[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 14-14525

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cv-22211-JLK

RAANAN KATZ, 

an individual, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

GOOGLE INC.,

a Delaware corporation,

 Defendant,

IRINA CHEVALDINA, 

an individual, 

 Defendant - Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(September 17, 2015)

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Before TJOFLAT, WILSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Raanan Katz holds the copyright to a candid photograph (the Photo) of 

himself in which his tongue protrudes askew from his mouth. Katz considers the 

Photo unflattering and embarrassing.

1

 Irina Chevaldina copied the Photo into 

several scathing blog posts she wrote about Katz and his business practices. Katz

appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Chevaldina on his 

copyright infringement claims, brought pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 501. Katz argues 

the district court erred in finding Chevaldina was entitled to summary judgment 

based on her affirmative defense that her use of the Photo constituted fair use 

under 17 U.S.C. § 107. Upon review, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Katz is a minority investor in the Miami Heat basketball team and a 

commercial real estate tycoon who owns and operates shopping centers through 

corporate entities collectively known as RK Centers. In February 2011, Seffi 

Magriso, a professional photographer, took a photograph of Katz while Katz was 

standing courtside at a basketball practice in Jerusalem. The Photo is a candid 

headshot of Katz in which his eyebrows are arched sharply upwards and his tongue

 1 We make no independent determination as to whether the Photo is unflattering or 

embarrassing. Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to Katz for the purposes of 

summary judgment, however, we accept Katz’s own characterizations of the Photo as 

aesthetically displeasing.

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is sticking out of his mouth. In Katz’s opinion, the Photo is “ugly,”

“embarrassing,” and “compromising.” Haaretz, an Israeli newspaper, published 

the Photo online in an article about Katz’s interest in buying the Hapoel Jerusalem

basketball team.

Chevaldina is a disgruntled former tenant in one of Katz’s shopping centers. 

She found the Photo through a Google image search. Chevaldina created a blog

devoted to sharply criticizing Katz and the business practices of RK Centers. From 

May 3, 2011, to September 24, 2012, Chevaldina published 25 blog posts that

reproduced the Photo and criticized Katz. Chevaldina reproduced the Photo in her 

blog posts in three ways: (1) copied in its unaltered, original state; (2) accompanied 

by sharply worded captions; or (3) cropped and pasted into mocking cartoons. For 

example, in a September 18, 2011 blog post where the Photo was copied in its 

unaltered, original state, Chevaldina lambasted Katz for allegedly ripping off a 

“young American Jewish single mother of [a] special needs child,” calling him 

“the most immoral human-being in the world.” In a September 12, 2012, blog 

post, Chevaldina criticized Katz’s litigation strategies as frivolous and copied the 

Photo with a caption across Katz’s chest that says, “HE RIPPED-OFF SPECIAL 

NEEDS LITTLE JEWISH GIRL.” In a February 19, 2012, post about Katz’s 

preparation for a deposition, Chevaldina cropped Katz’s face and superimposed it 

against a cartoon dunce hat.

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On June 3, 2012, Magriso assigned all of his rights in the Photo to Katz. 

Katz then filed a complaint against Chevaldina alleging direct copyright 

infringement.2

 The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The 

magistrate judge entered a Report and Recommendation (R&R) that recommended 

granting summary judgment to Chevaldina because her use of the Photo 

constituted fair use. Katz timely filed objections to the R&R. The district court 

overruled the objections, adopted the R&R, and granted summary judgment to 

Chevaldina. Katz timely appealed.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment, viewing 

all facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 

party. Beal v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 20 F.3d 454, 458–59 (11th Cir. 1994). 

“Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact and 

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id.; see Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 56(a).

III. DISCUSSION

The only issue in this appeal is whether Chevaldina’s use of the Photo in her 

blog posts constitutes fair use, as a matter of law, under Section 107 of the 

 2

 Katz’s original complaint also named Google Inc. as a defendant for contributory 

copyright infringement. Katz filed an amended complaint omitting Google Inc. as a defendant, 

but retaining the direct copyright infringement claim against Chevaldina.

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Copyright Act. Under Section 107, “[n]otwithstanding the provisions of sections

106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work . . . for purposes such as 

criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for 

classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.” 17 

U.S.C. § 107. 

In deciding whether a defendant’s use of a work constitutes fair use, courts 

must weigh the following four factors: (1) the purpose and character of the 

allegedly infringing use; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount of 

the copyrighted work used; (4) and the effect of the use on the potential market or 

value of the copyrighted work. Id. These four statutory factors are not to be 

treated in isolation from one another. See Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 

U.S. 569, 578, 114 S. Ct. 1164, 1170–71 (1994). Rather, they are “[a]ll are to be 

explored, and the results weighed together, in light of the purposes of copyright.” 

Id., at 578, 114 S. Ct. at 1171. Based on our weighing of the factors discussed 

below, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment to Chevaldina 

because her use of the Photo in each blog post constituted fair use.3

 We discuss 

each factor in turn.

 3

 Katz argues the district court erred by failing to perform a “work-by-work” analysis of 

the blog posts, see Cambridge Univ. Press v. Patton, 769 F.3d 1232, 1259 (11th Cir. 2014), and 

instead analyzed only the blog posts containing altered versions of the Photo. This argument

lacks merit. In the R&R adopted by the district court, the magistrate judge outlined all 25 

allegedly infringing blog posts, and noted that its finding of fair use applied to each post. 

Therefore, the district court did, in fact, perform the required “work-by-work” analysis. The 

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A. Purpose and Character of the Work

The first factor—the purpose and character of the allegedly infringing 

work—requires consideration of “(1) whether the use serves a nonprofit 

educational purpose, as opposed to a commercial purpose; and (2) the degree to 

which the work is a transformative use, as opposed to a merely superseding use, of 

the copyrighted work.” Peter Letterese & Assocs., Inc. v. World Inst. of 

Scientology Enters., 533 F.3d 1287, 1309 (11th Cir. 2008) (quotation omitted). 

The district court did not err in concluding Chevaldina’s use of the work was both 

noncommercial and transformative.

Every use of the Photo on the blog was of a primarily educational, rather 

than commercial, character. Chevaldina unabashedly criticized and commented on 

the dealings of Katz, his businesses, and his lawyers. Chevaldina’s blog posts 

sought to warn and educate others about the alleged nefariousness of Katz, and she

made no money from her use of the photo. See 17 U.S.C. § 107 (designating 

“criticism” and “comment” as fair use).

Katz argues the Photo served a primarily commercial purpose because, in a 

March 4, 2012, blog post, Chevaldina said she was “in the process of writing a 

book ‘Why RK Centers Was The Wrong Choice.’” Thus, Katz argues, Chevaldina 

 

district court was not required to write a prolix, unwieldy opinion with 25 separate sections 

devoted to each alleged instance of infringement.

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used the Photo to advertise for commercial book sales. Chevaldina’s reference to

her intention to write a book about her experiences with Katz does not alone, 

however, transform the blog post into a commercial venture. Overall, the blog post 

retains her educational purpose of lambasting Katz and deterring others from 

conducting business with him. See March 4, 2012 Blog Post (“I hope my book 

will help ambitious people in their dream to be successful without selling the[ir] 

soul to the [d]evil.”). Moreover, the link between Chevaldina’s commercial gain 

and her copying of the Photo was attenuated given that Chevaldina never wrote a 

book nor made any profits whatsoever. See Swatch Grp. Mgmt. Servs. Ltd. v. 

Bloomberg L.P., 756 F.3d 73, 83 (2d Cir. 2014) (discounting commercial nature of 

use where “the link between the defendant’s commercial gain and its copying is 

attenuated such that it would be misleading to characterize the use as commercial 

exploitation” (quotations and alterations omitted)).

Chevaldina’s use of the Photo was also transformative. A use is 

transformative when it “adds something new, with a further purpose or different 

character, altering the first with new expression, meaning, or message.” See 

Campbell, 510 U.S. at 579, 114 S. Ct. at 1171. Chevaldina’s use of the Photo was 

transformative because, in the context of the blog post’s surrounding commentary,

she used Katz’s purportedly “ugly” and “compromising” appearance to ridicule

and satirize his character. See Swatch, 756 F.3d at 84 (“Courts often find such uses 

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[of faithfully reproduced works] transformative by emphasizing the altered purpose 

or context of the work, as evidenced by the surrounding commentary or 

criticism.”); A.V. ex el Vanderhye v. iParadigms, LLC, 562 F.3d 630, 639 (4th Cir. 

2009) (“The use of a copyrighted work need not alter or augment the work to be 

transformative in nature.”); Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co., 268 F.3d 1257, 

1270 (11th Cir. 2001) (finding transformative use where work was “principally and 

purposefully a critical statement”).

Chevaldina’s use of the Photo was noncommercial and transformative. 

Accordingly, the first factor weighs in favor of fair use.

B. Nature of the Copyrighted Work

The second fair use factor—the nature of the copyrighted work—

“recognizes that there is a hierarchy of copyright protection in which original, 

creative works are afforded greater protections than derivative works or factual 

compilations.” Suntrust, 268 F.3d at 1271. In evaluating this factor, courts 

consider (1) whether the work was previously published and (2) whether the work 

is primarily creative or factual. See Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. v. Nation 

Enters., 471 U.S. 539, 563–64, 105 S. Ct. 2218, 2232 (1985). 

There is no dispute that the Photo was published prior to Chevaldina’s use. 

As such, the time of publication weighs in favor of fair use. See Kelly v. Arriba 

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Soft Corp., 336 F.3d 811, 820 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding publication of images on 

internet before defendant’s copying favored fair use).

The district court did not err in finding the Photo was primarily a factual 

work. “The law generally recognizes a greater need to disseminate factual works 

than works of fiction or fantasy.” Harper & Row, 471 U.S. at 563, 105 S. Ct. at 

2232. Photography is an art form that may require the photographer to make many 

important creative decisions. See Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 137 F.3d 

109, 116 (2d Cir. 1998) (stating a photographer “is entitled to protection for such 

artistic elements as the particular lighting, the resulting skin tone on the subject, 

and the camera angle that she selected”). The Photo, however, is merely a candid 

shot in a public setting, and there is no evidence in the record that Magriso, the 

photographer, attempted to convey ideas, emotions, or in any way influence Katz’s 

pose, expression, or clothing. See Fitzgerald v. CBS Broad., Inc., 491 F. Supp. 2d 

177, 188 (D. Mass. 2007) (concluding candid photograph of mobster leaving 

police station was a primarily factual work). While Magriso’s photojournalistic 

timing was fortuitous (at least from Chevaldina’s perspective), this alone was not 

enough to make the creative gilt of the Photo predominate over its plainly factual 

elements.

The Photo was previously published and primarily factual. The second 

factor therefore weighs in favor of fair use.

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C. Amount of the Work Used

The third factor is “the amount and substantiality of the portion used in 

relation to the copyrighted work as a whole.” 17 U.S.C. § 107(3). A court must 

ask whether the defendant has “helped [herself] overmuch to the copyrighted work 

in light of the purpose and character of the use.” Peter Letterese & Assocs., 533 

F.3d at 1314 (quotation omitted). This factor “weighs less when considering a 

photograph—where all or most of the work often must be used in order to preserve 

any meaning at all—than a work such as a text or musical composition, where bits 

and pieces can be excerpted without losing all value.” Fitzgerald, 491 F. Supp. 2d 

at 188; see Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc., 725 F.3d 1170, 1178 (9th Cir. 2013) 

(“[U]nlike an episode of the Ed Sullivan show or a book manuscript, [a drawing] is 

not meaningfully divisible.”).

The district court did not err in finding the third factor was neutral as applied 

to the blog posts incorporating the Photo. Though ten blog posts reproduced the 

Photo in its entirety and without alteration, to copy any less of the image “would 

have made the picture useless to [Chevaldina’s] story” that Katz is a predatory 

commercial landlord. See Núñez v. Caribbean Int’l News Corp., 235 F.3d 18, 24 

(1st Cir. 2000). As such, the third factor neither weighs for nor against a finding of 

fair use.

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D. Effect of the Use on the Potential Market for the Work

The fourth factor is “the effect of the use upon the potential market for or 

value of the copyrighted work.” 17 U.S.C. 107(4). The “central question” is 

whether, assuming that everyone engaged in the conduct of the defendant, the use 

“would cause substantial economic harm such that allowing [the conduct] would 

frustrate the purposes of copyright by materially impairing [the defendant’s]

incentive to publish the work.” Cambridge Univ. Press v. Patton, 769 F.3d 1232, 

1276 (11th Cir. 2014).

The district court did not err in finding Chevaldina’s use of the Photo would 

not materially impair Katz’s incentive to publish the work. Katz took the highly 

unusual step of obtaining the copyright to the Photo and initiating this lawsuit 

specifically to prevent its publication. Katz profoundly distastes the Photo and 

seeks to extinguish, for all time, the dissemination of his “embarrassing” 

countenance. Due to Katz’s attempt to utilize copyright as an instrument of 

censorship against unwanted criticism, there is no potential market for his work. 

While we recognize that even an author who disavows any intention to publish his 

work “has the right to change his mind,” see Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc., 688 

F.3d 1164, 1181 (9th Cir. 2012) (quotation omitted), the likelihood of Katz 

changing his mind about the Photo is, based on the undisputed evidence in the 

record, incredibly remote. Since there is no evidence Chevaldina’s use of the 

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Photo had or would have any impact upon any actual or potential market, the 

fourth factor weighs in favor of fair use.

IV. CONCLUSION

Three factors in our fair use inquiry—the purpose and character of the work, 

the nature of the work, and the effect of the use on the potential market—weigh in 

favor of Chevaldina. The amount and substantiality of the work is neutral. After 

weighing all four factors, our analysis tilts strongly in favor of fair use. The 

district court did not err in granting summary judgment to Chevaldina because 

every reasonable factfinder would conclude the inclusion of the Photo in her blog 

posts constituted fair use.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary 

judgment to Chevaldina.

4

AFFIRMED.

 4

 We also deny Katz’s motion to strike Chevaldina’s supplemental authorities.

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