[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 13-13548

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 8:11-cv-00079-EAK-TGW

BETTY PELC, 

a Florida resident, 

ROBERT PELC, 

a Florida resident, 

ADVANTAGE TRIM & LUMBER OF FLORIDA, INC., 

a Florida corporation, 

 Plaintiffs-Counter Defendants-Appellees,

 versus

JOHN JEROME NOWAK, a New York resident, 

 Defendant-Counter Claimant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

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(January 2, 2015)

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Before HULL, ROSENBAUM, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

I. Background

Betty and Robert Pelc and their company, Advantage Trim & Lumber of 

Florida, Inc., (collectively “Plaintiffs”) filed suit against Betty Pelc’s brother, John 

Jerome Nowak (“Defendant”), alleging, among other things, that he committed 

trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of the Lanham Act, 15 

U.S.C. §§ 1114(1) and 1125(a), along with state law claims for defamation and 

invasion of privacy. These claims were based on (1) Defendant’s posting of 

lengthy false statements on his website claiming that Betty was guilty of the 

negligent homicide of their mother and had stolen his and Betty’s older sister’s 

home; (2) Defendant’s posting of private personal information about Betty; and (3) 

Defendant’s use of Plaintiffs’ trademarks in his webpage meta and HTML data to 

lure Plaintiffs’ customers to his website and to call for a boycott of Plaintiffs’ 

business. Defendant also used his website to solicit donations. 

The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Plaintiffs on each 

of the above claims,

1 and, after a bench trial, awarded Plaintiffs compensatory, 

exemplary, and punitive damages. As the prevailing party, Plaintiffs moved for 

attorney’s fees under 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a), in the amount of $85,647.37. The 

 1 Plaintiffs had previously dismissed the remaining counts.

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district court awarded fees and costs to Plaintiffs in the amount of $83,099.60. 

Defendant appealed pro se from the order awarding attorney’s fees.2

II. Discussion

We review a district court’s award of attorney’s fees and costs under 15 

U.S.C. § 1117(a) for an abuse of discretion. Planetary Motion, Inc. v. 

Techsplosion, Inc., 261 F.3d 1188, 1205 (11th Cir. 2001). 

Under the Lanham Act, a prevailing party may recover: “(1) defendant’s 

profits, (2) any damages sustained by the plaintiff, and (3) the costs of the action.” 

15 U.S.C. § 1117(a). In exceptional cases, the district court can also award 

reasonable attorney’s fees to the prevailing party. Id. In this context, an 

“exceptional” case is one where the infringing party acts in a “malicious, 

fraudulent, deliberate, or willful manner.” Planetary Motion, 261 F.3d at 1205. 

Even though the sole issue before this Court is the district court’s award of 

attorney’s fees and costs to Plaintiffs, Defendant has raised no argument on appeal 

that challenges that award. Accordingly, Defendant has abandoned any challenge 

to the district court’s order awarding Plaintiffs attorney’s fees and costs. See 

Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (stating that although we

 2 We previously dismissed Defendant’s appeal to the extent that he was challenging the 

district court’s grant of summary judgment and damages award because his August 1, 2013

notice of appeal was not timely as to the October 3, 2012 decision awarding damages. We 

allowed Defendant’s appeal to proceed only to the extent that he is challenging the award of 

attorney’s fees. 

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liberally construe pro se briefs, issues not raised in a party’s initial brief are 

deemed abandoned). 

Even if Defendant had challenged the attorney’s fees and costs, his argument 

would have failed. The district court stated that attorney’s fees were warranted 

because Defendant admitted that he had used Plaintiffs’ trademarks in his webpage 

data to attract Plaintiffs’ customers and potential customers to his website, which 

he used to defame Betty and invade her privacy. This finding is supported by the 

record. In his response to Plaintiffs’ interrogatories, which were submitted with 

their summary judgment motion, Defendant admitted that he used Plaintiffs’ 

trademarks “for the purpose of attracting Internet Users searching on the Internet 

for information regarding the corporate Plaintiff’s business, which includes but is 

not limited to those ‘searching for Plaintiff’s business.’” As this admission shows 

that Defendant willfully and deliberately used Plaintiffs’ trademarks, the district 

court did not abuse its discretion in awarding Plaintiffs attorney’s fees and costs. 

See Planetary Motion, 261 F.3d at 1205. 

Likewise, the district court did not abuse its discretion by setting the amount 

of attorney’s fees and costs. As to attorney’s fees, the district court properly 

determined the lodestar figure by multiplying the number of reasonable hours 

worked on the case by a reasonable hourly rate, as it was required to do under 

Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 1939 (1983). The 

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district court correctly relied on an affidavit from a Florida intellectual property 

attorney not involved in the case, in addition to affidavits from both the attorneys 

in the case, to determine that the hourly rates charged were reasonable. See 

Norman v. Hous. Auth. of City of Montgomery, 836 F.2d 1292, 1299 (11th Cir. 

1988) (“Satisfactory evidence [that the requested rate is in line with prevailing 

market rates] at a minimum is more than the affidavit of the attorney performing 

the work.”) 

The district court then specifically considered whether the hours expended 

were reasonable. It acknowledged that Plaintiffs had already adjusted the hours 

worked to take into account the fact that attorney’s fees were limited to the 

trademark infringement and unfair competition claims. The court then disallowed 

recovery for the time spent by the paralegal on clerical work. Based on the above, 

the district court awarded $82,699.60 in attorney’s fees, and there is nothing to 

suggest that this was an abuse of discretion. 

Lastly, as to the costs, the district court did not abuse its discretion in 

awarding Plaintiffs $400. Instead of awarding Plaintiffs the full amount requested, 

the district court limited recovery to the costs listed in 28 U.S.C. § 1920, which 

allows a judge or clerk of any court to tax only certain specific costs. Even though 

§ 1920 allows recovery for making copies, the district court excluded the costs of 

photocopying because Plaintiffs made no showing that the copies were necessary 

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for use in the case. After the costs were excluded for travel expenses, postage, 

computer research, phone charges, and copies, the $400 included only the filing 

fee, cost of service of process, and court costs, all of which are recoverable under 

28 U.S.C. § 1920. See 28 U.S.C. § 1920(1). 

In summary, even if Defendant had not abandoned any challenge to the grant 

of attorney’s fees and costs, we would still conclude that the district court did not 

abuse its discretion in awarding Plaintiffs $83,099.60. Therefore, the district court 

order is AFFIRMED. 

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