NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION 

File Name: 17a0513n.06 

No. 16-6136 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

CARLOS FALLINS, 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE EASTERN 

DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE 

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BEFORE: BATCHELDER, GIBBONS, and COOK, Circuit Judges. 

JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Carlos Fallins pled guilty to being a felon 

in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). He was sentenced to 195 months’ 

imprisonment based, in part, on his designation as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(e). Fallins challenges that designation on appeal. Specifically, he claims that his prior 

conviction for attempted aggravated arson under Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-12-101 and 39-14-

302(a)(1) does not qualify as a violent felony under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 

18 U.S.C. § 924(e). The district court originally found that it qualified under the ACCA’s 

residual clause, id. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), but that finding was invalidated in light of Johnson v. 

United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). At resentencing, the district court again found that 

Fallins’s attempted-aggravated-arson conviction qualified as a violent felony, but this time did so 

under the ACCA’s elements clause, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). We disagree, vacate Fallins’s 

sentence, and remand for resentencing. 
No. 16-6136, United States v. Fallins 

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I. 

On October 16, 2013, Carlos Fallins pled guilty to being a felon in possession of a 

firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). The presentence report (“PSR”) found that Fallins 

qualified for an enhanced sentence because he had three ACCA predicate offenses: a 1995 

robbery conviction under Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-401; a 1997 conviction for attempted 

aggravated arson under Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-302(a)(1); and a 2005 conviction for 

possession of crack cocaine for resale under Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-417. 

Fallins objected to the PSR, arguing that his prior conviction for attempted aggravated 

arson did not qualify as a violent felony within the meaning of the ACCA.1 The district court 

disagreed and found that this conviction qualified under the ACCA’s residual clause. It then 

sentenced Fallins to 195 months’ imprisonment, which this court affirmed. United States v. 

Fallins, 777 F.3d 296, 302 (6th Cir. 2015). 

Six months later, the Supreme Court invalidated the ACCA’s residual clause as 

unconstitutionally vague. See Johnson, 135 S. Ct. at 2557. As a result, this court’s judgment 

was vacated, see Fallins v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2945, 2945 (2015), and Fallins’s case was 

remanded to the district court “for resentencing in light of Johnson.” No. 14-5153, R. 44, at 1.

On remand, the government again argued that Tennessee attempted aggravated arson is a 

violent felony under the ACCA, this time relying on the elements clause. The district court 

agreed and resentenced Fallins to 195 months’ imprisonment as an armed career criminal. 

Fallins timely appealed. 

 1

 Fallins also objected to the classification of his drug conviction as a “serious drug offense,” but has not 

preserved that argument for this appeal. 
No. 16-6136, United States v. Fallins 

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II. 

We review de novo whether a conviction qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA. 

United States v. Prater, 766 F.3d 501, 507 (6th Cir. 2014); see also United States v. 

Hockenberry, 730 F.3d 645, 663 (6th Cir. 2013). 

The ACCA mandates a fifteen-year mandatory-minimum sentence where a defendant is 

convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm while having three or more prior 

convictions for “serious drug offense[s]” or “violent felon[ies].” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). Fallins 

concedes that he has two prior convictions that qualify as ACCA predicate offenses: a 1995 

robbery conviction under Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-401 and a 2005 conviction for possession of 

crack cocaine for resale under Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-417. The sole issue presented on appeal 

is whether Fallins’s 1997 conviction for attempted aggravated arson under Tenn. Code Ann. 

§ 39-12-101 and § 39-14-302(a)(1) qualifies as the third. 

Following Johnson, only two avenues remain for classifying an offense as a “violent 

felony” under the ACCA. 135 S. Ct. at 2557 (invalidating the ACCA’s residual clause as 

unconstitutionally vague). The parties agree that one of those avenues, the enumerated-offenses 

clause, does not apply here. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). The only remaining avenue, then, 

is the ACCA’s elements clause. A crime qualifies as a violent felony under that clause if it is 

“punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year . . . [and] has as an element the use, 

attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another.” Id. 

§ 924(e)(2)(B)(i). The district court found that Fallins’s attempted-aggravated-arson conviction 

qualified as a violent felony under this provision. 

In determining whether Tennessee attempted aggravated arson qualifies as a violent 

felony under the elements clause, we employ a categorical approach—meaning, we look to the 
No. 16-6136, United States v. Fallins 

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statutory definition of the offense rather than the facts underlying Fallins’s conviction. See 

United States v. Elliott, 757 F.3d 492, 494 (6th Cir. 2014) (“Whether a prior conviction should 

be considered a violent felony within the meaning of the ACCA is determined by considering the 

offense generically, that is, ‘in terms of how the law defines the offense and not in terms of how 

an individual offender might have committed it on a particular occasion.’” (quoting Begay v. 

United States, 553 U.S. 137, 141–42 (2008))). “If the statute requires proving that someone 

used, attempted, or threatened to use physical force against another, it satisfies the elements 

clause even if the statute does not match the elements clause word for word.” United States v. 

Patterson, 853 F.3d 298, 302 (6th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). In analyzing the state offense, 

however, we “must presume that the conviction ‘rested upon [nothing] more than the least of 

th[e] acts’ criminalized, and then determine whether even those acts are encompassed by the 

generic federal offense.” Moncrieffe v. Holder, 133 S. Ct. 1678, 1684 (2013) (quoting Johnson 

v. United States, 559 U.S. 133, 137 (2010)). Through it all, we are “bound by the Tennessee 

Supreme Court’s interpretation [of the state statute], including its guidance on the elements of 

the crime.” United States v. Mitchell, 743 F.3d 1054, 1059 (6th Cir. 2014). 

Fallins was convicted of attempted aggravated arson, in violation of Tenn. Code Ann. 

§ 39-12-101 and § 39-14-302(a)(1). Aggravated arson is defined, in relevant part, as 

“commit[ting] arson as defined in § 39-14-301 or § 39-14-303 . . . [w]hen one (1) or more 

persons are present therein[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-302(a)(1). A person commits arson 

when he “knowingly damages any structure by means of a fire or explosion . . . [w]ithout the 

consent of all persons who have a possessory, proprietary or security interest therein[.]” Id.

§ 39-14-301(a)(1).2

 

 2

 Arson of personal property or real estate, codified in Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-303, is defined almost 

identically to arson of a structure, and thus is treated the same for ACCA purposes. 
No. 16-6136, United States v. Fallins 

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Looking to the elements of attempted aggravated arson enumerated above, as well as the 

Tennessee Supreme Court’s interpretation of those elements, we find that the offense does not 

require proving that Fallins used, attempted to use, or threatened to use physical force against 

another person.3 See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i); Patterson, 853 F.3d at 302. This is so, 

primarily, because a defendant can be convicted of violating § 39-14-302(a)(1) without ever 

using, attempting to use, or threatening to use force against another individual. 

Arson is elevated to aggravated arson under § 39-14-302(a)(1) where “one (1) or more 

persons are present” in the structure damaged by the fire or explosion. Tennessee’s criminal 

code defines “person” to include “the singular and the plural and means and includes any 

individual.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-106(a)(27) (emphasis added). Accordingly, “the plain 

language of [Tennessee’s] aggravated arson statute includes not only victims of aggravated arson 

but also the perpetrator of the act of arson.” State v. Nelson, 23 S.W.3d 270, 271 (Tenn. 2000); 

see also Fletcher v. State, 9 S.W.3d 103, 105 (Tenn. 1999) (“Where the language of a statute is 

plain and unambiguous, this Court is not at liberty to apply a construction apart from the words 

of the statute.”). Put another way, a defendant can be convicted of aggravated arson under § 39-

14-302(a)(1) even if he is the only person present in the targeted structure. Because the ACCA 

requires more—namely, that a person other than the defendant be the target of the force—

Fallins’s attempted-aggravated-arson conviction cannot categorically qualify as a violent felony 

under the ACCA’s elements clause. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i) (classifying as a “violent 

 3

 At Fallins’s initial sentencing, the government agreed with Fallins that his attempted-aggravated-arson 

conviction did not qualify as a violent felony under the ACCA’s elements clause, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i), or 

enumerated-offenses clause, id. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). Instead, it relied exclusively on the ACCA’s residual clause. Id. 

Fallins argues that the government waived its ability to rely on the ACCA’s elements clause at resentencing because 

it disclaimed any reliance on that provision during his initial sentencing. Because we find that Fallins’s attemptedaggravated-arson conviction does not categorically qualify as a violent felony under any ACCA provision, however, 

we need not reach this issue. 
No. 16-6136, United States v. Fallins 

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felony” only those offenses that have “as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of 

physical force against the person of another” (emphasis added)). 

This interpretation of § 39-14-302(a)(1) may give pause. And, indeed, the Supreme 

Court has cautioned courts to employ common sense in applying the categorical approach and to 

avoid “legal imagination.” Moncrieffe, 133 S. Ct. at 1684–85 (noting that there “must be a 

realistic probability, not a theoretical possibility, that the State would apply its statute to conduct 

that falls outside the generic definition of a crime” (internal quotation marks omitted)). But the 

Tennessee Supreme Court has envisioned this exact scenario in addressing the scope of § 39-14-

302(a)(2), which elevates arson to aggravated arson “[w]hen any person, including firefighters 

and law enforcement officials, suffers serious bodily injury as a result of the fire or explosion.” 

Nelson, 23 S.W.3d at 271–72. In analyzing that provision, the court found that, based on the 

plain language of the statute, the term “person” in § 39-14-302(a)(2) includes not only the 

victims of aggravated arson, but also the defendant himself. Id. 

The court did not end there. In reaching its conclusion, the court also addressed the 

defendant’s argument that interpreting the term “any person” in § 39-14-302(a)(2) to include the 

defendant would lead to absurd results in interpreting § 39-14-302(a)(1), the provision under 

which Fallins was convicted. Nelson, 23 S.W.3d at 271–72. Specifically, the defendant in 

Nelson argued that the term “any person” could not “be so broad as to include the defendant 

because any defendant in a structure destroyed by arson automatically commits aggravated arson 

simply by his or her presence in the structure.” Id. at 271. The court accepted the premise of the 

defendant’s argument as a necessary consequence of its holding, while noting that there were 

valid reasons for interpreting both § 39-14-302(a)(1) and (a)(2) in that manner.4

 It reasoned that 

 4

 Indeed, traditional canons of statutory construction would seem to compel a similar interpretation of 

“person” in both § 39-14-302(a)(1) and (a)(2). See In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533, 552 (Tenn. 2015) (“Statutes 
No. 16-6136, United States v. Fallins 

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“[t]he presence of an arsonist in a building that he or she has targeted or an arsonist who is 

injured during the course of an arson inevitably requires the assistance of rescue personnel, and it 

is well within the province of the General Assembly to impose a heightened penalty for the risk 

to which these public servants are exposed.” Id. at 272. 

The Nelson court’s reasoning thus confirms what the statutory definition of “person” in 

§ 39-11-106 already suggests: a defendant can be convicted of aggravated arson under § 39-14-

302(a)(1) even if he is the only person present in the targeted structure. Although this may not 

be the most obvious reading of § 39-14-302(a)(1), we are “bound by the Tennessee Supreme 

Court’s interpretation [of the statute], including its guidance on the elements of the crime.” 

Mitchell, 743 F.3d at 1059. Accordingly, because Tennessee aggravated arson does not 

necessarily require the presence of another person, neither does an attempt to commit that 

offense. It follows, therefore, that Fallins’s attempted-aggravated-arson conviction did not 

require proving the “attempted use . . . of physical force against the person of another.” 18 

U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). Thus, this conviction cannot qualify as a violent felony under the 

ACCA’s elements clause.5

III. 

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse Fallins’s armed-career-criminal designation and 

remand for resentencing consistent with this opinion. 

 that relate to the same subject matter or have a common purpose must be read in pari materia so as to give the 

intended effect to both.”). 

5

 Because § 39-14-302(a)(1) is not divisible—meaning, it does not set out one or more elements of the 

offense in the alternative—the modified-categorical approach is not applicable. See United States v. Denson, 728 

F.3d 603, 608 (6th Cir. 2013).