UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Edmund D. LaChance, Jr.

v. Civil No. 07-cv-127-PB

State of New Hampshire

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

Before the Court is Edmund LaChance’s petition for a writ of

habeas corpus (document no. 1), filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

2254. The petition is before me for preliminary review to

determine, among other things, whether it states a claim upon

which relief might be granted. See United States District Court

for the District of New Hampshire Local Rule (“LR”) 4.3(d)(2);

Rule 4 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United

States District Courts. Because I find that this Court lacks

jurisdiction over this matter, I recommend that LaChance’s

petition be dismissed. 

Standard of Review

Under this court’s local rules, when an incarcerated

plaintiff commences an action pro se and in forma pauperis, the

magistrate judge is directed to conduct a preliminary review and

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LaChance v. NH Attorney General Doc. 2

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to prepare a report and recommendation advising the district 

judge whether the action, or any portion thereof, should be

dismissed because:

(I) the allegation of poverty is untrue, the 

action is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state

a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks 

monetary relief from a defendant who is immune 

from such relief under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b); or

(ii) it fails to establish subject matter 

jurisdiction under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1).

LR 4.3(d)(2). In conducting a preliminary review, the Court

construes pro se pleadings liberally. See Ayala Serrano v.

Lebron Gonzales, 909 F.2d 8, 15 (1st Cir. 1990) (following

Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976) to construe pro se

pleadings liberally in favor of the pro se party). “The policy

behind affording pro se plaintiffs liberal interpretation is that

if they present sufficient facts, the court may intuit the

correct cause of action, even if it was imperfectly pled.” Ahmed

v. Rosenblatt, 118 F.3d 886, 890 (1st Cir. 1997), cert. denied,

Ahmed v. Greenwood, 522 U.S. 1148 (1998).

At this preliminary stage of review, all factual assertions

made by the petitioner and inferences reasonably drawn therefrom

must be accepted as true. See Aulson v. Blanchard, 83 F.3d 1, 3

(1st Cir. 1996) (stating the “failure to state a claim” standard

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of review and explaining that all “well-pleaded factual

averments,” not bald assertions, must be accepted as true). This

review ensures that pro se pleadings are given fair and

meaningful consideration. See Eveland v. Dir. of C.I.A., 843

F.2d 46, 49 (1st Cir. 1988). Applying this standard, the facts

alleged by LaChance are as follows.

Background

LaChance is a Massachusetts prison inmate. Prior to his

incarceration in Massachusetts, he was incarcerated at the New

Hampshire State Prison. During LaChance’s New Hampshire

incarceration, he became acquainted with, and enamored of, a

female corrections officer named Jessica Millette. In February

of 2005, while serving his Massachusetts sentence, LaChance sent

a letter to Millette declaring his feelings for her and

expressing his hope that Millette returned his feelings. The

letter was sent in an envelope that falsely indicated a return

address of a special agent from a law enforcement agency. In his

letter, LaChance made specific references, not only to Millette,

but to Millette’s young daughter, and the town that Millette

lived in. In the letter, LaChance also said that he would not

seek to contact Millette again if she did not answer the letter,

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as he would understand her lack of response to mean that she was

not interested in pursuing a relationship with LaChance. 

Millette did not respond to LaChance’s letter.

LaChance, through members of his family, attempted to

ascertain where Millette lived in an effort to send her flowers,

and to send Millette’s daughter a gift. LaChance had flowers

delivered to an address he believed belonged to Millette, but the

flowers were not delivered because LaChance did not have

Millette’s correct address. In the summer of 2005, after

attempting to send the flowers, and believing they had arrived,

LaChance sent Millette a second letter, again professing his

feelings of affection and his hope that Millette would enter into

a romantic relationship with him. As LaChance did not have

Millette’s correct address, the second letter, like the flowers,

was mailed by LaChance, but not received by Millette.

Millette, upon receiving LaChance’s first letter notified

the New Hampshire State Prison authorities that she had received

the letter. As a result, LaChance’s communications in and out of

the Massachusetts prison were monitored, and his flower order,

second letter to Millette, efforts to locate Millette’s address

through his brother, and to contact Millette by telephone through

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his mother, were discovered. On October 17, 2005, Major Ross

Cunningham of the New Hampshire State Prison sent LaChance a

letter telling him to cease any attempt to correspond with

Millette immediately or risk disciplinary action at the prison

where he was being housed. LaChance made no further effort to

contact Millette after receiving Cunningham’s letter.

LaChance, however, felt as though he had been wronged by

Millette’s actions in turning the matter over to Cunningham. To

exact revenge, LaChance sent letters to the Governor of New

Hampshire and the Concord Monitor newspaper claiming that

Millette had been arrested and convicted for driving while

intoxicated while she was employed as a corrections officer. 

LaChance’s letter to the Concord Monitor also stated that

Millette had consorted inappropriately with prison inmates or

former inmates, and implied that Millette bore some

responsibility for, or had a connection to, the then-recent and

well-publicized escape of several inmates from the yard of the

New Hampshire State Prison. LaChance sent copies of his letters

to both Cunningham and Millette.

On May 8, 2006, in response to LaChance’s letters and other

conduct, Millette filed a request in the Concord District Court

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for the issuance of a “Stalking Temporary Order” directing

LaChance not to make any contact with Millette or Millette’s

daughter, not to follow Millette or her daughter or to appear at

their home, work, or school, not to take or damage Millette’s

property, and to relinquish any firearms or other deadly weapons

in his possession. The Court granted that request on May 8,

2006, and issued a temporary order. The Court also scheduled a

hearing for June 6, 2006 to determine whether a final order

should issue.

 A hearing was held on June 6, where LaChance appeared by

videoconference. LaChance requested a continuance of the matter

because he claimed he had no access to New Hampshire statutes or

case law with which to challenge the allegations against him. 

The motion was denied and the hearing proceeded as scheduled. 

After the hearing, the Court entered a “Stalking Final Order”

pursuant to N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. 633:3-a, finding that Millette

had been stalked by LaChance, and ordering LaChance not to abuse

or have any contact with Millette or any member of her family or

household, directly or indirectly, for a period of one year. 

LaChance appealed the issuance of the final order to the New

Hampshire Supreme Court. On appeal, LaChance argued that he had

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been improperly denied access to the means to represent himself

at the hearing. LaChance also challenged the sufficiency of the

evidence presented at the hearing. Ultimately, the Court denied

the appeal. LaChance filed an unsuccessful motion to reconsider

the denial. 

This petition followed, raising two constitutional

challenges to the issuance of the Stalking Final Order, both

alleging violations of his right to due process under the

Fourteenth Amendment. First, LaChance argues that he was denied

due process when he was not permitted to obtain a copy of the New

Hampshire stalking statute prior to the June 6 hearing, and thus

was not able to challenge the constitutionality of the statute

before the hearing court. Second, LaChance claims that the New

Hampshire Supreme Court’s denial of a free transcript deprived

him of due process as he was not able to properly present his

arguments on appeal.

Discussion

To petition a federal court for habeas corpus relief from a

State court judgment, the applicant must be “in custody in

violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United

States.” See Garlotte v. Fordice, 515 U.S. 39, 40 (1995) (citing

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28 U.S.C. § 2254(a)); Maleng v. Cook, 490 U.S. 488, 490-91

(1989). The “in custody” requirement is jurisdictional. See

Carafas v. LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234, 238 (1968). While the habeas

statute limits the availability of federal habeas review to those

who are “in custody,” that statute does not define the boundaries

of “custody” or, by its own terms, limit “custody” to any

particular situation. See Jones v. Cunningham, 371 U.S. 236, 238

(1963). Although habeas relief is not limited to those who are

in actual physical custody according to a State court judgment,

to be “in custody,” an applicant for habeas relief must be

subject to significant restraints on his liberty that are “not

shared by the public generally.” Id. at 239-40.

The First Circuit has followed the Supreme Court in

recognizing a number of situations where an applicant who is not

in the physical custody of the State has nevertheless been

permitted to claim custodial status for purposes of requesting

habeas relief. Lefkowitz v. Fair, 816 F.2d 17, 19 (1st Cir.

1987) (citing Justices of Boston Mun. Ct. v. Lydon, 466 U.S. 294,

301 (1984) (pretrial release on personal recognizance constitutes

custody); Hensley v. Mun. Ct., San Jose Milpitas Jud. Dist.,

Santa Clara County, Cal., 411 U.S. 345, 349-51 (1973) (release on

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1I note that LaChance is serving a 17-25 year prison

sentence for rape in Massachusetts. Accordingly, the

restrictions imposed by the Concord District Court do not impose

any restraint that LaChance is not already subjected to,

including limitations on his contacts with those outside the

prison, the inability to contact or follow Millette in person,

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personal recognizance pending execution of sentence constitutes

custody); Cunningham, 371 U.S. at 240-43 (habeas petitioner on

parole is in custody)). The First Circuit has also specifically

found that custody requires, at least, some type of ongoing or

continuing governmental supervision, and that “[h]e who seeks the

writ must be incarcerated, or under imminent threat of

incarceration, in order to meet the custody requirement of the

habeas statute.” Tinder v. Paula, 725 F.2d 801, 803-04 (1st Cir.

1984). 

Petitioner here is under certain restrictions on his freedom

of movement, not experienced by the public generally, imposed by

a civil order issued pursuant to the authority of N.H. Rev. Stat.

Ann. 633:3-a. Specifically, LaChance is restrained from having

any direct or indirect contact with Millette or any member of her

household or family, is restrained from being within 900 feet of

Millette or any member of her household or family, and must

relinquish all firearms and other deadly weapons in his

possession.1 Should LaChance violate the directives of the

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and the inability to possess any firearm or other deadly weapon. 

2LaChance refers to this seven year period as a

“probationary” period. LaChance, however, either misunderstands

or mischaracterizes the statute. There is no probation or other

governmental supervision imposed during the seven year period,

beyond what is contained in the Stalking Final Order,and the

general requirement applicable to all members of the public, not

to violate the law or orders of the court.

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Stalking Final Order, he would be subject to criminal prosecution

for stalking, or a finding of civil or criminal contempt. Any

such violation could result in LaChance’s incarceration. As

LaChance points out, should he twice be accused of violating the

Stalking Final Order, his first offense would be prosecutable as

a misdemeanor, and his second offense, if it occurred within

seven years of the first offense, could be prosecuted as a felony

under New Hampshire law.2 See N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. 633:3-

a(VI)(a).

If LaChance were to be incarcerated for violating the

Stalking Final Order, he would be “in custody” for purposes of

habeas review. See Fernos-Lopez v. Figarella Lopez, 929 F.2d 20,

23 (1st Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886. However,

LaChance is not incarcerated, or subject to certain and imminent

incarceration, pursuant to a violation of the Stalking Final

Order. Therefore, LaChance is not “in custody” pursuant to that

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order. Any incarceration that may occur pursuant to a violation

of the Stalking Final Order in the future is merely “a

speculative possibility that depends on a number of

contingencies” over which LaChance has control. See id. at 23-

24. Further, LaChance is not subject to any supervisory control

by the government, such as probation or bail, pursuant to the

Stalking Final Order. See id. at 24. The fact that LaChance, if

he violates the Stalking Final Order in the future, may be

subject to incarceration for such a violation, does not give rise

to custody for habeas purposes. Compare Spencer v. Kemna, 523

U.S. 1, 15 (1998) (rejecting analogous claim that case-orcontroversy requirement is satisfied by general assertion or

inference that respondents may be prosecuted for a future

violation of a valid criminal law, and resting ruling on

assumption that people will conduct activities within the law and

so avoid prosecution and conviction). Finally, while the

Stalking Final Order does impose some non-incarcerative

restrictions on LaChance’s conduct that do not apply to the

public generally, at least four federal district courts have

rejected habeas petitions which challenged civil restraining

orders on the grounds that such an order did not include

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restraints severe enough to place the petitioner “in custody” for

habeas purposes. See McCreary v. Birkett, No. 2:06-CV-11195,

2006 WL 3257223, at *3 (E.D.Mich. Nov. 9, 2006); Strout v. Maine,

No. Civ. 04-40-P-S, 2004 WL 1571768, at *3 (D.Me. July 13, 2004);

Rouse v. Chen, No. C 02-01272 VRW(PR), 2002 WL 826835, at *1

(N.D.Cal. Apr. 19, 2002); Jones v. McKibben, No. C 93-4536 FMS,

1994 WL 62105, at *1 (N.D.Cal. Feb. 8, 1994). I find that the

Stalking Final Order at issue here does not place restraints on

LaChance’s liberty sufficient to render him “in custody” for

purposes of obtaining federal habeas relief. 

For the reasons stated herein, I find that LaChance has not

fulfilled the “in custody” requirement for federal habeas review. 

Accordingly, this Court lacks jurisdiction to consider LaChance’s

petition. I therefore recommend that the petition be dismissed. 

Any objections to this report and recommendation must be

filed within ten (10) days of receipt of this notice. Failure to

file objections within the specified time waives the right to

appeal the district court’s order. See Unauthorized Practice of

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Law Comm. v. Gordon, 979 F.2d 11, 13-14 (1st Cir. 1992);

United States v. Valencia-Copete, 792 F.2d 4, 6 (1st Cir. 1986). 

_________________________________

James R. Muirhead

United States Magistrate Judge

Date: May 8, 2007

cc: Edmund D. LaChance, Jr., pro se

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