UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

TENTH CIRCUIT 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee, 

v. 

MARCOS A. GRAMAJO, 

Defendant - Appellant. 

No. 13-3031 

 (D.C. No. 6:12-CR-10134-MLB-1) 

(D. Kan.) 

 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before HARTZ, O’BRIEN, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.

 Marcos Gramajo appeals from his conviction for felon in possession of a firearm 

and possession of a stolen firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and (j). He 

claims he should have been granted a mistrial after the prosecution asked a question 

inviting inadmissible hearsay evidence, even though the question was not answered and 

 

*

 The parties have waived oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 

34.1(G). This case is submitted for decision on the briefs. 

This order and judgment is an unpublished decision, not binding precedent. 10th 

Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation to unpublished decisions is not prohibited. Fed. R. App. 32.1. 

It is appropriate as it relates to law of the case, issue preclusion and claim preclusion. 

Unpublished decisions may also be cited for their persuasive value. 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A). 

Citation to an order and judgment must be accompanied by an appropriate parenthetical 

notation B (unpublished). Id. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

May 2, 2014

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
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the judge gave a curative instruction. He also claims the judge erroneously limited crossexamination, allowed impermissible rebuttal, and improperly gave the jury an “Allentype”1

 instruction. We affirm. 

BACKGROUND 

 On January 11, 2012, the Garden City Police Department in Kansas received a call 

about a burglary at a mobile home park. The resident, Rudolfo Diaz, had left the 

property on December 23, 2011, to visit family in Mexico. His brother Ezekiel had been 

checking the property in his absence and discovered the house trailer had been 

burglarized. A police officer arrived and walked through the trailer while Ezekiel pointed 

out items he believed to be missing. The officer also spoke with Rudolfo by telephone 

and made a preliminary list of the stolen items. The list included a gun safe containing a 

Winchester .22-caliber rifle and a 9 millimeter handgun, two cordless drills, a water 

heater, and titles to an automobile and a Winnebago. 

 When Rudolfo returned to his home on January 15, he met with Officer Omar 

Mora to list missing items, although it was not until a week later that he completed his 

inventory. On the first day home, Rudolfo reported missing other items, including among 

other things, ammunition, a Kirby vacuum cleaner, chrome wheels, and numerous tools 

marked with his name. He also reported receiving a call from a friend, Porfiro Madera, 

who reported seeing someone selling his tools from a white pickup truck parked in a store 

 

1 See Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492, 501 (1896), in which the Supreme 

Court upheld the legality of a supplemental instruction to a jury unable to reach a 

consensus. 
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parking lot. As Rudolfo thought about it, he recalled seeing a white pickup truck parked 

at a trailer a few lots down the street. He told the officer about it the day he returned and 

described the pickup owner’s appearance. 

 Given the information from Rudolfo, and Officer Mora’s previous contact with the 

pickup owner, Gramajo, Mora put together a photographic lineup and went to interview 

Madera. Madera identified Gramajo as the man selling the tools from the pickup. The 

next day, officers obtained and executed a search warrant at the nearby mobile home 

owned by Maria Perez, Gramajo’s former girlfriend. In the master bedroom officers 

found a number of items appearing to be from the burglary. In the dresser drawer, 

officers found ammunition, including a magazine which fit a .22 Mossberg rifle hidden in 

the closet. They also found a letter mailed to Gramajo on October 24, 2011, at Perez’s 

address, other papers belonging to Gramajo, a Kirby vacuum cleaner, and a guitar 

Rudolpho had reported as missing. 

 Rudolfo identified most of these items as those stolen from his residence, but at 

first, he denied the Mossberg rifle was his. Eventually, he explained he had not wanted 

to claim the rifle because he had purchased it from a friend and did not know if it was 

stolen. Officers later established it was not. 

 Gramajo was indicted on three counts: (1) felon in possession of a firearm, (2) 

being a felon in possession of ammunition, and (3) possession of a stolen firearm. At 

trial, Gramajo presented testimony from his sister and his brother who said Gramajo lived 

with his brother during December 2011 and January 2012, the approximate time of the 
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burglary. On cross-examination, the prosecutor asked Gramajo’s brother the following 

questions: 

Q. Sir, do you know if your brother during [December 2011-January 2012] 

would have had access to [Maria Perez’s] house . . .? 

A. I do not. 

Q. And he could have gone there and you wouldn’t have known that; 

correct? 

A. I do not. I would not have known. 

Q. It’s possible that that could have happened, isn’t it? 

A. It’s possible. 

Q. And are you aware that Maria Perez told the authorities that your 

brother had a key to that house? 

[Defense counsel objects and asks to approach the bench.] 

THE COURT: No. The objection is sustained and the jury will disregard 

the question. 

Q. Do you know if your brother had a key to that house? 

A. I have no idea. 

Q. Is it possible he had a key to that house and you wouldn’t know it? 

A. I have no idea. 

(Appellee’s Supp. App’x at 306-07.) 

 After Gramajo presented his evidence, the prosecution offered the rebuttal 

testimony of Detective Mark Johnson who testified to a recorded conversation he had 

with Gramajo on January 16, 2012. According to Johnson, Gramajo told him he did not 

live with Maria Perez, but said “I’m not going to li[e] to you, yes, I go over [to Perez’s 

house] when she needs money and stuff like that. I do go over there when I get paid. (Id. 
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at 310.) Defense counsel objected to the testimony and suggested the prosecution had 

opened the door for the defense to elicit the remainder of Gramajo’s statement—“he did 

not do the burglary and he did not sell the goods in [the parking lot] and . . . he didn’t 

know any of that stuff was [in Perez’s home].” (Id. at 311.) The judge decided 

Gramajo’s exculpatory statements were inadmissible. 

 At the close of evidence, defense counsel moved for a mistrial based on the 

prosecutor’s question regarding Perez’s hearsay statement indicating Gramajo had a key 

to her home. The judge denied the motion because it was never answered and he had 

given a limiting instruction. 

 The jury began deliberations at 12:12 p.m. and left for the night at around 5 p.m. 

It returned at 9 a.m. the next day. After the lunch break, it sent a note stating, “What 

should we do if we cannot come to a unanimous agreement to reach a verdict.” (Id. at 

37.) Over defense counsel’s objection, the judge responded, “I have your note which I 

have discussed with counsel. I want you to continue your deliberations. Please review 

the instructions and remember that you must consider each count separately and reach 

separate verdicts on each count, if possible.” (Id. at 37.) 

 At 4 p.m., the jury returned with a guilty verdict as to counts one and three (felon 

in possession of firearm and possession of a stolen firearm), and not guilty as to count 

two (possession of ammunition). Gramajo moved for a judgment of acquittal or in the 

alternative, a motion for a new trial. The judge denied the motions. Gramajo was 

sentenced to prison for 110 months, followed by three years of supervised release. 
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DISCUSSION 

A. Prosecutorial Misconduct 

 We review a district court’s denial of a motion for mistrial based on prosecutorial 

misconduct for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Serrato, 742 F.3d 461, 464 (10th 

Cir. 2014); United States v. Gabaldon, 91 F.3d 91, 93 (10th Cir. 1996). We focus on 

“whether the defendant’s right to a fair and impartial trial was impaired.” Id. (quotations 

omitted). 

 Gramajo maintains the prosecutor’s question suggested his brother was “not up to 

speed” because he did not know if Gramajo had a key after Perez said he did. 

(Appellant’s Br. at 11.) Thus, his brother’s credibility was improperly challenged on the 

basis of a question about a hearsay statement. The government acknowledges the 

question contained hearsay, but claims there was no harm because (1) the question was 

not answered; (2) the judge immediately sustained defense counsel’s objection and 

instructed the jury to disregard it; and (3) the judge later specifically instructed the jury 

that “statements, questions and argument of counsel are” not evidence. (Appellee’s 

Supp. App’x at 30.) We agree. 

 “Absent evidence to the contrary, it is presumed that juries follow the trial court’s 

instructions.” United States v. Santiago, 977 F.2d 517, 520 (10th Cir. 1992). An 

improper comment cannot be considered “in a vacuum.” Gabaldon, 91 F.3d at 95 

(quotations omitted). The district judge is in the best position to evaluate the effect of the 

offending comment. United States v. Small, 423 F.3d 1164, 1180 (10th Cir. 2005). 

Without doubt, Gramajo’s theory of defense—his absence from Perez’s home as a basis 
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for his lack of knowledge regarding the burglary or the items found in the home—was 

challenged by the question. Nevertheless, we see no abuse of discretion in denying a 

motion for mistrial based on one unanswered question which the district judge 

immediately instructed the jury to disregard. The follow-up questions did not elicit 

hearsay and were relevant to the issues at trial. Moreover, there was abundant evidence 

of guilt. The fairness of the trial did not hang in the balance over an unanswered 

question. 

B. Cross-Examination of Rebuttal Witness 

 According to Gramajo, the judge erred in allowing Johnson’s rebuttal testimony 

regarding Gramajo’s voluntary statement about his visits to Perez’s home. He offers two 

reasons: (1) it was improper rebuttal because the issue was not raised in Gramajo’s 

defense; and (2) the full statement should have been allowed under Fed. R. Evid. 106.2

 

The government contends Gramajo did not preserve his improper rebuttal argument. We 

generously construe counsel’s objection—“we’ve never put in anything about the 

Defendant’s statement”—and review his claim for an abuse of discretion. (Appellee’s 

 

2

 Gramajo titles this argument as an improper restriction on his right to crossexamination. To the extent he is attempting to raise a Confrontation Clause issue, he did 

not raise it in the district court nor does he sufficiently argue it on appeal. His appellate 

briefs did not attempt to explain why the judge’s decision rose to the level of plain error. 

“[W]e will not address the constitutional issue in the absence of a conclusion that it was 

plain error for the district court to fail to raise the constitutional issue sua sponte.” 

United States v. Solomon, 399 F.3d 1231, 1237–38 (10th Cir. 2005). That said, the plain 

error standard does not apply “where the defendant has failed to argue on appeal that the 

district court committed plain error in not raising the constitutional issue sua sponte.” Id.

at 1238. 
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Supp. App’x at 309.) Gramajo’s Rule 106 argument is also reviewed under an abuse of 

discretion. See United States v. Talk, 13 F.3d 369, 371 (10th Cir. 1993) (“We review the 

admission of testimony from an unlisted rebuttal witness for abuse of discretion.”). 

 “Rebuttal evidence is evidence which attempts to ‘disprove or contradict’ the 

evidence to which it is contrasted.” Richie v. Mullin, 417 F.3d 1117, 1138 (10th Cir. 

2005) (McConnell, J., dissenting quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 579 (7th ed. 1999)). 

“Whether or not rebuttal evidence is admissible depends on ‘whether the initial proof 

might affect the case and whether the rebuttal evidence fairly meets the initial proof.’” 

Id. (quoting Tanberg v. Sholtis, 401 F.3d 1151, 1166 (10th Cir. 2005)). Gramajo 

maintains Johnson’s testimony did not refute the testimony that he had moved to his 

brother’s home during December 2011 and January 2012. However, the testimony 

regarding his change of address clearly was meant to invite the inference that Gramajo 

had no knowledge of what was in Perez’s home during the relevant time period. 

Gramajo’s admission to Johnson that he visited Perez’s home contradicted this 

intentionally planted, false inference. The judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting 

the testimony in rebuttal. 

 Even so, Gramajo contends the admission of only a part of his statement was error 

under Rule 106, which provides: “If a party introduces all or part of a writing or recorded 

statement, an adverse party may require the introduction, at that time, of any other part--

or any other writing or recorded statement--that in fairness ought to be considered at the 

same time.” Even though Rule 106 mentions only writings and recorded statements, it is 

“substantially applicable to oral testimony, as well by virtue of Fed. R. Evid. 611(a), 
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which obligates the court to make the interrogation and presentation effective for the 

ascertainment of the truth.” United States v. Loya-Medina, 596 F.3d 716, 734 (10th Cir. 

2010) (quotations omitted). “‘The purpose of Rule 106 is to prevent a party from 

misleading the jury by allowing into the record relevant portions of a writing or recorded 

statement which clarify or explain the part already received.’” Id. at 735 (quoting United 

States v. Moussaoui, 382 F.3d 453, 481 (4th Cir. 2004)). And the rule of completeness 

may be invoked to facilitate the introduction of otherwise inadmissible evidence when the 

court finds the proffered evidence should be considered contemporaneously. Id. at 735-

36. Considerations include “whether (1) it explains the admitted evidence, (2) places the 

admitted evidence in context, (3) avoids misleading the jury, and (4) insures fair and 

impartial understanding of the evidence.” Id. at 735 (quotations omitted). 

 Fairness, Gramajo says, required admission of his additional exculpatory 

statements to give “context” to his admission he went to and from the house. 

(Appellant’s Br. at 18.) We are not convinced. Gramajo’s self-serving denials of guilt in 

his discussion with Johnson do not explain or clarify his presence in Perez’s home. The 

jury was not misled and the judge did not abuse his discretion by excluding these 

statements.3

 

3

 Because we find no error, we need not address Gramajo’s cumulative error 

argument. See United States v. Rogers, 556 F.3d 1130, 1144 (10th Cir. 2009) (noting our 

review is limited to effect of matters determined to be error). 
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C. Allen Instruction 

 Finally, Gramajo says an “Allen type instruction” improperly coerced the jury into 

reaching a verdict. Generally, an Allen instruction may be given to urge a dead-locked 

jury to reconsider evidence “in the light of the views expressed by other jurors.” United 

States v. Cornelius, 696 F.3d 1307, 1321 (10th Cir. 2012) (quotations omitted). 

However, the instruction must not pressure the jury “such that the accuracy and integrity 

of the verdict becomes uncertain.” Id. (quotations omitted). “[W]e consider (1) the 

language of the instruction, (2) whether the instruction is presented with other 

instructions, (3) the timing of the instruction, and (4) the length of the jury’s subsequent 

deliberations.” Id. (quotations omitted). 

 Gramajo correctly notes the supplemental instruction was given alone, and the jury 

had expressed an inability to reach a unanimous verdict. However, the judge’s response 

was not coercive. The jury was instructed to continue deliberation and to “[p]lease 

review the instructions and remember that you must consider each count separately and 

reach separate verdicts on each count if possible.” (Appellee’s Supp. App’x at 325.) 

This response, encouraging the jury to review earlier instructions, “did not pressure the 

jury” in an inappropriate manner, such as “emphasizing the expense of the trial, . . . [or] . 

. . suggest[ing] that the jury must reach a verdict.” United States v. Patterson, 713 F.3d 

1237, 1249 (10th Cir. 2013). The instruction was given in the early afternoon and 

deliberations continued for over two hours before the verdict was reached. Nothing 

supports the coerced verdict argument. 
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 AFFIRMED. 

Entered by the Court: 

Terrence L. O’Brien 

United States Circuit Judge