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### STATE OF MICHIGAN

COURT OF APPEALS

FOR PUBLICATION

In re J. A. M. COLLIER, Minor. March 15, 2016

9:00 a.m.

No. 328172

St. Clair Circuit Court Family Division

LC No. 13-000164-NA

Before: T ALBOT , C.J., and W ILDER and B ECKERING , JJ.

P ER C URIAM

.

Respondent appeals as of right the trial court’s order termina ting his parental rights to his daughter, JC. The trial court determined that a statutory basi s for termination existed under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)( i ) (conditions that led to adjudi cation continue to exist), MCL 712A.19b(3)(g) (failure to provide proper care and custody), an d MCL 712A.19b(3)(j) (reasonable likelihood of harm). Because we find that responde nt was effectively deprived of an adjudication hearing, we vacate and remand.

I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

JC is the child of respondent a nd KR. At the time the proceed ings in this case began, KR and respondent shared joint physical and legal custody of JC. On June 21, 2013, JC was removed from KR’s care and placed in the custody of respondent. JC was removed from KR’s care due in large part to KR’s significant substance abuse, inc luding the use of methamphetamine, cocaine, and marijuana, as well as her involve ment in manufacturing methamphetamine. She had also failed to provide proper supervi sion of JC. The trial court ordered that as a condition of respondent caring for JC, the “m other shall not have any contact with [JC] outside of visitation arranged by [petitioner] or any other contact permitted by [petitioner].” Following a preliminary hearing, a petition fil ed by DHHS was authorized; KR pled no contest to the petition and the trial court entered an order of adjudication with regard to

KR.

On March 13, 2014, JC was removed from respondent’s care. Pet itioner filed a supplemental petition alleging that despite respondent’s being aware of KR’s intractable drug problem, he nevertheless continued to allow KR unauthorized andunsupervised contact with JC on multiple occasions. At an April 10, 2014 pretrial hearing, Lesley Clark, KR’s attorney,

indicated that she would be re presenting respondent at the adju dication hearing, and that-2- respondent was seeking a bench trial. On April 14, 2014, the c ourt entered an order appointing

Clark to serve as res pondent’s attorney.

On May 14, 2014, the date scheduled for the adjudication bench trial, respondent did not appear. Clark stated on the record that since the last hearing , she had given respondent her telephone number and address and asked him to call her and make an appointment to come and see her. She stated that to her knowledge, he had not done so, and thus, she did not feel she could adequately represent him. She moved to be “dismissed fro m the case,” and the hearing referee “thank[ed] and excuse[d]” Clark from representing respo ndent. Clark did not participate in the remainder of the hearing.

Immediately after excusing Clark, the referee announced that “ [t]he Court will enter a default.” Without elaborating on what that meant, the referee indicated that counsel for petitioner could proceed. What followed was testimony from two witnesses, spanning seven pages of transcript. The first witness, Samantha Dixon, testif ied that she was employed at JC’s day care facility, and thus, sh e knew JC. Dixon testified that she had seen JC with a woman she “assumed” was her mother, KR. 1 Respondent, whom Dixon also knew, was not with JC and the woman. Dixon described the woman with JC as “skinny” with “dark hair, glasses” and her hair pulled back. The second witness, Child Protective Services worker Andrea Smallenberg,

testified that the d escription Dixon gave w as consistent with KR’s appearance. Smallenberg also testified that she had spoken to an employee at KR’s doctor’s o ffice, who indicated that KR had been in the office on March 1, 2014 with a child she believed w as JC. Smallenberg testified that after being shown a picture of JC , the employee verified that i t was JC she had seen with KR.

Following the testimony, the referee stated on the record that , “[b]ased on the evidence presented the Court finds” that “ there is a prepon derance of th e evidence to establish a temporary Wardship pursuant to the statutory grounds in the petition.” T he referee indicated it would enter an order to that effect. A subsequent written order noted thatthe referee “entered a default against [respondent] for failure to appear and proceeded in a d efault manner.” The order concluded that “for the reasons stated on the record, or in a w ritten opinion, the Court finds that the minor children [sic] shall remain under the jurisdiction of the Court.”

Although respondent failed to att end the adjudication trial, t he record reveals that he attended subsequent hearings during the dispositional phase, in cluding a permanency planning hearing five days later on May 19, 2014. Respondent did not ha ve counsel present at the May 19, 2014 hearing. Nor does it appear from our review of the re cord that he had counsel for quite some time. According to the record provided to us, it appears at least from dispositional orders, that respondent was without couns el for approximately a year. 2

Indeed, the record next contains an order appointing counsel f or respondent on April 9, 2015 for a show-cause hearing that took place on April 13, 2015 . The purpose of that hearing

1 Dixon testified she assumed it was KR, adding “I’ve seen her [ KR] once or twice.”

2 We have not been provided with t ranscripts fro m various dispos itional review hearings.-3- was for respondent to show cause as to why he should not be hel d in contempt for violating a nocontact order with KR. 3 At the show-cause hearing, foster-care worker Samantha Mullen s testified that it appeared there had been contact between respo ndent and KR after KR’s parental rights had been terminated. Mullens’s testimony was based on c ertain text messages between respondent and KR. Mullens testified that one message sent fro m KR to respondent stated, “Will you let me call [JC] when you get her? I would love to talk to her on the phone so I can tell her I’m going to get her some new shoes and stuff today. lol.” Re spondent replied, “I do not have a phone . . . . I will see if I can take her to my mom’s house a gain.” “Immediately after that,” Mullens testified, “I received a text message from [respondent] stating, am I allowed to take my daughter to my mom’s house[?]” Respondent pled guilty to violating the trial court’s no contact order and admitted he had violated the order, explaining that h is contact with KR was in part due to a “soft part” he had in his heart for her, and that when he looks at his daughter, he sees KR in her. He avowed, however, that such contact would not happen ag ain. “I messed up,” “made a big mistake,” respondent stated. But he assured the court that he had “learned from it.” 4

Three weeks later, petitioner f iled a supplemental petition re questing termination of respondent’s parental rights in light of the information that c ame out at the show cause hearing. On May 18, 2015, the court appointed counsel for respondent for the impending termination hearing.

At the June 10, 2015 termination hearing, social worker Jessic a Leenanegt testified that she worked with respondent through the Family Together Building Solutions (FTBS) Program from October 2014 until February 2015. She testified that resp ondent was successful in obtaining suitable housing, and he already had employment by th e time she became involved with him at FTBS. Leenanegt observed respondent’s visits with JC; she testified that he and JC had a positive relationship, a loving bond, and for the most pa rt, he demonstrated good parenting skills. At the beginning of her service, respondent and KR wer e doing their supervised parenting visits together, but once the petition was filed to terminate K R’s parental rights, respondent took over visits by himself and that is when he was advised not to h ave contact with KR. Leenanegt worked with respondent on understa nding the difference between healthy and unhealthy relationships, and they talked a bout how a relationship with KR would be unhealthy because her substance abuse could be dangerous to JC. Respondent assured h er that he was not having contact with KR. Although Leenan egt believed she had successfu lly closed respondent’s case in

3 KR voluntarily agreed to relinquish her parental rights on Feb ruary 4, 2015. It appears that the court imposed a no-contact order between respondent and KR in F ebruary 2015, after KR voluntarily relinquished her par ental rights. On February 19, 2015, the trial court issued a restraining order. In the order , the trial court noted that KR ’s parental rights had been terminated and she had been ordered to have no contact with respondent, wi th whom JC was placed. The trial court found that despite this prohibition against contact between KR and respondent,

“contact with mother has been o ccurring and is detrimental to s aid minor.”

4 The trial court indicated tha t it was going to order responden t to serve ten days in the county jail, but he would hold that order in abeyance, subject to resp ondent performing 20 hours of community service.-4- February, she agreed that if he had in fact been having contact with KR, she would say he was not successful in the program with regard to the healthy relati onship aspect of his services.

Mullens testified regarding he r observations of respondent ove r the prior year. She noted that he had successfully obtained suitable housing and he had alegal source of income. According to plan, he had been having supervised parenting visi ts together with KR until a petition was filed in December of 2014 seeking termination of K R’s parental rights. At that time, KR’s visits ceased. Respondent’s visits with JC were cha nged to unsupervised as of January 2015 “due to the progress that he was making.” Mullins testified that respondent engaged well with JC and they h ad “a really great bond.” Howev er, Mullens discovered that respondent and KR had been in contact between February and “mid -March,” after KR’s parental rights had been terminated. Mu llens testified that KR had prov ided her with text messages documenting this contact. There were allusions to drug use by respondent and KR in the messages. Mullens testified that at one point respondent had h ad so many negative drug screens that petitioner stopped requiring the tests. But after the tex t messages implied that he was using, he was tested again and had two positive tests and two missed t ests. Mullens summed it up by saying that respondent had been doi ng “very well,” and he was “ one hundred percent compliant,”

but “then in the last month or t wo it really went downhill.”

Respondent acknowledged that he had used marijuana and statedhe “had a missrelapse,” but denied that he ha s a marijuana problem. Consiste nt with his testimony at the show cause hearing, respondent admitted that he had had contact withKR, and when asked why he stated, “Stupidity, wasn’t thi nking.” Respondent explained he had “messed up,” “made a couple of mistakes,” “slipped up,” “fu mbled,” but vowed that “it won’t happen again.”

The trial court found that statutory grounds for termination e xisted under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)( i ), § 19b(3)(g), and § 19b(3)(j) stemming from respondent’s cont act with KR— including their using marijuana together—despite his alleging t hat he was not in contact with her, its judicial notice of the show cause hearing, and evidenc e that respondent arranged in February 2015 for KR to have contact by phone with JC pursuant to KR’s request. The trial court stated that it was aware JC was in a relative placement, but it still believed termination of respondent’s parental rights was in the child’s best interests because she was three years old and in need of permanence.

II. ANALYSIS

Respondent challenges the adjudicative phase of the proceeding s on multiple grounds, as

well as whether the trial court clearly erred when it found sta tutory grounds for termination and

that termination was in the best interests of the child. We fi rst consider his contention that the referee violated his right to due process by proceeding in a de fault manner against him with regard to adjudication. “Whether child protective proceedings complied with a parent’s right to procedural due process presents a question of constitutional la w, which we review de novo.” In

re Sanders , 495 Mich 394, 403-404; 852 NW2d 524 (2014).-5- A. ADJUDICATION

“In Michigan, child protective proceedings comprise two phases : the adjudicative phase and the dispositional phase.” Id . at 404. Generally, during the first phase, a court determine s whether it can take jurisdiction over the child in the first pl ace. Id . “Once the court has jurisdiction, it determines duri ng the dispositional phase what course of action will ensure the child’s safety and well-being.” Id

.

Petitioner may initiate child protective proceedings by filing a petition “containing facts that constitute an offense against the child under the juvenile code.” Id . at 405, citing MCR 3.961. The parent may demand an adjudication trial at which he has a right to a jury trial and at which the rules of evidence “generally apply,” or he may admit to the allegations contained in the petition. Id . The “petitioner has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence one or more statutory grounds for jurisdiction alleged in the p etition, MCR 3.972(E).” Id

. “When the petition contains allegations of abuse or neglect aga inst a parent . . . and those allegations are proved by a plea or at the trial, the adjudicat ed parent is unfit.” Id . “While the adjudicative phase is only the fir st step in child protective p roceedings, it is of critical importance because [t]he procedures used in adjudicative hearings protect the parents from the risk of erroneous deprivation of th eir parental rights.” Id . at 406 (citation and quotation marks omitted).

In Sanders , our Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of the one -parent doctrine; this doctrine is not a t issue here, but a brief discu ssion of the doctrine is merited. The one-parent doctrine permitted a trial court to exercise jurisdi ction based on an adjudication of only one parent, and “allow[ed] the court to then enter disposi tional orders affecting the parental rights of both parents.” Id . at 407. The Court struck dow n the one-parent doctrine, notin g that parents have a fundamental right “to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of

their children.” Id . at 409. The Court emphasized that this right “cannot be over stated.” Id . at 415. Because this right is fundamental and protected by the Du e Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, it “cannot be infringed without some type of fitness hearing.” Id

. Therefore, the Court concluded that “due process requires that every parent receive an adjudication hearing before the state can interfere with his or her parental rights.” Id . The adjudication required by due process is “a specific adjudicatio n of a parent’s unfitness before the state can infringe the constitutionally protected parent-child relationship.” Id . at 422. Pertinent to that case, the Court rejected the one-parent doctrine as a v iolation of due process because it “allows the court to deprive a par ent of this fundamental right without any finding that he or she is unfit[.]” Id

.

B. RESPONDENT WAS EFFECTIVELY D ENIED AN ADJUDICATION TRIAL

Although the one-parent doctrine is not at issue in this case, we find that respondent was effectively denied the adjudication trial to which he was entit led. The hearing referee who conducted the adjudication trial stated that it was “enter[ing] a default” against respondent because he failed to appear for the trial. We are aware of no authority for the proposition that a respondent in child protective proceedings can be defaulted. I n fact, the court rules are clear that a default cannot be entered in child protective proceedings. M CR 3.901(A)(1) sets forth the court rules that are applicable to child protective proceedings ; the rule pertaining to defaults,

MCR 2.603 et seq. , is not among the rules specifi cally incorporated in juvenile or child-6- protective proceedings. Moreover, MCR 3.901(A)(2) declares tha t “[o]ther Michigan Court Rules apply to juvenile cases in the family division of the cir cuit court only when this subchapter specifically provides .” (Emphasis added). Thus, re spondent should not have been de faulted for failing to appear. Furthermore, as recognized in Sanders , 495 Mich 422, due process requires an adjudication trial on a parent’s fitness “before the state can infringe the constitutionally protected parent-child relationship.” It is axiomatic that a default is not an adjudication trial as to respondent’s fitness as a parent, nor have we encountered any authority that a default can serve as a substitute for such a trial. Although an adjudication tri al “is only the first step in child protective proceedings,” it is nevertheless of “critical import ance” because “[t]he procedures used in adjudicative hearings protect the parents from the risk of erroneous deprivation of their parental rights.” Sanders , 495 Mich at 406 (citation and quotation marks omitted). As s uch, the hearing referee denied respondenthis right to due process by e ntering a default against him for his failure to appear at the ad judication trial and by infringi ng on his fundamental right to make decisions regarding the care and custody of his minor child. 5

Petitioner argues that respondent, despite having a default en tered against him, nevertheless received an adjudication trial. Examining the rec ord and the manner in which the alleged adjudication trial proceeded, we do not agree. 6 To begin with, we note that respondent’s counsel was excused from the adjudication “trial” before it started, and that counsel did not advocate on respondent’s behalf during the proceeding. And, re spondent was not present. Thus, respondent had no representation whatsoever during the adjudica tion trial, and petitioner was simply left to put on evidence, unopposed. 7 Plowing forward with an adjudication trial in the absence of both respondent and an attorney who can represent re spondent offends due process by any stretch of the imagination. 8 See Bye v Ferguson , 138 Mich App 196, 205; 360 NW2d 175 (1984). Indeed, “[d]espite [respondent’s] apparent lack of int erest in participating in his own

5 Our decision by no means indicates that a respondent can choos e not to show up for an adjudication proceeding and somehow stymie the adjudication pro cess. Practitioners in the field of child protective proceedings know well that some parents do not always show up for hearings. In those instances, assuming proper notice was given, the paren t’s interests are protected by counsel. This case is unique because the referee chose to dism iss respondent’s counsel at the outset of the proceedings, with no indication that respondent h ad any intention of proceeding

without counsel or otherwise f oregoing his due process rights.

6 Despite the fact that a cursory proceeding occurred after the hearing referee stated that it was entering a default, the subsequent order exercising jurisdictio n over the child as to respondent

stated that it was e ntered “for the reasons stated on the recor d, or in a written opi nion[.]” Thus, it is unclear why the court exercised jurisdiction, and it is not apparent that the court even relied on the cursory proceeding that followed the default.

7 We note that the guardian ad litem for JC was present to repre sent JC’s interests.

8 Again, we do not attempt to excuse respondent’s failure to app ear for the adjudication trial; however, we note our concern that respondent was effectively ra ilroaded when the adjudication trial—to the extent it was even conducted given the referee’s r emarks about a default—was conducted without any semblance of r epresentation for responden t.-7- defense, he was entitled to assume that he would be represented at trial.” Pascoe v Sova , 209 Mich App 297, 301; 530 NW2d 781 (1995). That is, having had co unsel appointed for him in April 2014, respondent was entitled to assume that counsel woul d represent him at the adjudication trial, notwithstanding his unexcused absence at th e trial. While similar issues resulted in error requiring reversal in civil cases such as Bye and Pascoe , we find the problem even more egregious in the instant case, a child protective pro ceeding. It is well established that “[p]arents have a significant interest in the companionship, care, custody, and management of their children, and the interest is an element of liberty prote cted by due process.” Sanders , 495 Mich at 409 (citation and quotation marks omitted). Thus, even assuming that respondent was not simply defaulted and that an adjudication “trial” occurred, we find a violation of due process given that petitioner was permitted to proceed unopposed at adj udication, thereby effectively depriving respondent of a n adjudication trial.

On a related note, respondent was deprived of the assistance o f counsel during the adjudication proceeding. See MCR 3.915(B)(1) (explaining that a respondent has the right to counsel, including appointed counsel, at the respondent’s first court appearance and “at any hearing” conducted thereafter); In re Williams, 286 Mich App 253, 275; 779 NW2d 286 (2009) (recognizing that a respondent in a child protective proceeding has the right to counsel, including appointed counsel). In April 2014, respondent requested counse l, and there is no indication that he waived his right to counsel before the May 14, 2014 adjudica tion trial. 9 Nor is there any indication that he terminated the attorney-client relationship, based on what was characterized as a one-month-long failure to communicate with counsel. In In re Hall , 188 Mich app 217, 222; 469 NW2d 56 (1991), this Court held the respondent “effectively terminated the attorney-client relationship, thereby ‘w aiving’ or relinquishing her right to c ounsel” by failing to contact her appointed counsel for 16 months. Here, although respondent’s c ounsel indicated that she was not in contact with him for approximately one month, we do not find that respondent’s conduct was such that he effectively terminated the attorney-client rel ationship or otherwise waived his right to be represented by counsel. Rather, respondent’s lack of communication with counsel spans only one month, and it came on the heels of respondent’s specific request for counsel.

In addition to the fact that the adjudication trial was essent ially an ex parte proceeding,

we note that the brief “trial” that occurred lacked some of the hallmarks of a typical adjudication trial. Notably, petitioner was a llowed to present inadmissible hearsay evidence from Smallenberg, who testified that JC was with KR based on an out- of-court conversation she had with an employee at KR’s doctor’s office. See MRE 802. Unlike at the dispositional phase of protective proceedings, the rules of evidence apply to adjudica tion trials. MCR 3.972(C);

Sanders , 495 Mich at 405. Thus, Smallenberg’s testimony should not ha ve been admitted against respondent. Moreover, the only other testimony about w hether JC was with KR was speculative testimony from Dixon wh o testified that she “assume d” the woman with JC was KR. The presentation of this evidence spanned only seven pages of trial transcript. The flimsy nature of the evidence and the proceeding was a manifestation of the l arger problems in this case: the

9 We are also troubled by the fact that it appears, from the rec ord before us, that respondent did not have counsel for nearly the entirety of the dispositional p hase of the proceedings.-8- trial was a perfunctory default proceeding, respondent had no r epresentation, and petitioner was allowed to present its case against him unopposed.

In light of the forgoing issues, we hold that respondent was e ffectively denied an adjudication in this matter. In Sanders , 495 Mich at 422, our Supreme Court held that “due process requires a specific adjudication of a parent’s unfitnes s before the state can infringe the constitutionally protected paren t-child relationship.” Given a ll that occurred in this case, we simply cannot conclude that respondent was afforded a “specific adjudication” regarding his fitness or lack thereof. Accordingly, we hold that respondent was denied his right to due

process. Id

.

C. RESPONDENT’S CHALLENGE IS NOT AN IMPERMISSIBLE COLLATERAL

ATTACK

Petitioner argues that, despite any deficiencies in the adjudi cation trial, we should deny respondent’s challenge because it is an impermissible collatera l attack on the court’s exercise of jurisdiction. We disagree.

When, as occurred in this case, a termination of parental righ ts occurs following the filing of a supplemental petition for termination after the issuance o f the initial dispositional order, any attack on the adjudication is an impermissible collateral attac k. In re SLH , 277 Mich App 662, 668; 747 NW2d 547 (2008) (“Ordinarily, an adjudication cannot b e collaterally attacked following an order terminating parental rights.”). See also In re Hatcher , 443 Mich 426, 437- 438; 505 NW2d 834 (1993). Instead, “[m]atters affecting the co urt’s exercise of its jurisdiction may be challenged only on direct a ppeal of the jurisdictional d ecision[.]” In re Kanjia , 308 Mich App 660, 667; 866 NW2d 862 (2014). Here, respondent failed to file a direct appeal of the trial court’s adjudication order and instead waited to raise any issu e with regard to the adjudication until after the order was entered terminating his parental righ ts. Thus, were we to apply the rule

from Hatcher and SLH , we would find that respondent’s challenge to the adjudicationwas an impermissible collateral attack because his appeal was not file d until after his parental rights

were terminated.

However, we decline to find that the collateral-attack rule ba rs respondent’s challenge in the instant case. In so holding, we are guided by this Court’s decision in Kanjia , 308 Mich App

660. Like Sanders

, Kanjia was a case involving the applica tion of the one-parent doctrin e. Id . at 666. Recognizing that an adjudication cannot ordinarily be col laterally attacked following an order terminating parental rights, the panel in Kanjia addressed the issue of whether the respondent “may now raise the issue for the first time on direc t appeal from the order of termination[.]” Id . at 667. This Court held that “a Sanders challenge, raised for the first time on direct appeal from an order of termination, does not constitute a collateral attack on jurisdiction,

but rather a direct atta ck on the trial court’s exercise of its dispositional authority.” Id . at 669. In so holding, this Court recognized that Sanders “held that due process protections prevent a trial court from entering dispositiona l orders—including orders of te rmination—against an unadjudicated respondent.” Id. at 669-670 (emphasis added). Thus, an unadjudicated respondent raising a challenge t o the lack of an adjudication-9- on direct appeal from a trial co urt’s order of termination is n ot collaterally attacking the trial court’s exer cise of jurisdiction, but rathe r is directly challenging the trial court's decision to terminate the respondent’s parent al rights without first having afforded the respondent sufficient due process, i.e., an adjudication hearing at which the respondent 's fitness as a parent was decid ed. [ Id . at 670.]

Although the instant case did not involve the application of t he one-parent doctrine, we nevertheless conclude that the same problem present in Kanjia exists in this case: respondent effectively never received an adjudication as to his fitness as a parent. This is also the same due process issue identified in Sanders . See Sanders , 495 Mich at 422 (“We accordingly hold that due process requires a specific adjudication of a parent’s unfi tness before the state can infringe the constitutionally protected p arent-child relationship.”). C onsequently, just as in Kanjia , 308 Mich App at 670, we conclude that respondent “is not collateral ly attacking the trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction, but rat her is directly challenging th e trial court’s decision to terminate the respondent’s parental rights without first having afforded the respondent sufficient due process, i.e., an adjudication hearing at which the respondent' s fitness as a parent was decided.” 10
Therefore, “we hold that respondent is entitled to raise his [ ] challenge on direct appeal from the trial court’s order of termination, notwithstanding the fact th at he never appealed the initial order of adjudication.” Id . at 671.

III. CONCLUSION

Because respondent was effectively unadjudicated, we vacate th e order terminating his parental rights and the order of adjudication, and remand for f urther proceedings consistent with this opinion. 11 We do not retain jurisdiction.

/s/ Michael J. Talbot

/s/ Kurtis T. Wilder /s/ Jane M. Beckering

10 Furthermore, we note the problem that exists in this case with requiring respondent to file a direct appeal from the order of adjudication. As noted above, respondent was deprived of his right to counsel and the adjudica tion proceeded with no represe ntation for respondent whatsoever. To expect respondent to appeal an order entered af ter a proceeding at which his counsel withdrew, without his kno wledge, and at which he was no t present, would be to impose a heavy burden on respondent. For this reason, we are also unc omfortable with petitioner’s

characterization of this issue being unpreserved. We question how respondent could reasonably be expected to have raised the issues about which he complains on appeal when there was no one present at the adjudication tria l to represent his interests. And it appears he did not receive appointed counsel again until nearly a year later.

11 Because we vacate the order terminating respondent’s parental rights, we need not address respondent’s remaining arguments.