IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 16-30023

KOURTNEY S. RODGERS, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

STATE OF LOUISIANA BOARD OF NURSING, 

 Defendant - Appellee

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Louisiana

USDC No. 3:15-CV-615

Before JOLLY, BARKSDALE, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

Louisiana charges the State of Louisiana Board of Nursing (“Board”)

with regulating the practice of nursing, licensing nurses, and accrediting 

nursing schools. In carrying out these functions, the Board has established 

criteria for accrediting and terminating the accreditation status of Louisiana 

nursing schools. 

 

* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not 

be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH 

CIR. R. 47.5.4.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

November 8, 2016

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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One of the Board’s criteria is that each nursing program must maintain 

an eighty percent first time passage rate by its candidates on the National 

Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses. If a program fails to 

achieve this passage rate, it is placed on conditional approval. A program 

exhausts its ability to continue on a probationary status after three consecutive 

years of conditional approval. And, at any time during this probationary 

period, the Board may order a program to cease admitting new nursing 

students and/or begin involuntary termination. 

As of February 2015, the Grambling State University School of Nursing 

(“Grambling”) had been on conditional approval for three consecutive years. 

Consequently, when the Board verified that Grambling’s pass rate for 2014

and the first quarter of 2015 was again below the eighty percent threshold 

requirement, the Board instructed Grambling to cease admitting new students 

and involuntarily terminate its program. 

Kourtney Rodgers, a Grambling student, filed a complaint against the 

Board. She claimed that the Board violated the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1, 

and the Clayton Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. § 15(a), by restraining trade and 

commerce with respect to nursing education because the Board singularly 

relied upon an eighty percent passage rate to terminate Grambling’s program. 

On September 15, 2015, the district court held a telephone status 

conference related to Rodgers’ motion for a temporary restraining order

(“TRO”). The court set deadlines and page limits for opposition to the TRO, as 

well as for any other responsive motions in the case. It then ordered the parties

to file opposition to the latter within ten days of the filing of the original

motion, setting a ten-page limit for opposition briefs. These instructions were 

orally given and put into the text of a Briefing Notice and a docket entry.

On September 25, 2015, the Board filed a motion to dismiss under 

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). To the point, the Board 

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contended that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction because it was

entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity (“sovereign immunity”) as an arm 

of the state under the test in Earles v. State Bd. of Certified Pub. Accountants, 

139 F.3d 1033 (5th Cir. 1998). The Board also averred that Rodgers failed to 

state a claim because it was entitled to state action immunity (“Parker

immunity”) given that N.C. State Bd. of Dental Exam’rs v. F.T.C., 135 S. Ct. 

1101 (2015) (“N.C. Dental Board”), asserted by Rodgers, was distinguishable.

Pursuant to the district court’s instructions, Rodgers was allowed a tenpage opposition to the Board’s motion to dismiss, which was due on October 5, 

2015. She filed a twenty-page response on October 9, 2015. The Board 

immediately filed a motion to strike the response.

The district court granted the Board’s motion to strike on October 26, 

2015. The court explained that not only was Rodgers’ response double the page 

limit, it was also four days late. Moreover, Rodgers failed to file a timely

request for an extension of time or to seek leave to exceed page limits before

filing, as local rules required.

On December 18, 2015, the district court granted the Board’s motion to 

dismiss the complaint. Because Rodgers had no substantive response to the 

Board’s motion, the court independently researched and analyzed the legal 

issues and objectively formulated arguments that Rodgers was attempting to 

make in her brief.1 The court properly began its analysis by assessing the 

Board’s challenge to subject matter jurisdiction.2 It found that sovereign 

immunity and Parker immunity are distinct defenses and held that it had no 

 

1 Rodgers’ brief is found in the record as an exhibit attached to her combined motion 

of October 16, 2015. It is clear that although the district court did not formally allow Rodgers’ 

brief, the court was familiar with the arguments that it contained, referencing them in its 

dismissal order.

2 E.g., United States v. Tex. Tech. Univ., 171 F.3d 279, 286−87 (5th Cir. 1999).

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subject matter jurisdiction because the Board was entitled to sovereign 

immunity under the Earles test. 

Rodgers has timely appealed. She contends that the district court erred

because it: (1) abused its discretion in striking her response to the Board’s 

motion to dismiss; and (2) used the wrong standard for sovereign immunity.3

I.

A.

Because Rodgers seems to make it a cornerstone of her appeal, we begin 

by considering whether the district court erred by striking Rodgers’ response 

to the Board’s motion to dismiss. We review the grant of a motion to strike for 

an abuse of discretion. Cambridge Toxicology Grp., Inc. v. Exnicios, 495 F.3d 

169, 178 (5th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted).

Rodgers asserts that the district court erred in striking her response—

which was admittedly four days late and twice the page limit—because there 

is no evidence that her failure to comply with the court’s directives prejudiced 

the Board or caused undue delay of the proceedings. 

Taking all of Rodgers’ arguments into account, we hold that the district 

court did not abuse its discretion in granting the Board’s motion to strike. As 

Rodgers points out, case law is clear: federal judges have the inherent power 

to manage their own proceedings and control the conduct of those who appear 

before them. E.g., Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 43–44 (1991) 

(citations omitted); Woodson v. Surgitek, Inc., 57 F.3d 1406, 1417 (5th Cir. 

1995) (citations omitted). The court clearly and unambiguously established 

page limits and deadlines both through oral instructions and in the Briefing 

 

3 As Rodgers’ counsel clarified at oral argument, she is not challenging whether the 

district court erred in: (1) applying sovereign immunity instead of Parker immunity; or (2) 

analyzing sovereign immunity, if we find that the court used the proper test. 

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Notice and a docket entry. Local rules explained how to proceed if Rodgers’ 

counsel sought additional time and pages. Furthermore, Rodgers was not 

prejudiced by the district court’s dismissal. The court independently 

researched and analyzed the legal issues, going so far as to attempt to 

formulate arguments on Rodgers’ behalf. And nothing indicates that the court 

would have altered its judgment if it had not stricken Rodgers’ response. See 

Soliz v. Bennett, 150 F. App’x 282, 284–85 (5th Cir. 2005). Accordingly, the 

court did not abuse its discretion in striking Rodgers’ brief. 

B.

Rodgers further argues that the district court erred because it did not 

import the second prong of the N.C. Dental Board test4 from Parker immunity 

to determine whether the Board was shielded by sovereign immunity. We 

review a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) de 

novo. Ramming v. United States, 281 F.3d 158, 161 (5th Cir. 2001) (citation 

omitted). 

In the context of antitrust suits, courts have recognized that both Parker

immunity and sovereign immunity are potential defenses for state entities.

E.g., Earles, 139 F.3d at 1034, 1044 (holding a state regulatory board immune 

from federal and state antitrust laws under both sovereign immunity and 

Parker immunity and its members immune from state antitrust laws under 

sovereign immunity and federal antitrust laws under Parker immunity). We 

conclude that sovereign immunity and Parker immunity are distinct doctrines, 

 

4 Cal. Retail Liquor Dealers Ass’n v. Midcal Aluminum, Inc., established a two-prong 

test for Parker immunity: (1) “the challenged restraint must be ‘one clearly articulated and 

affirmatively expressed as state policy’”; and (2) “the policy must be ‘actively supervised’ by 

the State itself.” 445 U.S. 97, 105 (1980) (citation omitted). N.C. Dental Board clarified when 

“[a] nonsovereign actor controlled by market participants” would be “cloaked with Parker 

immunity” under the Midcal test. N.C. Dental Board, 135 S. Ct. at 1110–12. Consequently, 

we refer to this test as the N.C. Dental Board test.

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providing different—if sometimes overlapping—spheres of protection from 

private federal antitrust claims. Thus, their tests are not coterminous. 

First, the doctrines differ in that they derive from different sources. 

Sovereign immunity is derived primarily from the Eleventh Amendment. E.g., 

Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 64 (1996). Parker immunity is 

derived from statutory construction, legislative intent, and judicial deference 

to federalism. Cmty. Commc’ns Co. v. City of Boulder, Colo., 455 U.S. 40, 53 

(1982); Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. 341, 350–51 (1943). 

Second, the doctrines differ in that Congress cannot abrogate sovereign 

immunity through antitrust legislation. Federal antitrust laws are 

promulgated under the authority of the Commerce Clause. E.g., Parker, 317 

U.S. at 348–49. Congress may not abrogate states’ sovereign immunity 

through federal legislation under the Commerce Clause. Seminole Tribe, 517 

U.S. at 64–66. 

Third, case law implicitly recognizes that sovereign immunity and 

Parker immunity are separate and independent sources of immunity from 

private federal antitrust claims. E.g., Goldfarb v. Va. State Bar, 421 U.S. 773, 

791–92, 792 n.22 (1975). In N.C. Dental Board, for example, the Supreme 

Court held that a state regulatory board with a majority of members who 

“engaged in the active practice of the profession it regulate[d]” was not 

protected from Sherman Act liability by Parker immunity because it was not 

actively supervised by the state. N.C. Dental Board, 135 S. Ct. at 1107, 1114, 

1116–17. Importantly, the Court clarified that its decision was limited: 

“members of regulated occupations” who “participat[ed] in state government”

could sometimes look beyond Parker immunity to sovereign immunity as a 

defense. Id. at 1115 (citing Goldfarb, 421 U.S. at 792 n.22). 

Fifth Circuit case law also demonstrates that sovereign immunity and 

Parker immunity are independent doctrines. In Earles, this Court held that

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sovereign immunity and Parker immunity insulated a state regulatory board 

and its members from “scrutiny . . . under federal [and state] antitrust laws.” 

Earles, 139 F.3d at 1034, 1044. The Court first analyzed sovereign immunity, 

holding that it protected the board from all claims and its members from state 

law claims, but not federal antitrust laws. Id. at 1039–40. The Court then 

analyzed Parker immunity, holding that it shielded the board and its members 

“from federal antitrust laws.” Id. at 1034, 1044. 

Because sovereign immunity and Parker immunity are distinct 

doctrines, we reject Rodgers’ argument, which seeks to merge their respective 

tests. Rodgers repeatedly points to N.C. Dental Board for the proposition that 

the sovereign immunity analysis is now governed by N.C. Dental Board’s twoprong test. But, in N.C. Dental Board, the Supreme Court did not address 

sovereign immunity except to point out that sovereign immunity may provide 

an alternative defense in some cases. N.C. Dental Board, 135 S. Ct. at 1115 

(citing Goldfarb, 421 U.S. at 792 n.22). And Rodgers, who bears the burden of 

showing that jurisdiction exists, has never pointed to any other authority

holding that, in the wake of N.C. Dental Board, the two-prong test for Parker

immunity should be superimposed on the sovereign immunity analysis. 

Ramming, 281 F.3d at 161 (citation omitted). Because the tests for sovereign 

immunity and Parker immunity are not coterminous, the district court did not 

err in analyzing the Board’s sovereign immunity claim using the Earles test 

unmodified by N.C. Dental Board. 

II.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is 

AFFIRMED.

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