# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 4- 18 99

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Ran dy Belt ram ea

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __

App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t
fo r th e Nor th ern Dis tri ct of I owa - Ced ar Ra pi ds

__ __ __ __ __ __

Su bm it te d: Feb ru ary 12 , 20 15

Fi le d: May 6, 20 15 (Co rrec te d: May 7, 20 15 )

__ __ __ __ __ __

Befo re BYE, BEAM, an d B ENTON, Ci rcu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __

BEAM, Ci rcu it Ju dg e.

R a n d y B e lt ram ea was se nt en ced to a to ta l se nt en ce of 11 1 m on th s '

im pr is on m en t an d 5 y ears ' su pe rv is ed rel eas e an d or de red to fo rfei t va rio us pr op ert ie s

own ed by Bel tra m ea or by on e o f hi s l eg al en ti ti es

. Bel tra m ea app eal s hi s sen te nc e

an d t he for fei tu re o rd er. W e rev ers e th e fo rfei tu re o rd er an d o th erwi se affi rm

.I. BACKGRO UND

The go ve rn m en t al le ge d th at Bel tra m ea en ga ge d i n a m ul ti -fac et ed cri m in al

sc he m e, in w hic h he sol ic ited in ve st m en ts fro m nu m ero us in di vi du al s an d rep res en te d

t h a t t h e m on ey wou ld be us ed to op en a Su bwa y res ta ur an t fran ch is e, whe n in f a c t

Bel tra m ea us ed th e in ve st m en t fu nd s fo r hi s pe rs on al us e an d f o r a r e a l es ta te

de ve lo pm en t pr oje c t cal le d Cas tl ero ck Est at es

. Bel tra m ea's cri m in al sc he m e al so

in vo lv ed frau dul ent rep res en ta ti on s to two ba nk in g in st it ut io ns , an d at te m pt s to av oi d

pa y in g ta xe s an d co m

pl y in g w i t h t a x- rel at ed ob li ga ti on s. On Octo be r 24

, 20 13

, Bel tra m ea was ch arg ed wit h si xt een co un ts of fin an ci al

, frau d an d ta x- rel at ed cri m es

in a se co nd su pe rs ed in g in di ct m en t. On Octo be r 31

, 20 13

, Bel tra m ea pl ed gu il ty to

ei gh t of th e si xt een co un ts

, in cl ud in g: Co un ts 1 an d 2, wire frau d, in vi ol at io n of 18

U.S.C. § 13 43 ; Co un t 3, ag gr av at ed id en ti ty th eft in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. §

10 28 (A)(a) (1 ); Co un t 4, m on ey la un de rin g, in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. § 19 57 ; Co un t

7, m on ey lau nd eri ng , in vi ol at io n o f 18 U.S.C. § 19 56 (a)( 1) (A)(i i) and (a)( 1) (B)( i);

Co un ts 8 and 12

, fal se st at em en t to a fin an ci al in st it ut io n, in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C.

§1 01 4; an d C ou nt 16 , tax ev as io n, i n v io la ti on of 2 6 U.S.C. § 72 01

.

Bel tra m ea's reco m

m en de d U nit ed State s Sen te nc in g Gui de li ne s (Gu id el in es or U.S.S.G.) se nt en ci ng ran ge pr io r to th e ap pl ic at io n o f a n y d ep art ur es was 63 to 78

m on th s, ba se d up on a to ta l o f f e n s e l e v el of 26 an d a cri m in al hi st or y cat eg or y of I.

The go ve rn m en t ur ge d an ad di ti on al up ward de pa rtu re pu rs ua nt to U.S.S.G. § 4A1 .3,

fo r un de rs ta te d cri m in al hi st or y , a n d a n up ward de pa rtu re pu rs ua nt to U.S.S.G. §

5K2 .21

, fo r di sm is se d an d un ch arg ed co nd uc t. The di st ric t co ur t f o u n d th e

go ve rn m en t ha d pr ov en th e g r o u n ds fo r bo th up ward de pa rtu res , an d acco rd in gl y

in crea se d Bel tra m ea's cri m in al hi st or y to a cat eg or y of II. A s a res ul t, Bel tra m ea's

ad jus te d Gui de li ne s' ran ge in crea se d to 70 to 87 m on th s, pr io r to ad di ng th e st at ut or y

m an da to ry 24 co ns ecu ti ve m on th s fo r ag gr av at ed id en ti ty t he ft. At se nt en ci ng , t he

di st ric t co ur t i mp o s e d 8 7 mo n th s on Co un ts 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, an d 12

, to be se rv ed

co nc ur ren tl y , an d 60 m on th s on Co un t 16

, al so to be se rv ed co nc ur ren tl y

. On Co un t

-2

-3, Bel tra m ea was se nt en ced to 24 m on th s, to be se rv ed co ns ecu ti ve ly, fo r a to ta l te rm

of im pr is on m en t of 11 1 mo n t h s, an d 5 y ears su pe rv is ed rel eas e. Add it io na ll y , th e

d i st ric t co ur t ex pl ai ne d in de ta il at se nt en ci ng th at

, ev en if it erre d in gr an ti ng th e

up ward de pa rtu res , th e co ur t "wo ul d va ry a n d i mp o se th e ve ry sa m e se nt en ce

. . . ba se d o n a ll th e st at ut or y fact or s u nd er 1 8 U.S.C. 3 55 3( a)."

In ad di ti on to th e or ig in al si xt een co un ts B el tra m ea was ch arg ed wit h, th e

se co nd su pe rs ed in g in di ct m en t al so li st ed va rio us pr op ert ie s own ed by Bel tra m ea– or by a le ga l en ti ty es ta bl is he d by Bel tra m ea– fo r whi ch th e go ve rn m en t was se ek in g

fo rfei tu re, pu rs ua nt to 18 U.S.C. § 98 1( a)(1 )(C)

, 28 U.S.C. § 24 61 (c) an d 18 U.S.C.

§ 98 2( a)(1 ). The pr op ert ie s id en ti fie d as ta rg et ed fo r fo rfei tu re in cl ud ed th ree ren ta l

pr op ert ie s, fo ur pa rcel s of pr op ert y t ha t co m pr is ed Cas tl ero ck Est at es , $1 25 ,00 0 in

pr oc eed s fro m wire frau d, an d $6 5,4 72 .02 in pr oc eed s fro m m on e y l a u nd eri ng

. Su bs eq ue nt ly, on Decem be r 11

, 20 13

, th e go ve rn m en t fil e d a mo t i on fo r a

pr el im in ary or de r of fo rfei tu re, li st in g th e sa m e pr o p e r ty id en ti fie d in th e se co nd

su pe rs ed in g in di ct m en t, an d th e di st ric t co ur t gr an te d th e m ot io n. The jud gm en t

en te red by th e di st ric t or de red th at Bel tra m ea fo rf e i t a l l t h e pr op ert y li st ed in th e

pr el im in ary fo rfei tu re or de r. Bel tra m ea ap pe al s hi s se nt en ce, an d th e di st ric t co ur t's

fo rfei tu re o rd er.

II

. DISCUSS IO N

A. Upw ar d Depa rtur e

W e rev ie w a di st ric t co ur t's se nt en ci ng de ci si on to de pa rt up ward fo r ab us e of

di sc ret io n. Un it ed Sta te s v . Jo hn so n, 6 48 F.3d 94 0, 9 42 (8t h C ir. 2 01 1)

.

Sect io n 4A1 .3(a )(1 ) of th e Gui de li ne s pr ov id es th at a di st ric t co ur t m ay ap pl y

an up ward de pa rtu re "[i ]f rel ia bl e in fo rm at io n in di cat es th at th e de fen da nt 's cri m in al

hi st or y cat eg or y su bs ta nt ia ll y un de r-re pr es e nt s th e se rio us ne ss of th e de fen da nt 's

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-cri m in al hi st or y or th e li ke li ho od th at th e de fen da nt wil l co m m it ot he r cri m es ." The

type of in fo rm at io n a c o u r t m ay co ns id er as th e ba si s fo r an up ward de pa rtu re

in cl ud es "[p ]rior si m il ar m is co nd uc t es ta bl is he d by a ci vi l ad jud ic at io n or by a fai lu re

t o c o mply wit h an ad m in is tra ti ve or de r." U.S.S.G. § 4A1 .3(a )(2 )(C)

. Th e

go ve rn m en t be ars th e bu rd en of pr ov in g th e a p p li cat io n of an up ward de pa rtu re.

Uni te d S ta te s v . Khan g, 9 04 F.2d 12 19 , 12 22 (8t h C ir. 1 99 0)

.

Here, in reg ard to th e up ward de pa rtu re pu rs ua nt to U.S.S.G. § 4A1 .3, th e co ur t

cred it ed th e te st im on y of Bri an Fag an , an at to rn ey who rep re se nt ed a gr ou p of

in ve st or s th at fil ed su it s ag ai ns t Bel tra m ea in th e earl y 20 00 s fo r al le ge d frau d an d

an in ve st m en t sc he m e pe rp et rat ed by Bel tra m ea. The se in ve st or s ob ta in ed a de fau lt
jud gm en t ag ai ns t Bel tra m ea fo r m or e th an $1 84 ,00 0. As a res ul t of th is co nd uc t, th e

Nati on al Ass oc ia ti on of Secu rit ie s Deal ers (NASD) ba rred Bel tra m ea in 20 04 an d th e

Io wa In su ran ce Di vi si on rev ok ed hi s l ic en se to sel l s ecu rit ie s i n 2 00 5.

Bel tra m ea arg ue s th at Fag a n's te st im on y was no t su ffi ci en t ev id en ce to

es ta bl is h th at hi s cri m in al hi st or y was un de r-re pr es en te d. He cl ai m s th at U.S.S.G. §

4A1 .3(a ) on ly al lo ws th e co ur t to co ns id er th e types of ev id en ce li st ed in U.S.S.G. §

4A1 .3(a )(2 ), s u c h as "p rio r si m il ar co nd uc t es ta bl is he d by a ci vi l ad jud ic at io n."

D es pi te Bel tra m ea's cl ai m s, th e ev id en ce li st ed in U.S.S.G. § 4A1 .3(a )(2 ) is n o t a n

ex ha us ti ve li st of wha t in fo rm at io n th e co ur t can co ns id er. W e ha ve he ld th at whi le

th e co ur t m ay co ns id er t he fiv e fac to rs set ou t i n U.S.S.G. § 4A1 .3(a )(2 ), "t he co ur t

is no t l im it ed to co ns id eri ng on ly th es e fact or s." Uni te d Stat es v. Outl aw, 72 0 F .3d

99 0, 99 2 (8t h Cir. 20 13 ); Uni te d Stat es v. Po rte r, 43 9 F.3d 84 5, 84 9 (8t h Cir. 20 06 )
(s a me)

. In ad di ti on , "t he co ur t is free to co ns id er, am on g ot he r in fo rm at io n, th e

su bs ta nt ia l li ke li ho od a d e f e n da nt wil l co m

m it fu tu re cri m es ." Po rte r, 43 9 F.3 d at

84 9. Bas ed on Fag an 's tes ti m on y , th e di st ric t cou rt was with in it s di sc ret io n to fin d

Bel tra m ea "i s at a hi gh li ke li ho od to reci di va t e b as ed on hi s hi st or y an d pa tt ern of

ch eat in g p eo pl e o ut of m on ey , [ an d] k no win gl y m ak in g fal se st at em en ts to ach ie ve

hi s en ds ." Add it io na ll y , Bel tra m ea arg ue s th at th e cl ai m s as se rte d by Fag an 's cl ie nt s

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-inc luded bo th frau d an d no n- frau d cl ai m s– su ch as ne gl ig en ce, an d br ea ch of dut y –a nd

th at fro m th e ev id en ce in th e reco rd i t is no t po ss ib le to di sc ern on whi ch ba si s th e

NASD fo un d in fav or of Fag an 's cl ie nt s. Howev er, Fag an 's te st im on y cl earl y st at ed

th at at le as t $1 21 ,00 0 of th e jud gm en t ag ai ns t Bel tra m ea was "b as ed on th e be ha vi or ,
rep res en ta ti on s an d frau du le nt co nd uc t of Mr. Bel tra m ea." Acco rd in gl y , th e di st ric t

co ur t di d no t ab us e it s di sc ret io n in de pa rti ng up ward fo r un de rs ta te d cri m in al hi st or y

pu rs ua nt to U.S.S.G. § 4 A1.3 (a). 1

B. For fei ture

Nor m al ly, in an ap pe al f r o m a fo rfei tu re pr oc eed in g, we rev ie w th e di st ric t

co ur t's "fa ct ua l fin di ng s fo r cl ear erro r bu t ap pl y a de no vo st an da rd of rev ie w to [th e

is su e] of whe th er o r no t th os e fact s ren de r th e [as se t] s ub ject to fo rfei tu re." Un it ed

St at es v. Ade ti lo y e, 71 6 F.3 d 10 30

, 10 41 (8 th Ci r. 20 13 ) (al te rat io ns in or ig in al ), cert

. de ni ed

, 13 4 S. Ct

. 17 75 (2 01 4)

. Howev er, be cau se Bel tra m ea's tri al co un se l di d no t

ti m el y ob ject t o th e fo rfei tu re of th e pr op ert y , we li m it ou r rev ie w to pl ai n erro r.

Uni te d St at es v. Mar q u ez, 68 5 F.3 d 50 1, 51 0 (5 th Ci r. 20 12 ). Und er pl ai n erro r

rev ie w, th e de fen da nt m

us t sh ow: "(1 ) erro r, (2 ) th at is pl ai n, an d (3 ) th at affe ct s hi s

su bs ta nt ia l rig ht s." Id

. The de fen da nt m us t a l s o s h o w th e pl ai n erro r "s eri ou sl y

affe ct [s ] th e fai rn es s, in te gr it y or pu bl ic rep ut at io n of ju d ic ia l pr oc eed in gs ." Id

. (al te rat io n i n o rig in al ).

B e lt ram ea arg ue s th e di st ric t co ur t pl ai nl y erre d by fai li ng to es ta bl i s h t h e

req ui red ne xu s be twee n each it em of pr op ert y th e go ve rn m en t so ug ht in th e fo rfei tu re

As no te d, th e di st ric t co ur t's up ward de pa rtu re un de r U.S.S.G. § 4A1 .3(a ) was 1

no t an ab us e of di sc ret io n. Bec a u s e o f t h i s, an d th e di st ric t co ur t's de ta il ed

ex pl an at io n as to ho w it wou ld ha ve va rie d up ward pu rs ua nt to th e § 35 53 (a) fact or s

reg ard le ss of th e § 4A1 .3(a ) up ward de pa rtu re, m ak in g an y erro r ha rm le ss , U ni te d

St at es v. Tim

be rla ke

, 67 9 F.3 d 10 08

, 10 11 (8 th Ci r. 20 12 ), we de cl in e to rev ie w th e

pr op rie ty of th e d is tri ct co ur t's up ward de pa rtu re p ur su an t t o U.S.S.G. § 5K2 .21

.

-5

-or de r an d Bel tra m ea's cri m in al co nd uc t. Add it io na ll y , Bel tra m ea arg ue s th e di st ric t

co ur t pl ai nl y erre d by im pr op erl y do ub le an d tri pl e co un ti ng pr oc eed s in th e

fo rfei tu re.

In th e se co nd su pe rs ed i n g i n d ic tm en t, th e go ve rn m en t so ug ht fo rfei tu re of

va rio us pr op ert ie s pu rs ua nt to 18 U.S.C. § 98 1( a)(1 )(C)

, an d 28 U.S.C. § 24 61 (c),

w it h reg ard to th e al le ga ti on s in Co un ts 1 an d 2; an d 18 U.S.C. § 98 2 ( a ) ( 1 )

, w i t h

reg ard to th e al le ga ti on s in Co un ts 4, 5, 6, an d 7. 18 U.S.C. § 98 1( a)(1 )(C) pr ov id es

th at "[a ]ny pr op ert y , real or pe rs on al

, [is su bjec t to fo rfei tu re] whi ch co ns ti tu te s or is

de riv ed fro m pr oc eed s tr ac ea bl e to a vi ol a t i o n o f" va rio us sp eci fie d of fen se s,

in cl ud in g vi ol at io ns of 18 U.S.C. § 13 43 , wi re frau d, as ch arg ed ag a i n s t Bel tra m ea

in Co un ts 1 an d 2. 18 U.S.C. § 98 1( a)(1 ) (C) (em ph as is ad de d)

. 18 U.S.C. §

98 2( a)(1 ) pr ov id es th at "[t ]he co ur t, in im po si ng se nt en ce on a pe rs on co nv ic te d of

an of fen se in vi ol at io n of se ct io n 19 56

, 19 57

, or 19 60 of th is ti tl e, sh al l or de r th at th e

pe rs on f o r f e i t t o th e Uni te d St at es an y pr op ert y , real or pe rs on al

, in vo lv ed in su ch
of fe ns e , or an y pr op ert y tr ac ea bl e to su ch pr op er ty ." 18 U.S.C. § 98 2( a)(1 ) (em ph as is

ad de d)

. Pu rs ua nt to Fed eral Ru le of Cri m in al P r o c e d u r e 32 .2(b )(1 )(A), "i f th e

go ve rn m en t se ek s fo rfei tu re of sp eci fic pr op ert y , t he co ur t mus t de te rm in e whe th er

th e go ve rn m en t ha s es ta bl is he d th e req ui si te ne x u s be twee n th e pr op ert y an d th e

of f e n s e

. " Fed . R . C rim. P. 32 .3(b )(1 )(A) (em ph as is ad de d)

. The go ve rn m en t m us t

pr ov e th e el em en ts of fo rfei tu re un de r 18 U.S.C. § 98 2( a)(1 ) by a pre po nd eran ce o f

th e ev id en ce. Uni te d St at es v. Has so n, 3 33 F.3d 12 64 , 12 77 (11 th Cir . 20 03 ). Th e

pr ep on de ran ce of th e ev id en ce st an da rd al so ap pl ie s to fo rfei tu res un de r 2 8 U.S.C.

§ 24 61 (c). See 28 U.S.C. § 24 61 (c) (s ta ti ng th at th e pr oc ed ur es se t fo rth in 21 U.S.C.

§ 85 3 ap pl y to cri m in al fo rfei tu re pr oc eed in gs un de r 28 U.S.C. § 24 61 (c) ) ; U n i t ed

St at es v. Bi eri

, 21 F.3 d 81 9, 82 2 (8 th Ci r. 19 94 ) ( h o l di ng cri m in al fo rfei tu re

pr oc eed in gs un de r 21 U.S.C. § 85 3 were su bjec t to a pr ep on de ra n c e of ev id en ce

st an da rd ). Howev er, in th e in st an t cas e, it ap pe ars th at th ere is n o e v i d e nc e in th e

reco rd th at th e go ve rn m en t m et it s bu rd en to sh ow a ne xu s be twee n th e pr op ert y

so ug ht fo r fo rfei tu re an d an of fen se of co nv ic ti on wit h res pe ct to cert ai n pr op ert ie s.

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-Th e r e are no fact s in th e reco rd es ta bl is hi ng a ne xu s be twee n th ree of th e

pr op ert ie s th e go ve rn m en t so ug ht fo r fo rfei tu re– 94 4 18 th Ave

. SW, 20 1 26 th St

. NW

an d 44 9 24 th St

. NW (co ll ect iv el y th e "Re nt al Pro pe rti es ")– an d a cri m in al of fen se fo r

w h i ch Bel tra m ea was co nv ic te d. Lik ewis e, th e reco rd reg ard in g so m e of t h e

Cas tl ero ck lo ts so ug ht fo r fo rfei tu re– 26 .33 acre s of un de ve lo pe d la nd in Parc el B an d

4 0 .62 0 acre s of un de ve lo pe d la nd in Parc el A (co ll ect iv el y "Un de v e l o p e d

Lot s" )– ap pe ar la ck in g in fac t s e s t a b li sh in g a ne xu s be twee n th e Und ev el op ed Lot s

an d th e o ffen se of co nv ic ti on

. The go ve rn m en t arg ue s, in es se nc e, th at Bel tra m ea

waiv ed hi s ri gh t to co nt es t th e fo rfei tu re beca us e hi s tri al co un se l's si gn at ur e on th e

pr el im in ary fo rfei tu re or de r co ns ti tu te d Bel tra m ea's co ns en t to th e f or fei tu re an d

ag reem en t th at th e go ve rn m en t ha d e s t a b l i s he d th e req ui si te ne xu s be twee n th e

pr op ert ie s an d hi s of

fen se s. Howev er, we d o n o t be li ev e a de fen da nt 's co ns en t to

fo rfei tu re ab ro ga te s t he req ui rem en t th at a ne xu s ex is t b et ween th e p ro pe rty so ug ht

fo r fo rfe i t u r e a n d th e co nv ic ti on of of fen se

. The di st ric t co ur t ha d an in de pe nd en t

du ty to en su re th at th e req ui red ne xu s ex is ts

. Fed

. R. Cri m

. P. 32 .2(b )(1 )(A)-( B); 21

U.S.C. § 85 3; se e al so Lib ret ti v. Un it ed Sta te s, 5 16 U.S. 29

, 42 (1 99 5) (n ot in g th at
§ 85 3 "l im it s forf

ei tu re by es ta bl is hi ng a fact ua l ne xu s req ui rem en t" ). As th e Co ur t

in Lib ret ti ex pl ai ne d,

[w]e do no t m ean to su gg es t th at a di st ri c t c o u r t m us t si m pl y acce pt a de fen da nt 's ag reem en t to fo rfei t pr op ert y , pa rti cu la rly whe n th at

ag reem en t is no t acco m pa ni ed by a st ip ul a t i o n of fact s su pp or ti ng fo rfei tu re, or whe n th e tri al jud ge fo r ot he r reas on s fin ds th e ag reem en t

pr ob le m at ic

. In th is reg ard , we no te th at th e Dep art m en t of Jus ti ce .

. . is su ed [a po li cy ]

. . . to in st ru ct th at

, am on g th e pr oc ed ur es ne ces sa ry to

en su re a va li d fo rfei tu re ag reem en t, " [ t ]h e se tt le m en t to fo rfei t [ 2 ]

In Lib re t t i

, th e de fen da nt en te red in to a fo rfei tu re ag reem en t in co nju nc ti on 2

wit h hi s pl ea ag reem en t. 5 1 6 F

. 3 d a t 33 -3 4. In th e in st an t cas e, Bel tra m ea di d no t

en te r in to a fo rfei tu re ag reem en t pe r se , bu t th e go ve rn m en t as se rts Bel tra m ea ag reed

to th e pr el im in ary fo rfei tu re or de r , l at er en te red by th e di st ric t co ur t, an d th us

-7

-pr op ert y must be in writ in g an d th e de fen da nt m us t co nc ed e fact s

su pp or ti ng th e fo rfei tu re."

51 6 U.S. at 4 3 ( s i x t h a lt erat io n in or ig in al ). The go ve rn m en t pr es en te d no fact ua l

al le ga ti on s co nn ect in g th e Ren ta l Pro pe rti es an d th e Und ev el op ed Lot s to an y of fen se

fo r whi ch Bel tra m ea was co nv ic te d; acco rd in gl y , th e di st ric t co ur t pl ai nl y erre d. The

fo rfei tu re of Bel tra m ea's pr op ert y wit ho ut a pr op er ba si s in la w an d fact vi ol at es hi s

su bs ta nt i a l r i gh ts

, Uni te d St at es v. Su m of $1 85 ,33 6.0 7 U.S. Cu rren cy Sei zed

, 73 1

F.3 d 18 9, 19 7 (2 d Ci r. 20 13 ), an d affe ct s th e in te gr it y of ju d i ci al pr oc eed in gs , t hu s

affo rd in g u s d is cret io n t o o rd er re m ed y of t he erro r. Marq ue z, 68 5 F .3d at 5 10

.

II I. CONCLUSI ON

W e affi rm Bel tra m ea's se nt en ce, bu t va cat e an d rem an d th e fo rfei tu re or de r fo r

pr oc eed in gs co ns is te nt wit h t hi s o pi ni on

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

ne ces sa ril y co n s e n te d to th e fo rfei tu re an d it s fact ua l ne xu s. Fo r th e pu rp os es of

de te rm in in g whe th er th e req ui red ne xu s ex is te d, we b e l i e v e th is is a di st in ct io n wit ho ut a di ffer en ce.

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-