*

Honorable Stanley Marcus was a U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Florida

sitting by designation as a member of this panel when this appeal was argued and taken under

submission. On November 24, 1997, he took the oath of office as a United States Circuit

Judge of the Eleventh Circuit.

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 97-4364

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 96-2461-CV-DLG

KENNETH HARPER, 

DANIEL GOMEZ,

ABRAHAM DEL CARMEN,

BRIAN RUSSELL,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

versus

BLOCKBUSTER ENTERTAINMENT

CORPORATION, a Delaware 

corporation merged into

Viacom, Inc.,

Defendant-Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(April 29, 1998)

Before COX and CARNES, Circuit Judges, and MARCUS*

, District Judge.
2

CARNES, Circuit Judge:

The plaintiffs in this case are four males formerly employed by Blockbuster

Entertainment Corp. ("Blockbuster"). They brought this suit against Blockbuster under Title

VII and the Florida Civil Rights Act alleging that Blockbuster's grooming policy

discriminated against them on the basis of their sex and that they were wrongfully terminated

in retaliation for protesting that policy. After the district court granted Blockbuster's motion

to dismiss the plaintiffs' complaint, the plaintiffs appealed. For the reasons discussed below,

we affirm the district court’s order dismissing plaintiffs’ complaint. 

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

For purposes of this appeal, we accept the allegations in plaintiffs’ complaint as true.

See Harper v. Thomas, 988 F.2d 101, 103 (11th Cir. 1993). 

In May of 1994, Blockbuster implemented a new grooming policy that prohibited

men, but not women, from wearing long hair. The plaintiffs, all men with long hair, refused

to comply with the policy. They protested the policy as discriminatory and communicated

their protest to supervisory officials of Blockbuster. Two of the plaintiffs were the subject

of media stories concerning their protest of the policy. All of the plaintiffs were

subsequently terminated by Blockbuster because they had refused to cut their hair and

because they had protested the grooming policy. 

The plaintiffs timely filed a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission ("EEOC"). After the EEOC issued right to sue letters, the plaintiffs filed a fourcount complaint alleging: (1) sex discrimination under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq.
3

("Title VII"); (2) sex discrimination under the Florida Civil Rights Act of 1992, Fla. Stat. §§

760.01 et seq. ("Florida Civil Rights Act"); (3) unlawful retaliation under Title VII; and (4)

unlawful retaliation under the Florida Civil Rights Act. 

Blockbuster moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to F.R.C.P. 12(b)(6). The

district court granted the motion, and this appeal followed.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review de novo a dismissal for failure to state a claim. "The standard of review

for a motion to dismiss is the same for the appellate court as it was for the trial court."

Stephens v. H.H.S., 901 F.2d 1571, 1573 (11th. Cir. 1990). A motion to dismiss is only

granted when the movant demonstrates "beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of

facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S.

41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 102 (1957).

III. DISCUSSION

A. COUNT I: THE TITLE VII SEX DISCRIMINATION CLAIM

The plaintiffs allege that Blockbuster's grooming policy discriminates on the basis of

sex in violation of Title VII. In Willingham v. Macon Telegraph Pub. Co., 507 F.2d 1084,

1092 (5th Cir. 1975) (en banc), our predecessor Court held that differing hair length

standards for men and women do not violate Title VII, a holding which squarely forecloses

the plaintiffs' discrimination claim. See Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209-

1210 (11th Cir.1981). Accordingly, the district court correctly dismissed Count I. 
 2

Plaintiffs cite Andujar v. National Property & Casualty Underwriters, 659 So. 2d 1214

(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1995), to suggest that the Florida Civil Rights Act may have different

substantive standards than Title VII. Noting that Title VII and the Florida Civil Rights Act

are product of different sovereigns, the Andujar Court held that a judgment under Title VII

does not preclude, under the doctrine of res judicata, a later judgment under the Florida Civil

Rights Act. See id. at 1216-17. However, the court did not hold that the two statutes have

different substantive standards for imposing liability.

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B. COUNT II: THE FLORIDA CIVIL RIGHTS ACT SEX DISCRIMINATION

CLAIM

The plaintiffs also allege that Blockbuster's grooming policy discriminates on the basis

of sex in violation of the Florida Civil Rights Act. 

 The Florida courts have held that decisions construing Title VII are applicable when

considering claims under the Florida Civil Rights Act, because the Florida act was patterned

after Title VII. See Ranger Ins. Co. v. Bal Harbour Club, Inc., 549 So. 2d 1005, 1009 (Fla.

1989); Florida State Univ. v. Sondel, 685 So. 2d 923, 925 n. 1 (Fla. Dist Ct. App. 1996);

Gray v. Russell Corp., 681 So. 2d 310, 312 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1996); see also Paris v. City

of Coral Gables, 951 F. Supp. 1584, 1585 (S.D. Fla. 1995); Kelly v. K.D. Construction of

Fla., Inc., 866 F. Supp. 1406, 1411 (S.D. Fla. 1994). No Florida court has interpreted the

Florida statute to impose substantive liability where Title VII does not.2

 Therefore, for the

same reasons the complaint fails to state a sex discrimination claim under Title VII, it fails

to state a sex discrimination claim under the Florida Civil Rights Act. The district court

correctly dismissed Count II.

C. COUNT III: THE TITLE VII RETALIATION CLAIM

The plaintiffs allege that they were discharged by Blockbuster in retaliation for
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protesting Blockbuster’s grooming policy. To establish a prima facie case of retaliation

under Title VII, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) that he engaged in statutorily protected

activity; (2) that he suffered adverse employment action; and (3) that the adverse

employment action was causally related to the protected activity. See, e.g., Coutu v. Martin

County Bd. of County Comm’rs, 47 F.3d 1068, 1074 (11th Cir. 1995). A plaintiff engages

in “statutorily protected activity” when he or she protests an employer’s conduct which is

actually lawful, so long as he or she demonstrates “a good faith, reasonable belief that the

employer was engaged in unlawful employment practices.” Little v. United Technologies,

Carrier Transicold Divison, 103 F.3d 956, 960 (11th Cir. 1997). However, it is insufficient

for a plaintiff “to allege his belief in this regard was honest and bona fide; the allegations and

record must also indicate that the belief, though perhaps mistaken, was objectively

reasonable.” Id.

The reasonableness of the plaintiffs’ belief in this case is belied by the unanimity with

which the courts have declared grooming policies like Blockbuster’s non-discriminatory.

Every circuit to have considered the issue has reached the same conclusion reached by this

Court in the Willingham decision. See Longo v. Carlisle DeCoppet & Co., 537 F.2d 685,

685 (2d Cir. 1976); Earwood v. Continental Southeastern Lines, Inc., 539 F.2d 1349, 1351

(4th Cir. 1976); Barker v. Taft Broadcasting Co., 549 F.2d 400, 401 (6th Cir. 1977); Knott v.

Missouri Pac. R.R. Co., 527 F.2d 1249, 1252 (8th Cir. 1975); Baker v. California Land Title

Co., 507 F.2d 895, 898 (9th Cir. 1974); Dodge v. Giant Food, Inc., 488 F.2d 1333, 1336 (D.C.
 3

The plaintiffs also argue that when judging the reasonableness of their belief, we should

not charge them with substantive knowledge of the law as set forth in Willingham and the

cases cited above. We reject the plaintiffs’ argument because it would eviscerate the

objective component of our reasonableness inquiry. See Little, 103 F.3d at 960. If the

plaintiffs are free to disclaim knowledge of the substantive law, the reasonableness inquiry

becomes no more than speculation regarding their subjective knowledge. 

6

Cir. 1973).3 The EEOC initially took a contrary position, but in the face of the unanimous

position of the courts of appeal that have addressed the issue, it finally “concluded that

successful litigation of male hair length cases would be virtually impossible.” EEOC

Compliance Manual, § 619.1 (Bureau of Nat’l Affairs, Inc. 1996). Accordingly, the EEOC

ran up a white flag on the issue, advising its field offices to administratively close all sex

discrimination charges dealing with male hair length. See id.

Nonetheless, the plaintiffs contend that three decisions of the United States Supreme

Court, decided after Willingham, made it reasonable to believe that Blockbuster’s grooming

policy violates the mandate of Title VII. However, as we will discuss below, none of the

cases cited by the plaintiffs call into question the continuing validity of Willingham;

therefore, the plaintiffs’ belief that Blockbuster’s grooming policy violated Title VII’s

prohibition against sex discrimination was not reasonable.

The plaintiffs first point us to UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 499 U.S. 187, 111 S.

Ct. 1196 (1991). In Johnson Controls, the Court held that a company’s policy of prohibiting

women capable of bearing children from working in battery manufacturing jobs was facially
 4

The Court went on to hold that the company’s policy did not constitute a bona fide

occupational qualification (“BFOQ”). See Johnson Controls, 499 U.S. at 204, 111 S. Ct. at

1206. However, that portion of the court’s decision is not relevant here, because we are not

faced with the question of whether Blockbuster’s grooming policy constituted a BFOQ. 

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discriminatory.4 Id. at 198, 111 S. Ct at 1203. That holding, however, is entirely consistent

with the Willingham Court’s holding, and thus, fails to advance plaintiffs’ argument. See

Willingham, 507 F. 2d at 1091-92 (holding that distinctions between men and women on the

basis of fundamental rights such as the right to bear children constitute discrimination on the

basis of sex under Title VII).

The plaintiffs also rely on Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. v. EEOC,

462 U.S. 669, 103 S. Ct. 2622 (1983), and City of Los Angeles, Dep’t of Water and Power

v. Manhart, 435 U.S. 702, 98 S. Ct. 1370 (1978), to support their position. In Manhart, the

Court held that a policy requiring female employees to make larger contributions to an

employee pension fund than their male counterparts was discriminatory. See Manhart, 435

U.S. at 711, 98 S. Ct. at 1377. The Court stated: “Such a practice does not pass the simple

test of whether the evidence shows treatment of a person in a manner which but for that

person’s sex would be different.” Id. (internal quotation omitted). In Newport News, the

Court applied the test from Manhart to an employer’s policy of providing lesser health

benefits to the spouses of male employees than to the spouses of female employees, and

concluded that the policy was discriminatory. See Newport News, 462 U.S. at 683, 103 S.

Ct. at 2631. The plaintiffs argue that the application of the “but-for” test in Manhart and

Newport News, undermines the Willingham Court’s analysis and conclusions. We disagree
8

for two reasons.

First, the policies at issue in Newport News and Manhart related to employee health

and pension benefits. The existence and extent of such benefits bear directly on employment

opportunity. Because health and pension benefits frequently represent a crucial component

of an employee’s compensation, the practical effect of denying or reducing such benefits on

the basis of sex is to deny the employee an “employment opportunity” on the basis of sex.

In contrast, the grooming policy at issue in Willingham “related more closely to the

employer’s choice of how to run his business than to equality of employment opportunity.”

507 F.2d at 1091. Reasoning that Title VII was intended to “guarantee equal job opportunity

for males and females,” we concluded in Willingham that the grooming policy did not

constitute sex discrimination. Id. Therefore, the Supreme Court’s holdings in both Newport

News and Manhart are consistent with the reasoning and conclusions of the Willingham

Court. See Tavora v. New York Mercantile Exchange, 101 F.3d 907, 908 (2d Cir. 1996).

Second, the discrimination at issue in Newport News and Manhart was discrimination

based on sex alone. The Newport News and Manhart plaintiffs could not avoid the effects

of the discriminatory policies; they received lesser benefits simply because of their sex.

Because the discriminatory policies in those cases were aimed at a single immutable

characteristic -- the plaintiffs’ sex -- a simple “but for” test effectively identified forbidden

discrimination. In contrast, the alleged discrimination at issue in Willingham was between

members of the same sex based on the neutral characteristic of hair length. The Willingham

plaintiff was denied employment because he chose not to cut his hair; however, males in
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general were not prohibited from working for the defendant. Consequently, applying the

“but-for” test from Newport News and Manhart to a Willingham-type situation does not

effectively identify forbidden discrimination, i.e., discrimination that deprives members of

a given sex of equal employment opportunity. The “but-for” test is appropriate only where

alleged discrimination is based on sex alone. Therefore, the Supreme Court’s use of that test

in Newport News and Manhart does not affect the analysis or conclusions of the Willingham

Court.

The plaintiffs chose to protest Blockbuster’s grooming policy despite the existence

of long-standing binding precedent holding that such a policy was not discriminatory. No

decision cited by the plaintiffs has supplanted the reasoning or called into question the

conclusions set forth in that binding precedent. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs could

not have had an objectively reasonable belief that Blockbuster’s grooming policy

discriminated against them on the basis of their sex. Accordingly, the district court correctly

dismissed the plaintiffs’ Title VII retaliation claim.

D. COUNT IV: THE FLORIDA CIVIL RIGHTS ACT RETALIATION CLAIM

The plaintiffs allege that Blockbuster violated the Florida Civil Rights Act by

retaliating against them for protesting its grooming policy. As discussed above, decisions

construing Title VII guide the analysis of claims under the Florida Civil Rights Act.

Accordingly, because the plaintiffs cannot maintain a retaliation claim under Title VII, we

conclude that the district court correctly dismissed the plaintiffs’ Florida Civil Rights Act

retaliation claim.
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IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court’s order dismissing the

plaintiffs’ complaint.