Pub. L. No. 91-508, Title VI, sec. 611(a), 84 Stat. 1114, 1

1132 (1970) (codified as amended at 15 U.S.C. § 1681li (1998 &

2009 supp.)). Cornock also brought a claim against Trans Union

under § 607(b) of the FRCA, 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b) (1998), but

affirmatively assented to its dismissal in his objection to the

summary judgment motion. 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Troy Cornock

v. Civil No. 07-cv-391-JL

Opinion No. 2009 DNH 115

Trans Union LLC

O R D E R

In this case involving a credit reporting agency’s

“reinvestigation” duty under § 611(a) of the Fair Credit

Reporting Act (“FCRA”), defendant Trans Union LLC moves for 1

summary judgment. Plaintiff Troy Cornock’s claim arises out of

Trans Union’s listing an outstanding account with MBNA in his

credit report, even after he informed Trans Union that the

account had been opened in his name by his then-wife without his

knowledge or authorization.

This court has jurisdiction over this action under 28 U.S.C.

§§ 1331 (federal question) and 1332(a)(1) (diversity). After

oral argument, Trans Union’s motion for summary judgment is

granted. As discussed infra, Cornock cannot show that Trans

Union’s report contained an “inaccuracy,” as defined under

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 1 of 23
Trans Union has moved to strike (triggering an objection 2

and a reply) certain materials submitted with Cornock’s objection

to summary judgment, specifically, (a) paragraph 2 of Cornock’s

supplemental declaration, which provides an account of his

alleged inability to qualify for a mortgage loan due to the

presence of the MBNA account in his credit report, and (b)

internal documents from the Consumer Data Industry Association, a

group representing credit reporting agencies, planning its

response to a report by the Federal Trade Commission to Congress

about the automated consumer disputed verification process

described infra. For reasons that will appear, these materials

have no bearing on the court’s disposition of the summary

judgment motion, so Trans Union’s motion to strike them is denied

as moot. See Evans v. Taco Bell Corp., 2005 DNH 132, 10; see

infra Part IV, n. 44.

2

applicable First Circuit precedent, and therefore cannot prevail

on his claim against it under § 611(a). 

I. Applicable legal standard

Summary judgment is appropriate where the “pleadings, the

discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits

show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

that the movant is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). In making this determination, the “court

must scrutinize the record in the light most flattering to the

party opposing the motion, indulging all reasonable inferences in

that party’s favor.” Mulvihill v. Top-Flite Golf Co., 335 F.3d

15, 19 (1st Cir. 2003). The following facts are set forth in

accordance with this standard.2

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 2 of 23
3

II. Background

Acting without his knowledge or authorization, Cornock’s 

ex-wife opened a credit card account in his name with MBNA in

approximately June 1995. Though Cornock and his ex-wife were

still married at that point--their divorce was not finalized

until 1998--he had recently moved out of their home, which was

the billing address on the MBNA account. Cornock’s ex-wife

proceeded to make purchases on the account, as well as sporadic

payments, through June 1998. After the payments halted, however,

MBNA contacted Cornock, looking to collect the unpaid balance. 

Cornock, who knew nothing of the account until that point, told

MBNA “that the credit card was not mine, that I never opened a

credit card account with MBNA, that I never requested, applied

for or possessed a credit card from MBNA, and I never charged any

items or made any payment to an MBNA credit card.”

Unsurprisingly--at least to anyone who has ever engaged in a

dispute with a credit card company--Cornock’s story did not

convince MBNA, which commenced an arbitration proceeding against

him in November 2001 for the outstanding balance. Cornock

submitted a letter to the arbitrator, with a copy to MBNA,

explaining that he had not applied for the credit card in

question, but that his ex-wife had done so by forging his name. 

Cornock noted that, to demonstrate this, he had asked MBNA to

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 3 of 23
This seems to be a term of art referring to the 3

adjudication of a dispute by examining documentary evidence

rather than listening to live testimony or argument; the

arbitrator did not conduct a “hearing” in the sense that any

party or counsel appeared before him for that purpose.

This rather imaginative claim was based on the allegation 4

that some payments were made out of a checking account held

jointly by Cornock and his ex-wife. Cornock, however, has

steadfastly denied a joint interest in the checking account in

question. For reasons that will appear, this dispute is

irrelevant to the summary judgment motion.

4

produce the application and copies of receipts for any purchases

bearing his purported signature. The arbitrator then set the

matter for a “document hearing,” asking MBNA to submit the 3

materials requested by Cornock. MBNA told the arbitrator that

those materials were “unavailable,” but also irrelevant because

Cornock was liable on “an account stated cause of action” by

virtue of the alleged submission of payments on the account in

his name. In March 2002, the arbitrator found that “the 4

information and evidence submitted supports the issuance of an

[a]ward” against Cornock in the amount of $9,446.85.

MBNA later commenced an action against Cornock in

Hillsborough County Superior Court, seeking to enforce the

arbitration award. See MBNA Am. Bank, NA v. Cornock, No. 03-C0018 (N.H. Super. Ct. Dec. 23, 2002). While this action was

pending, in January 2006, Cornock wrote to Trans Union, asking it

to “investigate and remove the derogatory information” about the

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 4 of 23
Cornock sent the same letter to the other two major 5

national consumer reporting agencies, Experian Information

Solutions, Inc. and Equifax Information Services, LLC. Cornock

had previously written to Trans Union, in December 2005, asking

it to remove the MBNA account from his credit history, but Trans

Union informed Cornock in response that his letter referenced an

account number that did not match any in his credit history.

5

MBNA account from his credit report. Cornock stated that his 5

ex-wife had opened the account without his knowledge or

authorization by forging his name, as he had explained to MBNA. 

Cornock also asked Trans Union to “obtain a copy of whatever

application, agreement or other basis MBNA claims supports its

assertion that I owe on this account and compare my signature [on

the letter] to any purported signature on my application . . . . 

I will pay the cost for a handwriting expert.” Neither this

letter, nor the previous one, referenced MBNA’s arbitration award

against Cornock or the pending enforcement action. There is no

evidence that Trans Union became aware of either, in fact, until

after it was named in the instant lawsuit. 

In response to Cornock’s letter, Trans Union electronically

transmitted an “Automated Consumer Dispute Verification,” or

“ACDV,” to MBNA. According to Trans Union’s internal procedures,

an employee generates an ACDV for a particular account by

identifying the nature of the consumer’s dispute from among a

pre-programmed menu in the company’s computer system; here, this

process resulted in an ACDV stating, in relevant part:

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 5 of 23
6

Consumer not liable for acct (ie [sic], ex-spouse,

business). If liable, provide complete ID and ECOA

code.

Consumer claims true identity fraud--account

fraudulently opened. Initiate investigation.

The ACDV did not further specify the nature of Cornock’s dispute.

MBNA electronically transmitted a response to Trans Union,

stating, “Verified as reported” and, on the line below that,

“Ownership Verification Of: Date of Birth, Name, SSN.” This is

how a creditor confirms its account information to Trans Union in

the case of an “ownership dispute,” i.e., a consumer’s claim that

the account actually belongs to someone else--simply by verifying

at least two pieces of information about the consumer, such as

his date of birth and social security number. The creditor

completes this process by clicking “verified as reported” from

among a menu of options in its software; the only other two

choices are “modify,” to change the account information in some

way, or “delete.” When a creditor responds “verified as

reported,” Trans Union automatically passes that response on to

the consumer, without considering the dispute any further.

That is what happened here: after MBNA electronically

notified Trans Union that MBNA had verified Cornock’s date of

birth and social security number, Trans Union notified Cornock by

letter in February 2006 that the MBNA credit card account had

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 6 of 23
7

been “verified, no change” (capitalization corrected). This

letter also stated, “Our investigation of the dispute you

submitted is now complete . . . . If our investigation has not

resolved your dispute, you may add a 100-word statement to your

report”--an option that, unsurprisingly, has no effect on the

consumer’s credit score, and which Cornock did not exercise.

Cornock did, however, successfully defend MBNA’s action to

enforce the arbitration award. In an order issued in March 2007,

the Superior Court voided the award on the basis that Cornock,

who had never signed or otherwise manifested his assent to the

credit card agreement with MBNA, had therefore never agreed to

its arbitration provision. MBNA Am. Bank, NA v. Cornock, No. 03-

C-0018 (N.H. Super. Ct. Mar. 20, 2007) (Abramson, J.). Though

MBNA invoked the “account stated” theory accepted by the

arbitrator, the Superior Court rejected it because, first, the

most the evidence arguably showed is that payments on the card

were made out of a checking account held jointly by Cornock,

which was insufficient to prove his acknowledgment of the

account, and, second, “‘[a]n account stated cannot be made the

instrument to create [a] liability where none before existed’” as

the result of a contractual relationship. Id. at 24 (quoting

Bucklin v. Nat’l Shawmut Bank of Boston, 244 N.E.2d 726, 728

(Mass. 1969) (further internal quotation marks omitted)). MBNA’s

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 7 of 23
8

argument, the Superior Court observed, “would allow any credit

card company to force victims of identity theft into arbitration,

simply because that person’s name is on the account.” Id. at 25.

After receiving this favorable ruling in the Superior Court

litigation, Cornock brought the present action against MBNA,

Trans Union, and other credit reporting agencies, see note 5,

supra. He has since settled and dismissed his claims against the

other defendants. Within a month of being sued here, Trans Union

deleted the reference to the MBNA account from Cornock’s credit

report; it is undisputed that he had not asked Trans Union to do

so at any point since his letter of January 2006.

III. Analysis

Cornock’s sole remaining claim in this action asserts that

Trans Union violated § 611(a) of the FCRA by failing to perform a

reasonable reinvestigation into the MBNA account as it appeared

in his credit report. Section 611(a) provides, in relevant part:

if the completeness or accuracy of an item of

information contained in the consumer’s file at a

consumer reporting agency is disputed by the consumer

and the consumer notifies the agency . . . of such

dispute, the agency shall, free of charge, conduct a

reasonable reinvestigation to determine whether the

disputed information is inaccurate and record the

current status of the disputed information, or delete

the item from the file . . . .

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 8 of 23
Though the principal purpose of the FCRA was to protect the 6

banking system against the consequences of inaccurate credit

reporting, see 15 U.S.C. 1681(a)(1), the Act also expresses the

intent that this be done “in a manner which is fair and equitable

to the consumer, with regard to the . . . accuracy . . . of such

information,” id. § 1681(b).

9

15 U.S.C. § 1681li(a)(1)(A). A consumer reporting agency that

fails to comply with this provision is liable to the consumer for

his actual damages and attorneys’ fees if the failure was

negligent, id. § 1681o(a), or, if the failure was willful, either

actual damages or statutory damages, together with punitive

damages and attorneys’ fees, id. § 1681n(a). See, e.g., Philbin

v. Trans Union Corp., 101 F.3d 957, 962-63 (3d Cir. 1996).

To recover any of these damages under § 611(a), however, a

consumer must show, among other things, “that the reported

information was in fact inaccurate.” DeAndrade v. Trans Union

LLC, 523 F.3d 61, 67 (1st Cir. 2008). The court of appeals in

DeAndrade reasoned that, because “[t]he FCRA is intended to

protect consumers against the compilation and dissemination of

inaccurate credit information . . . , it is difficult to see how

a plaintiff could prevail on a claim for damages under [15

U.S.C.] § 1681li without a showing that the disputed information

disclosed by the credit agency was, in fact, inaccurate.” Id. 6

at 67. Thus, the court explained, “[t]o determine whether a

consumer has identified a factual inaccuracy on his or her credit

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 9 of 23
10

report that would activate § 1681i’s reinvestigation requirement,

‘[t]he decisive inquiry’ is whether the defendant credit bureau

could have uncovered the inaccuracy ‘if it had reasonably

investigated the matter.’” Id. at 68 (quoting Cushman v. Trans

Union Corp., 115 F.3d 220, 226 (3d Cir. 1997) (bracketing added

and citations omitted by the court)).

The DeAndrade court ruled that the plaintiff there could not

make this showing as a matter of law because, though he denied

signing any documents granting the mortgage referred to in the

credit report--claiming that his signature on those documents had

been forged--the creditor “did in fact have documentation

granting it a mortgage on the residence of one DeAndrade who was

in fact the same DeAndrade that had been making the loan payments

and is the plaintiff.” Id. at 68. The court reasoned that

what DeAndrade is attacking is the mortgage’s validity. 

Whether the mortgage is valid turns on questions that

can only be resolved by a court of law, such as whether

DeAndrade ratified the loan [by making monthly payments

on it for nearly two years]. This is not a factual

inaccuracy that could have been resolved by a

reasonable investigation, but rather a legal issue that

a credit agency such as Trans Union is neither

qualified nor obligated to resolve under the FCRA.

Id. Section 611(a), the court instructed, does not countenance

such a “collateral attack against a lender by bringing an FCRA

claim against a consumer reporting agency.” Id. Instead, a

consumer must challenge the validity of the debt in a judicial

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 10 of 23
11

forum and, if that court “rule[s] the [debt] invalid and the

[agency] continue[s] to report it as a valid debt, then [the

consumer] would have grounds for a potential FCRA claim.” Id.

Trans Union, in moving for summary judgment here, likens

Cornock’s dispute over the MBNA credit card account to the

plaintiff’s dispute over the mortgage loan in DeAndrade, because

Cornock “challenged whether the credit card debt was legally

enforceable against [him]” despite the fact that it had been

incurred in his name by his ex-wife without his knowledge or

authorization. Cornock, in contrast, maintains that he

challenged only “whether or not [MBNA] had an application or

documents signed by [him],” which raises “purely a factual

inquiry,” not any “technical or complicated legal question.”

As the parties’ positions illustrate, classifying a dispute

over a debt as “factual” or “legal” will usually prove a

frustrating exercise--as is the task of differentiating “fact”

from “law” in other contexts, see, e.g., James B. Thayer, “Law

and Fact” in Jury Trials, 4 Harv. L. Rev. 147 (1890). Cornock’s

challenge to the debt to MBNA could be called “factual” in the

sense that, as he suggests, he did not sign the credit card

application as a matter of fact; but it could also be called

“legal” in the sense that, as Trans Union suggests, he claimed

that he therefore had no liability as a matter of law while MBNA

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 11 of 23
12

claimed otherwise based on alleged payments to it out of an

account he jointly held. Likewise, the plaintiff’s dispute in

DeAndrade was “factual” in the sense that he claimed he did not

sign the mortgage paperwork as a matter of fact; but “legal” in

the sense that he claimed the mortgage was therefore invalid as

a matter of law while the lender claimed otherwise based on his

making payments on the underlying loan. Each of these disputes

had both a factual component, i.e., the consumer’s claim that he

had not signed, and a legal component, i.e., the creditor’s

claim that the consumer was liable anyway.

 This court does not read DeAndrade, then, as basing the

definition of “accuracy” under 15 U.S.C. § 1681i on the often

unworkable distinction between a “factual” and a “legal”

inaccuracy in a reported debt. Rather, DeAndrade’s definition

of the “inaccuracy” necessary to prevail on a claim under that

subsection of the FCRA is the definition the court expressly

adopted: “whether the defendant credit bureau could have

uncovered the inaccuracy ‘if it had reasonably reinvestigated

the matter.’” 523 F.3d at 68 (quoting Cushman, 115 F.3d at 226

(citations omitted by the court)). If doing so would have

revealed information establishing the plaintiff’s responsibility

for the debt--like the creditor’s documentation linking the

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 12 of 23
13

plaintiff to the mortgage in DeAndrade--then the plaintiff

cannot show the “inaccuracy” needed to prevail under § 611(a).

 Here, no reasonable reinvestigation of the MBNA credit card

account would have uncovered the inaccuracy claimed by Cornock,

i.e., that he was not responsible for the balance because,

unbeknownst to him, his ex-wife had opened the account by

forging his name. Unlike in DeAndrade, however, this conclusion

does not follow from the creditor’s possession of documentation

tying Cornock to the debt; indeed, MBNA told the arbitrator that

it had no credit card agreement bearing Cornock’s purported

signature. The conclusion follows instead from the existence of

the arbitrator’s decision, which, as demonstrated by the record

of those proceedings as described by the Superior Court, awarded

MBNA the full amount of its claim against Cornock in spite of

his argument that he had never signed the credit card agreement

and MBNA’s concession that the agreement was “unavailable.” 

This award was issued on March 26, 2002, and remained in effect

until it was vacated by the Superior Court on March 20, 2007. 

Any reasonable reinvestigation by Trans Union into Cornock’s

complaints of December 2005 and January 2006, then, would have

turned up the arbitration award against Cornock, which, by that

point, was the subject of a publicly filed enforcement

proceeding in the Superior Court. See Dennis v. BEH-1, LLC, 520

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 13 of 23
In Henson, the court of appeals concluded that a credit 7

report was inaccurate in stating that a judgment had been entered

against the plaintiff when, though the docket contained a

notation to that effect, the official act of entering a judgment

had not yet occurred. 29 F.3d at 285. Here, in contrast, Trans

Union did not report that an arbitration award had entered

against Cornock, but simply that the debt enforced by the award

existed, and there was nothing on the face of the award

suggesting its invalidity anyway. Unlike in Henson, then, the

official records at the time Cornock raised the dispute with

Trans Union established the report’s accuracy, rather than its

inaccuracy. See also Dennis, 520 F.3d at 1069 (ruling that

credit report was inaccurate in reporting that judgment had

entered against the plaintiff when, in fact, the action had been

dismissed without prejudice).

14

F.3d 1066, 1071 (9th Cir. 2008) (observing that “examining the

court file” of the creditor’s action against the debtor is part

of a reasonable reinvestigation under 15 U.S.C. § 1681i); Henson

v. CSC Credit Servs., 29 F.3d 280, 285 (7th Cir. 1994)

(“reliance on official court records is unlikely to lead to

inaccurate credit reporting except in isolated instances”).7

Of course, the arbitration award was ultimately vacated in

that very enforcement proceeding, but that did not happen until

more than a year after Trans Union had processed Cornock’s

dispute. While the illegitimacy of the award may have been

fairly obvious, as the Superior Court’s analysis suggests,

DeAndrade teaches that the FCRA imposes no obligation on

consumer reporting agencies to resolve “questions that can only

be resolved by a court of law.” 523 F.3d at 68. Whether an

arbitration award is valid is precisely that sort of question.

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 14 of 23
15

Indeed, in DeAndrade, the plaintiff had already commenced a

lawsuit seeking to invalidate the debt in question by the time

he asked the defendant to reinvestigate it, id. at 63, but the

court observed that the defendant was not required to remove the

debt from his credit report unless and until he prevailed in

that action, id. at 68. Because any reasonable investigation by

Trans Union into Cornock’s debt to MBNA would have uncovered the

facially valid arbitration award, at least before it was vacated

in March 2007, Cornock cannot show that his credit report was

“inaccurate” in the sense required to prevail under § 611(a). 

See Williams v. Colonial Bank, 826 F. Supp. 415, 418 (M.D. Ala.

1993) (granting summary judgment for credit reporting agency on

§ 611(a) claim because “there was no factual deficiency that

could have been remedied by reinvestigating the records”),

aff’d, 29 F.3d 641 (11th Cir. 1994) (table). 

Cornock does not fairly question that a reasonable

reinvestigation would have turned up the arbitration award. 

Instead, he suggests that, because Trans Union did not learn of

the award until well after it had processed his dispute letters,

it is immaterial to the accuracy of his credit report at that

time. Cornock’s position, however, cannot be squared with the

express holding of DeAndrade. That case holds, again, that

“[t]he decisive inquiry” in “whether a consumer has identified a

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 15 of 23
16

factual inaccuracy on his or her credit report that would

activate [15 U.S.C.] § 1681i’s reinvestigation requirement” is

“whether the defendant credit bureau could have uncovered the

inaccuracy if it had reasonably reinvestigated the matter.” 523

F.3d at 68 (emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted).

The nature of the inquiry, then, is predictive, not

retrospective; it asks what could have happened if the defendant

had conducted a reasonable reinvestigation, not what did happen

as a result of whatever reinvestigation the defendant actually

performed. As one court has observed, albeit in a slightly

different context, “[t]he question is not whether [the

defendant] knew it was reporting inaccurate information but

whether it should have known this by conducting a reasonable

investigation.” Scheel-Baggs v. Bank of Am., 575 F. Supp. 2d

1031, 1040 (W.D. Wis. 2008) (denying summary judgment to

defendant on claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b), “which requires

furnishers of credit information to conduct an investigation

when they receive notice of a dispute,” based on existence of

arbitration decision denying disputed claim). Thus, the

inaccuracy test--which, as DeAndrade holds, is an independent

element of a § 611(a) violation, in addition to the lack of a

reasonable reinvestigation--functions as a causation

requirement, linking the defendant’s failure to reinvestigate as

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 16 of 23
“Final arbitral awards are entitled to the same preclusive 8

effect as state court judgments, at least as concerns claims and

issues actually raised.” Wolf v. Gruntal & Co., 45 F.3d 524, 528

(1st Cir. 1995). Of course, New Hampshire law authorizes the

Superior Court to vacate an arbitration award if, among other

reasons, “the arbitrators have exceeded their power,” N.H. Rev.

Stat. Ann. § 542:8, which is ultimately what happened; as

DeAndrade observes, however, a credit reporting agency “is

neither qualified nor obligated to resolve” such challenges, but

can generally take the award at face value. 523 F.3d at 68. 

Thus, Cornock’s argument that the arbitration was essentially a

sham proceeding--conducted without Cornock’s meaningful

participation, by an arbitrator controlled by MBNA--is

irrelevant, at least to his § 611(a) claim. Leaving aside that

this point was not made until oral argument, and is unsupported

by anything in the record, DeAndrade is clear that § 611(a) does

not require a credit reporting agency to investigate latent

infirmities in a document that, on the face of it, affirms the

debt in question. That rule is particularly apt here, where

Cornock did not provide Trans Union with any reason to doubt the

validity of the award and, in fact, failed to mention it at all.

17

required by the statute to the plaintiff’s harm from the

continued appearance of the disputed item in his credit report.

Indeed, as just discussed, the difficulty of connecting the

harm to the violation without any inaccuracy requirement was the

court’s principal rationale for adopting one in DeAndrade. 523

F.3d at 67-68. Given the undisputed existence of the

arbitration award at the time Cornock brought his dispute over

the MBNA debt to Trans Union’s attention, its failure to conduct

a reasonable reinvestigation could not have harmed him: any

such act would simply have uncovered the equivalent of a court

order which, on the face of it, affirmed the debt.8

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 17 of 23
This undisputed fact is fatal to Cornock’s contention, 9

forcefully presented by his counsel at oral argument, that any

reasonable reinvestigation by Trans Union would have necessarily

included asking MBNA to produce a signed copy of the credit

agreement; there is no way that request “could have” uncovered

the claimed inaccuracy, given the existence of an arbitration

award ruling that Cornock was liable to MBNA regardless.

18

The result would have been the same, moreover, if the

investigation had examined--or, for that matter, even

vindicated--Cornock’s claim that his signature on the credit

card application had been forged, because the arbitrator had

ruled that Cornock was nevertheless liable by virtue of the

payments out of the alleged joint account, as MBNA had argued

(conceding that it could not produce any signed application).9

It follows that Cornock cannot show any inaccuracy under the

test in DeAndrade.

By the same reasoning, the decision in Cushman--which,

again, endorsed the very same test, 115 F.3d at 226--does not

assist Cornock here. It is true that Cushman, like this case,

arose out of a plaintiff’s claim that her credit report included

outstanding accounts opened without her knowledge or

authorization by a third person who made fraudulent use of her

social security number and other identifying information. 115

F.3d at 222. And, also like in this case, when the plaintiff

presented these facts to the defendant reporting agency in

demanding it reinvestigate the accounts under 15 U.S.C. § 1681i,

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 18 of 23
19

the defendant simply asked the credit card companies whether the

identifying information in their records matched that in Trans

Union’s report. Id. In a further parallel to Cornock’s

situation, the responding credit card company was able to verify

the identifying information--predictably, in light of the

plaintiff’s claim that a third person had fraudulently given the

creditor that information in opening the account. Id.

Overruling a directed verdict for the defendant on the

plaintiffs § 611(a) claim, the Cushman court reasoned that a

“jury could have concluded that after [the defendant] was

alerted to the accusation that the accounts were obtained

fraudulently, and then confronted with the credit grantors’

reiteration of the inaccurate information, [the defendant]

should have known that the credit grantors’ were unreliable to

the extent that they had not been informed of the fraud.” Id.

at 226 (internal quotation marks omitted). The court reasoned

that a jury could have further found that this knowledge

obligated the defendant “to go beyond” the information provided

by the creditor in reasonably reinvestigating the plaintiff’s

dispute as required by 15 U.S.C. § 1681i. Id. at 224-26.

Cushman, then, certainly supports the view that, after MBNA

verified the credit card account as Cornock’s despite his

explanation to Trans Union that his ex-wife had opened the

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 19 of 23
20

account by forging his signature, a jury could find that Trans

Union shirked its duty under § 611(a) by failing to conduct any

independent investigation. See also Stevenson v. TRW Inc., 987

F.2d 288, 293 (5th Cir. 1993). Frankly, it is hard to see how a

“reasonable reinvestigation” of a dispute premised on identity

theft can consist of merely asking the creditor to verify the

identifying information on the consumer’s account, because the

very nature of such a dispute presumes that the creditor has the

identifying information; that is not what the consumer is

complaining about. What the consumer is complaining about is

that the information was provided by a third party posing as him

without his knowledge or authorization. There would seem to be

no chance of “reasonably reinvestigating” such a dispute through

the method employed here and, so far as the record reveals, as a

matter of course by Trans Union.

But Trans Union, wisely enough, does not seek summary

judgment on the ground that it conducted a reasonable

reinvestigation as a matter of law; it seeks summary judgment on

the ground that, even if it had, it could not have discovered

any inaccuracy in listing the MBNA account on Cornock’s report. 

That is correct and, under DeAndrade, fatal to Cornock’s claim

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 20 of 23
As the court of appeals noted in DeAndrade, “[i]t is . . . 10

not necessarily apparent, on the face of the statute, that a [15

U.S.C. §] 1681li plaintiff must also adduce sufficient evidence

to show that the disputed information was in fact inaccurate, as

opposed to merely showing that the plaintiff disputed its

accuracy and had informed the agency accordingly.” 523 F.3d at

67. Indeed, the latter reading--that, regardless of any actual

inaccuracy, an agency violates § 611(a) by failing to conduct a

reasonable reinvestigation into a claimed inaccuracy--is

supported by the provision’s literal language. But the court of

appeals nevertheless rejected such an interpretation, 523 F.3d at

67-68, and, needless to say, this court must do the same as a

matter of adherence to binding precedent.

21

against Trans Union under 15 U.S.C. § 1651i. The crucial 10

difference between Cornock’s case and Cushman is that, there,

investigating beyond the creditor’s verification could have

turned up information casting doubt on the validity of the debt

while, here, that exercise would have turned up no more than an

arbitration award affirming the validity of the debt--despite

the creditor’s conceded inability to produce a credit agreement

bearing the debtor’s signature.

As DeAndrade teaches, once Cornock lost to MBNA in the

arbitration proceeding, his only recourse was to seek relief

from the award in court, rather than “launching an impermissible

collateral attack . . . by bringing an FCRA claim against a

consumer reporting agency” like Trans Union. 523 F.3d at 68. 

And, if “Trans Union had continued to report [the MBNA account]

as a valid debt” after the Superior Court had voided the

arbitrator’s decision, “then [Cornock] would have grounds for a

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 21 of 23
Cornock asserts that Trans Union also violated § 611(a) by 11

failing to (i) “include all relevant information regarding the

dispute that [it] ha[d] received from the consumer” to MBNA as

required by 15 U.S.C. § 1681(a)(2)(A), (ii) “review and consider

all relevant information submitted by the consumer” as required

by 15 U.S.C. § 1681(a)(4), and (iii) delete the reference to the

MBNA account as inaccurate or unverifiable, as required by 15

U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(5)(A). The lack of inaccuracy in the Trans

Union report, however, is fatal to these claims as well, because

“without a showing that the reported information was in fact

inaccurate, a claim brought under § 1681i must fail.” DeAndrade,

523 F.3d at 67. Cornock does not argue that he can recover under

any of these theories without proving the requisite inaccuracy. 

Document no. 34. 12

Document no. 44. 13

22

potential FCRA claim” against Trans Union. Id. But Cornock did

not ask Trans Union to reinvestigate the debt at any point

between the end of the Superior Court litigation and the

beginning of this one, at which point the debt was stricken from

his credit report. Trans Union is entitled to summary judgment

on Cornock’s sole remaining claim. The court need not reach 11

Trans Union’s other arguments for summary judgment.

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, Trans Union’s motion for summary

judgment is GRANTED and its motion to strike is DENIED as 12 13

moot. The clerk shall enter judgment accordingly and close the

case.

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 22 of 23
23

SO ORDERED.

____________________________

Joseph N. Laplante

United States District Judge

Dated: July 29, 2009

cc: Leonard A. Bennett, Esq.

Roger B. Phillips, Esq.

Bruce S. Luckman, Esq.

William E. Christie, Esq.

Case 1:07-cv-00391-JL Document 50 Filed 07/29/09 Page 23 of 23