IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

Assigned on Briefs December 4, 2023

CRYSTAL N. HOWARD ELSER V. CURTIS M. ELSER

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Rhea County 

No. 2023-CV-80 Jace Cochran, Judge

No. E2023-00628-COA-R3-CV

A husband challenges the issuance of an order of protection prohibiting him from 

contacting his wife. Finding that the evidence supports the issuance of an order of 

protection and that the husband has waived any objection to improper venue, we affirm. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ANDY D. BENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. MICHAEL SWINEY,

C.J., and J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., joined.

Kyle Brooks Cokkinias, Dayton, Tennessee, for the appellant, Curtis M. Elser.

Crystal N. Howard Elser, Dayton, Tennessee, pro se.

OPINION

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

In March 2023, Crystal N. Howard Elser (“Wife”) and Curtis M. Elser (“Husband”)

were in the midst of a divorce. Wife filed a petition for an order of protection against 

Husband in a Rhea County circuit court on March 21, 2023, alleging that Husband had 

perpetrated multiple acts of physical and sexual abuse against her either at the parties’ 

home in Graysville, Tennessee or “in a car.” Finding that there was no immediate and 

present danger of abuse to wife, the trial court declined to issue a temporary order of 

protection but scheduled a hearing on Wife’s petition for April 5, 2023.

Wife and Husband testified at the April 5, 2023 hearing. Wife testified, on one hand,

that Husband abused her multiple times at the parties’ home by yelling and screaming at 

her and by making unwanted sexual advances toward her. Husband, on the other hand, 

testified that he did not commit any of the abuse alleged by Wife.

03/07/2024
- 2 -

After the hearing, the court granted the petition and entered an order of protection 

prohibiting Husband from having any contact with Wife. The court based its decision on 

its finding that Husband had abused or threatened to abuse and had sexually assaulted Wife. 

Husband timely appealed. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Because this case was heard without a jury, we review the trial court’s decision de 

novo upon the record of the proceedings with a presumption that the court’s findings of 

fact are correct. See TENN. R. APP. P. 13(d); Land v. Casteel, No. E2010-00593-COA-R3-

CV, 2011 WL 808784, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 8, 2011). However, this presumption is 

not extended to the court’s conclusions of law. Land, 2011 WL 808784, at *2 (citing 

Rutherford Cnty. v. Wilson, 121 S.W.3d 591, 595 (Tenn. 2003); Campbell v. Florida Steel 

Corp., 919 S.W.2d 26, 35 (Tenn. 1996)). We will affirm the judgment of the trial court 

unless there are errors of law or the evidence preponderates against the court’s factual

findings. Id. (citing Bogan v. Bogan, 60 S.W.3d 721, 727 (Tenn. 2001)). 

ANALYSIS

I. The court’s finding of abuse was supported by a preponderance of the evidence.

Husband first argues that the court erred in finding that he committed abuse against 

Wife because this finding was not supported by a preponderance of the evidence. To 

support his argument, Husband points to his hearing testimony denying that he abused 

Wife.

Pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-602(a), “any domestic abuse victim,

1

. . . or 

sexual assault victim who has been subjected to, threatened with, or placed in fear of, 

domestic abuse,

2

. . . [or] sexual assault,

3

. . . may seek relief under this part[.]” The 

petitioner must prove their allegations by a preponderance of the evidence for the court to 

then issue an order of protection. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-605(b); Billingsley v. 

 

1

“Domestic abuse victim” includes any person who falls within the following categories: “(A) Adults 

or minors who are current or former spouses; (B) Adults or minors who live together or who have lived 

together; (C) Adults or minors . . . who have or had a sexual relationship . . .; (E) Adults or minors who are 

related or were formerly related by marriage[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-601(5).

2 Domestic abuse is defined as “committing abuse against a victim, as defined in subdivision (5)[.]” 

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-601(4). 

3 A “[s]exual assault victim” is “any person, regardless of the relationship with the perpetrator, who has 

been subjected to, threatened with, or placed in fear of any form of rape, as defined in § 39-13-502, § 39-

13-503, § 39-13-506 or § 39-13-522, or sexual battery, as defined in § 39-13-504, § 39-13-505, or § 39-13-

527.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-601(11).
- 3 -

Gallman, No. E2020-00794-COA-R3-CV, 2021 WL 1176132, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 

29, 2021). “Proving an allegation by a preponderance of the evidence requires a litigant to 

convince the trier-of-fact that the allegation is more likely true than not true.” McEwen v. 

Tenn. Dep’t of Safety, 173 S.W.3d 815, 825 n.19 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (citing Austin v. 

City of Memphis, 684 S.W.2d 624, 634-35 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984)). 

At the hearing on Wife’s petition for an order of protection, the evidence consisted 

solely of testimony from Wife and Husband. Husband points to his contrary testimony at 

the hearing in support of his position that the evidence preponderates against a finding of 

abuse. However, as in many cases involving abuse allegations, the trial court’s 

determination was largely “dependent on credibility, including demeanor assessments.” 

Long v. Brown, No. E2013-00802-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 295713, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

Jan. 28, 2014). We can infer from the court’s ultimate decision to issue an order of 

protection that the court found Wife was more credible and gave more weight to her version 

of events. See Richards v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 70 S.W.3d 729, 733-34 (Tenn. 2002) 

(discussing that a trial court’s findings on credibility and the weight of the evidence can be 

inferred from the trial court’s decision in the case). Where the trial court has relied on 

witness credibility assessments to make its factual findings, we will not reevaluate those 

assessments unless there is clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. Land, 2011 WL 

808784, at *2 (citing Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002)). “In order for 

evidence to be clear and convincing, it must eliminate any ‘serious or substantial doubt 

about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.’” Kelly v. Kelly, 445 

S.W.3d 685, 692-93 (Tenn. 2014) (quoting State v. Sexton, 368 S.W.3d 371, 404 (Tenn. 

2012)). The limited record before us contains no clear and convincing evidence 

contradicting the trial court’s credibility assessment. We therefore conclude that the 

evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding that Husband abused Wife.

II. Husband’s challenge to venue has been waived.

Husband next challenges the issuance of the order of protection by claiming venue 

was improper. Because the statement of the evidence only contains Husband’s testimony 

about where the parties live but does not contain an objection to venue, we find that he has 

waived this argument.

Venue relates “‘to the appropriateness of the location of the action.’” Freeman v. 

CSX Transp., Inc., 359 S.W.3d 171, 176 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting Meighan v. U.S. 

Sprint Commc’n. Co., 924 S.W.2d 632, 639 (Tenn. 1996)). Venue is a concept based on 

the convenience of the forum to the parties. Meighan, 924 S.W.2d at 639. It is the “personal 

privilege of a defendant to be sued in particular counties.” Kane v. Kane, 547 S.W.2d 559, 

560 (Tenn. 1977). Objections to venue may be waived when a defendant “defends upon 

the merits without first interposing an objection to improper venue.” Id.; see also FerrariBullock v. Randall, No. M2011-01528-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 2499525, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. 

App. June 28, 2012). 
- 4 -

Husband cites to Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-4-101, the statute concerning transitory 

actions, in support of his argument that venue was improper. However, this statute applies 

to “civil actions of a transitory nature, unless venue is otherwise expressly provided for.”

Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-4-101(a). Venue for orders of protection is expressly provided for 

in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-602(c), making § 20-4-101 inapplicable. See Ferrari-Bullock, 

2012 WL 2499525, at *4. Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-3-602(c) states that venue for a 

petition for an order of protection “shall be in the county where the respondent resides or 

the county in which the domestic abuse, . . . [or] sexual assault occurred.” 

Here, there is no transcript from which we could discern whether Husband objected 

to venue at the hearing on Wife’s petition.

4 According to the statement of the evidence,

Husband testified that the parties’ residence was in Bledsoe County, not Rhea County, and 

that Wife is not a resident of Rhea County. In his brief, Husband notes this testimony, but 

there is nothing in the statement of the evidence to indicate that he made any objection. 

Moreover, the statement of the evidence does not memorialize any ruling by the trial court 

suggesting that the court treated Husband’s testimony as an objection. On appeal, Husband 

bears the burden of ensuring that the record contains sufficient evidence to support his 

arguments. See Levine v. March, 266 S.W.3d 426, 439 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (“Parties 

have the responsibility to see to it that the record contains the evidence necessary to support 

their arguments on appeal.”). Furthermore, Husband defended the merits of the claim at 

the hearing. We, therefore, conclude that Husband waived any objection to venue. 

CONCLUSION

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs of this appeal are assessed against

the appellant, Curtis M. Elser, for which execution may issue if necessary.

/s/ Andy D. Bennett

ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE

 

4 While we are sensitive to the fact that Husband was unrepresented by counsel at the hearing, pro se 

litigants are not excused from complying with “the same substantive and procedural rules that represented 

parties are expected to observe.” Young v. Barrow, 130 S.W.3d 59, 63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). We, therefore,

hold Husband to the same standards of practice applicable to a litigant represented by counsel at the hearing, 

including the rules concerning properly preserving objections.