FIFTH DIVISION

                                              July 13, 2001		 							

No. 1-98-2123

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,

		Plaintiff-Appellee,

	v.

CHARLES WILLIAMS,

		Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the

Circuit Court of

Cook County

Honorable

Daniel Kelley,

Judge Presiding.

	PRESIDING JUSTICE QUINN delivered the opinion of the court:

	Following simultaneous separate jury trials, Charles Williams and his

codefendant, Dwight Peal, were found guilty of the first degree murder of

Andrew Webb.  Williams was 15 years old at the time of the offense but was

tried and sentenced as an adult pursuant to section 5-4(6)(a) of the

Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/5-4(6)(a) (West 1996)).  Williams

was initially sentenced to 30 years in the Illinois Department of

Corrections, but after reconsideration, this sentence was reduced to 25

years.  On appeal, defendant claims that: (1) the trial court should have

suppressed his statements to the authorities; (2) the court erred in

admitting prejudicial evidence regarding the structure of the Gangster

Disciples street gang and defendant's gang membership and; (3) the evidence

was insufficient to prove defendant's guilt on a theory of accountability

where defendant asserts he was merely present at the time of the offense and did not participate in the shooting.  For the reasons that follow, we

affirm.

	This case arose out of the facts concerning the shooting death of

Andrew Webb in the early morning hours of July 13, 1996, in the lobby of

the housing project building at 3542-44 South State Street, Chicago.  The

defendant was picked up by the police at 3:30 p.m. on July 16, 1996. 

Before trial, defendant filed a motion to suppress his statements obtained

during his interrogation by police and prosecutors.  Defendant argued that

the police efforts to notify his mother of his whereabouts were

insufficient, a youth officer was not present until eight hours after his

arrest, and the youth officer expressed no interest in safeguarding his

rights.

	During the hearing on the motion to suppress, Detective Frank Valadez

testified that defendant was picked up on July 16, 1996, at 3:30 p.m. by

other police officers.  Valadez testified that shortly after arrival at

Area One police station, defendant told him he was 15 years old.  Valadez

asked defendant for his mother's home phone number and called it three or

four times but no one answered.  Valadez testified he then phoned

defendant's mother's place of employment and left a message with a co-

employee that it was important for the mother to call the police regarding

her son.  Valadez testified that at approximately 4 p.m. he checked on the

availability of a youth officer to participate in the interview of defendant.  He was told a youth officer would be sent to him as soon as one

became available.  Valadez interviewed other suspects and witnesses until

youth officer Terrell saw him at 11:30 p.m.  Shortly thereafter, Valadez

gave defendant his Miranda rights and Terrell asked defendant "basic information."  The interview took place in a large conference room and

defendant was not handcuffed.

	In his initial statement, at approximately midnight, defendant said

he was with his girlfriend at the time of the shooting.  Valadez testified

that he spoke with the girlfriend, who did not corroborate defendant's

story.  Valadez talked to defendant again at 12:30 a.m. on July 17, 1996,

and told him of the discrepancy.  Defendant then admitted he was present

at the shooting.  At 3:30 a.m., an assistant State's Attorney interviewed

defendant and defendant agreed to give a court reported statement.  At 6

a.m., Assistant State's Attorney Michael Oppenheimer took a court-reported

statement from defendant in the presence of Valadez and Terrell.

	Defendant's mother also testified at the hearing on the motion to

suppress.  She testified that she is deaf but that she has a TTY phone in

her home.  A TTY telephone is designed to allow hearing-impaired persons

to communicate over the telephone.  When the phone rings, a light on the

phone goes on.  To communicate, the hearing-impaired person types in her

message on the phone's keyboard.  This message is then transmitted to

another TTY phone, where it is printed out.  Defendant's mother never saw the light on the phone go on, indicating an incoming call.  On cross-

examination she admitted that on the afternoon of July 16, 1996, a neighbor

told her the police had picked up her son.  The neighbor told her that she

thought the police had taken her son to 51st and Wentworth.  Defendant's

mother testified that she did not go to Area One or call Area One.  She

also admitted that she would not have seen the light on the phone go on

while she was sleeping.  

	Defendant testified that after being picked up by Valadez, he was

handcuffed and put in an interview room where he was handcuffed to a chair. 

Defendant testified that at one point Valadez told him that he had spoken

to defendant's mother.  Valadez said defendant's mother was not very happy

with him and she told Valadez to "leave his black ass in here."  Defendant

testified that only the assistant State's Attorney read him his rights and

when he made his court-reported statement at 6 a.m. he only repeated what

the police told him about the case.

	In rebuttal, Officer Thomas Richardson testified that he and his

partner picked defendant up at 3:30, Valadez was not present, and defendant

was not handcuffed.  After arguments, the trial court denied the motion to

suppress defendant's statements.

	Fannie May Branch testified that about 5:30 p.m. on July 12, 1996, she

was walking with her two cousins past the building located at 3542-44 South

State Street in Chicago, which was "controlled" by the Gangster Disciples street gang.  She saw a group of men she recognized as members of the

Gangster Disciples standing outside the building.  This group included

defendant, James Freeman, Dwight Peal and Narvel Salter.  Branch had lived

in the area for a year and was familiar with all four and knew them to be

members of the Gangster Disciples street gang.  As she walked past the

building, she saw Salter "writing some BD was going to die, something, GD,

and then something."  "BD" referred to the Black Disciples street gang,

while "GD" referred to the Gangster Disciples street gang.  Branch then

went to her sister's home for the next several hours. 

	When Branch left her sister's house about 9:30 p.m., she saw the same

group of men outside the side and back doors of the 3542 building, with

other men she also recognized as members of the Gangster Disciples.  Branch

testified that the lights were on in the common areas.  She went upstairs

and played cards at her cousin's apartment until about 3 a.m.  She then

left her cousin's apartment and walked down the stairs.

	At the bottom of the stairwell, Branch saw Peal, Salter, Mario Bailey

and another person she only knew as "Mike" holding guns.  She also saw that

the lights in the hallway by the elevator were out and Peal was walking

back and forth, looking out the front and back doors.  When Branch asked

why the lights were out, Salter stated that a peace treaty between the

Gangster Disciples and the Black Disciples had been broken and that a

"Black Disciple" was going to die.  She heard Peal say, "Here come [sic] a Black Disciple," as the victim, Andrew Webb, walked through the front

door.  The victim said "What's up" but nobody replied.  Salter then pushed

Branch behind some bricks by the stairs, and he and Bailey each fired two

shots at the victim.  Salter than told Branch to "get out." When she stood

up, she saw the victim lying on the floor with blood around him.  Peal then

opened the door so she could leave.  Branch testified that she did not see

Peal or Mike fire any shots.  Branch testified that she told a Chicago

Housing Authority police officer what she had seen.  She then talked to

Detective John Bloore and later gave a written statement to an assistant

State's Attorney and testified before a grand jury.

	Cherlyn Wilson testified that she lived at 3542 South State Street,

in July 1996 with her boyfriend, Andrew Webb.  Before the shooting, there

was a stick figure of a dead body with writing around it underneath her

window.  The building where she lived was controlled by Gangster Disciples. 

After hearing shots and getting phone calls from Webb's mother and some

other people, Wilson went downstairs.  Wilson saw Webb lying on the floor

with one of his shoes off.  There was a stick in the front door so the

Gangster Disciples could prevent people from coming and going.  She called

the police, and when they arrived, she removed the stick from the door and

let them in.  Medical examiner Dr. Chira testified that Webb died as a

result of gunshot wounds to his chest.

	Over the objection of defendant, Detective John Bloore testified as a gang expert that the hierarchy of the Gangster Disciples consisted of the

leader, Larry Hoover, then board members, governors, regions, coordinators,

and soldiers.  Coordinators make sure that the soldiers turn in their money

and are paid.  Soldiers are the lowest-ranking members in the gang, and if

they do not do as they are told they are punished, or "violated," which may

include being killed.  Bloore testified that Narvel Salter was a

coordinator for the Stateway Gardens housing project, which included the

3542-44 South State building.  Bloore testified that defendant was a

soldier and would not make any major decisions.  Bloore testified that the

Black Disciples had split from the Gangster Disciples.  Webb was a

"minister" in the Black Disciples, which is the equivalent of a governor

in the Gangster Disciples.  Webb was the leader of the building located at

3517 South Federal, another building in the Stateway Garden housing

project, approximately one block from 3542 South State.  Approximately a

month before Webb was murdered, an administrator in the Black Disciples was

killed.  There was a dispute within the gang over whether the administrator

had been shot by members of his own gang or the Gangster Disciples.  This

made things uneasy between the Gangster Disciples and the Black Disciples.

	Officer Kyle Erbacker was at the scene of the shooting and saw a stick

figure drawn in chalk just outside the rear door of 3542.  Written  next

to the figure were the letters "GDN or die tonight bitch."  On the wall

"NuNu" (Webb's nickname) and "G" were printed.  He also saw a broken six- pointed star, which is a sign of disrespect for the Black Disciples.  Some

three hours later, he saw the letters "DOA" next to the figure.

	Valadez testified before the jury in a manner consistent with his

testimony at the hearing on the motion to suppress statements.

	Assistant State's Attorney Oppenheimer testified before the jury in

the same manner as at the suppression hearing.  He additionally testified

that he spoke to defendant alone and asked him how he had been treated by

the police.  Defendant said he had been treated well.  While reading

defendant his rights, during the court-reported statement, Oppenheimer told

him that even though he was 15 years old, he would be tried and sentenced

as an adult.

	As defendant's conviction rests primarily on his statement, we will

recite it in some detail.  Defendant said that he had been a member of the

Gangster Disciples for four or five months.  He was a soldier-"I do what

the people with rank tell me to do." He said there was a meeting of the

Gangster Disciples board on July 12, 1996.  "I was told there was going to

be a war between Gangster Disciples and Black Disciples...That meant they

were going to start shooting."  This conversation took place outside 3542

South State and included Narvel Salter, Mario Bailey, Dwight Peal, and two

others.  All of them were in the lobby shortly after the conversation, with

defendant sitting on a crate.

		Q. Were you working security for this?

		A. Not really. Not really.  But I was around there so I 

	just did it...  When you work security aint no sitting down.  

	Supposed to stand by the door.

		Q. What does it mean to work security?

		A. Like call out when the police come.  And like since it 

	was already tension between Black Disciples and Gangster Disciples,

you had all Black Disciples break theirself; that means they got to

raise their shirt up and show [if they had a gun].

	* * *

		Narvel had a gun...He was playing with it.  Like, man, 

	if they come out, we are going to get them, you know what I am saying.

		Q. What did you interpret that to mean?

		A. That he was going to kill somebody.

						  * * *

		Q. Once [victim] came into the building, what happened?

		A. When he came in the building the first people I told- I 

	was getting ready to tell him to break himself, but he already broke

himself. [He was not armed].

	* * *

		Q. If he had not broken himself or lifted up his shirt, 

	would you have asked him to break himself?

		A. Yes.

		Q. Once he did that what happened next?

		A. Narvel followed him.  And Narvel and Dwight came, and 

	then it was just two shots.

		Q. Do you know if Nu-Nu is in a gang?

		A. Yes.

		Q. What gang is he in?

		A. I think they said he is minister of the Black Disciples.

		Q. Does minister mean that he has rank in the Black Disciples?

		A. Yes.

		Q. Do you know if Narvel has any rank in your gang?

		A. Yes.

		Q. What rank does Narvel have in your gang?

		A. Coordinator.

		Q. What does coordinator mean?

		A. He like-he up under the region, so he gets every-

	thing together.

		Q. So does that mean if there was or there is a war, 

	that he would put togther what needs to be done?

		A. Yes.

		Q. When Nu-Nu came in the building, did he do anything 

	or say anything?

		A. He looked like you know, he like wary.  He didn't 

	look like-because usually when he came to the building, he 

	have a lot of guys around.  He came by himself.

		Q. Do you know why he always comes to that building?

		A. Because his girlfriend lives in that building.

		Q. Once he lifted up his shirt and didn't show anything, 

	where did he go?

		A. It looked like he was going up to his girlfriend's 

	house, but he didn't get a chance to make it.  Because as 

	soon as he turn the corner, right behind the mailbox room, 

	that is where he got killed.

		Q. As he turned the corner then tell me what happened?

		A. As he turned the corner Narvel followed him. And 

	it was just like two shots.  Everybody was going to follow 

	him, right.

		Q. Why was everybody going to follow him?

		A. Because he is a coordinator and we got to watch.  So 

	when I heard the two shots, Speedy ran out the building, out 

	the front door, and I ran up the stairs, just ran.

		* * *

		Q. Let me stop you right there.  Before you ran, though, 

	did you see Narvel with a gun?

		A. Yes.

		Q. Where did you see Narvel with a gun?

		A. Like standing over Nu-Nu; not over him but right by 

		him, you know.

		Q. What was Narvel doing with the gun?

		A. He had just shot him."  

Defendant said that he saw Salter give the gun he had used to another gang

member, who took it into another building.  That gang member then gave a

different gun to the defendant.  The defendant hid this gun under his

mother's water bed.  The defendant lived in the 3542 building.

	Defendant's mother testified in a manner consistent with her testimony

during the hearing on motion to suppress statements.  The defense rested. 

After closing arguments, the jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder.  The court sentenced defendant to 30 years in the Illinois

Department of Corrections.  The court reconsidered the sentence and imposed

a 25-year sentence.  Defendant timely appeals.

	Defendant first argues that his statements should have been suppressed

because police efforts to notify his mother of his whereabouts were

insufficient, a youth officer was not present until eight hours after his

arrest, and the youth officer expressed no interest in safeguarding his

rights.

	In reviewing whether a defendant's confession was voluntary, courts

of review will accord great deference to the trial court's factual

findings, and we will reverse these findings only if they are against the

manifest weight of the evidence.  However, we review de novo the ultimate question of whether the confession was voluntary.  In re G.O., 191 Ill. 2d 37, 50 (2000).

	At the time respondent was questioned, section 5-6(2) of the Juvenile

Court Act provided:

		"A law enforcement officer who takes a minor into custody

without a warrant under Section 5-5 shall, if the minor is not

released, immediately make a reasonable attempt to notify the

parent or other person legally responsible for the minor's care

or the person with whom the minor resides that the minor has

been taken into custody and where the minor is being held; and the law enforcement officer shall without unnecessary delay take

the minor to the nearest juvenile police officer designated for

such purposes in the county of venue or shall surrender the

minor to a juvenile police officer in the city or village where

the offense is alleged to have been committed." 705 ILCS

405/5-6(2) (West 1996).

	In determining whether a juvenile's confession is voluntary, a court

looks to the totality of the circumstances.  In re G.O., 191 Ill. 2d at 54; People v. McNeal, 298 Ill. App. 3d 379, 390 (1998).  Factors to consider include the respondent's age, intelligence, background, experience, mental

capacity, education, and physical condition at the time of questioning; the

legality and duration of the detention; the duration of the questioning;

and any physical or mental abuse by police, including the existence of

threats or promises.  People v. Gilliam, 172 Ill. 2d 484, 500-01 (1996).

	When a juvenile is involved, the courts should also consider the time

of day when questioning occurred and the presence or absence of a parent

or other adult interested in the minor's welfare.  In re L.L., 295 Ill. App. 3d 594, 600-01 (1998).  No single factor is dispositive.  People v. Gilliam, 172 Ill. 2d at 500.  The benchmark for voluntariness is not whether the defendant would have confessed in the absence of interrogation

but, rather, whether the defendant's will was overborne at the time of the

confession.  People v. Brown, 169 Ill. 2d 132, 144 (1996).  In making this determination, courts must consider the characteristics of the accused as

well as the details of the interrogation.  In re M.W., 314 Ill. App. 3d 64, 69 (2000). 

	Applying all of these factors, we find that defendant's statements

were voluntary.  After determining that the defendant was 15 years old,

Valadez testified that he discontinued interviewing defendant and only

reinitiated the questioning when youth officer Terrell was available. 

Valadez also testified that he phoned defendant's mother several times,

albeit unsuccessfully.  The purpose of the notice requirement is to permit,

where possible, a parent to confer and counsel with the juvenile before

interrogation.  People v. Fuller, 292 Ill. App. 3d 651, 665 (1997).  Here, defendant's mother testified that her neighbor told her that the police had

picked up her son and taken him to Area One.  She further testified that

she did not go to Area One, approximately 15 blocks from her home, nor did

she phone Area One.

	In this appeal, defendant focuses most of his argument on the

assertion that the youth officer's failure to actively protect his rights

was a basis for suppressing his statements.  Defendant cites the holdings

in In re J.J.C., 294 Ill. App. 3d 227, 237 (1998), In re L.L., 295 Ill. App. 3d 594, 603, (1998) and In re G.O., 304 Ill. App. 3d 719, 733 (1999). All three of these cases held that where the youth officer failed to

demonstrate an interest in the juvenile's welfare, the statutory purpose behind the requirement that a youth officer be notified was defeated. 

These decisions were criticized in People v. Plummer, 306 Ill. App. 3d 574, 586-87 (1999), and People v. Hardaway, 307 Ill. App. 3d 592, 607-08 (1999).  More importantly, our supreme court reversed the appellate court in In re G.O., 191 Ill. 2d 37 (2000).  The dissent in In re G.O. specifically asserted that where youth officers do not offer genuine help to the

juvenile, their mere presence should not be considered as a factor

supporting the admissibility of the juvenile confession.  In re G.O., 191 Ill. 2d at 70-71 (McMorrow, J.,  dissenting).

	In the instant case, Valadez testified that Terrell was present for

all interviews with defendant, that Valadez read defendant his Miranda

rights in the presence of Terrell and Terrell asked defendant "basic

information."  In his motion to suppress, defendant did not allege

coercion.  In the court-reported confession read to the jury, the defendant

said he understood his rights under Miranda, that he understood he would be tried and sentenced as an adult, and that he was treated well by the

police.  Assistant State's Attorney Oppenheimer testified that he spoke to

defendant outside the presence of the police and defendant said he was

treated well by the police.  Under the totality of the circumstances, we

find that defendant's statements were voluntary.

	Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in allowing Detective

Bloore to testify regarding the structure of the Gangster Disciples street gang and the history of that gang's relationship with the Black Disciples

street gang.

	We employ a three-part analysis to determine this issue: (1) whether

Detective Bloore's testimony qualifies as an expert's opinion; (2) if it

does, is the testimony relevant?; and (3) does the prejudicial effect of

the testimony outweigh its probative value?  People v. Clifton, 321 Ill. App. 3d 707, 719 (2000); People v. Davenport, 301 Ill. App. 3d 143, 150 (1998), citing People v. Jackson, 145 Ill. App. 3d 626, 633 (1986); see also People v. Cruzado, 299 Ill. App. 3d 131, 141 (1998).

	Defendant does not dispute that Bloore's testimony qualifies as expert

opinion.  He argues that it was cumulative to Fannie Branch's testimony

that the Gangster Disciples and Black Disciples did not "get along," that

the 3542-44 building was controlled by the Gangster Disciples and Salter

told her that the treaty between the Gangster Disciples and Black Disciples

had been broken and there was a war.  The trial court could have reasonably

concluded that Bloore's knowledge about the detailed hierarchy and

activities of the two street gangs was superior to that of Branch.  See

People v. Davenport, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 150 (holding that allowing Detective Bloore to testify as an expert was not error).

	Defendant argues that Bloore's testimony was irrelevant and was only

offered to inflame the jury.  It is within the discretion of the trial

court to determine whether evidence is relevant and admissible, and a reviewing court will not reverse the trial court's determination absent a

clear abuse of discretion resulting in manifest prejudice to the defendant. 

People v. Pursley, 284 Ill. App. 3d 597, 604 (1996).  Similarly, a trial court's decision to admit gang evidence will not be overturned on appeal

absent a clear abuse of discretion.  People v. Gonzalez, 142 Ill. 2d 481, 489-90 (1991); People v. Colon, 162 Ill. 2d 23, 30 (1994). 

	Our supreme court and our appellate court have acknowledged that there

may be a strong prejudice against street gangs.  People v. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d 467, 477 (2000), citing People v. Patterson, 154 Ill. 2d 414, 458 (1992); People v. Smith, 141 Ill. 2d 40, 58 (1990); People v. Pogue, 312 Ill. App. 3d 719, 727 (1999); People v. Jimenez, 284 Ill. App. 3d 908, 912 (1996).  In spite of this prejudice, gang-related evidence will not

necessarily be excluded if it is relevant and admissible.  People v. Gonzalez, 142 Ill. 2d at 489; People v. Davenport, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 150.  Relevant evidence is that which has any tendency to make the existence of

a fact of consequence to the determination of the action more or less

probable than it would be without the evidence.  People v. Gonzalez, 142 Ill. 2d at 487-88.

	Gang-related evidence is admissible to show that the defendant acted

with a common purpose or was part of a common criminal design, or to

provide a motive for an otherwise inexplicable act. People v. Smith, 141 Ill. 2d at 58; People v. Clifton, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 722.  Gang-related evidence is also relevant to the issue of identification or to corroborate

a defendant's confession.  People v. Gonzalez, 142 Ill. 2d at 488; People v. Davenport, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 151.  However, such evidence must be related to the crime charged.  People v. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d 467, 477 (2000); People v. Joya, 319 Ill. App. 370, 375 (2001). 

	The defendant cites People v. Mason, 274 Ill. App. 3d 715 (1995), as support for his position.  In Mason, the defendant and the murder victim were both Gangster Disciples.  The trial court allowed the State to

introduce gang-specialist testimony to support their theory of motive,

which was that a superior member of the gang ordered the defendant to kill

the victim because of a fear that the victim had become an informer.

	This court held that while the testimony regarding the structure of

the gang was relevant to the State's theory of motive, testimony regarding

gang rivalries, tattoos and drug sales was not relevant.  Mason, 274 Ill. App. 3d at 722.  This court also found error in the State's argument that

photographs of the defendant's tattoos showed that the defendant was proud

of his gang membership, rather than arguing that the tattoos showed

defendant was a member of a gang, which would have been proper.  Mason, 274 Ill. App. 3d at 723.  This court held that the defendant was denied a fair

trial where much of the gang-crime testimony was irrelevant, inflammatory

and excessive.

	The State responds that the Illinois Supreme Court allowed evidence of gang structure and history in People v. Lucas, 151 Ill. 2d 461, 488-89 (1992).  There the trial court allowed an expert witness to testify as to

the inception and development of the Black Gangster Disciples from the

1960s to the time the crime was committed, and also described the types of

criminal activity the gang was involved in.  The supreme court held that

the trial court properly exercised its discretion in admitting the evidence

as it was relevant to the crime charged (the murder of a prison official)

and this consideration outweighed the testimony's prejudicial effect.

	In People v. Fort, 248 Ill. App. 3d 301, 315 (1993), this court upheld the admission of a police officer's testimony about the history and

structure of the defendant's and victim's gangs.  We noted that since the

evidence suggested that the victim's killing was motivated by a feud

between the defendant's and victim's gangs, testimony regarding the

defendant's gang's infrastructure and history was relevant to show the

defendant's knowledge and involvement in the murder.

	In People v. Davenport, 301 Ill. App. 3d 143 (1998), this court affirmed Bloore's testimony relating the history and structure of the Black

P. Stone Nation street gang (the Stones) and that of the Gangster

Disciples.  This testimony included the meaning of gang symbols and tattoos

and the boundaries of the gangs' respective territories.  It also included

the fact that a soldier in a street gang may be "violated" for failure to

obey an order of a higher-up.  In Davenport, a member of the Stones had shot and killed a person the defendant thought was a Gangster Disciple. 

This court found Bloore's testimony regarding the hierarchy of the

defendant's gang was relevant to explain an otherwise inexplicable act and

to establish a motive for the shooting.  This court also found Bloore's

testimony regarding the rivalry between the gangs, the boundaries between

the gangs, and the tactics of "false flagging" to be relevant and

admissible.  Davenport, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 151.  However, this court found Bloore's testimony regarding the background, history and criminal activity

of the two gangs to be "far more troublesome, as it is peripheral to the

offense at issue."  Davenport, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 151-52.  In affirming, this court relied upon the extremely deferential standard of review.

	In the instant case, we find that Bloore's testimony was properly

admissible.  Defendant concedes that the jury needed to be informed of the

structure of the Gangster Disciples at least so far as the fact that

coordinators, like Narvel Salter, may give orders to soldiers, like

defendant.  We find Bloore's testimony regarding the structure of the

Gangster Disciples to be  relevant because, in his court-reported

statement, defendant said there was a meeting of the "board" earlier on

July 12, 1996, and that he was told there was going to be a "war" between

the Gangster Disciples and Black Disciples.  He explained that Salter was

a "coordinator," who was under the "region," and that, as a "soldier," he

"do what the people with the rank tell me to do."  Defendant stated that Blacks Disciples had to "break" when they entered 3542-44 and that the 

victim was a minister of the Black Disciples.  Defendant further stated

that he and the others had to follow Salter when he shot the victim

"because he is a coordinator and we got to watch."  As to the testimony

regarding the history of the Gangster Disciples and Black Disciples, we

find that under the particular facts of this case, where members of the

Gangster Disciples shot a minister of the Black Disciples after a truce was

called off, it was relevant.  Unlike the facts in Davenport, where members of the Black P Stone Nation street gang shot someone they believed to be

a Gangster Disciple, here, the Gangster Disciples and the Black Disciples

share common history.  Testimony regarding the split up of the Black

Gangster Disciples into the Black Disciples and Gangster Disciples was

relevant to explain the source of friction between the two gangs. 

	Based on the particular facts of this case, especially defendant's

statement in which he describes how the orders regarding the "war" come

form the gang's "board," were relayed to "coordinators," who relayed them

to "soldiers," we find Bloore's testimony regarding the structure of the

gangs was properly admissible in the exercise of the trial court's

discretion.  "'An accused may not insulate the trier of fact from his gang

membership where it is relevant to a determination of the case, simply

because prejudice attaches to that revelation.    [Citation]'"  People v. Gonzalez, 142 Ill. 2d at 489.

	Finally, defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove

him guilty where he asserts he was merely present at the time of the

offense and did not participate in the shooting.  When reviewing the

sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case, the relevant question is

whether, "viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt."  People v. Brown, 169 Ill. 2d 132, 152 (1996).  The verdict "will not be overturned unless [it

is] so unreasonable, improbable, and unsatisfactory as to leave a

reasonable doubt as to the defendant's guilt."  Brown, 169 Ill. 2d at 152.  Furthermore, the trier of fact bears the responsibility of determining the

credibility of the witnesses, the weight to be given their testimony, and

reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence presented.  People v. Bofman, 283 Ill. App. 3d 546, 553 (1996).  It is not the function of the reviewing court to retry the defendant or to substitute its judgment for

that of the trier of fact on questions involving the credibility of

witnesses and the weight of the evidence.  People v. Mullen, 313 Ill. App. 3d 718, 724 (2000).

	Under Illinois law, a defendant is legally accountable for the conduct

of another person if "[e]ither, before or during the commission of an

offense, and with the intent to promote or facilitate such commission, he

solicits, aids, abets, agrees or attempts to aid, such other person in the planning or commission of the offense."  720 ILCS 5/5-2(c) (West 1996). 

	The accountability statute requires that, for a person to be legally

accountable for the criminal acts of another, he must solicit, aid, abet,

agree or attempt to aid the criminal acts of another.  People v. Perez, 189 Ill. 2d 254, 266 (2000).  To prove that the defendant possessed the intent

to promote or facilitate the crime, the State must present evidence that

proves beyond a reasonable doubt that either: (1) the defendant shared the

criminal intent of the principal; or (2) there was a common criminal

design.  People v. Perez, 189 Ill. 2d at 266.  Intent may be inferred from the character of the defendant's actions and from the circumstances

surrounding the commission of the offense.  People v. Perez, 189 Ill. 2d at 266.  

	"The common [criminal] design rule provides that where two or more

persons engage in a common criminal design or agreement, any acts in the

furtherance of that common design committed by [any] one party are

considered to be the acts of all parties to the design or agreement and all

are equally responsible for the consequences of the further acts."  People v. Perez, 189 Ill 2d at 267.  "Further, proof of the common purpose need not be supported by words of agreement or direct evidence, but can be drawn

from the circumstances surrounding the commission of an act by a group." People v. Basden, 264 Ill. App. 3d 530, 548 (1994).  Evidence that the defendant voluntarily attached himself to a group bent on illegal acts, with knowledge of its design, also supports an inference that he shared the

common purpose and will sustain his conviction for an offense committed by

another.  People v. Taylor, 164 Ill. 2d 131, 141 (1995).

	As previously stated, evidence indicating that the defendant was a

member of a gang or was involved in gang-related activity is admissible to

show common purpose or common criminal design.  People v. Smith, 141 Ill. 2d at 58; People v. Davenport, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 151; People v. Cruzado, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 142; People v. Clifton, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 722.

	However, a defendant's mere presence at the commission of the crime,

even when joined with flight from the crime or knowledge of its commission,

is not sufficient to establish accountability.  People v. Dennis, 181 Ill. 2d 87, 105 (1998).  Nevertheless, active participation in an offense has

never been a requirement for the imposition of criminal guilt under an

accountability theory.  People v. McComb, 312 Ill. App. 3d 589, 593 (2000).  "One may aid and abet without actively participating in the overt act."  People v. Taylor, 164 Ill. 2d at 140.  Thus, accountability may be established through a person's knowledge of and participation in the

criminal scheme even though there is no evidence that he directly

participated in the criminal act itself.  In re W.C., 167 Ill. 2d 307, 338 (1995).

	Factors that may be considered by the jury, and which may raise an

inference that an accused aided in the commission of a crime, include: "(1) defendant's presence during the planning of the crime; (2) defendant's

presence at the scene of the crime without any negative reactions to it;

(3) acceptance of illegal proceeds from the actual perpetrator; (4) flight

from the scene, especially after the victim has been injured or killed; (5)

failure to report the incident; and (6) defendant's continued association

with the perpetrator after the criminal act." People v. Walker, 230 Ill. App. 3d 377, 388 (1992).

	Applying the above case law to the facts of this case, it is clear

that "defendant voluntarily attached himself to group bent on illegal acts

with knowledge of its design."  This supports an inference that he shared

the group's common purpose and his conviction for the murder committed by

Salter may be sustained on this ground.  People v. Taylor, 164 Ill. 2d at 141.  

	In assessing the six factors that raise an inference that an accused

aided in the commission of a crime, we find: (1) Defendant was present

during the planning of the crime - defendant told the authorities that he

knew that the Gangster Disciples "board" had met and that a "war" was on;

prior to the shooting, defendant saw Salter in the lobby with a gun and

Salter said "if they come out, we are going to get them," which defendant

knew meant that Salter was going to kill somebody. (2) Defendant was

present at the scene of the crime, and not only did he not have any

negative reaction to it, he said he was going to tell Webb to "break" when he did so on his own, and if Webb had not done so, defendant would have

told him to.  This was done at a time when he knew Salter intended to kill

a Black Disciple.  Defendant knew Webb was a ranking member of the Black

Disciples and he frequented the building at 3542-44.  Defendant followed

Salter as he followed Webb around the corner.  Defendant said he did this

because Salter was a coordinator and the soldiers had to watch.  (3) While

defendant did not accept illegal proceeds from the actual perpetrator, he

did hide a gun (although not the murder weapon) he was given by another

gang member immediately after the shooting.  (4) Defendant did run from the

scene after the victim was killed.  (5) Defendant failed to report the

incident.  (6) Defendant continued to associate with the perpetrators after

the criminal act.  He hid a gun and saw others take the victim's shoe.  The

only factor arguably not present was defendant accepting illegal proceeds

from the perpetrator, but this was a murder, not an armed robbery or theft.

	In B. Max, Criminal Accountability and ('Mere Presence') in Illinois, 89 Ill. B.J. 248 (2001), the author, Assistant Public Defender Brendan Max,

discussed recent Illinois cases addressing the issues of mere presence in

cases premised upon accountability.  After an excellent discussion of

recent case law, Max suggests that there are better indicators upon which

to determine accountability than those previously mentioned.

	The first reliable additional indicator would be whether the defendant

confessed to participation.  Max asserts that a confession will relieve the trier of fact of having to consider which inference should be drawn from

the facts presented.  As can be seen by the facts in the case sub judice, while confessions are strong direct evidence, what inferences may be drawn

from a confession is often disputed.

	The second reliable additional indicator would be whether there was

"evidence of the defendant's participation in planning of the crime." 

Max's suggestion that this factor be limited to instances where the defendant "participated in planning the crime" would limit this factor's

applicability to only gang leaders.  Here, defendant knew that the Gangster

Disciples "board" had met hours before the shooting and there was going to

be a "war."  He was also present when Salter told the members of the gang

that he was going to kill somebody.  These facts are more than sufficient

to comprise the factor that defendant was present for the planning of the

crime.

	Max's third reliable additional factor merits strong consideration. 

He asserts that, in the absence of direct evidence of a defendant's

participation in the crime, courts should look to whether the underlying

crime was a spontaneous act of the principal.  He cites our supreme court's

recent decisions in People v. Taylor, 186 Ill. 2d 439 (1999) and People v. Dennis, 181 Ill. 2d 87 (1998).

	In Taylor, the court held that the defendant driver was not accountable for the criminal acts of his passenger.  The defendant knew his passenger was armed.  While driving down the street, the defendant's car

almost hit another car.  The passenger jumped out of the defendant's car

and got into a shouting match with the occupants of the other car.  He then

fired a shot at them, jumped back into the defendant's car, and the

defendant sped away.  A jury found the defendant accountable for the

shooting.  In reversing, the supreme court focused on the spontaneous

nature of the crime.  

	In Dennis, the defendant drove a friend to an area where drugs were sold, in order to purchase narcotics.  After being dropped off, the

passenger saw two men in an alley and decided to rob them.  The passenger

then ran back to the defendant's car and defendant sped away.  A jury

convicted the defendant of armed robbery based on accountability and the

supreme court reversed.  As in Taylor, the crime was a spontaneous event.  Because the robbery was spontaneous, the defendant could not have had the

intent to assist in the robbery when he drove the principal to the drug

house.

	As a defendant should not be held accountable for the spontaneous act

of the principal, whether the principal's crime was a spontaneous act is

a proper factor to consider when determining whether another person should

be held legally responsible for the principal's actions.

	This last factor is of no assistance to the defendant in this case. 

The murder of Webb was certainly not a spontaneous act on the part of Salter and Bailey.  The evidence was overwhelming that defendant had

knowledge of the common criminal design to kill Webb.

	For all of the above stated reasons, we affirm defendant's conviction

and sentence for first degree murder.

	Affirmed.  

	THEIS, J., concurs.

	REID, J., dissents.

1-98-2123 (5th division)

People v. Williams

Filed 7-13-01

		Justice Reid, dissenting:

	I dissent. To paraphrase the definition in Black's Law Dictionary,

mens rea, which in Latin means "the guilty mind" is defined as the state of mind that the prosecution must prove that a defendant had when

committing a crime in order to secure a conviction. Black's Law Dictionary

999 (7th ed. 1999). It can be shown as either criminal intent or

recklessness. Mens rea is the second of two essential elements of every crime at common law, the other being the actus reus, or "the guilty act." The record demonstrates that, without the largely exculpatory statement of

defendant Williams, there would be little or no evidence of his involvement

other than his being seen outside the building long before the shooting

took place. ___ Ill. App. 3d at ___.

	Williams was convicted of murder under the accountability theory. The

issue of accountability is pertinent to cases involving deaths resulting from conflicts between street gangs or informal youth groups. People v. Horton, 43 Ill. App. 3d 150 (1976). Under Illinois law, a person is legally accountable for the conduct of another if "[e]ither before or during the

commission of an offense, and with the intent to promote or facilitate such

commission, he solicits, aids, abets, agrees or attempts to aid, such other

person in the planning or commission of the offense." People v. Taylor, 164 Ill. 2d 131, 140 (1995). Conviction under the accountability theory

requires the State to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Groves, 294 Ill. App. 3d 570 (1998). One must have the mental state requisite to an offense and aid in its commission in order to be

accountable for it. In re W.C., 167 Ill. 2d 307, 337 (1995). Mere presence at the scene, with knowledge that a crime is being committed, is

insufficient to establish accountability. In re W.C., 167 Ill. 2d at 338. While active participation is not a requirement for conviction under an

accountability theory, more than presence at the scene of a crime plus

knowledge that a crime is being committed is required. Mere knowledge that

a crime is being committed is insufficient to establish aiding and

abetting. However, one may aid and abet without actively participating in

the overt act. Taylor, 164 Ill. 2d at 140. In order to prove that the defendant possessed the intent to promote or facilitate the crime, the

State may present evidence that a given defendant voluntarily attached

himself to a group bent on illegal acts with knowledge of its design. Taylor, 164 Ill. 2d at 141. Such evidence would, depending on the facts of the individual case, also support an inference that he shared the common

purpose such that one defendant can justifiedly be convicted for the

offense committed by another. This is not such a case. It is clear that a

reasonable doubt remains in this case, as it stretches the limits of

believability to conclude, on these particular facts and circumstances,

that Williams is responsible for the murder of Andrew Webb.

	Williams neither fired the gun which killed Webb nor did he hide it

after the crime was committed. Williams isn't a higher-up in the Gangster

Disciples. He is, at best, a low level soldier who had joined the gang

about four months earlier, probably as a self-defense measure for the

summer because the gang controlled his high-rise public housing. He was

still in high school and was to be in his junior year when school resumed

in the fall. He did not participate in the meetings at which the decisions

were made by the Gangster Disciples to go to war with the Black Disciples.

Since the accountability doctrine requires that the accused actively

participate either before or during the commission of the offense, and

conspicuously doesn't mention the accused's activities after the commission

of the offense, this court's inquiry is limited. Williams didn't

participate in the planning of the offense. He was not present at any of

the relevant meetings. He also didn't have authority to make policy for the

gang. When Narvel Salter took out his gun and shot Webb, Williams was among the gang members who were in the lobby of the building, who only heard the

shots fired, and who later scattered. Williams ran aback to his apartment.

The gun used in the shooting was given by the shooter to Black James, who

switched it for another gun and brought that new gun to Williams'

apartment. This suggests that, while Williams did come into possession of

a gun, he never actually touched the murder weapon. Also, in this case, the

scene of the crime is in the building where the defendant resided and it

was not unusual for him to be in the lobby of his residence for legitimate

purposes. He had every right to be in that lobby without any strained leap

of logic that he was there to commit a crime.

	When asked why he was in the lobby at the time of the murder, Williams

said he was merely "in the lobby *** sitting on a crate." He also indicated

he was sitting with his "back lying on the security guard booth." He was

then asked leading questions by the assistant State's Attorney who took the

statement whether he was working security at the time of the incident.

Williams responded, "Not really. But I was around there so I just did it."

When asked if the position in which he was sitting was the point where

normally people who work security are, Williams responded "when you work

security, ain't no sitting down. Supposed to stand by the door." He was not

standing by the door.1

	While Williams, a Gangster Disciple gang member with no rank, was

socializing near the official security booth, Andrew Webb came, unarmed,

to visit his girlfriend, another resident of the building. "It looked like

he was going up to his girlfriend's house, but he didn't get a chance to

make it. As soon as he turned the corner, right behind the mailbox room,

that is where he got killed."

	Williams also argues that the trial court erred in allowing the

testimony of the gang crimes expert. He argues that the testimony of the

expert was so inflammatory and irrelevant as to outweigh any probative

value, since there had already been considerable testimony from Fannie

Branch which would tend to establish the fact that there was a gang war

going on between the Gangster Disciples and the Black Disciples at the time

of this murder. Williams argues that, since he was not a part of the

decision-making process to kill Webb, a discussion of the gang hierarchy

was completely unnecessary in this trial. 

	It is within the discretion of the trial court to determine whether

evidence is relevant and admissible, and a reviewing court will not reverse

the trial court's determination absent a clear abuse of discretion

resulting in manifest prejudice to the defendant. People v. Pursley, 284 Ill. App. 3d 597, 603 (1996).

	There is a three-part analysis when determining whether the admission

of the gang expert testimony is inappropriate. People v. Davenport, 301 Ill. App. 3d 143, 150-51 (1998). First, it must be determined whether the

person tendered as an expert is in fact an expert. Second, the testimony

must be relevant. Finally, does the prejudicial effect outweigh the

probative value?

	Although a deep and widespread public prejudice may exist against

street gangs, gang-related evidence will not necessarily be excluded if it

is relevant and admissible. People v. Gonzalez, 142 Ill. 2d 481, 489 (1991). Generally, gang-related evidence is admissible to show common

purpose or design, or to provide a motive for an otherwise inexplicable

act. People v. Smith, 141 Ill. 2d 40, 58 (1990). However, such evidence must relate to the crime charged. This is a murder, only connected to

Williams based upon his membership in the gang and his presence in the

lobby of his home that also turns out to be the scene of the crime. He was

neither the shooter nor was he involved in the decision that resulted in

the shooting. Here we have a 15 year old who was simply there at the time

the victim was killed, no someone looking to make a name for himself or

advance in the gang hierarchy by the killing. Certain evidence relating to

the terminology to the gang hierarchy probably was appropriate, but to

bring in alleged narcotics traffic by the gang clearly was too prejudicial and clearly outweighed any possible probative value to have been allowed

by the trial judge. Because this case is so closely balanced I would have

found the admission of the testimony of the "gang expert" to be plain

error. For the majority to have considered the testimony of Detective

Bloore, that this 15-year-old relatively new gang member somehow acted with

common purpose and common criminal design stretching from the death of

Andrew Webb to the gang masterminds currently incarcerated, would be

laughable if the practical effect was not such a sad commentary on the

state of our high-risk children. The majority has turned its back on

certain facts. First, Williams was socializing in the lobby of his place

of residence with his friends, not standing guard. Second, at best, his

knowledge and input in the decision-making process involving whether the

gang would go to war was virtually nonexistent. Did he know the Gangster

Disciples and the Black Disciples were at war? Yes, he did, in the same way

a private in the United States Army does. That is to say, he knows what he

has been told and what he hears from his fellow soldiers. To impute the

knowledge of his seniors in the gang to Williams, using the inflammatory

testimony of a gang expert to equate Williams and his facts to gang

problems in general should, were it not for the obvious bias in favor of

getting rid of gangs, shock the conscience. While I generally understand

and applaud the efforts of our legislature, courts and law enforcement to

rid our streets of the pestilence of gangs, I cannot in good conscience wear blinders so as to allow the rights of even a single child to be

trampled. I believe Charles Williams is that child, or was at time of his

arrest and trial. Had he fired the gun, hidden the gun from law

enforcement, or even been told specifically that he was to kill or help

kill someone, I would not blink an eye when the proverbial book was thrown

at him.

	Based on the facts of this case, with due deference to the standard

of review, while the defendant is guilty of the lapse of judgment which

made him join the gang in the first place, assuming he had any real choice

in the matter, this court should have had a reasonable doubt of Williams'

guilt of the murder of Andrew Webb.