1

 She was acquitted of the third charge brought against her for

instigating or assisting a convict’s escape in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 752.

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

___________________

No. 95-50175

___________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

NOREEN VENISE ALEXIUS,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Western District of Texas

________________________________________________

(February 15, 1996)

Before GARWOOD, SMITH and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.

GARWOOD, Circuit Judge:

Defendant-appellant Noreen Venise Alexius (Alexius) appeals

her conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1623 for making a false statement

under oath.

Facts and Proceedings Below

Alexius was previously convicted of harboring an escapee and

using a false social security number.1 This Court affirmed the

convictions obtained in that jury trial (the first trial) on direct

appeal. Subsequently, Alexius was indicted for making false

statements under oath in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1623 (perjury)
2

 Alexius and James were married in December 1993.

3

 Alexius argues that the district court’s failure to submit the

issue of materiality to the jury was plain error and mandates

reversal under United States v. Gaudin, 115 S.Ct. 2310 (1995).

2

while testifying in the first trial. After another jury trial (the

perjury trial), Alexius was found guilty of perjury and sentenced

to 18 months of imprisonment. Alexius appeals her perjury

conviction.

From August 1989 to April 1993, Alexius was employed as a

correctional officer at the Federal Prison Camp in El Paso, Texas.

During this time, she befriended inmate Patrick Whiting (Whiting).

Using a false name, Alexius rented an apartment in El Paso (the

Dyer Street apartment) in late March while maintaining her separate

residence. Whiting escaped from the prison camp on March 28, 1993.

Alexius resigned from her job at the prison camp near the end of

April 1993. She subsequently traveled to Chicago. Alexius and

Whiting were arrested together on July 1, 1993, in Chicago.

Alexius and her husband, Kellie James (James),2 testified in

her defense at the first trial. After her conviction, she was

indicted for perjury committed in the first trial. At the perjury

trial, the district court refused to allow Alexius to cross-examine

a prosecution witness regarding his pending felony charges. 

Alexius appeals her perjury conviction on two grounds.

Because we reverse on her complaint respecting cross-examination,

we do not reach her Gaudin3 complaint.

Discussion
4

 Massey, a defense witness, denied Bailey’s assertions. She

testified that she never asked Bailey to purchase a bus ticket and

that she never took Bailey to the Dyer Street apartment. Massey

further testified that she had never seen Whiting at the Dyer

Street apartment.

3

Alexius argues that the district court erred by improperly

limiting her Sixth Amendment right to cross-examine a prosecution

witness. A trial court is given “‘wide latitude’ in imposing

reasonable restraints upon defendant[s’] right to crossexamination.” United States v. Townsend, 31 F.3d 262, 268 (5th

Cir. 1994), cert. denied 115 S.Ct. 773 (1995) (citation omitted).

We review a district court’s restriction of the scope of crossexamination only for abuse of discretion. Id. at 267-68. And

evidentiary rulings constitute reversible error only when they

affect a defendant’s substantial rights. See United States v.

Hamilton, 48 F.3d 149, 154 (5th Cir. 1995) (citing Fed. R. Crim. P.

52 and United States v. Livingston, 816 F.2d 184, 190-91 (5th Cir.

1987)).

Prosecution witness Sanford Bailey (Bailey) testified in the

perjury trial that (1) Alexius’s mother, Caroline Massey (Massey),

asked him to purchase a bus ticket for Whiting, and (2) he saw

Whiting with Alexius when Massey took him to the Dyer Street

apartment. This testimony directly contradicted Alexius’s

testimony in the first trial, as well as her testimony in the

perjury trial, that Whiting never visited her there, calling into

question her veracity and that of Massey.4 Unlike the three other
5

 Alexius was charged in a single count indictment with knowingly

giving false testimony under oath on four subjects relevant to her

involvement with Whiting: (1) her receipt of collect telephone

calls from Whiting at her residence in El Paso; (2) a purported

trip by James to El Paso in early April 1993; (3) a trip she and

James purportedly took to Austin in June 1993; and (4) whether

Whiting had ever visited the Dyer Street apartment. 

Alexius’s defense to the charge that she intentionally gave

false testimony regarding (2) and (3) above was good faith mistake;

she argued that she was merely confused about the dates of James’s

purported trips. 

Alexius’s defense to the charge of falsely testifying about

the telephone calls involved in part a credibility contest between

Alexius and government witness Carol Davis (Davis) and in part a

dispute as to what a reasonable interpretation of Alexius’s first

trial testimony was. More than four hundred collect telephone

calls were made from the prison to Alexius’s residence between

November 1992 and the date of Whiting’s escape. No collect calls

were made from the prison to Alexius’s residence once Whiting

escaped. Alexius admitted that she received some of these calls

from Whiting, but she testified that Davis, who resided with her

between November 1992 and January 1993, became friends with Whiting

and was the recipient of most of Whiting’s calls. Alexius also

testified that she did not accept telephone calls from Whiting

until “later.” Davis testified that she answered about a dozen

calls from Whiting, that she did not know Whiting, and that the

extent of her conversations with Whiting was to get Alexius on the

line for him. 

4

allegedly perjured statements,5 Alexius’s only defense to the

charged perjury in respect to this statement was truth.

At the time of the perjury trial, Bailey was in federal

custody on a pending federal felony drug trafficking charge. There

was also a drug-related Ohio state charge pending against him.

Alexius sought to question Bailey on cross-examination about his

arrests and pending criminal drug charges, arguing that these gave

him a motive for fabricating his testimony. The district court

allowed Alexius to question Bailey outside the presence of the

jury. Bailey testified that he had received no promises for his

willingness to testify and that he did not know if his decision to
5

testify would aid him in his pending charges. The district court

then refused to allow Alexius to question Bailey regarding his

pending federal or state drug charges in the presence of the jury

because it did not “believe there [was] any indication that

[Bailey] has a bias or motive for testifying . . . .”

In its brief, the government argues that the district court

did not abuse its discretion by refusing to allow Alexius to crossexamine Bailey on his pending charges because any suggestion that

the pending charges were relevant to motive or bias was purely

speculative. At oral argument, the government also argued that if

the district court erred by refusing to allow Alexius to crossexamine Bailey regarding his pending felony charges, the error was

harmless. We are not persuaded by either argument. 

I. Abuse of Discretion

The Supreme Court has recognized that a primary interest

secured by the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause is the right

of cross-examination. Davis v. Alaska, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 1110 (1974).

“Cross-examination is the principal means by which the

believability of a witness and the truth of his testimony are

tested.” Id. Although the district court retains its broad

discretion to prevent repetitive and unduly harassing

interrogation, a witness’s possible biases, prejudices, or

“motivation” are “subject to exploration at trial, and [are]

‘always relevant as discrediting the witness and affecting the

weight of his testimony.’” Id. (citation omitted). See also Olden

v. Kentucky, 109 S.Ct. 480 at 483 (1988).
6

 See also, e.g., McCormick on Evidence (3d Ed., 1984) § 40 at 87

(“Self interest may be shown also in a criminal case when the

witness testifies for the state and it is shown that an indictment

is pending against him . . .”) (emphasis in original; footnote

omitted); 3A Wigmore, Evidence (Chadbourn Rev. 1970) § 949 at 790

(“That the witness is or has been under indictment may have several

bearings: . . . (3) if it is now pending over a witness for the

prosecution or the accused in a criminal case, it is relevant to

show the witness’ interest in testifying favorably for that side (§

967, infra).”) (emphasis in original; footnote omitted); § 967 at

814 (“the pendency of any indictment against the witness indicates

indirectly a similar possibility of his currying favor by

testifying for the state”) (emphasis in original; footnote

omitted).

6

In Davis, the government witness who initially identified the

defendant was on probation for a burglary committed as a juvenile.

Id. at 1107. The defense’s theory was that the government witness

made a hasty and faulty identification of the defendant in order to

shift the suspicion away from himself or because he feared that his

probationary status would be jeopardized if he did not

satisfactorily assist the government in obtaining a conviction.

Id. at 1108. The district court refused to allow the defendant to

question the government witness about his current probation.

Davis, 94 S.Ct. at 1108. The Supreme Court held that the district

court’s limitation on cross-examination was an abuse of its

discretion and reversed the conviction. Id. at 1112.

The instant case is similar to Davis. Alexius’s theory is

that Bailey was lying in order to curry favor with the prosecution.

At the time of the perjury trial, Bailey was in a “vulnerable

status” with respect to the government, see id. at 1111: he was in

federal custody on pending federal felony charges.6 As in Davis,

“[t]he accuracy and truthfulness of [the government witness’s]
7

 The government also relies upon United States v. Summers, 598

F.2d 450 (5th Cir. 1979). Summers is inapposite. The district

court in Summers allowed cross-examination of the government

witness into facts sufficient to permit the jury to infer bias and

to permit defense counsel to establish a predicate from which he

could argue why the witness was biased. Id. at 459-61. The

district court in the instant case permitted no cross-examination

of Bailey into the only facts which showed his possible bias.

7

testimony were key elements in the [government’s] case against”

Alexius. Id. And, as in Davis, “[w]e cannot speculate as to

whether the jury, as sole judge of the credibility of a witness,

would have accepted [Alexius’s] line of reasoning had counsel been

permitted to fully present it.” Id. 

The government relies primarily on Hamilton, 43 F.3d at 149,

a post-Davis opinion, to support its contention that the district

court did not abuse its discretion by excluding any crossexamination regarding Bailey’s pending charges.7 In Hamilton, we

noted the district court’s finding that the government witness did

not have an agreement or any pending negotiations with the

government regarding his willingness to testify, and we then held

that the district court did not abuse its discretion by prohibiting

cross-examination into pending state misdemeanor charges against

the government witness. Id. at 154-55. Hamilton does not control

the disposition of this case because it is distinguishable in three

material ways. 

First, the pending charges in Hamilton were misdemeanor

charges, whereas the charges pending against Bailey were felony

charges. Because the penalties for felonies are greater than those

for misdemeanors, a witness is more likely to attempt to curry
8

 The defendant in Hamilton sought to cross-examine the government

witness about pending misdemeanor DWI and theft charges. Hamilton,

48 F.3d at 154. The former girlfriend of the government witness in

Hamilton testified that “there was a warrant out for [the

government witness’s] arrest for hot checks in Austin, Texas. The

checks totaled $1,000 and he asked me to borrow money from one of

8

favor with prosecutors if he is facing felony charges than if he is

facing misdemeanor charges. Cf. Fed. R. Evid. 609(a)(1)

(permitting evidence of a witness’s felony convictions, but not

general misdemeanor convictions, to impeach the witness’s

credibility). Second, the pending charges in Hamilton were state

charges. In the instant case, Bailey was in federal custody for

his pending federal felony charge when he testified. In such

circumstances, it would be natural for Bailey to desire to curry

favor with the federal authorities. It seems likely to us that a

witness may expect to obtain less, if any, favor from state

officials for testifying in a federal case. See United States v.

Thorn, 917 F.2d 170, 175-76 (5th Cir. 1990) (holding that district

court’s refusal to allow cross-examination of government witness’s

state law indictment did not violate Sixth Amendment because (1)

there was no evidence the government could influence the state

court proceedings and the existence of pending state court

indictment on charges unrelated to offered testimony did not give

witness substantial reason to aid the government, and (2) the

defendant was able to question the credibility of the government

witness through other means). Finally, the defendant in Hamilton

was allowed to solicit evidence similar to the evidence he sought

to obtain on cross-examination from another witness.8 See also
my best friends so that he wouldn’t have to go to jail.” Id.

9

Thorn, 917 F.2d at 175-76; Summers, 598 F.2d at 459-61. In the

instant case, Alexius’s only defense on the charge of falsely

testifying about the telephone calls was truth and the

corresponding attack on Bailey’s credibility. The district court’s

refusal to allow Alexius to cross-examine Bailey regarding his

pending charges took away her only impeachment evidence. 

The district court abused its discretion in refusing to allow

Alexius to cross-examine Bailey regarding his pending federal

felony charge.

II. Harmless Error Analysis

The Supreme Court addresses the question whether a

constitutional violation affects substantial rights under harmless

error analysis. See Chapman v. California, 87 S.Ct. 824, 827-28

(1967); e.g., Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 1432-33

(1986)(holding that Sixth Amendment violation should have been

reviewed under harmless error analysis). When, as here, reviewed

on direct appeal, a constitutional violation is harmless error only

if it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not

contribute to the verdict obtained. Chapman, 87 S.Ct. at 828; see

Lowery v. Collins, 996 F.2d 770, 772 (5th Cir. 1993), supplementing

Lowery v. Collins, 988 F.2d 1364 (5th Cir. 1993).

The government contended at oral argument that any error was

harmless because Bailey testified outside the presence of the jury

that he had received no promise of leniency from the government and

had no specific hope for leniency. In other words, the government
9

 See also United States v. Rodriguez, 439 F.2d 782, 783-84 (9th

Cir. 1971) (harm from refusing to allow government accomplice

witness to be cross-examined as to whether he knew the mandatory

minimum sentence if he were prosecuted for the offense and whether

he had “any hope or expectation” of leniency not cured by witness’

negative answer to a question by court “whether he had been given

any promise about what the court or prosecutor would do for him

because he had testified”) (emphasis in original).

10

argues that——because there was no direct evidence of Bailey’s motive

or bias——cross-examination into the basis of such motive or bias

could not have affected the jury’s assessment of Bailey’s

testimony. Neither contention establishes that the error was

harmless. See Davis, 94 S.Ct. at 1111 (describing the jurors “as

the sole triers of fact and credibility” in the context of a

district court’s limitation of cross-examination into possible

bias). Although it would have been proper for the jury to decide

that Bailey was not actually influenced by his status as one then

being held on federal felony charges, they could have also

concluded otherwise. Direct evidence of motive or bias is often

unobtainable. This does not preclude the jury from inferring it

under appropriate circumstances. See Carrillo v. Perkins, 723 F.2d

1165, 1169 (5th Cir. 1984).9

The jury could well have questioned Bailey’s veracity because

a person in Bailey’s situation would be under a natural tendency to

want to curry favor or “please the prosecution.” Id.

Consequently, we cannot say beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury

would have believed Bailey if the district court had not abused its

discretion by refusing to allow cross-examination into Bailey’s

pending federal felony charges. Because Bailey provided the only
10

 The government at the perjury trial emphasized the importance

of the credibility contest. In its closing argument, the

government contrasted Alexius’s testimony (and her mother’s) with

Bailey’s, asking the jury to consider who had a personal interest

in the outcome. Alexius was not allowed to show Bailey’s possible

interest.

11

 We recognize that in Griffin v. United States, 112 S.Ct. 466

(1991), the Supreme Court refused to extend the rule of Yates v.

United States, 77 S.Ct. 1064 (1957), to situations where one of

separate multiple grounds on which a general verdict may have

rested lacked adequate evidentiary support. See also Walther v.

Lone Star Gas Co., 952 F.2d 119, 126 (5th Cir. 1992). Griffin

reasoned that since jurors “are well equipped to analyze the

evidence,” there is only a “‘remote’” chance “‘that the jury

convicted on a ground that was not supported by adequate evidence

when there existed alternative grounds for which the evidence was

sufficient.’” Id. at 474 (quoting United States v. Townsend, 924

F.2d 1385, 1414 (7th Cir. 1991)). That rationale is inapplicable

here. Alexius’ jury may have rested its guilty verdict on her

first trial statement that Whiting had never been to the Dyer

Street apartment, because the jury had before it Bailey’s testimony

that Whiting was there with Alexius but did not have before it

information affecting Bailey’s credibility. Because of the

limitation on cross-examination of Bailey, the jury was not “well

equipped to analyze” his testimony. Unlike the situation addressed

11

evidence supporting the charge that Alexius’s statement in the

first trial that Whiting had never been to the Dyer Street

apartment was untrue——and his testimony was directly contradicted

by that of Alexius and Massey——his credibility was crucial to this

charge.10 Alexius’s perjury conviction accordingly cannot rest on

this statement. 

The jury returned a general guilty verdict in the instant

case. It does not indicate which statement(s) the jury found to be

perjured. The jury may have found Alexius guilty only of

testifying falsely about Whiting’s presence in the Dyer Street

apartment. Consequently, the error cannot be harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt.11
in Griffin, there is here no reason to suppose that the jury did

not rest its guilty verdict on this statement. And, this statement

was the only one of those charged as to which no defense of

mistake, confusion, or the like was raised.

12

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE Alexius’s conviction and

REMAND the case to the district court for another trial.

REVERSED and REMANDED