UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Kevin P. Ramsey,

Claimant

v. Civil No. 06-cv-195-SM

Opinion No. 2007 DNH 021

Jo Anne B. Barnhart, Commissioner,

Social Security Administration

Defendant

O R D E R

Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g) and 1383(c)(3), claimant,

Kevin P. Ramsey, moves to reverse the Commissioner’s decision

denying his application for Disability Insurance Benefits under

Title II of the Social Security Act (the “Act”), 42 U.S.C. § 423,

and Supplemental Security Income Benefits under Title XVI of the

Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1381-1383c. In support of his motion, claimant

says the Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) failed to give

appropriate weight to the opinions of his treating physicians. 

Claimant also faults the ALJ for improperly concluding that his

testimony at the hearing about the disabling nature of his

impairment was not entirely credible. The Commissioner objects

and moves for an order affirming her decision. 

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Factual Background

I. Procedural History.

On February 4, 2004, claimant filed an application for

disability insurance benefits and on May 1, 2004, he filed an

application for supplemental security income benefits, alleging

that he had been unable to work since December 15, 2003, due to a

complex partial seizure disorder. His applications were denied

at the initial level of review and he sought an administrative

hearing before an ALJ. 

On October 18, 2005, claimant, who was represented by

counsel, and claimant’s mother appeared and testified before the

ALJ, who considered claimant’s application de novo. On December

5, 2005, the ALJ issued his order, concluding that claimant

retained the residual functional capacity to perform at least

some of his past relevant work. Accordingly, the ALJ determined

that claimant was not disabled, as that term is defined in the

Act, at any time prior to the date of his decision. 

Claimant then sought review of the ALJ’s decision by the

Appeals Council. On April 1, 2006, however, the Appeals Council

denied his request, thereby rendering the ALJ’s decision a final

decision of the Commissioner, subject to judicial review. In May

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of 2006, claimant filed an action in this court, asserting that

the ALJ’s decision was not supported by substantial evidence and

seeking a judicial determination that he is disabled within the

meaning of the Act. Claimant then filed a “Motion for Order

Reversing Decision of the Commissioner” (document no. 10). The

Commissioner objected and filed a “Motion for Order Affirming the

Decision of the Commissioner” (document no. 11). Those motions

are pending. 

II. Stipulated Facts.

Pursuant to this court’s Local Rule 9.1(d), the parties have

submitted a statement of stipulated facts which, because it is

part of the court’s record (document no. 12), need not be

recounted in this opinion. Those facts relevant to the

disposition of this matter are discussed as appropriate. 

Standard of Review

I. Properly Supported Findings by the ALJ are

Entitled to Deference. 

Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), the court is empowered “to

enter, upon the pleadings and transcript of the record, a

judgment affirming, modifying, or reversing the decision of the

Commissioner of Social Security, with or without remanding the

cause for a rehearing.” Factual findings of the Commissioner are

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1 Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a

reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a

conclusion.” Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229

(1938). It is something less than the weight of the evidence,

and the possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from

the evidence does not prevent an administrative agency’s finding

from being supported by substantial evidence. Consolo v. Federal

Maritime Comm’n, 383 U.S. 607, 620 (1966).

4

conclusive if supported by substantial evidence.1 See 42 U.S.C.

§§ 405(g), 1383(c)(3); Irlanda Ortiz v. Secretary of Health &

Human Services, 955 F.2d 765, 769 (1st Cir. 1991). Moreover,

provided the ALJ’s findings are supported by substantial

evidence, the court must sustain those findings even when there

may also be substantial evidence supporting the adverse position. 

See Tsarelka v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, 842 F.2d

529, 535 (1st Cir. 1988) (“[W]e must uphold the [Commissioner’s]

conclusion, even if the record arguably could justify a different

conclusion, so long as it is supported by substantial

evidence.”). See also Rodriguez v. Secretary of Health & Human

Services, 647 F.2d 218, 222-23 (1st Cir. 1981). 

In making factual findings, the Commissioner must weigh and

resolve conflicts in the evidence. See Burgos Lopez v. Secretary

of Health & Human Services, 747 F.2d 37, 40 (1st Cir. 1984)

(citing Sitar v. Schweiker, 671 F.2d 19, 22 (1st Cir. 1982)). It

is “the responsibility of the [Commissioner] to determine issues

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5

of credibility and to draw inferences from the record evidence. 

Indeed, the resolution of conflicts in the evidence is for the

[Commissioner], not the courts.” Irlanda Ortiz, 955 F.2d at 769

(citation omitted). Accordingly, the court will give deference

to the ALJ’s credibility determinations, particularly where those

determinations are supported by specific findings. See

Frustaglia v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, 829 F.2d 192,

195 (1st Cir. 1987) (citing Da Rosa v. Secretary of Health &

Human Services, 803 F.2d 24, 26 (1st Cir. 1986)). 

II. The Parties’ Respective Burdens. 

An individual seeking Social Security benefits is disabled

under the Act if he or she is unable “to engage in any

substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically

determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected

to result in death or has lasted or can be expected to last for a

continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 423(d)(1)(A). See also 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3). The Act

places a heavy initial burden on the claimant to establish the

existence of a disabling impairment. See Bowen v. Yuckert, 482

U.S. 137, 146-47 (1987); Santiago v. Secretary of Health & Human

Services, 944 F.2d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 1991). To satisfy that burden,

the claimant must prove that his impairment prevents him from

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performing his former type of work. See Gray v. Heckler, 760

F.2d 369, 371 (1st Cir. 1985) (citing Goodermote v. Secretary of

Health & Human Services, 690 F.2d 5, 7 (1st Cir. 1982)). 

Nevertheless, the claimant is not required to establish a doubtfree claim. The initial burden is satisfied by the usual civil

standard: a “preponderance of the evidence.” See Paone v.

Schweiker, 530 F. Supp. 808, 810-11 (D. Mass. 1982). 

Provided the claimant has shown an inability to perform his

previous work, the burden shifts to the Commissioner to show that

there are other jobs in the national economy that he can perform. 

See Vazquez v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, 683 F.2d 1,

2 (1st Cir. 1982). If the Commissioner shows the existence of

other jobs that the claimant can perform, then the overall burden

to demonstrate disability remains with the claimant. See

Hernandez v. Weinberger, 493 F.2d 1120, 1123 (1st Cir. 1974);

Benko v. Schweiker, 551 F. Supp. 698, 701 (D.N.H. 1982). 

In assessing a disability claim, the Commissioner considers

both objective and subjective factors, including: (1) objective

medical facts; (2) the claimant’s subjective claims of pain and

disability, as supported by the testimony of the claimant or

other witnesses; and (3) the claimant’s educational background,

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age, and work experience. See, e.g., Avery v. Secretary of

Health & Human Services, 797 F.2d 19, 23 (1st Cir. 1986);

Goodermote, 690 F.2d at 6. When determining whether a claimant

is disabled, the ALJ is also required to make the following five

inquiries: 

(1) whether the claimant is engaged in substantial

gainful activity;

(2) whether the claimant has a severe impairment;

(3) whether the impairment meets or equals a listed

impairment;

(4) whether the impairment prevents the claimant from

performing past relevant work; and

(5) whether the impairment prevents the claimant from

doing any other work.

20 C.F.R. § 404.1520. See also 20 C.F.R. § 416.920. Ultimately,

a claimant is disabled only if his: 

physical or mental impairment or impairments are of

such severity that he is not only unable to do his

previous work but cannot, considering his age,

education, and work experience, engage in any other

kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the

national economy, regardless of whether such work

exists in the immediate area in which he lives, or

whether a specific job vacancy exists for him, or

whether he would be hired if he applied for work. 

42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A). See also 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(B).

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With those principles in mind, the court reviews claimant’s

motion to reverse and the Commissioner’s motion to affirm her

decision. 

Discussion

I. Background - The ALJ’s Findings.

In concluding that Mr. Ramsey was not disabled within the

meaning of the Act, the ALJ properly employed the mandatory fivestep sequential evaluation process described in 20 C.F.R.

§§ 404.1520 and 416.920. Accordingly, he first determined that

claimant had not been engaged in substantial gainful employment

since his alleged disability onset date of December 15, 2003.

Next, he concluded that claimant suffers from a partial complex

seizure disorder. Administrative Record (“Admin. Rec.”) at 17. 

Nevertheless, the ALJ determined that claimant’s impairment did

not meet or medically equal one of the impairments listed in Part

404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 of the regulations. Id. 

Next, the ALJ concluded that claimant retained the residual

functional capacity (“RFC”) to perform the exertional demands of

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2 “RFC is what an individual can still do despite his or her

functional limitations. RFC is an administrative assessment of

the extent to which an individual’s medically determinable

impairment(s), including any related symptoms, such as pain, may

cause physical or mental limitations or restrictions that may

affect his or her capacity to do work-related physical and mental

activities. Ordinarily, RFC is the individual’s maximum

remaining ability to do sustained work activities in an ordinary

work setting on a regular and continuing basis, and the RFC

assessment must include a discussion of the individual’s

abilities on that basis.” Social Security Ruling, Policy

Interpretation Ruling Titles II and XVI: Assessing Residual

Functional Capacity in Initial Claims, SSR 96-8p, 1996 WL 374184

at *2 (July 2, 1996) (citation omitted). 

9

medium exertional work.2 He noted, however, that claimant’s RFC

was limited by the fact that he cannot safely climb or balance,

nor is he able to drive, operate heavy machinery, or be near open

machinery. In light of those findings, the ALJ concluded that

claimant’s impairment does “not prevent him from performing much

of his past relevant work, specifically as a cook or tire

inspector.” Admin. Rec. at 20. Consequently, the ALJ concluded

that claimant was not “disabled,” as that term is defined in the

Act, through the date of his decision. 

II. Seizure Disorders and Disability Determinations. 

Due largely to recent medical advances, people suffering

from epilepsy or seizure disorders can now obtain substantial

relief. As a consequence, the fact that one suffers from

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seizures does not necessarily compel the conclusion that he or

she is disabled. 

As a result of modern treatment which is widely

available, only a small percentage of epileptics, who

are under appropriate treatment, are precluded from

engaging in substantial gainful activity (SGA). 

Situations where the seizures are not under good

control are usually due to the individual’s

noncompliance with the prescribed treatment rather than

the ineffectiveness of the treatment itself. 

Noncompliance is usually manifested by failure to

continue ongoing medical care and to take medication at

the prescribed dosage and frequency. Determination of

blood levels of anticonvulsive drugs may serve to

indicate whether the prescribed medication is being

taken. In a substantial number of cases, use of

alcohol has been found to be a contributory basis for

the individual’s failure to properly follow prescribed

treatment. In such cases, the individual’s alcohol

abuse should be evaluated. 

Social Security Ruling, Titles II and XVI: The Role of Prescribed

Treatment in the Evaluation of Epilepsy, SSR 87-6, 1987 WL 109184

at * 1 (1987). So, in cases such as this, to demonstrate

disability, a claimant must do more than merely show that he or

she suffers from a seizure disorder. Instead, a claimant must

show that the seizures are either so poorly controlled (despite

compliance with a prescribed treatment regimen) or are of such

frequency and/or severity, that they preclude him or her from

engaging in any substantial gainful work which exists in the

national economy. See, e.g., Banks v. Secretary of Health &

Human Services, 15 F.3d 1082, 1994 WL 1082 at *3 (9th Cir. Feb.

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3, 1994) (“[T]he ALJ’s finding of no disability is supported by

substantial evidence. While it is undisputed that [claimant]

suffers from a seizure disorder that is not entirely controlled

with medication, the medical and vocational evidence of record

establishes that this condition was not so severe as to preclude

her from performing the modest requirements of the light and

sedentary jobs identified by the vocational expert as appropriate

for an individual with her limitations.”). 

III. Opinions of Claimant’s Treating Sources. 

In assailing the ALJ’s disability determination, claimant

first asserts that the ALJ failed to ascribe proper weight to the

opinions of his treating physicians. He points to a November,

2004, report by Dr. Leslie Surani, M.D., in which Dr. Surani

noted that claimant was “doing worse,” and had suffered three

seizures within a five week period. Admin. Rec. at 222. Dr.

Surani also reported that she provided claimant with a note

stating that he “is not gainfully employed at this time and

cannot work due to his disability.” Id. (emphasis supplied). 

Additionally, claimant points to an August, 2005, note from Karen

Gilbert, a nurse practitioner, in which Ms. Gilbert stated that

claimant “has been advised not to work at this time while he

undergoes pre-surgical evaluation.” Id. at 330. Finally,

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3 The opinion letter from Dr. Williams was not included in the

medical records that were before the ALJ when he rendered his

decision and claimant does not assert that, in light of that

additional evidence, the Appeals Council was “egregiously

mistaken” in failing to review the ALJ’s disability

determination. Mills v. Apfel, 244 F.3d 1, 5, (1st Cir. 2001). 

Claimant challenges only the ALJ’s disability determination,

which was, of course, based solely on the record before him. 

Nevertheless, even if Dr. Williams’ opinion had been a part of

the record before the ALJ, it would not alter the court’s

resolution of this matter. 

12

claimant relies on the opinion of Dr. Peter Williams, M.D.,

director of the Dartmouth Epilepsy Program. In a letter dated

February 1, 2006, (and forwarded to the Appeals Council in March

of 2006), Dr. Williams opined that claimant suffers from

“medically refractory seizures . . . the chances of his becoming

seizure free with additional medical trials is less than 5%. 

Please consider [claimant] disabled.” Exhibit A to claimant’s

memorandum (emphasis supplied).3 

In discussing the weight that will be ascribed to the

opinions of treating sources, the pertinent regulations provide:

Generally, we give more weight to opinions from [the

claimant’s] treating sources, since these sources are

likely to be the medical professionals most able to

provide a detailed, longitudinal picture of [the

claimant’s] medical impairments(s) . . . When we do

not give the treating source’s opinion controlling

weight, we apply the factors listed [in this section]

in determining the weight to give the opinion. We will

always give good reasons in our notice of determination

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or decision for the weight we give your treating

source’s opinion. 

20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2). See also Social Security Ruling,

Policy Interpretation Ruling Titles II and XVI: Giving

Controlling Weight to Treating Source Medical Opinions, SSR 96-

2p, 1996 WL 374188 (July 2, 1996). 

Importantly, however, the ALJ is not required to give any

special significance to treating source opinions on issues

specifically reserved to the Commissioner. 

Opinions on some issues, such as the examples that

follow, are not medical opinions, as described in

paragraph (a)(2) of this section, but are, instead,

opinions on issues reserved to the Commissioner because

they are administrative findings that are dispositive

of a case; i.e., that would direct the determination or

decision of disability. 

20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(e). Consequently, the regulations

specifically provide that the ALJ need “not give any special

significance” to treating source opinions that a claimant is

“disabled” or “unable to work.” Id. at § 404.1527(e)(1). See

also Arroyo v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, 932 F.2d 82,

89 (1st Cir. 1991) (“The ALJ was not required to accept the

conclusions of claimant’s treating physicians on the ultimate

issue of disability.”). 

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Plainly, then, the ALJ was not required to give controlling

weight to the opinions of Dr. Williams, Dr. Surani, or Ms.

Gilbert that claimant is “disabled.” Instead, the ALJ was

obligated to consider (and, if appropriate, afford controlling

weight to) their medical opinions about the nature, severity, and

frequency of claimant’s seizures, as well as the efficacy of (and

his compliance with) the medical treatment program. The ALJ met

that obligation. See Admin. Rec. at 19. In fact, in concluding

that claimant retains the RFC for most work at the medium

exertional level, except for those jobs that require driving,

climbing, or the use of certain machinery, the ALJ specifically

adopted many of the opinions offered by claimant’s treating

sources and noted that:

If not unanimous, the clear majority of [claimant’s

treating] sources agree the claimant’s ability to walk,

stand, lift, carry, and sit is unlimited and his

ability to perform non-exertional activities such as

seeing, hearing, fingering, feeling, handling and

reaching, is also unrestricted. The opinions vary with

respect to the claimant’s ability or inability to

climb, balance, crouch, crawl kneel and stoop. After

considering all the evidence, I find that claimant can

perform all of the foregoing without restriction,

except climbing and balancing. I find that claimant

cannot safely climb or balance due to his impairment. 

In addition to the foregoing, the majority of opinions

agreed the claimant should not drive, operate heavy

machinery, or be near open machinery. . . . 

These limitations are based solely on the possibility

that claimant may have a seizure and the danger to the

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claimant and others if he were in those situations when

a seizure occurred. This assessment is consistent with

the objective medical evidence as a whole and the

claimant’s reported daily activities[,] which are

almost unrestricted except for his inability to drive. 

Admin. Rec. at 19. 

The problem illustrated in this case is this: claimant’s

treating sources plainly equated his seizure disorder and

corresponding inability to drive, operate heavy equipment, or

work at heights with an inability to be gainfully employed. 

That, however, is a determination reserved exclusively for the

Commissioner. And, based on a careful review of the entire

record, the court is compelled to conclude that there is

substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s determination that,

while claimant’s seizure disorder is undeniably severe, it does

not render him completely disabled, as that term is used in the

Act. 

IV. The ALJ’s Credibility Determination. 

When determining a claimant’s RFC, the ALJ must review the

medical evidence regarding the claimant’s physical limitations as

well as the claimant’s own description of those physical

limitations, including his subjective complaints of pain. See

Manso-Pizarro v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, 76 F.3d

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15, 17 (1st Cir. 1996). When the claimant has demonstrated that

he suffers from an impairment that could reasonably be expected

to produce the pain or side effects he alleges - here, seizures -

the ALJ must then evaluate the intensity, persistence, and

limiting effects of the claimant’s symptoms to determine the

extent to which they limit his ability to do basic work

activities. 

[W]henever the individual’s statements about the

intensity, persistence, or functionally limiting

effects of pain or other symptoms are not substantiated

by objective medical evidence, the adjudicator must

make a finding on the credibility of the individual’s

statements based on a consideration of the entire case

record. This includes medical signs and laboratory

findings, the individual’s own statements about the

symptoms, any statements and other information provided

by the treating or examining physicians or

psychologists and other persons about the symptoms and

how they affect the individual . . ..

In recognition of the fact that an individual’s

symptoms can sometimes suggest a greater level of

severity of impairment than can be shown by the

objective medical evidence alone, 20 C.F.R. 404.1529(c)

and 416.929(c) describe the kinds of evidence,

including the factors below, that the adjudicator must

consider in addition to the objective medical evidence

when assessing the credibility of an individuals’

statements. 

Social Security Ruling, Policy Interpretation Ruling Titles II

and XVI: Evaluation of Symptoms in Disability Claims: Assessing

the Credibility of an Individual’s Statements, SSR 96-7p, 1996 WL

374186 (July 2, 1996). Those factors include the claimant’s

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daily activities; the location, duration, frequency, and

intensity of the claimant’s pain or other symptoms; factors that

precipitate and aggravate the symptoms; the type dosage,

effectiveness, and side effects of any medication the claimant

takes (or has taken) to alleviate pain or other symptoms; and any

measures other than medication that the claimant receives (or has

received) for relief of pain or other symptoms. Id. See also

Avery, 797 F.2d at 23; 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3). 

It is, however, the ALJ’s role to assess the credibility of

claimant’s asserted inability to work in light of the medical

record, to weigh the findings and opinions of both treating

sources and other professionals who have examined him and/or

reviewed his medical records, and to consider the other relevant

factors identified by the regulations and applicable case law. 

Part of that credibility determination necessarily involves an

assessment of a claimant’s demeanor, appearance, and general

“believability.” Accordingly, if properly supported, the ALJ’s

credibility determination is entitled to substantial deference

from this court. See, e.g., Irlanda Ortiz, 955 F.2d at 769

(holding that it is “the responsibility of the [Commissioner] to

determine issues of credibility and to draw inferences from the

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record evidence. Indeed, the resolution of conflicts in the

evidence is for the [Commissioner] not the courts”). 

Here, claimant challenges the ALJ’s conclusion that claimant

was “not credible with respect to the frequency and severity of

his symptoms . . ..” Admin. Rec. at 19. With regard to the

frequency of his seizures, claimant testified that he suffered

grand mal seizures at the rate of approximately one, and

sometimes two, each week. Admin. Rec. at 27. That testimony is

not supported in the medical record. If it were, claimant would

be asserting that his seizure disorder actually meets medical

listing 11.02 (major motor seizure more frequently than once a

month) or 11.03 (minor motor seizures more frequently than once a

week). He is not, and with good reason. Consequently, the ALJ’s

decision to discount that particular aspect of claimant’s

testimony is well supported in the record. 

Next, claimant assails the ALJ’s conclusion that he was not

entirely credible when testifying about “his actions

precipitating seizures such as his consumption of alcohol or use

of recreational drugs.” Admin. Rec. at 19. Specifically,

claimant asserts that the ALJ’s conclusion is not supported by

substantial evidence in the record. 

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There is, of course, no debate about the link between

claimant’s seizures and his use of alcohol and illicit drugs;

that link is well documented in the record and claimant does not

dispute that his use of those substances is known to trigger his

seizures. His focus, however, appears to be on his claim not to

have consumed any alcohol in “[a]bout two and a half years,” or

for approximately 30 months prior to his hearing. Admin. Rec. at

29. Yet, the record clearly reveals that as of at least June 17,

2004 (i.e., approximately 16 months prior to claimant’s hearing),

he was still using both alcohol and marijuana. Id. at 298. See

also Joint Statement of Material Facts at 7. 

While claimant might understandably attempt to minimize his

use of both alcohol and recreational drugs - since he fully

understands that both are likely to trigger his seizures - the

record plainly demonstrates that he was not being completely

truthful when testifying before the ALJ. Consequently, the ALJ

was entitled to discount part of claimant’s testimony as being

less than entirely credible. 

Conclusion

In light of the foregoing, the court cannot conclude that

the ALJ erred in making his assessment of claimant’s credibility,

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4 Parenthetically, the court notes that the last documented

instance on which claimant admitted use of alcohol or illicit

substances was six months after his alleged onset of disability.

20

or that he failed to give appropriate weight to the opinions of

claimant’s treating sources. To be sure, claimant suffers from a

seizure disorder - an impairment the ALJ recognized as severe. 

And, as claimant points out, the record supports (or, at a

minimum, there is no evidence to contradict) his assertion that

he has not abused alcohol or engaged in recreational drug use

since at least June of 2004.4

Importantly, however, there is substantial evidence in the

record to support the ALJ’s conclusion that, while claimant’s

seizures are not completely controlled, they are, for the most

part, well-controlled with medications (provided claimant does

not consume alcohol or drugs) and, as a consequence, claimant

remains capable of performing a wide range of work at exertional

levels up to the medium level. 

Having carefully reviewed the administrative record and the

arguments advanced by both the Commissioner and claimant, the

court concludes that there is substantial evidence in the record

to support the ALJ’s determination that claimant was not disabled

at any time prior to the date of the ALJ’s decision. Both the

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ALJ’s use of opinions offered by claimant’s treating sources and

his credibility determination are well-reasoned and wellsupported by substantial documentary evidence. 

For the foregoing reasons, claimant’s motion to reverse the

decision of the Commissioner (document no. 10) is denied, and the

Commissioner’s motion to affirm her decision (document no. 11) is

granted. The Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment in

accordance with this order and close the case. 

SO ORDERED.

____________________________

Steven J. McAuliffe

United States District Judge

February 13, 2007

cc: Stanley H. Robinson, Esq.

David L. Broderick, Esq.

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