UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Governor Wentworth Regional

School District,

Plaintiff

v. Civil No. 05-cv-133-SM

Opinion No. 2006 DNH 031

Paul and Deborah Hendrickson,

As Parents and Next Friends of

Paul Hendrickson, Jr.,

Defendants and Counterclaim Plaintiffs

v.

Guy Donnelly, Paul MacMillan,

John Robertson, and Governor

Wentworth Regional School District,

Counterclaim Defendants

O R D E R

This case involves a public high school principal’s decision

to suspend a student for refusing to remove or cover a symbolic

patch he wore on his outer clothing. The case presents important

issues of public school administration, pitting the obligation of

teachers and administrators to provide a safe and violence-free

educational environment, against the First Amendment right of

public school students to free expression. The particular facts

of this dispute are unique, but it is undeniable that the

eruption of fatal violence at Columbine High School and other

public schools casts a pragmatic shadow on what otherwise might

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be viewed as primarily an academic disagreement. Although a

legitimate case can and has been made for each party’s opposing

viewpoint, the court finds that school authorities were justified

under the circumstances in taking the action they did, and they

did not violate the student’s First-Amendment rights.

Introduction

Paul Hendrickson, Jr., is a senior at Kingswood Regional

High School, a public high school in New Hampshire’s Governor

Wentworth Regional School District. In the Spring of 2005, the

school’s principal, Mr. MacMillan, told Hendrickson that he would

not be allowed on school grounds while wearing a particular patch

on his clothing. Hendrickson’s patch consisted of a swastika on

which was superimposed the international “no” symbol - a red

circle with a diagonal line through it. The patch has been

characterized in different ways. Hendrickson calls it a

“tolerance patch,” signifying values of diversity and acceptance,

but it might be more objectively described as a “No Nazis” patch.

In any event, Hendrickson, invoking his First Amendment

rights, refused to remove it. School authorities, in turn,

required him to leave unless and until he removed or covered it. 

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3

At first, Hendrickson was sent home with parental permission. 

Later, after he continued to arrive at school wearing the patch

and his parents declined to authorize further voluntary

dismissals, Hendrickson was suspended, for so long as he insisted

upon displaying the patch. (The School District did arrange for

a home tutor to alleviate, to the extent possible, any

educational loss.)

Wishing to resolve the conflict and clarify its legal

obligations and responsibilities, the School District filed this

suit, seeking a declaration of the parties’ respective legal

rights. The District and Hendrickson also reached an

accommodation, pendente lite, under the terms of which

Hendrickson was allowed to return to school and to wear a

substitute patch exhibiting the slogan “Censored for Now.”

Disputes like this one are often more complicated than they

first appear, and that is certainly the case here. One’s initial

reaction to the very basic facts outlined above might well be

that the student is, of course, entitled to express a political

viewpoint at school by passively wearing a symbolic patch. After

all, such political speech is at the very core of the First

Amendment’s guarantee of expressive freedom. But the basic facts

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1 The court will take up the School District’s motion

first.

4

do not begin to tell the whole story, nor do they highlight the

myriad of competing interests and values also entitled to legal

respect and protection in a public school. A balancing of

interests is required, and striking the proper balance can be a

difficult task.

The parties agree that the legal issues raised are probably

amenable to disposition by summary judgment, since the material

facts are, by and large, undisputed. Cross-motions for summary

judgment have been filed, and the record does not appear to

present any trial-worthy factual issues.

Factual Background

Before the somewhat complicated legal issues can be

meaningfully considered, it is necessary to understand the

factual context in which they arise. The undisputed material

facts - those that have legal significance - are presented in the

light most favorable to Hendrickson, the party opposing summary

judgment.1

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Kingswood Regional High School is a public school. 

Accordingly, the parties agree that school authorities were

acting “under color of state law” for purposes of 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983. The school distributes a handbook to all students

describing minimum standards governing dress and behavior while

on school grounds. Standards generally relevant to this dispute

provide:

Harassment is Against the Law. No one should have to

tolerate harassment at school for any reason. 

Therefore, all employees, volunteers, parents, and

students will interact with all persons in ways that

convey respect and consideration for individuals

regardless of race, color, marital status, national

origin, creed, religion, gender, sexual orientation,

age, or disability. Acts of harassment, hostility, or

defamation, whether verbal, written, or physical, will

not be tolerated and constitute grounds for

disciplinary action including, but not limited to,

suspension and/or expulsion from school. Legal

agencies may be contacted. 

* * * 

Dress Code. The Governor Wentworth Regional School

Board has a responsibility to assure that the

atmosphere in the schools is conducive to learning and

fosters an environment of respect. Student dress plays

an important part in creating an educational tone that

demands both academic rigor and high standards of

discipline. . . . 

The standard for student dress in the Governor

Wentworth Regional School District allows, within a

defined set of parameters, a choice in clothing. 

Generally speaking, each individual is allowed to dress

according to her/his personal preference provided that

the execution of her/his selection does not interfere

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with the rights of others, cause disruption to the

educational program, damage school property, or is

considered a health or safety hazard. 

Exhibit E to defendant’s memorandum (emphasis supplied). The

dress code goes on to provide that “[d]ress . . . shall not be

such as to disrupt the teaching/learning process.” Id.

During the 2004-2005 academic year, administrators at

Kingswood High learned of, and monitored, many incidents of

bullying and harassment. At least five of those incidents

involved conflicts between two readily identifiable groups - one

in which Hendrickson is a member (described or generally known as

the “gay students”) and a rival group (described or generally

known as the “homophobes” and/or “rednecks”). In January of

2005, in response to a recognized increase in tension between

those two groups, school administrators conducted a school-wide

“Assembly on Tolerance.” The assembly focused on encouraging

students to peacefully co-exist with others of different racial,

religious, social, sexual, and political viewpoints. 

That very afternoon, however, an incident of harassment or

bullying occurred involving a member of Hendrickson’s group and a

member of the “redneck” group. Administrators investigated the

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2 These incidents are reported by the School District in

an indistinct manner, no doubt sparing detail that might serve to

identify particular students. Two significant incidents

discussed infra, however, do provide sufficient detail and

provide adequate justification, in the overall context, for the

action taken.

7

incident and interviewed the victim, who was unwilling to name

his harasser. Subsequently, however, administrators were able to

identify the harasser and imposed discipline.2

Shortly thereafter, the parent of a student associated with

the “redneck” group contacted the school to report that she had

received a threatening telephone call. The caller warned that

her home would be burned down. School authorities advised her to

keep her son at home until the matter could be investigated. 

Later that same day, the parent of another boy associated with

the “redneck” group called the school to report that her son had

received a threatening instant message over the Internet. The

sender threatened to carve his initials in her son’s head. 

Ms. Shatzer, the school’s student coordinator, investigated

both incidents. She interviewed several students, including

Hendrickson. According to Ms. Shatzer, Hendrickson admitted that

he sent the threatening instant message to the rival “redneck”

group member. Another member of Hendrickson’s group admitted

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that he threatened to burn down the other student’s home. 

Shatzer affidavit, Exhibit B to plaintiff’s memorandum (document

no. 25), at para. 7. Hendrickson, however, denies involvement in

either incident, though he does not deny that each actually

occurred. 

Ms. Shatzer contacted the parents of the boys who had been

threatened, told them that the school had identified the students

who made the threats, and that those students had been warned

against similar conduct in the future. Both parents agreed to

return their sons to school the next day. It is unclear whether

the victims of those threats, or school administrators, reported

the incidents to local police. 

Despite continuing efforts to ease tensions between the two

groups, administrators learned a few days later of another

incident of harassment or threatening involving the same two

groups of students. Again, Ms. Shatzer met with one of the

offending students, encouraged him to be more tolerant of members

of the rival group, and warned him against similar conduct in the

future. The next day, school administrators again met with that

boy and, this time, they involved his mother. Both the student

and his mother were warned that similar conduct in the future

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would result in police involvement. They also told the boy and

his mother that all other students involved in the offending

conduct would be given the same message. 

Nevertheless, tensions between the two groups remained high. 

During lunch periods, the rival groups insisted on sitting at

adjoining tables, with their backs to each other. Tension

between the two groups was “so palpable” that Principal MacMillan

referred to the dining hall as the “DMZ” and instructed

supervisors to keep a particularly close watch over the boys. 

During February of that year, the school again sought to

ease tensions between the two groups by meeting individually with

students associated with each group and their parents. School

administrators informed the students and parents that any

continued taunting, harassing, or threatening conduct would

result in discipline and the involvement of the police. 

Nevertheless, a week later, another incident of harassment

involving students from those two groups occurred. Following an

investigation by the school, three boys were suspended. Once

again, school administrators met with the students and their

parents. 

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During one of those meetings, a parent informed Ms. Shatzer

that she was concerned about what she believed was her son’s

unhealthy fascination with, and admiration of, Adolph Hitler. 

The parent said that her son viewed Hitler as a hero and she said

he strongly believed in the ideals of the Nazi movement. She

also said that her son had been taking Hitler-related books out

of the library, a fact that administrators later confirmed. The

record also reveals that, in an effort to intimidate or provoke

members of Hendrickson’s group, at least some of the boys in the

“redneck” group would occasionally accost them in the school’s

hallways with renditions of the Nazi salute, “Seig Heil.” In his

affidavit, Principal MacMillan says he construed those cumulative

facts as warning signs of potential violence, especially given

the widely publicized reports of fatal violence committed at

other schools by students who also shared interests in Hitler and

the Nazi movement. 

On February 25, 2005, students began their winter break. 

They returned to school on March 7, 2005. On that day, Principal

MacMillan and two other school administrators met with the

student who had been the subject of two incidents of harassment

or bullying a few weeks earlier, and his parent. They informed

the student and his parent of their continuing efforts to diffuse

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tensions between the two groups. They also reported that they

had met with members of both groups and had warned everyone that

future acts of intimidation, threatening, and/or bullying would

not be tolerated and would result in police involvement. 

School administrators credit their continuing vigilance and

affirmative efforts to confront and resolve these problems with

having had some positive effect on student conduct. During the

following three weeks, there were no reported incidents of

harassment, taunting, or threatening behavior involving the two

groups. 

On March 22, 2005, Principal MacMillan learned that a 16

year-old student in Red Lake, Minnesota, killed nine people at

his school, including a teacher and five students. He also

learned that the student professed an admiration for Hitler, and

doodled swastikas in his school notebooks. MacMillan met with

School Superintendent John Robertson to discuss his growing

concern that some of the students at Kingswood Regional High

School also seemed to be fascinated by Hitler and the Nazi

movement. 

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The next week, on March 28, 2005, Hendrickson and two other

members of his group came to school wearing the patch depicting a

swastika under the “no” symbol. That day passed without

incident. The next day Hendrickson and his friends again arrived

at school wearing the patch. Principal MacMillan says that is

when he first became aware of the patch’s existence. According

to MacMillan’s uncontested affidavit, he was concerned that

Hendrickson’s patch amounted to “a specific and targeted message

at the group of students with whom [Hendrickson] and students

with whom he associated had had several prior incidents . . .

two of which involved specific threats of physical violence

[i.e., the telephone threat to burn down the house and the threat

to carve initials in a student’s head].” MacMillan affidavit at

para. 19. A student wearing the patch (not Hendrickson) was

summoned to the school’s administrative offices and was asked to

remove it. 

Later that same day, Hendrickson, now aware that one of his

friends had been asked to remove the patch, sought a meeting with

school administrators. Principal MacMillan and several other

school administrators met with Hendrickson. Principal MacMillan

told Hendrickson that he was concerned about the volatile history

between Hendrickson’s group and the so-called “rednecks.” He

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also said that he believed Hendrickson’s patch was specifically

aimed at, and designed to provoke a potentially disruptive or

even violent response from that group. He asked Hendrickson if

there was another type of patch or armband that he could wear to

express his views on tolerance, without provoking students in the

rival group and causing a disruption in school. 

Principal MacMillan says he told Hendrickson that he was

concerned not only for Hendrickson’s own safety, but for the

safety of other students as well, given that the patch might

spark a disruptive or violent response from the “redneck” group. 

Other administrators participating in the meeting offered to help

in creating a forum or alternate vehicle for Hendrickson to

express his stated goal of promoting tolerance. Hendrickson said

he did not wish to consider other options. At that point,

Principal MacMillan told Hendrickson that if he wished to remain

in school, he would have to remove the patch. Hendrickson

refused. He was then given the option of being suspended or

having his mother voluntarily dismiss him from school. 

Hendrickson contacted his mother and she voluntarily dismissed

him. MacMillan informed Hendrickson that he could not return to

school wearing the patch. 

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Following his meeting with Hendrickson, Principal MacMillan

noticed that approximately six students had gathered in the

administration office, waiting to see what happened to

Hendrickson. The assistant principal asked the students to

return to class but, at least initially, they refused. 

Eventually, the students left the office and Hendrickson left

school for the day. Later, Principal MacMillan says, one member

of the so-called “redneck” group told him that he considered

Hendrickson’s patch to be a “hate patch,” specifically directed

at him and his group. Citing his concerns for potential

disruption and violence in the school, MacMillan informed school

officials that students were not allowed to wear the patch at

school. 

Notwithstanding Principal MacMillan’s directive, Hendrickson

returned the following day, wearing the patch. Two other

students joined him in wearing the patch. Assistant Principal

Donnelly again met with Hendrickson to discuss the situation, the

potential for disruption and violence posed by the patch, and

alternate means by which he might express his asserted message of

tolerance - such as a different patch or wristband that did not

target the “redneck” group or create the potential for

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15

disruption. Hendrickson said he would consider the idea, but

would have to speak with his friends. 

Donnelly later met with the two other boys in Hendrickson’s

group who had worn the patch that day. He told them that he

believed the patch was specifically targeted at the rival group

with which they had ongoing problems of harassment, bullying, and

threats of violence. One of the students mentioned that, when

they walked past students in the rival group, “they would say,

‘Seig Heil’ in an intimidating way.” Donnelly affidavit at para.

12. Donnelly told the boys that incidents of that sort

reinforced his belief that the patch was specifically designed to

target or provoke a response from the rival group and carried

with it the potential for disruption or violence in the school. 

That afternoon, Hendrickson and the two other boys who had

worn the patch met with Superintendent Robertson who, like

Principal MacMillan, discussed with them the incidents of

harassment and threats of physical violence between the two

groups. He also explained the school’s obligation to provide a

safe educational environment, free from bullying, harassment,

violence, and other forms of disruption. He then discussed

alternative ways in which the boys could express their asserted

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views on tolerance, that did not involve provoking the “redneck”

group. 

According to Robertson’s affidavit, Hendrickson responded by

asserting a First Amendment right to wear the so-called

“tolerance” patch, and said he was not afraid of the “Nazis” and

“homophobes.” When Robertson pointed out that the patch could

lead to physical violence, Hendrickson replied that he “wanted to

get into their faces.” He then added that, if a physical

confrontation with the “redneck” group did occur, he would be

prepared to take action against them. Affidavit of

Superintendent John Robertson, Exhibit D to plaintiff’s

memorandum, at para. 22. 

Hendrickson was again given the option of suspension or

voluntary dismissal with his parent’s consent. Hendrickson’s

mother agreed to dismiss him. The next day, Hendrickson again

returned to school wearing the patch. This time, either he was

not offered the option of dismissal, or his mother refused to

permit it. In either event, Hendrickson was suspended for the

day and sent home. When Superintendent Robertson learned that

other students had also worn the patch to school, he instructed

administrators to dismiss them if they did not agree to remove

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the patch. Most agreed, though two did not, resulting in a brief

confrontation between one of those students and school

administrators. 

The following day, April 1, 2005, Hendrickson returned to

school, once again wearing the patch. And, again, he was

suspended. Later that day, Hendrickson’s mother came to the

school to discuss the situation with Principal MacMillan and

Assistant Principal Donnelly. They reviewed the history of

bullying, harassment, and hostility between the two groups, the

threatened acts of violence, and their belief that tension

between the two groups had to be relieved if further disruption,

and violence, was to be avoided. They also told her that they

had spent a substantial amount of time with the students

themselves, with other administrators, and with the police, in an

effort to diffuse tension between the two groups. When they

asked Hendrickson’s mother whether she thought he would agree to

express his professed message of tolerance through different

means, she responded that the decision was her son’s to make,

though she doubted he would agree to remove the patch. 

Hendrickson appears to have remained out of school for

several days (if not weeks). Some days, he came to school or

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after-school events, without the patch. Other days, it appears

he remained at home where he was tutored. In May (the precise

date is unclear), Hendrickson returned to school wearing a patch

that said, “Censored for Now.” Administrators deemed that patch

inappropriate as well, though their reasoning is not disclosed in

the record, and Hendrickson was sent home. Eventually, the

administration relented and, at the urging of Hendrickson’s legal

counsel, allowed him to wear the “Censured for Now” patch during

the school day and on school grounds. 

Hendrickson remains resolute in his belief that school

administrators unlawfully stifled his constitutionally protected

symbolic speech. Administrators, on the other hand, remain firm

in believing that they acted appropriately, given both the

factual context in which they decided to ban the patch and their

obligation to provide a safe and secure educational environment,

reasonably free of disruption. 

It is perhaps worth noting that, to the extent Hendrickson

was sincerely interested in expressing a message of tolerance,

school administrators were more than happy to help him spread

that message. Indeed, it was a message they fully embraced and

were actively communicating to the student body. Their concern,

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however, was that Hendrickson’s means of expressing tolerance,

whether he intended it or not, could reasonably be viewed as a

deliberate provocation of the adversary group.

Standard of Review

When ruling on a party’s motion for summary judgment, the

court must “view the entire record in the light most hospitable

to the party opposing summary judgment, indulging all reasonable

inferences in that party’s favor.” Griggs-Ryan v. Smith, 904

F.2d 112, 115 (1st Cir. 1990). Summary judgment is appropriate

when the record reveals “no genuine issue as to any material fact

and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter

of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). In this context, “a fact is

‘material’ if it potentially affects the outcome of the suit and

a dispute over it is ‘genuine’ if the parties’ positions on the

issue are supported by conflicting evidence.” Int’l Ass’n of

Machinists & Aerospace Workers v. Winship Green Nursing Ctr., 103

F.3d 196, 199-200 (1st Cir. 1996) (citations omitted). 

Nevertheless, if the non-moving party’s “evidence is merely

colorable, or is not significantly probative,” no genuine dispute

as to a material fact has been proved, and “summary judgment may

be granted.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249-

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50 (1986) (citations omitted). As the Court of Appeals for the

First Circuit has observed, “the evidence illustrating the

factual controversy cannot be conjectural or problematic; it must

have substance in the sense that it limns differing versions of

the truth which a factfinder must resolve at an ensuing trial. 

Conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, and unsupported

speculation will not suffice.” Cadle Co. v. Hayes, 116 F.3d 957,

960 (1st Cir. 1997) (citations and internal quotation marks

omitted). See also Coyne v. City of Somerville, 972 F.2d 440,

444-45 (1st Cir. 1992) (“[T]hough for pleading purposes the line

between sufficient facts and insufficient conclusions is often

blurred, we nonetheless require that it be plotted.”) (citation

and internal punctuation omitted).

The key, then, to defeating a properly supported motion for

summary judgment is the non-movant’s ability to support his or

her claims concerning disputed material facts with evidence that

conflicts with that proffered by the moving party. See generally

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). Consequently, while a reviewing court

must take into account all properly documented facts, it may

ignore bald assertions, unsupported conclusions, and mere

speculation. See Serapion v. Martinez, 119 F.3d 982, 987 (1st

Cir. 1997).

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Discussion

Before resolving the parties’ pending motions for summary

judgment, it would be helpful to identify several issues that are

not presented in this case. First, as noted at the outset, the

parties agree that those named in defendants’ counterclaims are

“state actors,” who were acting under color of state law when

they told Hendrickson he could not wear the patch. See generally

42 U.S.C. § 1983. 

Next, there does not appear to be any dispute that school

administrators enforced the provisions of the Kingswood Student

Handbook in a uniform manner. That is to say, Hendrickson does

not assert that school administrators prohibited him from wearing

his communicative patch, while allowing other students to wear

similarly provocative patches, jewelry, shirts, or jackets. 

Thus, this case is distinguishable from those like Castorina v.

Madison County Sch. Bd., 246 F.3d 536 (6th Cir. 2001), in which

the school board prohibited plaintiffs from wearing shirts

bearing the confederate flag, but allowed other students to wear

shirts venerating Malcom X that were, under the prevailing

circumstances, arguably at least as provocative. 

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The court also notes that Hendrickson has not challenged the

School District’s decision to temporarily ban the “Censored for

Now” patch - a decision that also implicated constitutional

protections. Instead, both the School District’s suit for

declaratory judgment and Hendrickson’s counterclaims focus

exclusively on the decision to prohibit Hendrickson from wearing

the “No Nazis” patch.

Finally, accepting Hendrickson’s assertion that his patch

was meant to convey (and would reasonably be understood by others

to convey) a message of tolerance, he cannot reasonably argue

that he was the victim of viewpoint discrimination. As noted

above, to the extent Hendrickson is sincere in claiming that his

patch was meant to promote the idea and values of tolerance,

school administrators fully embraced and endorsed that viewpoint. 

He was not prohibited from wearing the patch because school

administrators disagreed with his asserted message of tolerance. 

See, e.g., Bethel Sch. Dist. v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675, 689 (1986)

(Brennan, J., concurring) (“There is no suggestion that school

officials attempted to regulate respondent’s speech because they

disagreed with the views he sought to express.”).

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On the other hand, discounting Hendrickson’s assertion that

the patch was intended to (and did) express a message of

tolerance, and accepting a more plausible and objective

interpretation - that the patch conveyed opposition to Nazis and

the views and values espoused by Nazis, and was consistent with,

as Hendrickson put it, his desire to “get in the faces” of the

rival “redneck” group - school administrators concede that their

decision to prohibit Hendrickson from wearing the patch was

related in part to the viewpoint it appeared to express. Not

opposition to an abstract anti-totalitarian viewpoint, but

opposition to a provocative characterization and condemnation of

a discrete group of students with whom Hendrickson and his

friends had had ongoing disputes that manifested themselves in

incidents of harassment, bullying, and threatened violence. The

patch essentially said to the redneck group, albeit symbolically,

“You are Nazis, and I am opposed to your being in this school.” 

At least it could reasonably be construed as communicating that

or a substantively similar message. As the School District puts

it:

This patch, regardless of how it is now characterized

[i.e., as one espousing tolerance], is completely

contrary to one of the school’s fundamental missions. 

It is a message of intolerance, a message of hate and

dislike, that targeted other students. It was spiteful

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and aggressive toward another group of students [the

“rednecks”]. 

Plaintiffs’ memorandum in support of summary judgment (document

no. 25) at 47. 

I. The First Amendment - Governing Legal Framework.

It is well established that neither students nor teachers

“shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or

expression at the schoolhouse gate.” Tinker v. Des Moines Indep.

Community Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503, 506 (1969). But, on the

other hand, it is equally plain that “the constitutional rights

of students in public school are not automatically coextensive

with the rights of adults in other settings.” Fraser, 478 U.S.

at 682. Consequently, under appropriate circumstances, students

may be prohibited from engaging in speech or expressive conduct

in school that the state could not prohibit outside the school

context. 

Although there is no easy or precise test that school

administrators can use to determine when they may properly

suppress or limit a student’s speech - factual circumstances

often differ significantly - the Supreme Court has offered some

general guidance. Public school administrators cannot ban the

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“silent, passive expression of opinion, unaccompanied by any

disorder or disturbance on the part of [the student].” Tinker,

393 U.S. at 508. But, student speech “which for any reason . . .

materially disrupts classwork or involves substantial disorder or

invasion of the rights of others is, of course, not immunized by

the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech.” Id. at 513. 

Since Tinker, the Supreme Court has twice considered the

limits on a public school student’s First Amendment freedoms. In

Fraser, supra, the Court upheld a school’s decision to discipline

a student after he used offensive and vulgar sexual innuendo in a

speech given to a student assembly. The Court concluded that “it

is a highly appropriate function of public school education to

prohibit the use of vulgar and offensive terms in public

discourse.” Id. at 683. Explaining its decision, the Court

quoted Justice Black’s dissent in Tinker, noting that it was

“especially relevant”:

I wish therefore, . . . to disclaim any purpose . . . 

to hold that the Federal Constitution compels the

teachers, parents, and elected school officials to

surrender control of the American public school system

to public school students. 

Fraser, 478 U.S. at 686 (quoting Tinker 393 U.S. at 526 (Black,

J., dissenting)). Justice Black observed that, “[u]ncontrolled

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26

and uncontrollable liberty is an enemy to domestic peace. We

cannot close our eyes to the fact that some of the country’s

greatest problems are crimes committed by the youth, too many of

school age. School discipline, like parental discipline, is an

integral and important part of training our children to be good

citizens.” Id. at 524. 

In Hazelwood Sch. Dist. v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260 (1988),

the Court concluded that school officials were entitled to

exercise greater control over “school-sponsored” speech, such as

the content of a student newspaper. 

[T]he standard articulated in Tinker for determining

when a school may punish student expression need not

also be the standard for determining when a school may

refuse to lend its name and resources to the

dissemination of student expression. Instead, we hold

that educators do not offend the First Amendment by

exercising editorial control over the style and content

of student speech in school-sponsored expressive

activities so long as their actions are reasonably

related to legitimate pedagogical concerns.

Id. at 272-73.

In this case, of course, school administrators were not

faced with either school-sponsored speech, or vulgar, sexually

explicit, or morally objectionable speech. So, the Court’s

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27

decisions in Fraser and Hazelwood are not directly applicable to

this dispute. Nevertheless, each clearly recognizes the

fundamental importance of the educational mission entrusted to

the public school system, and the critical necessity of

maintaining an orderly environment in which learning can take

place. As the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit observed:

The public school setting demands a special approach to

First Amendment disputes. Most students are minors,

and school administrators must have authority to

provide and facilitate education and to maintain order.

The Supreme Court “has repeatedly emphasized the need

for affirming the comprehensive authority of the States

and of school officials, consistent with fundamental

constitutional safeguards, to prescribe and control

conduct in the schools.” Tinker v. Des Moines Indep.

Cmty. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503, 507 (1969). On the

other hand, “[i]t can hardly be argued that either

students or teachers shed their constitutional rights

to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse

gate.” Id. at 506. Thus, students retain the

protections of the First Amendment, but the shape of

these rights in the public school setting may not

always mirror the contours of constitutional

protections afforded in other contexts.

Sypniewski v. Warren Hills Regional Bd. of Educ., 307 F.3d 243,

252-53 (3d Cir. 2002). 

Here, the controlling Supreme Court precedent is Tinker. 

And, as in Tinker, this case involves “the area where students in

the exercise of First Amendment rights collide with the rules of

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28

the school authorities.” Tinker, 393 U.S. at 507. In a similar

case the Sixth Circuit observed:

This is a troubling case; on the one hand we are faced

with the exercise of the fundamental constitutional

right to freedom of speech, and on the other with the

oft conflicting, but equally important, need to

maintain decorum in our public schools so that the

learning process may be carried out in an orderly

manner. 

Melton v. Young, 465 F.2d 1332, 1334 (6th Cir. 1972). 

To prevail on its motion for summary judgment, the School

District must show that, as a matter of law, the decision to

suppress Hendrickson’s passive symbolic speech was justified

because school administrators reasonably concluded that

displaying the “No Nazis” patch was likely to “materially

disrupt” the educational environment, precipitate “substantial

disorder,” or involve an “invasion of the rights of others.” 

Tinker, 393 U.S. at 513. Concerns regarding disorder or

disruption are “reasonable” if those charged with maintaining

order and a viable educational environment can point to specific

facts “which might reasonably have led [them] to forecast

substantial disruption of or material interference with school

activities.” Id. at 514. See also Saxe v. State College Area

Sch. Dist., 240 F.3d 200, 212 (3d Cir. 2001) (“[I]f a school can

Case 1:05-cv-00133-SM Document 40 Filed 03/15/06 Page 28 of 43
29

point to a well-founded expectation of disruption - especially

one based on past incidents arising out of similar speech - the

restriction may pass constitutional muster.”); Boroff v. Van Wert

City Bd. of Educ., 220 F.3d 465, 470 (6th Cir. 2000) (holding

that the standard by which the school administrators’ decision to

suppress student speech is measured is whether those

administrators acted in a “manifestly unreasonable” manner, under

the circumstances). 

It is also well established that school administrators need

not wait until after incidents of disruption or violence have

occurred before they step in. School authorities may lawfully,

and indeed are obligated to, take reasonable measures to prevent

such incidents and diffuse existing tensions. See, e.g., Melton,

465 F.2d at 1335 (“Surely those charged with providing a place

and atmosphere for educating young Americans should not have to

fashion their disciplinary rules only after good order has been

at least once demolished.”); Phillips v. Anderson County Sch.

Dist., 987 F. Supp. 488, 492 (D.S.C. 1997) (“School authorities

. . . are not required to wait until disorder or invasion occurs. 

If there are substantial facts which reasonably support a

forecast of likely disruption, the judgment of the school

authorities in denying permission and in exercising restraint

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30

will normally be sustained. Indeed, it has been held that the

school authorities have a duty to prevent the occurrence of

disturbances.”) (citations and internal punctuation omitted)

(emphasis in original). 

On the other hand, a mere “undifferentiated fear or

apprehension of disturbance is not enough to overcome

[Hendrickson’s] right to freedom of expression.” Id. at 508. As

noted in Castorina, 246 F.3d at 545, “[t]he critical issue . . .

is whether the principal acted on what he reasonably believed to

be actual evidence that the shirts [bearing the confederate flag]

would be disruptive. So long as he was told by a student that a

confederate flag was the subject of the prior fight and he was

not unreasonable for believing that student, he had a reasonable

basis to infer that plaintiffs’ shirts would spark more

disruption” (Kennedy, J. concurring).

The critical question raised by the parties’ opposing

motions in this case, then, is how (and where) to draw the line

between a reasonable (and legally sufficient) fear of

disturbance, and one that is merely “undifferentiated.” The

School District’s burden is a substantial one since, as the

Supreme Court noted:

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31

Any departure from absolute regimen may cause trouble. 

Any variation from the majority’s opinion may inspire

fear. Any word spoken, in class, in the lunchroom, or

on the campus, that deviates from the views of another

person may start an argument or cause a disturbance. 

But our Constitution says we must take this risk; and

our history says that it is this sort of hazardous

freedom - this kind of openness - that is the basis of

our national strength and of the independence and vigor

of Americans who grow up and live in this relatively

permissive, often disputatious, society. 

Tinker, 393 U.S. at 508-09. In other words, the School District

must demonstrate that “its action was caused by something more

than a mere desire to avoid the discomfort and unpleasantness

that always accompany an unpopular viewpoint.” Id. at 509. 

II. Suppression of Hendrickson’s Speech was Lawful.

Hendrickson’s position is a bit odd. As mentioned, he

disputes the “No Nazis” interpretation of his patch. Instead, he

says the patch is intended to communicate his adherence to and

promotion of the values of tolerance, diversity, and acceptance. 

Although he doesn’t put it quite this way, Hendrickson’s

reasoning seems to be that the patch symbolizes opposition (the

international “no” symbol) to intolerance (the swastika,

representing fascism, national socialism, and totalitarianism),

and that symbolic opposition to intolerance is, itself, a message

of tolerance. Perhaps. But neither school authorities nor this

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3 When dealing with expressive conduct (rather than pure

“speech”), the Supreme Court has made it clear that courts must

apply an objective, rather than subjective, test in determining

the message that is conveyed by that expressive conduct. In

other words, the “message” that is conveyed by the symbolic

speech is determined from the perspective of a reasonable and

well-informed observer, rather than from the perspective of the

party engaged in that symbolic speech. 

While we have rejected the view that an apparently

limitless variety of conduct can be labeled “speech”

whenever the person engaging in the conduct intends

thereby to express an idea, we have acknowledged that

conduct may be sufficiently imbued with elements of

communication to fall within the scope of the First and

Fourteenth Amendments. In deciding whether particular

conduct possesses sufficient communicative elements to

bring the First Amendment into play, we have asked

whether an intent to convey a particularized message

was present, and whether the likelihood was great that

the message would be understood by those who viewed it. 

Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, 404 (1989) (citations and

internal punctuation omitted). 

32

court are required to naively accept Hendrickson’s implausible

declaration of the patch’s intended message.3

If Hendrickson intended nothing more than a message of

tolerance, then school authorities and he shared a mutual

commitment. If, on the other hand, he intended the patch as a

message to the “redneck” group, or if school authorities could

reasonably conclude that the patch was directed at and was likely

to provoke the “redneck” group, then it was incumbent upon them

Case 1:05-cv-00133-SM Document 40 Filed 03/15/06 Page 32 of 43
33

to assess the risk of disruption and violence posed by the patch

and respond in a measured and reasonable way. 

The dispositive issue here turns on the reasonableness of

the school authorities’ assessment of the patch’s likely purpose,

the message likely to be taken by those exposed to it, and their

assessment of the likelihood that, under all of the circumstances

known to them, displaying the patch at school would result in

substantial disorder or a disruption of the educational

environment. It seems plain that a reasonable person would

readily understand the patch to express opposition to Nazis and

national socialism, as well as totalitarianism, fascism,

intolerance, and like ideas. Most people living in a democratic

society, particularly those whose countries went to war to defeat

the Nazi regime, would probably enthusiastically join in

affirming identical opposition. The First Amendment

unquestionably protects the expression of that political

viewpoint in a public forum. And, even in a public school

setting, under ordinary circumstances, the First Amendment

protects such passive symbolic speech.

But the circumstances prevailing at Kingswood Regional High

School during the 2004-2005 school year were anything but

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34

ordinary. Given the overall context of demonstrated and

continuing hostility over a substantial period of time between

the two identified groups of students, and given the extensive

and continuous efforts by school administrators to supervise

those two groups, and to counsel peace and tolerance (both to

them specifically and the student body in general), and given the

ongoing incidents of harassment between the two groups, requiring

the imposition of discipline, including suspensions, as well as

two known instances of threats of physical violence, it was not

unreasonable for school authorities to put more faith in their

own informed and experienced judgment as to what was really going

on, than in Hendrickson’s not-so-plausible explanation of the

patch’s intended message and purpose. 

So, it comes down to this: whether the record establishes

that school authorities prohibited the “No Nazis” patch based

upon their reasonable forecast that allowing it to be worn would

likely have caused a substantial disruption of, or material

interference with school activities. It does. 

School authorities could have reasonably concluded, under

the prevailing circumstances, that Hendrickson’s symbolic speech,

as embodied in the “No Nazis” patch, was a message intended for

Case 1:05-cv-00133-SM Document 40 Filed 03/15/06 Page 34 of 43
35

and aimed directly at the “redneck” group. They also could have

reasonably inferred that Hendrickson’s patch amounted to a

confrontational challenge to, or provocation of, that group of

students.

The objectively manifested message of the patch is “No

Nazis.” Given the history, school authorities could easily

conclude that the “redneck” group was being deliberately painted

by Hendrickson’s group as Nazis, fascists, or oppressors. While

some in the “redneck” group may have gladly accepted that

characterization (e.g., those with an affinity for uttering the

“Sieg Heil” greeting and those who admired Hitler), still, even

they might be expected to take umbrage at the “No” symbol insofar

as it constituted a direct statement of rejection of them and

their group by Hendrickson’s group. Others associated with the

“redneck” group could, no doubt, reasonably be expected to take

umbrage at both the classification and condemnation of them as

Nazis. “Nazi” and “redneck” are not generally regarded as

synonymous classifications, and most people who gladly accept the

latter would probably object to being lumped in with the former. 

The patch, in the overall factual context then prevailing at

the school, was decidedly more than a passive symbolic statement

Case 1:05-cv-00133-SM Document 40 Filed 03/15/06 Page 35 of 43
36

of adherence to a general political or social belief in

tolerance. School authorities reasonably determined that it was

actually a taunt, aimed directly at the opposing group of

students. They also reasonably concluded that it was meant to be

confrontational, consistent with Hendrickson’s concession to the

Superintendent - that he wanted to “get in their [members of the

“redneck” group] faces.” It was also consistent with the

continuous pattern of hostility and the incidents of provocation,

harassment, and threats between these two groups. School

authorities were not required to put their heads in the sand and

allow further escalation of that hostility, and concomitant

disruption of the school environment, simply because Hendrickson

cloaked his patch in a laudable First Amendment justification. 

The First Amendment does not deprive school administrators

of the ability to rely upon their own considerable experience,

expertise, and judgment in recognizing and diffusing the

potential for disruption and violence in public schools. Indeed,

they are duty-bound to do just that. See, e.g., Marquay v. Eno,

139 N.H. 708, 717 (1995) (“School attendance impairs both the

ability of students to protect themselves and the ability of

their parents to protect them. It is this impairment of

protection from which the special relationship between school and

Case 1:05-cv-00133-SM Document 40 Filed 03/15/06 Page 36 of 43
37

student arises and from which the duty of supervision flows.”). 

That duty is particularly acute when threats of physical violence

have already been made and actual violence could well erupt if

the hostile situation is not promptly and emphatically

controlled.

School violence is, sadly, “an unfortunate reality that

educators must confront on an all too frequent basis.” LaVine v.

Blaine School District, 257 F.3d 981, 987 (9th Cir. 2001). Here,

school authorities did not act precipitously, nor did they

overreact to a single incident. Rather, they carefully and

methodically worked, over a substantial period, to alleviate the

continuing hostility between the two groups, and banned

Hendrickson’s patch not as punishment, but only based upon their

considered assessment of all that had gone on before, the then

prevailing circumstances, and their expert judgment about the

patch’s actual message and its likely effect, in the context that

presented itself. Their decision, involving as it did the safety

of their students, is entitled to a fair measure of judicial

deference, even when freedom of expression is involved. Id. at

992. School authorities were aware of the history, tension,

manifested hostility, and student personalities involved. That

knowledge and familiarity with the school and its students,

Case 1:05-cv-00133-SM Document 40 Filed 03/15/06 Page 37 of 43
38

reasonably led them to forecast substantial disruption of or a

material interference with school activities. Tinker, 393 U.S.

at 514. It was reasonable for school authorities to conclude,

under all of the circumstances, that if Hendrickson were

permitted to wear the patch, it would likely precipitate further

discord, tension, harassment, and disruptive, even potentially

violent, behavior at school. That, in turn, would disrupt the

educational environment and jeopardize the safety of not only the

members of the “gay” and “redneck” groups, but all students,

teachers, and staff as well. The patch was lawfully banned, in

this case, under these circumstances.

III. Hendrickson’s Other Claims. 

Hendrickson will soon be graduating from high school. And,

in an effort to expedite resolution of this case, he has moved to

withdraw his claim for “monetary damages against the [School]

District.” Defendants’ motion to withdraw claim (document no.

36). He has also waived his right to a jury trial, though this

summary disposition renders that waiver moot. 

Hendrickson’s “motion to withdraw claim for monetary

damages” makes clear that he has withdrawn his request for a jury

trial and all monetary claims against the School District, but it

Case 1:05-cv-00133-SM Document 40 Filed 03/15/06 Page 38 of 43
39

makes no specific mention of monetary claims against the

individual defendants. Nevertheless, the court concludes that

Hendrickson necessarily intended to withdraw all monetary claims

advanced in his counterclaim complaint, including those against

the individual defendants, because failure to do so would

preclude resolution of this matter on the merits of his request

for permanent injunctive relief, see Beacon Theatres, Inc. v.

Westover, 359 U.S. 500 (1959) - an obstacle he unmistakeably

intended to remove. Accordingly, that motion is granted and all

monetary claims are dismissed.

Parenthetically, the court notes that: (1) even if

Hendrickson had proved that his First Amendment rights had been

violated, the individual defendants (in their individual

capacities) would be entitled to qualified immunity with regard

to Hendrickson’s federal constitutional claims; (2) Hendrickson

has failed to point to an official “custom or policy” of the

School District that served as the motivating force behind the

alleged violation of his federally protected rights and,

therefore, has no monetary claim against those defendants in

their official capacities; (3) Hendrickson has failed to

demonstrate that the state statute he says defendants violated -

N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. ch. 195-E - provides a private right of

Case 1:05-cv-00133-SM Document 40 Filed 03/15/06 Page 39 of 43
4 See, e.g., Diva’s Inc. v. City of Bangor, 411 F.3d 30,

38-39 (1st Cir. 2005) (noting that, “in order to state a claim

under Section 1985(3), the plaintiff must, among other

requirements, allege that the conspiratorial conduct of which he

complains is propelled by some racial, or perhaps otherwise

class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus.”) (citations and

internal punctuation omitted). 

40

action to those allegedly injured by its violation; (4)

Hendrickson has failed to identify any precedent suggesting that

the New Hampshire Constitution affords broader protections in the

area of public student free speech than the United States

Constitution; and, finally, (5) he has failed to show that he is

a member of a class intended to be protected by the provisions of

section 1985(3).4 

Accordingly, it is unlikely that any of his other claims

against those defendants would have survived summary judgment had

he not withdrawn them. In any event, he has moved to withdrawn

those claims. That motion is granted and those claims are

dismissed.

Conclusion

To be sure, if a state actor had attempted to prevent

Hendrickson from wearing the so-called “tolerance” patch in a

traditional public forum, this case could easily be resolved in

Case 1:05-cv-00133-SM Document 40 Filed 03/15/06 Page 40 of 43
41

Hendrickson’s favor. Even if his “tolerance” patch was

specifically targeted at a particular group, and even if it

expressed disdain or hatred for that group, still, the

Constitution protects such symbolic speech. 

But, public schools are not traditional public forums, like

the town square or a public sidewalk. Children are generally

required by law to attend school through age 16, and thereafter

most remain in pursuit of valuable learning and training. 

Teachers and administrators are obligated not only to educate,

but also to protect public school students from harm and provide

them with a safe, secure, and effective learning environment. 

Those are important obligations, and they must be balanced

against students’ rights to engage in free expression, which

right is itself an essential part of the educational process. It

is often a difficult balance to strike, but it must be done. 

Courts, in the end, must decide whether the balance has been

lawfully struck, but should avoid too quickly second-guessing,

from the quiet confines of a judge’s chambers, the complex and

difficult decisions made on a daily basis by teachers and school

administrators. School authorities are generally in a far better

position to understand their students and the students’ likely

Case 1:05-cv-00133-SM Document 40 Filed 03/15/06 Page 41 of 43
42

response to various modes of intervention. They are entitled to

a healthy measure of deference when exercising judgment, drawing

inferences, and reaching conclusions about what is actually going

on in their schools and classrooms. See, e.g., Fraser, 478 U.S.

at 683 (“The determination of what manner of speech in the

classroom or in school assembly is inappropriate properly rests

with the school board.”); Tinker, 393 U.S. at 507 (“[T]he Court

has repeatedly emphasized the need for affirming the

comprehensive authority of the States and of school officials,

consistent with fundamental constitutional safeguards, to

prescribe and control conduct in the schools.”); Epperson v.

Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, 104 (1968) (“Judicial interposition in the

operation of the public school system of the Nation raises

problems requiring care and restraint. . . . By and large, public

education in our Nation is committed to the control of state and

local authorities.”). Here, school authorities acted

appropriately in light of the circumstances they faced, as they

reasonably construed them.

For the foregoing reasons, the School District’s motion for

summary judgment (document no. 25) is granted. Hendrickson’s

Motion to Withdraw Claim for Monetary Damages and Jury Trial

(document no. 36) is granted, but his motion for summary judgment

Case 1:05-cv-00133-SM Document 40 Filed 03/15/06 Page 42 of 43
43

(document no. 23) is denied. The Clerk of Court shall enter

judgment in accordance with this order and close the case. 

SO ORDERED.

____________________________

Steven J. McAuliffe

Chief Judge

March 15, 2006

cc: Diane M. Gorrow, Esq.

John P. Sherman, Esq.

Stephen E. Borofsky, Esq.

Erica U. Bodwell, Esq.

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