UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Walter Norton

v. Case No. 06-cv-490-PB

Opinion No. 2009 DNH 081

Cross Border Initiative

Task Force, et al.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

Walter Norton claims that he was punched, kicked, stomped

on, and handcuffed too tightly during the course of his arrest on

January 23, 2004. He has sued United States Drug Enforcement

Administration (“DEA”) Agent Michael O’Shaughnessy, Massachusetts

State Trooper Mark Blanchard, Haverhill, Massachusetts Police

Officer Brian Proulx, and Lawrence, Massachusetts Police Officer

Mark Rivet. The defendants have filed motions for summary

judgment challenging Norton’s claim that the defendants violated

his Fourth Amendment right to be free from the use of excessive

force during the course of his arrest. For the reasons set forth

below, I grant the defendants’ motions for summary judgment.

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 1 of 35
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I. BACKGROUND

A. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Norton’s claims stem from his arrest on drug distribution

charges on January 23, 2004 by the DEA’s Cross-Border Initiative 

(“CBI”) Task Force. The CBI Task Force is a joint law

enforcement group of local, state, and federal enforcement

officials that investigates the interstate drug trade. Numerous

law enforcement officers, including the defendants, were involved

in the CBI Task Force operation to arrest Norton and his cohort,

Greg Lemire. O’Shaughnessy was the lead agent in the operation

that led to Norton’s arrest. Proulx was a deputized CBI Task

Force Officer. 

In January 2004, under the direction of O’Shaughnessy, the

CBI Task Force was conducting an ongoing investigation into

Norton and Lemire’s alleged drug trafficking activities. 

O’Shaughnessy arranged to arrest Norton and Lemire after they

made a controlled sale of cocaine to an undercover officer. At

approximately 11:00 a.m. on January 23, 2004, prior to executing

the controlled sale, O’Shaughnessy held a briefing with members

of the CBI Task Force and informed the group that Norton had a

criminal history that included convictions for assault and

battery as well as assault and battery with a dangerous weapon. 

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O’Shaughnessy also advised the group that everyone present might

be required to participate in the arrests. O’Shaughnessy

assigned certain agents, including Proulx, to conduct

surveillance of Norton and Lemire, and assigned others to go

directly to the Pheasant Lane Mall (“the Mall”) in Nashua, New

Hampshire, where the controlled sale and arrest were expected to

occur later that day. 

O’Shaughnessy then traveled to the Nashua Police Station and

met with members of the Nashua Police Department, including its

Strategic Response Team (“SRT”), and the Massachusetts State

Police, including Blanchard, to explain the operation and the

expectations for the day. O’Shaughnessy advised the group of

Norton’s prior criminal record, assigned the SRT to assist in the

arrests of Norton and Lemire, and explained that he expected that

the SRT would have the primary role in taking Norton and Lemire

into custody. Following this briefing, O’Shaughnessy went to the

parking lot of the Nashua Police Station and instructed the

confidential source to call Norton and set up the drug sale at

the Mall for later that day. After completing these meetings,

O’Shaughnessy went to the Mall and parked in the food court

parking lot, where the controlled sale was expected to occur. He

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set up video and audio equipment to record the sale, and

monitored the audio recording from his vehicle. 

As assigned, Proulx conducted surveillance of Norton’s

house in Lowell, Massachusetts. He then followed Norton to the

Mall in Nashua. Once at the Mall, Proulx parked in the Sears

parking lot overlooking the food court parking lot where the

controlled sale was slated to occur. Blanchard, who was

already in the Mall parking lot, was driving a small truck and

dressed in plain clothes -- jeans and a sweatshirt. 

Blanchard’s primary assignment was to monitor the movements of

the undercover officer and cooperating witness at the Mall in

an effort to assure their safety during the controlled sale. 

Once at the Mall, Norton and Lemire sold a quantity of

cocaine to an undercover law enforcement agent in exchange for

cash in the food court parking lot. When the sale was

complete, Norton and Lemire attempted to leave the parking lot

in their cars. At that time, O’Shaughnessy, who had been

monitoring the sale from his car, gave the radio signal to

arrest. Upon hearing this signal, the CBI Task Force went into

action. Norton, who was in his car, with Lemire following

directly behind in his own car, turned to leave the parking lot

and was stopped when Blanchard pulled his truck nose to nose

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with Norton’s vehicle so that Norton could not proceed without

striking Blanchard’s truck. Terry Hanson, a CBI Task Force

Officer who was driving a truck containing SRT members,

positioned the truck behind Norton’s car, Lemire’s car, and a

car driven by Special Agent Robert Kew. These actions

prevented Norton and Lemire from being able to escape in their

vehicles.

At the same time, other officers affiliated with the CBI

Task Force converged on the scene to assist in the arrests of

Norton and Lemire. SRT members deployed from the back of the

truck driven by Hanson and ran toward the cars. Several

officers immediately descended on Lemire’s car and had to break

the driver’s side window to remove Lemire from the car and

arrest him. Proulx asserts that he drove from the Sears

parking lot toward the food court parking lot, stopped at the

access road connecting the lots, left his vehicle, and ran

toward the scene heading toward Lemire’s vehicle. Lemire was

already under arrest so Proulx went to Norton’s car. 

By this time, Blanchard had alighted from his vehicle,

proceeded to the door of Norton’s vehicle, and ordered Norton

out of his car and onto the ground. Norton complied by getting

out of his car and laying face down on the ground next to his

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 5 of 35
 Norton is clear in his deposition that two different 1

 individuals were involved in the physical assault -- one who

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car in a prone position parallel to his car with his feet

toward the front of his car and his head toward the rear. His

arms and hands were either in front of him or at his sides. 

Norton complied with all of the commands of the officers at the

scene and did not resist in any way. Norton alleges, however,

that he was physically assaulted by several members of the CBI

Task Force. 

According to Norton, while he was on the ground, a car

pulled up parallel to Blanchard’s truck and to the right of

him. The driver of the car emerged, ran to where Norton was

lying, and punched him in the face. Norton Dep. at 21-25. The

man who hit him in the face allegedly did so “a couple times.” 

Id. at 26. During his deposition, Norton described the man who

hit him as six feet to six-four, 260 to 270 pounds, wearing

winter clothes including jeans and either a sweatshirt or a

heavy-duty flannel shirt. Id. at 24. Norton also noted that

this man was the same man who later took him off of the ground

to a standing position. Norton further alleges that while he

was being punched a different individual kicked him in the face

and ribs from his left side, but Norton testified that he could

not see or identify the person who kicked him. Id. at 26.1

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 6 of 35
 punched him and another who kicked and stomped on him. Norton

 Dep. at 26-31. In his Motion for Leave to File a First Amended

 Complaint, however, Norton appears to assert that one

 individual, Mark Rivet, is responsible for punching, kicking,

 and stomping on him. (Doc. No. 158.)

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Norton claims that he was kicked three or four times -- two or

three kicks to the face and one kick to the ribs. Id. at 30. 

The punching and kicking of Norton occurred simultaneously;

Norton describes the punches and kicks from the two individuals

as occurring “at the same time.” Norton Dep. at 26. During

the assault, Norton asked the officers to stop and might have

brought his hands, which were still unrestrained, to his face

to block the punches and kicks that were being inflicted on

him. Id. at 28-30. 

According to Norton, after the individual to his left

kicked him several times, that same person placed the hood on

Norton’s sweatshirt over his head, “stomped” his head into the

ground, and told him to keep the hood on. Id. at 31. Norton

clarifies that having his head “stomped” to the ground means

that while his face was already on the ground, the individual

“stepped on [the back of his] head and hit it to the ground.” 

Id. at 32. Norton testified that the hood, once placed on his

head, obstructed his vision. Norton’s hands were not

restrained while he was being punched and kicked. A short time

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 7 of 35
 In his interrogatory responses, Norton estimates that 2

 he spent approximately two to four minutes “lying on the

 ground.” (Doc. No. 111-4.) 

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after this alleged assault, while Norton was still on the

ground, he was told to put his hands behind his back and was

placed in zip-tie handcuffs by one of the individuals who

assaulted him to restrain his hands from free movement. Norton

notes that “right away” the zip tie handcuffs that were placed

on him were “way too tight.” Id. at 40. Norton also describes

his handcuffing as being “pretty simultaneous” with having his

head “stomped” to the ground. Id. at 33. Norton was on the

ground for approximately two to three minutes total. Id. at 2

36.

The defendants all assert that they neither participated

in, witnessed, nor were aware of any assault on Norton. 

Further, all of defendants assert that they neither were

responsible for the use of the zip-tie handcuffs on Norton nor 

aware of which officer applied the zip-ties to Norton.

 Rivet asserts that he drove to the scene in a tan,

unmarked Chevrolet Impala as Norton was being stopped, exited

his vehicle, and assisted officers who had converged on the

scene. Rivet further asserts that Norton was lying on the

ground when he approached and that he stood near Norton for

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several minutes before Norton was brought to his feet. Proulx

asserts that when he reached Norton’s car, Norton was already

arrested and on the ground, covered by two members of the SRT. 

While Norton was on the ground, Proulx searched his car. After

the completion of the search of Norton’s car, Proulx asserts

that Norton was picked up from the ground and held by Rivet. 

Norton’s pants kept falling down because of a broken button,

and Proulx helped Norton pick them up. Proulx also engaged in

brief conversation with Norton. 

By this point, O’Shaughnessy had left his vehicle and had

run toward the scene of the arrest, where there were already

approximately twenty law enforcement officers and both suspects

were already under arrest. O’Shaughnessy approached Norton to

inform him that his arrest was part of a federal investigation. 

Norton asserts that he had two exchanges with O’Shaughnessy at

the scene of his arrest and informed O’Shaughnessy that the zip

ties were too tight both during both exchanges. In addition,

Norton asserts that he told numerous other officers, including

Proulx and Rivet, that the zip ties were too tight and

requested that they be loosened, but none of the officers

complied with Norton’s requests. Norton stood in the zip ties

with his hood over his head for two or three minutes. Id. at

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39. All of his requests regarding the zip ties occurred within

five minutes of his initial arrest. Id. at 45.

O’Shaughnessy instructed a Nashua police officer to escort

Norton to the waiting cruiser for transport to the Nashua

Police Station. While in the cruiser waiting for transport,

Norton complained to the transporting officer about the zip

ties. The transporting officer did not comply with Norton’s

request to loosen or remove the zip ties. After a few minutes,

Norton was transported to the Nashua Police Station, and within

one or two minutes of arriving at the station, a Nashua police

officer removed the zip ties. Norton states that his hands

were purple when the zip ties were removed. During intake,

Norton told a nurse about numbness in his hands and was given

either Motrin or Tylenol in pill form, but received no other

medical attention. Norton’s booking photo shows redness on his

right temple consistent with an abrasion, as well as some

redness and possible swelling on his left cheek. The booking

photo does not show any other signs of injury consistent with a

beating.

Video surveillance from the Mall shows portions of the

arrest scene on January 23, 2004. The initial moments of the

arrest are not captured on this video, and the video does not

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focus on Norton. Further, not all of the parties in the video

have been identified for the court. The video shows a partial

view of Norton after he is already lying on the ground and

restrained. Later, the video shows Norton wearing a hood after

he has been helped to his feet. Rivet, who was wearing a light

sleeveless vest over a light or white shirt, and tan or beige

slacks with cordovans, can also be seen in the video standing

immediately to the left of and over Norton when he is on the

ground and later holding Norton after he has been brought to

his feet. Numerous law enforcement officers, including

Blanchard and Proulx can be seen in the vicinity of Norton and

Rivet. Although Norton asserts otherwise, the surveillance

video does not show the alleged assault.

Norton is currently serving a sentence at United States

Penitentiary-Canaan for conspiracy to distribute cocaine. 

Since his arrest, Norton has suffered from severe migraine

headaches that are at times paralyzing and cause loss of

vision. He claims that his headaches have caused him to be

sick and have at times made it difficult for him to eat and

sleep. Norton states that has sought medical treatment

“numerous times” for his headaches at each of the correctional

facilities that he has been transferred to and has been

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prescribed Excedrin Migraine, Elavil, and Propranolol, in

addition to being given Tylenol and Motrin. Also since his

arrest, Norton has suffered from pain and daily numbness in his

hands. Norton sought medical treatment during the first ten

months of his incarceration for the problems with his hands. 

He testified that his hands were x-rayed, and that medical told

him there was nothing wrong with his hands, they could do

nothing for him, and that “it might be nerve damage.” Norton

Dep. at 53. Norton testified that he has not received any

other medical attention for his hands since that time. He

provides no medical records as evidence and he has not offered

any expert testimony to support his claims. 

B. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On December 21, 2006, Norton filed a pro se complaint

alleging that numerous state and federal law enforcement

officers violated his civil rights by using excessive force

during his arrest on January 23, 2004. Specifically, Norton

alleges that he was the target of punches and kicks to his

face, as well as the stomping of his head into the concrete and

several blows to his body. In addition, Norton alleges that

excessive force was used when officers applied plastic zip ties

on his wrists in lieu of metal handcuffs. He asserts that the

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 12 of 35
 The court ordered Norton to amend his complaint by June 3

26, 2007 and later granted a number of motions to extend time

to file the amended complaint. (Doc. No. 6.) The amended

pleadings were due by October 15, 2007, but Norton asked for

another extension on the deadline to file his amended

complaint. On October 17, 2007, the court issued an order

noting that Norton had not filed his amended complaint, but

finding that Norton had alleged the minimum facts to state a

claim and that he could move to amend his complaint with

specificity at a later time. (Doc. No. 13.) Subsequent to the

filing of the defendants’ motions for summary judgment, on

April 30, 2009 Norton filed a Motion for Leave to File a First

Amended Complaint, arguing that he was unable to his amend his

complaint at an earlier time because of the defendants’ alleged

lies and stalling in the discovery process. (Doc. No. 158.) 

Because this Memorandum and Order addresses all of the claims

in Norton’s proposed First Amended Complaint, I intend to deny

Norton’s Motion for Leave to File a First Amended Complaint as

futile in a separate order. 

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zip tie handcuffs were too tight on his wrists, caused him

severe pain, and cut off his circulation, resulting in

continuing numbness in his hands to this day. Norton’s

complaint lists twenty defendants, but does not specify what

actions each defendant took that violated Norton’s

constitutional rights.

On June 6, 2007, the court ordered Norton to amend his

complaint to identify, with specificity, what conduct on the

part of each individually named defendant rendered each

defendant liable to suit. After engaging in discovery, Norton

voluntarily dismissed all of the defendants except for Rivet,

Blanchard, Proulx, and O’Shaughnessy. The remaining defendants 3

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now file motions for summary judgment, to which Norton objects.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment is appropriate when the “pleadings, the

discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits

show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). The evidence submitted in support of the

motion for summary judgment must be considered in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party, indulging all reasonable

inferences in its favor. See Torres-Negron v. Merck & Co., 488

F.3d 34, 39 (1st Cir. 2007). 

A party seeking summary judgment must first identify the

absence of any genuine issues of material fact. Celotex Corp. v.

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). The burden then shifts to the

nonmoving party to “produce evidence on which a reasonable finder

of fact, under the appropriate proof burden, could base a verdict

for it; if that party cannot produce such evidence, the motion

must be granted.” Ayala-Gerena v. Bristol Myers-Squibb Co., 95

F.3d 86, 94 (1st Cir. 1996); see Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. The

opposing party “may not rely merely on allegations or denials in

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its own pleading; rather, its response must . . . set out

specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial.” Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(e)(2).

III. ANALYSIS

Norton’s filings are not a model of clarity or consistency,

but because he is proceeding pro se I have endeavored to construe

his claims broadly.

A. LAW

A claim that law enforcement officers used excessive force

in the course of effectuating an arrest is properly analyzed

under the Fourth Amendment’s “reasonableness” standard. See

Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 381 (2007) (citing Graham v.

Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 388 (1989)). To hold an officer liable

under this standard, the plaintiff must prove that the officer:

(1) actively participated in the use of excessive force; (2)

violated a duty to protect the victim from the use of excessive

force by other officers; or (3) failed to properly supervise

subordinates who used excessive force. Turner v. Scott, 119 F.3d

425, 429 (6th Cir. 1997). Norton bases his claims on all three

theories of liability. 

 1. Use of Excessive Force

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 It’s axiomatic that “a police officer may use only such

force as is reasonably necessary to effect an arrest or defend

himself or others from bodily harm.” United States v. McQueeney,

674 F.2d 109, 113 (1st Cir. 1982). To succeed on a claim of use

of excessive force, a plaintiff must establish that the

defendants’ actions in making the arrest were objectively

unreasonable in light of the facts and circumstances known to the

arresting officer on the scene at the time of the arrest. Calvi

v. Knox County, 470 F.3d 422, 428 (1st Cir. 2006). To make a

determination of whether an officer’s use of force was

reasonable, the court should look to such criteria as the

severity of the alleged offense, whether or not the arrestee

posed an immediate threat to the safety of others, and whether or

not the arrestee was actively resisting arrest or attempting to

flee. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 396; Morelli v. Webster, 552 F.3d

12, 24 (1st Cir. 2009); Bastien v. Goddard, 279 F.3d 10, 14 (1st

Cir. 2002).

2. Failure to Protect

A police officer who fails to prevent the use of excessive

force by another officer in his presence may be held liable for a

Fourth Amendment excessive force claim under certain

circumstances. See Calvi, 470 F.3d at 428 n.3; Gaudreault v.

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Mun’y of Salem, 923 F.2d 203, 207 n.3 (1st Cir. 1990). Mere

presence at the scene, however, is not sufficient to render an

officer legally responsible for a fellow officer’s actions. 

Calvi, 470 F.3d at 428. “Absent evidence of participation,

concerted action, or at least culpable knowledge, one officer

cannot be held jointly liable under section 1983 for another

officer’s use of excessive force.” Id. at 429. 

To hold an officer liable for a failure to protect against

the use of excessive force, the officer must have been present

when excessive force was used; observed the use of excessive

force and reasonably understood that the victim’s constitutional

rights were being violated; had a “realistic opportunity” to

prevent that use of force; had sufficient time to do so; and

failed to take reasonable steps to intervene. See Martinez v.

Colon, 54 F.3d 980, 985 (1st Cir. 1995) (citing Gaudreault, 923

F.2d at 207). Thus, an officer who merely observes another

officer’s sudden, momentary use of excessive force cannot be held

liable for an excessive force claim because he would not have a

realistic opportunity to intervene. See Gaudreault, 923 F.2d at

207 n.3; O’Neill v. Krzeminski, 839 F.2d 9, 11-12 (2d Cir.

1988)(“The three blows were struck in such rapid succession that

[the defendant officer] had no realistic opportunity to attempt

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to prevent them. This was not an episode of sufficient duration

to support a conclusion that an officer who stood by without

trying to assist the victim became a tacit collaborator.”)

3. Supervisory Liability

The doctrine of respondeat superior does not apply to

constitutional claims. See Ruiz Rivera v. Riley, 209 F.3d 24, 28

(1st Cir. 2000)(Bivens claims); Gaudreault, 923 F.2d at 209

(section 1983 claims). A supervisor “may be found liable only on

the basis of her own acts or omissions.” Figueroa v. AponteRoque, 864 F.2d 947, 953 (1st Cir. 1989). Thus, a supervisory

officer can be held liable for the behavior of his subordinate

officer only where his “action or inaction [is] affirmative[ly]

link[ed] . . . to that behavior in the sense that it could be

characterized as ‘supervisory encouragement, condonation or

acquiescence’ or ‘gross negligence amounting to deliberate

indifference.’” Lipsett v. Univ. of Puerto Rico, 864 F.2d 881,

902 (1st Cir. 1988)(internal citation omitted).

The requirement of an ‘affirmative link’ between the

behavior of a subordinate and the action or inaction of

his supervisor ‘contemplates proof that the

supervisor’s conduct led inexorably to the

constitutional violation.’ Deliberate indifference,

moreover, ‘will be found only if it would be manifest

to any reasonable official that his conduct was very

likely to violate an individual’s constitutional

rights.’

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 18 of 35
 In his deposition, Norton asserts that “it must have 4

been” Rivet who punched him and that another individual, who

“could have been” Proulx, kicked him and stomped on his head. 

In his Motion for Leave to File a First Amended Complaint,

however, Norton appears to change course and assert that Rivet is

solely responsible for punching, kicking, and stomping on him. 

(Doc. No. 158.) I address all of Norton’s claims below.

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Pineda v. Toomey, 533 F.3d 50, 54 (1st Cir. 2008)(quoting Hegarty

v. Somerset County, 53 F.3d 1367, 1380 (1st Cir. 1995)). If,

however, the supervisee has inflicted no constitutional harm, the

supervisor cannot be held liable. City of Los Angeles v. Heller,

475 U.S. 796, 799 (1986).

B. APPLICATION

1. Assault

Norton asserts that Rivet was the person who punched him and

that Proulx was the person who kicked him and stomped on his

head. He argues that all of the defendants are liable for 4

failing to prevent the assault and he also seeks to hold

O’Shaughnessy liable on a supervisory liability theory. I

address each argument in turn.

a. Rivet - Assault

Norton seeks to hold Rivet liable for participating in the

alleged excessive use of force against him while he was lying on

the ground prior to being restrained. Rivet acknowledges that he

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was in the vicinity when Norton was lying on the ground and later

when Norton was standing, but Rivet asserts that he neither

engaged in the assault against Norton nor saw any officer

punching, kicking, or otherwise assaulting Norton. Rivet’s Resp.

to Interrogatories at 3-4. For the following reasons, I conclude

that Rivet is entitled to summary judgment on Norton’s excessive

force claim.

Norton’s conclusory and inconsistent assertions are the only

evidence to support the claim that Rivet used excessive force on

him. Norton’s initial claim was that “it must have been” Rivet

who punched him. Norton Dep. at 125. However, Norton merely

assumes that Rivet took part in the alleged use of excessive

force, and offers only a conclusory allegation of Rivet’s role. 

By saying that “it must have been” Rivet who punched him, Norton

has essentially conceded a lack of personal knowledge as to the

identity of the puncher. Further, in his deposition, Norton is

unable to physically describe or identify Rivet. Norton Dep. at

124-25. To the extent that Norton describes the individual who

allegedly punched him, that description is inconsistent with

Rivet’s appearance on the day of Norton’s arrest. See Norton

Dep. at 126-27; Rivet Interrogatory Responses 20-21. While

Norton describes the individual who punched him as wearing jeans

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and a heavy-duty flannel shirt or sweatshirt, Rivet was wearing a

light colored sleeveless vest over a light colored shirt and tan

or beige slacks on the day of Norton’s arrest. Norton’s

inconsistent description of Rivet and the puncher draw Norton’s

assertions that Rivet “must have been” the puncher into question.

While Norton says that his basis for believing that it “must

have been” Rivet who punched him is Proulx’s sworn testimony that

Rivet was the person who lifted Norton from the ground, Norton

Dep. at 125, Norton fails to explain how he knows that the person

who lifted him from the ground is the person who punched him.

Norton’s personal knowledge as to this matter cannot be taken for

granted, considering that, by his own account, his vision was

obscured by the hood that had been placed over his head by the

time he was lifted to his feet. Norton’s statements do not set

forth any facts that might establish personal knowledge that the

person who punched him was the person who picked him up off the

ground. The personal knowledge requirement prevents a witness

from testifying to what he “could not have actually perceived or

observed.” United States v. Rodriguez, 162 F.3d 135, 144 (1st

Cir. 1998). “[R]ank speculation” cannot defeat a properly

supported motion for summary judgment. Rathbun v. Autozone,

Inc., 361 F.3d 62, 66 (1st Cir. 2004). In sum, because Norton’s

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statement that Rivet “must have been” the puncher is an

assumption and does not demonstrate the requisite personal

knowledge, it cannot create a genuine issue of material fact

precluding summary judgment. 

After accusing Rivet of being the individual who punched him

and asserting that a different individual kicked him, Norton

later changes course and also seeks to hold Rivet liable as the

individual who kicked and stomped on him. These inconsistent

accounts of the assault further highlight that Norton’s

assertions regarding Rivet are mere speculation, lacking any

foundation in personal knowledge. Norton admits in his

deposition that he doesn’t know who the kicker was and that it is

“impossible” for him to identify the kicker. But Norton seeks to

hold Rivet liable as the kicker because of the Mall surveillance

video, which Norton claims “clearly shows Mark Rivet kick the

plaintiff.” Despite Norton’s assertions, however, the

surveillance video does not substantiate his claims. While

review of the surveillance video reveals that Rivet was standing

immediately to Norton’s left while Norton was lying on the

ground, the video does not show Norton being punched, kicked or

stomped on, and does not show the initial moments of the arrest

when the alleged assault purportedly occurred.

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In sum, there is an absence of evidence that Rivet

participated in the application of excessive force during

Norton’s arrest by punching, kicking, or stomping on him. The

only evidence to support the claims against Rivet are Norton’s

conclusory statements, but Norton gives conflicting accounts of

who is responsible for the assault, his description of the

puncher is not consistent with Rivet’s appearance on the day of

the arrest, and Norton admits that he cannot identify the kicker. 

Moreover, the Mall surveillance video does not substantiate

Norton’s claims because it does not show any assault on Norton

and only shows the portion of the arrest after any alleged

assault occurred. The absence of evidence that a particular

individual took any action against a claimant that constituted

excessive force is fatal to a civil rights claim against that

particular individual. See Davis v. Rennie, 264 F.3d 86, 108-09

(1st Cir. 2001)(involving insufficient evidence to support a

finding that workers at a mental health facility used excessive

force to reasonably restrain a patient). Accordingly, because

there is not sufficient evidence that Rivet used any force on

Norton, Rivet is entitled to summary judgment on Norton’s claim

that he applied excessive force.

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 23 of 35
 In his deposition, Norton states that he has named Proulx 5

as a defendant because Proulx “was right there” and “could have

been the officer who was kicking me.” Norton Dep. at 29, 44. 

Later, in his Motion for Leave to File a First Amended Complaint,

Norton appears to abandon his claim that Proulx was involved in

the alleged assault and instead appears to assert that Rivet was

the sole individual who assaulted him while Proulx and Blanchard

failed to intervene to stop the assault. Because I have not

granted Norton leave to file his first amended complaint, I note

Norton’s inconsistent claims and address his original claim

against Proulx. 

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b. Proulx - Assault

Norton seeks to hold Proulx liable for use of excessive

force in kicking him while he was prone on the ground. More

specifically, Norton testified that he named Proulx as a

defendant because he “could have been” the individual that kicked

him. I conclude that Norton’s claim against Proulx fails. 5

Proulx’s sworn testimony is that he was not a participant in

the alleged excessive force used against Norton and that by the

time he arrived at the arrest scene, Norton was already under

arrest and being covered by other officers. Proulx Resp. to

Interrogatories at 2; Proulx Dec. at 2. Norton provides no

evidence to contest Proulx’s testimony. In fact, in his

deposition, Norton admits that he doesn’t know who the kicker

was, that it is “impossible” for him to identify the kicker, and

that it is “speculation” that Proulx could have been the kicker. 

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 24 of 35
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Norton Dep. at 34, 39. Norton testified that he had no

information that Proulx was the individual who kicked him, but

that he had named Proulx as a defendant because Proulx “could

have been” the officer who kicked him. Norton Dep. at 29, 44. 

While Norton asserts that he doesn’t “know if [Proulx is] telling

the truth or if he’s lying,” Norton Dep. at 44, a “plaintiff may

not defeat summary judgment by merely asserting that the jury

might, and legally could, disbelieve the defendant’s denial.”

LaFrenier v. Kinirey, 550 F.3d 166, 167 (1st Cir. 2008). “[R]ank

speculation” cannot defeat a properly supported motion for

summary judgment. Rathbun, 361 F.3d at 66.

 There is nothing inherently unbelievable about or

inconsistent in Proulx’s testimony of what he did or saw at the

scene of Norton’s arrest. Norton has not offered any

contradictory evidence and has only provided speculation about

Proulx’s involvement in the alleged use of force against Norton. 

Because Norton has provided no evidence to support his claim and

because summary judgment cannot be denied on the basis that the

officer’s accounts of the events were not believable, Proulx is

entitled to summary judgment on Norton’s claim that he applied

excessive force.

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 25 of 35
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c. All Defendants - Failure to Protect

Norton seeks to hold the defendants liable for failure to

protect him from the use of excessive force by other officers. 

Norton’s claim appears to rest upon the defendants’ presence at

the scene of the arrest and Norton’s speculation that the

officers “could have at the very least witnessed everything.” 

Id. at 84. I conclude that Norton’s claims against the

defendants for failure to protect against the use of excessive

force cannot be maintained because to the extent that any

excessive force was used against Norton by any officers, there is

no evidence that the defendants witnessed it or were in a

position to prevent it. 

The sworn testimony of all of the defendants is that they

did not observe any person strike, punch, kick or otherwise

assault Norton at any time, and they were unaware that Norton was

in any distress related to a physical assault. Norton offers no

affirmative evidence to dispute the sworn testimony of the

defendants. While the Mall surveillance video shows officers,

including some of the defendants, near Norton when he is lying on

the ground and later when he is standing, the video does not

support Norton’s assertion that any of the defendants were

present during, or aware of, an assault against Norton because

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 26 of 35
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the video only shows the latter portion of Norton’s arrest and,

despite Norton’s assertion to the contrary, it does not show any

assault. Furthermore, although the defendants were on the scene

of Norton’s arrest at some point in time, establishing a

defendant officer’s mere presence at the scene, without more, is

not enough to hold that officer liable for failure to intervene

and protect against the use of excessive force. Calvi, 470 F.3d

at 428.

Even assuming that the defendants were on the scene at the

time of Norton’s alleged assault, there is no evidence that any

of the defendants had a realistic opportunity to intervene in the

alleged physical assault because, as Norton has described the

assault, it was sudden, the punching and kicking occurred

simultaneously, and it lasted only a few moments. Further,

Norton’s booking photo, which shows only a minor abrasion on the

side of his face, and his medical treatment, which does not

indicate that he required extensive treatment, are consistent

with a brief encounter rather than a prolonged and extensive

beating. The quick and simultaneous nature of the force allegedly

inflicted on Norton suggests that, even if the defendants did see

other officers punching and kicking Norton, there was

insufficient time and an unrealistic opportunity to intercede. 

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 27 of 35
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See Davis, 264 F.3d at 98 n.10 (noting that in Gaudreault the

First Circuit found no liability for failing to intervene where

an attack “was over in a matter of seconds,” because the

defendant officers “did not have a realistic opportunity to

intercede”). Finally, there is no evidence of any concerted

action or joint participation on the part of any of the

defendants.

In sum, Norton fails to show that any of the defendants knew

that Norton was being subjected to an assault or that the

defendants had a realistic opportunity to prevent the alleged

harm. Because Norton’s claim of failure to protect against the

use of excessive force is based on pure speculation and he has

adduced no evidence to contradict the defendants’ testimony that

they were unaware of any use of excessive force, I conclude that

the defendants are entitled to summary judgment on this claim. 

See Dennis v. Osram Sylvania, Inc., 549 F.3d 851, 856 (1st Cir.

2008)(determining that a grant of summary judgment may be

predicated exclusively on the uncontradicted testimony of the

defendant, even though he is an interested party).

d. O’Shaughnessy - Supervisory Liability

Norton seeks to hold O’Shaughnessy liable for the use of

excessive force against him based on O’Shaughnessy’s lead-agent

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 28 of 35
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status. More specifically, Norton seeks to hold O’Shaughnessy

liable as a supervisor of the other CBI Task Force officers. 

Norton asserts that O’Shaughnessy is liable as a supervisor for

failing to properly oversee the training, conduct, and

disciplining of the officers who were on the scene. I conclude,

however, that summary judgment in O’Shaughnessy’s favor is

appropriate because the record fails to suggest, much less

establish, that the actions or inactions of O’Shaughnessy were

affirmatively linked to or “led inexorably to the constitutional

violation” alleged. Pineda, 533 F.3d at 54. Assuming arguendo

subordinate liability on the part of any members of the CBI Task

Force, the record contains no probative evidence establishing any

affirmative link, sufficient to support a finding of culpability,

between the actions of which Norton complains and O’Shaughnessy. 

Norton has not adduced any evidence that O’Shaughnessy’s conduct

amounted to supervisory encouragement, condonation or

acquiescence in the alleged use of excessive force. Nor has

Norton adduced any evidence that O’Shaughnessy’s action or

inaction was gross negligence amounting to deliberate

indifference. 

Evidence of the use of excessive force against Norton,

standing alone, does not support an inference that O’Shaughnessy

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 29 of 35
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condoned, encouraged, or acquiesced in the use of such force. 

See Voutour v. Vitale, 761 F.2d 812, 820 (1st Cir. 1985). Prior

to Norton’s arrest, O’Shaughnessy held briefings with the

operation participants to explain the arrest plan, and he has

provided a sworn declaration that at no time did he suggest,

condone, or encourage any officers to use more than the minimal

necessary force to bring Norton into custody. O’Shaughnessy Dec.

at 2 ¶ 3. Further, O’Shaughnessy had no information to suggest

that any of the officers expected to take part in the arrest

either had a history of using excessive force or intended to use

excessive force against the suspects. Id. at 2 ¶ 4; cf.

Gutierrez-Rodriguez v. Cartagena, 882 F.2d 553, 562-63 (1st Cir.

1989) (affirming finding of supervisory liability where

supervisor knew that subordinate had a reputation for violently

mistreating citizens). Finally, the undisputed evidence reveals

that O’Shaughnessy was not present when the alleged excessive

force was used against Norton. According to Norton’s own sworn

account, O’Shaughnessy only approached him and was in his

vicinity for mere moments after he had already been arrested and

brought to a standing position. Norton Dep. at 34-35. 

In sum, Norton has produced no evidence from which a jury

could determine that the officers who allegedly used excessive

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 30 of 35
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force during Norton’s arrest acted in response to anything

O’Shaughnessy did or did not do. There is no evidence that

O’Shaughnessy failed to adequately train, supervise, investigate,

or discipline the alleged offending officers. O’Shaughnessy is

entitled to summary judgment because there is no evidence that he

did anything to encourage, condone, or acquiesce in the actions

of the officers who allegedly engaged in excessive force; nor

should it have been manifest to O’Shaughnessy that his actions or

inactions were likely to violate Norton’s right to be free from

excessive force. See Pineda, 533 F.3d at 54 (affirming grant of

summary judgment in favor of supervisory officers where the

officers were not present at the arrest, and there was no

evidence that the officers encouraged, acquiesced or condoned the

use of excessive force).

2. Use of Zip Ties

A review of Norton’s filings suggests that he seeks to hold

the defendants liable for using excessive force when applying his

zip tie handcuffs and failing to loosen or remove the allegedly

too-tight zip tie handcuffs. Norton does not dispute that

officers are entitled to restrain those who are arrested in most

circumstances. See Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318,

354-55 (noting that a normal lawful custodial arrest where one is

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 31 of 35
-32-

handcuffed, placed in a patrol car, and taken to the police

station is not violative of the Fourth Amendment). Rather,

Norton’s claim is that the zip ties used to restrain him were

applied too tightly and that officers on the scene ignored his

complaints that the zip ties were too tight. See Calvi, 470 F.3d

at 428 n.3 (the duty of an officer to protect an individual from

excessive force by a fellow officer may include the obligation to

loosen or remove inappropriately applied handcuffs). I conclude,

however, that there is insufficient evidence in the record from

which a fact-finder could conclude that any of the defendants

applied the zip tie handcuffs to Norton or otherwise violated

Norton’s constitutional rights by not removing the zip-tie

handcuffs within five minutes of his arrest.

Considering the reasonableness of the defendants’ actions

from the perspective of an officer on the scene, Norton has not

established that the use of zip tie handcuffs was objectively

unreasonable under the circumstances. See Graham, 490 U.S. at

397; Calvi, 470 F.3d at 428. Although Norton did not resist

arrest, the police at the scene of Norton’s arrest encountered a

hazardous situation and could have been reasonably concerned for

their safety. Drug dealing is known to be a violent crime, there

was more than one suspect on the scene, and the CBI Task Force

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 32 of 35
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officers were aware that Norton had a history of violence,

including assault and battery with a dangerous weapon. Thus, it

was reasonable for officers on the scene to ensure that Norton’s

hands were securely restrained. More importantly, the zip ties

were applied in a customary fashion and were kept on Norton for

no more than the time reasonably necessary to transport him to

the Nashua Police Station. Calvi, 470 F.3d at 428.

Although Norton complained to numerous officers that the zip

ties were too tight and that his wrists were hurting and going

numb, the summary judgment record presents too little evidence of

any actual injury to find that any excessive force was applied to

Norton when he was handcuffed. See Cortez v. McCauley, 478 F.3d

1108, 1129 (10th Cir. 2007)(holding that an arrestee’s complaints

to officers of too-tight handcuffs coupled with an affidavit that

the handcuffs left marks that were visible for days after the

arrest constituted insufficient evidence to support an excessive

force claim if the use of the handcuffs where the use of the

handcuffs was otherwise justified); Glenn v. City of Tyler, 242

F.3d 307, 314 (5th Cir. 2001) (noting that “handcuffing too

tightly, without more, does not amount to excessive force”);

Foster v. Metro. Airports Comm’n, 914 F.2d 1076, 1082 (8th Cir.

1990)(determining that arrestee’s allegations of pain as a result

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 33 of 35
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of being handcuffed, without some evidence of more permanent

injury, are insufficient to support a claim of excessive force). 

Handcuffs are not meant to be comfortable and it is not uncommon

for an arrestee to complain of discomfort from hand restraints. 

The subjective complaints of an arrestee over the course of fewer

than five minutes, without more, do not give rise to a conclusion

that officers on the scene were objectively unreasonable in

refusing to loosen or remove handcuffs. 

At best, the evidence that excessive force was used in

cuffing Norton consists of Norton’s complaints to officers on the

scene, his requests for medical treatment, and his current

complaints of numbness in his hands. He does not offer any

objective medical evidence to support his subjective complaints.

Without any such medical evidence of injury and because the

evidence we do have demonstrates that the zip tie cuffs were not

left on Norton any longer than reasonably necessary to effect his

arrest and ensure officer safety, Norton’s unsubstantiated claims

are not sufficient to support a finding that excessive force was

used in the application of the zip tie handcuffs. It follows

that the defendants, who Norton claims should have intervened to

loosen or remove the zip ties to Norton’s wrists, are not liable

for failure to intervene.

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 34 of 35
-35-

Finally, without a finding that an officer has used

excessive force in handcuffing Norton and inflicted

constitutional harm, O’Shaughnessy cannot be held liable as a

supervisor. See City of Los Angeles, 475 U.S. at 799. Thus,

O’Shaughnessy is not liable as a supervisor for the alleged use

of excessive force in handcuffing Norton or the failure to loosen

Norton’s zip tie handcuffs by CBI Task Force officers.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the defendants’ motions for

summary judgment (Doc. Nos. 111, 114, 115) are granted. The

clerk shall issue judgment for the defendant.

SO ORDERED.

/s/Paul Barbadoro

Paul Barbadoro

United States District Judge

June 12, 2009

cc: Walter Norton, pro se

T. David Plourde, Esq.

Seth Aframe, Esq.

Joseph G. Donnellan, Esq.

Peter Phillips, Esq.

Roger Phillips, Esq.

Matthew Dwyer, Esq.

Ryan Dunn, Esq.

Case 1:06-cv-00490-PB Document 166 Filed 06/12/09 Page 35 of 35