* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

1 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

MAY 10 1999

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

LOREN DALE SHOOP,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 98-6240

(D.C. No. 96-CV-1065)

(W.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before PORFILIO , McKAY , and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.

Pursuant to the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994, defendant

Loren Dale Shoop took early retirement from the Federal Aviation Administration

(FAA), in exchange for a voluntary separation incentive payment of $25,000. 1

After his retirement, Shoop began work for a company called LB&M, which
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contracted out Shoop’s services to the FAA. The government brought suit against

defendant, alleging that his return to work at the FAA within five years of his

retirement violated the terms of his buyout agreement and the Restructuring Act. 

The district court entered judgment in favor of Shoop, finding that the contract

under which Shoop was working was not administered as a personal services

contract and, therefore, that he did not violate his buyout agreement or the

Restructuring Act.

As the prevailing party, Shoop filed a motion for attorney fees pursuant to

the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), 28 U.S.C. § 2412. The district court

denied the motion because it found the position of the United States was

substantially justified. Shoop now appeals the denial of his motion for attorney

fees. We review the district court’s determination that the position of the United

States was substantially justified for an abuse of discretion. See Pierce v.

Underwood , 487 U.S. 552, 559, 563 (1988). Guided by this standard, we affirm.

The EAJA provides in pertinent part that “a court shall award to a

prevailing party other than the United States fees . . . incurred by that party in any

civil action . . . brought by or against the United States in any court having

jurisdiction of that action, unless the court finds that the position of the United

States was substantially justified.” 28 U.S.C. § 2142. To be substantially

justified, the litigation position of the United States must be “justified to a degree
2 For purposes of this case, a personal services contract “means a contract

that, by its express terms or as administered, makes the contractor personnel

appear, in effect, Government employees.” 48 C.F.R. § 37.101.

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that could satisfy a reasonable person.” Pierce , 487 U.S. at 565. “[T]he test of

substantial justification is essentially one of reasonableness in both law and fact.” 

United States v. 2,116 Boxes of Boned Beef , 726 F.2d 1481, 1486 (10th Cir.

1984). The burden is on the government to show its position is substantially

justified. See Gilbert v. Shalala , 45 F.3d 1391, 1394 (10th Cir. 1995). To meet

that burden, it must “show that there is a reasonable basis in truth for the facts

alleged in the pleadings; that there exists a reasonable basis in law for the theory

it propounds; and that the facts alleged will reasonably support the legal theory

advanced.” 2,116 Boxes of Boned Beef , 726 F.2d at 1487.

Whether or not Shoop violated the buyout agreement and the Restructuring

Act turned on whether the contract under which the FAA gained his services after

his retirement was a personal services contract. 2

 The district court concluded that

it was not, but the district court also found that the government’s litigation

position to the contrary was substantially justified. We must now determine

whether the district court abused its discretion in finding that the government’s

litigation position was substantially justified. The fact that the government’s

position did not prevail in the district court is not determinative of substantial
3 The relevant regulation, 48 C.F.R. § 37.104, provides that:

(c)(1) An employer-employee relationship under a service contract

occurs when, as a result of (i) the contract’s terms or (ii) the manner

of its administration during performance, contractor personnel are

subject to the relatively continuous supervision and control of a

Government officer or employee. However, giving an order for a

specific article or service, with the right to reject the finished product

or result, is not the type of supervision or control that converts an

individual who is an independent contractor (such as a contractor

employee) into a Government employee.

(2) Each contract arrangement must be judged in the light of its own

facts and circumstances, the key question always being: Will the

Government exercise relatively continuous supervision and control

over the contractor personnel performing the contract? The sporadic,

unauthorized supervision of only one of a large number of contractor

employees might reasonably be considered not relevant, while

relatively continuous Government supervision of a substantial

number of contractor employees would have to be taken strongly into

account (see (d) below).

(d) The following descriptive elements should be used as a guide in

assessing whether or not a proposed contract is personal in nature:

(1) Performance on site.

(2) Principal tools and equipment furnished by the Government.

(3) Services are applied directly to the integral effort of agencies or

an organizational subpart in furtherance of assigned function or

mission.

(4) Comparable services, meeting comparable needs, are performed

(continued...)

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justification. See United States v. Charles Gyurman Land & Cattle Co. , 836 F.2d

480, 483 (10th Cir. 1987).

The government’s audit investigating whether this was a personal services

contract focused on the issue of supervision. 3

 The record shows that in the course
3

(...continued)

in the same or similar agencies using civil service personnel.

(5) The need for the type of service provided can reasonably be

expected to last beyond one year.

(6) The inherent nature of the service, or the manner in which it is

provided reasonably requires directly or indirectly, Government

direction or supervision of contractor employees in order to--

(i) Adequately protect the Government’s interest;

(ii) Retain control of the function involved; or

(iii) Retain full personal responsibility for the function supported in a

duly authorized Federal officer or employee.

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of the government audit, the investigators gained evidence that FAA employees

were, in fact, supervising Shoop on a consistent basis. Shoop and FAA

employees stated at one point during the audit that Dalinda Wall, an FAA

employee, supervised Shoop. At trial, however, the evidence on this point was

conflicting. The investigators testified that, during their audit, they were told that

FAA employees supervised Shoop and that their observations were consistent

with that scenario. Dalinda Wall testified at trial that she did not supervise

Shoop. She denied ever having told the investigators otherwise. The record also

shows that several FAA documents indicating that Shoop’s contract did not

violate the Restructuring Act were created only after the audit had begun.

The record shows a reasonable basis in fact for the government’s litigation

position that Shoop was operating under a personal services contract. Therefore,

the district court was well within its discretion in finding that the government’s
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litigation position was substantially justified. AFFIRMED. The motion to

supplement the record is GRANTED.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Carlos F. Lucero

Circuit Judge