IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-14-00269-CR

JAMES GLYNN KEETON,

Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

Appellee

From the County Court at Law No. 2

McLennan County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2013-2046-CR2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

James Glynn Keeton was convicted of the offense of possession of marijuana, 

under two ounces, and sentenced to 140 days in jail. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE 

ANN. § 481.121(a), (b)(1) (West 2010). Because the trial court adequately warned Keeton 

of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, Keeton’s waiver of counsel was 

knowing and intelligent. The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

Keeton was arrested for possession of marijuana after a traffic stop. Before trial, 
Keeton v. State Page 2

he decided to waive his right to counsel and proceed to trial acting as his own counsel. 

Keeton does not question the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal; thus, no further 

recitation of the facts is necessary. 

In his sole issue on appeal, Keeton contends his waiver of his right to counsel 

was not knowingly and intelligently made. Specifically, Keeton argues that the trial 

court failed to make him aware of the “dangers and disadvantages of selfrepresentation.”

SELF-REPRESENTATION

The United States Supreme Court's foundational "self-representation" case, 

Faretta v. California, held that the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments include a 

"constitutional right to proceed without counsel when" a criminal defendant 

"voluntarily and intelligently elects to do so." Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164, 128 S. Ct. 

2379, 171 L. Ed. 2d 345 (2008); Faretta v. Cal., 422 U.S. 806, 95 S. Ct. 2525, 45 L. Ed. 2d 562 

(1975). Once the right is asserted, the trial judge must inform the defendant about "the 

dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, so that the record will establish that 

'he knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open."' Faretta, 422 U.S. at 

835 (quoting Adams v. United States, 317 U.S. 269, 279, 63 S. Ct. 236, 87 L. Ed. 268 (1942)). 

When advising a defendant about the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, 

there is no litany for the trial court to use and "no formulaic questioning." Johnson v. 

State, 760 S.W.2d 277, 278 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (quoting Blankenship v. State, 673 
Keeton v. State Page 3

S.W.2d 578, 583 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984)). Admonishments should include an effort to 

ensure that the defendant is aware of the practical disadvantages of representing 

himself. Id. Further, a defendant should be aware that there are technical rules of 

evidence and procedure, and he will not be granted any special consideration solely 

because he asserted his pro se rights. Id. at 279.

The trial judge is responsible for determining whether a defendant's waiver is 

knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Williams v. State, 252 S.W.3d 353, 356 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2008). To assess whether a waiver is effective, courts consider the totality of the 

circumstances. Id. This means that courts must examine "the particular facts and 

circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and 

conduct of the accused. Id.

ADMONISHMENTS AND EXPLANATIONS

In the case at hand, the trial court made the following inquiries of and 

explanations and admonishments to Keeton:

 inquired into Keeton’s level of education, which included associates degrees in 

both Aeronautical Science and Arts;

 informed Keeton about the range of punishment for his case;

 explained the role of the court and the District Attorney after Keeton inquired 

about an unfiled resisting arrest out of the same incident as the current case;

 explained that Keeton had the right to counsel and that counsel would be 

appointed if Keeton was too poor to hire counsel;

 explained that Keeton could withdraw his request to represent himself and retain 
Keeton v. State Page 4

an attorney at any time during the course of the proceedings;

 explained that anything that occurred prior to retaining counsel would remain in 

place and Keeton would not be allowed to go back and restart the process;

 explained that, if Keeton made an error that affects the outcome of his case, by 

hiring an attorney later he may not be able to repair the error;

 admonished Keeton that even with an associate’s degree from college he was not 

qualified to practice law;

 admonished Keeton that he would have the responsibility of knowing the rules 

of evidence, procedure, local rules, time limits, deadlines and similar things 

under the law; and

 admonished Keeton that the court would not give any legal advice and would 

not correct any mistake that Keeton may make.

Keeton indicated that he understood all the trial court’s explanations and 

admonishments.

Additionally, the trial court had previously ordered a competency evaluation of 

Keeton which was before the court at the time of the self-representation 

admonishments. The competency evaluation specifically inquired into Keeton’s age, 

background, education, and prior criminal history. The evaluation revealed no mental 

impairment or distorted thought processes and also revealed that Keeton’s intelligence 

was functioning in the middle of the normal range of intelligence.

ARGUMENT

 Keeton advocates using the federal guide to determine whether Keeton was 

adequately admonished by the trial court. However, the Court of Criminal Appeals has 
Keeton v. State Page 5

said that “no litany, ‘no formulaic questioning’” is required. Johnson v. State, 760 S.W.2d 

277, 278, (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). Accordingly, we decline to evaluate the trial court’s 

admonishments based on the federal guide.

Keeton also seems to argue that because the trial court did not specifically tell

Keeton that he would be treated the same as an attorney, the court’s admonishments 

were deficient. Again, there is no formulaic questioning required. Further, while a 

defendant should be informed that he will not be granted any special consideration 

because he is proceeding pro se, in this case, the trial court, albeit indirectly, informed 

Keeton that he would have no special consideration by telling Keeton he could not 

restart the process on anything such as rulings on motions if Keeton subsequently hired 

counsel, subsequently hired counsel may not be able to correct any error previously 

made by Keeton, and the trial court could not give Keeton legal advice or correct 

Keeton if he was making a mistake. The fact that the trial court did not use the specific 

admonishments from another case that were found to be sufficient, see Burgess v. State, 

816 S.W.2d 424 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), is of no consequence. 

CONCLUSION

Viewing the record in its entirety and based on the totality of the circumstances, 

we find the trial court adequately admonished Keeton of the dangers and 

disadvantages of self-representation, and thus, Keeton knowingly and intelligently 

waived his right to counsel. Keeton’s sole issue is overruled. 
Keeton v. State Page 6

Having overruled Keeton’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

TOM GRAY

Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,

Justice Davis, and

Justice Scoggins

Affirmed

Opinion delivered and filed October 22, 2015

Do not publish

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