UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Paragon Residential Group, LLC

Paragon Residential Properties, LLC,

James Leavitt and Louise Parker

v. Civil No. 07-cv-118-JL

Opinion No. 2008 NH 142

Town of Hanover

O R D E R

Plaintiffs Paragon Residential Group, LLC and Paragon

Residential Properties, LLC (“Paragon”) agreed to purchase a

parcel of land from co-plaintiffs James Leavitt and Louise Parker

(“the Leavitt family”) with the intention of building a planned

residential development on the land. Paragon and the Leavitt

family are now suing the Town of Hanover, alleging that Hanover

acted in bad faith to prevent the development project. The

plaintiffs assert four civil rights claims under 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1983, three claims under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28

U.S.C. § 2201, and six state law claims.

The court has jurisdiction over this matter under 28 U.S.C.

§§ 1331 (federal question), 1343 (civil rights), and 1367

(supplemental jurisdiction).

Hanover has moved for judgment on the pleadings. The court

heard oral argument on June 30, 2008. Hanover’s motion for

judgment on the pleadings is granted as to counts four

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1 Until recently, the pleading standard for a motion to

dismiss set a high bar for the movant, requiring that the

complaint be maintained “unless it appears beyond doubt that the

plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which

would entitle him to relief.” See Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41,

45, 46 (1957), abrogated by Bell Atl. Corp., 127 S. Ct. at 1969. 

In 2007, however, the U.S. Supreme Court retired the “no set of

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(procedural due process) and seven (Contracts Clause). As to the

remaining claims, the court denies Hanover’s motion without

prejudice.

I. APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARD

Hanover has moved for judgment on the pleadings under

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(c). “The standard for

evaluating a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings is

essentially the same as that for deciding a Rule 12(b)(6)

motion.” Pasdon v. City of Peabody, 417 F.3d 225, 226 (1st Cir.

2005); see also Perez-Acevedo v. Rivero-Cubano, 520 F.3d 26, 29

(1st Cir. 2008). The court views all well-pleaded factual

allegations in the nonmovants’ pleadings in the light most

favorable to the nonmovants and draws all reasonable inferences

in their favor. Zipperer v. Raytheon Co., 493 F.3d 50, 53 (1st

Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 1248 (U.S. 2008). Although

the complaint “does not need detailed factual allegations,” the

allegations “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the

speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S. Ct. 1955,

1965 (U.S. 2007); Perez-Acevedo, 520 F.3d at 29.1

Case 1:07-cv-00118-JL Document 28 Filed 08/08/08 Page 2 of 21
facts” formulation in favor of the standard quoted above, which

requires more of the nonmovant. Bell Atl. Corp., 127 S. Ct. at

1968-69. This new pleading standard applies to both Rule

12(b)(6) motions to dismiss and Rule 12(c) motions for judgment

on the pleadings. Perez-Acevedo, 520 F.3d at 29.

2 As required on a motion for judgment on the pleadings,

this statement of the facts treats Paragon’s allegations as true

and draws all reasonable inferences in Paragon’s favor.

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II. BACKGROUND2

Paragon is a Connecticut-based developer. James Leavitt and

his sister, Louise Parker, live in Shrewsbury, New Jersey and 

Enfield, New Hampshire, respectively. Together, the two siblings

own a 259-acre property on Greensboro Road in Hanover, New

Hampshire (“the Leavitt property”). In September 2004, after

researching the suitability of the site for a “mixed-use”

development, Paragon agreed to purchase the Leavitt property from

the Leavitt family. The municipal regulatory dispute that

subsequently entangled Paragon’s development plans is the subject

of this case.

On January 12, 2005, Paragon met with Hanover Town Manager

Julia Griffin to preliminarily discuss its plans to build a

Planned Residential Development (“planned development”) on the

Leavitt property. Griffin encouraged Paragon to include a

Continuing Care Retirement Community (“retirement community”)

within the planned development. At the time, both uses were

expressly permitted by Hanover’s zoning ordinances, and Paragon

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believed that the project was consistent with the 2003 Hanover

Master Plan.

After a series of meetings with town officials and

residents, Paragon presented its development proposal to the

Hanover Planning Board on July 5, 2005. The proposal consisted

of a planned development that included forty-five single-family

homes, forty-one townhouses, and a retirement community. At that

meeting, Town Planner John Edwards and Assistant Town Planner

Vicki Smith both voiced their disapproval of the project and the

development proposal.

Three weeks later, the Planning Board voted to adopt a new

“Four-Step Design Review Process” for new subdivisions, which

imposed significant new obligations on developers. The Planning

Board specified that this new procedure would be retroactively

applied to Paragon’s application. About two months after the

Four-Step Design Review process was adopted, Paragon submitted a

new application to the Planning Board revised to comply with this

new review process.

On October 11, 2005, the Hanover Planning Office conducted a

staff review of the Paragon proposal but failed to provide

advance notice to Paragon. The notice was mailed to Paragon on

the Friday before the Columbus Day holiday weekend (October 7,

2005) and arrived the day of the review, which took place the day

after the Columbus Day holiday (October 11, 2005).

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On November 1, 2005, the Planning Board held a public

hearing on Paragon’s application. After the meeting, in an

exchange captured by the Town’s tape recorder, Edwards criticized

the project’s proposed density and argued that Greensboro Road

was inadequate to handle the anticipated increase in traffic. In

a discussion regarding certain off-site improvements, Edwards

suggested, “You can make [the off-site improvements] a

requirement of this developer. It’s a bit outrageous, but they

have -- would then have to face the choice, do they tie

themselves up in court for two years litigating it . . . or do

they just go ahead and [make the improvements at their own

expense]?”

Meanwhile, Paragon prepared two applications to the Hanover

Zoning Board of Adjustment: (1) a request for a special

exception to allow construction and mitigation within wetlands or

wetland setback areas in certain areas of the Leavitt property,

and (2) a request for a variance to allow Paragon’s retirement

community to have a gabled roof five feet higher than the

vertical height limit prescribed in the zoning ordinance. The

Zoning Board scheduled a hearing to consider both the wetlands

special exception and the height variance on November 3, 2005,

but failed to give Paragon notice of the hearing. Because

Paragon did not learn of the hearing in time, consideration of

its applications was continued until December 1, 2005. Although

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Paragon formally protested the lack of notice to Town Manager

Griffin and Town Planner Edwards, its protest was never

acknowledged.

The Hanover Conservation Commission scheduled a hearing to

review Paragon’s application for a wetlands special exception on

November 9, 2005, but similarly failed to give Paragon notice of

the hearing. Paragon managed to attend the hearing, however, and

the Conservation Commission approved Paragon’s wetlands

mitigation plan on November 16, 2005.

On December 1, 2005, Paragon arrived for the scheduled

Zoning Board hearing with three consultants who had traveled from

out-of-state to testify. The Zoning Board nevertheless continued

the hearing on Paragon’s wetlands special exception and height

variance applications a second time, rescheduling the hearing for

January 5, 2006, because only three of the five Zoning Board

members were present. At the January 5th hearing, Zoning

Administrator Judith Brotman raised new concerns about the

requested height variance, forcing consideration of that

application and the wetland’s special exception to be continued

until January 19, 2006.

At the January 19th hearing, Zoning Administrator Brotman

asserted that information in Paragon’s wetlands special exception

application was “either missing or not fully detailed,” though

she had not communicated to Paragon any requests for additional

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information. To address Brotman’s concerns, the Zoning Board

continued the hearing for about one month, until February 23,

2006. In response to Paragon’s objection to the continuing

delays, all Zoning Board members pledged to be present at the

next hearing.

The Zoning Board chose to consider Paragon’s wetlands

special exception just one week later, on January 26, 2006,

without giving notice of its intent to Paragon. At that hearing,

not attended by Paragon because Paragon had received no notice of

it, the Zoning Board voted to retain an independent consultant to

review Paragon’s Wetland Impact Analysis at Paragon’s expense,

and continued all further proceedings on the wetlands special

exception until this consultant’s work could be completed. (The

Town did not select the consultant, however, until June 26,

2006.)

On February 23, 2006, Paragon and its out-of-state

consultants arrived at the Zoning Board hearing to find that

despite the Town’s January 19th promise to muster a full board,

only three members of the Zoning Board were present and voting. 

The reduced-member board heard Paragon’s application for the

roof-height variance and took the matter under advisement. Two

weeks later, the Zoning Board voted unanimously to deny the

height variance. This decision was based in part on the Zoning

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3

 The Complaint does not make it clear why Edwards and Smith

refused to accept delivery of these materials. The Town denies

this allegation, alleging that Smith merely refused to sign a

form that Paragon’s attorney asked her to sign in connection with

the delivery.

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Board’s conclusions that it had insufficient time to consider

Paragon’s application and that the $852,000 expense of

constructing a conforming non-gabled roof was “de minimis.”

Paragon then filed a timely motion for rehearing, which

(after a brief dispute involving the proper pre-printed form to

use), the Zoning Board denied without comment. Paragon appealed

this denial to the Grafton County Superior Court. That appeal

has since been stayed pending the outcome of this case.

Meanwhile, on March 14, 2006, the Planning Board determined

that its Four-Step Design Review of Paragon’s application was

complete and that Paragon could now submit its documentation. In

response, Paragon prepared the necessary supplementary materials

documenting the completion of the Four-Step Design Review process

and attempted to deliver these materials to the Town on May 4,

2006. Town Planner Edwards and Assistant Town Planner Smith

refused to accept the delivery.3 Edwards yelled at Paragon’s

counsel in a threatening and belligerent manner until a nearby

Hanover police officer intervened and escorted Edwards away. 

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Paragon’s counsel later left the supplementary materials with the

Town Manager without incident.

During the same time period, the Planning Board reviewed and

recommended for voter approval a number of zoning amendments

which, if approved, would make it difficult or impossible for

Paragon to build the development it had planned. Many of these

amendments were approved at the annual Town Meeting on May 9,

2006. As enacted, the amendments prohibited the construction of

both Planned Residential Developments and Continuing Care

Retirement Communities in the district where the Leavitt property

was located, modified density calculations in a manner that

considerably decreased the maximum density for the Leavitt

property, and modified lot size and frontage requirements in a

manner that effectively prohibited Paragon’s development.

On May 30, 2006, the Planning Board unanimously found that

because Paragon’s application did not comply with the newly

adopted zoning amendments, the application was “not complete.” 

Accordingly, the Board voted to take no further action on the

application. Paragon appealed that decision to the Grafton

County Superior Court pursuant to New Hampshire law. The appeal

has been stayed pending the outcome of Paragon’s federal case.

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4 As a general rule, a municipality cannot be held liable

for injuries inflicted by its employees or agents unless they

were carrying out a “policy or custom” of the municipal

government. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658,

694 (1978). Hanover argues that Paragon failed to establish the

existence of a municipal policy or custom. Paragon correctly

points out, however, that single acts by government

decisionmakers or policy boards may constitute official

government policy. See Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S.

469, 481 (1986) (holding that a single act by a government

decisionmaker where that decisionmaker has “final authority to

establish municipal policy with respect to the action ordered” is

an act of official government policy for § 1983 purposes);

Cordero v. De Jesus-Mendez, 867 F.2d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 1989)

(holding that the actions of the town’s mayor constitute the

official policy of the municipality for § 1983 purposes). In

this case, Paragon’s procedural due process claim concerns the

Town’s zoning amendments and the application of the zoning

regulations by the Zoning Board and Planning Board. The

amendments to the zoning regulations are by definition policies

of the Town. Meanwhile, the actions of the Zoning Board and

Planning Board concern areas over which the two respective boards

have policymaking authority. Thus, to the extent that Paragon

alleges that the Town and its various boards took these actions

collectively rather than alleging that particular board members

took them individually, these actions are policy decisions for

which the Town may be held liable.

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III. ANALYSIS

A. Procedural due process § 1983 claim (Count 4)

Paragon alleges that the Town4 violated its Fourteenth

Amendment right to procedural due process by: (1) forcing

Paragon through unnecessary procedural hurdles at significant and

considerable expense, (2) subjecting Paragon’s application to

unjustifiable delays that prevented the application from vesting

and thereby creating an opening for the Town to enact contrary

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zoning amendments to block the project, and (3) amending the

zoning ordinance during the pendency of Paragon’s application in

a manner that forced Paragon to make significant, expensive

changes to its application.

The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits any state from depriving

“any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of

law.” U.S. Const. amend XIV, § 1. To make out a procedural due

process violation, Paragon “must allege first that it has a

property interest as defined by state law and, second, that the

defendants, acting under color of state law, deprived it of that

property interest without constitutionally adequate process.” 

PFZ Props., Inc. v. Rodriguez, 928 F.2d 28, 30 (1st Cir. 1991).

As to the first prong, the Town does not dispute that

Paragon had a property interest as defined by state law. See

Cmty. Res. for Justice, Inc. v. City of Manchester, 154 N.H. 748,

758 (2007) (holding that “the right to use and enjoy property is

an important substantive right” under New Hampshire law). The

court therefore assumes without deciding that Paragon has

adequately alleged the first prong.

As to the second prong, First Circuit precedent is clear

that when an applicant’s claim is based upon a zoning board’s

circumvention or abuse of an otherwise valid permitting process,

his or her right to procedural due process is violated only when

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the post-deprivation process available to the applicant under

state law was constitutionally inadequate. See, e.g., SFW

Arecibo, Ltd. v. Rodriguez, 415 F.3d 135, 139 (1st Cir. 2005)

(holding that for a procedural due process challenge to a

planning board’s revocation of a land use permit, the inquiry

focuses on the adequacy of the post-deprivation, not predeprivation, process); Nestor Colon Medina & Sucesores, Inc. v.

Custodio, 964 F.2d 32, 40 (1st Cir. 1992) (holding that where

plaintiffs “do not challenge the facial adequacy of the [planning

board] permitting procedures themselves” but instead claim that

“officials, acting under the malign influence of the governor and

other politicians, violated and abused those procedures,” the

demands of procedural due process are satisfied by Puerto Rico’s

adequate post-deprivation process); PFZ Props., 928 F.2d at 31

(holding that for a procedural due process challenge to a

planning board’s refusal to process necessary drawings, the only

question is whether the post-deprivation process was adequate).

This court has previously held that New Hampshire law

provides ample post-deprivation processes. E.g., Bourne v. Town

of Madison, 494 F. Supp. 2d 80, 89 (D.N.H. 2007) (holding that

New Hampshire’s post-deprivation remedies in the land use context

satisfy procedural due process); Monadnock View Holdings, LLC v.

Town of Peterborough, No. 05-cv-449-PB, 2006 WL 3750015, at *7

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(D.N.H. Dec. 19, 2006) (unpublished) (holding that New

Hampshire’s post-deprivation remedies in the zoning context

satisfy procedural due process). In addition to having the right

to a rehearing by the Town, see N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 677:2

(2008), Paragon has the right to appeal “illegal or unreasonable”

decisions by the Zoning Board or Planning Board to the New

Hampshire Superior Court. See N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 677:4

(2008); N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 677:15(I) (2008). Although such

appeals are typically limited to a review of the record,

see Bayson Props., Inc. v. City of Lebanon, 150 N.H. 167, 170

(2003), the superior court does have the option of taking

evidence or appointing a referee to take evidence. See N.H. Rev.

Stat. Ann. § 677:13 (2008); N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 677:15(III)

(2008). Such evidence may be considered by the superior court

even though it was not before the relevant town board. Pappas v.

Manchester Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 117 N.H. 622, 625 (1977).

This availability of post-deprivation process is identical

to what the First Circuit has found adequate in other cases. See

SFW Arecibo, 415 F.3d at 140 (holding post-deprivation process

adequate where the applicant had the right to petition the

administrative agency for reconsideration and to seek judicial

review in the courts of Puerto Rico); Licari v. Ferruzzi, 22 F.3d

344, 348 (1st Cir. 1994) (holding post-deprivation process

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adequate where the applicant had numerous opportunities to meet

with town officials to recover the promised permits, the right to

an administrative appeal, and the right to judicial review);

Nestor Colon Medina, 964 F.2d at 40 (holding post-deprivation

process adequate where the applicant had the right to petition

the administrative agency for reconsideration and to seek

judicial review in the courts of Puerto Rico); PFZ Props., 928

F.2d at 31 (same).

Paragon argues that New Hampshire’s post-deprivation

procedures are nevertheless inadequate because there was no way

for Paragon to file an interlocutory appeal of the Planning

Board’s imposition of the new design requirements on Paragon’s

pending application. This argument, while understandable, is

ultimately unpersuasive. In Licari, the First Circuit explicitly

rejected a similar argument that the available “remedies are

insufficient solely because relief might be delayed, and damages

are unavailable.” See 22 F.3d at 348. Here, as in Licari, the

mere fact that Paragon suffered damage from its inability to

immediately obtain relief does not mean that the procedures

available to Paragon were constitutionally inadequate. See id.

Paragon additionally argues that the post-deprivation

procedures are inadequate because they typically involve only a

record review that, Paragon argues, would not adequately explore

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5 At the motion hearing, Paragon argued that it would

probably be difficult to convince a state superior court judge to

take such measures, and that this should cut against the adequacy

of New Hampshire’s post-deprivation procedures. Even accepting

Paragon’s characterization, however, this argument is unavailing. 

The court’s evaluation of the available post-deprivation process

turns on the adequacy of the procedure in the abstract, not on

speculation regarding the possible outcome of that process. See

PFZ Props., 928 F.2d at 31.

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the bad-faith nature of the Town’s actions. But as noted above,

it is within the superior court’s discretion to take additional

evidence if the court deems it appropriate. See N.H. Rev. Stat.

Ann. § 677:13; N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 677:15(III). Thus, it is

entirely possible (and, in this court’s view, even probable)

that, urged by Paragon, the superior court could choose to

explore and find bad faith behind the Town’s actions as alleged

in Paragon’s complaint.5

Paragon has failed to state a viable procedural due process

claim. Even viewing all well-pleaded factual allegations in the

light most favorable to Paragon and drawing all reasonable

inferences in its favor, Paragon has not alleged a violation of

its procedural due process rights that entitles it to federal

relief. The Town is therefore entitled to summary judgment on

Count 4. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c); Perez-Acevedo, 520 F.3d at

29.

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B. “Contracts Clause” claim (Count 7)

Paragon alleges that Hanover violated the Contracts Clause

of the Constitution by adopting zoning ordinance amendments that

impaired the previously-existing contractual relationship between

Paragon and the Leavitt family. See U.S. Const. art. I, § 10.

The Contracts Clause prohibits states from passing any

“[l]aw impairing the Obligation of Contracts . . .” U.S. Const.

art. I, § 10, cl. 1. “The Clause is not, however, the Draconian

provision that its words might seem to imply. . . . [T]he

Contract Clause does not operate to obliterate the police power

of the States.” Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus, 438

U.S. 234, 240-41 (1978)(citation and footnotes omitted). That

is, the power of state and local governments to “protect the

lives, health, morals, comfort and general welfare of the people

. . . is paramount to any rights under contracts between

individuals.” Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass’n v. DeBenedictis,

480 U.S. 470, 503 (1987) (quoting Manigault v. Springs, 199 U.S.

473, 480 (1905)).

To determine whether a state or local government has

interfered with a private contract in a manner that violates the

Contracts Clause, the court undertakes a three-step analysis. 

Energy Reserves Group, Inc. v. Kan. Power & Light Co., 459 U.S.

400, 411-13 (1983). First, the state regulation must have

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operated as a substantial impairment of a contractual

relationship. Id. at 411. If a substantial impairment is found,

then a court must determine if: (1) the state regulation has a

significant and legitimate public purpose, id., and (2) the state

regulation is reasonably related to achieving that purpose. Id.

at 412-13.

A state regulation substantially impairs the contract at

issue only if “a contractual relationship exists, that

relationship is impaired by a change in the law, and the

resultant impairment is substantial.” Alliance of Auto. Mfrs. v.

Gwadosky, 430 F.3d 30, 42 (1st Cir. 2005). Although the

existence and impairment of a contractual relationship are

generally easy to establish, the courts have more stringently

interpreted the requirement that the impairment be substantial. 

Id. “The parties’ reasonable expectations are central to the

issue of substantiality.” Id. If the industry is one that has

historically been subject to regulation, then it is less likely

that the expectation that the contract would escape the

consequences of such regulation is reasonable. See Energy

Reserves Group, 459 U.S. at 416 (holding that because state

authority to regulate natural gas prices was well-established and

the relevant contracts recognized the existence of such

regulation, new price regulation “was foreseeable as the type of

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law that would alter contract obligations” and therefore did not

substantially impair the gas contracts at issue); Alliance of

Auto. Mfrs., 430 F.3d at 42 (holding that because Maine has

heavily regulated the automotive manufacturer-dealer franchise

relationship, the franchise agreements at issue were “executed

with the knowledge and expectation of pervasive state

regulation,” so that Maine’s regulation of dealer repair

reimbursement policies did not substantially impair the franchise

contracts at issue).

In this case, Paragon argues that Hanover’s 2006 zoning

ordinance amendments made it impossible for Paragon to develop

the Leavitt property as contemplated. The amendments therefore

substantially impaired Paragon’s land purchase contract with the

Leavitt family. Despite the financial loss the zoning amendments

caused Paragon, however, the zoning amendments did not “invade[]

an area never before subject to regulation by the State.” See

Allied Structural Steel, 438 U.S. at 250. In fact, it is hard to

imagine a field more subject to local regulation than land use,

especially where multi-unit developments and buildings are

concerned. Paragon should have known (and undoubtedly did know)

at the time it entered into the contract that local governments

have long regulated land use and that Paragon’s ability to build

the structures it proposed was contingent upon its compliance

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with local zoning ordinances. Indeed, the land purchase contract

explicitly contemplated the possibility that zoning ordinances

would impose at least some limits on Paragon’s construction

plans. Moreover, the particular topics addressed by the zoning

amendments -- prohibiting certain classes of uses, amending

density calculations, and amending lot size and frontage

requirements -- are wholly typical subjects for a zoning

ordinance to address. The land purchase contract was therefore

“executed with the knowledge and expectation of pervasive state

regulation.” See Alliance of Auto. Mfrs., 430 F.3d at 42. If

Paragon wished to protect itself from the risk that planned

developments or retirement communities would be prohibited or

restricted uses, that the methods of making density calculations

would change, or that lot size and frontage requirements would

change, then it had ample opportunity to provide for such

possibilities in the contract rather than afterward seeking to

challenge Hanover’s power to enact such regulations.

Accordingly, Paragon’s claim fails on the substantial

impairment prong of the analysis. It is therefore unnecessary

for the court to reach Paragon’s argument that the zoning

amendments were motivated by something other than a significant

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6 Paragon also argues that the zoning changes do not promote

the general welfare and should therefore be struck down as ultra

vires. See Cmty. Res. for Justice Inc., 154 N.H. at 754; Britton

v. Town of Chester, 134 N.H. 434, 441 (1991). To the extent this

argument implicates the Contracts Clause of the Constitution, it

goes to the significant and legitimate public purpose prong and

therefore need not be reached.

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and legitimate public purpose.6 Hanover is entitled to judgment

on the pleadings on the Contracts Clause claim.

C. Other claims

As discussed with the parties at the motion hearing, as to

Paragon’s remaining claims, the court denies Hanover’s motion

without prejudice to being revisited later.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, Hanover’s motion for

judgment on the pleadings is granted as to counts four

(procedural due process) and seven (Contracts Clause). As to the

remaining claims, the court denies Hanover’s motion without

prejudice.

SO ORDERED.

 

Joseph N. Laplante

United States District Judge

Dated: August 8, 2008

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cc: Robert H. Miller, Esq.

Barry C. Schuster, Esq.

R. Matthew Cairns, Esq.

Andrew B. Livernois, Esq.

Walter L. Mitchell, III, Esq.

Laura Ann Spector, Esq.

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