NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 08a0388n.06

Filed: July 1, 2008

No. 07-1685

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

GARY DEWAYNE WILLIS,

Defendant-Appellant.

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On Appeal from the United States

District Court for the Western

District of Michigan

Before: BOGGS, Chief Judge; and RYAN and COLE, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM. On January 22, 2007, Willis pleaded guilty to being a felon in

possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and possession of crack cocaine with

intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). The probation officer who prepared

Willis’s Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) recommended a four-level enhancement pursuant

to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6) for possession of a firearm in connection with another felony, namely,

drug trafficking. This led to a total offense level of 23 and a guideline range for imprisonment of

92 to 115 months. The sentencing court overruled Willis’s objection to the enhancement and

sentenced Willis to 104 months of imprisonment. We affirm.
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United States v. Willis

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We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error. United States v. Richardson,

510 F.3d 622, 625 (6th Cir. 2007). We give “due deference to the district court’s application of the

guidelines to the facts.” 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e). However, whether the facts found by the district court

“warrant the application of a particular guideline provision” is a question of law, which we review

de novo. Richardson, 510 F.3d at 625.

U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6) provides:

If the defendant used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with

another felony offense; or possessed or transferred any firearm or ammunition with

knowledge, intent, or reason to believe that it would be used or possessed in

connection with another felony offense, increase by 4 levels.

Application Note 14, which discusses the meaning of “in connection with,” states that “in the case

of a drug trafficking offense in which a firearm is found in close proximity to drugs,

drug-manufacturing materials, or drug paraphernalia[,] . . . application of [the four-level

enhancement] is warranted because the presence of the firearm has the potential of facilitating

another felony offense . . .”

Furthermore, our circuit has adopted the “fortress theory,” in interpreting “in connection

with.” United States v. Ennenga, 263 F.3d 499, 503 (6th Cir. 2001). Under the fortress theory, if

it reasonably appears that the firearm is used to protect the drugs or otherwise facilitate a drug

transaction then a sufficient connection is established. United States v. Henry, 878 F.2d 937, 944

(6th Cir. 1989). In other words, “§ 2K2.1 applies ‘if the firearm had some emboldening role in

defendant’s felonious conduct.’” Ennenga, 263 F.3d at 503 (quoting United States v. Polanco, 93

F.3d 555, 567 (9th Cir. 1996)).
No. 07-1685

United States v. Willis

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Willis argues that he kept the gun for self-protection because the neighborhood was

dangerous and that he would have carried the gun even if he had not been selling drugs. Willis,

however, does not object to the judge’s factual findings that: (1) both the gun and the drugs were in

the passenger compartment of the car; (2) the gun was the type of firearm used by people who are

engaged in drug dealing; (3) the firearm was loaded; and, most importantly, (4) the gun potentially

could be used in the course of a drug transaction. Under both Application Note 14 and the fortress

theory, these facts were sufficient to establish that the gun was used “in connection with” Willis’s

drug trafficking activities. 

Willis also objects to the judge’s consideration of factors discussed in United States v. Moses,

289 F.3d 847, 850 (6th Cir. 2002), a case that examined “whether a firearm was related to a

particular drug offense” under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1). Willis argues that because § 2K2.1, unlike

§ 2D1.1(b)(1), does not have a burden shifting provision, the sentencing judge erred in relying on

the Moses factors. Most significantly, Willis argues that a court cannot consider “the lack of an

acceptable alternative reason for the presence of a firearm” if it has “not found that the firearm

facilitated or had the potential to facilitate another felony offense.” Appellant’s Br. 15. Willis’s

objections are unfounded. The judge clearly understood that the government bore the burden of

proof; indeed, he explicitly stated that: “[T]he burden is on the government to show that the gun was

used for a drug trafficking offense. . . . The government has the burden on that, but then you can look

at the same things you look at under 2D1.1 as far as what factors there are.” 

Our circuit has, in separate cases, found the first three Moses factors to be relevant to a §

2K2.1 inquiry. See, e.g., United States v. Burns, 498 F.3d 578, 580 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that the
No. 07-1685

United States v. Willis

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proximity of the firearm to the drugs is relevant); United States v. Huffman, 461 F.3d 777, 788 (6th

Cir. 2006) (holding that the type of firearm is relevant); United States v. Burke, 345 F.3d 416, 427

(6th Cir. 2003) (holding that whether the firearm was loaded is relevant). Thus, the court properly

relied on those same factors in concluding that the government had met its burden. Finally, it was

appropriate for the court to consider Willis’s alternative explanation for possessing the gun. Though

Willis did not need to provide an explanation, once he proffered one, the judge clearly could consider

and reject it. That is, while the government bears the burden of proof, the judge does not have to

take the defendant’s explanation at face value, especially when the explanation was as dubious as

the one Willis tendered.

Willis’s sentence was within the Guidelines. As such, it may be afforded a rebuttable

presumption of reasonableness, Rita v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2462 (2007), and this circuit

does so. United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 389 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc). Willis has not

demonstrated that the judge failed to consider any of the relevant § 3553(a) factors; nor has he

demonstrated that the judge relied on any impermissible factors. Finally, the judge clearly

considered Willis’s argument for a lower sentence and explained the basis for rejecting it. Thus,

Willis’s sentence is both substantively and procedurally reasonable, and we AFFIRM it.