UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Gary Kearney,

Christopher R. Mulleavey,

and Kathleen Mulleavey

v. Civil No. 07-cv-149-JL

Opinion No. 2008 NH 143

Brenda Elias and 

William H. Constant

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

Plaintiffs Gary Kearney, Christopher Mulleavey, and Kathleen

Mulleavey, the purchasers of residential real estate in Franklin,

New Hampshire, sued the seller, Brenda Elias, and her husband,

William Constant, a real estate agent, seeking to recover damages

for their failure to notify the plaintiffs about the presence of

lead-based paint in the residence. The plaintiffs claim that the

defendants’ failure to notify them was negligent and in violation

of state and federal law.

This court has jurisdiction over this matter under 28 U.S.C.

§§ 1331 (federal question) and 1332(a) (diversity of

citizenship). 

The parties have filed cross motions for summary judgment.

The plaintiffs seek summary judgment as to liability on Counts I

and VII, which allege violations of the Residential Lead-Based

Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992, 42 U.S.C. § 4852d, against

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the defendants. The defendants seek summary judgment on all of

the plaintiffs’ federal claims (Counts I, II, and VII), arguing

that the plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate damages

recoverable under 42 U.S.C. § 4852d(b)(3). The defendants also

seek summary judgment as to Count IV, which alleges that Elias is

liable for negligent misrepresentation under state law.

After hearing oral argument on the cross motions, and after

reviewing the parties’ respective memoranda, objections,

affidavits, and reply briefs, and for the reasons stated below,

the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is granted as to

Count I and denied as to Count VII. The defendants’ motion is

granted as to Count IV and denied as to Counts I, II, and VII.

I. APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARD

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, a motion for

summary judgment will be granted “if the pleadings, the discovery

and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(c) (2008) (amended December 1, 2007); see Celotex Corp. v.

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986) (decided under prior,

substantially identical version of the rule); Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986) (same). "The object of

summary judgment is to pierce the boilerplate of the pleadings

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and assay the parties' proof in order to determine whether trial

is actually required." Dávila v. Corporación de P.R. Para la

Difusión Pública, 498 F.3d 9, 12 (1st Cir. 2007) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

In this context, a “fact is ‘material’ if it potentially

affects the outcome of the suit . . . and a dispute over it is

‘genuine’ if the parties’ positions on the issue are supported by

conflicting evidence.” Int’l Ass’n of Machinists & Aero. Workers

v. Winship Green Nursing Ctr., 103 F.3d 196, 199-200 (1st Cir.

1996); see also Navarro v. Pfizer Corp., 261 F.3d 90, 93-94 (1st

Cir. 2001). In deciding whether summary judgment is proper, the

court must view the entire record in the light most favorable to

the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in that

party’s favor. Zyla v. Wadsworth, 360 F.3d 243, 246 (1st Cir.

2004). “Cross motions simply require [the court] to determine

whether either of the parties deserves judgment as a matter of

law on facts that are not disputed.” Littlefield v. Acadia Ins.

Co., 392 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2004).

Where, as is the case here with the plaintiffs’ motion for

summary judgment on their § 4852d claims, “the party moving for

summary judgment bears the burden of proof on an issue, he cannot

prevail ‘unless the evidence that he provides on that issue is

conclusive.’” EEOC v. Union Independiente de la Autoridad de

Acueductos y Ancantarillados de P.R., 279 F.3d 49, 55 (1st Cir.

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2002) (quoting Torres Vargas v. Santiago Cummings, 149 F.3d 29,

35 (1st Cir. 1998)).

II. BACKGROUND

In 1997, the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human

Services, Office of Health Management (“HHS”) issued an Order of

Lead Hazard Reduction (the “HHS Order”) to Joe Griffith, the

owner of a multi-unit dwelling at 18 West Bow Street in Franklin,

New Hampshire. The HHS Order resulted from an inspection by an

HHS representative, initiated when a child living at the address

was found to be lead-poisoned. The HHS Order required Griffith

to conduct a full inspection and to abate all lead exposure

hazards, which included the paint on a number of surfaces in the

interior of the property which were identified in an attached

“Lead Investigation Survey Form.” HHS records indicate that

Griffith ignored the HHS Order, as did all subsequent owners

including Elias and, eventually, the plaintiffs.

In 2000, Elias purchased the property at a foreclosure

auction. She did not learn of the HHS Order, however, until she

received a letter from HHS some time after the purchase. The

letter stated in reference to the property, in relevant part:

An Order of Lead Hazard Reduction was issued . . . .

The requirements of the Order were transferred with the

property when it was sold to you . . . [T]he Order

remains outstanding . . . . [T]he Federal Lead-Based

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1 These renovations were not intended to remediate leadbased paint hazards, but, by Elias’s own account, “to make the

building more rent-worthy.” They consisted largely of repainting

without removing the existing lead-based paint.

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Paint Hazard Reduction Act, 42 U.S.C. [§] 4852d, . . .

requires sellers and landlords of most residential

housing built before 1978 to disclose all available

records and reports concerning lead-based paint and/or

lead-based paint hazards to purchasers or tenants at

the time of sale or lease . . . . 

The letter also invited Elias to contact HHS for a copy of its

Order, which Constant, Elias’s husband and real estate business

partner, subsequently did. Elias states that she also spoke

with LuAnn Speikers of HHS, telling her about renovations Elias

had done to the property since she had purchased it.1 Elias

claims that Speikers responded that “nothing more” needed to be

done. So Elias did nothing further. HHS similarly did nothing

to see whether the Order had in fact been satisfied.

Elias decided to sell the property in 2002. It was listed

as an “exclusive agency listing,” meaning that the owner

reserved the right to sell the property independently without

any commission to a real estate agent. Though Constant was

initially identified as the “listing agent,” the multiple

listing so designated a different agent who worked for Constant

and Elias, Heather Adams, as of August 29, 2002.

Constant showed the property to the plaintiffs, who

eventually entered into a purchase and sale agreement with

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Elias. Constant claims that he informed Christopher Mulleavey

about the history of the lead problems with the property in

showing it to him prior to the sale, but Mulleavey denies that. 

And on a disclosure form, given to the plaintiffs as part of the

transaction, Elias stated that she had no knowledge, reports, or

records regarding lead-based paint or lead-based paint hazards

in the property. The transaction closed in November 2002.

About a year later, the plaintiffs entered into a purchase

and sale agreement for the property with Paul and Virginia

Gissing. While the plaintiffs were unaware of the HHS Order at

that time, Kearney received a copy of it in March 2006, prior to

when the transaction with the Gissings closed. Kearney says

that he discarded the document without looking at it in detail

because it was sent to his property management company, K&M

Investments, which did not own the property. He asked HHS for

another copy of the order on April 11, 2006. But Kearney did

not disclose the existence of the HHS Order to the Gissings

prior to their purchase of the property, which closed on April

22, 2006.

The Gissings later learned of the existence of the HHS

Order from state officials, and subsequently threatened a legal

action against the plaintiffs to recover the costs of

compliance. The plaintiffs ultimately entered into a settlement

agreement with the Gissings to pay $80,000 for a release of all

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claims. The agreement recites that the Gissings “secured two

estimates for the abatement of the lead-based paint from the

subject property for $59,870 and $94,500" and that the Gissings

also “suffered other financial losses including loss of rental

income and have incurred consulting fees and attorney’s fees.”

The plaintiffs then brought this suit against Constant and

Elias, alleging violations of § 4852d and the New Hampshire

Consumer Protection Statute, N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 358-A:2, as

well as negligence and negligent misrepresentation under state

common law. They seek treble damages in the amount of $240,000,

three times the $80,000 settlement paid to the Gissings.

III. ANALYSIS

A. The § 4852d Claims

1. Liability

a. Elias (Count I)

The Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act

directs the Environmental Protection Agency to promulgate

regulations that, among other things, require that a seller or

lessor of housing offered for sale or lease, “before the

purchaser or lessee is obligated under any contract to purchase

or lease the housing,” both “disclose to the purchaser or lessee

the presence of any known lead-based paint, or any known leadCase 1:07-cv-00149-JL Document 38 Filed 08/11/08 Page 7 of 22
2 “Target housing” is defined as “any housing constructed

prior to 1978, except housing for the elderly or persons with

disabilities (unless any child who is less than 6 years of age

resides in or is expected to reside in such housing) or any 0-

bedroom dwelling.” 24 C.F.R. § 35.86. It is undisputed that the

property in this case is “target housing” because it was built

before 1978 and no exceptions apply.

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based paint hazards, in such housing and provide to the

purchaser or lessee any lead hazard evaluation report available

to the seller or lessor . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 4852d(a)(1)(B). 

The regulations so provide. 24 C.F.R. § 35.88(a)(3). They

further provide that “[t]he seller or lessor shall provide the

purchaser or lessee with any records or reports available to the

seller or lessor pertaining to lead-based paint or lead-based

paint hazards in the target housing being sold or leased.”2 Id.

§ 35.88(a)(4).

As an enforcement mechanism, the Act creates a private

right of action in a purchaser or lessee against a seller or

lessor: “Any person who knowingly violates the provisions of

this section shall be jointly and severally liable to the

purchaser or lessee in an amount equal to 3 times the amount of

damages incurred by such individual.” 42 U.S.C. § 4852d(b)(3). 

But it is the regulations, rather than the Act itself, that is

the source of the enforceable disclosure obligations. Sweet v.

Sheahan, 235 F.3d 80, 88 (2nd Cir. 2000). 

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The plaintiffs argue that they are entitled to summary

judgment on Count I, alleging that Elias violated 42 U.S.C. 

§ 4852d in her individual capacity, and Count VII, alleging that

Constant violated 42 U.S.C. § 4852d in his capacity as an agent,

because the undisputed facts demonstrate that both defendants

were aware of the HHS Order but failed to disclose it to the

plaintiffs prior to their purchase, in violation of § 4852d.

It is undisputed that, despite having notice of the pending

HHS Order and her obligations as a seller under § 4852d, Elias

disclosed neither the HHS Order nor the lead-based paint hazards

to which it referred to the plaintiffs before selling them the

property. These undisputed facts establish that Elias violated

the Act’s disclosure obligations in two ways. First, she failed

to “disclose to the purchaser ... the presence of [the] known

lead-based paint, or [the] known lead-based paint hazards”

indicated by the outstanding HHS Order. Second, she failed to

“provide to the purchaser ... [the] lead evaluation report

available to [her],” namely, the “Lead Investigation Survey

Form” appended to the HHS Order. See 42 U.S.C. § 4952(a)(1)(B); 

24 C.F.R. §§ 35.88(a)(3), (4).

Elias nevertheless argues that she could not have failed to

disclose any “known lead-based paint hazards,” based on her

account that Spiekers, the HHS official, told Elias before she

sold the property to the plaintiffs that “nothing more” needed

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to be done to satisfy the HHS Order. But even accepting this

claim as true, as the court must for purposes of the plaintiffs’

motion for summary judgment, would arguably eliminate Elias’s

liability under the Act only for failing to disclose the hazards

themselves. It would not affect her liability for violating the

Act’s independent requirement that the seller “provide to the

purchaser . . . any lead hazard evaluation report available to

the seller.” See Pellegrini v. Cent. 21, No. 05-30077, 2007 WL

2219331, at *7 (D. Mass. July 20, 2007) (denying summary

judgment for defendants on § 4852d claim, despite fact that they

had disclosed presence of lead-based paint hazards, where

disputes remained as to whether they had provided the “lead

hazard information pamphlet” required by § 4852d(a)(1)(A)). 

The defendants do not address this theory of liability in

opposing the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment.

In fact, in the sole case on which the defendants rely on

this point, the court entered summary judgment for the

plaintiffs on a claim under § 4852d premised on the same theory: 

that the defendants had failed to provide the plaintiffs with a

report in their possession showing lead paint levels in the

property prior to their agreement to purchase it, despite the

defendants’ knowledge of their obligation to do so. Smith v.

Coldwell Banker Real Est. Servs., Inc., 122 F. Supp. 2d 267,

274-75 (D. Conn. 2000). The court granted this relief because

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3 As discussed infra part II.B, the court rejects the

defendants’ arguments for summary judgment in their favor on this

claim.

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the defendants came forward with no “evidence rebutting the

conclusion that [they] knowingly violated the Act by failing to

ensure the purchasers were timely provided a copy of the lead

paint report.” Id. at 274. So too with the defendants here.

Because the undisputed facts conclusively show that Elias

violated the Act’s mandate to provide the plaintiffs with a lead

hazard evaluation report available to her, the plaintiffs’

motion for summary judgment on Count I is granted.3

b. Constant (Count VII)

In addition to regulations imposing disclosure requirements

on sellers and lessors, the Act also directs the EPA to enact

regulations that “require the agent, on behalf of the seller or

lessor, to ensure compliance with the requirements of” §§ 4852d. 

28 U.S.C. § 4852d(a)(4). The EPA has done so. See 24 C.F.R. §

35.94. Because only Elias, and not Constant, was a “seller” of

the property when the plaintiffs entered into the agreement to

buy it, Constant can be liable under § 4852d only if he was

acting as Elias’s agent in that transaction. The regulations

define “agent” as “any party who enters into a contract with a

seller or lessor, including any party who enters into a contract

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4 In the absence of any challenge to the validity of the

EPA's interpretation of § 4852d in its regulations, this court

will follow the agency's construction of the statute. See In re

Slater Health Ctr., Inc., 398 F.3d 89, 103 (1st Cir. 2005)

(applying regulations as promulgated by an agency when neither

party challenged them); see also Sullivan v. Greenwood Credit

Union, 520 F.3d 70, 75 (1st Cir. 2008) (holding as a matter of

statutory interpretation that a term’s statutory definition

trumps the term’s definition at common law). 

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with a representative of the seller or lessor, for the purpose

of selling or leasing target housing.”4

 Id. § 35.86.

The undisputed material facts do not demonstrate that

Constant was an “agent” under 24 C.F.R. § 35.86. The plaintiffs

have failed to show any “contract,” either express or implied,

between Constant and Elias for the purpose of selling the

property. Indeed, the only evidence the plaintiffs have entered

on this point is the fact that Constant was listed as a “listing

agent” on a listing sheet for the property at some time prior to

the sale. This alone is insufficient to conclusively establish

the existence of a contractual relationship between Constant and

Elias. Moreover, all of the relevant transactional documents

recite that there was no agent for the sale. While Constant’s

conduct in showing the property on his wife’s behalf might

support a finding of agency under common law principles, it does

not suffice to establish the “contract . . for the purpose of

selling” the property necessary to make him an agent, and to

impose the corresponding duties, under § 4852d(a)(4). The

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5 For purposes of the following discussion, the court will

assume that the plaintiffs can establish that Constant violated

his obligations as an “agent” under the Act.

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plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on their § 4852d count

against Constant is denied.

2. Damages5

The parties have cross-moved for summary judgment on the

issue of damages for the defendants’ alleged § 4852d violations.

The plaintiffs argue that, as a matter of law, they are entitled

to recover three times the amount they paid in settlement of the

Gissings’ claims against the plaintiffs. The defendants,

however, argue that the cost of that settlement is not

recoverable against them because it resulted from the

plaintiffs’ alleged violations of § 4852d in selling the

property to the Gissings, rather than the defendants’ alleged

violations of § 4852d in selling the property to the plaintiffs. 

The defendants further argue that, even they could be liable for

the costs of the settlement, factual disputes remain as to the

reasonableness of those costs as a measure of damages,

precluding summary judgment for the plaintiffs on that issue.

As noted supra, “Any person who knowingly violates the

provisions of [§ 4852d] shall be jointly and severally liable to

the purchaser or lessee in an amount equal to 3 times the amount

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of damages incurred by such individual.” 42 U.S.C. § 4852d(b)

(3). Neither the statute nor its implementing regulations

contain any definition of the phrase “damages incurred.” The

defendants’ argument that the phrase excludes what the

plaintiffs paid the Gissings to settle their claim rests on the

assumption that the phrase implies some causal connection

between the violation of § 4852d and the damages in question. 

The assumption is reasonable: § 4852d(b)(3) cannot be read to

impose liability on a seller for a buyer’s injuries that are

unrelated to the statutory violations at issue.

Indeed, under well-established principles of statutory

construction, the common-law term “damages” in § 4852d(b)(3)

must be given its common-law meaning, due to the absence of a

different definition in the statute. See Safeco Ins. Co. of Am.

v. Burr, 127 S. Ct. 2201, 2209 (2007). A causal relationship

with the defendant’s conduct is part of the common-law

definition of “damages”: “[a] pecuniary compensation or

indemnity, which may be recovered in the courts by any person

who has suffered loss, detriment, or injury, whether to his

person, property, or rights, through the unlawful act or

omission or negligence of another.” Black’s Law Dictionary 351-

52 (5th ed. 1979) (emphasis added); see also Restatement

(Second) of Torts § 12A (1979) (“‘damages’ is used . . . to

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denote a sum of money awarded to a person injured by the tort of

another”) (emphasis added).

The court cannot say, however, that the plaintiffs’ claimed

injuries here so lack any causal connection to the defendants’

violations of § 4852d that they cannot be liable for those

injuries as a matter of law. There are genuine issues of fact

material to what would have happened if the defendants had

disclosed the lead hazard evaluation report to the plaintiffs

before they agreed to buy the property, as required by the Act. 

Kearney has averred, for example, that the plaintiffs simply

would not have gone forward with their plans to purchase the

property, presumably to avoid the costs of remediating the

hazards. The defendants argue, in essence, that the plaintiffs

were able to avoid those costs anyway by selling the property to

the Gissings without complying with the disclosure requirements

of § 4852d. But, more accurately, the plaintiffs attempted to

do so, but their attempt was thwarted when the Gissings learned

of the lead hazards on the property subsequent to the purchase

and threatened to sue the plaintiffs for violating § 4852d,

leading the plaintiffs to pay the Gissings to settle that claim.

This sequence of events precludes the ruling, as a matter

of law, that the defendants’ failure to comply with § 4852d did

not cause the plaintiff’s injury in the form of their payment to

settle the Gissings’ claim. It can be argued that the

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plaintiffs would not have faced that claim had they complied

with their own obligations under § 4852d, but it can also be

argued that the plaintiffs would not even have incurred those

duties in the first place had the defendants honored their own

obligations under the Act. Furthermore, even if the plaintiffs

had made the required disclosures to the Gissings, it is a

reasonable inference on the record as it stands that they either

would have refused to buy the property or agreed to go through

with the transaction only if the plaintiffs agreed to remediate

the lead hazards first (or at least reduce the purchase price to

reflect the cost to the Gissings to do that work themselves). 

In any of these scenarios, the plaintiffs would have suffered

some financial injury traceable to the defendants’ own

nondisclosure. Determining the relative likelihood of these

various outcomes, and the corresponding amount of loss to the

plaintiffs, are ultimately factual dilemmas for the jury. See,

e.g., Wortley v. Camplin, 333 F.3d 284, 295 (1st Cir. 2003)

(“Proximate causation and intervening cause are usually issues

for the jury to resolve.”).

The defendants’ real argument seems to be that, since they

are no more culpable of violating § 4852d than are the

plaintiffs, it is unfair to allow them to recover under the

statute, particularly in an amount three times the amount of

their damages. But the Act does not itself impose any bar on

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6 There is a common-law rule that “[w]here a person has

become liable with another for harm caused to a third person

because of his negligent failure to make safe a dangerous

condition of land . . . , which was created by the misconduct of

the other or which, as between the two, it was the other’s duty

to make safe, he is entitled to restitution from the other for

expenses properly made in the discharge of such liability, unless

after discovery of the danger, he acquiesced in the continuation

of the condition.” Restatement (First) of Restitution § 95

(1937). But, assuming that the defendant’s liability to the

plaintiffs for their costs of discharging their own liability to

the Gissings under § 4852d is analogous to this principle, and

assuming further that § 4852d should be read to incorporate this

rule--points on which the court does not rule at this time--the

defendants have not argued, much less attempted to show as a

matter of law, that the plaintiffs “acquiesced in the

continuation of the condition” of the property under this rule. 

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recovery under these circumstances and, even at common law, this

kind of “unclean hands” defense is available only against

equitable relief, not claims for damages.6 See, e.g., 2 Dan B.

Dobbs, Law of Remedies § 9.6, at 626-27 (2d ed. 1993). Indeed,

in considering analogous claims for common-law fraud, courts

have rejected the “argument that a tort action for fraudulent

misrepresentation against the seller of real property is somehow

waived when the buyer in turn conveys the property to a third

party.” Budunov v. Kutsev, 164 P.3d 1212, 1219 (Or. Ct. App.

2007); see also Clearview Concrete Prods. Corp. v. S. Charles

Gherardi, Inc., 453 N.Y.S.2d 750, 754 (N.Y. App. Div. 1982); 37

C.J.S. Fraud § 117 (1994).

The defendants do not provide any authority on this point. 

They rely on the decision of the court of appeals in Mason ex

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7 Coincidentally, the property in question in Mason, 18-A

West Bow Street, Franklin, is right next to the property at issue

in this case, 18 West Bow Street, Franklin.

8 The court in Smith, in rejecting the argument that 

§ 4852(b)(3)’s “‘knowingly violate’ standard requires a showing

of bad faith or willfullness,” 122 F. Supp. 2d at 273, reasoned

that “the automatic trebling of the plaintiff’s actual damages

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rel. Heiser v. Morrisette, 403 F.3d 28 (1st Cir. 2005), for the

proposition that “one should not expect [§ 4852d] to be an endall or be-all answer to the damages arising from the failure to

make a federally required disclosure.” Mason, however, did not

consider the scope of the damages available under § 4852d(b)(3),

but simply whether it conferred a private right of action to the

minor children of lessees injured by lead hazards in their

apartment which were not disclosed by the owner as required by

the Act.7 403 F.3d at 28.

In Mason, the court of appeals held that the children

lacked standing to sue because “the plain language of the

statute limits recovery under § 4852d(b)(3) to a ‘purchaser or

lessee,’” a limitation the court deemed “consistent with the

purpose of the disclosure provision” to allow purchasers or

lessors to make an informed decision as to whether to contract

for property with lead-based paint hazards. Id. at 31. So

Mason does not intimate that, when purchasers like the

plaintiffs here are deprived of that opportunity, their damages

should be limited in the way the defendants suggest.8

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incurred . . . serves as an important incentive to those directly

injured by the violation to seek compensation for their injury as

well as their effort in enforcing the law.” Id. at 274. Thus,

like the circuit in Mason, the court in Smith was not considering

the scope of the damages available, but a different limitation on

§ 4852d(b)(3), namely, the scienter requirement. In any event,

there is authority contradicting the Smith court’s “directly

injured” gloss: in enacting the regulation which mirrors

§ 4852d(b)(4), the EPA appears to have taken a less restrictive

view of the damages recoverable, explaining, “This provision

allows the purchaser or lessee to seek direct compensation for

any damages incurred based on the seller’s or lessor’s

noncompliance.” 61 Fed. Reg. 9064, 9078 (Mar. 6, 1996) (emphasis

added). Finally, even assuming Smith was correct to suggest that

recovery is restricted to “those directly injured by the

violation,” the record does not permit the conclusion, as a

matter of law, that the plaintiffs were not “directly injured” by

the defendants’ nondisclosure, for the reasons already discussed. 

9 This rule applies where, as here, the plaintiff has

failed to notify the defendant of the third party’s claim before

settling it. 42 C.J.S. Indemnity § 28. 

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By the same token, however, the plaintiffs have provided no

authority in support of their view that, because they were

victimized by the defendants’ failure to make the disclosures

required by § 4852d, the plaintiffs are entitled to recover, as

a matter of law, their settlement payment to the Gissings. 

Drawing again on the (perhaps imperfect) analogy to

indemnification principles, see note 6, supra, a plaintiff

seeking recovery from a defendant for the cost of settling a

third party’s liability against the plaintiff arising from the

defendant’s conduct must show (1) actual liability to the third

party, (2) the absence of a good defense to that liability, and

(3) that the amount of the settlement was reasonable.9 42

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C.J.S. Indemnity § 28 (1994); see also, e.g., Gulf Grp.

Holdings, Inc. v. Coastal Asset Mgmt. Corp., 516 F. Supp. 2d

1253, 1262-63 (S.D. Fla. 2007); St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co.

v. Michelin Tire Corp., 298 N.E.2d 289, 292 (Ill. App. Ct.

1973); Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh v. Red Apple

Grp., Inc., 767 N.Y.S.2d 68, 69 (N.Y. App. Div. 2003).

The plaintiffs have come forward with sufficient evidence

on these elements to avoid summary judgment against them on the

issue of damages. Though the plaintiffs’ liability to the

Gissings under § 4852b has not been conclusively established,

given factual disputes as to when Kearney learned of the lead

hazards vis-a-vis the status of the parties’ purchase and sale

agreement, neither can the court rule that the plaintiffs were

not liable to the Gissings or had a good defense to their claim

as a matter of law. The plaintiffs have also come forward with

evidence, principally the affidavit of the Gissings’ property

manager, tending to show that they suffered more than $80,000 in

losses as a result of the plaintiffs’ nondisclosure and that the

settlement amount was therefore reasonable, particularly in

light of the damage multiplier contained in § 4852d(b)(3). To

be sure, the defendants have responded with evidence to the

contrary, but the ultimate resolution of this conflicting

evidence presents a question for the jury. See, e.g., Fashion

House, Inc. v. K mart Corp., 892 F.2d 1076, 1094-95 (1st Cir.

Case 1:07-cv-00149-JL Document 38 Filed 08/11/08 Page 20 of 22
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1989). Neither party is entitled to summary judgment on the

issue of damages.

B. The state-law claim against Elias “as a real estate agent”

(Count IV)

The plaintiffs allege state-law claims of negligent

misrepresentation against Elias in her individual capacity

(Count III) and in her capacity “as a real estate agent” (Count

IV) based on her statements “that there were no known lead-based

paint hazards or lead-based paint disclosures.” Count IV also

alleges that Elias “as real estate agent, made a

misrepresentation that said agent had informed the seller

(herself) of seller’s obligation under 42 U.S.C. § 4852(d) and

is aware of her responsibility to insure compliance.” 

The defendants move for summary judgment on the ground that

Elias cannot be liable as a seller and also as an agent for

failing to make a disclosure to herself as the seller. Whatever

the merits of this theory as a metaphysical matter, the

plaintiffs have not defended this count in response to the

defendants’ summary judgment motion, and have presented no

evidence that Elias acted as a real estate agent, as opposed to

the seller, in selling the property to the plaintiffs. The

defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Count IV.

Case 1:07-cv-00149-JL Document 38 Filed 08/11/08 Page 21 of 22
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IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the cross-motions for summary

judgment are granted in part and denied in part. The

plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is granted as to Elias’s

liability on Count I. The defendants’ motion for summary

judgment is granted as to Count IV. The motions are otherwise

denied.

SO ORDERED.

________________________

Joseph N. Laplante

United States District Judge

Dated: August 11, 2008

cc: Finis E. Williams, III, Esq.

James B. Kazan, Esq.

Case 1:07-cv-00149-JL Document 38 Filed 08/11/08 Page 22 of 22