasn't a mission to seek [the victim] out." Again, this argument was based on an

accurate understanding of the law. 

¶ 72 Defendant takes counsel's argument out of context when he claims that counsel argued

that defendant had to actively participate in the beating in order to be found guilty. When

counsel's arguments are viewed in their entirety, counsel was arguing that the State had failed to

prove that defendant knowingly participated in the criminal scheme. In addition to arguing that

defendant did not hit or strike the victim, counsel also argued that defendant did not bring the bat

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to the scene of the crime and that he did not take the bat into his car after the crime. In other

words, counsel was arguing that defendant did not perform any acts in furtherance of the criminal

scheme, such as bringing a weapon that was used or attempting to hide a weapon that was used to

beat the victim. Thus, defense counsel's arguments were part of a reasonable trial strategy and

defendant was not prejudiced by counsel's closing argument. For these reasons, we find that

defendant did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel.

¶ 73 Defendant next claims that counsel was ineffective for calling Wallace as a witness. 

Defendant claims that counsel should have known that Wallace would be impeached with the

facts he agreed to at his plea proceeding and that those facts would be damaging to defendant's

case. 

¶ 74 Decisions such as what evidence to present, whether to call a certain witness and what

theory of defense to pursue are matters of trial strategy. People v. Enis, 194 Ill. 2d 361, 381

(2000). Matters of trial strategy are generally immune from claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel. People v. Smith, 195 Ill. 2d 179, 188 (2000). A defendant may overcome the "strong

presumption" that the challenged action or inaction of counsel was a matter of sound trial

strategy by showing that counsel's decision was "so irrational and unreasonable that no

reasonably effective defense attorney, facing similar circumstances, would pursue such a

strategy." People v. Jones, 2012 IL App (2d) 110346, ¶ 82. 

¶ 75 Defendant's argument fails because defense counsel did not call Wallace as a witness. 

Instead, it was codefendant Simpson's counsel that did so. Defendant makes no suggestion that

he can assert a claim of ineffective assistance of a codefendant's counsel and we therefore find

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his claim without merit. Moreover, calling Wallace as a witness was part of a reasonable trial

strategy to present multiple versions of the beating to the jury in order to create reasonable doubt

as to defendant's guilt. In his reply brief, defendant claims that counsel was ineffective for

questioning Wallace after he had been called by codefendant's counsel. However, defense

counsel asked only a few questions of Wallace regarding his height and weight and whether the

item he used to hit the victim was a bat. These questions did not harm defendant's case and do

not establish that counsel was ineffective. Finally, defendant has not shown that he was

prejudiced by the addition of Wallace's testimony in light of the other evidence presented at trial. 

This evidence included Graves's testimony that defendant participated in the crime, Thompson's

statements regarding defendant's role in the victim's beating, as testified to by ASA Warren, and

Rucker's identification of defendant as the person who drove the Bronco and as one of the men

who beat the victim. Given this evidence, defendant has not shown that there is a reasonable

probability that the result of his trial would have been different had Wallace not been called as a

witness. Accordingly, defendant has failed to carry his burden under the second prong of

Strickland. 

¶ 76 Defendant next contends that he was denied a fair trial because the trial court failed to

question the prospective jurors on their understanding and acceptance of the legal principles

outlined in People v. Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d 472 (1984) and set forth in Illinois Supreme Court Rule

431(b) (eff. May 1, 2007). We review defendant’s contention de novo. See People v. Tlatenchi,

391 Ill. App. 3d 705, 721 (2009) (a trial court’s compliance with supreme court rules is reviewed

de novo).

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¶ 77 In Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d at 476-78, our supreme court held a trial court abused its discretion

during voir dire by refusing the defense counsel's request to ask questions about the State's

burden of proof, defendant's right not to testify, and the presumption of innocence. The court

reasoned that "essential to the qualification of jurors in a criminal case is that they know that a

defendant is presumed innocent, that he is not required to offer any evidence in his own behalf,

that he must be proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and that his failure to testify in his own

behalf cannot be held against him." Zehr, 103 Ill.2d at 477.

¶ 78 Rule 431(b), which is designed to ensure compliance with Zehr, provides: 

"The court shall ask each potential juror, individually or in a group,

whether that juror understands and accepts the following

principles: (1) that the defendant is presumed innocent of the

charge(s) against him or her; (2) that before a defendant can be

convicted the State must prove the defendant guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt; (3) that the defendant is not required to offer any

evidence on his or her own behalf; and (4) that the defendant's

failure to testify cannot be held against him or her; however, no

inquiry of a prospective juror shall be made into the defendant's

failure to testify when the defendant objects." Ill. S. Ct. R. 431(b)

(eff. May 1, 2007).

Rule 431(b) imposes a sua sponte duty on the trial court to question the potential jurors as to

whether they understand and accept the Zehr principles. Such questioning is not dependent upon

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a request by defense counsel. People v. Yarbor, 383 Ill. App. 3d 676, 682 (2008).

¶ 79 In People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 607 (2010), our supreme court considered the

requirements of Rule 431(b) and observed that "[t]he rule states that the trial court 'shall ask'

potential jurors whether they understand and accept the enumerated principles." The court

explained:

"Rule 431(b), therefore, mandates a specific question and response

process. The trial court must ask each potential juror whether he or she

understands and accepts each of the principles in the rule. The questioning may be

performed either individually or in a group, but the rule requires an opportunity

for a response from each prospective juror on [his or her] understanding and

acceptance of those principles." Id.

¶ 80 In this case, the trial court initially admonished the venire as follows:

"It is absolutely essential as we select this jury that each of you understand

and embrace these fundamental principles of law, that all persons who are charged

with crimes are presumed to be innocent and that it's the burden of the State to

prove them guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. What this means is that the

defendants have no obligation to testify in their own behalf or to call any

witnesses in their defense. They may simply sit and rely upon what they and their

lawyers perceive to be the inability of the State to present sufficient evidence to

meet the burden of proof. ***

The fact that either defendant chooses not to testify must not be considered

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by you in any way in arriving at your verdict. *** The bottom line, however, is

that there is no burden upon either defendant to prove their innocence. It is the

State's burden to prove them guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. 

* * *

Now, before we begin the individual voir dire, I want to go back and touch

upon those fundamental principles of law I spoke about earlier. And again, I want

to treat the room in the four sections that I have. There are approximately–well,

not approximately. In front of the jury box there are 14 and on each side of the

gallery there are approximately 20 people, maybe 25. I spoke about the fact that

the defendant is presumed to be–the defendants are presumed to be innocent of

the charges against them and this presumption stays with them throughout the trial

and is not overcome unless and until the jury determines the defendant is guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt. Let's for the purpose of these questions combine the

people in the courtroom in one group. Is there anybody in the courtroom who

disagrees with this fundamental principle of law? If so, raise your hand.

No hands raised.

I spoke about the fact that the defendants are presumed to be innocent of

the charges against them and this presumption stays with them throughout the trial

and is not overcome unless and until the jury determines the defendants are guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Is there anyone on the left side of the gallery who disagrees with this

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fundamental principle of law? If so, raise your hand.

No hands raised.

Right side of the gallery, I spoke about the fact that the defendants are

presumed to be innocent of the charges against them and this presumption stays

with them throughout the trial and is not overcome unless and until the jury

determines the defendants are guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Is there anyone

on the left side of the gallery who disagrees with this fundamental principle of

law? If so, raise your hand.

No hands raised.

Again to the folks in the courtroom, I also spoke about the fact that the

defendant bears the burden of proving–I'm sorry. I also spoke about the fact that

the State, the prosecutors, bear the burden of proving the defendants guilty beyond

a reasonable doubt. Is there anyone in the courtroom who disagrees with this

fundamental principle of law? If so, raise your hand.

No hands raised.

Left side of the gallery, I spoke about the fact that the State bears the

burden of proving the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Is there

anyone on the left side of the gallery who disagrees with this fundamental

principle of law? If so, raise your hand. 

No hands raised.

And finally the right side of the gallery, I spoke about the fact that the

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State bears the burden of proving the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Is there anyone on the right side of the gallery who disagrees with this

fundamental principle of law? If so, raise your hand.

And again, no hands raised.

Because these defendants are presumed to be innocent, they do not have to

present any evidence at all in this case. They can simply rely on the presumption

of innocence. Is there anyone in the courtroom who disagrees with this

fundamental principle of law? If so, raise your hand.

No hands raised.

Because these defendants are presumed to be innocent, they do not have to

present any evidence at all in this case. They can simply rely on the presumption

of innocence. Is there anyone on the left side of the gallery who disagrees with

that fundamental principle of law? If so, raise your hand.

No hands are raised.

Right side of the gallery, because the defendants are presumed to be

innocent, they do not have to present any evidence at all in this case. They can

simply rely on the presumption of innocence. Is there anyone on the right side of

the gallery who disagrees with that fundamental principle of law? If so, raise your

hand.

No hands are raised.

And finally to the folks in the courtroom, the defendants have a

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constitutional right to choose not to testify in this case. Should the defendants

choose not to testify, you must not consider that decision in any way in arriving at

your verdict. Is there anyone in the gallery - I'm sorry - in the courtroom who

disagrees with that fundamental principle of law? Please raise your hand if you

do.

No hands are raised.

Left side of the gallery, the defendants have a constitutional right to

choose not to testify in this case. Should the defendants choose not to testify, you

must not, may not consider that decision in any way in arriving at your verdict. Is

there anyone on the left side of the gallery who disagrees with that fundamental

principle of law? If so, raise your hand.

No hands are raised.

And finally right side of the gallery, the defendants have a constitutional 

right to choose not to testify in this case. Should the defendants choose not to

testify, you must not consider that decision in any way in arriving at your verdict. 

Is there anyone on the right side of the gallery who disagrees with that

fundamental principle of law? If so, raise your hand.

And again no hands are raised."

¶ 81 In this case, defendant acknowledges that the trial court collectively asked all of the

potential jurors whether they understood the four Zehr principles. Defendant claims that the

court's inquiry was nevertheless insufficient because the court did not ask the potential jurors

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whether they also accepted those principles. 

¶ 82 Defendant acknowledges that his claim is subject to forfeiture because he did not raise an

objection in the trial court or in his posttrial motion. See Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186. Defendant

asks that we review the issue under the plain-error doctrine. Our supreme court has explained

that doctrine as follows:

"[T]he plain-error doctrine allows a reviewing court to consider unpreserved error

when (1) a clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced

that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant,

regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious error occurred

and that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant's trial and

challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the

evidence." People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007).

Defendants bear the burden of persuasion under each prong of the doctrine. People v. Naylor,

229 Ill. 2d 584, 593 (2008). Where a defendant is unable to establish plain error, it is incumbent

upon a reviewing court to honor the procedural default. People v. Keene, 169 Ill. 2d 1, 17

(1995). However, before considering whether plain error occurred, we first determine whether

an error actually occurred. 

¶ 83 We find no error in this case because the trial court complied with the requirements of

Rule 431(b). Defendant essentially complains that the trial court did not employ the precise

language of the rule. However, there is no requirement that a trial court use the exact language of

the rule and the rule does not "prescribe a precise formula for trial judges to use in ascertaining

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jurors’ prejudices or attitudes." People v. Emerson, 122 Ill. 2d 411, 426-27 (1987); People v.

Ingram, 409 Ill. App. 3d 1, 12 (2011); People v. Vargas, 409 Ill. App. 3d 790, 796 (2011);

People v. Strickland, 399 Ill. App. 3d 590, 604 (2010). In this case, the trial court initially told

the venire that it was essential that they all "understand" and "embrace" the four principles. The

court then reviewed each principle in depth and confirmed that none of the venire disagreed the

principle. We find that the court's admonishments were substantially in accordance with the

mandate of Rule 431(b) and were sufficient to confirm the venire’s understanding and acceptance

of all the principles set forth in the rule. Because we find no error in this case, there can be no

plain error and we thus conclude that defendant's claim is forfeited. See Vargas, 409 Ill. App. 3d

at 796 ("we find no error in the trial court's inquiry and further consideration as to forfeiture or

harmless error is unnecessary"). 

¶ 84 For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

¶ 85 Affirmed.

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