20-189

Kandic v. Garland

BIA

A076 002 014

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION 

TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED 

AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS 

COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT 

FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX 

OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A 

PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY 

NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals 

2 for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United 

3 States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, 

on the 14th 4 day of February, two thousand twenty-two.

5

6 PRESENT:

7 JOSÉ A. CABRANES,

8 ROBERT D. SACK,

9 REENA RAGGI,

10 Circuit Judges.

11 _____________________________________

12

13 HAKO KANDIC,

14 Petitioner,

15

16 v. 20-189

17 NAC

18 MERRICK B. GARLAND, UNITED 

19 STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

20 Respondent.

21 _____________________________________

22

23 FOR PETITIONER: Gregory Marotta, Law Office of 

24 Gregory Marotta, Vernon, NJ.

25

26 FOR RESPONDENT: Jeffrey Bossert Clark, Acting 

27 Assistant Attorney General; 

28 Jessica E. Burns, Senior 

29 Litigation Counsel; Juria L. 
2

1 Jones, Trial Attorney, Office of 

2 Immigration Litigation, United 

3 States Department of Justice, 

4 Washington, D.C.

5 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a 

6 Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision, it is hereby 

7 ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the petition for review 

8 is DENIED.

9 Petitioner Hako Kandic, a native of the former Yugoslavia 

10 and citizen of Montenegro, seeks review of a December 19, 

11 2019 decision of the BIA denying his third motion to reopen. 

12 In re Hako Kandic, No. A 076 002 014 (B.I.A. Dec. 19, 2019). 

13 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts 

14 and procedural history.

15 We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for 

16 abuse of discretion. Jian Hui Shao v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 138, 

17 168-69 (2d Cir. 2008). “We will identify such abuse only if 

18 the Board’s decision inexplicably departs from established 

19 policies or is so devoid of rational explanation as to raise 

20 concern that it acted in an arbitrary or capricious manner.” 

21 Scarlett v. Barr, 957 F.3d 316, 326 (2d Cir. 2020) (internal 

22 quotation marks omitted). We find no abuse of discretion 

23 here.

24 Kandic’s motion to reopen, his third such motion, filed 
3

1 approximately 15 years after the agency’s final order of 

2 removal, was both untimely and number barred. See 8 U.S.C. 

3 § 1229a(c)(7)(A), (C)(i) (authorizing petitioner to file one 

4 motion to reopen proceedings within 90 days of final 

5 administrative order of removal); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2)

6 (same). The time and number limitations do not apply if 

7 reopening is sought to apply or reapply for asylum and the 

8 motion is “based on changed country conditions arising in the 

9 country of nationality or the country to which removal has 

10 been ordered.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii). This 

11 exception obtains, however, only if such evidence is

12 “material and was not available and would not have been 

13 discovered or presented at the previous proceeding.” Id.; 

14 accord 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3). 

15 The BIA did not err in finding that this exception did 

16 not apply because Kandic’s evidence was not material. In 

17 Kandic’s underlying removal proceedings, the immigration 

18 judge (“IJ”) made an adverse credibility determination based 

19 on significant inconsistencies between Kandic’s in-court 

20 testimony on the one hand and his written asylum application 

21 and testimony before an asylum officer on the other. 

22 Specifically, Kandic testified inconsistently concerning his
4

1 membership in political parties; his involvement in political 

2 demonstrations; and the extent of the harm he suffered on 

3 account of such activities. 

4 In moving to reopen, Kandic submitted reports and 

5 affidavits describing ongoing political tensions in 

6 Montenegro, including an affidavit from his brother asserting 

7 that police were still looking for Kandic on account of his 

8 prior political activities. Because this was the same factual 

9 predicate for Kandic’s underlying claim, he was required to 

10 rebut the IJ’s adverse credibility determination to secure 

11 reopening. See Paul v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d 148, 154 (2d Cir. 

12 2006) (holding that petitioner can secure reopening 

13 notwithstanding IJ’s prior adverse credibility determination 

14 if “factual predicate of . . . claim of future persecution is 

15 independent of” testimony found not to be credible (emphasis 

16 in original)); Kaur v. BIA, 413 F.3d 232, 234 (2d Cir. 2005) 

17 (upholding BIA’s denial of motion to reopen on ground that 

18 “evidence submitted . . . was not ‘material’ because it did 

19 not rebut . . . adverse credibility finding” supporting IJ’s 

20 denial of underlying asylum application).

21 The BIA reasonably concluded that Kandic did not rebut 

22 the IJ’s adverse credibility determination. Both Kandic’s 
5

1 own affidavit and his brother’s maintain that Kandic would be 

2 persecuted in Montenegro based on his prior political 

3 activities, and his country conditions evidence purports to 

4 show worsening political tension in Montenegro. None of this 

5 evidence, however, casts doubt on the IJ’s adverse 

6 credibility determination because it does not explain the 

7 many inconsistencies between Kandic’s in-court testimony and 

8 his prior statements. Even if his or his brother’s statements 

9 could rehabilitate Kandic’s credibility, the BIA was not 

10 required to credit those statements in light of the underlying 

11 credibility determination concerning those same facts. See

12 Qin Wen Zheng v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 143, 147–48 (2d Cir. 2007) 

13 (identifying no error in BIA’s rejection of documentary 

14 evidence given underlying credibility concerns). 

15 Kandic argues that the IJ’s adverse credibility 

16 determination violated due process because he had not been 

17 prepared to proceed pro se at his hearing. He seeks remand 

18 to allow him to testify with the assistance of counsel. In 

19 reviewing the denial of a motion to reopen, however, “we are 

20 precluded from passing on the merits of the underlying 

21 exclusion proceedings” and, instead, must “confine our review 

22 to the denial of the petitioner’s motion to reopen.” Paul, 
6

1 444 F.3d at 153 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

2 Accordingly, where, as here, “an asylum applicant does not 

3 file a timely appeal disputing the BIA’s affirmance of the 

4 IJ’s credibility ruling” — whether on due process or other 

5 grounds — “a motion to reopen does not provide a collateral 

6 route by which the [applicant] may challenge the validity of 

7 the original credibility determination.” Id. In any event, 

8 Kandic does not explain how counsel’s absence during his 

9 testimony bore on the credibility determination. He asserts

10 only that he testified under duress due to the lack of 

11 counsel. But such a conclusory claim does not persuade given 

12 Kandic’s failure, as noted supra, to explain the 

13 inconsistencies between his testimony and his prior 

14 statements.

15 Accordingly, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in 

16 denying Kandic’s motion to reopen because he relied on his 

17 original claim and “did not rebut the adverse credibility 

18 finding that provided the basis for the IJ’s denial of [his] 

19 underlying asylum application.” Kaur, 413 F.3d at 234.
7

1 For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is 

2 DENIED. All pending motions and applications are DENIED and 

3 stays VACATED.

4 FOR THE COURT: 

5 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe,

6 Clerk of Court