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21 Draft Test Procedures for the Gun Safety Technology Challenge 

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23 National Institute of Justice

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25 April 2016

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45 Introduction

46

47 This document has been developed for the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Gun Safety 

48 Technology Challenge. It describes test methods to provide a basis to determine whether 

49 the addition of a smart gun technology does or does not significantly reduce the reliability 

50 of the firearm system compared to existing firearms. These firearms or firearms 

51 accessories can be understood to use integrated components that exclusively permit an 

52 authorized user or set of users to operate or fire the gun and automatically deactivate it 

53 under a set of specific circumstances, reducing the chances of accidental or purposeful use 

54 by an unauthorized user. The integrated gun safety technology may include different 

55 authentication technologies, such as radio frequency identification and fingerprint sensors.

56

57 Testing and evaluation is designed to prioritize the collection and use of data that can 

58 substantiate conclusions about the relative performance of firearms, so that firearms with 

59 and without advanced gun safety technology that are similar with respect to type, form 

60 factor, caliber, and other physical characteristics are tested and evaluated using a common 

61 methodology and equivalent ammunition. Testing and evaluation is not designed to 

62 provide comparison of test results against absolute performance requirements or safety 

63 criteria, but rather to provide a meaningful comparison of test results of one firearm 

64 against another similar firearm, or a firearm with and without a relevant safety accessory. 

65

66 Please direct any feedback on this document by email to gunsafetytechnology@usdoj.gov.

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91 1 Scope

92

93 1.1 This document describes a testing methodology to provide meaningful comparisons

94 between similar firearms to determine whether the reliability of the tested firearms differs 

95 significantly based on performance.

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97 1.2 Test methods are included to determine whether the addition of a smart gun 

98 technology does or does not significantly reduce the reliability of the firearm system 

99 compared to existing firearms.

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101 1.3 The sample used is designed to detect significant differences between similar 

102 firearms with reasonable test economy using a variety of tests.

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104 1.4 The sample used is not designed to be a complete engineering test, or to evaluate a 

105 firearm at or close to its expected service life, nor is it designed to detect small differences 

106 in statistical parameter(s) of interest, marginal performance, or randomly encountered 

107 problems that would require a large sample to measure with a high degree of confidence.

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109 1.5 Firearms such as pistols, revolvers, rifles, and shotguns, as defined at 27 CFR 478.11,

110 are within the scope of this document.

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112 1.6 Semi-automatic pistols, rifles, and shotguns, as defined at 27 CFR 478.11, are within 

113 the scope of this document.

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115 1.7 Accessories with integrated components that modify the firearms in 1.5 and 1.6 for 

116 the purpose of augmenting safety are also within the scope of this document.

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118 1.8 Fully automatic firearms and machineguns, as defined at 27 CFR 478.11, are not 

119 addressed in this document.

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121 1.9 This document shall not be understood as addressing all of the safety risks 

122 associated with testing firearms. The user of this document is responsible for following 

123 appropriate safety practices when handling or operating firearms.

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137 2 Normative references

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139 Test Operations Procedure (TOP) 3-2-045, Small Arms - Hand and Shoulder Weapons and 

140 Machineguns, 17 September 2007.

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142 NIJ Standard 0109.00, 38/357 Caliber Revolvers, July 1983.

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144 NIJ Standard 0112.03 Revision A, Autoloading Pistols for Police Officers, July 1999.

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146 NIJ Standard 0113.00, 12-Gauge Shotguns for Police Use, March 1989.

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148 TOP 4-2-500, Ammunition Characteristics, 9 November 1981.

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150 TOP 4-2-016, Ammunition, Small Arms, 12 June 1978.

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152 TOP 3-2-504, Safety Evaluation of Hand and Shoulder Weapons, 1 March 1977.

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154 TOP 3-2-500, Weapon Characteristics, 9 November 1981.

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156 TOP 3-2-807, Nondestructive Testing of Materials, 5 December 1985.

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158 ITOP 4-2-829, Vertical Target Accuracy and Dispersion, 7 September 1999.

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160 AR 70-38, Research, Development, Test and Evaluation of Materiel for Extreme Climatic 

161 Conditions, 15 September 1979.

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163 MIL-STD-810G w/ Change 1, Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory 

164 Tests, 15 April 2014.

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166 ITOP 4-2-602, Rough Handling Tests, 19 April 2002.

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168 TOP 1-2-512, Electromagnetic Compatibility Tests, 15 May 1995.

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170 MIL-STD-882D, Standard Practice for System Safety, 11 May 2012.

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172 ATEC Publication No. 1-8, Technical Document Style Manual, 1 March 2005.

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174 ATEC Pamphlet 73-4, System Test and Evaluation Procedures, 19 April 2004.

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176 ISO/IEC 27000:2014(E), Information technology — Security techniques — Information 

177 security management systems — Overview and vocabulary, 15 January 2014.

178

179 Siegmund Halpern, The Assurance Sciences: An Introduction to Quality Control

180 and Reliability (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall), 1978.

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183 3 Terms and definitions

184

185 Accuracy

186 A measure of the ability of the firearm-ammunition system to center projectile impacts on 

187 the point of aim. 

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189 Authentication

190 As defined in ISO/IEC 27000:2014(E), provision of assurance that a claimed characteristic 

191 of an entity is correct. In practice, it is a process to confirm or verify that a presented value 

192 or characteristic, such as a password or biometric, matches a reference value or 

193 characteristic.

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195 Cartridge

196 A unit of ammunition consisting of a projectile, a casing that houses the propellant, and 

197 primer.

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199 Chambering

200 Actuation that inserts a cartridge or round into the chamber.

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202 Dispersion

203 The extent to which projectile impacts spread about the center of impact because of shot204 to-shot variations. 

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206 Durability

207 Resistance to wear, damage, or degradation.

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209 Ejecting

210 Actuation that jettisons a spent casing from the firearm.

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212 Extracting

213 Actuation that removes a spent casing from the chamber.

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215 Feeding

216 Actuation that moves ammunition from a housing device, such as a magazine, toward the 

217 chamber.

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219 Firing

220 Actuation that activates the primer to cause the propellant to ignite and jettision the 

221 projectile through the barrel and out the muzzle.

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223 Locking

224 Actuation that firmly secures a cartridge in the chamber.

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226 Malfunction

227 Deviation from the normal functioning of a firearm or one of its components.

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229 Pistol

230 As defined at 27 CFR 478.11, a weapon originally designed, made, and intended to fire a 

231 projectile (bullet) from one or more barrels when held in one hand, and having (a) a 

232 chamber(s) as an integral part(s) of, or permanently aligned with, the bore(s); and (b) a 

233 short stock designed to be gripped by one hand and at an angle to and extending below the 

234 line of the bore(s).

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236 Reliability

237 The probability that a device will perform its intended function for a specified period of 

238 time under stated conditions (Halpern).

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240 Revolver

241 As defined at 27 CFR 478.11, a projectile weapon, of the pistol type, having a breechloading 

242 chambered cylinder so arranged that the cocking of the hammer or movement of the 

243 trigger rotates it and brings the next cartridge in line with the barrel for firing.

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245 Round

246 A unit of ammunition when counted. 

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248 Rifle

249 As defined at 27 CFR 478.11, a weapon designed or redesigned, made or remade, and 

250 intended to be fired from the shoulder, and designed or redesigned and made or remade to 

251 use the energy of the explosive in a fixed metallic cartridge to fire only a single projectile 

252 through a rifled bore for each single pull of the trigger.

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254 Semiautomatic pistol

255 As defined at 27 CFR 478.11, any repeating pistol which utilizes a portion of the energy of a 

256 firing cartridge to extract the fired cartridge case and chamber the next round, and which 

257 requires a separate pull of the trigger to fire each cartridge.

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259 Semiautomatic rifle

260 As defined at 27 CFR 478.11, any repeating rifle which utilizes a portion of the energy of a 

261 firing cartridge to extract the fired cartridge case and chamber the next round, and which 

262 requires a separate pull of the trigger to fire each cartridge.

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264 Semiautomatic shotgun

265 As defined at 27 CFR 478.11, any repeating shotgun which utilizes a portion of the energy 

266 of a firing cartridge to extract the fired cartridge case and chamber the next round, and 

267 which requires a separate pull of the trigger to fire each cartridge.

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269 Shotgun

270 As defined at 27 CFR 478.11, a weapon designed or redesigned, made or remade, and 

271 intended to be fired from the shoulder, and designed or redesigned and made or remade to 

272 use the energy of the explosive in a fixed shotgun shell to fire through a smooth bore either 

273 a number of ball shot or a single projectile for each single pull of the trigger.

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275 Smart gun

276 Firearms or firearms accessories that can be understood to utilize integrated components 

277 that exclusively permit an authorized user or set of users to operate or fire the gun and 

278 automatically deactivate it under a set of specific circumstances, reducing the chances of 

279 accidental or purposeful use by an unauthorized user.

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281 Stoppage

282 A malfunction that prevents further firing until corrected.

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321 4 Documentation requirements

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323 4.1 All documentation shall be recorded in either print or electronic format, or a 

324 combination of the two, at the discretion of test personnel as test facilities or test 

325 conditions may favor one format over the other at different times throughout the duration 

326 of testing.

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328 4.2 Firearms chosen for comparative analysis shall be declared and the similarities 

329 between them shall be described.

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331 4.3 A firearm chosen for comparative analysis with and without a safety accessory shall

332 be declared and the intended effect of the accessory on the functionality of the firearm shall 

333 be described.

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335 4.4 The ammunition selected for use in testing shall be declared and described.

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337 4.5 All inspection activities shall be recorded and reported.

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339 4.6 All test results and observations shall be recorded and reported.

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341 4.7 All maintenance activities of test items, such as cleaning and lubrication, shall be 

342 recorded and reported.

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344 4.8 All malfunctions, stoppages, or firearm failures shall be recorded, coded in 

345 accordance with 6, and reported.

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347 4.9 Test data shall be recorded in a common tabular or spreadsheet format to facilitate 

348 analysis and portability of the data.

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350 4.10 Data from inspections should be recorded in tabular or spreadsheet formats where

351 possible to facilitate data comparisons in subsequent inspections throughout the overall 

352 testing.

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354 4.11 Photographs, X-rays, etc. shall be preserved in a digital format to assist data 

355 handling and transmission.

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357 4.12 Human factors observations related to operation, maintenance, and usability of test 

358 firearms shall be recorded throughout testing.

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367 5 Test requirements

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369 5.1 General considerations

370

371 5.1.1 The safety of test personnel shall be the primary consideration in performing 

372 any test. Test personnel should perform a thorough safety review before undertaking any 

373 firearms testing in accordance with this document.

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375 5.1.2 Test personnel shall observe safe handling of firearms and ammunition at all 

376 times and should don appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) during firing. 

377

378 5.1.3 Local standard operating procedures (SOPs) regarding safety should be 

379 followed.

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381 5.1.4 Prior to conducting any test firings, the initial inspection results in 7.1 shall be 

382 reviewed to determine if special warnings, new SOPs, or test revisions are needed to assure 

383 safe operations.

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385 5.1.5 Test personnel shall consider whether safety tests should be conducted in 

386 accordance with TOP 3-2-504, Safety Evaluation of Hand and Shoulder Weapons, prior to 

387 conducting the tests in 7.

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389 5.1.6 For comparative analysis between different firearms, at least two models of 

390 firearms should be tested. 

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392 — The different models tested should be highly similar to permit a meaningful comparison 

393 of performance.

394

395 — The similarities between the models shall be documented.

396

397 5.1.7 For a comparative analysis of a firearm with and without a safety accessory, at 

398 least one model of firearm should be tested with and without the safety accessory.

399

400 5.1.8 The test firearms should adequately represent the populations from which the 

401 samples have been drawn.

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403 5.1.9 Simple identification numbers should be assigned to the test firearms prior to 

404 initial inspection. A list should be maintained of the assigned number versus the firearm 

405 serial number or other information that uniquely identifies the firearm.

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407 5.1.10 The operation of firearms is interrelated with ammunition. Care must be taken 

408 during testing to assure that the distinction is made between inherent firearm functioning 

409 and ammunition induced problems.

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411 5.1.11 Trained and experienced firers should be used. Care must be taken to not 

412 fatigue the person firing the firearm.
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413

414 5.1.12 The arbitrary replacement of critical weapon parts with new parts before the 

415 next test is conducted would permit a precise evaluation of the influence of the particular 

416 test environment on firearm functioning. However, this practice would negate the 

417 accumulation of data on long-term parts durability and firearm life. Care should be taken, 

418 therefore, to replace parts only when they are at the end of their serviceable life or present 

419 a safety hazard.

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421 5.1.13 All firearms and firearms accessories shall be exposed to adverse conditions as 

422 specified in the test methods, except where explicitly excluded. Unless specifically 

423 excluded, such as in 7.7.7 and 7.8.16, all devices and artifacts associated with the firearm 

424 systems shall be exposed as stated to adverse conditions, such as high or low temperatures, 

425 humidity, sand and dust, and water immersion.

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459 5.2 Informational review

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461 5.2.1 All instructional materials that are issued with the test items by the developer or

462 manufacturer, such as manuals, safety assessments, and reports of previous tests 

463 conducted on the same model or closely related items, shall be reviewed by test personnel.

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465 5.2.2 Information shall be assembled on the physical characteristics of the test firearm 

466 as described in TOP 3-2-500, including its method of operation and maintenance 

467 requirements.

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469 5.2.3 All informational materials shall be kept in an organized electronic file or an 

470 organized paper file, or both, depending on what is furnished with the test firearms for 

471 future reference.

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505 5.3 Facilities and instrumentation

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507 5.3.1 Adequate PPE shall be available for test personnel.

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509 5.3.2 Firing ranges shall safely accommodate firing to the required distances.

510

511 5.3.3 Test stands shall safely restrain the firearm, allow remote firing, and assure 

512 reproducible results.

513

514 5.3.4 Any control firearm used to permit checking test setups, instrumentation, or 

515 other aspects of a test protocol should be similar to the test firearm.

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517 5.3.5 Targets shall be physical or electronic with the capability of recording the X and 

518 Y coordinates of each projectile passing through the plane of the target.

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520 — Electronic targets are preferred as they allow multiple targets along the line-of-fire so 

521 that each shot is recorded at multiple ranges.

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523 — Care must be taken to establish a reproducible aim point. 

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525 — Physical targets such as paper, cloth, or plywood require careful manual measurement 

526 of each bullet hole.

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528 5.3.6 Velocimeters shall have a maximum permissible error of measurement of 0.1% 

529 or 0.5 m/s, whichever is highest.

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531 5.3.7 Antisurge springs shall be long enough to permit gradual load application.

532

533 5.3.8 Stargages and airgages shall have a maximum permissible error of measurement 

534 of ±0.025 mm.

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536 5.3.9 MIL-STD-810G, Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests, 

537 shall be used as the default reference regarding environmental conditions for conditioning 

538 test items and tests under adverse conditions. 

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540 5.3.10 All tests shall be conducted at “standard ambient” as defined in 5.1.a in MIL-STD541 810G unless specified otherwise. “Standard ambient” is defined as a temperature of 25° ± 

542 10°C (77 ± 18°F); a relative humidity of 20 to 80 percent; and an atmospheric pressure 

543 equal to the site pressure.

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545 5.3.11 Test facilities shall be capable of conducting high temperature conditioning as 

546 described in MIL-STD-810G, Method 501.6.

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548 5.3.12 Test facilities shall be capable of conducting low temperature conditioning as 

549 described in MIL-STD-810G, Method 502.6.

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551 5.3.13 Test facilities shall be capable of conducting humidity conditioning as described 

552 in MIL-STD-810G, Method 507.6.

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554 5.3.14 Test facilities shall be capable of conducting sand and dust conditioning as 

555 described in MIL-STD-810G, Method 510.6.

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557 5.3.15 Test facilities shall be capable of conducting water immersion conditioning as 

558 described in MIL-STD-810G, Method 512.6.

559

560 5.3.16 Climatic chambers shall be capable of providing temperatures between -51°C

561 (-60°F) and 71°C (160°F).

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563 5.3.17 Test items shall be kept within ±2°C (±3.6°F) of the required conditioning 

564 temperatures and test temperatures during temperature conditioning.

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566 5.3.18 The air temperature gradient across the test item during temperature 

567 conditioning shall not exceed 1°C (2°F) per meter or a maximum of 2.2°C (4°F) total when 

568 not operating.

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570 5.3.19 Thermographs and thermocouples shall have a maximum permissible error of 

571 measurement of ±0.6°C (±1°F).

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573 5.3.20 Pressure shall be kept at ±5% of the standard ambient value or ±200 Pa (±0.029 

574 psi), whichever is greater.

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576 5.3.21 Climatic chambers shall be capable of providing a relative humidity of at least 

577 95%.

578

579 5.3.22 The relative humidity at the chamber control sensor shall be kept within ±5% 

580 RH of the specified value.

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582 5.3.23 Sand and dust chamber shall be able to dispense a mixture at a rate of 100±25 

g/min·m2 583 .

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585 5.3.24 The sand and dust compounds that should be used are those identified in TOP 3-

586 2-045 Test Procedure 4.5.4.b(1).

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588 — The compound for the blowing sand and dust test is a mixture, by weight, of the 

589 following three products: 50% SIL-CO-SIL 125, 42% No. 1 Dry Unground Silica, and 8% 

590 No. 3 Q-ROK Unground Silica. The resulting mixture is approximately 99.5% silicon 

591 dioxide and will have the particle distribution as shown in the following table.

592

Size, Microns Less than 45 45 53 75 106 150 212 300 425 600 850 1180

Percent, by weight 28.0 10.5 7.5 3.4 2.7 5.5 15.1 17.6 2.1 1.2 6.1 0.3

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594 — The SIL-CO-SIL 125 compound is 99.5% silicon dioxide with the particle size 

595 distribution show in the following table.

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Size, Microns Less than 45 45 to 53 53 to 75 75 to 106 106 to 150

Percent, by weight 79 6 9 4.4 1.4

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598 — Supply sources are available from the manufacturer, U.S. Silica, P.O. Box 187, Berkeley 

599 Springs, WV 25411-0187, or www.u-s-silica.com.

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601 5.3.25 Firearms subjected to unattended environmental conditioning prior to testing 

602 should not be conditioned loaded as there is no continuous hands-on control.

603

604 5.3.26 Should a compelling technical reason exist to condition a loaded firearm prior to 

605 testing, a safety review shall be conducted prior to environmental conditioning to 

606 determine the safety hazards.

607

608 5.3.27 Specified lubricants shall be used in each adverse condition test as determined 

609 by reference to appropriate manuals or other authority. 

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611 5.3.28 Test firearms shall not be cleaned or relubricated prior to the completion of a 

612 test procedure unless stated in the test method.

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638 5.4 Ammunition

639

640 5.4.1 Ammunition shall be sourced based on need and availability in the following 

641 order:

642

643 — Option 1: US Government ammunition that has been lot tested to meet relevant U.S. 

644 military standards shall be used.

645

646 — Option 2: Commercial ammunition from an established manufacturer that meets 

647 relevant standards shall be used.

648

649 — Option 3: Test item manufacturer or developer shall supply ammunition that meets 

650 relevant standards. Documentation shall be provided to demonstrate that the 

651 ammunition meets the standards.

652

653 5.4.2 Relevant standards may include ANSI/SAAMI standards, U.S. military standards, 

654 or other recognized technical standards.

655

656 5.4.3 If Option 1 is used, the ammunition shall be fully identified with the full 

657 nomenclature, Department of Defense Identification Code (DODIC), condition code (CC),

658 and lot number. Only CC “A” and CC “B” should be used. 

659

660 5.4.4 The ammunition used should be described in accordance with TOP 4-2-500, 

661 Ammunition Characteristics.

662

663 5.4.5 If standard ammunition is used, a single lot of ammunition should be used for 

664 the entire series of tests. 

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666 5.4.6 If a single lot cannot be obtained for the entire series of tests, every effort should 

667 be made to complete each separate test procedure with a single lot.

668

669 5.4.7 Ammunition that has a small and consistent dispersion should be used. The 

670 inherent ammunition dispersion from lot acceptance or test firings should be provided if 

671 available.

672

673 5.4.8 Candidate ammunition lots can be fired to determine their inherent dispersion, 

674 however this process requires special test barrels (Mann type barrels) and rigid test 

675 mounts. Dispersion can be demonstrated through prior test results, however test 

676 personnel can determine whether inherent dispersion of the ammunition should be 

677 measured.

678

679 5.4.9 Proprietary, nonstandard, prototype, or experimental ammunition should not be 

680 used unless it is an essential component to the gun safety technology and can be 

681 demonstrated that it is safe to use. 

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683 5.4.10 If other than standard ammunition is used, test personnel shall consider 

684 whether should be evaluated for safety in accordance with TOP 4-2-016, Ammunition, 

685 Small Arms.

686

687 5.4.11 Testing personnel may refuse any ammunition it deems unsafe to use.

688

689 5.4.12 Ammunition should be kept in its original shipping and storage containers until 

690 use.

691

692 5.4.13 A general visual examination of the ammunition should be made after it is 

693 removed from its packaging and any discrepancies or irregularities, such as shipping 

694 damage or evidence of improper storage, should be recorded.

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729 5.5 Test sequence

730

731 5.5.1 Test sequences should generally conduct the most abusive test last for each test 

732 item.

733

734 5.5.2 For comparative analysis between different firearms, at least two models of 

735 firearms selected in accordance with 5.1.6 should complete the test sequence.

736

737 5.5.3 For a comparative analysis of a firearm with and without a safety accessory, at 

738 least one model of firearm selected in accordance with 5.1.7 should complete the test 

739 sequence with and without the safety accessory.

740

741 5.5.4 Two predefined test sequences have been designed: “light duty” and “heavy 

742 duty.”

743

744 5.5.5 For “light duty” testing, the test sequence based on a two-firearm sample shall be 

745 followed as shown below, with the predefined round count in the test methods indicated in 

746 parentheses. The total round count for Test Firearms 1 and 2 is 750 + 750 = 1,500.

747

Test Firearm

No. 1

Test Firearm

No. 2

Accuracy and 

dispersion (30)

Accuracy and 

dispersion (30)

Reliability and 

durability (600)

Unauthorized user 

false positive (120)

1.5 m drop (120) Quick draw scenario

(240)

Electromagnetic 

interference (120)

High temperature

(120)

Low temperature

(120)

748

749 5.5.6 For “heavy duty” testing, the test sequence based on a six-firearm sample shall 

750 be followed as shown below, with the predefined round count in the test methods indicated 

751 in parentheses. The total round count for Test Firearms 1 through 6 is 6,150 + 6,150 + 

752 6,150 + 3,270 + 2,190 + 270 = 24,180.

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Test Firearms

No. 1, 2, 3

Test Firearm

No. 4

Test Firearm

No. 5

Test Firearm

No. 6

Accuracy and 

dispersion (30)

Accuracy and 

dispersion (30)

Accuracy and 

dispersion (30)

Accuracy and 

dispersion (30)

Reliability and 

durability (6,000)

Unauthorized user 

false positive (360)

Electromagnetic 

interference (960)

1.5 m drop (120)

1.5 m drop (120) Quick draw scenario

(720)

Humidity (960) Mechanical jostling

(120)

High temperature

(960)

Water immersion

(120)

Low temperature

(960)

1.5 m drop (120)

Sand and dust (120)

1.5 m drop (120)

760

761 5.5.7 A unique test sequence may be designed.

762

763 5.5.8 The test sequence used shall be documented.

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791 5.6 Firearm maintenance

792

793 5.6.1 All maintenance actions shall be recorded.

794

795 5.6.2 Firearms shall be maintained in accordance with technical manuals or 

796 instructional materials.

797

798 5.6.3 Part replacement intervals should be complied with as prescribed in technical 

799 publications.

800

801 5.6.4 Firearms shall always be cleaned, inspected, and lubricated (CIL) at the end of 

802 each test procedure and before the start of another test procedure. 

803

804 5.6.5 The CIL shall be conducted at the operator level, often referred to as “field strip 

805 and clean.”

806

807 5.6.6 More detailed maintenance shall be performed as needed following completion 

808 of each test procedure and only unserviceable components shall be replaced before the test 

809 firearm is used in the next test procedure. 

810

811 5.6.7 Parts that are determined to be in a condition to adversely affect safety should 

812 be replaced immediately whenever they are identified, regardless of whether a test 

813 procedure has been completed.

814

815 5.6.8 The CIL at the end of a test procedure may serve as the CIL for the start of a 

816 subsequent test procedure, based on the judgment of test personnel.

817

818 5.6.9 The life history of any part that is replaced shall be recorded and the part shall 

819 be retained for possible further detailed examination.

820

821

822

823

824

825

826

827

828

829

830

831

832

833

834

835

836
DRAFT DOCUMENT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT

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837 6 Data requirements

838

839 6.1 General considerations

840

841 6.1.1 Firearm functioning data shall be recorded to establish an accurate, complete 

842 historic profile of the test firearm under evaluation. 

843

844 6.1.2 Standardized terminology from TOP 3-2-045 plus additional new codes related

845 to authentication technologies unique to smart guns, such as radio frequency identification 

846 and fingerprint sensors, listed shall be used to characterize malfunctions and stoppages to 

847 document and analyze these events. These codes describe the condition of the firearm as 

848 determined primarily by visual observation.

849

850 6.1.3 Malfunctions and stoppages shall be characterized by the terms in organized in

851 standardized groups in the following categories:

852

853 — Malfunction and performance codes (6.2)

854

855 — Attribution codes (6.3)

856

857 — Significance to the operator (6.4)

858

859 — Guidance concerning keeping track of incidents by round count (6.5)

860

861 — Miscellaneous codes and abbreviations (6.6)

862

863 6.1.4 The cycle of operation of firearms within the scope of this document can be 

864 broken down into six distinct actions in order: feeding, chambering, locking, firing, 

865 extracting, and ejecting. 

866

867 6.1.5 Malfunctions may occur which can adversely affect firearm performance while 

868 still permitting continuation of firing. 

869

870 6.1.6 Malfunctions may occur which immediately prevent further firing until 

871 corrected, referred to as stoppages.

872

873 6.1.7 All malfunctions and stoppages may be reviewed by test personnel for safety 

874 implications in accordance with MIL-STD-882E. 

875

876

877

878

879

880

881

882
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883 6.2 Malfunction and performance codes 

884

885 6.2.1 The following codes shall be used to characterize malfunctions and performance 

886 issues:

887

888 — BFM: Bolt failed to move. Used for weapons firing from an open bolt to indicate that the 

889 bolt made no forward movement when the bolt sear was released by pulling the trigger. 

890 Also used for those cases where the bolt is held rearward by a manually operated bolt 

891 latch and fails to move forward when the latch is released.

892

893 — FSR: Failure to strip round. The bolt properly engaged the cartridge but stalled or failed 

894 to push the round out of the magazine.

895

896 — FFD: Failure to feed. A cartridge was not fed into the proper position in front of the 

897 bolt. 

898

899 — BFC: Bolt failed to close. The bolt properly stripped the cartridge but stopped short of 

900 the forward most position.

901

902 — BFL: Bolt failed to lock. The bolt locking surfaces or locking mechanism are not 

903 engaged even though the bolt is in the forward most position.

904

905 — BCE: Bolt closed on an empty chamber. There is no cartridge in the chamber even 

906 though the bolt is forward and locked.

907

908 — FFR: Failure to fire. The firearm failed to fire when the trigger was pulled.

909

910 — FUL: Failure to unlock. The weapon fired but the bolt is still in the locked position.

911

912 — FXT: Failure to extract. The fired cartridge case is still in the chamber or the bolt has 

913 not moved back far enough to activate the ejector.

914

915 — FEJ: Failure to eject. The bolt moved to, or through, the proper position for ejection but 

916 the case did not eject.

917

918 — TFN: Trigger false negative. Trigger failed to pull with designated operator handling 

919 firearm. Smart gun specific.

920

921 — TFP: Trigger false positive. Trigger pulled with undesignated operator handling 

922 firearm. Smart gun specific.

923

924 6.2.2 These more specific codes may be used to describe a malfunction or 

925 performance issue:

926

927 — BFM FDS: Failure of safety to disengage.

928
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929 — BFM FTF: Failure of trigger to function.

930

931 — BFC STB: Stubbed round.

932

933 — BFC BUR: Bolt under rode cartridge. 

934

935 — BFC BOR: Bolt overrode cartridge.

936

937 — FFD DFD: Double feed.

938

939 — FFD FFU: Failure of round to feed up from the magazine.

940

941 — FFD FBC: Failure of the bolt to cycle back far enough to pick up the next cartridge.

942

943 — FFR FSO: Failure to sear off, firing pin did not strike properly positioned cartridge.

944

945 — FFR FCP: Failure of cartridge primer, the primer has a proper indent but did not fire.

946

947 — FXT FEX: Failure of extractor to engage or stay engaged with the cartridge.

948

949 — FXT FES: Case stuck in chamber such that bolt/extractor cannot extract it.

950

951 — FEJCSB: Case spin back (fired case exited but bounced back into the weapon).

952

953

954

955

956

957

958

959

960

961

962

963

964

965

966

967

968

969

970

971

972

973

974
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975 6.3 Attribution codes

976

977 6.3.1 The following attributions codes shall be used to designate the source or underlying 

978 cause of the malfunction. 

979

980 — AMO: Ammunition. Problems clearly caused by deficiency of the ammunition.

981

982 — GUN: Malfunction that is induced by the weapon itself despite proper maintenance and 

983 proper operator performance.

984

985 — MAG: Malfunctions identifiable as induced by the magazine.

986

987 — PER: Personnel. Problems induced by operator error (repetitive PER may identify a 

988 human factors problem or a deficiency in operator training procedures.)

989

990 — REP: Repetitive malfunctions. The special category termed "repetitive" is used when 

991 repeated stoppages due to a faulty component occur, and corrective action is not 

992 immediately determined or incorrect action is taken. 

993

994 — SYS: System. Problems that cannot be attributable to a single cause, but are caused by 

995 the interaction of more than two components.

996

997 — TST: Test. Malfunctions induced by the test set up, such as an improper weapon mount, 

998 wrong part installed, etc.

999

1000 — AUT: Authentication system malfunction. Smart gun specific.

1001

1002

1003

1004

1005

1006

1007

1008

1009

1010

1011

1012

1013

1014

1015

1016

1017

1018

1019

1020
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1021 6.4 Classification of the significance of a malfunction to the operator

1022

1023 6.4.1 Incidents shall be characterized by one of four classes in accordance with the 

1024 following definitions:

1025

1026 — Class 1: The operator is able to return the firearm to an operational condition within 10 

1027 seconds using only tools and equipment carried in an operational scenario. This class is 

1028 often referred to as “correctable by immediate action”.

1029

1030 — Class 2: More than 10 seconds are required using only tools and equipment carried in 

1031 an operational scenario. This class is often referred to as “operator correctable 

1032 failures”.

1033

1034 — Class 3: A failure not correctable by the operator because it requires a higher level of 

1035 maintenance or the use of tools and parts that the operator is not authorized to carry on 

1036 his person. It is correctable, however, at the lowest level organizational maintenance.

1037

1038 — Class 4: A failure that is not correctable in the field. The firearm must be escalated to 

1039 higher-level maintenance or is unrepairable and must be scrapped.

1040

1041

1042

1043

1044

1045

1046

1047

1048

1049

1050

1051

1052

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

1058

1059

1060

1061

1062

1063

1064

1065

1066
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1067 6.5 Round counts

1068

1069 6.5.1 Round counts shall be the primary method of reporting where an incident 

1070 occurs. 

1071

1072 6.5.2 The round count at each event, such as a malfunction, magazine change, change 

1073 of firing cycle, or maintenance action, shall be recorded.

1074

1075 6.5.3 The cumulative round count shall be used to correlate firing data throughout 

1076 testing. 

1077

1078 6.5.4 The final record shall be used to identify the exact conditions and sequence of 

1079 each round fired.

1080

1081

1082

1083

1084

1085

1086

1087

1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

1096

1097

1098

1099

1100

1101

1102

1103

1104

1105

1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1111

1112
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1113 6.6 Miscellaneous codes

1114

1115 6.6.1 The following miscellaneous codes shall be used:

1116

1117 — CIL: Clean, inspect, and lubricate.

1118

1119 — FRA: Failure to remain assembled.

1120

1121 — GFE: Government-furnished equipment.

1122

1123 — NT: No test, data is not reportable as test data. 

1124

1125 — SA: Semiautomatic.

1126

1127 — SPM: Shots per minute (do not use rounds per minute as rpm can cause confusion). 

1128

1129 — SS: Single shot.

1130

1131 — UNK: Unknown.

1132

1133

1134

1135

1136

1137

1138

1139

1140

1141

1142

1143

1144

1145

1146

1147

1148

1149

1150

1151

1152

1153

1154

1155

1156

1157

1158
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1159 6.7 Data presentation

1160

1161 6.7.1 Data shall be presented in formats that are factual, comprehensive, and easy to 

1162 understand. 

1163

1164 6.7.2 U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) Publication Number 1-8, 

1165 Technical Document Style Manual may be followed regarding both printed and electronic 

1166 presentations of data in reports.

1167

1168 6.7.3 ATEC Pamphlet 73-4, System Test and Evaluation Procedures, Chapter 4 may be 

1169 followed regarding data level definitions. 

1170

1171

1172

1173

1174

1175

1176

1177

1178

1179

1180

1181

1182

1183

1184

1185

1186

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

1192

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

1200

1201

1202

1203

1204
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1205 7 Test methods

1206

1207 The test methods in 7 shall apply to a single test item. For multiple test items, the test 

1208 method shall be repeated for each test item.

1209

1210 7.1 Initial inspection

1211

1212 This test is adapted from TOP 3-2-045 Test Procedures 4.1 and 4.18 to inspect test firearms 

1213 for their physical characteristics, safety, and identification to serve as a baseline for 

1214 subsequent inspections later in the sequence of tests.

1215

1216 7.1.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

1217

1218 7.1.2 The firearm shall be disassembled and all major components shall be visually 

1219 examined for conformance with specifications and design drawings. Any deviations from 

1220 specifications shall be recorded.

1221

1222 7.1.3 If a firearm has been chosen for comparative analysis with and without a safety 

1223 accessory, a visual examination of the safety accessory shall be conducted.

1224

1225 7.1.4 The firearm shall be photographed in various stages of disassembly.

1226

1227 7.1.5 If a firearm has been chosen for comparative analysis with and without a safety 

1228 accessory, the firearm shall be photographed with and with and without the safety 

1229 accessory.

1230

1231 7.1.6 Nondestructive testing (NDT) of components subjected to stress during firing 

1232 shall be conducted in accordance with TOP 3-2-807.

1233

1234 — Magnetic particle inspection shall be the default NDT. 

1235

1236 — If different or additional NDT should be required, the rationale shall be documented. 

1237

1238 7.1.7 The following for the test item shall be recorded, as applicable:

1239

1240 — Test item nomenclature, serial number(s), manufacturer's name, and the corresponding 

1241 locally assigned identification;

1242

1243 — Type and adequacy of packaging and preservatives;

1244

1245 — Completeness of logistic support;

1246

1247 — Number and names for all parts;

1248

1249 — Defective parts; and

1250
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1251 — Free length or force-displacement curves for all springs, as appropriate, within the 

1252 designed operating range.

1253

1254 7.1.8 The following firearm characteristics shall be recorded, as applicable:

1255

1256 — Firing pin protrusion;

1257

1258 — Firing pin energy or indent;

1259

1260 — Trigger pull;

1261

1262 — Headspace;

1263

1264 — Barrel length;

1265

1266 — Method of barrel attachment;

1267

1268 — Length of rifled bore;

1269

1270 — Direction and twist of rifling;

1271

1272 — Number of lands and grooves;

1273

1274 — Diameter across lands and grooves;

1275

1276 — Chamber dimensions;

1277

1278 — Charging force;

1279

1280 — Receiver length;

1281

1282 — Magazine capacity;

1283

1284 — Type of feed extraction, ejection, and cocking;

1285

1286 — Fire control selector, type, and method of operation; and

1287

1288 — Type of mechanism (closed or open bolt).

1289

1290 7.1.9 If a firearm has been chosen for comparative analysis with and without a safety 

1291 accessory, the following characteristics of the safety accessory shall be recorded, as 

1292 applicable:

1293

1294 — Method of attachment;

1295

1296 — Mode of operation;
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1297

1298 — Power requirements;

1299

1300 — Battery type.

1301

1302 7.1.10 The weights of the following shall be recorded:

1303

1304 — Firearm without magazine;

1305

1306 — Empty magazine;

1307

1308 — Single round of ammunition;

1309

1310 — Fully loaded magazine; and

1311

1312 — Firearm with fully loaded magazine. 

1313

1314 7.1.11 If a firearm has been chosen for comparative analysis with and without a safety 

1315 accessory, the weights of the following shall additionally be recorded:

1316

1317 — Safety accessory; and

1318

1319 — Firearm with attached safety accessory and fully loaded magazine.

1320

1321 7.1.12 The dimensions of the firearm shall be recorded.

1322

1323 7.1.13 If a firearm has been chosen for comparative analysis with and without a safety 

1324 accessory, the dimensions of the firearm with and without a safety accessory shall be 

1325 recorded.

1326

1327 7.1.14 If a firearm has been chosen for comparative analysis with and without a safety 

1328 accessory, the accessory shall be:

1329

1330 — Attached to the test firearm and checked to ensure that it remains secure;

1331

1332 — Inspected for possible interference with normal firearm functions, such as loading and

1333 fired case ejection; and

1334

1335 — Actuated for its intended purpose and observed whether it operates successfully.

1336

1337 7.1.15 The observations from 7.1.14 shall be recorded.

1338

1339 7.1.16 Sight characteristics shall be recorded as applicable to complete accuracy and 

1340 dispersion tests in accordance with 7.3.

1341
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1342 7.1.17 The time and tools necessary to accomplish complete disassembly and assembly 

1343 of the test firearm shall be recorded two times by one test personnel.

1344

1345 7.1.18 A characteristics data sheet shall be prepared consisting of a general view 

1346 photograph of the firearm along with a listing of all principal physical and performance 

1347 characteristics in accordance with TOP 3-2-500.

1348

1349

1350

1351

1352

1353

1354

1355

1356

1357

1358

1359

1360

1361

1362

1363

1364

1365

1366

1367

1368

1369

1370

1371

1372

1373

1374

1375

1376

1377

1378

1379

1380

1381

1382

1383

1384

1385

1386

1387
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1388 7.2 Post-firing inspection

1389

1390 This test is adapted from TOP 3-2-045 Test Procedure 4.20 to inspect test firearms after 

1391 each test to determine if any damage or degradation has occurred and to verify that they 

1392 are suitable for the next scheduled test. The complexity of the inspection will depend on 

1393 the severity of the test just completed. 

1394

1395 7.2.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

1396

1397 7.2.2 Test firearms shall be inspected at the completion of each test.

1398

1399 7.2.3 The minimum inspection is the CIL, as follows: 

1400

1401 — The CIL is done at the operator’s level; and

1402

1403 — Specialized tools and cleaning equipment may be used to expedite the effort. 

1404

1405 7.2.4 The test firearm shall be disassembled to the “field strip” level and the following 

1406 inspections shall be performed:

1407

1408 — Inspect the bore and chamber for residue and deposits, and preserve samples of any 

1409 unusual deposits for analysis;

1410

1411 — Clean and visually inspect the bore and chamber;

1412

1413 — Inspect sliding and mating surfaces for wear, chipping, galling, etc.;

1414

1415 — Check springs for breakage and manually exercise them as a check on proper function;

1416

1417 — Visually inspect exposed parts of the firing pin, extractor, ejector, etc.;

1418

1419 — Examine load bearing components such as locking lugs and bolts;

1420

1421 — Clean, lubricate, and reassemble the weapon;

1422

1423 — Hand cycle a dummy cartridge to check for proper chambering, sear action, extraction, 

1424 and ejection;

1425

1426 — Check that safety switches, etc. perform as intended; 

1427

1428 — Check the security of safety accessory attachment, if appropriate; and

1429

1430 — Check the function of safety accessories, if appropriate 

1431

1432 7.2.5 A comprehensive inspection is done at the conclusion of the test sequence of the 

1433 test firearm, or at any point in the test program at the determination of test personnel 
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1434 based on the performance or condition of the test firearm, which includes the CIL and may 

1435 include the following as determined:

1436

1437 — Bore and chamber measurements;

1438

1439 — Magnetic particle or dye penetrant inspection of components subjected to stress during 

1440 firing ;

1441

1442 — Free length or force-displacement curves for all springs, as appropriate;

1443

1444 — Firing pin protrusion and indent;

1445

1446 — Trigger pull force; and

1447

1448 — Radiographs.

1449

1450 7.2.6 The following data shall be recorded as obtained above:

1451

1452 — Results of manual and visual inspections, including photographs as required;

1453

1454 — Analysis of unusual residue;

1455

1456 — Bore and chamber measurements;

1457

1458 — Force-displacement spring data;

1459

1460 — Trigger pull force;

1461

1462 — Radiographs; and

1463

1464 — Results of magnetic particle and dye penetrant inspections.

1465

1466

1467

1468

1469

1470

1471

1472

1473

1474

1475

1476

1477

1478

1479
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1480 7.3 Accuracy and dispersion

1481

1482 This test is adapted from TOP 3-2-045 Test Procedure 4.4 to determine the accuracy and 

1483 dispersion characteristics of the test firearm and ammunition at a relevant tactical range

1484 when fired handheld from a supported position or fired from a mechanical mount secured 

1485 to a rigid base.

1486

1487 The results of this test will be used to determine how accuracy and dispersion compare 

1488 between firearms, as well as if the accuracy and dispersion of a specific test firearm are 

1489 changing over the course of testing.

1490

1491 7.3.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

1492

1493 7.3.2 Targets shall be positioned perpendicular to the line of fire.

1494

1495 7.3.3 Electronic targets that do not physically interfere with the bullet trajectory 

1496 should be used.

1497

1498 7.3.4 Physical targets, such as paper, cloth, or plywood may also be used.

1499

1500 7.3.5 Firearms may be fired manually from a supported position and can be 

1501 accomplished by seating the person firing the firearm in a comfortable position with the 

1502 firearm supported by sandbags or a height adjustable rest, or a “bench rest” position.

1503

1504 7.3.6 The weapon should be supported such that the firer needs only to adjust the 

1505 final aim of the weapon. 

1506

1507 7.3.7 Gun mounts may be used and shall be compatible with the specific firearm being 

1508 tested. 

1509

1510 7.3.8 If a gun mount is used, the specific procedures for assembling the firearm to the 

1511 mount and adjusting the aiming of the system shall be documented.

1512

1513 7.3.9 Velocity of the transverse wind shall not exceed 16 km/hr (10 mph) and shall 

1514 not vary by more than 8 km/hr (5 mph); 

1515

1516 7.3.10 Velocity of the wind parallel to the line of fire shall not exceed 24 km/hr (15 

1517 mph) and shall not vary by more than 12 km/hr (7.5 mph). 

1518

1519 7.3.11 Should a compelling technical reason exist to use lower maximum transverse 

1520 and parallel wind velocities, records of previous tests of the same or closely related firearm

1521 should be consulted before establishing the maximum permitted wind velocities for the 

1522 test and the rationale shall be documented.

1523

1524 7.3.12 Firing should be done with the firearm and ammunition at standard ambient 

1525 conditions as specified in 5.3.10. 
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1526

1527 7.3.13 The ambient air temperature along the trajectory of the bullet may fall outside 

1528 standard ambient conditions.

1529

1530 7.3.14 Targets for pistols, revolvers, and shotguns shall be positioned at a range of 25 

1531 and 50 meters.

1532

1533 7.3.15 Targets for rifles shall be positioned at a range of 50, 100, and 200 meters.

1534

1535 7.3.16 The test firearm shall be disassembled, cleaned, lubricated, and reassembled.

1536

1537 7.3.17 The firearm shall be zeroed in accordance with the product manuals or product 

1538 information.

1539

1540 7.3.18 The firearm shall be zeroed for 100 meters if product manuals are not available 

1541 or do not specify the value. 

1542

1543 7.3.19 Necessary rounds to assure that the firearm is sighted on target shall be fired, 

1544 often referred to as “sighting rounds.”

1545

1546 7.3.20 If sighting rounds are not required, three rounds shall be fired to condition the 

1547 barrel, often referred to as “warmer rounds.”

1548

1549 7.3.21 Three targets shall be fired.

1550

1551 7.3.22 Ten rounds shall be fired from the test firearm at each target from a bench rest 

1552 or mechanical mount. 

1553

1554 7.3.23 Sight alignment shall be checked before each shot is fired. 

1555

1556 7.3.24 An optical or laser boresight may be used as necessary to check alignment to the 

1557 target aiming point if the firearm is not equipped with sights.

1558

1559 7.3.25 The velocity as corrected to muzzle shall be recorded using appropriate 

1560 instrumentation for each shot of the accuracy and dispersion test.

1561

1562 7.3.26 The same instrumentation shall be used for the duration of the test.

1563

1564 7.3.27 Accuracy and dispersion measurements shall be calculated in accordance with 

1565 the methods in ITOP 4-2-829.

1566

1567 7.3.28 The following data shall be measured and recorded:

1568

1569 — X and Y coordinates of each impact relative to the aim point;

1570

1571 — The velocity of each shot;
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1572

1573 — Target data reduced in accordance with ITOP 4-2-829;

1574

1575 — Target ranges and type(s) of target(s);

1576

1577 — Photographs of test mounts and bench rest firing facility;

1578

1579 — Procedures used to mount and fire weapons; and

1580

1581 — Meteorological conditions, including transverse and parallel wind velocities.

1582

1583

1584

1585

1586

1587

1588

1589

1590

1591

1592

1593

1594

1595

1596

1597

1598

1599

1600

1601

1602

1603

1604

1605

1606

1607

1608

1609

1610

1611

1612

1613

1614

1615

1616

1617
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1618 7.4 Reliability and durability

1619

1620 This test is adapted from TOP 3-2-045 Test Procedure 4.3 to determine the performance of 

1621 the test firearm and its component parts over a substantial number of rounds fired.

1622

1623 Always be alert for indications of imminent barrel failure! 

1624

1625 — These indications may include an increase in muzzle flash, erratic flight of bullets, an 

1626 increase in the malfunction rate, and any other significant change in firearm 

1627 performance. 

1628

1629 — Since firearms barrels are often fired to, or past, the limits of serviceability, the 

1630 possibility exists for erratic bullet flight and deviations from the established line-of-fire.

1631

1632 — The nature of this test also requires firing an unusually large number of rounds per day 

1633 which may also increase toxic fumes to levels above those more typically encountered. 

1634

1635 7.4.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

1636

1637 7.4.2 Suitable personal protective equipment shall be donned during firing such as 

1638 gloves, pads, and other appropriate attire for protection from hot gun barrels and 

1639 expended cartridge cases. 

1640

1641 7.4.3 All firing shall be done with the firearm firmly handheld or held in an 

1642 appropriate mount.

1643

1644 7.4.4 The firing range shall have adequate ventilation to reduce the exposure to toxic 

1645 fumes.

1646

1647 7.4.5 The test firearm shall be disassembled, cleaned, inspected, lubricated, and 

1648 reassembled.

1649

1650 7.4.6 Headspace and barrel bore measurements shall be recorded.

1651

1652 7.4.7 The basic firing cycle shall constitute firing approximately 120 rounds, given in

1653 7.4.8 through 7.4.11 for the particular type of firearm being tested.

1654

1655 7.4.8 Pistols shall have a basic firing cycle that is a multiple of the number of rounds in 

1656 the magazine totaling approximately 120 rounds. 

1657

1658 — Example 1: If the magazine holds 12 rounds, the basic firing cycle would include 10 full 

1659 magazines for a total of 120 rounds. 

1660

1661 — Example 2: If the magazine holds 11 rounds, the basic firing cycle would include 11 full 

1662 magazines for a total of 121 rounds.

1663
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1664 7.4.9 Revolvers shall have a basic firing cycle that is a multiple of the number of 

1665 rounds in the cylinder totaling approximately 120 rounds. 

1666

1667 — Example 1: If the cylinder holds 6 rounds, the basic firing cycle would include 20 full 

1668 cylinders for a total of 120 rounds. 

1669

1670 — Example 2: If the cylinder holds 5 rounds, the basic firing cycle would include 24 full 

1671 cylinders for a total of 120 rounds.

1672

1673 7.4.10 Shotguns shall have a basic firing cycle of 120 shells.

1674

1675 7.4.11 Rifles shall have a basic firing cycle that is a multiple of the number of rounds in 

1676 the magazine totaling approximately 120 rounds. 

1677

1678 — Example 1: If the magazine holds 17 rounds, the basic firing cycle would include 7 full 

1679 magazines for a total of 119 rounds. 

1680

1681 — Example 2: If the magazine holds 20 rounds, the basic firing cycle would include 6 full 

1682 magazines for a total of 120 rounds.

1683

1684 7.4.12 The firing procedure for “light-duty” testing shall include 5 basic firing cycles for 

1685 a total round count of approximately 600 rounds.

1686

1687 — Example: The firing procedure for a pistol with a magazine that holds 12 rounds would 

1688 include 5 basic firing cycles of 120 rounds per basic firing cycle.

1689

1690 7.4.13 The firing procedure for “heavy-duty” testing shall include 50 basic firing cycles 

1691 for a total round count of approximately 6,000 rounds.

1692

1693 — Example: The firing procedure for a pistol with a magazine that holds 12 rounds would 

1694 include 50 basic firing cycles of 120 rounds per basic firing cycle.

1695

1696 7.4.14 If the firing procedure should differ from 7.4.12 or 7.4.13, the firing procedure 

1697 shall be specified.

1698

1699 7.4.15 Firing shall be done at a regular cadence of approximately one shot per second 

1700 for semiautomatic or one shot per five seconds for single-shot firearms. 

1701

1702 7.4.16 Reloading and magazine changes should be done at a pace that can be 

1703 comfortably maintained throughout the firings.

1704

1705 7.4.17 Gun safety technology features shall be deactivated and reactivated periodically 

1706 to ensure for proper functioning in accordance with the following:

1707

1708 — Pistols: Between reloading magazines. 

1709
DRAFT DOCUMENT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT

39

1710 — Revolver: Between reloading the cylinder.

1711

1712 — Shotguns: Ten times per basic firing cycle at regularly spaced intervals. 

1713

1714 — Revolvers: Between reloading magazines or ten times per basic firing cycle at regularly 

1715 spaced intervals if the rifle does not use a magazine.

1716

1717 7.4.18 The firing procedure shall include appropriate breaks for cooling, cleaning, 

1718 lubrication, and other maintenance activities.

1719

1720 7.4.19 Parts shall be replaced only when they become unserviceable or present a safety 

1721 hazard. 

1722

1723 7.4.20 The first rounds of the first cycle shall include testing accuracy and dispersion in 

1724 accordance with 7.3. 

1725

1726 7.4.21 The firearm shall be allowed to cool for a minimum of 10 minutes after each 

1727 basic firing cycle, or approximately every 120 rounds.

1728

1729 7.4.22 The firearm shall be cooled to the point that the barrel can be held indefinitely in 

1730 a bare hand every two basic firing cycles, or approximately every 240 rounds.

1731

1732 7.4.23 The firearm shall be wiped and lubricated without disassembly after every five

1733 basic firing cycles, or approximately every 600 rounds.

1734

1735 7.4.24 The firearm shall be disassembled, cleaned, inspected, lubricated, and 

1736 reassembled every 10 basic firing cycles, or approximately every 1,200 rounds.

1737

1738 7.4.25 Accuracy and dispersion measurements shall be repeated every 10 basic firing 

1739 cycles, or approximately every 1,200 rounds.

1740

1741 7.4.26 NDT shall be added to the CIL every 20 basic firing cycles, or approximately 

1742 every 2,400 rounds.

1743

1744 7.4.27 The following data shall be recorded:

1745

1746 — Bore and headspace measurements;

1747

1748 — NDT results;

1749

1750 — Temperature and exposure times;

1751

1752 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6;

1753

1754 — All maintenance actions performed; 

1755
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40

1756 — All difficulties in loading or operating the firearms; and

1757

1758 — Meteorological conditions.

1759

1760

1761

1762

1763

1764

1765

1766

1767

1768

1769

1770

1771

1772

1773

1774

1775

1776

1777

1778

1779

1780

1781

1782

1783

1784

1785

1786

1787

1788

1789

1790

1791

1792

1793

1794

1795

1796

1797

1798

1799

1800

1801

1802

1803

1804

1805

1806

1807

1808

1809

1810

1811
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41

1812 7.5 High temperature

1813

1814 This test is adapted from TOP 3-2-045 Test Procedure 4.5.1.a to determine the effect of 

1815 high temperatures on the performance of firearms. 

1816

1817 Personnel are required to load, fire, and service the firearm in a high temperature 

1818 environment! 

1819

1820 — Precautions must be taken to prevent possible heat injuries.

1821

1822 — Local SOPs must be followed to prevent possible heat injuries. 

1823

1824 7.5.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

1825

1826 7.5.2 Conditioning test items in a hot test environment shall be done in accordance 

1827 with MIL-STD-810G, Method 501.6.

1828

1829 7.5.3 Conditioning shall follow the Basic Hot (A2) profile as described in MIL-STD1830 810G, Method 501.6 based on climatic data found in AR 70-38.

1831

1832 7.5.4 Prior to conditioning, the test firearm shall be cleaned and lubricated with a 

1833 lubricant specified for high temperatures.

1834

1835 7.5.5 Prior to firing, the test firearm and ammunition shall be conditioned in a climatic 

1836 chamber for at least 6 hours at 63°C (145°F), which corresponds to the upper bound of the 

1837 induced air temperature for Basic Hot (A2).

1838

1839 7.5.6 The basic firing cycle for the particular type of firearm being tested described in

1840 7.4.8 through 7.4.11 shall be used.

1841

1842 7.5.7 The firing procedure for “light-duty” testing shall include one basic firing cycle 

1843 for a total round count of approximately 120 rounds.

1844

1845 7.5.8 The firing procedure for “heavy-duty” testing shall include eight basic firing 

1846 cycles for a total round count of approximately 960 rounds.

1847

1848 7.5.8.1 Two basic firing cycles, or approximately 240 rounds, shall be fired from the 

1849 test firearm.

1850

1851 7.5.8.2 The test firearm shall be reconditioned in the climatic chamber for at least 

1852 two hours at 63°C (145°F).

1853

1854 7.5.8.3 7.5.8.1 and 7.5.8.2 shall be repeated until eight basic firing cycles, or 

1855 approximately 960 rounds, have been fired.

1856

1857 7.5.9 Firing shall be done in accordance with 7.4.15 through 7.4.17.
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42

1858

1859 7.5.10 Maintenance should not be performed prior to all rounds being fired. 

1860

1861 7.5.11 If maintenance is required before the end of the firing procedure, as indicated by 

1862 increased malfunction rate, difficulty in loading or operating the firearm, etc., the firearm 

1863 shall be removed from the climatic chamber and maintenance shall be performed as 

1864 required.

1865

1866 7.5.12 After all rounds have been fired, the test firearm shall be removed from the 

1867 conditioning chamber and allowed to cool.

1868

1869 7.5.13 The test firearm shall be immediately disassembled, thoroughly inspected, 

1870 cleaned, and lubricated in accordance with 7.2.

1871

1872 7.5.14 Any changes observed shall be recorded. 

1873

1874 7.5.15 The following data shall be recorded:

1875

1876 — Temperature and exposure times;

1877

1878 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6;

1879

1880 — Any damage noted during inspection;

1881

1882 — All maintenance actions performed; and

1883

1884 — All difficulties in loading or operating the firearms.

1885

1886

1887

1888

1889

1890

1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903
DRAFT DOCUMENT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT

43

1904 7.6 Low temperature

1905

1906 This test is adapted from TOP 3-2-045 Test Procedure 4.5.1.b to determine the effect of low 

1907 temperatures on the performance of firearms. 

1908

1909 Personnel are required to load, fire, and service the firearm in a low temperature 

1910 environment! 

1911

1912 — Precautions must be taken to prevent possible injuries due to the cold environment.

1913

1914 — Local SOPs must be followed to prevent possible injuries due to the cold environment. 

1915

1916 — Particular attention must be given to avoid the contact of bare skin with the firearm, 

1917 ammunition, or any cold surface.

1918

1919 7.6.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

1920

1921 7.6.2 Conditioning test items in a hot test environment shall be done in accordance 

1922 with MIL-STD-810G, Method 502.6.

1923

1924 7.6.3 Conditioning shall follow the Basic Cold (C1) profile as described in MIL-STD1925 810G, Method 501.6 based on climatic data found in AR 70-38.

1926

1927 7.6.4 Prior to conditioning, the test firearm shall be cleaned and lubricated with a 

1928 lubricant specified for high temperatures.

1929

1930 7.6.5 Prior to firing, the test firearm and ammunition shall be conditioned in a climatic 

1931 chamber for at least 6 hours at -33°C (-28°F), which corresponds to the lower bound of the 

1932 induced air temperature for the Basic Cold (C1) profile.

1933

1934 7.6.6 The basic firing cycle for the particular type of firearm being tested described in

1935 7.4.8 through 7.4.11 shall be used.

1936

1937 7.6.7 The firing procedure for “light-duty” testing shall include one basic firing cycle 

1938 for a total round count of approximately 120 rounds.

1939

1940 7.6.8 The firing procedure for “heavy-duty” testing shall include eight basic firing 

1941 cycles for a total round count of approximately 960 rounds.

1942

1943 7.6.8.1 Two basic firing cycles, or approximately 240 rounds, shall be fired from the 

1944 test firearm.

1945

1946 7.6.8.2 The test firearm shall be reconditioned in the climatic chamber for at least 

1947 two hours at -33°C (-28°F).

1948
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44

1949 7.6.8.3 7.6.8.1 and 7.6.8.2 shall be repeated until eight basic firing cycles, or 

1950 approximately 960 rounds, have been fired.

1951

1952 7.6.9 Firing shall be done in accordance with 7.4.15 through 7.4.17.

1953

1954 7.6.10 Maintenance should not be performed prior to all rounds being fired. 

1955

1956 7.6.11 If maintenance is required before the end of the firing procedure, as indicated by 

1957 increased malfunction rate, difficulty in loading or operating the firearm, etc., the firearm 

1958 shall be removed from the climatic chamber and maintenance shall be performed as 

1959 required.

1960

1961 7.6.12 After all rounds have been fired, the test firearm shall be removed from the 

1962 conditioning chamber and allowed to warm up.

1963

1964 7.6.13 The test firearm shall be immediately disassembled, cleaned, inspected, and 

1965 lubricated in accordance with 7.2.

1966

1967 7.6.14 Any changes observed shall be recorded. 

1968

1969 7.6.15 The following data shall be recorded:

1970

1971 — Temperature and exposure times;

1972

1973 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6;

1974

1975 — Any damage noted during inspection;

1976

1977 — All maintenance actions performed; 

1978

1979 — Any difficulties in loading or operating the firearms peculiar to operation at low 

1980 temperature, including any difficulties when using cold weather gear; and

1981

1982 — Evidence of bullet instability.

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994
DRAFT DOCUMENT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT

45

1995 7.7 Humidity

1996

1997 This test is adapted from TOP 3-2-045 Test Procedure 4.5.2 to determine the effect of high 

1998 humidity on the performance of firearms.

1999

2000 7.7.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

2001

2002 7.7.2 Conditioning test items in a humid test environment shall be done in accordance 

2003 with MIL-STD-810G, Method 507.6.

2004

2005 7.7.3 Conditioning shall follow the Aggravated Cycle outlined in 4.4.2.2 and shown in

2006 Table 507.6-7 in MIL-STD-801G.

2007

2008 — Maintain the relative humidity at 95±4% at all times except that during the descending 

2009 temperature periods the relative humidity may drop to as low as 85%.

2010

2011 — A cycle is 24 hours.

2012

2013 — The temperature profile is as follows:

2014

Time T (°C) T (°F)

00:00 30 86

02:00 60 140

08:00 60 140

16:00 30 86

24:00 30 86

2015

2016

2017 7.7.4 Prior to conditioning, the test firearm shall be cleaned and lubricated with a 

2018 lubricant specified for high temperatures.

2019

2020 7.7.5 Prior to firing, the test firearm and ammunition shall be conditioned in the

2021 climatic chamber for at least 24 hours at -27±2°C (73±3.6°F) and 50±5% RH.

2022

2023 7.7.6 The test firearm shall be exposed to the temperatures and humidity in 7.7.3 for 

2024 ten consecutive 24-hour cycles in the climatic chamber.

2025

2026 7.7.7 The ammunition required for this test shall not be exposed to the environmental 

2027 conditions.

2028

2029 7.7.8 The test firearm shall be removed from the climatic chamber between hour 20 

2030 and hour 24 of the exposure cycle for test firings.

2031
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46

2032 7.7.9 The basic firing cycle for the particular type of firearm being tested described in

2033 7.4.8 through 7.4.11 shall be used.

2034

2035 7.7.10 Two basic firing cycles, or approximately 240 rounds, shall be fired from the test 

2036 firearm during the third, fifth, eighth, and tenth cycles.

2037

2038 7.7.11 Firing shall be done in accordance with 7.4.15 through 7.4.17.

2039

2040 7.7.12 The test firearm shall be placed back into the climatic chamber without cleaning, 

2041 lubrication, or maintenance after each pair of two basic firing cycles.

2042

2043 7.7.13 Maintenance should not be performed prior to all rounds being fired. 

2044

2045 7.7.14 If maintenance is required before the end of the firing procedure, as indicated by 

2046 increased malfunction rate, difficulty in loading or operating the firearm, etc., maintenance 

2047 shall be performed as required.

2048

2049 7.7.15 If an unscheduled interruption occurs that causes the exposure conditions to fall 

2050 below allowable limits, the test shall be restarted from the end of the last successfully 

2051 completed 24-hour cycle.

2052

2053 7.7.16 After 960 rounds have been fired through the test firearm, the test firearm shall 

2054 be immediately disassembled, cleaned, inspected, and lubricated in accordance with 7.2.

2055

2056 7.7.17 Any changes observed shall be recorded.

2057

2058 7.7.18 The following data shall be recorded:

2059

2060 — Records to substantiate proper exposure chamber operation;

2061

2062 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6;

2063

2064 — Any damage noted during inspection; and

2065

2066 — All maintenance actions performed.

2067

2068

2069

2070

2071

2072

2073

2074

2075

2076

2077
DRAFT DOCUMENT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT

47

2078 7.8 Sand and dust

2079

2080 This test is adapted from TOP 3-2-045 Test Procedure 4.5.4.b(4) to determine the effects of 

2081 blowing sand and dust on firearm performance. 

2082

2083 Caution should be exercised when handling the sand and dust compounds! 

2084

2085 — These compounds are largely composed of silica which is considered hazardous under 

2086 Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards. 

2087

2088 — Obtain the manufacture’s Material Safety Data Sheet for additional information. 

2089

2090 — Consult local safety specialists with questions on proper handling procedures.

2091

2092 7.8.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

2093

2094 7.8.2 Conditioning test items in a sandy and dusty conditioning environment shall be 

2095 done in accordance with MIL-STD-810G, Method 510.6.

2096

2097 7.8.3 Sand and dust exposure shall be conducted in a static chamber. 

2098

2099 7.8.4 The chamber is a box of any size that allows free circulation of the sand and dust 

2100 laden air around the test firearm.

2101

2102 7.8.5 A volumetric dry feeder and electric blower should be attached to the back end 

2103 of the chamber. 

2104

2105 7.8.6 The feeder shall deliver a constant but adjustable flow of dust mixture to the air 

2106 delivery duct of the blower.

2107

2108 7.8.7 Vents should be provided to relieve any buildup of air pressure and aid air 

2109 circulation. 

2110

2111 7.8.8 Access doors, windows, and cable ports may be incorporated as needed, but they 

2112 shall fit tightly enough to contain the circulating atmosphere. 

2113

2114 7.8.9 The chamber may be bottomless so that it can be lowered over the test firearm

2115 and mount.

2116

2117 7.8.10 The chamber does not need to accommodate firings, but it should be located as 

2118 closely as possible to a firing position. 

2119

2120 7.8.11 The sand and dust compounds that should be used are those identified in 5.3.24.

2121

2122 7.8.12 Should these compounds not be available, similar compounds can be substituted.

2123
DRAFT DOCUMENT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT

48

2124 7.8.13 The test firearm shall be cleaned and lubricated prior to conditioning.

2125

2126 7.8.14 One basic firing cycle for the particular type of firearm being tested described in

2127 7.4.8 through 7.4.11 shall be used.

2128

2129 7.8.15 The test firearm shall be conditioned fully loaded in a “safe” state.

2130

2131 7.8.16 The remaining ammunition to permit one basic firing cycle of rounds shall not be 

2132 conditioned.

2133

2134 7.8.17 The test firearm shall be positioned vertically in in a normal firing position

2135 inside the chamber.

2136

2137 7.8.18 The volumetric feeder and electric blower of the static test chamber shall be 

adjusted to dispense the mixture at a rate of 100±25 g/min·m2 2138 as specified in 5.3.23 over 

2139 the area of concern.

2140

2141 7.8.19 The actual rate can be determined prior to exposure of the test firearm by 

2142 placing a flat collection plate of known size in the position to be occupied by the test 

2143 firearm, operating the chamber for one minute, and weighing the mixture that has been 

2144 deposited on the plate.

2145

2146 7.8.20 The dust dispenser shall be turned on and operated for 5 minutes. 

2147

2148 7.8.21 After 5 minutes, the dispenser shall be turned off and the dust shall be allowed 

2149 to settle before entering the chamber.

2150

2151 7.8.22 The exposed test firearm and ammunition shall be transported to the firing 

2152 position while disturbing any sand and dust deposits as little as possible.

2153

2154 7.8.23 Firing shall be done in accordance with 7.4.15 through 7.4.17.

2155

2156 7.8.24 Maintenance should not be performed prior to all rounds being fired. 

2157

2158 7.8.25 If firearm performance is unsatisfactory, the congested parts shall be cleaned as 

2159 much as possible by blowing sharply or by jarring the firearm. 

2160

2161 7.8.26 If performance is still unsatisfactory, any remaining exposed ammunition shall 

2162 be replaced with clean ammunition.

2163

2164 7.8.27 If repeated malfunctions make it impossible to fire all of the ammunition, the test 

2165 firearm shall be cleaned, inspected, and lubricated prior to firing the remaining 

2166 ammunition. 

2167
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49

2168 7.8.28 If repeated malfunctions make it impractical to fire the remaining ammunition, 

2169 the test firearm shall be completely disassembled to determine the exact source of dust2170 induced malfunction. 

2171

2172 7.8.29 The test firearm shall be reassembled and several rounds shall be fired to verify 

2173 serviceability.

2174

2175 7.8.30 At the end of the test, the test firearm shall be immediately disassembled, 

2176 cleaned, inspected, and lubricated in accordance with 7.2.

2177

2178 7.8.31 Any changes observed shall be recorded.

2179

2180 7.8.32 The following data shall be recorded:

2181

2182 — Full specification of the sand and dust compounds used;

2183

2184 — Actual sand and dust dispensing rate;

2185

2186 — Chamber dimensions;

2187

2188 — Position of the test firearm and ammunition while in the chamber;

2189

2190 — Any difficulties encountered during operation of the test firearm;

2191

2192 — Actual number of rounds fired;

2193

2194 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6;

2195

2196 — Any damage noted during inspection; and

2197

2198 — All maintenance actions performed.

2199

2200

2201

2202

2203

2204

2205

2206

2207

2208

2209

2210

2211

2212

2213
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50

2214 7.9 Water immersion

2215

2216 This test is adapted from TOP 3-2-045 Test Procedure 4.5.6 and MIL-STD-810G Method 

2217 512.6 to determine firearm performance following water immersion.

2218

2219 7.9.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

2220

2221 7.9.2 Immersing test items in water shall be done in accordance with MIL-STD-810G, 

2222 Method 512.6.

2223

2224 7.9.3 A water container that can achieve a covering depth of 1 m of water over the 

2225 uppermost point of the test item and maintain the test item at that depth shall be used.

2226

2227 7.9.4 The temperature of the water shall be 18°C ±10°C (64°F ±18°F).

2228

2229 7.9.5 The immersion water temperature shall be measured and recorded.

2230

2231 7.9.6 The test firearm shall be cleaned and lubricated prior to immersion.

2232

2233 7.9.7 A complete visual examination of the test firearm shall be conducted prior to 

2234 immersion with special attention to sealed areas, gaskets, seals, and structural integrity, 

2235 and the results shall be documented.

2236

2237 7.9.8 Additional sealing, taping, caulking, or other means to resist water leakage shall 

2238 not be used on the test firearm.

2239

2240 7.9.9 One basic firing cycle for the particular type of firearm being tested described in

2241 7.4.8 through 7.4.11 shall be used.

2242

2243 7.9.10 The test firearm shall be immersed fully loaded in a “safe” state.

2244

2245 7.9.11 The remaining ammunition to permit one basic firing cycle of rounds shall not be 

2246 immersed.

2247

2248 7.9.12 The fully loaded test firearm shall be weighed prior to immersion.

2249

2250 7.9.13 The test firearm shall be stabilized at standard ambient conditions prior to 

2251 immersion.

2252

2253 7.9.14 The test firearm shall be positioned vertically in in a normal firing position 

2254 inside the immersion container.

2255

2256 7.9.15 The test firearm shall be secured in a manner that will allow it to be maintained 

2257 at the immersion depth in 7.9.3.

2258
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51

2259 7.9.16 The test firearm shall be immersed so that the uppermost point of the test item 

2260 is 1.0±0.1 m below the surface of the water.

2261

2262 7.9.17 The test firearm shall be immersed for 5 minutes.

2263

2264 7.9.18 After 5 minutes, the test firearm shall be removed from the water and the 

2265 exterior shall be wiped dry.

2266

2267 7.9.19 The test item shall be weighed immediately after immersion and exterior wiping.

2268

2269 7.9.20 The exposed test firearm shall be transported to the firing position.

2270

2271 7.9.21 Firing shall be done in accordance with 7.4.15 through 7.4.17.

2272

2273 7.9.22 Maintenance should not be performed prior to all rounds being fired. 

2274

2275 7.9.23 If firearm performance is unsatisfactory, the test firearm shall be item and 

2276 examined evidence of water leakage. Any water found and probable points of entry shall 

2277 be documented and blotted away.

2278

2279 7.9.24 If performance is still unsatisfactory, any remaining exposed ammunition shall 

2280 be replaced with clean ammunition.

2281

2282 7.9.25 If repeated malfunctions make it impossible to fire all of the ammunition, the test 

2283 firearm shall be cleaned, inspected, and lubricated prior to firing the remaining 

2284 ammunition. 

2285

2286 7.9.26 If repeated malfunctions make it impractical to fire the remaining ammunition, 

2287 the test firearm shall be completely disassembled to determine the exact source of water2288 induced malfunction. 

2289

2290 7.9.27 The test firearm shall be reassembled and several rounds shall be fired to verify 

2291 serviceability.

2292

2293 7.9.28 At the end of the test, the test firearm shall be immediately disassembled, 

2294 cleaned, inspected, and lubricated in accordance with 7.2.

2295

2296 7.9.29 Any changes observed shall be recorded.

2297

2298 7.9.30 The following data shall be recorded:

2299

2300 — Immersion container dimensions;

2301

2302 — Position of the test firearm and ammunition while in the immersion container;

2303

2304 — Any difficulties encountered during operation of the test firearm;
DRAFT DOCUMENT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT

52

2305

2306 — Actual number of rounds fired;

2307

2308 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6;

2309

2310 — Any damage noted during inspection; and

2311

2312 — All maintenance actions performed.

2313

2314

2315

2316

2317

2318

2319

2320

2321

2322

2323

2324

2325

2326

2327

2328

2329

2330

2331

2332

2333

2334

2335

2336

2337

2338

2339

2340

2341

2342

2343

2344

2345

2346

2347

2348

2349

2350
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53

2351 7.10 1.5 m drop

2352

2353 This test is adapted from TOP 3-2-045 Test Procedure 4.10, NIJ Standard 0112.03 Revision 

2354 A Test 5.7, NIJ Standard 0109.00, and NIJ Standard 0113.00 to assess the possibility of 

2355 accidental firing by dropping the firearm from a height of 1.5 m (approximately 5 ft).

2356

2357 This test may damage the test item and therefore should be done near the end of the 

2358 overall test sequence!

2359

2360 7.10.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

2361

2362 7.10.2 The test firearm shall be chambered with a primed but otherwise empty 

2363 cartridge. 

2364

2365 7.10.3 The firearm shall be loaded to capacity with dummy ammunition, which shall 

2366 consist of rounds for the firearm being tested with a projectile in place but no primer and 

2367 no propellant.

2368

2369 7.10.4 The test firearm shall be dropped onto a clean, level concrete surface. 

2370

2371 7.10.5 The test firearm shall be dropped from a height of 1.5 m.

2372

2373 7.10.6 The drop height shall be measured from the surface of the concrete to the lower 

2374 most point of the firearm. 

2375

2376 7.10.7 The test firearm shall be dropped one time in each of the following orientations:

2377

2378 — Normal firing orientation, barrel horizontal;

2379

2380 — Upside down, barrel horizontal;

2381

2382 — On grip or butt, barrel vertical;

2383

2384 — On muzzle, barrel vertical;

2385

2386 — On left side, barrel horizontal;

2387

2388 — On right side, barrel horizontal; and

2389

2390 — On grip or butt, barrel 45° from vertical;

2391

2392 — On muzzle, barrel 45° from vertical;

2393

2394 7.10.8 If the test firearm has an exposed hammer or striker, the firearm shall be 

2395 dropped on the rearmost point of that device. Otherwise, it shall be dropped on the 

2396 rearmost point of the test firearm.
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54

2397

2398 7.10.9 A video shall be recorded to verify the proper impact orientation.

2399

2400 7.10.10 The test firearm should be dropped by mechanical means, such as a fixture, but 

2401 can be manually released in the required orientation.

2402

2403 — For example, a firearm or firearm accessory that uses RFID with a body-worn token can 

2404 be dropped from a fixture with the token attached to the fixture.

2405

2406 — For example, a firearm or firearm accessory with an integrated fingerprint sensor will 

2407 likely need a human operator to drop the device.

2408

2409 7.10.11 The firearm shall be dropped in the condition that it would be in if it were 

2410 dropped when in hand and ready to fire.

2411

2412 7.10.12 Any additional gun safety technology shall be activated to permit firing prior to 

2413 the drop tests and remain active for all drops.

2414

2415 7.10.13 The test firearm shall be cycled and returned to the specified testing condition 

2416 after each drop.

2417

2418 7.10.14 The drop tests in 7.10.7 shall be repeated ten times with the manual safety off.

2419

2420 7.10.15 The drop tests in 7.10.7 shall be repeated ten times with the manual safety in the 

2421 “safe” mode.

2422

2423 7.10.16 The firearm shall be inspected after each drop with following information 

2424 recorded:

2425

2426 — The position of the manual safety;

2427

2428 — The state of the gun safety technology;

2429

2430 — The condition of the primed cartridge; and

2431

2432 — Any damage to the test firearm. 

2433

2434 7.10.17 If the primed cartridge case has fired or if indentations are present, a fresh 

2435 primed case shall be used for the next drop. 

2436

2437 7.10.18 After all drops have been made, one basic firing cycle shall be fired through the 

2438 test firearm.

2439

2440 7.10.19 The basic firing cycle for the particular type of firearm being tested described in

2441 7.4.8 through 7.4.11 shall be used.

2442
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55

2443 7.10.20 Firing shall be done in accordance with 7.4.15 through 7.4.17.

2444

2445 7.10.21 Maintenance should not be performed prior to all rounds being fired. 

2446

2447 7.10.22 If firearm performance is unsatisfactory, the test firearm shall be item and 

2448 examined evidence of damage. Any damage found and shall be documented.

2449

2450 7.10.23 If repeated malfunctions make it impractical to fire the remaining ammunition, 

2451 the test firearm shall be completely disassembled and serviced to bring it to a state of 

2452 normal operation. 

2453

2454 7.10.24 The test firearm shall be reassembled and several rounds shall be fired to verify 

2455 serviceability.

2456

2457 7.10.25 At the end of the test, the test firearm shall be immediately disassembled, 

2458 cleaned, inspected, and lubricated in accordance with 7.2.

2459

2460 7.10.26 Any changes observed shall be recorded.

2461

2462 7.10.27 The following data shall be recorded:

2463

2464 — Video recording of each drop;

2465

2466 — The position of the manual safety after each drop;

2467

2468 — The state of the gun safety technology after each drop;

2469

2470 — The condition of the primed cartridge after each drop;

2471

2472 — Any damage to the test firearm. 

2473

2474 — Any difficulties encountered during operation of the test firearm;

2475

2476 — Actual number of rounds fired;

2477

2478 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6;

2479

2480 — Any damage noted during inspection; and

2481

2482 — All maintenance actions performed.

2483

2484

2485

2486

2487

2488
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56

2489 7.11 Mechanical jostling

2490

2491 This test is adapted from TOP 3-2-045 Test Procedure 4.10 to assess the possibility of 

2492 accidental firing and to determine any impact on performance due to mechanical jostling.

2493

2494 This test may damage the test item and therefore should be done near the end of the 

2495 overall test sequence!

2496

2497 7.11.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

2498

2499 7.11.2 Exposure of test items to mechanical jostling shall be done in accordance with 

2500 with ITOP 4-2-602 Loose Cargo Test.

2501

2502 7.11.3 The test firearm shall be chambered with a primed but otherwise empty 

2503 cartridge. 

2504

2505 7.11.4 The firearm shall be loaded to capacity with dummy ammunition, which shall 

2506 consist of rounds for the firearm being tested with a projectile in place but no primer and 

2507 no propellant.

2508

2509 7.11.5 The firearm shall be exposed to mechanical jostling in the condition that it would 

2510 be in if it were in hand and ready to fire.

2511

2512 7.11.6 Any additional gun safety technology shall be deactivated to prevent firing prior 

2513 to mechanical jostling and remain active throughout exposure.

2514

2515 7.11.7 The test machine shall be operated at a 25 mm peak circular motion at a 

2516 frequency of 5 Hz.

2517

2518 7.11.8 The test firearm shall be placed in the test machine left side down.

2519

2520 7.11.9 The test machine shall be operated for 5 minutes.

2521

2522 7.11.10 The test firearm shall be placed in the test machine right side down.

2523

2524 7.11.11 The test machine shall be operated for 5 minutes.

2525

2526 7.11.12 The test firearm shall be cycled and returned to the specified testing condition 

2527 after each 5-minute exposure. 

2528

2529 7.11.13 The exposure in 7.11.9 shall be repeated ten times with the manual safety in the 

2530 “safe” mode.

2531

2532 7.11.14 The exposure in 7.11.11 shall be repeated ten times with the manual safety off.

2533
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57

2534 7.11.15 The firearm shall be inspected after each 5-minute exposure with following 

2535 information recorded:

2536

2537 — The position of the manual safety;

2538

2539 — The condition of the primed cartridge; and

2540

2541 — Any damage to the test firearm. 

2542

2543 7.11.16 If the primed cartridge case has fired or if indentations are present, a fresh 

2544 primed case shall be used for the next drop. 

2545

2546 7.11.17 After all exposures have been completed, one basic firing cycle shall be fired 

2547 through the test firearm.

2548

2549 7.11.18 The basic firing cycle for the particular type of firearm being tested described in

2550 7.4.8 through 7.4.11 shall be used.

2551

2552 7.11.19 Firing shall be done in accordance with 7.4.15 through 7.4.17.

2553

2554 7.11.20 Maintenance should not be performed prior to all rounds being fired. 

2555

2556 7.11.21 If firearm performance is unsatisfactory, the test firearm shall be item and 

2557 examined evidence of damage. Any damage found and shall be documented.

2558

2559 7.11.22 If repeated malfunctions make it impractical to fire the remaining ammunition, 

2560 the test firearm shall be completely disassembled and serviced to bring it to a state of 

2561 normal operation. 

2562

2563 7.11.23 The test firearm shall be reassembled and several rounds shall be fired to verify 

2564 serviceability.

2565

2566 7.11.24 At the end of the test, the test firearm shall be immediately disassembled, 

2567 cleaned, inspected, and lubricated in accordance with 7.2.

2568

2569 7.11.25 Any changes observed shall be recorded.

2570

2571 7.11.26 The following data shall be recorded:

2572

2573 — The position of the manual safety after each 5-minute exposure;

2574

2575 — The condition of the primed cartridge after each 5-minute exposure;

2576

2577 — Any damage to the test firearm;

2578

2579 — Any difficulties encountered during operation of the test firearm;
DRAFT DOCUMENT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT

58

2580

2581 — Actual number of rounds fired;

2582

2583 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6;

2584

2585 — Any damage noted during inspection; and

2586

2587 — All maintenance actions performed.

2588

2589

2590

2591

2592

2593

2594

2595

2596

2597

2598

2599

2600

2601

2602

2603

2604

2605

2606

2607

2608

2609

2610

2611

2612

2613

2614

2615

2616

2617

2618

2619

2620

2621

2622

2623

2624

2625
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59

2626 7.12 Electromagnetic interference (EMI)

2627

2628 This test is adapted from TOP 3-2-045 Test Procedure 4.22.2(e) to ensure that the test 

2629 firearm is able to function in its intended electromagnetic environment without its own 

2630 performance being degraded. Gun safety technology can contain electronic components 

2631 that may be susceptible to EMI. 

2632

2633 7.12.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

2634

2635 7.12.2 Exposure of test items to EMI shall be done in accordance with TOP 1-2-512 

2636 Electromagnetic Compatibility Tests.

2637

2638 7.12.3 The firearm shall be fired in the presence of electromagnetic radiation that could 

2639 cause interference with the functioning of any integrated gun safety technology. If the test 

2640 facility cannot accommodate live firing, the weapon may be dry fired to verify proper 

2641 function of the safety technology.

2642

2643 7.12.4 The specific frequencies that will need to be assessed will depend on the specific 

2644 test item, however the appropriate tests in TOP 1-2-512 should be followed. If possible, 

2645 one major frequency at a realistic signal strength should be identified for testing.

2646

2647 7.12.5 Prior to exposure, the test firearm shall be cleaned and lubricated.

2648

2649 7.12.6 The basic firing cycle for the particular type of firearm being tested described in

2650 7.4.8 through 7.4.11 shall be used.

2651

2652 7.12.7 The firing procedure for “light-duty” testing shall include one basic firing cycle 

2653 for a total round count of approximately 120 rounds.

2654

2655 7.12.8 The firing procedure for “heavy-duty” testing shall include eight basic firing 

2656 cycles for a total round count of approximately 960 rounds.

2657

2658 7.12.9 The transmitter shall be turned on five minutes prior to firing.

2659

2660 7.12.10 Firing shall be done in accordance with 7.4.15 through 7.4.17.

2661

2662 7.12.11 Maintenance should not be performed prior to all rounds being fired. 

2663

2664 7.12.12 After all rounds have been fired, the transmitter shall be turned off.

2665

2666 7.12.13 If firearm performance is unsatisfactory, the signal strength shall be reduced.

2667

2668 7.12.14 If repeated malfunctions make it impractical to continue firing, the signal 

2669 strength shall be reduced until the malfunctions are not having a substantial impact on 

2670 firing.

2671
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60

2672 7.12.15 At the end of the test, the test firearm shall be immediately disassembled, 

2673 cleaned, inspected, and lubricated in accordance with 7.2.

2674

2675 7.12.16 Any changes observed shall be recorded.

2676

2677 7.12.17 The following data shall be recorded:

2678

2679 — The frequency broadcast;

2680

2681 — The signal strength of the broadcast;

2682

2683 — Any reductions made to the signal strength;

2684

2685 — Any difficulties encountered during operation of the test firearm;

2686

2687 — Actual number of rounds fired;

2688

2689 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6;

2690

2691 — Any damage noted during inspection; and

2692

2693 — All maintenance actions performed.

2694

2695

2696

2697

2698

2699

2700

2701

2702

2703

2704

2705

2706

2707

2708

2709

2710

2711

2712

2713

2714

2715

2716

2717
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2718 7.13 Quick draw scenario

2719

2720 This test is designed to determine how a firearm performs when grabbed by the operator 

2721 from a tabletop and a holster and immediately fired.

2722

2723 7.13.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

2724

2725 7.13.2 Targets shall be positioned perpendicular to the line of fire.

2726

2727 7.13.3 Electronic targets that do not physically interfere with the bullet trajectory 

2728 should be used.

2729

2730 7.13.4 Physical targets, such as paper, cloth, or plywood may also be used.

2731

2732 7.13.5 Targets for shall be positioned at a range of 10 meters.

2733

2734 7.13.6 Timing devices shall be used to measure the time from a signal to fire to the 

2735 discharge by the test operator.

2736

2737 7.13.7 One signal shall be audible, such as a beep, chime, or buzz.

2738

2739 7.13.8 One signal shall be visual, such as a light that turns on.

2740

2741 7.13.9 The choice of audible or visual signal in each trial shall be random such that the 

2742 test operator cannot expect the signal to be the same time each trial.

2743

2744 7.13.10 The time that the signal is activated shall be random such that the test operator 

2745 cannot expect the signal at the same time each trial.

2746

2747 7.13.11 Timing shall be measured in one of two ways:

2748

2749 — The time from the signal to firearm discharge; or

2750

2751 — The time from the signal to a round hitting or passing the target.

2752

2753 7.13.12 Two setups shall be used, a tabletop setup and a holster setup.

2754

2755 7.13.13 For the tabletop setup, a fully loaded test firearm shall be placed on a table 1.0 

2756 meters high in front of the test operator.

2757

2758 7.13.14 If the operator is right-handed, the test firearm shall be placed on its left side. If 

2759 the operator is left-handed, the test firearm shall be placed on its right side.

2760

2761 7.13.15 Starting from a comfortable standing position, the firing personnel shall pick up

2762 the test firearm from the tabletop upon hearing or seeing the signal and fire one shot as 

2763 quickly as possible at the target.
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62

2764

2765 7.13.16 The firing personnel shall return the test firearm to the table in the same 

2766 position.

2767

2768 7.13.17 The following data shall be recorded after each trial:

2769

2770 — The type of signal used, either audible or visual;

2771

2772 — Timing in accordance with 7.13.11;

2773

2774 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6; and

2775

2776 — Any difficulties encountered during operation of the test firearm;

2777

2778 7.13.18 For the holster setup, a fully loaded test firearm shall be placed in an appropriate 

2779 holster on the test operator.

2780

2781 7.13.19 The holster shall be worn on the waist on the same side of the body as the firing 

2782 hand.

2783

2784 7.13.20 Starting from a comfortable standing position, the firing personnel shall draw 

2785 the test firearm from the holster upon hearing or seeing the signal and fire one shot as 

2786 quickly as possible at the target.

2787

2788 7.13.21 The firing personnel shall return the test firearm to the holster.

2789

2790 7.13.22 The following data shall be recorded after each trial:

2791

2792 — The type of signal used, either audible or visual;

2793

2794 — Timing in accordance with 7.13.11;

2795

2796 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6; and

2797

2798 — Any difficulties encountered during operation of the test firearm;

2799

2800 7.13.23 The basic firing cycle for the particular type of firearm being tested described in

2801 7.4.8 through 7.4.11 shall be used.

2802

2803 7.13.24 For “light-duty” testing, one test operator shall fire one basic firing cycle using 

2804 the tabletop setup and one basic firing cycle using the holster setup.

2805

2806 7.13.25 For “heavy-duty” testing, three test operators shall each fire one basic firing 

2807 cycle using the tabletop setup and one basic firing cycle using the holster setup.

2808
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63

2809 7.13.26 At the end of the test, the test firearm shall be immediately disassembled, 

2810 cleaned, inspected, and lubricated in accordance with 7.2.

2811

2812 7.13.27 Any changes observed shall be recorded.

2813

2814 7.11.28 The following data shall be recorded:

2815

2816 — The type of signal used, either audible or visual;

2817

2818 — Timing in accordance with 7.13.11;

2819

2820 — Any difficulties encountered during operation of the test firearm;

2821

2822 — Actual number of rounds fired;

2823

2824 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6;

2825

2826 — Any damage noted during inspection; and

2827

2828 — All maintenance actions performed.

2829

2830

2831

2832

2833

2834

2835

2836

2837

2838

2839

2840

2841

2842

2843

2844

2845

2846

2847

2848

2849

2850

2851

2852

2853

2854
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2855 7.14 Unauthorized user false positive

2856

2857 This test is designed to determine how a gun safety technology performs when an 

2858 unauthorized operator attempts to fire a smart gun.

2859

2860 7.14.1 Documentation requirements in 4 shall be observed at all times.

2861

2862 7.14.2 The test operator should not be authorized to use the firearm, depending on the 

2863 modality of the gun safety technology employed.

2864

2865 — For example, if the smart gun uses RFID and a body-worn token, the operator should 

2866 not wear the token and it should be kept well out of range from the test firearm.

2867

2868 — For example, if the smart gun uses a fingerprint sensor, the operator should not have 

2869 fingerprint data loaded on the onboard memory.

2870

2871 7.14.3 A fully loaded test firearm shall be placed on a table 1.0 meters high in front of 

2872 the test operator.

2873

2874 7.14.4 If the operator is right-handed, the test firearm shall be placed on its left side. If 

2875 the operator is left-handed, the test firearm shall be placed on its right side.

2876

2877 7.14.5 Starting from a comfortable standing position, the firing personnel shall pick up

2878 the test firearm and attempt to fire one shot at the target.

2879

2880 7.14.6 The firing personnel shall return the test firearm to the table in the same 

2881 position.

2882

2883 7.14.7 The following data shall be recorded after each trial:

2884

2885 — The result of each trial;

2886

2887 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6; and

2888

2889 — Any difficulties encountered during operation of the test firearm;

2890

2891 7.14.8 The basic firing cycle for the particular type of firearm being tested described in

2892 7.4.8 through 7.4.11 shall be used.

2893

2894 7.14.9 For “light-duty” testing, one test operator shall attempt to fire one basic firing 

2895 cycle.

2896

2897 7.14.10 For “heavy-duty” testing, three test operators shall each attempt to fire one basic 

2898 firing cycle.

2899
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2900 7.14.11 At the end of the test, the test firearm shall be immediately disassembled, 

2901 cleaned, inspected, and lubricated in accordance with 7.2.

2902

2903 7.14.12 Any changes observed shall be recorded.

2904

2905 7.14.13 The following data shall be recorded:

2906

2907 — The result of each trial;

2908

2909 — Any difficulties encountered during operation of the test firearm;

2910

2911 — Actual number of rounds fired;

2912

2913 — Malfunctions in accordance with 6;

2914

2915 — Any damage noted during inspection; and

2916

2917 — All maintenance actions performed.

2918