## United States Court of App eals

F O R T H E E I G H T H

C I R C U I T

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No. 1 1- 22 15

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca, *

* App el le e, *

* App eal fro m

th e Uni te d S ta te s

v. * Dis tri ct Co ur t fo r th e

* Dis tri ct of No rth Dako ta

. Jo hn Fit zg eral d Wall et te

, *

* App el la nt

. *

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Su bm it te d: Feb ru ary 17 , 20 12
Fi le d: Ju ly 9, 20 12

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Befo re RI LEY, Chi ef J ud ge , W OLLMAN, and SMITH, Ci rcu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ _

SMI TH, Circ ui t J ud ge

.

A ju ry co nv ic te d Jo hn Fi tz ge ral d W al le tt e of on e co un t of ag gr av at ed se xu al

ab us e of a ch il d, in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. §§ 22 41 (c) an d 11 53

. W al le tt e m ov ed fo r

a m is tri al or , in th e al te rn at iv e, a ne w tri al be cau se on e of th e de fen se ex hi bi t s
di sa pp eare d afte r th e tri al 's con cl us io n. The d is tri ct co ur t de ni ed W al le tt e's m ot io n 1

an d se nt en ced hi m to 36 0 m on th s' im pr is on m en t, fo ll owe d by a li fet im e of su pe rv is ed

rel eas e. The co ur t al so ord ered th at , up on hi s rel eas e, W al le tt e ab st ai n fr om th e u se

of al co ho l a n d fro m po ss es si ng se xu al ly ex pl ic it m at eri al s. On ap pe al

, W al le tt e

The Hon or ab le Dan ie l L. Hov la nd

, Unite d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e Dis tri ct 1

of Nort h Dak ot a.ch al le ng es th es e sp eci al co nd it io ns , as well as th e di st ric t co ur t's de ni al of hi s m ot io n

fo r a n ew tr ia l. We affi rm

.

I. Bac kg ro un d

A gr an d jury in di ct ed W al le tt e fo r th e ag gr av at ed se xu al ab us e of hi s
ei gh t-year-o ld da ug ht er, B.W. Dur in g th e co ur se of a th ree- d a y ju ry tri al

, th e

go ve rn m en t of

fere d ev id en ce th at in Ju ly 20 08 B.W. rep or te d to he r m ot he r t h a t

W al le tt e h ad sex ua ll y

ab us ed he r wit h b at te rie s.

A. Tr ia l

B.W. te st ifi ed at tri al reg ard in g th e al le ge d ab us e. Her m ot he r al so te st ifi ed

. Acco rd in g to B.W. 's m ot he r, aft er B.W. m ov ed in wit h he r, B.W. al le ge d th at ot he rs

al so se x u a l l y a bu se d he r, in cl ud in g he r m ot he r's y ou ng er br ot he r, he r m ot he r's

hu sb an d

, a n d a fem al e fri en d of he r m ot he r. B.W. la te r ad m it te d th at no ne of th es e

th ree in di vi du al s ha d ab us ed he r. Her m ot he r te st ifi ed th at B

. W. f req ue nt ly li es

. Ta mm y N e s s, a so ci al wor ke r who tre at ed B.W. fro m 20 08 to 20 10

, al s o
ack no wled ge d th at B.W. is a "s to ry te ll er" bu t su gg es te d th at B.W. 's st or y te ll in g was

a to ol fo r co pi ng wit h th e se x u a l ab us e. Two ot he r in di vi du al s, R.L. an d M.P., 2

te st ifi ed th at W al le tt e ha d se xu al ly as sa ul te d th em whi le th ey were li vi ng at th e Lit tl e
Sh el l Yo ut h Ho m e whe re Wall et te work ed in Bel co ur t, No rth Dako ta

.

At 2: 18 p.m

. on W ed ne sd ay , Feb ru ary 2, 20 11

, Dr. St acy L. Sl au gh te r to ok th e

st an d in W al le tt e's cas e-i n- ch ie f. Dr. Sl au gh te r te st ifi ed th at sh e "m et wit h [B.W.] on

two oc cas io ns to do ps y ch ol og ic al te st in g." Dr. Sl au gh te r al so m et wit h B.W. 's "fo st er

m ot he r, he r le ga l cu st od ia n, he r PATH fo st er care wor ke r, an d Tam m y Nes s." Fro m

th es e m eet in gs , Sl au gh te r pr od uc ed an 11

- p a g e r ep or t th at th e co ur t m ark ed as

"Def en da nt 's Exh ib it 32 " an d ad m it te d in to ev ide nc e ove r the gov ern m en t's ob jecti on

.

Bo th si de s cal le d ex pe rts to te st ify reg ard in g B .W .'s m ed ic al ex am in at io n. 2

The ir t es ti m on ie s g en eral ly offs et each ot he r.

-2

-The fir st th re e p a g es of th e rep or t co ns is te d of a su m m ary of th e reas on s fo r th e

te st in g an d rel ev an t ba ck gr ou nd in fo rm at io n. On pa ge fo ur , D r

. S l a ug ht er li st ed

se ve ral of he r ob se rv at io ns fro m he r m eet in gs wit h B.W.

, su ch as he r in ab il it y to si t

st il l, us e of ba by ta lk

, in at te nt iv en es s, an d an xi et y

. The res t of th e rep or t su m m ari zed

th e res ul ts of ps y ch ol og ic al te st s th at Dr. Sl au gh te r co nd uc te d. Dr. Sl au gh te r

ex pl ai ne d th e res ul ts of th e te st s an d co nc lu de d on th e fin al two pa ge s of he r rep or t:

[ B

. W. ] i s a ch il d who se earl y y ears were m ark ed by a gr eat de al o f
ch ao s, in st ab il it y , ab an do nm en t by he r m ot he r, an d se xu al ab us e by he r fat he r. Not su rp ris in gl y , as a res ul t, [B.W.] ha s ha d di ffi cu lt ie s wit h

em ot ional an d be ha vio ra l reg ul at io n. Test res ul ts su gg es t th at [B.W.] ha s

so m e se rio us th in ki ng pr ob le m s. Sp eci fic al ly, [B.W.'s] t h i nk in g is

m os tl y fan ta sy rel at ed an d m ark ed by di st or ti on s of real it y

. Howev er, it
is al so po ss ib le th at [B.W.'s] di ffi cu lt ie s wit h ex pr es sing he rs el f ve rb al ly

m ay h av e al so co nt rib ut ed to he r [te st ] res po ns es be in g sc or ed to o

se ve rel y

. . . . Ove ral l, te st res ul ts

, hi st or ic al da ta

, be ha vi or al ob se rv at io n,

as well a s b eh av io ral ev id en ce do no t su pp or t a th ou gh t di so rd er di ag no si s

. . . a t th is ti m e. Co ns id eri ng th e le ve l of tra um a th at [B.W.]
ha s ex pe rie nc ed in he r earl y li fe, sh e is act ua ll y fu nc ti on in g qu it e well

. . . . [W ]ith co nt in ue d s up po rt a nd in te rv en ti on to red uc e h er em ot io na l

st res s, [B .W .'s] th in ki ng pro bl em s ar e li ke ly to i m pr ov e.

In a br ie f di rect ex am in at io n, Dr. Sl au gh te r st at ed th at th e fo cu s of he r

ev al ua ti on "was jus t to ge t a ha nd le on wha t may o r may no t ha ve be en pr ob le m s [B.W.] was su ffer in g fro m an d wha t m ig ht be he lp fu l to he r." It was no t to de te rm in e

w h e t h er B.W. ha d be en se xu al ly ab us ed

. W it h reg ard to B.W. 's st or y te ll in g , D r

. Sl au gh te r te st ifi ed :

Bas ed on th e te st res ul ts

, [m is rep res en ti ng th in gs an d ha vi ng fan ta sy-rela te d th ou gh ts ] are th in gs th at sh e m ay be at ris k fo r. Howev er, in [B.W.'s] cas e in pa rti cu la r, I can

. . . on ly sp eak to wha t— y ou kn ow, th e te st in g th at I di d on he r an d m y res ul ts

. And th e res ul ts fo r he r ha ve

m or e to do wit h he r fan ta sy an d th e way sh e th in ks ab ou t th in gs

. Tha t's

-3

-a co pi ng st y le

, an d ch il dr en in pa rti cu la r us e th at co pi ng st y le whe n th ey

do n't feel th ey ha ve —t h e y do n't ha ve acce ss to or th ey do n't ha ve th e ab il it y to co pe in way s th at we m ig ht li ke th em to ot he rwis e. And so he r th in ki ng be in g fan ta s y rel at ed is ki nd of pr im it iv e an d im m at ur e, an d
th at wou ld su gg es t ki nd of a li nk to so m e o f th e tra um at ic ex pe rie nc es th at sh e's ha d be cau se tra um a do es st un t pe op le 's gr owt h an d
de ve lo pm en t.

Q. Trau m a can be fro m nu m ero us so ur ces ?

A. Tr a u ma c a n be se xu al ab us e. Trau m a can be

, y ou kn ow, ne g l e c t a n d
wit ne ss in g do m es ti c vi ol en ce or be in g ph y si cal ly ab us ed

, th os e ki nd of th in gs

. Tha t's

tra um a k in d o f in ge ne ral

.

Q. Liv in g i n a dysfu nc ti on al fam il y ?

A. The re ca n b e eff

ect s o f th at to o.

On cro ss -ex am in at io n, Dr. Sl aught er sta te d th at B.W. 's st or y te ll in g was "ra nd om " an d

wou ld ha pp en , it se em ed li ke

, whe n sh e was st res se d. And m y r e p o r t do es in di cat e al so th at th is is a ch il d wh o h ad , at t he ti m e th at I di d th e
te st in g wit h he r, qu it e a bi t of em ot io na l st im ul at io n go in g on , whi ch

was wha t was co nt rib ut in g to th e fan ta sy an d to he r p r o b l em s wit h
th in ki ng , no t a m ajor m en ta l il ln es s , y ou kn ow, su ch as ps y ch os is or

an y th in g l ik e th at . She ha d a lo t o f em ot io na l s tu ff g oi ng on

.

The ne xt m or ni ng , th e juro rs rece iv ed th ei r fin al in st ru ct io ns , an d th e la wy ers

pr es en te d th ei r cl os in g arg um en ts

. Afte r th e jury left to de li be rat e, th e di st ric t cou rt

in st ru ct ed th e la wy ers to "l oo k ov er th e ev id en ce th at 's go in g to go in to th e jury." Off

th e reco rd

, t h e l a w yers rev ie wed th e ex hi bi ts wit h th e de pu ty cl erk of co ur t an d

co nf irmed t h e p r e se nc e of each ex hi bi t th at th e co ur t ha d rece iv ed

. The tri al

co nc lu de d on Feb ru ary 3, 20 11

. The jury fo un d W al le tt e gu il ty of ag gr av at ed se xu al

ab us e.

-4

-On Mo nd ay , F eb ru ary 7 , 2 01 1, th e de pu ty cl erk of co u r t in fo rm ed W al le tt e's

co un se l th at Defen da nt 's Exh ib it 32 was m is si ng

. The cl erk of co ur t al so st at ed th at

, aft er th e ve rd ic t, a la w cl erk ha d di sc ov ered an ot he r ex hi bi t am on g th e pe rs on al

be lo ng in gs of on e of th e juro rs

. The di st ric t co ur t ne ve r fo un d Defen da nt 's Exh ib it 32

.

B. Se nt en ci ng

Fo ll owi ng W al le tt e's co nv ic ti on , th e Uni te d St at es Pro ba ti on Offi ce pr ep ared

a p res en te nc e in ve st ig at io n re po rt ( PSR) . Acco rd in g t o t he PSR,

Mr. W al le tt e rep or te d h e f i r s t us ed al co ho l at th e ag e of 16

, an d hi s

cu rren t us e is in so ci al se tt in gs

. He rep or te d fir st us in g m ari juan a at th e
ag e of 11

, wit h hi s la st us e jus t pr io r to hi s a r r e s t

. [ Wa ll et te ] st at ed he

us ed m ari

juan a he av il y du rin g th e fiv e y ears pr io r to hi s arre st

, in di cat in g he co ns um ed ab ou t 2 ou nc es a week

. [Walle tt e] r e p or te d

us in g co cai ne , m et ha m

ph et am in e, an d crac k ex pe rimenta ll y aro un d th e
ag e of 27

. . . . Mr. W al le tt e rep or te d he ha s ne ve r b e e n i n v o lv ed in a

su bs ta nc e ab us e tr eat m en t p ro gr am

.

In a Co nf id en ti al Sen te nc in g Rec om m en da ti on to th e di st ric t co ur t, th e P r o b at io n
Offi ce reco m

m en de d a se nt en ce of 36 0 m on th s' im pr is on m en t, fo ll owe d by te n y ears '

su pe rv is ed rel eas e. The Pro ba ti on Offi ce reco m m en de d th at W al le tt e "t ot al ly ab st ai n

fro m th e us e of al co ho l," "s ub m it to dr ug /a lc oh ol sc reen in g at th e di rect io n of th e

U.S. Pro ba ti on Offi cer," an d "p art ic ip at e in a tre at m en t pr og ram fo r al co ho l an d dr ug

us e" whi le on su pe rv is ed rel eas e. The Pro ba ti on Offi ce al so reco m m en de d th at

W al le tt e "n ot po ss es s an y m at eri al s

. . . de pi ct in g an d/ or de sc rib in g 'se xu al ly ex pl ic it

co nd uc t' as de fin ed at 18 U.S.C. § 2 2 5 6 ( 2) an d 22 56 (8 )." The Pro ba ti on Offi ce

ex pl ai ne d:

Jo hn W al le tt e's se xu al ab us e of hi s da ug ht er, BW, ap pe ars to ha ve

cau se d a gr eat de a l of ha rm to BW

. . . . It al so ap pe ars , ba se d up on
te st im on y , th at [Walle tt e] ha s ha d a ne ga ti ve im pa ct on se ve ral ot he r

-5

-y ou th

, whi le he was em pl oyed at Lit tl e Sh el l You th Hom e. The im pa ct of hi s ab us e wil l n ev er t ru ly be k no wn.

Mr. W al le tt e h as an ex te ns iv e su bs ta nc e ab us e hi st or y

. He ha s

us ed m ari juan a on a da il y ba si s fo r fiv e y ears pr io r to hi s arre st

. He ha s few fri en ds

, an d lo st hi s gi rlf rie nd as a res ul t of hi s ch arg es in th e in st an t of fen se

. Mr. W al le tt e ha s ve ry few pr os oc ia l pe op le to su pp or t hi m

. Mr.
W al le tt e wil l req ui re a ps yc h o s e xu al ev al ua ti on an d su bs eq ue nt

tre at m en t t o d eal wit h h is be ha vi or th at led to th e in st an t o ffen se

. . . .

Su pe rv is io n co nd it io ns wil l ne ed to fo cu s on th e in st an t of fen se be ha vi or an d pr ov id e fo r hi s m en ta l he al th

. Co nd it io ns req ui rin g hi m to

pa rti ci pa te in an ev al ua ti on an d tre at m en t fo r se xu al of fen de rs wil l be
im po rta nt

, as well as co nd it io n s th at res tri ct hi s acce ss to y ou th an d

po rn og rap hy. It wou ld be reco m m en de d th at th e Co u r t i m po se

co nd it io ns th at al lo w th e de fen da nt to be se arch ed

, su bm it to su bs ta nc e ab us e te st in g, [b e] res tri ct ed fro m th e u s e of al co ho l, an d at te nd

su bs ta nc e ab us e tr eat m en t.

Pri or to se nt en ci ng , W al le tt e m ov ed fo r a m is tri al or , in th e al te rn at iv e, a ne w
tri al be cau se "s eri ou s qu es ti on s ex is t[e d] as to whe th er or no t th e jury was pr ov id ed

al l of th e ex hi bi ts ." The di st ric t co ur t d e n i e d th e m ot io n an d se nt en ced W al le tt e to

36 0 m on th s' im

pr is on m en t, fo ll owe d by a l i f e ti m e of su pe rv is ed rel eas e. The co ur t

or de red W al le tt e "t o ab st ai n fro m th e us e of al c o h o l a n d a ll st reet dr ug s," to be

"s ub ject to ran do m te st in g," an d to "p art ic ip at e in a tre at m en t pr og ram fo r al co ho l an d

dr ug ab us e." The co ur t al so or de red W al le tt e "n ot [to ] po ss es s an y m at eri al s th at are
de em ed to be or de sc rib ed to be se xu al ly ex pl ic it in na tu re," in cl ud in g "al l ad ul t an d

ch il d po rn og rap hy." W al le tt e di d no t ob ject t o t h es e co nd it io ns at th e ti m e of

se nt en ci ng

.

II. Dis cu ss io n

On ap pe al

, W al le tt e arg ue s th at th e di st ric t co ur t ab us ed it s di sc ret io n by

de nyin g hi s m ot io n fo r a ne w tri al

. W al le tt e al so arg ue s th at th e di st ric t co ur t pl ai nl y

-6

-erre d by pr oh ib it in g hi m fro m co ns um in g al co ho l an d or de rin g hi m no t to po ss es s an y

se xu al ly exp li ci t m at eri al s wh il e o n s up erv is ed rel eas e.

A. New Tri al

W al le tt e arg ue s th a t t h e di st ric t co ur t ab us ed it s di sc ret io n by de nyin g hi s

m ot io n f or a m is tri al ba se d on th e m is si ng Defen da nt 's Exh ib it 32

. W e rev ie w fo r
ab us e of di sc ret io n th e de ni al of a m ot io n fo r a m is tri al

. Uni te d St at es v. Gra y , 3 69

F.3 d 10 24

, 10 27 (8 th Ci r. 20 04 ). "[A] de fen da nt is

. . . no t en ti tl ed t o a n e w t r i al

un le ss th e ev id en ce weig hs he av il y en ou gh ag ai ns t th e ve rd ic t th at a m is carr ia ge of
jus ti ce m ay ha ve oc cu rred ." Uni te d St at es v. Esp in os a , 3 00 F. 3 d 9 8 1

, 9 83 (8 th Ci r.

20 02 ) (q uo ta ti on s an d ci ta ti on s om it te d)

. "We gi ve th e di st ric t co ur t br oa d di sc ret io n

to gr an t or de ny a m ot io n fo r m is tri al be cau se it is in a far be tt er po si ti on to weig h th e

effe ct of an y po ss ib le pr ejud ic e." Uni te d St at es v. Dia z- Pell eg au d

, 66 6 F.3 d 49 2, 50 3
(8 th Cir . 20 12 ) (q uo ta ti on s an d c it at io ns om it te d)

.

"Th at th e lo ss of a po rti on of th e reco rd m ad e in th e tri al co ur t m ay en ti tl e an

ap pe ll an t to a ne w tri al by or de r of th e ap pe ll at e co ur t, we do no t do ub t." Co ch ra n v.

Uni te d S ta te s , 34 F.2 d 44 1, 44 1 (8 th Ci r. 19 29 ) (p er cu ria m ). Bu t " [w]het he r a n ew

tri al wil l be gr an te d on th at gr ou nd us ua ll y de pe nd s up on a va rie ty o f fact s an d

ci rcu m st an ces ." Id

. In Uni te d St at es v. Co ll in s , t h e Sev en th Ci rcu it he ld th at th e
d i s t r i c t c o ur t di d no t ab us e it s di sc ret io n by de nyin g th e de fen da nt 's m ot io n fo r a

m is tri al whe n th e jury di d no t rece iv e du rin g it s de li be rat io n so m e ex hi bi ts th at were

us ed to ch al le ng e th e cred ib il it y of a go ve rn m en t wit ne ss

. 60 4 F.3 d 48 1, 48 9– 90 (7 th

Ci r. 20 10 ). The Sev en th Ci rcu it sa id th at al th ou gh "[i ]t i s p o s s i b l e

. . . to im ag in e

so m e ci rcu m st an ces in whi ch ev en th e in ad ve rte nt om is si on of cert ai n ev id en ce fro m

th e jury ro om co ul d pl au si bl y ha ve [th e] effe ct " of pr ejud ic in g th e de fen da nt

, th e
de fen da nt in th at cas e was no t pr ejud ic ed be cau se th e "t ria l was rel at iv el y sh or t," th e
de fen da nt 's "co un se l ha d di sc us se d th e ex hi bi ts du rin g cl os in g arg um en ts ," an d "t he

m is si ng ex hi bi ts [d id no t] co nt ai n[ ] in fo rm at io n th at th e jury co ul d no t read il y reca ll

wit ho ut th e ai d of th e ex hi bi ts t h e ms el ve s." Id

. at 48 9. "Ab se nt so m e sp eci al

-7

-ci rcu m st an ce, a fai lu re to m ak e an ex hi bi t avai la bl e to a jury du rin g de li be rat io ns is

no cau se fo r a m is tri al

, pa rti cu la rl y whe n th e tri al was sh or t an d th e in fo rm at io n is

su ch th at it sh ou ld be fres h in th e juro rs ' m in ds ." Id

. (q uo ta ti on an d ci ta ti on om it te d)

.

W al le tt e arg ue s t ha t t hi s case is read il y di st in gu is ha bl e fro m Co ll in s be cau se

Defen da nt 's Exh ib it 32 co nt ai ne d i n f o r mat io n th at ha d no t be en m en ti on ed in th e

co ur tro om

. W al le tt e co nt en ds th at "b ecau se th ere i s n o in di cat io n th at th e jury h ad

3

Exh ib it 32 an d m or e im po rta nt ly ha d th e op po rtu ni ty to rev ie w it du rin g it s
de li be rat io ns , a ne w tri al is req ui red ."

W e di sa gr ee wit h W al le tt e's as se rti on th at th ere is no i nd ic at io n th e jury ha d

t h e op po rtu ni ty to rev ie w Defen da nt 's Exh ib it 32

. In a swo rn affi da vi t, th e d e p u t y
cl erk of cou rt st at ed th at sh e rev ie wed al l of the ex hi bi ts wit h th e at to rn ey s and th at
"[t ]he c o mp le te se t of co nf irmed ex hi bi ts rece iv ed in to ev id en ce by th e co ur t were

th en ha nd ed ov er to [th e la w cl erk ] fo r tra ns fer in to th e jury de li be rat io n ro om ." The

la w cl erk st at ed in a swo rn affi da vi t th at sh e "re cei ve d th e tri al ex hi bi ts di rect ly fro m [th e cl erk of co ur t] an d im m ed ia te ly tra ns po rte d th em to th e jury de li be rat io n ro om ."

Acco rd in g to he r affi da vi t, th e la w cl erk ph y si cal ly ret ai ne d th e ex hi bi ts "t hr ou gh ou t

th e pr oc es s of tra ns ferr in g th em fro m th e cl erk of co ur t to th e jury de li be rat io n ro om "

an d pl aced th em "u po n th e ta bl e in th e jury de li b e r a t i o n r o om ." On th is reco rd

, we

co nc lu de it reas on ab le to pr es um e th at th e jury ha d th e op po rtu ni ty to rev ie w
Defen da nt 's Ex hi bi t 3 2.

Eve n if Defen da nt 's Exh ib it 32 was no t av ai la bl e to th e jury d u r in g it s
de li be rat io ns , W al le tt e ha s no t es ta bl is he d th at th e om is si on pr ejud i c e d h i m. Se e Esp in os a , 30 0 F.3 d at 98 3. W al le tt e arg ue s th at Dr. Sl au gh te r's rep or t "was a cru ci al

The di st ric t co ur t n o t e d

, "We cert ai nl y co ul d ha ve ha d Dr. Sl au gh te r be 3

qu es ti on ed at le ng th ab ou t each an d ev ery p arag rap h in th is rep or t, b ut I fel t t ha t i n th e in te res t of jud ic ia l eco no m y , th e rece ip t of th e ps y ch ol og ic al ev al ua ti on wou ld be

a m uc h m or e eff

ic ie nt way

to co nd uc t t hi s t ria l."

-8

-pa rt of [h is ] de fen se ," bu t he do es no t ex pl ai n w hy. The rep or t as se ss ed B.W. 's

ps y ch ol og ic al an d in te ll ect ua l ab il it ie s, bu t it di d no t de te rm in e whe t h e r B .W

. ha d

be en se xu al ly ab us ed . Wall et te st at ed i n h i s br ie f th at "Dr. Sl au gh te r's rep or t no te d

th at [B.W.] m ak es up fan ta sy st or ie s. Sl au gh te r de sc rib ed th es e as a co pi ng st y le fo r
ch il dr en who ha ve su ffer ed tra um a ex pe rie nc es , in cl ud in g se xu al ab us e, or li vi ng in

a dysfu nc ti on al fam il y , an d do no t ha ve th e ab il it y to co pe in way s th at we m ig ht li ke

th em to ot he rwis e." Dr. Sl au gh te r te st ifi ed ab ou t B.W. 's fan ta sy st or ie s on di rect an d

cro ss -ex am in at io n. Mo reo ve r, su ch ev id en ce is no t pa rti cu la rly fav or ab le to W al le tt e
b ecau se it su gg es ts th at B.W. 's fan ta sy st or ie s co ul d be a co pi ng m ech a n i s m f o r

se xu al ab us e.

Thu s, W al le tt e h as no t m et hi s bu rd en of pr ov in g th at th e lo ss of Defen da nt 's

Exh ib it 32 aft er tri al res ul te d in a m is carr ia ge of jus ti ce, an d th e di st ric t co ur t di d no t

ab us e it s d is cret io n b y

de nyin g h is ne w tri al m ot io n.

B. Sp eci al

Co nd it io ns

W al le tt e ch al le ng es two sp eci al c on di ti on s of su pe rv is ed rel eas e th at th e
di st ric t co ur t im

po se d: (1 ) a li fet i m e pr oh ib it io n fro m co ns um in g al co ho l, co up le d

wit h m an da to ry pa rti ci pa ti on in a tre at m en t pr og ram fo r al co ho l an d dr ug ab us e an d

ran do m dr ug an d al co ho l te st in g; an d (2 ) a li fet im e pr oh i b i t i o n f ro m po ss es si ng

m at eri al s de pi ct in g or de sc rib in g se xu al ly ex pl ic it co nd uc t. Bec au se W al le tt e di d no t

ch al le ng e th es e co nd it io ns at se nt en ci ng , we rev ie w th em fo r pl ai n erro r. Se e Uni te d

St at es v. Ris ti ne , 33 5 F.3 d 69 2, 69 4 (8 th Ci r. 20 03 ). "Pl ai n erro r oc cu rs if th e di st ric t

co ur t de vi at es fro m a le ga l ru le

, th e erro r is cl ear un de r c u r r e n t la w, an d th e erro r

affe ct s t he de fen da nt 's s ub st an ti al rig ht s." Id . (qu ot at io n a nd cit at io n o m it te d)

.

"A di st ric t co ur t ha s br oa d di sc ret io n to or de r sp eci al co nd it io ns of su pe rv is ed

rel eas e" as lo ng as th e co nd it io ns are "re as on ab ly rel at ed to th e se nt en ci ng fact or s se t

fo rth in 18 U.S.C. § 35 53 (a); 2) in vo lv e[] no gr ea t e r de pr iv at io n of li be rty th an is

reas on ab ly neces sa ry

for th e pu rp os es se t fort h in § 35 53 (a); an d 3) [are] con si st en t

-9

-wit h an y pe rti ne nt po li cy st at em en ts is su ed by th e Sen te nc in g Co m m is si on ." Uni te d

St at es v. Ben de r , 56 6 F.3 d 74 8, 75 1 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ) (q uo ta ti on s an d ci ta ti on s om it te d)

. In craf ti ng sp eci al co nd it io ns , th e di st ric t co ur t m us t be care fu l to co nd uc t an in qu iry

"o n a n i nd iv id ua li zed ba si s," lo ok in g at th e sp eci fic fact s o f th e cas e. Uni te d S ta te s

v. Dav is

, 45 2 F.3 d 99 1, 99 5 (8 th Ci r. 20 06 ). Co ur ts m ay no t im po se sp e c ia l

co nd it io ns cat eg or ic al ly on al l in di vi du al s co nv ic te d of cert ai n of fen se s. Ben de r , 55 6

F.3 d at 75 2 (v acat in g th e di st ric t co ur t's ba n on po ss es si on of se xu al ly st im ul at in g

m at eri al s un de r an ab use -o f-dis cret io n st an da rd be cau se th e di st ric t co ur t im po se d th e

co nd it io n b ecau se th e d efen da nt was a sex off en de r).

1. Pro hi bi ti on fr om Co ns umi ng Alco ho l

W al le tt e co nt en ds th at th e di st ric t co ur t pl ai nl y erre d by pr oh ib it in g hi m fro m

co ns um in g al co ho l, req ui rin g hi m to su bm it to ran do m dr ug an d al co ho l te st in g, an d

req ui rin g hi m to pa rti ci pa te in an al co ho l an d dr ug ab us e tre at m en t pr og ram

. Alt ho ug h W al le tt e co nc ed es th at "[t ]his Co ur t in ge ne ral ha s up he ld no al co ho l ba ns

fo r de fen da nt s with pr ov en su bs ta nc e-ab us e pr ob le m s," he co nt en ds th at "[n ]oth in g

in th e reco rd

. . . s u g g es ts [Walle tt e] ha s an al co ho l or ot he r su bs ta nc e ab us e

pr ob le m ." W e di sagree. The Pro ba ti on Offi ce rep or te d th at W al le tt e "h as an ex te ns iv e

su bs ta nc e ab us e hi st or y " an d, pr io r to hi s arre st

, "u se d m ari juan a on a da il y ba si s fo r
fiv e y ears ," co ns um in g ap pr ox im at el y two ou nc es pe r week

. He ha s us ed co cai ne ,

m et ha m ph et am in e, an d crac k "ex pe r i men ta ll y " an d ha s ne ve r be en in a su bs ta nc e
ab us e tre at m en t pr og ram

. In li gh t of W al le tt e's su bs ta nc e-ab us e pr ob le m s, th e di st ric t

co ur t ad op te d th e Pro ba ti on Offi ce's reco m m en da ti on "t ha t th e [c]ou rt im po se

co nd it io ns th at al lo w th e de fen da nt to be se arch ed

, su bm it t o ab us e te st in g, [b e]

res tri ct ed fro m

th e u se of a lc oh ol , and att en d s ub st an ce ab us e tr eat m en t."

Alt ho ug h "a se nt en ci ng co ur t ab us es it s di sc ret io n by im po si ng a to ta l al co ho l

ba n in ci rcu m st an ces whe re th e reco rd ev id en ce do es no t su pp or t su ch a res tri ct io n,"

Uni te d St at es v. Beh le r , 18 7 F.3 d 77 2, 77 9 (8 th Ci r. 19 99 ), we ha ve ge ne ral ly up he ld

al co ho l ba ns whe re th e reco rd co nt ai ns ev id en ce to su gg es t th at th e de fen da nt ha s an

-1 0-al co ho l ab us e pr ob le m or a su bs ta nc e ab us e pr o b l e m t ha t m ig ht be ex acer ba te d by

al co ho l us e. Se e Uni te d St at es v. Mos le y , 67 2 F.3 d 58 6, 58 9– 91 (8 th Ci r. 20 12 )
(fi nd in g th at de fen da nt 's hi st or y o f s ub st an ce ab us e an d m en ta l he al th is su es

su pp or te d a to ta l ba n on al co ho l). Co nt ra. Uni te d St at es v. W al te rs , 6 43 F.3 d 10 77

, 10 80 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) (fi nd in g no ev id en ce th at th e de fen da nt was "d ru g de pe nd en t" );

Uni te d S ta te s v. Ba ss , 12 1 F .3d 12 18 , 12 24 (8t h C ir. 1 99 7) (sa m e).

In th is cas e, th e reco rd sh ows th at W al le tt e "h as an ex te ns iv e su bs ta nc e ab us e

hi st or y ," th at he "u se d m ari juan a he av il y du rin g th e fiv e y ears pr io r to hi s arre st ," an d

th at he ha s ex pe rimente d wit h ot he r dr ug s. W al le tt e "h as few fri en ds " an d "v ery few

pr os oc ia l pe op le t o su pp or t hi m ." The Pro ba ti on Offi ce reco m m en de d su pe rv is ed

co nd it io ns th at "fo cu s on th e in st an t of fen se be ha vi or an d pr ov id e fo r [Walle tt e's ]

m e n t a l he al th ." One su ch reco m m en de d co nd it io n was a "re st ric t[i on ] fro m th e us e

of al co ho l." In li gh t of th is ev id en ce, th e di st ri c t co ur t di d no t pl ai nl y err by

pr oh ib it in g W al le tt e fro m co ns um in g al co ho l an d req ui rin g hi m to su bm it to ran do m
dr ug an d al co ho l te st in g. Als o, gi ve n W al le tt e's subs ta nc e- ab use pr obl em s, th e di st ric t

co ur t di d no t pl ai nl y err by req ui rin g hi m to pa rti ci pa te in an al co ho l an d dr ug ab us e

tre at m en t p ro gr am

.

2. Pro hi bi ti on fr om Po ss es si ng Se xu al ly Expl ic it

Mat er ia ls

W al le tt e al so co nt en ds th at th e di st ric t co ur t pl a i n l y erre d by req ui rin g as a

sp eci al co nd it io n of hi s rel e a s e th at he ab st ai n fro m po ss es si ng m at eri al s de pi ct in g

or de sc rib in g se xu al ly ex pl ic it c o nd uc t. W al le tt e arg ue s th at th is co nd it io n was no t

ba se d up on an in di vi du al iz ed de te rm in at io n bu t rat he r on hi s st at us as a se x of fen de r.

"When craf

ti ng a sp eci al co nd it io n of su pe rv is ed rel eas e, th e di st ric t co ur t m ust

m ak e an in di vi du al iz ed in qu iry in to th e fact s an d ci rcu m st an ces un de rlyin g a cas e an d

m ak e su ffi ci en t f

i n d i n g s on th e reco rd so as to en su re th at th e sp eci al co nd it io n

sa ti sf ie s t he st at ut or y

req ui rem en ts ." Uni te d St at es v. W ie do wer , 63 4 F .3d 49 0, 4 93
(8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) (q uo ta ti on an d ci ta ti on om it te d)

. Pl ai n erro r res ul ts if th e di st ric t co ur t

-1 1-fai ls to m ak e th e ne ces sa ry in di vi du al iz ed fin di ng s fo r im po si ng a sp eci al co nd it io n.

Uni te d St at es v. Poi tr a , 64 8 F.3 d 88 4, 88 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ). The di st ric t co ur t erre d by

fai li ng to m ak e an y in di vi du al iz ed de te rm in at io ns in th i s c a s e

. Se e Uni te d St at es v.
Kel ly

, 62 5 F.3 d 51 6, 52 0 (8 th Ci r. 20 10 ) (v acat in g a sp eci al co nd it io n pr oh ib it in g th e
de fen da nt fro m po ss es si ng po rn og rap hy be cau s e t he di st ric t co ur t ab us ed it s
di sc ret i o n b y fai li ng to m ak e an in di vi du al iz ed de te rm in at io n th at su ch a co nd it io n

was warra nt ed ). Non et he le ss , W al le tt e is no t en ti tl ed to rel ie f un de r p l a i n erro r

rev ie w.

Fi rs t, W al le tt e do es no t sh ow ho w th e di st ric t co ur t's erro r affe ct ed hi s

su bs ta nt ia l rig ht s. Se e Ola no , 50 7 U.S. at 73 4 (n ot in g th at t h e e rro r "m us t ha ve

affe ct ed th e ou tc om e of th e di st ric t co ur t pr oc eed in gs "). The re is su bs ta nt ia l ev id en ce

in th e reco rd fro m

whi ch th e d is tri ct co ur t co ul d d et erm in e th at th e b an on sex ua ll y

ex pl ic it m at eri al s was ap pr op ria te

. W al le tt e was co nvi ct ed of ag gr av at ed se xu al ab us e

of a m in or , an d ev id en ce s h o w ed th at he ab us ed ot he r ch il dr en in th e pa st

. Giv en

W al le tt e's h i s t o r y of se xu al ab us e an d hi s ne ed fo r se x of fen de r tre at m en t, th ere is

li tt le li ke li ho od th at th e di st ric t co ur t, up on fu rth er co ns id erat io n, wou ld rem ov e th e

co nd i t i o n p ro hi bi ti ng hi m fro m po ss es si ng se xu al ly ex pl ic it m at eri al s. Se e Uni te d

St at es v. And er

so n , 66 4 F.3 d 75 8, 76 8 (8 th Ci r. 20 12 ) (fi nd in g "s ub st an ti al ev id en ce

in th e reco rd fro m whi c h t h e d i s t r i ct co ur t co ul d ha ve de te rm in ed th at th e ba n on

po rn og rap hy was ap pr op ria te " an d up ho ld in g th e ba n on pl ai n erro r rev ie w); Uni te d

St at es v. Demer

s , 63 4 F.3 d 98 2, 98 5 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) (fi n d i ng th at

, ev en if a di st ric t

co ur t pl ai nl y erre d by pr oh ib it in g th e de fen da nt f r o m p o s se ss in g po rn og rap hy, th e

erro r di d no t affe ct th e de fen da nt 's su bs ta nt ia l rig ht s si nc e hi s of fen se an d hi st or y

m ad e it "u nl ik el y th at he co ul d carr y hi s bu rd en of sh owi ng th at th e co nd it io n wou ld

no t h av e b een im

po se d i n a ny even t" ).

Seco nd

, "[e ]ven as su m in g [Walle tt e] co ul d sh ow th e erro r affe c t e d hi s

su bs ta nt ia l rig ht s, we r e t a i n th e di sc re ti on to rem ed y th e erro r—d is cret io n whi ch

ou gh t to be ex erci se d on ly if th e erro r se rio us ly affe ct s th e fai rn es s, in te gr it y or pu bl ic

-1 2-rep ut at io n of jud ic ia l pr oc eed in gs ." Poi tr a , 64 8 F.3 d at 88 9 (q uo ta ti on s an d ci ta ti on s

om it te d)

. "Th is fin al pr on g of pl ai n- erro r rev ie w is fo rm id ab le an d req ui res a sh owi ng

of m or e th an si m

pl e pr ejud ic e." I

d

. Wa l l e t te be ars th e bu rd en of pe rs ua di ng us to

ex erci se ou r di sc ret io n i n t hi s ca se , and he ha s no t do ne so

. Id . W al le tt e's hi st or y of

se xu al of fen se s su pp or ts th e im

po si ti on of th e sp eci al co nd it io n, an d pr oh ib it in g hi m

fro m po ss es si ng se xu al ly ex pl ic it m at eri al s is reas on ab ly rel at ed to th e na tu re of hi s

pr io r of fen s e s a g a i ns t m in or s an d to th e go al of pr ot ect in g th e pu bl ic fro m fu rth er
cri m es

. 18 U.S.C. § 35 53 (a)( 1) ; Poi tr a , 64 8 F.3 d at 89 1 ("[ P]reve nt in g a
de fen da nt —wh o ha s a de m on st rat ed se xu al in te res t in ch il dr en —fr om po ss es si ng al l

se xu al ly ex pl i c i t m at eri al is reas on ab ly rel at ed to pr ev en ti ng th e de fen da nt fro m

co m m it ti ng sex ua l o ffen se s i n t he fut ur e."); And er so n , 66 4 F.3 d at 76 9 (n ot in g th at

th e de fen da nt di d no t pe rs ua de th e co ur t to ex erci se it s di sc ret io n to rem ed y th e erro r,

ev en if h e co ul d s ho w th e err or affe ct ed hi s s ub st an ti al rig ht s)

.

III. Co nc lu si on

Acco rd in gl y , we affi rm

th e jud gm en t o f th e d is tri ct co ur t.

W OLLMAN, Circ ui t J ud ge , con cu rri ng

.

Alt ho ug h I co nc ur in th e c o u r t ’s op in io n, I writ e se pa rat el y to vo ic e m y

ag reem en t wit h Ju dg e Lok en an d Ju dg e Bo wm an th at th e ti m e ha s co m e fo r us to tre at

as waiv ed

, an d th us no t su bjec t to pl ai n erro r rev ie w, ob jecti on s to sp eci al co nd it io ns

of su pe rv is ed rel eas e th at are no t ti m el y rai se d in th e d i s t r i c t c o ur t. See Uni te d

St at es v. Deat he rag e, No. 1 1- 24 30 , sl ip op . at 1 1, n .4 (8 th Cir . Ju ne 26 , 20 12 ).

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

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