UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Eastern Electrical Corp.

v. Civil No. 05-cv-303-JD

Opinion No. 2005 DNH 164

FERD Construction, Inc.,

and BAE Systems, Inc.

O R D E R

Eastern Electrical Corporation provided electrical work as a

subcontractor during the renovation of a building owned by BAE

Systems, Inc., where FERD Construction, Inc., was the general

contractor. When Eastern did not receive the amount it expected

in payment for its work, it brought suit, alleging a claim of

breach of contract against FERD and claims of unjust enrichment

and quantum meruit against FERD and BAE. BAE moves to dismiss

the unjust enrichment and quantum meruit claims against it. 

Standard of Review

In considering a motion to dismiss, pursuant to Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the court accepts the facts alleged

in the complaint as true and draws all reasonable inferences in

favor of the plaintiff. Citibank v. Grupo Cupey, Inc., 382 F.3d

29, 31 (1st Cir. 2004). The court must determine whether the

complaint, construed in the proper light, “alleges facts

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sufficient to make out a cognizable claim.” Carroll v. Xerox

Corp., 294 F.3d 231, 241 (1st Cir. 2002). All that is required

is a short and plain statement of the claim. See Gorski v. N.H.

Dep’t of Corr., 290 F.3d 466, 473 (1st Cir. 2002) (citing

Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506 (2002)). 

The court “must carefully balance the rule of simplified

civil pleadings against our need for more than conclusory

allegations.” Aybar v. Crispin-Reyes, 118 F.3d 10, 13 (1st Cir.

1997). To avoid dismissal, “the complaint should at least set

forth minimal facts as to who did what to whom, when, and why

. . . .” Redondo-Borges v. U.S. Dep’t of Housing & Urban Dev.,

421 F.3d 1, 9 (1st Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

“Even within the generous confines of notice pleading, courts

must continue to eschew reliance on bald assertions and

unsupportable conclusions.” Id.

Background

Eastern alleges that BAE engaged FERD to act as general

contractor for the renovation of its building on Canal Street in

Nashua, New Hampshire. After the first electrical contractor was

unable to complete the project, FERD contracted with Eastern, on

a time and materials basis, to complete the electrical work. The

subcontract was executed by Eastern on September 7, 2004, and by

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FERD on September 20, 2004. 

Eastern alleges that the contract provided a limit on the

amount to be paid for its electrical work as follows: “The value

of this subcontract shall not exceed $125,000 without prior

written authorization.” Complaint ¶ 13. According to Eastern, a 

handwritten note was added on September 7, 2004, indicating that

the initial scope of the electrical work was “to complete up to

$125,000 remaining electrical work.” Id. ¶ 15. Eastern alleges

that it submitted two change orders that FERD approved which

increased the limit on Eastern’s work to $275,000. Eastern

contends that the changes were made because of “field directives”

issued by FERD and BAE and that FERD and BAE continued to issue

field directives for the remainder of the project. Eastern also

alleges that it submitted daily inventories and labor time sheets

to FERD that were approved and that its representatives attended

regular project meetings with representatives of FERD and BAE.

By the time it completed the electrical work in late

November of 2004, Eastern alleges it had furnished time and

materials totaling $448,081.77. FERD has paid Eastern

$149,301.98 and provided a retainer of $16,589.11. Eastern has

demanded additional payment from FERD, but FERD has refused to

make any additional payments. 

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Discussion

Eastern brings a claim of breach of contract against FERD

and alleges separate claims of unjust enrichment and quantum

meruit against BAE and FERD. BAE moves to dismiss both claims

against it on the grounds that such claims are not available as a

matter of law, that Eastern failed to state claims of unjust

enrichment and quantum meruit, and that a quantum meruit claim

must be based on an underlying contractual relationship. Eastern

objects.

A. Availability of Equitable Remedy

Restitution under theories of quantum meruit and unjust

enrichment is an equitable remedy. See In re Haller, 150 N.H.

427, 430 (2003); Kowalski v. Cedars of Portsmouth Condo. Ass’n,

146 N.H. 130, 134 (2001). Equitable remedies are not available

in New Hampshire courts when the plaintiff has an adequate legal

remedy. See, e.g., Concord Orthopaedics Prof. Ass’n v. Forbes,

142 N.H. 440 445-46 (1997); Fischer v. City of Dover, 131 N.H.

469, 476 (1989). Indeed, it is a basic tenet of equity

jurisprudence “that courts of equity should not act . . . when

the moving party has an adequate remedy at law and will not

suffer irreparable injury if denied equitable relief.” Younger

v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43-44 (1971); accord Morales v. Trans

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World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 381 (1992); Parsons

Infrastructure & Tech. Group, Inc. v. Gilbane Bldg. Co., 2005 WL

2978901, at *1 (D.N.H. Nov. 7, 2005); Massachusetts v. Mylan

Labs., 357 F. Supp. 2d 314, 324 (D. Mass. 2005).

Under New Hampshire law, subcontractors have a statutory

right to a lien on the materials provided and the structure where

the work was done, provided that the subcontractor gives notice

in writing to the owner of the property before performing the

work or, for a more limited lien, after the work has begun. See

RSA 447:5; RSA 447:6. Russell v. Woodbury, 135 N.H. 432, 433

(1992). In addition, in this case, Eastern had a contract with

FERD that covered its work on BAE’s building. Eastern has

brought a breach of contract claim as part of this suit to

recover the amounts it claims are owed.

Eastern explains that recovery under the mechanics’ lien

statute is not available because it did not give the required

notice. Eastern argues that it will suffer irreparable injury if

it is not permitted to maintain its equitable claims against BAE

because it would lose $300,000. Eastern’s argument, however,

does not explain why the remedy it seeks against FERD for breach

of contract, seeking damages for the amounts that it alleges have

not been paid, is not adequate. No irreparable injury exists if

the injury is compensable in damages. See Exeter Realty Corp. v.

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Buck, 104 N.H. 199, 201 (1962); see also Matrix Group Ltd., Inc.

v. Rawlings Sporting Goods Co., Inc., 378 F.3d 29, 33-34 (1st

Cir. 2004).

Because Eastern has not explained why it does not have an

adequate remedy at law in the circumstances of this case, it is

not entitled to the equitable remedy of restitution under either

of its theories. See Parsons, 2005 WL 2978901. Even if that

explanation were forthcoming, however, the complaint is

insufficient to state those claims.

B. Unjust Enrichment and Quantum Meruit 

“The doctrine of unjust enrichment is that one shall not be

allowed to profit or enrich himself at the expense of another

contrary to equity.” Pella Windows & Doors, Inc. v. Faraci, 133

N.H. 585, 586 (1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). A claim

of quantum meruit asserts the plaintiff’s right “only to obtain

what equitably belongs to him.” Blanchard v. Calderwood, 110

N.H. 29, 34 (1969) (internal quotation marks omitted). The

elements of a restitution claim under unjust enrichment or

quantum meruit are that the defendant was unjustly enriched

“either through wrongful acts or passive acceptance of a benefit

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1New Hampshire cases do not clearly differentiate between

theories of unjust enrichment and quantum meruit. See, e.g.,

Nat’l Employment serv. Corp. v. Olsten Staffing Serv., Inc., 145

N.H. 158, 163 (2000) (reversing judgment on plaintiff’s “quantum

meruit” claim stating: “A plaintiff is entitled to restitution

for unjust enrichment if the defendant received a benefit and it

would be unconscionable for the defendant to retain that

benefit.”); Petrie-Clemons v. Butterfield, 122 N.H. 120, 127

(1982) (reviewing case where “plaintiffs recovered in quantum

meruit for unjust enrichment); R. Zoppo Co., 122 N.H. at 1112-14

(describing plaintiff’s claim as restitution, quantum meruit, and

unjust enrichment). In Cohen v. Frank Developers, Inc., 118 N.H.

512, 517-18 (1978), however, the court noted that it had

previously “held that quantum meruit is a restitutionary remedy

intended for use by contracting parties who are in material

breach of a contract and thus unable to sue on it.” See R.J.

Berke & Co. v. J.P. Griffin, Inc., 116 N.H. 760 764 (1976). 

Despite that ruling, as the above cited cases demonstrate, the

court has cited the doctrine of quantum meruit in cases that did

not involve contracting parties in material breach.

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that would be unconscionable to permit the defendant to retain.”1

R. Zoppo Co., Inc. v. City of Manchester, 122 N.H. 1109, 1113

(1982).

Theories of unjust enrichment and quantum meruit are based

on the equitable principle that the defendant has enriched itself

at the expense of another, or in other words, has received a

benefit for which it has not paid. See, e.g., Pella Windows, 133

N.H. at 586. Eastern did not allege that BAE failed to pay FERD

for the work Eastern did on BAE’s building. Instead, Eastern

alleges in a cursory manner that because it has not been paid in

full, FERD and BAE have been unjustly enriched and received a

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benefit from Eastern’s work. BAE asserts that it has paid FERD

in full for the work. In the absence of factual allegations that

BAE did not pay for the work that was done, Eastern failed to

state a claim under either unjust enrichment or quantum meruit.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, defendant BAE Systems, Inc.’s

motion to dismiss (document no. 14) is granted. Both claims

brought against BAE Systems, Inc., are dismissed.

SO ORDERED.

Joseph A. DiClerico, Jr.

United States District Judge

December 15, 2005

cc: Lucy J. Karl, Esquire

Robert V. McKenney, Esquire

Arpiar G. Saunders Jr., Esquire

Jonathan M. Shirley, Esquire

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