UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Archdiocese of San Salvador

and Archbishop Fernando

Saenz Lacalle

v. Civil No. 05-cv-237-JD

Opinion No. 2006 DNH 022

FM International, LLC et al.

O R D E R

The Archdiocese of San Salvador and its Archbishop

(collectively, the “Archdiocese”) have brought this action to

recover more than $1 million in disaster relief funds allegedly

misappropriated by the defendants, who include a New Hampshire

limited liability company, two of its managers, and its reputed

agent, Mauricio Coronado. The company, FM International, LLC

(“FMI”), and the managers, Thomas D. McCarron and Gary Friedrich,

together with another corporation formed by Friedrich and named

as a defendant, Foreign Motors of Durham, Inc. (collectively, the

“moving defendants”) have moved to dismiss the Archdiocese’s

complaint on statute of limitations grounds. In the alternative,

the moving defendants seek dismissal of the Archdiocese’s fraudrelated claims because the Archdiocese has not pled them with the

requisite particularity, Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b), and dismissal of

two other claims for failure to state a claim for relief, Fed. R.

Civ. P. 12(b)(6).

The Archdiocese has objected to the motion in its entirety;

the moving defendants have filed a reply to the objection; the

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1The Archdiocese also requests oral argument on the motion

in accordance with L.R. 7.1(d). The request is denied.

2

Archdiocese, with the requisite leave of court, has filed a surreply.1 Coronado, who was incarcerated in Guatemala at the

commencement of this action, did not join in his fellow

defendants’ motion or otherwise respond to the complaint and has

subsequently been defaulted. 

Background

The complaint alleges the following facts. Coronado

approached representatives of the Archdiocese in early 2002, in

the midst of their efforts to raise funds to assist the victims

of a recent earthquake in El Salvador. He “stat[ed] that he

represented FM International, a company registered in the state

of New Hampshire.” Compl. ¶ 14. FMI, a self-described “finance

and procurement company,” id. ¶ 12, had in fact appointed

Coronado as “its exclusive legal representative for all of

Central and South America, excluding Ecuador” in August 2000. 

Id. ¶ 13. This was accomplished through a letter of appointment

giving Coronado “full authority to transact business and issue

contracts in the name of [FMI].” Id. The company also gave

Coronado signatory power over its account at Olde Port Bank in

Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which later became Granite Bank.

Coronado told the representatives of the Archdiocese about

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2The complaint does not say whether the Archdiocese ever

signed this document.

3

“a program to increase the funds available for disaster relief,

including food aid, by a factor of 10”–-if the Archdiocese

provided FMI with $500,000, it would receive $5 million to use in

aid. Compl. ¶ 14. On February 28, 2002, a delegation from the

Archdiocese met with Coronado and McCarron in Miami, Florida. At

that meeting, the Archdiocese agreed to wire $500,000, to the

account of FMI at Granite Bank in Portsmouth. The Archdiocese

wired the money that same day. It also paid Coronado personally

for $40,000 in fees he demanded. 

 Either at that meeting, or at another one the next day,

also in Miami, “representatives of the Archdiocese were advised

by associates of . . . Coronado that another country had decided

not to enter into the ‘program’ and, therefore, that another $5

million was available to the [Archdiocese] if [it] could produce

another $500,000.” Compl. ¶ 16. The Archdiocese did so, wiring

another half million dollars to FMI’s Granite Bank account on

March 1, 2002. The complaint does not relate any other details

of this meeting or meetings, aside from the fact that “the

Defendants stressed the need for confidentiality concerning the

proposed transaction and asked that the lead representative of

the Archdiocese sign a . . . document written in English, which

mandated secrecy.”2 Id. ¶ 15.

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4

The Archdiocese alleges that its representatives “were led

to believe that the $10 million owing under the agreement would

be received within one month.” Compl. ¶ 17. Sometime in May

2002, after at least two months had passed and the money had yet

to materialize, a contingent from the Archdiocese traveled to

Miami, presumably in search of Coronado. Though he was not in

town, Coronado agreed over the phone to meet the archdiocesans in

Buenos Aires, where they subsequently headed. Coronado

“explained to the representatives of the Archdiocese that he was

presently negotiating a bank guaranty with Banco de Brasil, and

that the Archdiocese would receive its money when the bank

guaranty was negotiated.” Id. When the delegation returned to

El Salvador, Coronado wrote to the Archbishop, “saying that the

‘program’ had been delayed for various reasons,” but with “a

promise . . . that the money would be forthcoming.” Id.

In early July 2002, while Coronado was visiting El Salvador,

an official at a local bank alerted the Archbishop “that a bank

guarantee from the Banco de Brasil presented by Coronado was not

authentic.” Compl. ¶ 18. The Archbishop, who had still not

received the promised funds, then reported Coronado to the local

authorities. He was arrested and charged with fraud. 

Nevertheless, “Coronado continued to maintain and represent to

the Archbishop that the funds would still be forthcoming,

assuming [he] would only cooperate in securing [Coronado’s]

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5

release from prison.” Id.

The Archdiocese learned in 2003 that the defendants had

begun to draw down the funds in the Granite Bank account “within

days” after its $1 million was deposited there in March 2002. 

Compl. ¶ 19. The complaint alleges that, over the next few

months, “[t]ransfers totaling approximately $999,000, were made

to and by . . . Coronado, McCarron, Friedrich, FM International,

and Foreign Motors” so that only about $1,000 remained in the

account by the end of July 2002. Id. The Archdiocese, which

never received any of the promised money, commenced this action

against the defendants on June 30, 2005.

The complaint asserts six numbered counts against the

defendants: (I) breach of contract, (II) fraud, (III) common-law

conversion and violation of Florida’s “civil theft” statute, Fla.

Stat. Ann. § 772.11, (IV) violations of both the Florida and New

Hampshire consumer protection statutes, id. § 501.204 and N.H.

Rev. Stat. Ann. (“RSA”) § 358-A:2, (V) replevin, and (VI) civil

conspiracy. Each count separately alleges that “[b]ecause . . .

McCarron and Friedrich failed to follow corporate formalities,

and to observe the separateness of . . . [FMI], and because that

corporation existed as a sham to further the fraudulent

activities of its principals, . . . McCarron and Friedrich are

liable individually and collectively for any liability . . . by

[FMI].” Compl. ¶¶ 23, 27, 31, 34, 37, 41.

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6

Standard of Review

“‘A complaint should not be dismissed unless it is apparent

beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in

support of his claim that would entitle him to relief.’” Greene

v. Rhode Island, 398 F.3d 45, 48 (1st Cir. 2005) (quoting Conley

v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957)). In ruling on a motion to

dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), then, the court’s “task is not to

decide whether the plaintiff ultimately will prevail but, rather,

whether he is entitled to undertake discovery in furtherance of

the pleaded claim[s].” Rodi v. S. New England Sch. of Law, 389

F.3d 5, 13 (1st Cir. 2004) (citing Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S.

232, 236 (1974)). Furthermore, the court must “assume the truth

of all well-pleaded facts and indulge all reasonable inferences

that fit the plaintiff’s stated theor[ies] of liability.” Brown

v. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC (In re Credit Suisse First

Boston Corp. Analyst Reports Sec. Litig.), 431 F.3d 36, 45 (1st

Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Discussion

I. Whether the Statute of Limitations Bars the Claims

The moving defendants seek to dismiss all of the

Archdiocese’s claims because they are barred by the statute of

limitations. In accordance with the standards for deciding Rule

12(b)(6) motions, supra, a court can grant a motion to dismiss on

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3The Archdiocese concedes, for purposes of the motion to

dismiss, that the New Hampshire statute of limitations applies. 

See Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, 131 N.H. 6, 13-14 (1988).

7

limitations grounds only “‘when the pleader’s allegations leave

no doubt that an asserted claim is time-barred.’” Centro Medico

del Turabo, Inc. v. Feliciano de Melecio, 406 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir.

2005) (quoting LaChapelle v. Berkshire Life Ins. Co., 142 F.3d

507, 509 (1st Cir. 1998)); see also Rodi, 389 F.3d at 17.

In New Hampshire, “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by law,

all personal actions, except actions for slander or libel, may be

brought only within 3 years of the act or omission complained of

. . . .”3 RSA 508:4, I. The statute also incorporates the

common-law discovery rule, however. Dobe v. Comm’r, N.H. Dep’t

of Health & Human Servs., 147 N.H. 458, 461 (2002). Accordingly, 

when the injury and its causal relationship to the act

or omission were not discovered and could not

reasonably have been discovered at the time of the act

or omission, the action shall be commenced within 3

years of the time the plaintiff discovers, or in the

exercise of reasonable diligence should have

discovered, the injury and its causal relationship to

the act or omission complained of.

RSA 508:4, I. Under this framework, “once the defendant

establishes that the cause of action was not brought within three

years of the alleged act, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to

raise and prove the applicability of the discovery rule . . . .” 

Perez v. Pike Indus., ___ N.H. ___, 889 A.2d 27, 29 (2005). 

Based on the Archdiocese’s allegation that “the $10 million

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4Although the moving defendants state in the body of their

motion that the statute of limitations also bars the

Archdiocese’s other “common-law claims,” i.e., for replevin and

civil conspiracy, as well as its consumer protection claim, Mot.

Dismiss ¶ 7, the motion and its supporting memoranda do not offer

any argument to that effect. The court will therefore disregard

the moving defendants’ unsupported contention that the statute of

limitations bars the Archdiocese’s consumer protection, replevin,

conversion, and conspiracy claims. See Higgins v. New Balance

Athletic Shoe, Inc., 194 F.3d 252, 260 (1st Cir. 1999).

5In a footnote in its memorandum in opposition to the motion

to dismiss, the Archdiocese states that “[w]hether the ‘program’

in fact required payment within one month, as asserted by moving

8

owing under the agreement would be received within one month,”

Compl. ¶ 17, the moving defendants assert that the limitation

periods on the Archdiocese’s claims for breach of contract,

fraud, and conversion began running in April 2002, one month

after the Archdiocese handed over its money. The court will

address the moving defendants’ argument as it applies to each of

the claims in question.4

A. The Contract Claim

The limitations period on a contract claim begins running at

the time of the alleged breach. A & B Lumber Co v. Vrusho, 151

N.H. 754, 756 (2005); Bronstein v. GZA GeoEnvironmental, 140 N.H.

253, 255 (1995). The Archdiocese does not seriously dispute the

moving defendants’ contention that the breach of the parties’

alleged agreement occurred more than three years before the

commencement of this action on June 30, 2005.5 Instead, the

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defendants, remains uncertain,” particularly because the alleged

agreement was never reduced to writing. Mem. Opp’n Mot. Dismiss

at 12 n.5. The complaint affirmatively alleges, however, the

Archdiocese’s belief that “the $10 million owing under the

agreement would be received in one month.” Compl. ¶ 17. As

noted supra, the court must accept the facts the Archdiocese has

alleged in the complaint as true in ruling on the motion.

9

Archdiocese argues, inter alia, that it “did not discover the

potential injury caused by any Defendants’ [sic] bad acts until

July 2002 at the earliest, when the Archbishop first learned that

the bank guaranty peddled by them was not genuine.” Mem. Opp’n

Mot. Dismiss at 8. Because this revelation occurred within the

limitations period, the Archdiocese maintains that its contract

claim is timely by virtue of the discovery rule.

The New Hampshire Supreme Court has held that the discovery

rule applies to both tort and contract actions. Black Bear Lodge

v. Trillium Corp., 136 N.H. 635, 638 (1993). Under the rule, the

limitations period on a contract claim does not commence until

the plaintiff knows, or reasonably should have known, both that

the defendant breached the agreement and that the plaintiff

suffered harm as a result. Coyle v. Battles, 147 N.H. 98, 101

(2001); see also Wood v. Greaves, 152 N.H. 228, 232 (2005). The

moving defendants argue that the Archdiocese was aware of both of

these facts by April, 2002, when the money failed to materialize

in accordance with the terms of the alleged contract.

The court agrees. According to the complaint, the agreement

required the defendants not only to produce $10 million, but to

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6Under New Hampshire law, a promisor’s failure to remit

payment by the time specified in a contract does not necessarily

constitute a material breach sufficient to excuse the promisee

from further performance. Fitz v. Coutinho, 136 N.H. 721, 724-25

(1993). Whether a breach is material, however, does not affect

the running of the statute of limitations, provided the breach

injures the plaintiff. See 23 Richard A. Lord, Williston on

Contracts § 63.3 (4th ed. 1999) (“the nonbreaching party is

entitled to damages caused even by the immaterial breach”). 

7For similar reasons, the Archdiocese cannot rely on the

fraudulent concealment doctrine to toll the contract claim. 

First, as the moving defendants point out, the Archdiocese

presents no developed argument as to how the doctrine fits its

breach of contract claim, but simply makes passing references to

the theory. Mem. Opp’n Mot. Dismiss at 7; Sur-Reply Mem. at 3. 

10

produce it within one month of receiving the Archdiocese’s $1

million investment. Once that time had passed and the defendants

had failed to do so, they were in breach of the agreement.6 The

subsequent dispatch of the delegation to Miami and Buenos Aires

in search of Coronado indicates the Archdiocese’s appreciation of

both the breach and its resulting harm in depriving the

Archdiocese of the timely use of the promised funds. See Coyle,

147 N.H. at 101 (commencing limitations period on claim for

excessive attorneys’ fees at point plaintiffs demanded refund).

Thus, while the Archbishop’s discovery that the bank guaranty was

phony in July 2002, might have suggested that he would never

receive the $10 million, it did not contribute to his awareness

that he had not received the money at the time it was due, in

April 2002. The discovery rule therefore does not save the

contract claim from the statute of limitations.7 See Fuller

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Such passing references are insufficient to merit the court’s

attention. See Higgins, 194 F.3d at 260. In any event, the

fraudulent concealment doctrine applies only “when facts

essential to the cause of action are fraudulently concealed 

. . . .” Furbush v. McKittrick, 149 N.H. 426, 431 (2003). Here,

as just discussed, the Archdiocese knew the facts essential to

its breach of contract claim by April 2002, when the time for the

defendants’ performance had passed without delivery of the money. 

Given this knowledge, the fraudulent concealment doctrine does

not apply. See Premium Mgmt., Inc. v. Walker, 648 F.2d 778, 783

& n.7 (1st Cir. 1981) (applying New Hampshire law).

11

Ford, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 2001 DNH 144, 2001 WL 920035, at *6

(D.N.H. Aug. 6, 2001).

The Archdiocese further contends that Coronado’s alleged

promises to pay the money due under the agreement, made

subsequent to April, 2002, also serve to toll the statute of

limitations. As the New Hampshire Supreme Court has explained:

The statute of limitations period may be tolled . . .

by a party’s acknowledgment of a subsisting debt with

an admission that the party is liable and willing to

pay. To toll the limitations period, an acknowledgment

of debt must be more than a recognition of debt; it

must be an admission of liability for an unpaid debt

that the party is then willing to pay. Specifically,

the admission must be direct and unqualified.

A & B Lumber Co., 151 N.H. at 756 (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted). The Archdiocese argues that, under this

doctrine, Coronado’s statement “that the Archdiocese would

receive its money when the bank guaranty was negotiated” and his

“promise . . . that the money would be forthcoming,” Compl. ¶ 17,

toll the limitations period on its contract claim.

 In response, the moving defendants point out that these

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8Although the moving defendants cite the same passage from 

A & B Lumber Co., they do not question whether Coronado’s

statements meet the standard articulated in that case. The court

has therefore not considered that question in ruling on the

motion to dismiss.

12

“admissions” themselves occurred in May 2002, which is still more

than three years before the Archdiocese filed suit.8 But “[t]he

admission itself does not take the action out of the statute of

limitations; rather, it is the new promise that may be inferred

from that admission that removes the bar.” Soper v. Purdy, 144

N.H. 268, 270 (1999). Accordingly, as the Archdiocese argues in

its sur-reply, “the creditor’s remedy on the new promise is not

barred by statutory limitation until the lapse of the full period

counting from the time of breach of this new promise.” 3 Eric

Mills Holmes, Corbin on Contracts § 9.5, at 255 (rev. ed. 1996)

(emphasis added); see also Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 82

cmt. c (1981). The Archdiocese therefore maintains that the

limitations period on its contract claim did not start running

until July 2002, when the Archbishop discovered that the bank

guaranty was counterfeit and “that Defendants likely would not

perform . . . .” Sur-reply at 3.

The moving defendants do not provide any authority in

support of their contrary view that the limitations period on the

new promises commenced at the time of their making, rather than

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9Of course, the limitations period on the new promise will

commence at the time of its making “if the promise is immediately

performable. If the promise is to pay at some future date or on

the performance of some condition . . . [t]he new statutory

period is counted only from the breach of the new promise.” 

3 Corbin, supra, § 9.10, at 280-81 (footnotes omitted); accord

Barker v. Heath, 74 N.H. 270, 272 (1907) (noting that “direct and

unqualified admission by a debtor, within six years prior to the

commencement of the action . . . will prevent the statutory bar”

but that “[i]f the admission be conditional, limited, or

qualified . . . the new promise will have a like quality, and the

statute will operate so far as it may in view of the condition,

limitation, or qualification”). The complaint alleges this

latter kind of promise–-Coronado said the Archdiocese would get

its money once he negotiated the bank guaranty. 

13

at the time of their breach.9 They do argue, however, that “the

alleged promises were made by Coronado, not the moving

defendants, and the Complaint fails to allege how these promises

would be binding on them.” Reply at 8. For the purpose of

tolling the statute of limitations on a debt to the plaintiff,

“[a] new promise is only good as to the maker.” A & B Lumber

Co., 151 N.H. at 756; see also Premier Capital, Inc. v.

Gallagher, 144 N.H. 284, 287 (1999). The Archdiocese rejoins

that the moving defendants “are bound by the acts of their

agent,” Coronado, in making the claimed promises. Sur-reply at 4

n.2. The complaint, however, alleges that it was FMI–-rather

than any of the other moving defendants–-who had authorized

Coronado to act on its behalf. Compl. ¶ 13.

Coronado’s alleged promises, then, could not have bound

McCarron or Friedrich absent some basis for disregarding FMI’s

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14

corporate form. In Part II, infra, the court concludes that the

complaint fails to allege any such basis with the requisite

particularity. Coronado’s alleged promises therefore provide no

basis for tolling the statute of limitations on the contract

claim against McCarron, Friedrich, and Foreign Motors. See A & B

Lumber Co., 151 N.H. at 757 (holding that “[m]ere receipt of the

benefits of a contract does not suffice” to toll limitations

period). It is apparent from the complaint that this claim is

time-barred as to these defendants. Because the complaint states

that Coronado was acting as the agent of FMI, however, his

alleged promises suffice to toll the statute of limitations on

the contract claim against the company itself, at least on the

face of the complaint. Cf. A & B Lumber Co., 151 N.H. at 756;

Merrimack Loan Co. v. Theodorou, 91 N.H. 487, 489 (1941); Titus

v. Annis, 77 N.H. 478, 480 (1915). The moving defendants’ motion

to dismiss the contract claim on limitations grounds is therefore

granted as to McCarron, Friedrich, and Foreign Motors, but denied

as to FMI.

B. The Fraud Claim

Under the discovery rule, the limitations period on a fraud

claim commences when the plaintiff knows, or reasonably should

have known, both that the defendant has perpetrated a fraud and

the plaintiff has been injured as a result. Keshishian v. CMC

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15

Radiologists, 142 N.H. 168, 178-79 (1997); Hamlin v. Oliver, 77

N.H. 523 (1915); see also Cheshire Med. Ctr. v. W.R. Grace & Co.,

764 F. Supp. 213, 216-17 (D.N.H. 1991). Characterizing “[t]he

essence of the fraud” as “a ‘program’ by which Coronado promised

to turn a $1 million investment into $10 million ‘within one

month,’” the moving defendants argue that the Archdiocese should

have realized it had been defrauded by April 2002, when Coronado

had failed to deliver on that promise. Reply at 9.

The fraud alleged in the complaint, however, goes beyond the

mere default on the agreement to provide the $10 million within a

month of receiving the Archdiocese’s contribution. Although the

Archdiocese indeed claims that this promise was fraudulent, it

also alleges other false statements, principally Coronado’s

“false excuses” for the delay, given in May 2002. Compl. ¶ 25. 

The purpose of these statements, according to the complaint, was

to conceal that the defendants had misappropriated the

Archdiocese’s investment instead of multiplying it through the

touted program. The Archdiocese argues that it could not have

uncovered this fact until July 2002, when the Archbishop learned

of the fake bank guaranty. The court cannot conclude, based on

the complaint itself, that the Archdiocese should have known the

program was a sham any earlier, such as when the $10 million had

failed to arrive by April, 2002. See Rodi, 389 F.3d at 17

(applying Massachusetts law). Accordingly, because the

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16

Archdiocese brought suit within three years of July 2002, the

moving defendants’ motion to dismiss the fraud claim on

limitations grounds must be denied.

C. The Conversion Claim

The moving defendants argue that the statute of limitations

on the Archdiocese’s conversion claim also began running in April

2002, when the $10 million did not materialize as promised. This

argument mistakenly equates conversion with breach of contract. 

As the moving defendants recognize, “‘[c]onversion is an

intentional exercise of dominion or control over a chattel which

so seriously interferes with the right of another to control it

that the actor may justly be required to pay the other the full

value of the chattel.’” Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss at 6 (quoting

LFC Leasing & Fin. Corp. v. Ashuelot Nat’l Bank, 120 N.H. 638,

640 (1980)). Retaining the plaintiff’s property “for a

reasonable length of time” beyond the defendant’s right to do so,

then, generally does not amount to conversion. LFC Leasing &

Fin. Corp., 120 N.H. at 640.

Thus, the simple fact that the defendants did not refund the

$1 million by April 2002, the time at which the parties’

agreement called for the defendants to perform, would not have

given the Archdiocese any reason to suspect that its investment

had been converted to the defendants’ own use, as it alleges. 

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 16 of 29
17

Instead, as just discussed with regard to the fraud claim, the

complaint indicates that the Archdiocese could not have known of

the claimed conversion until July 2002 at the earliest. Like the

fraud claim, then, the Archdiocese’s conversion claim is timely. 

The moving defendants’ motion to dismiss it is denied. 

II. Whether the Archdiocese Has Pled Fraud with Particularity

The moving defendants also seek to dismiss the Archdiocese’s

claims for fraud and violation of the New Hampshire and Florida

consumer protection acts on the ground that the complaint does

not state them with the particularity required by Rule 9(b). The

rule states, in relevant part, that “[i]n all averments of fraud

. . . , the circumstances constituting fraud . . . shall be

stated with particularity.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). The moving

defendants argue, and the Archdiocese does not dispute, that this

requirement applies not only to its common-law fraud claim but

also to its claim under the consumer protection statutes, which

arises out of the defendants’ alleged artifice. See Gwyn v. Loon

Mtn. Corp., 2002 DNH 100, 2002 WL 1012929, at *7 (D.N.H. May 15,

2002) (applying Rule 9(b) to claim alleging misrepresentations in

violation of RSA 358-A), aff’d, 350 F.3d 212 (1st Cir. 2003);

Stires v. Carnival Corp., 243 F. Supp. 2d 1313, 1322 (M.D. Fla.

2002) (applying Rule 9(b) to claim alleging fraud in violation of

Fla. Stat. Ann. § 501.204).

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18

Rule 9(b)’s “reference to ‘circumstances constituting fraud’

usually requires the claimant to allege at a minimum the identity

of the person who made the fraudulent statement, the time, place,

and content of the misrepresentation, the resulting injury, and

the method by which the misrepresentation was communicated.”

2 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 9.03[1][b],

at 9-18 (3d ed. 1997 & 2005 supp.) (footnote omitted); accord

United States ex rel. Karvelas v. Melrose-Wakefield Hosp., 360

F.3d 220, 232 (1st Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 820 (2004). 

The moving defendants argue that the complaint does not satisfy

this standard because it ascribes no misrepresentations to any of

them. In this regard, they note that “[i]f a claim involves

multiple defending parties, a claimant may not usually group all

claimed wrongdoers together in a single set of allegations. 

Rather, the claimant must make specific and separate allegations

against each defendant.” 2 Moore, supra, § 9.03[1][f], at 9-25

(footnote omitted); see also Vicom, Inc. v. Harbridge Merchant

Servs., Inc., 20 F.3d 771, 778 (7th Cir. 1994); Mills v. Polar

Molecular Corp., 12 F.3d 1170, 1175 (2d Cir. 1993); In re Tyco

Int’l, Ltd. Sec. Litig., 185 F. Supp. 2d 102, 114-15 (D.N.H.

2002); White v. Union Leader Corp., 2001 DNH 126, 2001 WL 821527,

at *4 (D.N.H. July 13, 2001); Manchester Mfg. Acquisitions, Inc.

v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 802 F. Supp. 595, 600 (D.N.H. 1992);

Shields v. Amoskeag Bank Shares, Inc., 766 F. Supp. 32, 41

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 18 of 29
10Given this depth of authority, the Archdiocese’s statement

that “[q]uite simply, there is no ‘requirement’ of separate

pleading” as to each defendant under Rule 9(b), Mem. Opp’n Mot.

Dismiss at 16, is incorrect. 

11Indeed, the complaint does not appear to allege any. The

Archdiocese claims that McCarron attended one of the meetings in

Miami between its representatives and Coronado at which the

Archdiocese agreed to hand over $500,000, but does not specify

what, if anything, McCarron did or said at that meeting. See

Compl. ¶ 15. Indeed, in its opposition to the motion to dismiss,

the Archdiocese states merely that McCarron was “present” at that

meeting. Mem. Opp’n Mot. Dismiss at 13-14. 

19

(D.N.H. 1991), rev’d on other grounds sub nom. Serabian v.

Amoskeag Bank Shares, Inc., 24 F.3d 357 (1st Cir. 1994).10

Although the Archdiocese points to a number of alleged

misrepresentations the complaint specifically attributes to

Coronado, it does not identify any such statements by McCarron,

Friedrich, or Foreign Motors.11 Instead, the Archdiocese argues

that its complaint sufficiently alleges that those defendants

participated in the fraud by withdrawing funds from FMI’s account

at Granite Bank subsequent to the Archdiocese’s wiring its $1

million there in March 2002.

The court disagrees. The complaint alleges only that

“within days after the $1 million was wired into [the account],

and starting in early March of 2002, the Defendants proceeded to

draw down the funds in that account” and that, over the next four

months, “[t]ransfers totaling approximately $999,000 were made to

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 19 of 29
20

and by Defendants Coronado, McCarron, Friedrich, FM

International, and Foreign Motors.” Compl. ¶ 19 (emphases

added). This statement fails to meet the standard set by Rule

9(b) that a fraud claim “inform each defendant of the nature of

his alleged participation in the fraud.” DiVittorio v. Equidyne

Extractive Indus., Inc., 822 F.2d 1242, 1247 (2d Cir. 1987). 

Instead, paragraph 19 of the complaint “group[s] all claimed

wrongdoers together in a single set of allegations,” which is

insufficient. 2 Moore, supra, § 9.03[1][f], at 9-25; see also

Vicom, Inc., 20 F.3d at 778 (noting that, pursuant to Rule 9(b),

courts “have rejected complaints that have ‘lumped together’

multiple defendants”); Shields, 766 F. Supp. at 40.

This deficiency is not simply “a matter of semantics,” as

the Archdiocese suggests. Mem. Opp’n Mot. Dismiss at 16. 

Rather, it cuts to the heart of the concerns justifying the

heightened pleading requirement for fraud: “‘to give notice to

defendants of the plaintiffs’ claim, to protect defendants whose

reputation may be harmed by meritless claims of fraud, to

discourage ‘strike suits,’ and to prevent the filing of suits

that simply hope to uncover relevant information during

discovery.’” Karvelas, 360 F.3d at 226 (quoting Doyle v. Hasbro,

Inc., 103 F.3d 186, 194 (1st Cir. 1996)); see also Ackerman v.

Northwestern Mut. Life Ins. Co., 172 F.3d 467, 469 (7th Cir.

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 20 of 29
12Indeed, the complaint does not expressly state that

McCarron, Friedrich, or Foreign Motors actually received any of

the funds from the account–-it alleges that the transfers “were

made by and to” the defendants.

21

1999) (“the rule requires the plaintiff to conduct a precomplaint

investigation in sufficient depth to assure that the charge of

fraud is responsible and supported, rather than defamatory and

extortionate,” since “fraud is frequently charged irresponsibly

by people who have suffered a loss and want to find someone to

blame for it . . . .”) 

The allegation that “the defendants” withdrew funds from the

account where the Archdiocese had sent its money does not effect

these purposes. The complaint provides no clue as to which of

the defendants might have made which withdrawals, in what amount,

at what particular time, or for what purpose.12 As a result,

paragraph 19 might allege no more than Coronado’s use of the

account to receive the $1 million before quickly distributing

most of it to himself, while the other defendants continued using

the same account for FMI’s ordinary business purposes, unaware of

the fact that the Archdiocese’s money had passed through. While

paragraph 19 might also allege, as the Archdiocese urges, that

McCarron, Friedrich, and Foreign Motors knowingly helped

themselves to the money as the fruits of a scheme they abetted,

it is precisely this ambiguity that makes the complaint

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 21 of 29
13The moving defendants also challenge the sufficiency of

the allegation that “representatives of the Archdiocese were

advised by associates of . . . Coronado that another country had

decided not to enter into the ‘program’ and, therefore, that

another $5 million was available to the [Archdiocese] if [it]

could produce another $500,000.” Compl. ¶ 16. Though the moving

defendants have a point, “[w]hen a claim sounding in fraud

contains a hybrid of allegations, some of which satisfy the

22

inadequate. “Rule 9(b) is not satisfied where the complaint

vaguely attributes the alleged [fraud] to ‘defendants’ . . . .

plaintiffs also ha[ve] to allege that [each of the defendants]

personally knew of, or participated in, the fraud.” Mills, 12

F.3d at 1175.

The Archdiocese also argues that it has sufficiently pled

its fraud claims against the moving defendants through its

allegation that they “voluntarily authorized Coronado to act as

their agent . . . .” Sur-reply ¶ 4. The complaint avers that

“FM International appointed . . . Coronado to be its exclusive

legal representative,” with “full authority to transact business

and issue contracts in the name of FM International.” Compl. 

¶ 13 (emphases added). Although the moving defendants argue to

the contrary, paragraph 13 of the complaint pleads the principalagent relationship between FMI and Coronado with adequate

particularity: it states when and where this relationship was

formed, its parameters, and even identifies the instrument

through which it was formalized.13 Cf. Kolbeck v. LIT Am., Inc.,

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 22 of 29
strictures of Rule 9(b) and some of which do not, an inquiring

court may sustain the claim on the basis of those specific

allegations that are properly pleaded.” Rodi, 389 F.3d at 15-16. 

Because the complaint alleges other fraudulent statements by

Coronado with the particularity required by Rule 9(b), its

failure to meet that standard with regard to this statement does

not require dismissal of the Archdiocese’s fraud-based claims

against FMI.

23

923 F. Supp. 557, 559 (S.D.N.Y. 1996), aff’d, 152 F.3d 918 (2d

Cir. 1998) (unpublished). But, as noted in Part I.A, supra,

these allegations do not support the conclusion that Coronado was

the agent of McCarron, Friedrich, or Foreign Motors.

Nor does the complaint sufficiently allege a basis for

disregarding FMI’s corporate form so as to hold McCarron and

Friedrich directly liable for Coronado’s actions. The moving

defendants argue, and the Archdiocese does not dispute, that Rule

9(b)’s elevated pleading requirement applies to such veilpiercing claims. See Bd. of Trs. of Teamsters Local 863 Pension

Fund v. Foodtown, Inc., 296 F.3d 164, 172-73 & n.10 (3d Cir.

2002); Soviet Pan Am Travel Effort v. Travel Comm., Inc., 756 F.

Supp. 126, 132 (S.D.N.Y. 1991). Throughout the complaint, the

Archdiocese repeatedly alleges that “McCarron and Friedrich

failed to follow corporate formalities, and to observe the

separateness of . . . FM International” and that the “corporation

existed as a sham to further the fraudulent activities of its

principals . . . .” Compl. ¶¶ 23, 27, 31, 34, 37, 41. But “mere

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 23 of 29
14The complaint contains no additional factual support for

its assertions that McCarron and Friedrich “failed to follow

corporate formalities” or “to observe the separateness of FM

International.” 

24

allegations of fraud . . . are too conclusional to satisfy the

particularity requirement, no matter how many times such

accusations are repeated.” Hayduk v. Lanna, 775 F.2d 441, 444

(1st Cir. 1985). As just discussed, the only factual support for

the theory that McCarron and Friedrich employed FMI as an

instrument of fraud is the inclusion of them among the

“defendants” who withdrew money from the same FMI account that

contained the Archdiocese’s $1 million.14 Because the complaint

provides no specific information about any of these withdrawals,

however, there is no basis for concluding that McCarron or

Friedrich improperly diverted any of them to his own use. Cf.

Bd. of Trs. of Teamsters, 296 F.3d at 172-73 (ruling that veilpiercing claim satisfied Rule 9(b) where plaintiffs “enumerat[ed]

[defendants’] actions, consisting of diverting funds, fictitious

invoices and kickbacks, inject[ing] some measure of

substantiation into their allegations of fraud . . . .”) 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

The complaint therefore fails to allege, with the

specificity demanded by Rule 9(b), circumstances that would

justify piercing FMI’s corporate veil and holding McCarron and

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 24 of 29
15The moving defendants argue that, aside from its failure

to ascribe any particular fraudulent statements to McCarron,

Friedrich, and Foreign Motors, the complaint also fails to allege

other essential elements of fraud, namely scienter and reliance. 

They also suggest that the Archdiocese has failed to plead other

elements of its claim under RSA 358-A:2, such as that the

allegedly unfair or deceptive acts or practices occurred in New

Hampshire. As the Archdiocese notes, however, Rule 9(b)’s

heightened pleading requirement “extends only to the particulars

of the allegedly misleading statement itself. The other elements

of fraud, such as intent and knowledge, may be averred in general

terms.” Rodi, 389 F.3d at 15 (citation omitted). By the same

logic, no special standard of pleading should apply to the other

elements of a fraud-based consumer protection claim; the moving

defendants do not provide any authority to the contrary. 

Applying the more relaxed standard, the court believes that the

complaint adequately alleges the remaining elements of claims for

fraud and violation of RSA 358-A, essentially for the reasons

stated by the Archdiocese in its opposition.

25

Friedrich personally liable for Coronado’s alleged machinations.

Because the Archdiocese has not plead fraud by McCarron,

Friedrich, or Foreign Motors with the requisite particularity,

both its fraud claim and its claim for violations of the consumer

protection laws against those defendants must be dismissed. The

complaint, however, sufficiently states those claims against FMI

itself insofar as Rule 9(b) requires.15

Finally, the Archdiocese argues that “if the court concludes

that the allegations of fraud are somehow deficient . . . the

appropriate remedy is to allow [the Archdiocese] to amend [its]

complaint.” Mem. Opp’n Mot. Dismiss at 20. If the Archdiocese

wishes to seek leave to amend its complaint, it must file a

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 25 of 29
26

separate motion to that effect. L.R. 7.1(a)(1). Its request for

leave to amend is therefore denied without prejudice.

III. Whether the Complaint States Replevin and Conspiracy Claims

The moving defendants also seek dismissal of Count V, which

seeks “recovery under the equitable doctrine of replevin,” Compl.

¶ 36 (citing Fla. Stat. Ann. § 78.01 and RSA 536-A:1), and Count

VI, which alleges a conspiracy among the defendants, on the

grounds that these counts fail to state a claim for relief. The

court will address these arguments in order.

The moving defendants contend that a plaintiff cannot

reclaim funds, as opposed to personalty, through an action for

replevin. By their terms, both the New Hampshire and the Florida

statute authorizing such actions limit them to “personal

property.” RSA 536-A:1; Fla. St. Ann. § 78.01; see also 4

Richard V. Wiebusch, New Hampshire Practice: Civil Practice and

Procedure § 18.01, at 430 n.1 (2d ed. 1997) (“Replevin does not

lie for the recovery of money . . . .”); Williams Mgmt. Enters.,

Inc. v. Buonauro, 489 So. 2d 160, 168 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1986)

(“The action of replevin is not available to recover a sum of

‘money’ claimed by the plaintiff and ‘possessed’ by the plaintiff

only in the form of ‘funds’ on deposit in the defendant’s bank

checking account.”). Because the Archdiocese seeks the recovery

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 26 of 29
16The Archdiocese maintains that “[r]eplevin of funds . . .

can be appropriate when the funds at issue are identifiable.” 

Mem. Opp’n Mot. Dismiss at 22 (citing 66 Am. Jur. 2d Replevin 

§ 9). Contrary to the Archdiocese’s suggestion, however, the

fact that each of its deposits into FMI’s account had a specific

transaction number assigned to it does not make the money

comprising those deposits “identifiable” so as to permit

replevin. See Williams Mgmt. Enters., 489 So. 2d at 165

(“Replevin is not a proper remedy to recover ‘funds’ held in an

account.”) (footnote omitted); 66 Am. Jur. 2d Replevin § 9.

17The Archdiocese does not identify any other torts which

might support its conspiracy claim.

27

of money, rather than personal property, its complaint fails to

state a claim for replevin.16

Finally, the moving defendants seek dismissal of the

Archdiocese’s conspiracy claim on the grounds that it has “failed

to state a claim for an underlying tort.” Mem. Supp. Mot.

Dismiss at 12. The Archdiocese does not contest the legal

premise of this argument, i.e., “[f]or a civil conspiracy to

exist, there must be an underlying tort which the alleged

conspirators agreed to commit.” Univ. Sys. of N.H. v. United

States Gypsum Co., 756 F. Supp. 640, 652 (D.N.H. 1991); accord

Posner v. Essex Ins. Co., 178 F.3d 1209, 1217-18 (11th Cir. 1999)

(applying Florida law). Instead, the Archdiocese maintains that

it has stated a claim for fraud, the tort underlying its

conspiracy claim.17 As the court has already determined,

however, the complaint fails to state a claim for fraud against

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 27 of 29
18Although the court has ruled that the complaint adequately

pleads a claim for fraud against FMI, and nobody has contested

whether it pleads such a claim against Coronado, the Archdiocese

does not try to save its conspiracy claim on the basis of a

conspiracy between those two defendants. In any event, such an

argument would impossibly contradict the Archdiocese’s theory

that Coronado was acting as FMI’s agent. See 2 William Meade

Fletcher, Fletcher Cyclopedia of Private Corporations § 279, at

50-51 (rev. ed. 1998 & 2005 supp.) (“a corporation cannot

conspire with an agent when that agent is acting within the scope

of his or her authority”) (footnote omitted). 

28

McCarron, Friedrich, or Foreign Motors with the necessary

particularity. Accordingly, the derivative conspiracy claim must

also be dismissed.18 See, e.g., Sheeler v. Select Energy, 2003

DNH 132, 2003 WL 21735496, at *5 (D.N.H. July 28, 2003); Am.

Ass’n of Naturopathic Physicians v. Hayhurst, 2000 DNH 205, 2000

WL 1513716, at *6 (D.N.H. Sept. 29, 2000); McNell v. Hugel, 1994

WL 264200, at *8 (D.N.H. May 16, 1994), aff’d, 77 F.3d 460 (1st

Cir. 1996) (unpublished).

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the moving defendants’ motion to

dismiss (document no. 11) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. 

Counts I, II, and IV are dismissed as to McCarron, Friedrich, and 

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 28 of 29
29

Foreign Motors. Counts V and VI are dismissed as to McCarron,

Friedrich, Foreign Motors, and FMI. The motion is otherwise

denied. 

SO ORDERED.

Joseph A. DiClerico, Jr.

United States District Judge

February 23, 2006

cc: Thomas H. Hannigan, Jr., Esquire

Gordon J. MacDonald, Esquire

Annmarie A. Tenn, Esquire

Davdi A. Vicinanzo, Esquire

Case 1:05-cv-00237-JD Document 28 Filed 02/23/06 Page 29 of 29