Tynan v. American Airlines 04-CV-335-SM 09/09/05 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Don M. Tynan,

Plaintiff

v. Civil No. 04-cv-335-SM

Opinion No. 2005 DNH 127

American Airlines, Inc.

Pilot Retirement Benefit Program,

Defendant

O R D E R

Plaintiff, a retired airline pilot, brings suit pursuant to

section 502(a) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of

1974, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a) (“ERISA”), challenging the defendant

retirement plan’s decision to recoup excess benefit payments that

were mistakenly paid to him. Plaintiff says the plan’s decision

to recoup “was both arbitrary and capricious.” Complaint at

para. 7. Defendant moves for summary judgment, asserting that

its decision to recover overpayments (and the means by which it

plans to recover them) was neither arbitrary nor capricious. 

Plaintiff objects. For the reasons given below, defendant’s

motion for summary judgment is granted. 

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Standard of Review

When ruling on a party’s motion for summary judgment, the

court must “view the entire record in the light most hospitable

to the party opposing summary judgment, indulging all reasonable

inferences in that party’s favor.” Griggs-Ryan v. Smith, 904

F.2d 112, 115 (1st Cir. 1990). Summary judgment is appropriate

when the record reveals “no genuine issue as to any material fact

and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter

of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). In this context, “a fact is

‘material’ if it potentially affects the outcome of the suit and

a dispute over it is ‘genuine’ if the parties’ positions on the

issue are supported by conflicting evidence.” Intern’l Ass’n of

Machinists and Aerospace Workers v. Winship Green Nursing Ctr.,

103 F.3d 196, 199-200 (1st Cir. 1996) (citations omitted). 

Background

Plaintiff was employed by American Airlines from 1965 until

his retirement in 1984. He participated in the American

Airlines, Inc., Pilot Retirement Benefit Program (the “Program”). 

Upon his retirement, plaintiff began receiving retirement

benefits from two plans administered by the Program: the Fixed

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Income Plan and the Variable Income Plan. Plaintiff and his wife

subsequently divorced and, in December of 1996, the Program

received a state-court qualified domestic relations order

(“QDRO”) awarding one-half of plaintiff’s benefits under each

plan to his former wife. Accordingly, in February of 1997, the

Program notified plaintiff that it had received a copy of the

QDRO and that it met the requirements of the Retirement Equity

Act of 1984. Defendant’s Exhibit B (Part 3) at AA-120. Then, in

March of 1997, the Program notified plaintiff that, pursuant to

the QDRO, monthly benefit checks sent to him under each plan

would be reduced by fifty percent. Included with that letter was

a statement disclosing exactly how much he should expect to

receive each month from each plan. Defendant’s Exhibit B (Part

3) at AA-0122 through AA-0124. 

In March of 1997, plaintiff received the proper (reduced)

benefit checks from both plans. Thereafter, however, due to an

error on the part of the Program (or its bank), plaintiff began

receiving checks in the original (unreduced) amount from the

Variable Income Plan; the benefit checks he received from the

Fixed Income Plan, however, continued to be reduced by fifty

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percent. The monthly payments made by the two plans to

plaintiff’s former wife appear not to have been adversely

affected. That is to say, she has consistently received monthly

checks from each plan that properly reflect her entitlement to

fifty percent of plaintiff’s benefits. 

Plaintiff did not report the payment error to the Program. 

And, the Program did not notice the error for approximately six

years, at which point an audit revealed that it had been overpaying plaintiff as well as two other beneficiaries of the

Program. During that six-year period, plaintiff received

$118,150.90 in overpayments from the Variable Income Plan. 

Once the Program became aware of the overpayments, it

notified plaintiff of the error. It then calculated the total

amount of those overpayments and suspended payments to him from

the Variable Income Plan in an effort to recover the sums paid in

error by offset. Although it claims it was legally entitled to

do so, the Program did not suspend any payments to plaintiff from

the Fixed Income Plan, nor did it sue him in an effort to recover

the overpaid amounts in a lump sum. See Defendant’s Reply

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Memorandum at 7 n. 2. The Program says it decided to recover the

overpayments by suspending payments under the Variable Income

Plan after taking into account: (1) plaintiff’s age (72); (2) the

amount that he was scheduled to receive each month from the

Variable Income Plan ($1,300); (3) his life expectancy; (4) the

amount of time it would take to recover the sums erroneously paid

to him (approximately seven years); and (5) the effect its

planned recoupment efforts would have on both the Variable Income

Plan and plaintiff. 

Plaintiff administratively appealed the decision to suspend

payments under the Variable Income Plan to the Pension Benefit

Administration Committee. After reviewing plaintiff’s appeal,

the Committee rejected his assertion that he was unaware of the

payment error. Instead, it concluded that he knew he was

receiving twice the benefits to which he was entitled under the

Variable Income Plan and, nevertheless, failed to report the

error to the Program. 

In light of the information provided to Mr. Tynan

regarding his QDRO and the Pension Administration

Benefit Authorization, it is evident that American

Airlines notified Mr. Tynan of his reduced monthly

pension benefit payment. Yet, when he continued to

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receive twice that amount for six years, he chose to

accept the overpayment and did not report it to the

Company. 

Defendant’s Exhibit B (Part 1), at AA-0007. Accordingly,

plaintiff’s appeal was denied. This proceeding ensued. 

Discussion

I. Plaintiff’s Equitable Argument. 

The parties agree that the Program documents vest the Plan

Administrator with discretionary authority to determine

eligibility for benefits and to construe the terms of the

Program. See Defendant’s Exhibit A (Part 4) at AA-0296, Section

16.7 of the Program document. Accordingly, this court applies

the familiar “arbitrary and capricious” standard to the Plan

Administrator’s decision to recoup the over-payments by

suspending plaintiff’s benefits under the Variable Income Plan. 

That same deferential standard of review applies to the factual

determinations upon which the Program relied in reaching that

decision. See generally Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch,

489 U.S. 101, 115 (1989). Under the applicable standard of

review, then, the administrator’s decision “will not be disturbed

if reasonable.” Id. at 111. 

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The pertinent language of the Program’s governing document

provides that: 

If any error, including an error resulting from any

statement made or omitted to be made by any Member,

surviving spouse or Beneficiary in any document or

other information required to be submitted in

connection with the Plan, shall result in the payment

to any individual or entity of more or less than such

person would have received but for such error, the

Administrator may correct such error and adjust

payments hereunder as far as possible, in such manner

that the Actuarial Equivalent of the benefit to which

such person was correctly entitled shall be paid. 

Defendant’s Exhibit A (Part 4) at AA-296, Section 16.8 of the

Program document (emphasis supplied). Plaintiff does not dispute

that the overpayments made to him by the Variable Income Plan

total $118,150.90. Nor does he challenge defendant’s right,

under both the terms of the Program documents and applicable

trust law, to seek recoupment. See generally Hoffa v.

Fitzsimmons, 673 F.2d 1345, 1354 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (“[W]hen a

trustee overpays a beneficiary the trustee is entitled to recover

the excess payment, even when it was the product of unilateral

mistake on the part of the trustee.”) (citations omitted). 

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1 Plaintiff does not, however, suggest what he believes

would be a more equitable repayment plan. 

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Nevertheless, plaintiff says he should not have to repay the

Program for the sums erroneously paid to him or, at the very

least, that those monies should be recovered in a more

“equitable” manner.1 See Plaintiff’s memorandum (document no. 9)

at 1 (“The question before the Court is not whether the Defendant

has a legal right to seek recoupment, but whether the method and

manner of recoupment implemented is equitable.”). In support of

that position, plaintiff invokes an equitable exception to the

plan’s legal right to recoup:

[R]ecovery [of excess benefits paid in error] is

precluded if the beneficiary, in reliance on the

correctness of the amounts of benefits, changes his

position so that it would be inequitable to compel him

to make restitution. 

Plaintiff’s memorandum at 2 (citing Thorn v. U.S. Steel &

Carnegie Pension Fund, No. CV-P-1829-S, slip op. at 3 n.6 (M.D.

Ala. 1983) and Restatement (Second) Trusts § 254, cmt. e). 

This case is somewhat atypical in that plaintiff

acknowledges the Program’s legal entitlement to seek

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2 Plaintiff does not advance any equitable defenses to

the Program’s effort to recover the excess benefits mistakenly

paid to him, such as laches (i.e., unreasonable delay once the

overpayments were discovered) or equitable estoppel (i.e., the

plan’s knowingly false representation of the benefits to which

plaintiff was entitled, with the intent to induce reliance

thereon). But, that failing is not necessarily dispositive. 

See, e.g., Texaco Puerto Rico, Inc. v. Dept. of Cons. Affairs, 60

F.3d 867, 878 (1st Cir. 1995) (“[A]s part of balancing the

equities, the court looks at the conduct of both parties and the

potential hardships that might result from a judicial decision

either way. From a practical standpoint, then, even when an

equitable defense does not bar the claim, the total balance of

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reimbursement of the excess benefits paid to him in error, but

claims principles of equity foreclose (or, at a minimum, limit)

such recovery, given the particular circumstances of this case. 

Along those lines, plaintiff points out that: (1) the amount of

the overpayments made to him is substantial and recovering those

sums, even if done over the course of several years, would place

an undue financial strain on him in retirement; (2) despite the

Program’s conclusion to the contrary, he maintains that he never

realized that he was being overpaid by the Variable Income Plan;

and (3) he reasonably relied upon the Program to insure that

payments made to him were correct. In short, plaintiff asserts

that it would be unfair to allow the Program to recover the

overpayments in the manner it has selected and, therefore, he

says equity should intervene to prevent such a result.2

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equities and hardships might do so.”) (citations and internal

punctuation omitted). 

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II. ERISA and Federal Courts’ Equitable Powers. 

Plaintiff asserts that the Program’s decision to suspend his

payments under the Variable Income Plan until all excess payments

are recouped by offset was arbitrary and/or capricious. Thus, he

couches his argument in familiar ERISA terms. But, at the same

time, he acknowledges that the plan is entitled (under both the

Program documents and applicable trust law) to recover the sums

that were paid to him in error. So, rather than challenging the

Program’s decision on legal grounds, he has chosen to challenge

it on equitable grounds. Thus, it would seem that what plaintiff

really seeks is relief in the nature of an injunction precluding

the plan from exercising (or at least limiting the exercise of)

its right to recover the overpayment. See generally 29 U.S.C. §

1132(a)(3) (authorizing an ERISA-governed plan beneficiary to sue

the plan to obtain “other appropriate equitable relief.”). 

The scope of this court’s equitable authority in the ERISA

context is not well-defined. It would appear, however, to extend

to the issuance of injunctive relief of the type plaintiff

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(implicitly) seeks. See generally Mertens v. Hewitt Assocs., 508

U.S. 248 (1993) (narrowly interpreting the phrase “other

appropriate equitable relief,” as used in 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a) to

include only “those categories of relief that were typically

available in equity (such as injunction, mandamus, and

restitution . . . ).”) (emphasis in original). See also Wells v.

U.S. Steel & Carnegie Pension Fund, Inc., 950 F.2d 1244, 1251

(6th Cir. 1991) (“Although the Plan language permits recoupment,

this court is concerned with the possible inequitable impact

recoupment may have on the individual retirees. . . . We thus

remand this case to the district court to consider whether, under

principles of equity or trust law, relief is unwarranted); Butler

v. Aetna U.S. Healthcare, Inc., 109 F. Supp. 2d 856, 862 (S.D.

Ohio 2000) (“[W]ithout question, the plan grants [defendant] a

legal right to withhold [plaintiff’s] entire monthly benefit

award until it recoups the overpayment caused by her retroactive

receipt of Social Security Disability benefits . . . [H]owever, 

. . . equitable principles may limit an ERISA fiduciary’s legal

right to recoup an overpayment of benefits.”) (emphasis in

original). So, for purposes of resolving plaintiff’s claim, the

court assumes it has the equitable authority to enjoin the

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Program from recovering the excess benefit payments erroneously

made to plaintiff, or recovering them in a particular manner. 

Turning to the merits, it is apparent on this record that

plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that he is entitled to such

equitable relief. The Program, through the Pension Benefit

Administration Committee, supportably and plausibly concluded

that plaintiff was well aware of the continuing overpayments but

elected not to report them to the Program, choosing instead to

retain the benefit of the Program’s obvious error. The record

before the Committee supports that decision, particularly given

the fact that: (1) plaintiff was notified in writing of the

precise amount by which his benefits under each plan would be

reduced; and (2) after one month of correct (reduced) benefit

payments, those under the Variable Income Plan reverted to their

full, unreduced amount, while those under the Fixed Income Plan

continued to be properly reduced by fifty percent - a situation

that could not have escaped plaintiff’s notice. Nothing in

plaintiff’s filings, except his general denial of any knowledge

of the error, undermines the Program’s conclusion that he was

aware of the payment error but chose to remain silent. 

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Consequently, the court cannot find that the Program acted

arbitrarily or capriciously when it concluded that plaintiff was

aware that, each month for six years, he was receiving twice the

amount that he should have been receiving from the Variable

Income Plan while receiving a benefit reduced by half from the

Fixed Income Plan and, nevertheless, chose not to report that

error. In turn, that supportable factual finding precludes

plaintiff from invoking principles of equity in an effort to

defeat the Program’s legitimate efforts to recoup funds properly

belonging to the Variable Income Plan. 

For equity to intervene on plaintiff’s behalf in a case such

as this, at least two related elements would have to be present. 

First, plaintiff’s reliance on the Program to send him the

correct amount each month, and the related assumption that he was

entitled to the full amount of the payments he received, would

have to be reasonable. Neither assumption is reasonable. On two

occasions (February 6 and March 3, 1997), plaintiff was notified

that all future monthly benefits would be reduced as a result of

the QDRO. In the latter communication, the Program provided

plaintiff with an itemized statement, specifically notifying him

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of the reduced amount he should expect to receive each month from

both the Fixed and Variable Income Plans. Given that detailed

level of information, it was not reasonable for plaintiff to have

remained silent when, after one month of correct payments, he

began (and continued) receiving twice the proper amount from the

Variable Income Plan, despite the fact that his benefits under

the Fixed Income Plan continued at one-half of the previous

level. 

Second, for plaintiff to invoke principles of equity to

block reimbursement, he must appear before the court with “clean

hands.” See, e.g., Texaco Puerto Rico, 60 F.3d at 880 (“It is

old hat that a court called upon to do equity should always

consider whether the petitioning party has acted in bad faith or

with unclean hands.”). Given his knowledge of the Program’s

mistake, as plausibly and supportably found by the Committee, and

given the fact that he did nothing to notify the Program of the

continuing error, choosing instead to accept the benefit of the

erroneous payments, plaintiff does not have “clean hands” in this

matter.

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Conclusion

In light of the foregoing, the court concludes that the

Program did not act arbitrarily or capriciously when it decided

to suspend plaintiff’s monthly benefits under the Variable Income

Plan until the sums erroneously paid to plaintiff are recovered. 

In fact, because the Program might well have sought recovery of

those funds in a lump sum, rather than over time, its decision is

fairly characterized as reasonable.

It goes without saying that plaintiff would prefer that the

Program recover the sums owed over a longer period of time (if at

all), thus imposing less of a financial strain upon him. But,

the Program’s decision to recover the overpayments over the

course of seven years, rather than in a lump sum and without

suspending his monthly benefits under the Fixed Income Plan,

exhibits appropriate sensitivity to his current circumstances,

and demonstrates a reasonable effort to balance the Plan

Administrator’s fiduciary duty to the Program’s members in

general (i.e., the obligation to recover the overpayments for the

benefit of the trust and all its beneficiaries) with its desire

to minimize the economic hardship felt by plaintiff in repaying

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3 Parenthetically, the court notes that in Hoffa, the

Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit pointed out that

defendants had, pursuant to an indemnification agreement with the

plan, already made the plan whole for the overpayments at issue. 

Thus, regardless of the outcome of that litigation, no

beneficiary of the trust would be harmed, because the plan itself

would not incur any loss, nor would it reap any windfall. In

this case, however, plaintiff has not pointed to anything

suggesting that a third party has made (or will make) the Program

whole, should it be unable to recover the overpayments made to

plaintiff. Thus, if this court were to enjoin the Program from

collecting those sums from plaintiff, the other beneficiaries of

the Variable Income Plan would be adversely affected to some

degree, albeit minimally. 

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what he unquestionably owes. See generally Hoffa 673 F.2d at

1354 n.27 (“It thus appears that, in compelling overpaid

beneficiaries to restore the trust res the excess amount, courts

are primarily concerned with possible inequity to other

beneficiaries.”).3 

Finally, while the court might, under appropriate

circumstances, possess equitable authority to enjoin an ERISAgoverned plan from recovering excess benefit payments erroneously

made to a plan beneficiary, this is not a case in which the

exercise of that authority would be appropriate. In the end, the

question posed by this case is whether the financial burden

caused by the overpayments made by the Program, but knowingly

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retained by plaintiff, should be borne by plaintiff or the other

beneficiaries of the plan. Principles of equity dictate that

plaintiff bear that burden. To determine otherwise, would

condone unjust enrichment.

Defendant’s motion for summary judgment (document no. 8) is

granted. The Clerk of Court shall enter judgment in accordance

with this order and close the case. 

SO ORDERED.

____________________________

Steven J. McAuliffe

Chief Judge

September 9, 2005

cc: Stanley H. Robinson, Esq.

Daniel E. Will, Esq.

Kevin L. Wright, Esq.

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