J-S19043-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

JORDAN ELIJAH RAMIREZ 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1285 MDA 2022

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered August 23, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County 

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-21-CR-0001424-2021

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., McLAUGHLIN, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 25, 2023

Jordan Elijah Ramirez (“Ramirez”) appeals from the judgment of sentence 

imposed after a jury found him guilty of firearms not to be carried without a 

license.1 We affirm.

We summarize the factual and procedural background of this appeal 

from the record. In May 2021, Pennsylvania State Police Trooper Ryan 

DeHaven (“Trooper DeHaven”), stopped a vehicle for excessive tint on a 

license plate cover. See N.T., 5/18-19/22, at 54. Ramirez, the driver, was 

the only occupant in the vehicle, which was registered to him and Yaribel Ulloa 

(“Ulloa”),2the mother of Ramirez’s child. See id. at 66, 91. When Trooper 

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1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106(a)(1). The jury also convicted Ramirez of a traffic 

offense not at issue in this appeal and acquitted him of a charge of person not 

to possess firearms. 

2 Ulloa previously went by her married name, Yaribel Del Carmen Cruz, but 

changed her name back to Ulloa. 
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DeHaven explained the reasons for the stop, Ramirez spontaneously told 

Trooper DeHaven that he had a family member who was a police officer in 

Florida. See Commonwealth Exhibit 7 (Dash-Cam Recording) at 4:36; see 

also N.T., 5/18-19/22, at 56-57. During the traffic stop, Trooper DeHaven 

learned that a court recently issued a bench warrant for Ramirez in another 

criminal matter. See id. at 58-59. Trooper DeHaven asked to search the 

vehicle, and Ramirez agreed. See id. at 61. During the search, Trooper 

DeHaven opened the glove compartment and found a pistol on top of an 

invoice, under Ramirez’s name, for car repairs. See id. at 61-62, 66. Records 

indicated that Ulloa had purchased the pistol and is the registered owner. See 

id. at 67. Furthermore, although Ramirez previously had a license to carry a 

firearm, his license had been revoked since 2019 due to the charges in the 

other criminal matter. See id. at 45-47, 68. 

Trooper DeHaven testified that Ramirez did not look surprised that there 

was a pistol in the glove compartment. See id. at 93. Throughout the stop

and the search, Trooper DeHaven also saw police “memorabilia”3 on the 

vehicle and a dog cage in the backseat. See id. at 51, 92. 

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3 The police “memorabilia” apparently consisted of a “thin blue line” plate on 

the front of the vehicle. Although there may have been other stickers on the 

vehicle, Trooper DeHaven did not describe them, and they are not readily 

identifiable from the trial exhibits. 
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Ramirez proceeded to a jury trial, at which the Commonwealth 

presented the above-summarized evidence.4 Ramirez’s defense focused on a 

claim that he was unaware of the pistol in the glove compartment. He called 

Ulloa to testify at trial. Ulloa indicated she and Ramirez have a child, but, by

the time of the traffic stop, they were no longer together and lived in different 

homes. See id. at 77, 82-83. She did not have a dog but stated that Ramirez 

owned a dog. See id. at 86. 

The vehicle, Ulloa testified, was her personal vehicle but was unreliable,

so she put Ramirez’s name on the registration in case he found someone 

willing to purchase it. See id. at 87. She stated she normally used the vehicle

every day and did not share it with Ramirez. See id. at 78, 87. She testified 

that hours before the traffic stop, Ramirez called her because his truck broke 

down and was in a repair shop. See id. at 78-79. She picked him up and she 

loaned him the vehicle for the day. See id. Ulloa testified she went to the 

scene of the stop and was “pretty sure” she told Trooper DeHaven that she 

recently loaned Ramirez the vehicle. See id. at 82. When asked at trial about 

the police “memorabilia” on the vehicle, Ulloa responded that she did not 

“even know what that is.” See id. at 78, 88.

As to the pistol, Ulloa stated she purchased it in 2017 and had a license 

to carry a firearm. See id. at 78, 88. Ulloa explained she had the pistol 

because she worked at a convenience store, and she would keep it with her 

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4 The parties stipulated that the pistol was operable. See N.T., 5/18-19/22,

at 36-37. 
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when working and then lock it in the glove compartment of the vehicle after 

her shift. See id. at 87. Ulloa stated Ramirez did not know she kept the pistol 

in the vehicle. See id. Ulloa also testified she has another young child, for 

whom she uses a child seat. See id. at 82. 

Trooper DeHaven testified in rebuttal. He did not recall seeing a child 

seat in the vehicle during the stop and the search. See id. at 92. He testified 

that Ramirez admitted he owned a dog. See id. Trooper DeHaven noted 

Ulloa came to the scene of the traffic stop, brought paperwork for the pistol, 

and insisted the vehicle was hers. See id. at 92-93. He testified nothing in 

his conversations with Ramirez suggested that Ramirez had recently taken 

possession of the vehicle from Ulloa. See id. at 66, 92-93.

The jury found Ramirez guilty of firearms not to be carried without a 

license, and, on August 23, 2022, the trial court sentenced him to serve 

eighteen to thirty-six months of imprisonment. Ramirez timely appealed, and 

both he and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. 

Ramirez presents the following issue for our review:

Was the evidence sufficient to convict [Ramirez] of firearms not 

to be carried without a license wherein the Commonwealth did not 

establish beyond a reasonable doubt [Ramirez] had knowledge a 

firearm was in the glove box of the vehicle he drove?

Ramirez’s Brief at 6.

Ramirez challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his 

conviction and asserts that the Commonwealth failed to prove he 

constructively possessed the pistol. Our standard of review is as follows:
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We assess the evidence and all reasonable inferences drawn 

therefrom in the light most favorable to the verdict-winner. We 

must determine whether there is sufficient evidence to enable the 

fact-finder to have found every element of the crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh 

the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the 

factfinder. In addition, we note that the facts and circumstances 

established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every 

possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt 

may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak 

and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may 

be drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth 

may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial 

evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record 

must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be 

considered.

Commonwealth v. Bowens, 265 A.3d 730, 740-41 (Pa. Super. 2021) (en 

banc) (internal citation omitted), appeal denied, 279 A.3d 508 (Pa. 2022).

Pennsylvania law, in relevant part, prohibits a person from carrying a 

firearm in a vehicle without a valid and lawfully issued license. See 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 6106(a)(1). Possession is an act requiring proof that a defendant 

knowingly procured or received an item or was aware of his control of an item 

for a sufficient period to have been able to terminate his possession. See 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 301(c). For the purpose of section 6106, the Commonwealth may

establish the defendant was carrying a firearm by proving the defendant 

actually or constructively possessed a firearm. See Commonwealth v. 

Muhammad, 289 A.3d 1078, 1090 (Pa. Super. 2023). But see

Commonwealth v. Peters, 218 A.3d 1206, 1213 (Pa. 2019) (holding that a 

defendant does not carry a concealed firearm when the firearm is concealed

on someone else’s person). 
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Actual possession occurs when an officer finds a firearm on the 

defendant’s person. See Muhammad, 289 A.3d at 1091. Constructive 

possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic construct to deal with the realities of 

criminal law enforcement when the defendant does not have actual possession

of a firearm. See id. 

[T]he concept of constructive possession is a legal fiction used to 

prove the element although the individual was not in physical 

possession of the prohibited item. The evidence must show a 

nexus between the accused and the item sufficient to infer that 

the accused had the power and intent to exercise dominion and 

control over it. Dominion and control means the defendant had 

the ability to reduce the item to actual possession immediately, or 

was otherwise able to govern its use or disposition as if in physical 

possession. Mere presence or proximity to the contraband is not 

enough. Constructive possession can be established by inferences 

derived from the totality of the circumstances. 

Peters, 218 A.3d at 1209 (internal citations omitted). 

Ramirez argues the Commonwealth failed to prove a sufficient 

connection between himself and the pistol to establish constructive 

possession.

5

 Ramirez claims he had no reason to know that the pistol was in 

the glove compartment. Ramirez emphasizes Ulloa’s testimony that she used 

the vehicle every day, did not share the vehicle with Ramirez, and kept the

pistol in the glove compartment without Ramirez’s knowledge. Further, 

Ramirez refers to the defense’s evidence that he took possession of the vehicle 

from Ulloa shortly before the traffic stop. 

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5 There is no dispute that Ramirez did not actually possess the firearm, and 

Ramirez does not challenge any other element of the offense. Thus, the sole 

issue raised in this appeal involves constructive possession. 
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Ramirez also argues the Commonwealth’s evidence only included two 

circumstances suggesting he was aware of the pistol’s presence in the vehicle

and intended to exercise dominion and control over it: he was the co-owner 

of the vehicle; and the presence of the invoice in his name in the glove 

compartment. Ramirez asserts the invoice did not establish his awareness of

and dominion and control over the pistol because the Commonwealth did not 

establish the invoice was recent.

6

 Ramirez contends that cases in which the 

Commonwealth proved constructive possession relied on stronger 

circumstantial evidence of actual control such as on furtive movements, see

Ramirez’s Brief at 15 (discussing Muhammad), or the visibility of contraband

in a vehicle. See id. at 18 (discussing Commonwealth v. Parker, 847 A.2d 

745 (Pa. Super. 2000)).

7

 Ramirez concludes that the Commonwealth only 

established his mere presence in the vehicle. 

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6 Ramirez adds that Trooper DeHaven did not testify about how he accessed 

the glove compartment and speculates that the glove compartment could have 

been locked, which would be consistent with Ulloa’s trial testimony. The 

presence of the pistol in a locked glove compartment, Ramirez asserts, 

bolsters his claim that he was unaware he was carrying a pistol in the vehicle.

7 Ramirez equates the Commonwealth’s evidence in this case to 

Commonwealth v. Spencer, 621 A.2d 153 (Pa. Super. 1993), wherein this 

Court concluded that a passenger in a vehicle did not constructively possess 

contraband in a center console, when the contraband clearly belonged to the 

driver and the Commonwealth presented no evidence establishing the 

passenger knew the contraband was in the vehicle. See Spencer, 621 A.2d 

at 155. Spencer is distinguishable because that case involved the culpability 

of a passenger when there was another occupant in the vehicle. See id. Here, 

Ramirez was the driver and only occupant of the vehicle. 
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The trial court concluded there was ample evidence that Ramirez knew 

that the pistol was in the glove compartment and had the power and intent to 

exercise control over it. See Trial Court Opinion, 11/3/22, at 6. The trial 

court noted the circumstantial evidence, including the police “memorabilia” on 

the car, the presence of a dog cage, the invoice in his name, and Ramirez’s 

statements and conduct during the traffic stop, and concluded those 

circumstances established a basis for the jury to find constructive possession. 

See id. at 6, 8.

Upon review, we conclude that Ramirez’s sufficiency of the evidence 

claim merits no relief. Ramirez’s reliance on his own evidence contradicts our

standard of review, which requires that we review the record in a light most 

favorable to the Commonwealth and draw all reasonable inferences in the 

Commonwealth’s favor. See Bowens, 265 A.3d at 740-41; accord 

Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 757 (Pa. Super. 2014) (noting 

that a jury is free to reach its own conclusions regarding the credibility of the 

Commonwealth’s and defense’s witnesses).8 Moreover, this Court has noted, 

“[t]he fact that the contraband is located in an area usually accessible only to 

the defendant may lead to an inference that he placed it there or knew of its 

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8 We note that Ramirez’s arguments relying on Ulloa’s testimony go to the 

weight rather than the sufficiency of the evidence. See Commonwealth v. 

McClellan, 178 A.3d 874, 880 (Pa. Super. 2018). However, Ramirez did not 

raise a weight of the evidence challenge to the verdict in the trial court, see

Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(A) (requiring that a weight of the evidence claim be raised 

with the trial judge in a motion for a new trial), and he does not attempt raise 

a weight of the evidence claim in this appeal. 
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presence.” Commonwealth v. Haskins, 677 A.2d 328, 330 (Pa. Super. 

1996). 

Here, drawing all reasonable inferences in the Commonwealth’s favor 

and mindful that the jury was free to reject the defense’s evidence, the record 

showed that Ramirez was the sole occupant and the co-owner of the vehicle. 

See N.T., 5/18-19/22, at 66, 91. Ramirez’s statements to Trooper DeHaven 

indicated that the vehicle was his and he drove it frequently. See id. at 66, 

92. The vehicle had on it police “memorabilia,” with which Ulloa, the purported 

regular user of the vehicle, was unfamiliar. See id. at 51, 88. However, 

Ramirez, during the traffic stop, explained that that he had a family member 

in law enforcement. See Commonwealth Exhibit 7 (Dash-Cam Recording) at 

4:36. The evidence also established that Ramirez, not Ulloa, owned a dog,

and the presence dog cage in the backseat confirmed that he had personal 

possessions in the vehicle. See N.T., 5/18-19/22, at 51, 86, 92. The invoice 

in his name, which was underneath the pistol in the glove compartment,

further evidences that he was responsible for repairs to the vehicle. See id. 

at 66, 92. Critically, when Trooper DeHaven found the pistol in the glove 

compartment, Ramirez did not appear surprised. Id. at 93. 

We conclude that the record established a sufficient basis for the jury to 

conclude that Ramirez was the principal user of the vehicle and had control 

over the items contained in the vehicle. Furthermore, the jury was entitled to 

find that the pistol was located in an area usually accessible only to the

Ramirez and infer that Ramirez knew of the pistol’s presence in the glove 
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compartment. See Haskins, 677 A.2d at 330. For these reasons, we discern 

no merit to Ramirez’s claim that the Commonwealth failed to prove his 

constructive possession of the pistol.

Judgment of sentence affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 09/25/2023