1CGMI requested oral argument. Given the extensive record

and the parties’ memoranda, oral argument would not be of

assistance to the court. LR 7.1(d).

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

James W. McCarthy

v. Civil No. 04-cv-477-JD

Opinion No. 2005 DNH 165

Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.

O R D E R

James W. McCarthy contends that his former employer,

Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. (“CGMI”), violated the New

Hampshire wage laws in the operation of the Capital Accumulation

Plan (“CAP”), which he participated in while employed at CGMI. 

McCarthy and CGMI arbitrated his claims before a panel of the

National Association of Securities Dealers-Dispute Resolution,

Inc., as required by the parties’ agreement. The panel denied

McCarthy’s claims and requests for relief, and McCarthy brought

an action in this court, moving to vacate the panel’s decision. 

The court granted McCarthy’s motion and remanded the case. 

On remand, a new panel considered McCarthy’s claims and requests

for relief and again denied them. McCarthy’s motion to reopen

the case was granted, and he moves to vacate the panel’s award

and to remand the case for a third arbitration proceeding. CGMI

opposes McCarthy’s motion to vacate and moves to confirm the

award.1

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 1 of 18
2

Background

James W. McCarthy was financial consultant at CGMI for

eighteen years, earning commissions and other compensation. 

Beginning in 1993, McCarthy participated in the CAP, a stock

purchase plan offered by CGMI. The CAP permitted certain

employees, including McCarthy, to designate a portion of their

compensation to be used to buy restricted stock at a discounted

price. Participating employees, including McCarthy, elected in

writing to have income withheld from their payroll checks to be

used to buy shares of restricted stock. Participating employees

paid income taxes on the value of the stock upon vesting unless

they elected, as McCarthy did, to pay payroll taxes at the time

the money was deducted. 

The “quid pro quo” for the discounted price of the stock was

that the shares did not vest when they were purchased, requiring

the participating employee to remain employed for two years after

the purchase before vesting would occur. If the employee did not

remain employed for that time, both the unvested shares and the

compensation that was used to buy them were forfeited to CGMI. 

McCarthy left his employment with CGMI in May of 2003, before

some of the restricted shares of stock he had elected to purchase

under the CAP had vested. As a result, those shares, along with

the compensation that was used to purchase them, were forfeited

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 2 of 18
3

to CGMI. McCarthy disputed that result and sought arbitration,

as required by his agreement with CGMI. See James W. McCarthy v.

Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., NASD-DR Case No. 2003-09195.

In the arbitration proceeding, McCarthy claimed that the CAP

vesting provisions unlawfully caused him to forfeit $257,346 in

compensation. He also claimed that CGMI violated the New

Hampshire wage laws by making unlawful deductions from his

compensation to purchase the shares, by failing to pay him

compensation in cash, and by withholding compensation after the

termination of his employment. Both McCarthy and CGMI argued

their cases under the New Hampshire wage laws, which they agree

apply in this case. The arbitration panel found in favor of CGMI

and against McCarthy. The panel’s decision, however, was not

based on the New Hampshire wage laws, which the panel held were

irrelevant, but instead the panel resolved the case based on its

view of common practices in the securities industry. 

McCarthy brought suit in this court seeking to have the

decision vacated and the case remanded. The court granted

McCarthy’s motion, concluding that the arbitration panel’s

decision was based on a manifest disregard for the governing law. 

On remand, a second panel was convened to hear McCarthy’s claims. 

Again, the parties presented arguments based on the New Hampshire

wage laws. CGMI filed a “Motion for Judgment,” asking the panel

to dismiss McCarthy’s claims. McCarthy objected to the motion

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 3 of 18
4

and also moved to “poll” the arbitrators, arguing that CGMI was

asking the panel to disregard the law, despite this court’s order

on remand, and asking the arbitrators to affirm that they would

follow the rulings stated in the remand order. The panel denied

both motions. 

After a hearing, the panel issued its decision, titled

“Modified Award,” denying McCarthy’s claims and requests for

relief. The panel reviewed the procedural history of the case,

acknowledging this court’s remand order. In the part of the

award titled “Panel’s Report,” the panel stated that it had

“fully considered all claims and defenses, including the

applicability of the New Hampshire Wage Laws, which were heavily

argued by both sides. After full consideration of the matter,

the Panel decided to deny all claims with prejudice.” McCarthy

asks that the “modified award” be vacated and that the case be

remanded for a third arbitration proceeding.

Discussion

As the court explained in the previous order, “[j]udicial

review of an arbitrator’s decision is extremely narrow and

deferential.” Poland Spring Corp. v. United Food & Commercial

Int’l Union, 314 F.3d 29, 33 (1st Cir. 2002). The Federal

Arbitration Act provides certain limited grounds for vacating an

arbitration award. See 9 U.S.C. § 10. “[T]he statute ‘carefully

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 4 of 18
5

limits judicial intervention to instances where the arbitration

has been tainted in certain specific ways . . . [and] contains no

express ground upon which an award can be overturned because it

rests on garden-variety factual or legal [errors].’” P.R. Tel.

Co. Inc. v. U.S. Phone Mfg. Corp, 427 F.3d 21, 25 (1st Cir. 2005)

(quoting Advest, Inc. v. McCarthy, 914 F.2d 6, 8 (1st Cir.

1990)); see also Poland Springs, 314 F.3d at 33 (court not

conducting appellate review “to hear claims of factual or legal

error by an arbitrator or to consider the merits of an award”). 

“An arbitrator’s award must be enforced if it is in any way

plausible, even [if the court] think[s] [the panel] committed

serious error.” Wonderland Greyhound Park, Inc. v. Autotote

Sys., Inc., 274 F.3d 34, 35 (1st Cir. 2001) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

The stringent standard of review leaves only rare

circumstances when an arbitration award will be vacated, “such as

when there was misconduct by the arbitrator, when the arbitrator

exceeded the scope of her authority, or when the award was made

in manifest disregard of the law.” Airline Pilots Ass’n, Int’l

v. Pan Am. Airways Corp., 405 F.3d 25,30 (1st Cir. 2005). The

court concluded that the first arbitration award was made in

manifest disregard of the governing law, based on the panel’s

statement that the New Hampshire wage laws were irrelevant. 

McCarthy argues that the second panel’s decision was also made in

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 5 of 18
6

manifest disregard of the law.

“‘[M]anifest disregard’ means that arbitrators knew the law

and explicitly disregarded it.” P. R. Tel. Co., 427 F.3d at 32

(internal quotation marks omitted). “Put differently, disregard

implies that the arbitrators appreciated the existence of a

governing legal rule but wilfully decided not to apply it.” Id.

Because arbitrators are not required to explain or provide 

reasoning for their decisions, and frequently do not do so, an

award will be vacated due to a manifest disregard of the law

“only when the award is unfounded in reason and fact, . . . based

on reasoning so palpably faulty that no judge or group of judges

could ever conceivably have made such a ruling, or is mistakenly

based on a crucial assumption which is decidedly a non-fact.” 

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

In the first award, the panel stated that the New Hampshire

wage laws were irrelevant. As such, the panel explicitly

disregarded the governing law so that it was not necessary to

look behind that decision to determine its basis. In vacating

that award and remanding the case, the court held that the New

Hampshire wage laws were the governing law. The second panel

stated in its award that it had “fully considered . . . the

applicability of the New Hampshire Wage Laws.” The panel did not

say whether it concluded that the wage laws were applicable or

not applicable or whether it had applied that law in making its

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 6 of 18
7

decision. Therefore, while the second panel’s statement did not

clearly demonstrate a manifest disregard of the governing law, as

the first panel did, the second panel left open the possibility

that, contrary to the court’s direction in the remand order, the

panel concluded that the New Hampshire wage laws do not apply.

A. Request for a Poll

McCarthy contends that the panel demonstrated its manifest

disregard of the governing law by refusing his request that the

panel be polled before issuing its award. McCarthy contends that

the poll was necessary because CGMI had urged the panel to

disregard the governing law and argues that the panel’s refusal

to affirm that it would follow this court’s “legal findings” 

indicates that the panel did not intend to apply the governing

wage laws. The panel stated, however, that it did not grant the

motion for the poll because it found no legal basis for such an

action. McCarthy has cited no case or any other legal authority

supporting his request for a poll, and the court has found none. 

In the absence of any requirement that the panel submit to such a

request, the panel’s denial of McCarthy’s motion does not support

his argument that the panel disregarded the governing law.

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 7 of 18
2An arbitration panel need not, and generally does not,

provide reasons for or an explanation of its decision. See,

e.g., P.R. Tel. Co., 426 F.3d at 32; Keebler Co. v. Truck

Drivers, Local 170, 247 F.3d 8, 12 (1st Cir. 2001). 

8

B. Inference of Manifest Disregard

McCarthy contends that the panel’s manifest disregard of the

governing law may be inferred from the combination of CGMI’s

arguments to the panel, which McCarthy characterizes as urging

the panel to ignore the wage laws, and the panel’s resulting

decision, which McCarthy contends cannot be justified under the

governing law. CGMI responds that the panel’s statements in its

award mean that it fully considered and applied the wage laws. 

CGMI argues that because there is no New Hampshire case directly

on point, it was free to provide legal arguments taken from other

jurisdictions to support its position that the CAP did not

violate the New Hampshire wage laws. CGMI also argues that its

theories, rather than McCarthy’s, persuaded the panel.

1. Panel’s modified award.

As is explained above, the second panel’s modified award

does not expressly state or otherwise show that the panel applied

or did not apply the New Hampshire wage laws in this case.2 When

the case was remanded for further arbitration and was heard by

the second panel, the issue of the applicability of the New

Hampshire wage laws had been resolved by the court in the remand

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 8 of 18
3In fact, CGMI’s counsel argued to the second panel that it

could conclude that the New Hampshire wage laws did not apply. 

That is a curious argument given CGMI’s position before the court

that the wage laws do govern McCarthy’s claims, the court’s

remand order directing further proceedings under the wage laws,

and CGMI’s statement in its motion to the arbitration panel that

the CAP was lawful under New Hampshire law.

9

order, which stated that the case was to be decided under the New

Hampshire wage laws. Order, Jan. 28, 2005, at 8. Therefore,

the panel’s statement that it had considered the applicability of

the New Hampshire wage laws, without any stated resolution of

that question, equally supports a conclusion that the panel

ignored the direction in the court’s remand order and again

decided that the wage laws were irrelevant.3

2. Invitation to ignore the law.

McCarthy contends that this case mirrors the circumstances

in Montes v. Shearson Lehman Bros., Inc., 128 F.3d 1456, 1464

(11th Cir. 1997), where the court vacated a decision of the

arbitration board as being in manifest disregard of the law. 

There, counsel for the defendant, Shearson, asked the arbitration

board not to follow the Fair Labor Standards Act if they found

that the plaintiff, Montes, was not exempt from its coverage; the

board noted Shearson’s plea in its decision; and nothing in the

decision or the record indicated that the board did not follow

Shearson’s urging. Id. at 1459, 1461, 1462. The court concluded

that Shearson had blatantly urged the board to disregard the

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 9 of 18
10

applicable law in order to rule in its favor and that both the

written decision and the lack of evidentiary support for

Shearson’s position demonstrated that the board did as it was

urged to do. Id. at 1461 & 1464. 

The concurring judge in Montes summarized the factual

predicate necessary to support the narrow decision in that case

as follows: 

 1) the party who obtained the favorable award had

conceded to the arbitration panel that its position was

not supported by the law, which required a different

result, and had urged the panel not to follow the law;

2) that blatant appeal to disregard the law was

explicitly noted in the arbitration panel’s award; 

3) neither in the award itself nor anywhere else in the

record is there any indication that the panel

disapproved or rejected the suggestion that it rule

contrary to law; and 4) the evidence to support the

award is at best marginal.

Id. at 1464. In this case, CGMI did not concede that its

position was unsupported by the New Hampshire wage laws, which

would require a different result. Instead, CGMI argued the CAP

was lawful. The arbitration panel’s decision did not note an

appeal by CGMI to disregard the law. Therefore, the

circumstances in this case are not sufficiently similar to those

in Montes to permit application here of that narrowly limited

decision.

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 10 of 18
11

3. Arguable or plausible basis for decision.

The court’s review of an arbitration award “is extremely

narrow and deferential.” Poland Spring, 314 F.3d at 33. 

“Nevertheless, acknowledging that [the court’s] role is a limited

one is not the equivalent of granting limitless power to the

arbitrator.” Id. Although an arbitration award cannot be

vacated due to garden variety legal or factual errors, the award

will be vacated if it is in manifest disregard of the law,

meaning that the arbitrator recognized the applicable law but

ignored it. Bull HN Info. Sys. v. Hutson, 229 F.3d 321, 330-31

(1st Cir. 2000). In other words, an arbitration award will be

confirmed unless it is in no way arguably or plausibly compatible

with the governing law. Wonderland, 274 F.3d at 35. When the

governing standard is clear, arbitrators are not free to

substitute their own view of justice based on practices within

the industry. See Poland Spring, 314 F.3d at 33.

In the remand order, the court set forth the governing legal

principles under the New Hampshire wage laws as follows:

The pertinent New Hampshire statutes impose

restrictions on employers and provide a cause of action

for employees to claim unpaid wages. See RSA 275:42,

et seq. The New Hampshire wage laws apply to

“compensation . . . for labor or services rendered by

an employee, whether the amount is determined on a

time, task, piece, commission, or other basis of

calculation.” RSA 275:42, III. Incentive compensation

plans and profit sharing plans are compensation covered

by the wage laws. See In re Coffey, 144 N.H. 531

(1999); Ives v. Manchester Subaru, Inc., 126 N.H. 796,

799-800 (1985). Among other restrictions and

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 11 of 18
4Parts of RSA 275 were amended after 2003, making those

changes inapplicable in this case.

12

requirements provided by the New Hampshire statutes,

RSA 275:43 governs the payment of wages and salaries;

RSA 275:48 restricts deductions that may be made from

an employee’s compensation, limiting authorized

deductions to those listed in the New Hampshire

Department of Labor regulations, and RSA 275:50

prohibits waiver of the wage laws by private agreement.

Order, Jan. 28, 2005, at *2-3.4 In response to CGMI’s argument

that it would prevail on the merits of McCarthy’s claims, based

on Marsh v. Prudential Secs. Inc., 802 N.E.2d 610 (N.Y. 2003)

(construing New York Labor Law § 193), the court declined to

address the merits but explained that “[b]ecause the Marsh

decision is based on a provision in § 193 that broadens the

circumstances when such deductions may be made, which the New

Hampshire statute does not include, that decision is not on point

as to the deduction issue.” Order at 8, n.5. 

There is no dispute in this case that the CAP was an

incentive compensation plan, and CGMI stated as much to the

arbitration panel. Through McCarthy’s authorized participation

in the CAP, he received some of his compensation in cash and the

remainder was deducted or withheld by CGMI to pay for Citigroup

Restricted Stock. The stock did not vest when it was issued but,

instead, vested two years later so that if a participating

employee, such as McCarthy, resigned within the two-year vesting

period, he forfeited the stock to CGMI. Therefore, there is no

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 12 of 18
13

dispute that CGMI deducted or withheld compensation, with

authorization, that was used to pay for stock, which was subject

to a two-year vesting rule. CGMI also does not dispute that it

did not pay McCarthy the compensation he had earned that was

deducted to pay for stock that was forfeited. In other words,

when McCarthy resigned, CGMI kept both the stock and McCarthy’s

compensation that was deducted to purchase it.

In the arbitration proceeding, McCarthy argued that the CAP

violated New Hampshire wage laws because his compensation was

neither paid entirely in cash nor legally deducted and because

the CAP vesting provision caused him to forfeit both the stock

and the compensation deducted to pay for it. He also claimed

that New Hampshire law prohibited private agreements that waived

the requirements of the New Hampshire wage laws. CGMI argued

that the CAP was lawful, analogizing to Marsh, and that McCarthy

had voluntarily undertaken the risk of the CAP and had profited

from it. 

The principles of the New Hampshire wage law are set forth

in the statutes, and McCarthy argued those principles to the

arbitration panel. New Hampshire law requires employers to pay

their employees the wages they have earned, RSA 275:43, I &

275:43-b, and to pay any wages earned to an employee who resigns,

RSA 275:44,II. Lawful deductions are limited to those an

employer is required or empowered to make by federal or state

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 13 of 18
5The applicable regulation provides that properly authorized

deductions may be made for payroll taxes or as otherwise required

by statute; payments for legitimate loans by the employer; union

dues; health and pension fund contributions; voluntary

contributions to charities; housing and utilities; “[p]ayments

into savings funds held by someone other than the employer;”

voluntary rental fees for non-required clothing; costs of

voluntary cleaning of clothing, and for an employee’s use of a

demonstrator vehicle. N.H. Admin. Rules 803.03(c).

14

law, those authorized by an employee in writing and provided in

the labor regulations, and those made for certain medical

services pursuant to rules or regulations.5 RSA 275:48, I; N.H.

Admin. Rules, Lab. 803.03(c) (1999). In addition, the

requirements of the New Hampshire wage laws may not be waived by

private agreement. RSA 275:50, I. 

CGMI’s arguments to the arbitration panel, that the CAP was

lawful because McCarthy’s compensation, paid in cash and

restricted stock, conferred a benefit to him, because McCarthy

had agreed to participate in the CAP and was a sophisticated and

intelligent financial consultant, and because McCarthy had

benefitted in the past from the CAP, are not pertinent to the

principles of New Hampshire law. Instead, CGMI’s argument is

based on the reasoning of the Court of Appeals of New York in 

Marsh, construing New York law. CGMI represented to the

arbitration panel that the New Hampshire wage laws allowed

deductions as long as they accrued “to the benefit of the

employee,” Motion for Judgment at 7, that the New Hampshire laws,

like the New York law, allowed a deduction “for the benefit of

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 14 of 18
15

the employee,” id. at 8, and that the CAP was a lawful fringe

benefit plan as was held in Marsh, id. 

As this court pointed out in the remand order, which the

arbitration panel noted in the award, New York law, which was at

issue in Marsh, is significantly different from New Hampshire

law. The pertinent provision under New York law, § 193, states

that an employer may make authorized deductions from an

employee’s wages for specified purposes and for “similar payments

for the benefit of the employee.” The corresponding New

Hampshire statute, RSA 275:48, I(b), requires that deductions

both accrue to the benefit of the employee and be for one of the

specified purposes listed in 803.03(c). Therefore, under New

Hampshire law, unlike New York law, a deduction is not lawful

simply because it accrues to the benefit of an employee. Because

Marsh was decided based upon the “benefit of the employee”

provision in § 193, neither its analysis nor its reasoning is

applicable or persuasive here. In addition, Marsh did not

address the issue of forfeiture of earned compensation, which is

part of McCarthy’s claim in this case.

CGMI also argued that the CAP was a lawful deduction as a

payment into a savings fund held by someone other than the

employer and that it was empowered by the federal tax treatment

of similar plans to offer the CAP. See N.H. Admin. Rules, Lab.

803.03(c)(2)(f) (1999); 26 U.S.C. §§ 83, 125. The argument that

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 15 of 18
16

the CAP is a savings fund might hold more sway if it did not

require forfeiture of the unvested portion of the compensation

deducted, which would be an unusual provision in a savings fund. 

CGMI’s argument that the tax code “empowers” it to deduct

compensation for the CAP depends on both an expansive view of

“empowers” and the amendments to RSA 275:48 that were not in

effect at the time in question. Neither argument is persuasive. 

Nevertheless, it is perhaps arguable that the panel was

sufficiently confused or misled by CGMI’s arguments to conclude

that the CAP deductions comported with New Hampshire law. Even

assuming that the CAP deductions were lawful, however, CGMI did

not offer the arbitration panel any justification under New

Hampshire law for its failure to pay McCarthy the compensation

that he had earned before he resigned. That he had profited from

his past participation in the CAP does not excuse CGMI from

paying him as required under New Hampshire law. CGMI’s oftrepeated theory, that McCarthy was intelligent and sophisticated

and voluntarily undertook the risk of forfeiting compensation by

agreeing to participate in the CAP, persuaded the Court of

Appeals of New York but does not comport with New Hampshire law

that requires an employer to pay an employee his earned

compensation. RSA 275:43 & 275:44. New Hampshire law also does

not allow employees and employers to agree to waive the

requirement that wages be paid. 

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 16 of 18
6Because neither alternative basis for the decision is

reasonable, given the governing law, a remand for clarification

would not be beneficial here. Cf. U.S. Energy Corp. v. Nukem,

Inc., 400 F.3d 822, 831 (10th Cir. 2005) (holding that where two

reasonable alternative interpretations of arbitration award were

possible, remand for clarification was necessary); Lanier v. Old

Republic Ins. Co., 936 F. Supp. 839, 845-48 (M.D. Ala. 1996)

(discussing availability of remand to arbitration panel for

clarification).

17

Judicial review of the panel’s decision is complicated in

this case, as in most arbitration cases, by the lack of any

reasons given for the decision. See Bull HN Info., 229 F.3d at

331 n.7. In the absence of any explanation, there appears to be

no arguable or plausible basis for the panel to have ruled either

that the New Hampshire wage laws did not apply to McCarthy’s

claims or that CGMI’s failure to pay McCarthy earned

compensation, based on the forfeiture provision in the CAP, was

lawful. In either case, the panel’s decision necessarily was

made in manifest disregard of the law.6 See, e.g., Hardy v.

Walsh Manning Secs., L.L.C., 341 F.3d 126, 133 (2d Cir. 2003);

Poland Spring, 314 F.3d at 33-37; Halligan v. Piper Jaffray,

Inc., 148 F.3d 197, 203-04 (2d Cir. 1998). 

Once again the case must be remanded to have McCarthy’s

claims decided under the New Hampshire wage laws through

arbitration as provided by the National Association of Securities

Dealers, Inc. Before more time and money is spent on litigation,

however, the court expects the parties to use their best efforts

to resolve this matter between them. In the event those efforts

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 17 of 18
18

are not successful and the case returns to arbitration, the court

asks the parties to request that the arbitration panel provide an

explanation or reasons for its decision to allow meaningful

judicial review, if that again should be necessary.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the plaintiff’s motion to vacate

and remand (document no. 20) is granted. The defendant’s cross

motion to confirm (document no. 28) and motion for oral argument

(document no. 29) are denied. 

The case is remanded for further arbitration proceedings as

provided by National Association of Securities Dealers - Dispute

Resolution, Inc.

The clerk of court shall enter judgment accordingly and

close the case.

SO ORDERED.

Joseph A. DiClerico, Jr.

United States District Judge

December 15, 2005

cc: John F. Adkins, Esquire

W. Wright Danenbarger, Esquire

Carol E. head, Esquire

William A. Jacobson, Esquire

Shanna L. Pitts, Esquire

John R. Skelton, Esuire

Case 1:04-cv-00477-JD Document 32 Filed 12/15/05 Page 18 of 18