20‐0086-cv

Juzumas v. Nassau County

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

______________

August Term 2020

No. 20-0086-cv

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VICTOR JUZUMAS,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

NASSAU COUNTY, NEW YORK,

Defendant-Appellee,

“JOHN DOES 1-5”

Defendants.

______________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern 

District of New York

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ARGUED: DECEMBER 10, 2020

DECIDED: MAY 12, 2022

Before: POOLER, WESLEY, CARNEY, Circuit Judges. 

Victor Juzumas sued Nassau County (the “County”) and five “John Doe” 

law enforcement officers (the County and the individuals together, “Defendants”) 
2

for alleged constitutional violations arising from their enforcement of New York 

Penal Law § 400.00(11)(c). Juzumas alleges that the County’s policy interpreting 

and applying § 400.00(11)(c) is broader than the law itself, and unconstitutional as 

it was applied to him. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of 

New York (Donnelly, J.) disagreed, finding that the County acted to enforce a 

mandatory provision of state law and as a result was not a proper defendant under 

Vives v. City of New York, 524 F.3d 346 (2d Cir. 2008). It granted Defendants’ motion 

for summary judgment on Juzumas’s First, Second, and Fourth Amendment 

claims, related Monell claims, and Section 1983 conspiracy claim. Juzumas appeals 

the district court’s order. We AFFIRM the order of the district court in part, except 

to the extent that it failed to reach an adequate determination on the County’s 

longarms possession policy. We VACATE and REMAND in part for the district 

court to address that aspect of Juzumas’s Second Amendment and Monell claims. 

______________

AMY L. BELLANTONI, The 

Bellantoni Law Firm, PLLC, 

Scarsdale, NY, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

JARED A. KASSCHAU, Nassau 

County Attorney, Mineola, NY

(Robert F. Van der Waag, Deputy 

County Attorney, on the brief), for 

Defendant-Appellee.

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3

PER CURIAM:

Victor Juzumas sued Nassau County (the “County”) and five “John Doe” 

law enforcement officers (the County and the individuals together, “Defendants”) 

for alleged constitutional violations arising from their enforcement of New York 

Penal Law § 400.00(11)(c). Juzumas alleges that the County’s policy interpreting 

§ 400.00(11)(c) is broader than the law itself, and unconstitutional as it was applied 

to him. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York 

(Donnelly, J.) disagreed, finding that the County acted in large part to enforce a 

mandatory provision of state law and was not a proper defendant under Vives v. 

City of New York, 524 F.3d 346 (2d Cir. 2008). Juzumas v. Nassau Cty., 417 F. Supp. 

3d 178 (E.D.N.Y. 2019). It granted Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on 

Juzumas’s First, Second, and Fourth Amendment claims, related Monell claims, 

and Section 1983 conspiracy claim. We affirm the order of the district court in part, 

except to the extent that it failed to reach an adequate determination on the 

County’s longarms possession policy. We vacate and remand in part for the 

district court to address that aspect of Juzumas’s Second Amendment and Monell

claims.

BACKGROUND

I. Statutory Framework

New York Penal Law creates a licensing regime for the possession of pistols, 

revolvers, and certain other handguns, which it refers to as “firearms.” See N.Y. 

Penal Law § 265.00(3). This regime makes it unlawful in New York to possess a 

firearm without a license. See id. §§ et seq. 265.20(3), 400.00(2). Eligibility for a 

license is governed by Penal Law § 400.00(1), which provides that “[n]o license 
4

shall be issued or renewed except for an applicant” who meets several enumerated 

requirements. Among those requirements are that the applicant be “of good moral 

character,” id. § 400.00(1)(b), and that there be “no good cause . . . for the denial of 

the license,” id. § 400.00(1)(n). Under the state law, licenses—colloquially referred 

to as either pistol, handgun, or firearm licenses—are generally issued and 

administered by local governmental units or officers. In Juzumas’s case, Nassau 

County was charged with the licensing responsibility.

The State maintains no similar licensing scheme for long-barrel rifles and 

shotguns (“long guns” or “longarms”).1 However, the Penal Law speaks to 

continued long gun possession by a person whose pistol license has been revoked, 

as we describe below. Pistol license revocation may occur in several different 

circumstances. Among them is that described by Penal Law § 400.00(11)(a), which

provides that a license holder’s conviction of a “felony” or “serious offense,” or 

the license holders “at any time becoming ineligible to obtain a license under this 

section,” “shall operate as a revocation of the license.” See also N.Y. Penal Law 

§ 265.00(17) (defining “serious offense”). In addition, § 400.00(11)(b) requires 

licensing officers to suspend or revoke the license of any person about whom a 

report of mental disturbance has been made pursuant to New York Mental 

Hygiene Law § 9.46. 

The tethering between longarm possession and pistol licenses occurs in 

subsection (c) of Penal Law § 400.00(11). Subsection (c) provides that in “any 

1 Rifles and shotguns whose barrels have been sawed off, however, are treated by the 

Penal Law as “firearms” and are subject to the licensing regime. See N.Y. Penal Law 

§ 265.00(3).
5

instance in which a person’s license is suspended or revoked under paragraph (a) 

or (b) of this subdivision, such person shall surrender such license to the appropriate 

licensing official and any and all firearms, rifles, or shotguns owned or possessed by such 

person shall be surrendered to an appropriate law enforcement agency.” N.Y. Penal 

Law § 400.00(11)(c) (emphasis added).

Nassau County adopted a policy implementing this part of the state 

statutory framework. In May 2014, it published a legal bulletin declaring that “a 

person whose handgun license is suspended or revoked for any reason is not only 

required to surrender [his] license and handguns but also [his] rifles and shotguns 

to the licensing authority (Nassau County Police Department).” JA 268–73.2 The 

written policy does not state whether an individual in Nassau County whose pistol 

license has been revoked and weapons have been surrendered may possess long 

guns again before being issued another pistol license. As Juzumas describes the 

County policy, however, that individual may lawfully possess long guns again 

only after he applies for, and the County issues him, another pistol license. See 

Juzumas, 417 F. Supp. 3d at 182.

2 The County’s written policy interpreting state law is also published in Nassau County 

Police Department Procedure OPS 10023, entitled “Removal and Disposition of 

Weapons—Domestic Incidents/Threats to Public Safety.” Special App’x 4. As 

summarized by the district court, “[u]nder OPS 10023, longarm possession may be 

prohibited if (a) the owner is prohibited from possessing rifles or shotguns under the 

Federal Gun Control Act, (b) the owner has a relevant pending court disposition, (c) the 

owner is a subject of an order of protection, (d) the owner has a relevant Nassau County 

arrest history, (e) domestic incidents have occurred since the time of the confiscation or 

voluntary surrender, or (f) there are other extenuating circumstances that indicate that 

the longarms should not be returned.” Juzumas, 417 F. Supp. 3d at 182 n.6.
6

II. Facts3

Juzumas, a customs broker and resident of Nassau County, applied for and

received a pistol license from the County in January 2003. In May 2008, Juzumas

was arrested for conspiring to import controlled substances. The arresting officer 

confiscated his pistol license and pistols. In September 2008, the County 

suspended Juzumas’s pistol license based on the May arrest. Soon after his license 

suspension, law enforcement officers collected Juzumas’s long guns, but returned 

the long guns to him a few weeks later. Almost four years later, in June 2012, 

Juzumas pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor conspiracy to defraud the United 

States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, in connection with his 2008 arrest.

In November 2015, three years after his guilty plea and seven years after his 

initial license suspension, the County sent Juzumas a letter stating that his pistol 

license had been revoked. It identified three bases for the revocation: (1) “[a]rrest 

history,” (2) “[c]onviction of violation title 18 USC 371 [sic],” and (3) “[l]ack of 

good moral character.” Joint Appendix (“JA”) at 58. It further advised that, as 

“directed by New York State Penal Law section 400, and the New York State 

Secure Ammunitions and Firearm Enforcement Act [SAFE Act], you are 

prohibited from possessing firearms, rifles, shotguns.” Id. The County’s letter 

informed Juzumas of several options for disposing of his weapons: “a transfer of 

ownership to a properly licensed individual as mandated by the NY Safe Act, sale 

3 The facts are taken from the district court’s decision. Except as noted, they are

undisputed.
7

to a New York State licensed gun dealer; or request the destruction of the 

firearm(s).” Id. 

After receiving the letter, Juzumas made gifts of his long guns to his son‐in‐

law, to a “hunting buddy,” and to a friend. Special App’x 6. (In light of the 2008 

pistol license suspension, he no longer possessed a pistol.) He then unsuccessfully 

attempted to appeal the pistol license revocation using County administrative 

processes. He represented to the district court that he had not tried to buy long

guns since his license was revoked.

III. Procedural History

In May 2017, Juzumas sued Defendants in the United States District Court 

for the Eastern District of New York. He alleged that they violated his First, 

Second, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights by requiring the surrender of 

his long guns upon revocation of his pistol license, by conditioning his 

reacquisition of long guns upon the issuance to him of a new pistol license, and by 

denying his application for a new license on the ground that his misdemeanor 

conviction was a “serious offense” within the meaning of Penal Law § 265.00(17).

Issue was joined and the parties cross-moved for summary judgment.4

The district court granted judgment to the County on Juzumas’s Second

Amendment claim, finding that the County did not infringe Juzumas’s right to 

bear arms in any way not required by the state law, whose constitutionality 

Juzumas had not challenged. The district court reasoned that, through its policy

4 While the cross-motions were pending, Juzumas abandoned his First Amendment and 

conspiracy claims against the County.
8

requiring surrender of the license and longarms, the County was merely enforcing

Penal Law § 400.00(11). The district court dismissed Juzumas’s Fourth 

Amendment claim, finding no governmental seizure because Juzumas voluntarily 

“gave away” his long guns. Juzumas, 417 F. Supp. 3d at 187–88. It agreed with 

Juzumas, however, on his Fourteenth Amendment claim, concluding that he 

should have received a hearing before being required to permanently cede

possession of his long guns.5

The district court granted summary judgment to the County on Juzumas’s 

Monell claims arising from his Second and Fourth Amendment allegations. It 

briefly addressed Juzumas’s claim that the County’s open-ended prohibition on 

his possession of longarms contravened his Second Amendment rights by

commenting that “[a]t oral argument, counsel for the County said that the County 

no longer uses the [revocation] letter that the plaintiff received, and that it is now 

clear that someone whose pistol license has been revoked, and surrenders 

longarms at the time of the revocation, is free after the confiscation of his longarms 

to go out and purchase other longarms.” Juzumas, 417 F. Supp. 3d at 183 (internal 

footnote and quotations omitted). The court noted that, apart from the statement 

made at oral argument, “[t]he County did not explain how the plaintiff would 

have learned of the policy change, or the extent to which a background check, 

which would have alerted a gun dealer that the plaintiff’s license had been 

revoked, would have been an impediment to purchasing a longarm.” Id. It further 

observed that “[a]t oral argument, counsel for the County conceded that the 

5 The parties later settled this Fourteenth Amendment claim and the district court 

dismissed it with prejudice before entering final judgment.
9

plaintiff’s continued possession of his longarms did not pose any danger to the 

community.” Id. at 190.

Juzumas appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the 

County on his Second and Fourth Amendment claims. 

DISCUSSION6

I. Second Amendment Claims

Juzumas argues that Nassau County’s policy regarding the surrender and 

reacquisition of long guns is homegrown and not merely an enforcement of state 

law. First, he reads state law to require the surrender of long guns only when the 

revocation of a pistol license is based upon the factors specifically mentioned in 

Penal Law § 400.00(11), and not when based on any of the other reasons set forth 

in the rest of Penal Law § 400.00. In other words, he would limit the tethering 

provision to the reasons for revoking a pistol license that are specifically 

enumerated (and not merely referred to) in Penal Law § 400.00(11). He urges that 

the County’s policy extends beyond the mandates of state law and in doing so

violates his right under the Second Amendment to possess long guns. Second, he 

contests the County’s position—in effect when the County required the surrender 

6 The standard of review here is well known. “We review de novo a district court’s order 

granting summary judgment, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

non‐moving party. As relevant here, we also review de novo the district court’s legal 

conclusions, including those interpreting and determining the constitutionality of a 

statute. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a), summary judgment is 

appropriate where there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n, Inc. v. Cuomo, 

804 F.3d 242, 252 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
10

of his longarms in 2015 but now perhaps abandoned—that, despite the absence of 

a state licensing regime for longarms, he is prohibited from possessing a longarm 

unless and until he applies for and obtains a new pistol license. We address each

contention in turn.

A. Does state law require surrender of longarms upon revocation of 

pistol license?

As to his first argument, we conclude that Juzumas misreads Penal Law 

§ 400.00. The subsection of Penal Law § 400.00 that addresses long gun surrender 

provides that in “any instance in which a person’s license is suspended or revoked 

under paragraph (a) or (b) of this subdivision . . . any and all firearms, rifles, or 

shotguns owned or possessed by such person shall be surrendered.” N.Y. Penal 

Law § 400.00(11)(c). Thus, by the statute’s express terms, when an individual’s

pistol license is suspended or revoked for any reason set forth in Penal Law 

§ 400.00(11)(a) or (b), the licensee must surrender his long guns. 

Penal Law § 400.00(11)(a) does the work in Juzumas’s case: it covers the 

reasons Juzumas’s pistol license was revoked. It provides that “a licensee at any 

time becoming ineligible to obtain a license under this section shall operate as a 

revocation of the license.” Id. § 400.00(11)(a) (emphasis added). In other words, 

under subsection (a), any change in the licensee’s life that would have resulted in 

the denial of her application for a pistol license (had she applied at the time of the 

change) effects a revocation of the license. Thus, the question presented by 

Juzumas turns on the meaning of the phrase “under this section” in Penal Law 

§ 400.00(11)(a). If that phrase refers to the whole of Penal Law § 400.00 and any of 

the reasons stated in § 400.00 that a person may be ineligible to obtain a handgun 
11

license, then the County’s policy is congruent with state law. Juzumas contends, 

however, that “this section” refers to Penal Law § 400.00(11) only, and not to Penal 

Law § 400.00. 

It takes no leap of logic to realize that the County is correct in arguing that

the phrase “this section” refers to the whole of Penal Law § 400.00 and not merely 

its subsection (11). In reaching that conclusion, we look first to the text of the 

statute. Matter of Peyton v. N.Y.C. Bd. of Standards & Appeals, 36 N.Y.3d 271, 279 

(2020). The first hint occurs in the title of § 400.00, which is identified by the 

symbol “§,” a mark well understood to mean “section.” The second indication is 

found in the language of the Penal Law: Section 400.00(11)(c) refers to itself as a 

“subdivision.” It states, “[i]n any instance in which a person’s license is suspended 

or revoked under paragraph (a) or (b) of this subdivision, such person shall surrender 

such license to the appropriate licensing official and any and all firearms, rifles, or 

shotguns owned or possessed by such person shall be surrendered.” N.Y. Penal

Law § 400.00(11)(c) (emphasis added). We take these words and symbols for their

plain meaning: the legislature intended the word “section” as used in § 400.00(11) 

to refer to Penal Law § 400.00. See People v. Pabon, 28 N.Y.3d 147, 152 (2016).

The structure and legislative history of Penal Law § 400.00 also support the

County’s reading. See Nadkos Inc. v. Preferred Constr. Ins. Co. Risk Retention Grp. 

LLC, 34 N.Y.3d 1, 7–11 (2019) (looking at the plain text, statutory structure, and 

legislative history when interpreting a statute). The various reasons why a person 

may be ineligible for a pistol license appear throughout § 400.00. The operative 

clause in Penal Law § 400.00(11)(a)—“or a licensee at any time becoming ineligible 

to obtain a license under this section”—was added in 2013 by the New York State 
12

Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act (the “SAFE Act”). The other 

reasons for losing a pistol license that are enumerated in the same subsection (that 

is, being convicted of a felony or serious offense and becoming subject to a 

protective order) were already in place when the SAFE Act was passed. The 

operative language added by the SAFE Act would thus be superfluous if it did not 

refer to the additional grounds for ineligibility enumerated in other subsections of 

Penal Law § 400.00. Cf. Leader v. Maroney, Ponzini & Spencer, 97 N.Y.2d 95, 104

(2001) (“meaning and effect should be given to every word of a statute”).7

In requiring Juzumas to surrender his longarms after his conviction, Nassau 

County was reasonably applying state law, not crafting its own independent 

firearm surrender policy untethered to the Penal Law. As the district court noted, 

our opinion in Vives establishes the framework for assessing asserted 

constitutional violations arising from municipal enforcement of state law. See 524 

F.3d at 353. There, we set out a two-part test that looks generally to the amount of 

7 We have not located a case in which a plaintiff asserted claims against a county that are 

analogous to those made by Juzumas. Previous decisions made in related contexts, 

however, lend support to the County’s position. For example, New York courts appear 

to frequently affirm pistol license revocations under Penal Law § 400.00(11) without 

referencing the reasons for revocation that are specifically mentioned in that subdivision. 

See, e.g., Matter of Derry v. Fufidio, 192 A.D.3d 1099 (2d Dep’t 2021) (upholding revocation 

of a pistol license where the licensee’s 11-year-old son posted on social media a video of 

himself brandishing a pistol); Matter of Nash v. Nassau Cty., 150 A.D.3d 1120, 1121 (2d 

Dep’t 2017) (upholding revocation of a pistol license after licensee was acquitted of 

criminal charges). These decisions imply an understanding of the phrase “or a licensee 

at any time becoming ineligible to obtain a license under this section,” N.Y. Penal Law

§ 400.00(11)(a), that encompasses the other reasons that may render a person ineligible 

under Penal Law § 400.00 to obtain a pistol license. These include, for example, failure to 

meet the requirement of “good moral character,” id. § 400.00(1)(b), and the existence of 

“good cause . . . for the denial of the license,” id. § 400.00(1)(n).
13

autonomy enjoyed by the municipality in effectuating the policy in question. See 

id. First, we ask whether the municipality had a “meaningful choice” as to whether 

it would enforce the law. Id. If it did, then we ask whether the municipality 

adopted a “discrete policy” to enforce the law that represented a “conscious 

choice” by one of its policy makers. Id. If both conditions are met, then the 

municipality exercises a sufficient degree of autonomy to face liability for its policy 

choices. 

In Vives, we remanded for further fact-finding on the question whether the 

municipality had a “meaningful choice” as to whether it would enforce the statute. 

We cautioned that the statute in question did “not constitute such a mandate 

because it simply defines an offense without directing municipal officials to take 

any steps to act when the statute is violated.” Id. That is far from the case here:

Penal Law § 400.00(11)(c) directs that long guns “shall be removed and declared a 

nuisance” in the event that they are not surrendered upon the suspension or 

revocation of a pistol license. The language following “shall” in a statute is 

“mandatory, not precatory.” See Mach Mining, LLC v. EEOC, 575 U.S. 480, 486 

(2015). This mandatory language ends our inquiry. Juzumas’s dispute rests with 

the state law, whose constitutionality he has not challenged. 

B. Is the County’s alleged policy conditioning lawful longarm 

possession on reinstatement of a pistol license consistent with the 

Second Amendment?

Juzumas also challenges the County’s policy, as described in its 2015 

revocation letter, that the revocation of his pistol license entails the loss of his right 

to possess longarms again until the County issues him a new pistol license. The 
14

state law, he submits, speaks only to the prompt surrender of longarms that are in 

the possession of a person whose pistol license is suspended or is revoked “at the 

time” of the suspension or revocation. Reply Br. at 2. As explained above, Penal 

Law § 400.00(11) provides that a person whose pistol license has been revoked for 

any of the reasons provided in § 400.00 “shall surrender such license to the 

appropriate licensing official and any and all firearms, rifles, or shotguns owned 

or possessed by such person shall be surrendered to an appropriate law 

enforcement agency.” N.Y. Penal Law § 400.00(11)(c). The state law does not by 

its terms prohibit such a person from ever possessing a longarm thereafter, nor 

does it expressly condition renewed longarm possession on the issuance of a new 

pistol license. To the extent that Juzumas accurately interprets the County’s policy

as effecting an enduring ban on longarm possession by a person whose pistol 

license was revoked, we agree with him that the policy goes beyond what state 

law requires. The district court did not address this aspect of Juzumas’s challenge, 

however, and determined only that it was “not clear” whether Juzumas was 

permitted to possess long guns again under the County’s policy. Juzumas, 417 F. 

Supp. 3d at 182 n.5, 183.

Throughout this litigation, the County has offered inconsistent declarations 

about its policy on post–license revocation longarm possession. As described 

above, the County advised Juzumas in November 2015 that he was precluded 

from possessing longarms until his license was reinstated, an event that cannot 

occur until at least five years after the revocation. At deposition, a Nassau County 
15

Police Department (“NCPD”) lieutenant testified variably on the question.8 The 

NCPD Procedure OPS 10023, “Removal and Disposition of Weapons—Domestic 

8 Lieutenant Timpano testified as follows in response to questioning by Juzumas’s 

counsel:

Q. Is it the position of the Nassau County Police Department then 

that if any individual has a pistol license that is suspended or 

revoked, that they automatically lose their right to possess shotguns 

or rifles?

A. That’s correct.

Q. It doesn’t matter what the ground was for the suspension or the 

revocation of their pistol license; is that correct?

A. That’s correct.

JA 153. And then he testified, somewhat confusingly:

Q. And they can only—the individual would only be able to 

lawfully possess long guns after they reapplied for their pistol 

license and that application was granted?

A. That is correct.

Q. And what criteria does the pistol license unit use to determine 

whether an individual’s long guns are returned to them once they 

reapply for the pistol license?

A. I don’t understand the question.

Q. In other words, the five years—someone’s pistol license is 

revoked and five years goes by and they reapply for their pistol 

license, then is it the case that the pistol license division is making a 

determination of whether the individual can lawfully possess 

handguns or long guns based on the same criteria?

A. If at any point they no longer become ineligible to be in 

possession of a firearm, they can be in possession of long guns, as 

well as a handgun, if they get a pistol permit. You don’t need a pistol 

permit by itself to get a—to have a long gun. However, if your pistol 

license is revoked, then during that revocation period, you can be in 
16

Incidents/Threats to Public Safety,” see supra note 2, describes a process for a 

“Rifles and Shotguns Investigation” to be conducted by a “Precinct Domestic 

Incident Liaison Officer” after surrender of rifles and shotguns.9 JA 295. It 

provides that the officer’s job is to “[i]nitiate[] an administrative review to 

determine if a legal impediment exists not to return confiscated rifles and 

shotguns.” Id. (emphasis in original). It does not define “legal impediment,” but 

it cites 18 U.S.C. § 922 (the Federal Gun Control Act), Penal Law § 265 (“Firearms 

and other dangerous weapons”),10 and Penal Law § 400 (“License to carry”) as 

relevant. It elsewhere places a duty on the officer to “[d]etermine[] if any of 

[certain listed] conditions exist” as part of the inquiry on which the return of 

firearms depends. Id. at 294, 296. It then lists these conditions as bearing on the 

return of rifles and shotguns:

a. the owner is prohibited from possessing rifles or shotguns 

under the Federal Gun Control Act,

b. the owner has a relevant pending court disposition,

c. the owner is a subject of an order of protection,

d. the owner has a relevant Nassau County arrest history,

possession of a long gun. If a person reapplies and they get their 

pistol license back, then they can be in possession of a long gun. 

Id. at 186–87.

9 The stated effective date of OPS 10023 is “5/11/2012,” before the SAFE Act was enacted, 

but in this litigation the County appears to have relied on it without qualification.

10 Penal Law § 265.01, “Criminal possession of a weapon in the fourth degree,” makes it 

a crime for persons who have been “convicted of a felony or serious offense” to possess 

such guns. Id. § 265.01(4); see also N.Y. Penal Law § 265.00(17) (defining “serious 

offense”). It also criminalizes possession by persons who are “certified not suitable to 

possess a rifle or shotgun.” N.Y. Penal Law § 265.01(6).
17

e. domestic incidents have occurred since the time of the 

confiscation of voluntary surrender,

f. other extenuating circumstances which indicate that rifles 

and shotguns should not be returned.

Id. at 296. Perhaps this list can be read as setting forth the relevant “legal 

impediments,” but the phrasing of condition (f), “other extenuating 

circumstances,” is so broad as to make it hard to call it a “legal impediment.” If 

no legal impediment exists, however, then the written NCPD policy does not 

appear to prohibit a licensee from acquiring new long guns even if his or her pistol 

license was and remains revoked. See id. at 301 ¶ 26.

In its submissions to the district court, the County described its policy 

according to the terms of OPS 10023 and averred that this policy “was in effect, 

and was applied to Plaintiff, when Plaintiff’s pistol license was revoked by [the 

County].” Id. at 301 ¶ 27. But, as mentioned above, the County declared at oral 

argument in the district court that it “no longer uses the letter that the plaintiff 

received,” and that it was at that point “clear” that a person whose longarms were 

surrendered after license revocation is “free . . . to go out and purchase other 

longarms.” Juzumas, 417 F. Supp. 3d at 183; see id. at 182 n.5, 183 (recognizing that

the County’s policy appeared to have changed during the course of the litigation). 

No new standard revocation letter stating the policy or other document reflecting 

a new policy was presented by the County. Id. at 183 n.11.

In its brief on appeal, the County submits that “[i]f no legal impediment 

exists, NCPD does not automatically prohibit a licensee from possessing long guns 

even if his or her pistol license is revoked.” Appellee Br. at 11 (discussing 

administrative review process under OPS 10023). It adds that “[i]f no such 
18

impediment existed, NCPD would not automatically prohibit [Juzumas] from 

possessing long guns even if his pistol license was still revoked, as possession of a 

pistol license and possession of long guns are subject to two (2) separate 

determinations based upon two (2) distinct standards of review.” Id. at 12–13, 14. 

But the County also declares without qualification that “[t]he SAFE Act amended 

Penal Law § 400.00(11) to include the prohibition of ownership of longarms by 

individuals whose pistol license were suspended or revoked.” Id. at 19 (emphasis 

added).

Our Court was presented with similarly inconsistent assertions on Nassau 

County’s longarm possession policy in concurrent litigation. In Henry v. County of 

Nassau, 6 F.4th 324 (2d Cir. 2021), we heard a parallel challenge to the County’s 

policy that was mounted by another individual who was required to surrender his 

firearms and longarms after losing his pistol license based on an alleged domestic 

incident.11 In reversing the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss, we 

observed that the County’s written policies were such that the plaintiff there 

“cannot apply for reinstatement of his pistol license—or possess any firearms—

until” at least “five (5) years from the date or revocation or from the appeal 

decision upholding revocation, whichever is later.” Id. at 330. As did the district 

court here, however, we noted that “counsel for the County announced a change 

in the County’s position [in this respect] at oral argument by claiming that [the 

11 Our Court conducted oral argument in Henry in October 2020; the district court 

conducted oral argument in this case in September 2019.
19

plaintiff] is free to purchase longarms.” Id. at 330 n.2.12 Evaluating the absolute 

prohibition that the plaintiff had pleaded, we determined that such a policy—if 

proven—would impose a “substantial burden” on the plaintiff’s Second 

Amendment rights and therefore be subject to heightened scrutiny. Id. at 332.

In his post-argument briefing addressing Henry, Juzumas appears to 

consider the County’s absolute prohibition on longarm possession to still be in 

effect and targets it with his Second Amendment challenge.13 The County, in 

contrast, cites a change in its policy from an absolute prohibition to the virtual 

opposite, writing, “[T]he Deputy County Attorney advised Judge Donnelly that 

the Police Department subsequently changed its interpretation of § 400.00, so that 

any person whose pistol license was revoked was free to obtain longarms (other 

than the longarms that were initially confiscated).” Appellee Ltr. Br. at 3 (Aug. 25, 

2021). Having twice reversed its basic position, the County has yet to provide a 

complete description of when it will be lawful for Juzumas to reacquire longarms.

It proposed that “these facts will be explored and a full determination regarding 

12 We continued, “The County’s reversal at oral argument does not affect our decision in 

this appeal because Henry plausibly alleged that the County’s policy was to forbid 

firearm ownership completely after the revocation of a pistol license . . . .” Henry, 6 F.4th 

at 330 n.2.

13 In his post-argument briefing, Juzumas makes the additional argument that the County 

could only bar him from possessing longarms if he were guilty of a “serious offense,” as 

defined by Penal Law § 265.00(17), and therefore ineligible for possession of any firearms. 

See Appellant Ltr. Br. at 4–5 (Aug. 25, 2021). His misdemeanor offense, he avers, is not 

within the category of per se disqualifying “serious offenses” that would make him 

ineligible for possession under state law. Id.
20

them and their application to any claim, pursuant to the Second Circuit[’s]

analysis, will be made,” presumably on remand. Id. at 6.

In light of the absence of explicit state law constraints on Juzumas’s renewed 

possession of longarms, the shapeshifting record as to the County’s actual policy, 

and the constitutional nature of Juzumas’s challenge to the policy that was applied 

to him, we find it necessary to vacate the district court’s decision in this respect 

and remand the matter for further fact-finding and adjudication of this aspect of 

the Second Amendment challenge.

II. Fourth Amendment Claim

Juzumas’s Fourth Amendment claim fails for the same reason that his 

Second Amendment claim regarding the County’s policy requiring longarm

surrender fails. As explained in Section I.A above, this aspect of the County’s 

policy constituted a straightforward enforcement of Penal Law § 400.00(11), which 

requires a person to surrender his longarms when his pistol license is revoked for 

any of the reasons provided in § 400.00. To the extent that the County was merely 

complying with a state directive that is not challenged here, the County is not the 

proper defendant to Juzumas’s Fourth Amendment claim. See Vives, 524 F.3d at 

352.

Even if the County were the proper defendant to this challenge, it is at best 

uncertain that the County “seized” his longarms within the meaning of the Fourth 

Amendment at all, much less unreasonably seized them. See, e.g., Fernandez v. 

California, 571 U.S. 292, 298 (2014) (“[T]he ultimate touchstone of the Fourth 

Amendment is reasonableness.”); Kaminsky v. Schriro, 760 F. App’x 69, 72 (2d Cir. 

2019) (summary order) (holding that a gun owner who surrendered his firearms 
21

to police officers after being notified that, as a felon, he was prohibited from 

possessing them could not state a Fourth Amendment claim when they were not 

returned). Cf. Maryland v. Macon, 472 U.S. 463, 469 (1985) (holding that an 

undercover officer’s purchase of adult magazines was not a seizure of the 

magazines from a vendor). While the government may seize a person by a mere 

“show of authority” so long as the person submits, Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 

249, 254 (2007), the “show of authority” doctrine does not appear to have been 

extended to cover the seizure of personal effects. See Maureen E. Brady, The Lost

“Effects” of the Fourth Amendment: Giving Personal Property Due Protection, 125 YALE

L.J. 946, 957–64 (2016) (discussing the limited jurisprudence addressing the 

“effects” provision of the Fourth Amendment).

This claim was thus properly dismissed.

CONCLUSION

The order of the district court granting Nassau County’s motion for 

summary judgment is AFFIRMED in part and VACATED in part, and the case 

is REMANDED for further consideration of Juzumas’s challenge to the 

County’s post-surrender longarm policy.