*

 The Honorable James L. Graham, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio, sitting by

designation.

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206

File Name: 08a0431p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

ROBERT H. GOLDEN and JUDITH A. GOLDEN,

 Petitioners-Appellants,

v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,

 Respondent-Appellee.

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No. 07-2431

On Appeal from the United States Tax Court.

No. 04-16694.

Argued: September 16, 2008

Decided and Filed: November 26, 2008 

Before: MOORE and COLE, Circuit Judges; GRAHAM, District Judge.*

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Robert H. Golden, Southfield, Michigan, for Appellants. Richard L. Parker, UNITED

STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Robert H.

Golden, Judith A. Golden, Southfield, Michigan, for Appellants. Richard L. Parker, Teresa E.

McLaughlin, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee.

_________________

OPINION _________________

KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Taxpayers Robert and Judith Golden appeal

from two orders of the Tax Court sustaining the determination of the Internal Revenue Service

(“IRS”) Appeals Officer, which denied the Goldens relief from the IRS’s proposed collection action.

The underlying tax dispute, the merits of which are not before us, involved deductions and credits

the Goldens claimed on their income-tax returns in the 1970s and early 1980s. In 1990, after the

IRS issued a notice of deficiency for these tax years, the Goldens sought review in the Tax Court,

and a stipulated decision was entered in 1994. The current litigation stems from the IRS’s proposed

levy action to collect on these deficiencies. After a collection due-process hearing, the Appeals

Officer upheld the proposed levy action, and the Goldens petitioned for review in the Tax Court.

The Goldens now appeal the Tax Court’s grant of summary judgment to the Commissioner, which

1
No. 07-2431 Golden et al. v. Comm’r Page 2

1

 Before the IRS may make an assessment of deficient taxes, the IRS must send the taxpayers a notice of the

deficiency, and the taxpayers may file a petition in the Tax Court for redetermination of the deficiency. See I.R.C.

§§ 6212, 6213.

2

 Although the petition from this previous Tax Court case is not part of the record before us, the Goldens have

repeatedly admitted that the three-year statute of limitations was asserted in the 1990 action. See J.A. at 230 (Trial Tr.

at 12); Golden Br. at 17; Reply Br. at 3.

sustained the Appeals Officer’s determination that the levy action was not time-barred. The

Goldens’ primary argument on appeal is that the Tax Court erred in finding that the Goldens were

precluded by res judicata from challenging the timeliness of the assessment. Additionally, Mrs.

Golden appeals the Tax Court’s decision, reached after a trial, denying her innocent-spouse relief

under Internal Revenue Code (“I.R.C.”) § 6015 (26 U.S.C. § 6015). For the reasons explained

below, we AFFIRM the Tax Court’s orders sustaining the determination of the IRS Appeals Officer.

I. BACKGROUND

In the mid-1970s, the Goldens invested $29,000 in a partnership called Spring Hill

Associates (“SHA”). Before making the investment, Mr. Golden, who is an attorney, consulted with

his wife, a former teacher with a bachelor’s degree in education. Although Mrs. Golden initially

expressed concern about the investment, she eventually acquiesced, and both Mr. and Mrs. Golden

became limited partners in SHA. The Goldens subsequently claimed partnership losses and

investment credits from the SHA investment on their joint tax returns for the tax years 1977, 1978,

1979, 1980, and 1981 and amended their 1974 return to claim an investment credit carryback.

Although Mrs. Golden had an opportunity to review each return, she did not do so, instead relying

on the assurances of her husband and their CPA. The Goldens received periodic reports from SHA,

which Mrs. Golden found assured her that “everything was good with this limited partnership.” J.A.

at 256, 260-61 (Trial Tr. at 38, 42-43). In 1981, the IRS contacted the Goldens, notifying them that

SHA was being audited and requesting an extension of the statute of limitations applicable to those

tax years, which the Goldens granted. The Goldens refused, however, to grant any extension after

1986. Although Mrs. Golden seems to have deferred to Mr. Golden’s judgment, Mr. Golden did

consult her before making these decisions.

After an audit, the IRS disallowed the SHA-related losses and credits the Goldens had

claimed for the tax years at issue and sent the Goldens a letter on December 9, 1988, proposing

increases in the amount of the tax for these years and instructing the Goldens of their right to have

a conference with an IRS Appeals Officer. Receiving no response, the IRS sent the Goldens a

Notice of Deficiency1

 on June 1, 1990, listing the deficiency for each year and informing the

Goldens of their right to file for review in the United States Tax Court within ninety days.

Accordingly, the Goldens filed a petition in the Tax Court on August 20, 1990, in part arguing that

the deficiency was barred by the three-year statute of limitations on assessment in I.R.C. § 6501.2

The parties reached a stipulated decision, which was entered by the Tax Court on February 7, 1994,

and the IRS assessed the stipulated deficiencies on May 10, 1994.

The Goldens made no payment, and after nine years, on July 28, 2003, the IRS sent the

Goldens a letter demanding payment of the deficiencies plus interest and penalties. The IRS sent

a Final Notice on August 20, 2003, notifying the Goldens of the IRS’s intent to levy under I.R.C.
No. 07-2431 Golden et al. v. Comm’r Page 3

3

 Section 6330(a)(1) provides that “[n]o levy may be made on any property or right to property of any person

unless the Secretary has notified such person in writing of their right to a hearing under this section before such levy is

made.” The remainder of the section provides the procedures through which the notice and hearing are to be

administered.

4

 The ten-year statute of limitations on collection was again raised before the Tax Court and in the Goldens

briefs on appeal to this court. At oral argument, however, the Goldens conceded that the ten-year statute of limitations

has not yet run, abandoning this argument. Because the application of § 6502 is no longer before this court, we will not

decide this issue.

§ 6331 and of the Goldens’ right to administrative appeal under § 6330.3 This notice of proposed

collection action forms the basis of the case before us.

On September 15, 2003, the Goldens timely filed their request for a Collection Due Process

(“CDP”) hearing before an IRS Appeals Officer under § 6330, along with a Form 8857, which

requested innocent-spouse relief for Mrs. Golden. The Goldens asserted, inter alia, that “[t]he

statute of limitations for assessment of tax was not extended to 1994,” that the ten-year statute of

limitations on collection in I.R.C. § 6502 had expired, and that Mrs. Golden was entitled to

innocent-spouse relief. J.A. at 26, 124 (Request for CDP Hearing). The Goldens had a CDP hearing

before an IRS Appeals Officer, and the officer issued a Notice of Determination denying relief on

August 11, 2004. The officer found that the collection was not time barred, but the discussion

focused on the applicability of the ten-year statute of limitations on collection, a challenge that the

Goldens have now dropped.4 The officer also found that neither of the three types of innocentspouse relief provided by § 6015 applied to Mrs. Golden.

On September 10, 2004, the Goldens timely filed a petition in the Tax Court for review of

the IRS Appeals Officer’s determinations. Among other things, the petition alleged that the

collection was barred by both the three-year statute of limitations on assessment and the ten-year

statute of limitations on collection and that Mrs. Golden was entitled to innocent-spouse relief. The

Commissioner answered on November 4, 2004, alleging as “a defense to the interpreted assignment

of error that the statute of limitation bars the collection of the tax due” that “the respondent’s records

reflect that the respondent assessed the petitioners’ tax liabilities for [the relevant tax years] on May

10, 1994 after the entry of the stipulated Decision by [the Tax] Court on February 7, 1994 for

Docket No. 18777-90.” J.A. at 20 (Answer at 7). The stipulated decision was mentioned elsewhere

in the answer and attached as an exhibit.

On December 17, 2004, the Commissioner filed a motion for partial summary judgment “on

the issues with respect to the application of the statutes of limitations.” J.A. at 41 (Mot. for Partial

Summ. J. at 1). Regarding the three-year statute of limitations, the Commissioner argued that res

judicata and collateral estoppel barred this claim, because the claim could have been presented in

the prior Tax Court action. The Goldens then filed an objection to the motion for partial summary

judgment, arguing in part that the issue of the three-year statute of limitations was not precluded by

collateral esstoppel or res judicata because the issue was never litigated and “the passage of

substantial time allows the raising of the statutes of limitation based on new dates and new facts.”

J.A. at 132-34 (Pet’r Objections at 5-7).

At the hearing on the motion, held on March 15, 2005, Mr. Golden admitted that he “could

have raised the three-year statute” during the previous Tax Court proceeding. J.A. at 160 (Summ.

J. Hr’g Tr. at 9). After the hearing, the court granted the Goldens’ request to file a supplemental

brief opposing summary judgment. Although the Goldens’s pre-hearing objections had addressed

res judicata and collateral estoppel, they now claimed that they “were taken aback by the Court’s

question because Res Judicata was not mentioned in the written motion by the Respondent, nor was

it pled as an affirmative defense by the Respondent,” and argued that the Commissioner waived
No. 07-2431 Golden et al. v. Comm’r Page 4

these affirmative defenses by not raising them in the pleadings. J.A. at 138 (Pet’r Br. in Supp. of

a Denial of Resp’t Mot. for Summ. J. at 2).

The Tax Court granted the Commissioner’s motion for partial summary judgment, finding

“as a matter of law that petitioners are barred from contesting the existence, amounts, and timeliness

of the underlying assessments in this case, and that the period of limitations on collection of the

assessments here has not expired.” J.A. at 174 (T.C. Memo 2005-170 at 11). The court found that

the three-year statute-of-limitations argument was precluded both under I.R.C. § 6330(c)(2)(B),

which limits the types of claims that may be raised in a CDP hearing, and by the doctrine of res

judicata. In response to the Goldens’ claim of surprise as to res judicata, the court “call[ed]

petitioners’ attention to pages 16 through 20 of respondent’s motion.” J.A. at 169 (T.C. Memo

2005-170 at 6). The court found that the stipulated judgment was a judgment on the merits and

concluded that

The validity of the notice of deficiency is a matter that could have been raised and

litigated in connection with the deficiency proceeding, involving these same

petitioners, and the same tax years. Because the decision in that case was not

appealed and has since become final, res judicata precludes petitioners from now

disputing the amounts of the deficiencies or the timeliness of the statutory notice in

this collection action.

J.A. at 171-72 (T.C. Memo 2005-170 at 8-9). The Tax Court’s grant of summary judgment disposed

of the Goldens’ challenge to the collection action itself, leaving only the issue of innocent-spouse

relief.

On June 14, 2006, Tax Court held a trial on this remaining issue, at which both Mr. and Mrs.

Golden testified. On October 1, 2007, the Tax Court upheld the IRS Appeals Officer’s

determination that Mrs. Golden was not entitled to innocent-spouse relief under any provision of

§ 6015. With regard to § 6015(b), the Tax Court agreed that the facts did not meet three of the

requirements for relief:

The erroneous items, the losses from the partnership, are not attributable solely to

Golden. Petitioner admits that the investment in the partnership was explained to her

and that she was aware of her status as a limited partner. She further admits that she

received the annual reports from the partnership listing her losses, that Golden

truthfully discussed the partnership with her regularly, and that she willingly signed

the tax returns for the subject years without reviewing them. As to the latter point,

a reasonably prudent person in the position of petitioner, a college-educated

individual, would have reviewed each return and at least inquired about the losses

reported each year. As this Court has previously stated in similar settings, a spouse

cannot escape tax responsibilities by ignoring the contents of a tax return when

signing it. Given that petitioner has a college degree, that she had full access to joint

bank accounts, that she balanced the couple’s checkbook, that she knew of her status

as a limited partner in the partnership, and that she failed to discharge her duty of

inquiry, petitioner is deemed to have had reason to know of the understatements on

the income tax returns for the years at issue.

J.A. at 283-84 (T.C. Memo 2007-299 at 5-6) (citations omitted). On October 29, 2007, the Tax

Court issued an order and decision sustaining the IRS Appeals Officer’s determinations. The

Goldens now timely appeal both this order and the Tax Court’s earlier grant of summary judgment

to the Commissioner.
No. 07-2431 Golden et al. v. Comm’r Page 5

II. ANALYSIS

A. Challenge to the Timeliness of the Assessment

We review de novo the Tax Court’s grant of summary judgment. See Living Care

Alternatives of Utica, Inc. v. United States, 411 F.3d 621, 625 (6th Cir. 2005). When reviewing an

administrative determination under I.R.C. § 6330(d), the Tax Court reviews de novo decisions about

the underlying tax liability and reviews all other decisions for abuse of discretion. Hoffman v.

Comm’r, 119 T.C. 140, 144-45 (2002). The Commissioner argues that the timeliness of the

assessment is not a decision about the underlying tax liability. We need not decide this issue,

however, because the Tax Court did not err in granting summary judgment under either standard.

The Tax Court found that the Goldens’ challenge to the timeliness of the assessment based

on the three-year statute of limitations was precluded for two independent but related reasons. Both

of these grounds, the proper scope of a CDP hearing and the doctrine of res judicata, are based on

the argument that any challenge to the timeliness of the assessment should have been made, if at all,

when the Goldens received statutory notice of deficiency in 1990.

A CDP hearing is a specific administrative procedure, set out in I.R.C. § 6330, through

which taxpayers may challenge proposed collection actions brought by the IRS. Taxpayers may

raise only certain types of challenges by way of a CDP hearing:

(A) In general.—The person may raise at the hearing any relevant issue relating to

the unpaid tax or the proposed levy, including—

(i) appropriate spousal defenses;

(ii) challenges to the appropriateness of collection actions; and

(iii) offers of collection alternatives, which may include the posting of a bond,

the substitution of other assets, an installment agreement, or an

offer-in-compromise.

(B) Underlying liability.—The person may also raise at the hearing challenges to the

existence or amount of the underlying tax liability for any tax period if the

person did not receive any statutory notice of deficiency for such tax liability or

did not otherwise have an opportunity to dispute such tax liability.

§ 6330(c)(2) (emphasis added). Section 6330 therefore provides an administrative hearing for

taxpayers to challenge the IRS’s proposed collection of taxes, and the Tax Court proceeding was

limited to review of that administrative hearing. See § 6330(d)(1). Under this statutory scheme,

challenges to the underlying tax liability should generally be brought when the taxpayer first

receives a notice of deficiency, at which point the taxpayer may petition the Tax Court for

redetermination of the deficiency. See § 6213(a). Because the Goldens did receive a “statutory

notice of deficiency” in 1990 and because prior Tax Court precedent dictated that the timeliness of
No. 07-2431 Golden et al. v. Comm’r Page 6

5

 Although several courts have stated that the timeliness of the assessment goes to the underlying tax liability

for purposes of § 6330(c)(2)(B), see, e.g., Kindred v. Comm’r, 454 F.3d 688, 699 (7th Cir. 2006); Olender v. Comm’r, 96 T.C.M. (CCH) 125 (2008), the Commissioner’s brief states that the IRS has now taken a contrary position. Because

administrative determinations of the underlying tax liability are reviewed by the Tax Court de novo, while other

administrative determinations are reviewed for abuse of discretion, the Commissioner argues that issues involving the

statute of limitations actually relate to the unpaid tax under § 6330(c)(2)(A), providing for a standard of review more

deferential to the IRS’s administrative determination. As discussed below, however, we need not decide this question,

both because the Goldens have forfeited this issue and because any challenge to the timeliness of the assessment is

precluded under the doctrine of res judicata.

the assessment goes to the “underlying tax liability,”5 the Tax Court found that § 6330(c)(2)(B)

precluded the Goldens from raising the statute of limitations on assessment in the CDP hearing.

In addition to the specific proscription in § 6330(c)(2)(B), the Tax Court also relied on the

doctrine of res judicata to preclude the Goldens’ timeliness challenge. Because the Goldens had an

opportunity to raise the timeliness of the assessment in their 1990 challenge to the notice of

deficiency, the Tax Court found that the stipulated decision in that case precluded them from raising

that claim in this later action. Like § 6330(c)(2)(B), this ground for finding the challenge precluded

is based in the idea that the Goldens should have raised the timeliness of the assessment after

receiving the notice of deficiency in 1990. While res judicata relies on the fact that the Goldens filed

a challenge to the tax that resulted in a final judgment, § 6330(c)(2)(B) would preclude a challenge

to the underlying tax liability regardless of whether the Goldens had actually filed a challenge to the

notice of deficiency.

Despite the connection between the two grounds relied upon by the Tax Court, the Goldens’

opening brief does not address the Tax Court’s finding under § 6330(c)(2)(B). Although the

Goldens do mention § 6330(c)(2)(B) in their reply brief, their argument was forfeited when it was

not raised in the opening brief. See Pagan v. Fruchey, 492 F.3d 766, 769 n.1 (6th Cir. 2007) (en

banc). In any event, the Tax Court did not err in finding that the statute-of-limitations argument also

was precluded by res judicata.

The Goldens argue that res judicata should not apply because the Commissioner waived the

res judicata argument by not raising it in the answer and because the statute-of-limitations challenge

could not have been decided in the earlier Tax Court action. Both of these arguments fail.

1. Waiver of Res Judicata

The Goldens’ waiver argument is based on Rule 39 of the Tax Court Rules of Practice and

Procedure, which provides in part, “A party shall set forth in the party’s pleading any matter

constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense, including res judicata . . . .” The Goldens argue

that Rule 39 precludes the Commissioner’s res judicata argument because it was raised by motion

rather than in the answer. Although the answer mentions the stipulated decision and the decision

is attached as an exhibit to the answer, the Goldens are correct that the answer does not explicitly

raise the decision’s preclusive effect. We conclude, however, that the Commissioner effectively

raised res judicata in the motion for summary judgment, which was filed shortly after the answer and

caused no prejudice to the Goldens.

In the context of Rule 8(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which is substantially

similar to Tax Court Rule 39, it is “clearly established that res judicata can also be raised by

motion,” Westwood Chem. Co. v. Kulick, 656 F.2d 1224, 1227 (6th Cir. 1981), particularly where

no prejudice is shown, see Platsis v. E.F. Hutton & Co., 946 F.2d 38, 42 (6th Cir. 1991), cert.

denied, 503 U.S. 984 (1992); see also Hutcherson v. Lauderdale County, Tenn., 326 F.3d 747, 757-

58 (6th Cir. 2003) (raising res judicata sua sponte). We see no reason not to apply the same

principles to Tax Court Rule 39, particularly when the Tax Court has noted that affirmative defenses
No. 07-2431 Golden et al. v. Comm’r Page 7

may be raised in the pleadings “or by motion.” Likins-Foster Honolulu Corp. v. Comm’r, 50 T.C.M.

(CCH) 1465 (1985); Jefferson v. Comm’r, 50 T.C. 963, 966 (1968).

Although the Goldens argue that they “have a right to rely upon the Rules of the Tax Court

in presenting their case and in the hearing and determinations of their case,” Golden Br. at 20, they

have shown no prejudice. Their assertion to the Tax Court that they were unfairly surprised at the

hearing was disingenuous, as they had responded to this very argument almost two months prior to

the hearing. The motion for partial summary judgment was filed only three months after the petition

for review and one and a half months after the answer, leaving the Goldens almost four months to

respond before the hearing. Even if that short delay did cause any prejudice, it was cured when the

Tax Court allowed the Goldens to file an additional brief after the hearing. Further, the answer

referred to the stipulated decision twice and attached it as an exhibit, giving the Goldens notice that

it would be used as a defense. For these reasons, the Tax Court did not err in allowing the

Commissioner to raise the affirmative defense of res judicata by motion.

2. Application of Res Judicata

The Tax Court also correctly found that res judicata precluded the Goldens from raising the

three-year statute of limitations as a defense to the levy action, because “[t]he validity of the notice

of deficiency is a matter that could have been raised and litigated in connection with the deficiency

proceeding, involving these same petitioners, and the same tax years.” J.A. at 171 (T.C. Memo

2005-170 at 8). Under the doctrine of res judicata, also known as claim preclusion, a party is

precluded from bringing a claim when there exists

(1) a final decision on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) a

subsequent action between the same parties or their ‘privies[’;] (3) an issue in the

subsequent action which was litigated or should have been litigated in the prior

action; and (4) an identity of the causes of action.

United States v. Vasilakos, 508 F.3d 401, 406 (6th Cir. 2007) (alteration in original) (quoting Saylor

v. United States, 315 F.3d 664, 668 (6th Cir. 2003)). In the tax context, “if a claim of liability or

non-liability relating to a particular tax year is litigated, a judgment on the merits is res judicata as

to any subsequent proceeding involving the same claim and the same tax year.” Comm’r v. Sunnen, 333 U.S. 591, 598 (1948); see also Baker v. IRS (In re Baker), 74 F.3d 906, 910 (9th Cir.), cert.

denied, 517 U.S. 1192 (1996).

The Goldens challenged the notice of deficiency in the Tax Court in 1990, and a stipulated

decision was entered in that case in 1994. For purposes of res judicata, a stipulated decision “has

the full effect of final judgment.” Blakely v. United States, 276 F.3d 853, 866 (6th Cir. 2002); see

also Baker, 74 F.3d at 910; United States v. Shanbaum, 10 F.3d 305, 313 (5th Cir. 1994); accord

United States v. Int’l Bldg. Co., 345 U.S. 502, 506 (1953). It does not matter, as the Goldens argue,

that the Tax Court in the 1994 case never actually decided this issue, because res judicata binds the

parties “not only as to every matter which was offered and received to sustain or defeat the claim

or demand, but as to any other admissible matter which might have been offered for that purpose.”

Sunnen, 333 U.S. at 597 (quoting Cromwell v. County of Sac, 94 U.S. 352, 352 (1876)).

The Goldens argue that they could not have challenged the timeliness of the assessment

because it was not made until after the proceeding was concluded, but Mr. Golden conceded at the

summary-judgment hearing that they “could have raised the three-year statute” in the 1990

proceeding. J.A. at 160 (Summ. J. Hr’g Tr. at 9). This argument is even more strange given Mr.

Golden’s testimony at trial that he “raised the issue in the pleadings [in the 1990 proceeding], both

the ten year statute for collection and the three year statute for assessment,” J.A. at 230 (Trial Tr.

at 12), and the admissions in the Goldens’ briefs and at oral argument that they did in fact raise this
No. 07-2431 Golden et al. v. Comm’r Page 8

issue in the previous Tax Court proceeding. Although the assessment had not yet been made, the

Goldens had received a notice of deficiency, which served as statutory notice that the taxes would

be assessed to their account, see I.R.C. § 6213(a), allegedly after the statute of limitations had

expired. Upon receiving this notice, they could have, and admittedly did, argue that the three-year

statute of limitations on assessment had already run. When the Goldens agreed to a stipulated

decision, they settled all claims that were or could have been raised in that case, including the statute

of limitations. The Goldens are therefore precluded from asserting these same challenges almost

ten years later.

B. Innocent-Spouse Relief

The Tax Court’s ruling that Mrs. Golden did not meet the requirements for innocent-spouse

relief is a finding of fact reviewed for clear error. Richardson v. Comm’r, 509 F.3d 736, 740 (6th

Cir. 2007); Silverman v. Comm’r, 116 F.3d 172, 173 (6th Cir. 1997). Because the availability of

innocent-spouse relief is not a decision about the underlying tax liability, the determination of the

IRS Appeals Officer should be upheld by the Tax Court absent an abuse of discretion. See Living

Care, 411 F.3d at 625-26 & n.5.

The Tax Court did not clearly err in upholding the IRS Appeals Officer’s determination that

Mrs. Golden was not entitled to innocent-spouse relief. Generally, taxpayers filing joint returns are

jointly and severally liable for the tax owed. I.R.C. § 6013(d)(3). Under the innocent-spouse

provisions of I.R.C. § 6015, however, one spouse may be relieved of this liability. Although the Tax

Court considered and rejected Mrs. Golden’s claims to all three distinct types of relief provided for

by § 6015, the Goldens appeal only the decision denying relief under § 6015(b). Section 6015(b)

provides for relief from liability if the taxpayer meets five requirements:

(A) a joint return has been made for a taxable year;

(B) on such return there is an understatement of tax attributable to erroneous items

of one individual filing the joint return;

(C) the other individual filing the joint return establishes that in signing the return

he or she did not know, and had no reason to know, that there was such

understatement;

(D) taking into account all the facts and circumstances, it is inequitable to hold the

other individual liable for the deficiency in tax for such taxable year attributable

to such understatement; and

(E) the other individual elects (in such form as the Secretary may prescribe) the

benefits of this subsection not later than the date which is 2 years after the date

the Secretary has begun collection activities with respect to the individual

making the election.

§ 6015(b)(1). Accordingly, failure to meet any one of these requirements precludes relief.

Silverman, 116 F.3d at 173 (interpreting nearly identical predecessor statute, I.R.C. § 6013(e)(1)).

The Tax Court found that Mrs. Golden failed to meet the second, third, and fourth

requirements. On appeal, the Goldens contest only the Tax Court’s finding with respect to the third

requirement. Because the Goldens have failed to contest the Tax Court’s findings that relief is

precluded by failure to meet the second and fourth elements, each of which is an independent ground

for denying relief, and because the Goldens have failed to point to any evidence supporting a

conclusion contrary to that of the Tax Court, we affirm the Tax Court’s decision without considering

the Goldens’ argument as to the third requirement.
No. 07-2431 Golden et al. v. Comm’r Page 9

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the Tax Court.