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STATE OF MICHIGAN 

COURT OF APPEALS 

GAIL FOSTER, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

UNPUBLISHED 

March 1, 2016 

v No. 324837 

Macomb Circuit Court 

KEVIN SZLAGA, LC No. 14-002825-NO 

 Defendant-Appellant, 

and 

COUNTY OF MACOMB, 

 Defendant. 

Before: SERVITTO, P.J., and SAAD and O’BRIEN, JJ. 

PER CURIAM. 

 Defendant Kevin Szlaga appeals as of right the trial court’s November 10, 2014 order 

denying his motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7), (C)(8), and (C)(10). 

We reverse and remand for the entry of an order granting summary disposition in Szlaga’s favor. 

I. BACKGROUND 

 Kevin Szlaga is a Macomb County Deputy Sheriff and a member of the Macomb County 

Canine Unit. As a deputy sheriff and canine unit member, he was assigned a canine named 

Zeke. Szlaga is responsible for Zeke’s care 24 hours each day. This is true regardless of 

whether he is on or off duty. On June 21, 2013, the date of the incident underlying this matter, 

Szlaga and Zeke were at a cottage in Clare County. On that date, plaintiff, Gail Foster, entered 

the cottage and, eventually, approached Zeke, who bit Foster. While what occurred between the 

time Foster entered the cottage and when Zeke bit Foster is disputed, i.e., whether Foster was 

uninvited, whether Zeke was barking as Foster approached, etc., it is undisputed that Zeke bit 

Foster. Foster subsequently filed this lawsuit against Szlaga and Macomb County. 

 In her four-count complaint, Foster alleged the following: (1) that both defendants were 

liable under MCL 287.351, commonly known as Michigan’s dog-bite statute; (2) that both 

defendants were liable for general negligence; (3) that both defendants were liable under 

common-law strict liability; and (4) that both defendants were liable for gross negligence. Foster 
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sought monetary damages as a result of the injuries that she sustained from Zeke’s bite. In 

September 2014, Macomb County moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) 

on governmental immunity grounds. On October 30, 2014, the trial court entered a written order 

granting Macomb County’s motion. It expressly concluded Macomb County was immune from 

Foster’s lawsuit under MCL 691.1407(1) of the Governmental Tort Liability Act (GTLA), MCL 

691.1401 et seq. It stated as follows: “Accordingly, consistent with the duty to broadly construe 

the term ‘governmental function,’ the Court finds that Deputy Szlaga’s possession and 

maintenance of Zeke, even on vacation, is related to the discharge of a governmental function.” 

(Emphasis added.) 

 Szlaga moved for summary disposition several days later, on November 10, 2014, on the 

same grounds, pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7), as well as on additional grounds, pursuant to MCR 

2.116(C)(8) and (C)(10). This time, however, the trial court denied Szlaga’s motion on the 

record at the close of the parties’ brief oral arguments. It explained as follows: “I’m going to 

respectfully deny the motion without prejudice. There is a lot of information that you’re 

providing me that, grant it, we may be I’m sure revisiting this issue at some point in the future, 

but there has been no discovery [and] you don’t know what you don’t know at this point.” This 

appeal followed. 

II. ANALYSIS 

 On appeal, Szlaga argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for summary 

disposition as to all of Foster’s claims. We agree. 

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

 We review a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition de novo. Oliver 

v Smith, 290 Mich App 678, 683; 810 NW2d 57 (2010). Summary disposition pursuant to MCR 

2.116(C)(7) is appropriate, as it relates to this case, when the undisputed facts establish that the 

plaintiff’s claim is barred by governmental immunity. Though not required, a party moving for 

summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) may support his or her motion with 

affidavits, admissions, depositions, or other documentary evidence to support his or her position. 

Petipren v Jaskowski, 494 Mich 190, 201; 833 NW2d 247 (2013). Ultimately, “[i]f the facts are 

not in dispute and reasonable minds could not differ concerning the legal effect of those facts, 

whether a claim is barred by immunity is a question for the court to decide as a matter of law.” 

Poppen v Tovey, 256 Mich App 351, 354; 664 NW2d 269 (2003). 

B. GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY 

 The GTLA generally provides immunity to governmental agencies, officers, agents, and 

employees engaged in a governmental function from all tort claims. The relevant statutory 

provision, MCL 691.1407(2), provides as follows: 

 Except as otherwise provided in this section, and without regard to the 

discretionary or ministerial nature of the conduct in question, each officer and 

employee of a governmental agency, each volunteer acting on behalf of a 

governmental agency, and each member of a board, council, commission, or 

statutorily created task force of a governmental agency is immune from tort 
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liability for an injury to a person or damage to property caused by the officer, 

employee, or member while in the course of employment or service or caused by 

the volunteer while acting on behalf of a governmental agency if all of the 

following are met: 

 (a) The officer, employee, member, or volunteer is acting or reasonably 

believes he or she is acting within the scope of his or her authority. 

 (b) The governmental agency is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a 

governmental function. 

 (c) The officer’s, employee’s, member’s, or volunteer’s conduct does not 

amount to gross negligence that is the proximate cause of the injury or damage. 

The arguments raised by the parties can, generally, be boiled down to one simple issue—was 

Szlaga acting in the course of his employment when Zeke bit Foster? We conclude that, as a 

matter of law, he was. 

1. “THE COURSE OF EMPLOYMENT” 

 Whether a governmental employee was acting in the course of his or her employment is 

generally determined with reference to common-law tort and agency principles. Backus v 

Kauffman (On Rehearing), 238 Mich App 402, 407; 605 NW2d 690 (1999). In determining 

whether a governmental employee was acting in the course of his or her employment, courts 

necessarily consider (1) whether an employment relationship exists; (2) if one does, the 

circumstances of the work environment; and (3) “the notion that the act in question was 

undertaken in furtherance of the employer’s purpose.” Id. at 407-408. 

 Considering each in this case, we conclude that all three are present. First, an 

employment relationship obviously exists between Szlaga, i.e, the governmental employee, and 

Macomb County, i.e., the government. Further, the circumstances of that work environment 

included Szlaga’s possession and maintenance of Zeke, even outside of Macomb County while 

off duty. While it is true that this consideration includes “the temporal and spatial boundaries” 

of Szlaga’s employment, Backus, 238 Mich App at 407-408, we reject the imposition of a brightline boundary as Foster suggests. Szlaga was undisputedly responsible for possessing and 

maintaining Zeke 24 hours per day, regardless of whether he was on or off duty, on vacation, or 

in another county. As Szlaga suggests, Zeke is not equivalent to a patrol vehicle that can simply 

be left unattended at the police station. Instead, someone must be responsible for Zeke’s wellbeing, and Macomb County, the governmental employer in this case, has expressly and 

unequivocally placed that responsibility on Szlaga as a condition of his employment and as a 

member of the canine unit. “[P]erforming work assigned by the employer or engaging in a 

course of conduct subject to the employer’s control” is relevant to this consideration. 2 

Restatement Agency, 3d, § 7.07(2), p 198. Stated differently, “[a]n injury arises out of the 

course of employment when it occurs as a circumstance of or incident to the employment 

relationship.” Calovecchi v State of Michigan, 223 Mich App 349, 352; 566 NW2d 40 (1997). 

At the risk of stating the obvious, had Szlaga not been employed with Macomb County as a 

deputy sheriff and responsible for Zeke as a member of the canine unit at the time that this 
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incident occurred, it is hard to imagine that he would have had Zeke with him at the cottage. 

Finally, Szlaga brought Zeke to the cottage in furtherance of his employer’s purpose. Stated 

simply, as he was required to possess and maintain Zeke at all times, this included times when he 

was off duty and outside of Macomb County. 

 Perhaps the strongest support for our conclusion comes from the fact that the trial court 

reached the exact same result, albeit in relation to Macomb County, just 11 days before entering 

the order at issue in this appeal. As stated above, the trial court granted Macomb County’s 

motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) and concluded as follows in doing 

so: “Accordingly, consistent with the duty to broadly construe the term ‘governmental function,’ 

the Court finds that Deputy Szlaga’s possession and maintenance of Zeke, even on vacation, is 

related to the discharge of a governmental function.” (Emphasis added.) In our review of the 

record, we discern no appropriate reason for Szlaga’s actions, i.e., possessing and maintaining 

Zeke, to constitute the discharge of a governmental function as it relates to Macomb County but 

not as it relates to Szlaga. Stated differently, we find each of the trial court’s orders on the 

defendants’ motions for summary disposition to be at odds with the other, and, for the reasons set 

forth above, we conclude that the first order, not the order appealed in this case, was the correct 

one of the two. 

 Equally persuasive in our minds is Szlaga’s reliance on Niederhouse v Palmerton, 300 

Mich App 625; 836 NW2d 176 (2013). In that case, an off-duty police officer assisted in 

providing airboat rides during Winterfest in Roscommon County. Id. at 628. Toward the 

conclusion of a ride, the officer eventually lost control of the airboat and struck a snowmobile. 

Id. at 629-630. As a result of the collision, a bystander’s leg was pinned between the airboat and 

the snowmobile. Id. at 630. The bystander sued the off-duty officer for gross and ordinary 

negligence, and the officer responded with a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 

2.116(C)(7) on the grounds of governmental immunity. Id. at 630. The trial court agreed with 

the officer, and we were presented with an issue on appeal strikingly similar to that raised in this 

case—did the officer’s actions at issue occur in the course of his employment? Id. at 630-631. 

In an analysis that mirrors the one above, we concluded that, despite the fact that the officer was 

off duty and not engaging in what one may commonly consider an “ordinary” police function, 

the officer’s actions were carried out in the course of his employment. Id. at 634-635. This was 

true despite the fact that the officer “was not specifically instructed by his employer to provide 

airboat rides that day.” Id. at 635. While factually different, the same conclusion nevertheless 

prevails in this case. Giving airboat rides and caring for a police dog, while likely enjoyable, are 

both activities that both of these officers would not have done had they not been employed by 

their respective governmental agencies. See id. at 634 (stating that “had [the officer] not been in 

an employment relationship with the sheriff’s department, he would not have been driving the 

airboat at the time of the accident.). See also id. at 635 (stating that “he would not have been 

involved in the accident had he not been in an employment relationship with the sheriff’s 

department.”). 

 Accordingly, in light of the above considerations, we conclude that Szlaga was acting in 

the course of his employment for purposes of MCL 691.1407(2) as a matter of law. Thus, 

because Szlaga, a governmental employee, was immune from all liability as asserted by Foster in 

her complaint, the trial court erred in denying Szlaga’s motion for summary disposition pursuant 

to MCR 2.116(C)(7). 
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 Foster’s argument on appeal does nothing to refute such a conclusion. Foster argues that 

Szlaga was not acting in the course of his employment and cites various nonbinding caselaw to 

support her position. At the outset, we reject that argument simply because we are not bound by 

any of the cited legal authority. See MCR 7.215(J)(1). Furthermore, each of the nonbinding 

cases are distinguishable from the matter at hand. In Secosky v Sanders, unpublished opinion per 

curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued October 21, 2014 (Docket Nos. 316441, 316544, 

316688), pp 6-9, we affirmed a trial court’s denial of summary disposition on governmental 

immunity grounds in a situation where a student attending a university for a fellowship was 

involved in an accident while using one of the university’s vehicles “in a purely recreational 

outing” that she voluntary[ily] participat[ed]” in. In Bukowski v Mich Twp Participating Plan, 

unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued October 18, 2005 (Docket No. 

262564), pp 3-4, we affirmed a trial court’s denial of summary disposition on governmental 

immunity grounds in a situation where an off-duty police officer was involved in an automobile 

accident while driving a patrol vehicle. What is important to discern from these cases is that, in 

each, the governmental employee was not required to do the action at issue. In Secoskey, the 

student was not required to take the university vehicle for the recreational outing. She could 

have left it behind. In Bukowski, the off-duty officer was not required to take the patrol vehicle. 

He could have left it behind. In our case, however, Szlaga was required to take Zeke to his 

cottage, and he could not have left him behind. Foster also relies on Chambo v City of Detroit, 

83 Mich App 623, 624-625; 269 NW2d 243 (1978), a workmen’s compensation case in which a 

police officer was injured in an automobile accident on his way to his duty station and unable to 

work because of those injuries. Recognizing that the officer “was not in a position to benefit the 

City of Detroit” as he was in the City of Dearborn at the time of the accident, we reversed an 

award in the officer’s favor. Id. at 630-631. That case is likewise distinguishable because, in 

this case, Szlaga was in a position to benefit Macomb County—he was possessing and 

maintaining Zeke. Thus, none of the cases primarily relied on by Foster impact our conclusion 

in this matter. 

 Even considering those cases, however, we nevertheless conclude that Foster’s argument 

must fail. She claims that Szlaga was not acting in the course of his employment because he was 

not in or near Macomb County “and had no work obligations for his employer.” As discussed 

above, this argument ignores Szlaga’s obligations to possess and maintain Zeke, regardless of 

Szlaga’s or Zeke’s physical location. We disagree with Foster’s conclusory claims that 

“[g]rooming and feeding purposes have no relevance to police work for Macomb County.” 

Again, someone was responsible for possessing and maintaining Zeke, and Macomb County, 

Szlaga’s governmental employer, placed that responsibility squarely on Szlaga as a condition of 

his employment and as a member of the canine unit. In his answers to Foster’s interrogatories, 

Szlaga clearly explained that he was responsible for maintaining his relationship with Zeke as 

well as feeding and grooming Zeke at all times. In essence, plaintiff requests that we implement 

a bright-line rule requiring that governmental immunity only apply when “effectuating an 

arrest,” “pursuing a suspect,” or “defusing a situation.” We decline to narrow governmental 

immunity to such a specific series of circumstances, especially in light of the fact that it is the 

exceptions, not the general rule of immunity, that is to be construed narrowly. Stanton v City of 

Battle Creek, 466 Mich 611, 618; 647 NW2d 508 (2002); Nawrocki v Macomb Co Rd Comm’n, 

463 Mich 143, 159; 615 NW2d 702 (2000). 

2. GROSS NEGLIGENCE 
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 Even if governmental immunity applies, Foster contends, the trial court’s decision should 

nevertheless be affirmed because Szlaga’s conduct at issue amounted to gross negligence. See 

MCL 691.1407(2)(c). Foster’s argument is meritless. She claims that, “even if [Szlaga] was 

ruled to be in the course and scope of his employment, Szlaga’s gross negligence was the 

proximate cause of Foster’s injury and therefore he is still not entitled to governmental 

immunity.” She provides little, if any, indication as to how Szlaga’s conduct was grossly 

negligent. Instead, she repeatedly states that his conduct was not in the course of his 

employment, but that fact, alone, does not automatically render his conduct grossly negligent. 

Gross negligence is “conduct so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for 

whether an injury results.” MCL 691.1407(8)(a). In short, Foster points to, and we find, nothing 

in the record to support a conclusion that Szlaga’s conduct was grossly negligent. While she 

makes several unsupported claims that Szlaga “should have caged Zeke” or “been at Zeke’s side 

at all times” because Zeke was “abnormally vicious,” these conclusory claims, unsupported by 

the record, are simply insufficient to avoid summary disposition. 

C. THE DOG-BITE STATUTE 

 While irrelevant in light of our conclusion above, see Tate v City of Grand Rapids, 256 

Mich App 656, 658-661; 671 NW2d 84 (2003) (explaining that a lawsuit alleging a violation of 

MCL 287.351(1), the dog-bite statute, is subject to the GTLA), we will also briefly address the 

parties’ arguments as to whether Szlaga was an “owner” for purposes of MCL 287.351(1). MCL 

287.351(1) provides as follows: 

 If a dog bites a person, without provocation while the person is on public 

property, or lawfully on private property, including the property of the owner of 

the dog, the owner of the dog shall be liable for any damages suffered by the 

person bitten, regardless of the former viciousness of the dog or the owner’s 

knowledge of such viciousness. 

Contrary to Foster’s assertion, the term “owner” is not statutorily defined for purposes of MCL 

287.351(1). See Trager v Thor, 199 Mich App 223, 229-232; 501 NW2d 251 (1993), aff’d in 

part, rev’d in part 445 Mich 95 (1994). Thus, we turn to the plain and ordinary definition of 

“owner.” Koontz v Ameritech Servs, Inc, 466 Mich 304, 312; 645 NW2d 34 (2002). MerriamWebster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2003) defines “own” as “belonging to oneself or itself[.]” 

While additional analysis is necessary to take that definition and use it to determine whether 

Szlaga owns Zeke, suffice it to say that he does not as a matter of law. Szlaga provided the 

affidavit of Macomb County Undersheriff Kent Lagerquist, which included sworn testimony that 

Zeke belonged to Macomb County, not Szlaga, as well as his own interrogatory answers 

indicating the same. Foster did not respond to this evidence with any evidence of her own; 

rather, she merely claims that because “Szlaga was in possession of the dog, kept the dog, [and] 

took care of the dog,” he was automatically “an owner and/or constructive owner of the dog.” If 

not abandoned, see Peterson Novelties, Inc v City of Berkley, 259 Mich App 1, 14; 672 NW2d 

351 (2003), this conclusory assertion is not supported by fact or law. We find nothing in the 

plain language of the statute that would support an interpretation that simply possessing, 

keeping, and taking care of a dog constitutes ownership for purposes of MCL 287.351(1). 

D. INCOMPLETE DISCOVERY 
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 To the extent that Foster also requests that the trial court’s order denying summary 

disposition be affirmed because “very little discovery has taken place,” we decline to do so. 

While it is true that “summary disposition is premature if granted before discovery on a disputed 

issue is complete,” State Treasurer v Sheko, 218 Mich App 185, 190; 553 NW2d 654 (1996), it 

is important to keep in mind the operative part of that statement—if granted before discovery on 

a disputed issue is complete. Foster points to no fact that is in dispute for purposes of Szlaga’s 

motion. While she claims that, in the general sense, there is a dispute as to whether Szlaga was 

acting in the course of his employment, she fails to acknowledge that there is no factual dispute 

at issue—the parties agree that Szlaga and Zeke were at the cottage when the bite occurred. 

Further, at the very least, Foster could have given some sort of indication as to what further 

discovery was desired. But, she did not. 

III. CONCLUSION 

 In sum, because Szlaga was entitled to governmental immunity pursuant to MCL 

691.1407(2) as a matter of law, we conclude that the trial court erred in denying his motion for 

summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(7) as to all of Foster’s claims. We therefore 

reverse the trial court’s November 10, 2014 order and remand for the entry of an order granting 

Szlaga summary disposition in full. 

 Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction. Szlaga, being the prevailing 

party, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219. 

/s/ Henry William Saad 

/s/ Colleen A. O’Brien