# Patent

## Title
System and method for reliability testing and troubleshooting inkjet printers

## Abstract

Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for reliability testing an inkjet printing system. The invention includes a testing interface, a print head coupled to the testing interface, printer control electronics coupled to the testing interface and coupled to the print head via the testing interface, the printer control electronics adapted to transmit a firing voltage signal through the testing interface to the print head, and a measurement apparatus coupled to the testing interface. The testing interface includes an input path for receiving the firing voltage signal from the printer control electronics, the input path splitting into a first path coupled to the print head and a second path coupled to the measurement apparatus. Numerous other aspects are disclosed.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/061,120, filed on Feb. 18, 2005 and entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR PRECISION CONTROL OF PRINT HEAD ASSEMBLIES” which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The present application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/238,637, filed on Sep. 29, 2005 and entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR A HIGH RESOLUTION INKJET FIRE PULSE GENERATOR” which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to systems for manufacturing color filters for flat panel displays, and is more particularly concerned with apparatus and methods for testing and maintaining such systems.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The flat panel display industry has been attempting to employ inkjet printing to manufacture display devices, in particular, color filters. When inkjet printing techniques are applied in high throughput manufacturing, it is beneficial to maximize system reliability while minimizing system down time by rapid troubleshooting. System failures can arise in one or more printing channels due to clogging, electronics malfunction and variation of printhead parameters. In the case of electronics malfunction and variation of printhead parameters, it is cumbersome to manually examine signals to isolate the location and nature of a specific failure. Accordingly, apparatus and methods are needed to efficiently acquire data, test reliability and troubleshoot failures in inkjet printer systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In some aspects, the present invention provides a method for reliability testing an inkjet printing system including a print head having a capacitance and printer control electronics adapted to transmit a firing voltage signal to activate the print head. The method includes pre-calibrating a relationship between a capacitance of the print head and a measured voltage value of the firing voltage signal; measuring an actual firing voltage signal; determining the value of the print head capacitance by interpolation based on the measured firing voltage signal and the pre-calibrated relationship between the print head capacitance and measured voltage; and calculating a voltage at the print head based on the determined print head capacitance. Operability of the print head is then ascertainable based on the values of the print head capacitance and calculated print head voltage.
In some other aspects, the present invention provides a method that includes measuring a capacitance of printer control electronics (Cpce) and a test capacitance of a known value (Cknown) once per channel; measuring a per-channel voltage (Vno load) at a measurement apparatus used to measure Cpce and Cknown without a capacitive load; measuring a per-channel voltage (Vknown load) at the measurement apparatus used to measure Cpce and Cknown with a known capacitive load coupled to a testing interface; measuring a per-channel voltage (Vunknown load) at the measurement apparatus used to measure Cpce and Cknown with an unknown capacitive load coupled to the testing interface; calculating a data acquisition capacitance (CDAQ) based on the measured voltages; calculating a print head capacitance (Chead) based on a slew-rate ratio; and reconstructing a fire pulse voltage signal for each print head channel based on the ratio of Vknown load to Vunknown load, CDAQ, Vno load, Cpce and Cknown.
In yet other aspects, the present invention provides a system for reliability testing an inkjet printing system. The system for reliability testing includes a testing interface, a print head coupled to the testing interface, printer control electronics coupled to the testing interface and coupled to the print head via the testing interface, the printer control electronics adapted to transmit a firing voltage signal through the testing interface to the print head, and a measurement apparatus coupled to the testing interface. The testing interface includes an input path for receiving the firing voltage signal from the printer control electronics, the input path splitting into a first path coupled to the print head and a second path coupled to the measurement apparatus.
In still yet other aspects, the present invention provides an apparatus for testing an inkjet printing system. The apparatus includes a test interface adapted to be coupled to a print head and to a print control circuit, wherein the print control circuit is coupled to the print head via the test interface and is adapted to transmit a firing signal through the test interface to the print head; and a measurement circuit coupled to the test interface. The test interface includes an input path for receiving the firing signal from the print control circuit, the input path being split into a first path coupled to the print head and a second path coupled to the measurement circuit.
Other features and aspects of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description, the appended claims and the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example embodiment of a system for testing the reliability of an inkjet print system according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary voltage compensator circuit according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing representative voltage pulses of V1 and V2 without attenuation and a measured pulse of V2 with attenuation provided by the testing interface.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a method of testing the reliability of a print head channel according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a graph of an example nonlinear relationship between V2 and Chead for a particular channel.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an exemplary calibration method that may be used in the context of the reliability testing method of the present invention.
FIGS. 7A-C are schematic illustrations showing the capacitive contributions of elements in the reliability testing system used in the calibration process shown in FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an exemplary inkjet printing system that includes a system for reliability testing according to the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In an inkjet printer, an inkjet printer control system operates one or more inkjet print heads to dispense ink (or other fluid) onto a substrate. The inkjet print heads typically include multiple separately-controllable nozzles which each dispense drops upon being activated. The control path for each nozzle comprises a channel along which voltage signals may be propagated for nozzle activation. For example, some print heads include piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) coupled to each nozzle that expand and contract to release a drop of ink through an opening in response to a voltage pulse. When a channel is functioning properly, the amplitude of a voltage pulse measured across the channel is well defined; this allows the proper functioning of the channel to be tested through measurement of the channel voltage.
According to some embodiments, the present invention provides a system and method for determining whether each channel of a print head is functioning properly based on a fire pulse voltage measured across each respective channel. In some embodiments, a measurement apparatus acquires voltage data from the multiple print head channels via a testing interface that modifies the voltage signal to match requirements of a measurement apparatus. Since the measurement apparatus as well as the testing interface introduce their own capacitance to the printing system to which it is applied (the combined capacitance of the measurement apparatus, the printer control electronics, and testing interface is termed the ‘data acquisition capacitance’ (CDAQ)), the voltages that are recorded by the measurement apparatus reflect contributions from its own capacitance in addition to the capacitance of the print head channels. For this reason, the recorded voltages do not reflect accurate measurements of the channel voltages. To obtain accurate channel voltages, each contribution to the total capacitance (hereinafter ‘Ctot’), that is, the sum of the capacitance of the data acquisition system (CDAQ), and the capacitance of the print head channel (hereinafter ‘Chead’), is isolated and determined separately.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the channel capacitance Chead is determined based on the measured voltage (hereinafter ‘V2’). However, the relationship between Chead and V2 is usually not linear. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of calibrating numerous per channel capacitance Chead values with measured voltage values V2 such that unknown channel capacitances can be interpolated from calibrated values. The per channel voltage V1 may then be ascertained based on the measured voltage V2, and the separately determined capacitances Chead and Ctot.
System Overview
Turning to FIG. 1, a schematic illustration of an example embodiment of a system 100 for testing the reliability of an inkjet printing system is provided. In system 100, a print head 110 to be tested is coupled to a testing interface 120 (described further below). The print head 110 may include a number of control channels coupled to actuators for controllably dispensing ink through nozzles on the print head (not shown). An example of a suitable commercially available print head that may be used in the context of the present invention is the model SX-128, 128-Channel Jetting Assembly manufactured by Spectra, Inc. of Lebanon, N.H. This particular jetting assembly includes two electrically independent piezoelectric slices, each with sixty-four addressable channels, which are combined to provide a total of 128 jets. The nozzles are arranged in a single line, at a 0.020′′ distance between nozzles. The nozzles are designed to dispense drops from 10 to 12 picoliters but may be adapted to dispense from 10 to 30 picoliters. However, it is emphasized that other print heads may also be used and tested in accordance with the inventive principles set forth herein.
Printer control electronics 130 are coupled to the print head 110 through the testing interface 120. The printer control electronics 130 includes logic, communication, and memory devices configured to control the operation of the print head 110. The print control electronics 130 may be implemented using one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) or other similar devices. In some embodiments, discrete components may alternatively or additionally be used. In particular, the printer control electronics 130 may include one or more drivers that may each include logic to transmit control signals (e.g., fire pulse signals) to one or more print heads e.g., print head 110. Each driver of the printer control electronics 130 is adapted to transmit signals on multiple channels so that each actuator corresponding to each nozzle of the print head can be individually and independently actuated. For example, if the print head 110 comprises a 128-channel device, then the driver is adapted to address control signals to each of the 128 channels by separate connections, a multiplexing arrangement or any other electronic addressing mechanism.
The print control electronics 130 may be coupled to a power supply (not shown) so as to be able to generate relatively high voltage firing pulses to trigger the nozzles of the print head 110 to “jet” ink. In some embodiments, the power supply may be a high voltage negative power supply adapted to generate signals having amplitudes of approximately 140 volts or more. Other voltages may be used. The print control electronics 130 may send firing pulse voltage signals with specific amplitudes and durations so as to cause the nozzles of the print head 110 to dispense fluid drops of specific drop sizes as described, for example, in previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/061,120. The print control electronics 130 may additionally be coupled to a host computer 150 for receiving data or instructions for generating the firing pulses.
As shown in FIG. 1, firing voltage signals generated by the print control electronics 130 are transmitted through the testing interface 120, within which the voltage signals are split along two separate connection paths, one leading to the print head 110, and another leading to one of a number of voltage compensator circuits 1221, 1222, 1223 . . . 1262, 1263, 1264 that lead downstream to a measurement apparatus 140. The number of compensator circuits corresponds to the number of channels to be tested during a testing operation; this may comprise all of the print head channels, or a portion thereof, such as half (e.g., 64 channels in the case of a 128-channel print head device). In the example embodiment shown in FIG. 1, there are sixty-four (64) compensator circuits 1221, 1222, 1223 . . . 1262, 1263, 1264 which collectively receive the voltage signals for driving one of the two sides of a 128-channel print head. It is noted that the testing interface 120 and/or the measurement apparatus 140 may be embodied as sub-components of the print control electronics 130, and thus may comprise on-board components of an inkjet printing system as shown below in FIG. 8. In alternative embodiments, the testing interface 120 and measurement apparatus 140 may comprise off-board components which may be operatively coupled to the inkjet printing system, i.e., the print head 110 and the print control electronics 130 on an as-needed basis.
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of an inkjet printing system that incorporates a testing interface 120 and measurement apparatus 140 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The inkjet printing system 800 includes a support stage 802 adapted to support and transport a substrate 803 upon which ink is to be printed using a plurality of inkjet print heads 804, 806, 808. As shown, the inkjet print heads 804, 806, 808 may be positioned on a bridge 810 aligned perpendicularly to the direction (Y-direction) in which the substrate 803 is transported by the support stage 802. The inkjet printing system 800 also includes a system controller 812 adapted to control and direct the components of the system 800 including the support stage 802, and inkjet print heads 804, 806, 808. The system controller 812 may comprise sub-components (e.g., electronic control units, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)) adapted to control and/or perform specific tasks. For example, in one or more embodiments, the system controller 812 may include print control electronics 130, the testing interface 120 and the measurement apparatus 140 according to the invention. In this manner, the inventive reliability testing system may be incorporated as an on-board component of the inkjet printing system 800. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the print control electronics 130, testing interface 120 and measurement apparatus 140 are depicted as discrete components, but in alternative embodiments, they may be integrated in various ways. For example, the print control electronics 130 may incorporate the testing interface 120 as a and the measurement apparatus 140 as sub-components, or alternatively, the measurement apparatus 140 may be discrete from the print control electronics 130 and may include the testing interface 120.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary voltage compensator circuit according to some embodiments of the present invention. The voltage compensator circuit 1221 includes two resistors 202, 204 connected in series; the resistors 202, 204 are connected in parallel with two capacitors 205, 207 connected in series. Resistor 202 (R1) is coupled at a first end to the printer control electronics from which it receives a firing voltage signal and is coupled at a second end to resistor 204. Resistor 204 (R2) is coupled at a first end to resistor 202 and at a second end to a ground connection. Similarly, capacitor 205 is coupled at a first end to the printer control electronics and is coupled at a second end to capacitor 207. Capacitor 207 is coupled at a first end to capacitor 205 and is coupled at a second end to a ground connection.
An output path 209 taps node 211 between resistors 202, 204 and also taps node 213 between capacitors 205, 207 such that the resistors act as a voltage divider to lower the firing voltage signal to match input requirements of the measurement apparatus employed. Example values for resistors 202, 204 are 10 Mega-ohms and 200 Kilo-ohms, respectively, which provides a large amount of attenuation. Other resistor values can also be used. In operation, when a firing voltage signal is transmitted, a large proportion of current from the signal flows through the capacitors 205, 207 which then become charged. The capacitors 205, 207 then act as voltage sources with respect to resistors 202, 204 and aid in reconstructing the firing voltage waveform. Example values for capacitors 205, 207 are 10 picofarads (10 pF) and 500 picofarads (500 pF), respectively.
The output path 209 leads from nodes 211, 213 to a buffer 215 which may comprise an operational amplifier or similar device having high input impedance and low output impedance to improve measurement accuracy. The output from the buffer 215 represents the output of the compensator circuit 1221.
Referring again to FIG. 1, outputs from each channel, i.e., each compensator circuit 1221, 1222, 1223 . . . 1262, 1263, 1264, are fed into a selector circuit 128 that is adapted to select the output of one of the compensator circuits for further transmission to the measurement apparatus. The selector circuit 128 may comprise an n-bit multiplexer, for example, where the number of bits corresponds to the number of input channels. Other devices or components may also be used, such as a plurality of multiplexers that include fewer channels. The selector circuit 128 includes selector inputs (not shown) that allow a particular channel to be controllably selected for output from the selection circuit along output path 127.
The output path 127 from the selector circuit 128 leads to a measurement apparatus 140 which is adapted to accurately measure the voltage signal supplied to it along path 129. An example of a suitable commercially available measurement apparatus that may be used in the context of the present invention is the PXI-6239 Multifunction Data Acquisition (DAQ) device manufactured by National Instruments Inc. of Austin, Tex. The measurement apparatus 140 may additionally comprise or be coupled to a computer or control electronics that allow user control of the measurement apparatus. The measurement apparatus may be coupled via a TTL or other type of connection to a switching device 129 situated within (as shown) or coupled the testing interface 120. By activating the switching device 129, the testing interface 120 can be disconnected via the measurement apparatus when it is desired to stop testing operations.
As can be seen from FIG. 1, the total current delivered by the printer control electronics 130 is divided between the printer head path and data acquisition path. The added capacitance of the testing interface and measurement apparatus changes the firing voltage signal characteristics in terms of both slew rate and amplitude. The slew rate can be expressed as follows:

dV=(1/C)*I*dt  (1)

From this equation, it can be seen that the slew rate of a signal is inversely proportional to capacitance along the signal path. Taking V1 to be the voltage drop across a print head channel without a contribution from the data acquisition path and V2 to be the voltage drop across a the print head channel including the contribution from the data acquisition path, the ratio of V1 to V2 can be expressed according to equation (2) as:

V1/V2=Ctot/Chead=a1/a2  (2),

where a1, a2 represent respective slew rates of voltage signals V1, V2.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing actual voltages pulses of V1 and V2 and a measured pulse of V2 with attenuation provided by the testing interface. Curve 302 shows a pulse of V1, showing the relatively high slew rate (a1) and pulse amplitude of a voltage signal across a print head without the contribution of capacitance from the data acquisition path. Curve 304 illustrates the effect of capacitance along the data acquisition path (without attenuation from the testing interface), which reduces the slew rate (a2) and the pulse amplitude. Curve 306 shows a representative voltage pulse as measured by the measurement apparatus which illustrates the additional effects of attenuation produced by the compensator circuit of the testing interface.
As indicated, the measured voltage pulse shown in curve 306 varies considerably from curve 302 which it is meant to reproduce. If the print head capacitance Chead were known beforehand, it would be a trivial matter to reconstruct V1 from V2 as measured (i.e., from equation (2)); however, the print head capacitance varies from one channel to another within a print head, and between different heads, resulting in a nonlinear relationship between V2 and Chead. Owing to this nonlinear relationship, Chead typically cannot be determined by linear scaling.
Overall Reliability Testing Method
Referring to the flowchart of FIG. 4, a method 400 of testing the reliability of a print head channel is depicted. In operation, in step 403, a calibration process is performed in which the relationship between the value of Chead and voltage V2 is determined over a range of values of Chead for each data acquisition channel. FIG. 5 is a graph of an example nonlinear relationship between V2 and Chead for a particular channel, including a curve fit between obtained data points. Details of the calibration process are discussed below with reference to FIGS. 6, 7A, 7B and 7C. In step 405, in a specific testing operation, V2 is measured across a data acquisition channel using the measurement apparatus. In step 407, the print head capacitance Chead is determined by interpolation using the calibrated V2/Chead relationship, i.e., by finding the point at which V2 lies on the V2/Chead curve and ascertaining the Chead value at this data point. Once Chead has been determined, the reconstructed print head voltage V1 is calculated in step 409 using equation (2), i.e., V1=V2*Chead/Chead+CDAQ.
Exemplary Calibration Method
FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing an exemplary calibration method that may be used in step 403 of the reliability testing method discussed above. In operation, in step 603, the capacitance of the printer control electronics Cpce and a test capacitance of known value Cknown, which stands in as a substitute for the capacitive contribution of the print head, are directly measured once per channel using a capacitance meter, for example. FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C schematically illustrate the (respective) capacitive contributions of: the printer control electronics (Cpce) and the combined contribution of the testing interface and measurement apparatus (together, Ctest); the additional contribution from a known capacitive load (Cknown); and the additional contribution from an unknown load from a print head substituted for the known load. In FIG. 7A, which depicts the capacitive contributions of the printer electronics (Cpce) and the testing channel (Ctest) without a load, the total data acquisition capacitance CDAQ is defined as including both of these contributions, i.e., CDAQ=Ctest+Cpce.
In step 605 of the calibration process, a per-channel voltage reading is taken at the measurement apparatus in the state depicted in FIG. 7A, without the contribution of a load. In this case, the measured voltage at the measurement apparatus ‘Vno-load’ can be expressed as:

Vno-load=I·t/M(CDAQ)  (3),

where M is a resistive attenuation factor equal to the ratio of R1 to R2 in the voltage compensator circuit.

In step 607, a per-channel voltage reading is taken at the measurement apparatus in the state depicted in FIG. 7B in which a known capacitive load is coupled to the testing interface. In this case, the measured voltage at the measurement apparatus ‘Vknown-load’ can be expressed as:

Vknown-load=I·t/M(CDAQ+Cknown)  (4).

In step 609, a per-channel voltage reading is taken at the measurement apparatus in the state depicted in FIG. 7C in which an unknown capacitive load (i.e., a print head) is coupled to the testing interface. In this case, the measured voltage at the measurement apparatus ‘Vunknown-load’ can be expressed as:

Vunknown-load=I·t/M(CDAQ+Cunknown)  (5).

In step 611, the total data acquisition capacitance CDAQ is calculated using equations (3) and (4) above as follows:

CDAQ=[(Vno-load/t)/(Vknown-load/t)−1]*Cknown  (6),

where CDAQ=Ctest+Cpce.

In step 613, the print head capacitance Chead (or Cunknown) is calculated from the slew-rate ratios of Vknown-load to Vunknown-load as follows:

(Vknown-load/t)/(Vunknown-load/t)=(CDAQ+Chead)/(CDAQ+Cknown)  (7).

Since all variables other than Chead are known or have been ascertained, Chead can be determined numerically. This process can then be repeated over numerous channels to derive a calibrated relationship between Chead and the measured value of unknown-load (V2).
It is again noted that the print head voltage signal can be reconstructed once Chead is known. For example, when a print head channel is connected directly to the printer control electronics without the testing interface, the voltage signal Vhead can be expressed as:

Vhead=I·t/(Chead+Cpce)  (8)

Having calculated CDAQ and Chead, the actual fire pulse voltage signal for each print head channel (Vhead) taking into account the effects of the testing interface can be reconstructed in step 615 using equation (8) as follows:

Vhead/Vunknown-load=M*(Ctot/(Chead+Cpce))  (9),

where Ctot=CDAQ+Chead.

Since all of the variables in equation (9) other than Vhead are known or have been ascertained, Vhead can be determined numerically.
The foregoing description discloses only particular embodiments of the invention; modifications of the above disclosed methods and apparatus which fall within the scope of the invention will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Accordingly, while the present invention has been disclosed in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood that other embodiments may fall within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the following claims.

## Claims

1. A system for reliability testing an inkjet printing system comprising:
a testing interface;
a print head coupled to the testing interface;
printer control electronics coupled to the testing interface and coupled to the print head via the testing interface, the printer control electronics adapted to transmit a firing voltage signal through the testing interface to the print head; and
a measurement apparatus coupled to the testing interface;
wherein the testing interface includes an input path for receiving the firing voltage signal from the printer control electronics, the input path splitting into a first path coupled to the print head and a second path coupled to the measurement apparatus.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the print head includes multiple channels that may each be individually activated and wherein the printer control electronics is adapted to transmit a firing voltage signal to each of the multiple channels of the print head.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the testing interface includes a voltage compensator circuit for each print head channel, the voltage compensator circuit configured to adapt the firing voltage signal for output to the measurement apparatus.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the voltage compensator circuit includes a resistive divider.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the voltage compensator circuit includes series capacitors arranged in parallel to the resistive divider.

6. The system of claim 3, wherein the testing interface includes a selector circuit adapted to select one of the multiple print head channels for output to the measurement apparatus.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the testing interface and measurement apparatus comprise on-board components of the inkjet printing system.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the testing interface and measurement apparatus comprise off-board components.

9. An apparatus for testing an inkjet printing system comprising:
a test interface adapted to be coupled to a print head and to a print control circuit, wherein the print control circuit is coupled to the print head via the test interface and is adapted to transmit a firing signal through the test interface to the print head; and
a measurement circuit coupled to the test interface;
wherein the test interface includes an input path for receiving the firing signal from the print control circuit, the input path being split into a first path coupled to the print head and a second path coupled to the measurement circuit.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the print head includes multiple channels that may each be individually activated and wherein the print control circuit is adapted to transmit a firing signal to each of the multiple channels of the print head.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the test interface includes a compensator circuit for each of the multiple channels, the compensator circuit configured to adapt the firing signal for output to the measurement circuit.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the compensator circuit includes a resistive divider.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the compensator circuit includes series capacitors arranged in parallel to the resistive divider.

14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the test interface includes a selector circuit adapted to select one of the multiple channels for output to the measurement circuit.