# United States **Court of Appeals**  **for the Federal Circuit**

______________________
THE DIAMOND SAWBLADES MANUFACTURERS ’ COALITION, Plaintiff

- Appellee

v.

UNITED STATES, Defendant

- Appellee

v.

BOSUN TOOLS CO., LTD., Defendant

- Appellant

______________________

2020

- 1478

______________________ Appeal from the United States Court of International Trade in No. 1:17

- cv

- 00167

- CRK, Judge Claire R. Kelly.

______________________
Decided: January 27, 2021

___________________ ___

M AUREEN E. T HORSON , Wiley Rein, LLP, Washington, DC, argued for plaintiff

- appellee. Also represented by S TEPHANIE M ANAKER B ELL , T ESSA V. C APELOTO , L AURA E L

S ABAAWI , C YNTHIA C RISTINA G ALVEZ , D ERICK H OLT , D ANIEL B. P ICKARD , A DAM M ILAN T ESLIK

.

J OHN J ACOB T ODOR , Commercial Litigation Branch, Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 1 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 2

Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washingto n, DC, argued for defendant

- appellee. Also represented by J EFFREY B. C LARK , J EANNE D AVIDSON , F RANKLIN E. W HITE , J R

. ; P AUL K EITH , Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and Compliance, U nited S tates Department of Commerce , Washington, DC.

G REGORY S. M ENEGAZ , DeKieffer & Horgan, PLLC, Washington, DC, argued for defendant

- appellant. Also represented by J AMES K EVIN H ORGAN , A LEXANDRA H. S ALZMAN

.

______________________
Before P ROST , Chief Judge

, C LEVENGER and T ARANTO , Circuit Judges

. T ARANTO , Circuit Judge

. Since 2006, importation of diamond sawblades from the People’s Republic of China (PR C) has been governed by an antidumping duty order issued by the United States Department of Commerce under 19 U.S.C. § 1673

. In 2016, Commerce launched an administrative review

, under 19 U.S.C. § 1675, of duties owed on subject merchandise sold to unaffiliated U.S. purchasers from November 1, 2014, through October 31, 2015. In that review, Commerce investigated the dumping margin of Bosun Tools Co., Ltd. (Bosun)

, an exporter and producer of diamond sawblades from the PRC

, that it sends directly to one of its two U .S. importer

- affiliates for sale to unaffiliated U.S. purchasers. The second importer

- affiliate imports diamond sawblades from a Bosun entity in Thailand ( which are not covered by the antidumping duty order )

. The two importer

- affiliates trade between themselves, so both end up selling PRC

originating and Thailand

- originating sawblades.

To determine the domestic

- price component of the dumping margin calculation, Commerce had to identify which diamond sawblades sold by the Bosun importer

Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 2 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 3

affiliate s to unaffiliated U.S. purchasers were from the PRC (not Thailand)

. Because Bosun ’s affiliates ( and Bosun’s overall database ) did not record the country of origin

on each sale to those purchasers , Bosun supplied country

of

- origin information from three sources : (1) the particular product code (which was country

- specific for some products) ; (2) the unit price (which allowed origin identification for some products) ; and (3), for remaining products

, an inference as to origin b ased on the premise that the importer

affiliates generally s old products in the order they received them ( the first

- in, first

- out , or FIFO, inference ).

To calculate Bosun’s margin , Commerce us ed the i nformation Bosun provided, finding it sufficiently verified. The domestic

- industry Diamond Sawblades Manufacturers ’ Coalition challenged Commerce ’s determination in the Court of International Trade, which remanded the matter to Commerce for further explan ation. Diamond Sawblades M frs. ’ Coalition v. United States , No. 17

- 00167, 2018 WL 5281941 (Ct. Int’l Trade Oct. 23, 2018) (DSMC I )

. On remand, Commerce noted problems with some of Bosun’s information

— perhaps only with the small subset of products for which the FIFO

- inference step was used for origin identification

— and concluded that it would use “ the facts otherwise available ” under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) , and indeed draw adverse inferences under § 1677e(b), as to the totality of the Bosu n

- sawblade sales during the period of review. The Trade Court affirmed Commerce’s determination. Diamond Sawblade Mfrs. ’ Coalition v. United States , 415 F. Supp. 3d 1365, 1369 (Ct. Int’l Tr ade 2019) ( DSMC II )

. We now conclude that s ome of the bases on wh ich Commerce invoked § 1677e (a) are unsupported by substantial evidence , while s ome

— which involve only a gap in reliable information

— are adequately supported. We also conclude, however, that, in light of the limited bases for applying § 1677e(a), Commerce may have applied that subsection

— and hence § 1677e(b) , which applies only where subsection (a) applies

— too broadly by disregarding all of Bosun’s Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 3 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 4

country

- of

- or igin information

. It appears that the errors Commerce identified in Bosun’s information are limited in their reliability

- undermining effect to a defined subset of sold sawblades (the subset of sawblades whose origin Bosun identified only through the FIFO

- inference step)

. I f the unreliable information is confined to some or all sawblades within such a defined subset

, then there is no substantial evidence to support Commerce’s determination that all of the Bosun

- supplied origin information was unreliable , a nd Commerce articulated no supported basis for disregarding the reliable portion of the origin information Bosun supplied. We remand for further proceedings to determine the extent to which unreliability is so confined, and the consequence for Bosun’s dumping margin . W e leave to the Trade Court the decision whether a further remand to Commerce is needed.

I

A
Under 19 U.S.C. § 1673, Commerce must determin e whether merchandise at issue is being sold or is likely to be sold in the United States ‘‘ at less than fair value,’’ which the statute identifies as ‘‘dumping,’’ id. § 1677(34). To make th at determination, Commerce must assess the difference between the ‘‘normal value’’ of the goods at issue (reflecting the home

- market value) and the ‘‘export price or constructed export price’’ of those goods (reflecting the price at which they are sold into the United States). See id. § 1677b(a) (stating that the determination of the existence of sales ‘‘at less than fair value’’ is to be based on a compariso n of ‘‘the export price or constructed export price and normal value’’); see also id. § 1677a (addressing ‘‘export price’’ and ‘‘constructed export price’’); id. § 1677b (addressing ‘‘normal value’’). That difference is the ‘‘dumping margin.’’ Id. § 1677 (35)(A) (defining ‘‘dumping margin’’). If Commerce finds dumping, and the International Trade Commission makes specified findings about injury to Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 4 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 5

domestic industries , Commerce is to issue an antidumping duty order that imposes duties to offset the dumping. Id. § 1673.
Thereafter, Commerce typically conduct s annual reviews to determine the antidumping duty margin for a given 12

- month period for relevant exporters

. Id. § 1675. In particular, § 1675 (a)(1) (B) states that “[a] t least once during each 12

- month period beginning on the anniversary of the date of publication [,]

. . . [Commerce], if a request for such a review has been received and after publication of noti ce of such review in the Federal Register, shall

. . . review, and determine (in accordance with paragraph (2)), the amount of any antidumping duty

, ” and, under subsection (a)(2), “ (i) the normal value and export price (or constructed export price) of each entry of the subject merchandise, and (ii) the dumping margin for each such entry. ” Commerce then “shall determine the individualweighted average dumping margin for each known exporter and producer of the subject merchandise,” id. § 1677f

– 1(c)(1), and m ay elect to rely on “a sample of exporters, producers, or types of products that is statistically valid based on the information available” or “exporters and producers accounting for the largest volume of the subject merchandise” if “it is not practicable to make individual [determinations] because of the large number of exporters or producers involved in the investigation or review,” id. § 1677f

– 1(c)(2).

In the administrative

- review context, Commerce’s use of the collected information is guided in part b y 19 U.S.C. § 1677e . Subsection (a) states :
If

—

(1) necessary information is not available on the record, or
(2) an interested party or any other person

— Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 5 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 6

(A) withholds information that has been requested by the administering authority or the Commission under this subtitle,
(B) fails to provide such information by the deadlines for submission of the information or in the form and manner requested, subject t o subsections (c)(1) and (e) of section 1677m of this title,
(C) significantly impedes a proceeding under this subtitle, or
(D) provides such information but the information cannot be verified as provided in section 1677m(i) of this title

, [Commerce] shall, subject to section 1677m(d) of this title, use the facts otherwise available in reaching the applicable determination under this subtitle.

Id. § 1677e(a). Where subsection (a) applies, subsection (b) adds that if an additional condition is also met, Commerce “may” draw inferences adverse to an interested party “in selecting from among the facts otherwise available ” whose use subsection (a) authorizes : If [Commerce] finds that an interested party has failed to cooperate by not acting to t he best of its ability to comply with a request for information from [Commerce] , [Commerce], in reaching the applicable determination under this subtitle, may use an inference that is adverse to the interests of that party in selecting from among the facts otherwise available [.]

Id. § 1677e(b).

Section 1677e(a) refers to four portions of 19 U.S.C. § 1677m. Two of those are referred to in § 1677e(a)(2)(B)

. One is § 1677m(c)(1) , which says that

, in certain circumstances, Commerce must consider an intereste d party’s Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 6 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 7

in ability to submit requested information “in the requested form and manner” and may modify the requirements to avoid an unreasonable burden on the party. The other is § 1677m( e ) , which provides that , in a § 1675 review (among other proceedings )

, Commerce “shall not decline to consider” party

- submitted information needed for Commerce’s determination, even though the submission does not meet all Commerce

- established requirements, if certain conditions keyed to reliability are neverthel ess met. 1

The third subsection of § 1677m to which § 1677e(a) refers (in § 1677e(a)(2)(D) ) is § 1677m(i) . That subsectionstates that verification of information is required in an administrative review like this one if

, first

, certain interested parties timely request verification and

, second

, either there was no verification in the previous two administrative reviews or there is good cause for a new verification. Id. § 1677m( i ). The final subsection of § 1677m to which

1 “In reaching a determination under secti on .

. . 1675 of this title [Commerce] shall not decline to consider information that is submitted by an interested party and is necessary to the determination but does not meet all the applicable requirements established by [Commerce], if

— (1) the informa tion is submitted by the deadline established for its submission,

(2) the information can be verified, (3) the information is not so incomplete that it cannotserve as a reliable basis for reaching the applicable determination,

(4) the interested party has demonstrated that it acted to the best of its ability in providing the information and meeting the re quirements established by the administering authority or the Commission with respect to the information, and

(5) the information can be used without undue difficulties. ” Id. § 1677m(e). Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 7 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 8

§ 1677e(a) refers is § 1677m(d), referred to in § 1677e(a) ’s concluding clause

— Commerce “ shall, subject to section 1677m(d) of this title, use the facts otherwise available .

. .

. ” Subsection 1677m(d) provides

, first

, that if a response to an information request “does not comply with the request,” Commerce “shall, to the extent practicable, provide .

. . an opportunity to remedy or explain the deficiency in light of the time limits” set for the proceeding and, second , that if a further submission made in response to the deficiency is untimely or Commerce “finds that such response is not satisfactory,” Commerce “may, subject to subsection (e) [quoted supra ], disregard all or part of the original and subsequent responses.” Id

. § 1677m(d). 2
Interested parties, including foreign producer s or exporter s of subject merchandise, importer s of such merchandise, and s pecified domestic trade associations

, are allowed to participate in administrative reviews. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9) (A)

, (E) ; 19 C.F.R. § 351.309(c). An interested

2 “If [Commerce] determines that a response to a request for inform ation under this subtitle does not comply with the request, [Commerce] shall promptly inform theperson submitting the response of the nature of the deficiency and shall, to the extent practicable, provide that person with an opportunity to remedy or expla in the deficiency in light of the time limits established for the completion of investigations or reviews under this subtitle. If that person submits further information in response to such deficiency and either

— (1) [Commerce] finds that such response is not satisfactory, or (2) such response is not submitted within the applicable time limits, then [Commerce] may, subject to subsection (e), disregard all or part of the original and subsequent responses.” Id. § 1677m(d). Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 8 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 9

party that was a party before Commerce may file a n action in the Trade Court under 19 U.S.C. § 1516a to challenge Commerce’s final determination in an administrative review. 28 U.S.C. § 2631(c) ; id. § 1581(c)

. B

Commerce issued an antidumping duty order in 2006 covering “diamond sawblades and parts thereof” ( hereafter “sawblades”) from the PRC

. Final Determination of Salesat Less Than Fair Value and Final Partial Affirmative Determination of Critic al Circumstances: Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof from the People’s Republic of China , 71 Fed. Reg. 29,303 (May 22, 2006). Commerce thereafter conducted annual administrative reviews under 19 U.S.C. § 1675 . This case involves the sixth such review

, i nitiated on January 7, 2016. Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Admin

. Rev s. , 81 Fed. Reg. 736 (Jan. 7, 2016).

1 Commerce initially selected Jiangsu Fengtai Diamond Tool Manufacture Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu), the largest exporter of sawblades from the PRC, along with a second firm, for individual investigation, but o n April 27, 2016

, Commerce

,while retaining Jiangsu for investigation, dropped the initially selecte d second firm and substituted Bosun

— which

was the third largest sawblades exporter listed o n the initiation notice and which had been selected for individual investigation in three earlier annual review s

. J.A. 56

– 57. Bosun responded to Section A of Comme rce’s antidumping questionnaire on May 25, 2016

, and Sections C and D on July 1, 2016

. Bosun ’s responses included aggregate data about the quantity and value of its U.S. sales. J.A. 785

– 93. Bosun explained that it imported sawblades both from the PRC and from Thailand through its U.S.

- b ased affiliated importers ; specifically, B osun Tools, Inc. (Bosun USA) imported only from the PRC; Pioneer Tools, Inc. (Pioneer ) imported only from Thailand

. J.A. 732 . Bosun ’s responses Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 9 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 10

also noted that its two importer

- affiliates sold sawblades between themselves before selling to un affiliated U.S. customers
, thus intermixing the PRC and Thailand sawblades in the affiliates’ hands

. J.A. 732. It is undisputed that Bosun’s U.S.

- sales database

, whic h operated as an omnibus repository for both importers’ sales records, did not record the intra

- family sales and did not record the country of origin of sawblades a t the time they were sold by the importer

- affiliate s to un affiliated U.S. cust omers (the sales that matter for the annual review)

. J.A. 732

– 3 3 , 2886

. Bosun accepts that its importer

- affiliates did not record the country of origin, on invoices or otherwise, at the time of sale of sawblades to un affiliated U.S. customers

. See DSMC I

, 2018 WL 5281941 , at *2. Bosun told Commerce that it had derived the origin of sawblades sales by using a multistep method : T he product codes for the sawblades often distinguished the country of origin ; the unit prices of sales did so for some of the sawblades whose origin was not identified in the first step; and a premise that the importer

affiliates sold on a “first

- purchase first

- sale ” bas is allowed an inference as to origin for remaining sales , using the sales dates along w ith the dates of the affiliates’ receipt of sawblades . J.A. 733

– 34.On August 3, 2016, Commerce issued a first supplemental questionnaire asking Bosun to describe how Pioneer “ segregated subject merchandise [ i.e. , sawblades from the PRC] from diamond sawb lades that it purchased from Thailand

. ” J.A. 1141; J.A. 2967 n.82

. Bosun responded on September 7, 2016, explaining that Pioneer purchased sawblades only from Bosun’s Thai affiliate and from Bosun USA, so the subject merchandise in Pioneer’s sales records would be only those products purchased f rom Bosun USA. J.A. 1155. Bosun also elaborated on its earlier explanation of the method by which it had segregated the subject merchandise

, i.e. , identified the PRC

- origin sawblades . F irst

, Bosun identified models of sawblades by identifying unique

“ product codes” assigned to each affiliate ; if those codes Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 10 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 11

were not affiliated with Bosun USA, the sale was not of subject merchandis e. J.A. 1141

– 42, 1154

– 56 . Second, Bosun compared the uni t purchase price of sawblades whose origin had not been identified based on the product code to the unit purchase price of sawblades whose origin had been so identified. Id. Third

, for sawblade sales by affiliates to unaffiliated customers for which the first two steps did not identify the country of origin, Bosun appl ied what the parties now call a FIFO inference

, based on the assumption that Bosun’s U.S. affiliates sold their oldes t inventory first (and knew the dates of sales and arrivals of inventory)

. Id.
Commerce issued a second supplemental questionnaire on October 17, 2016, asking that Bosun “provide a key tothe product codes of Bosun’s subject merchandise” and “explain how you identified these products as produced in China and exported from China, produced in Thailand and exported from Thailand, or produced in China and exported through Thailand.” J.A. 2139

– 40; J.A. 2968 n.84. Bosun timely responded to the second supplemen tal questionnaire on November 10, 2016

, illustrating the already

- described process as applied to certain “sales trace [s] ”

— seemingly the sequence of documents in Bosun’s sales database that culminate d in the invoice to a n u naffiliated U.S. customer. J.A. 2 140

– 42.

Commerce published its preliminary results on December 9, 2016

. S ee Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People’s Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Admin. Rev. ; 2014

– 2015 , 81 Fed. Reg. 89,045 (Dec. 9, 2016)

. On January 17, 2017, Diamond Sawblades requested , as an interested party under 19 C.F.R. § 351.309(c), that Commerce invoke 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) and (b) to use adverse inferences in calculating Bosun’s export prices (and hence dumping margin ). J.A. 2578

– 87. Diamond Sawblades argued, in particular, that Bosun ’s information about countr y of origin was defective and that Bosun did not cooperate to the best of its ability b ecause it and its importer

- affiliates did not record the Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 11 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 12

country of origin for each individual sale to an unaffiliated U.S. customer (or therefore have such records to p rovide to Commerce). J.A. 2579

– 87

. Commerce issued a letter on April 28, 2017

, informing Bosun that it would verify Bosun’s questionnaire responses , and ask ing Bosun to provide a number of “sales

trace package [s] ” for sales that Commerce identified

. J.A. 261 2, 2619

. On May 27, 2017, Commerce issued its verification report (2017 Verification Report), which explained that the analysts “recreated [Bosun’s] segregation between Chinese and Thai origin products ” and “found no discrepancies” in the first two steps of Bosun’s method

. J.A. 28 91

– 92

. The 2017 Verification Report also stated that one of the identified sales traces reported a lower quantity of PRC

originating products than had actually occurred

, J.A. 2892

– 93 , a discrepancy that was “ a result of the FIFO methodology Bosun used to identify the country of origin

, ” J.A. 2892. The r eport stated , however, that “[o]ther than the on

- site selected sales trace 6, [the analysts] did not find discrepancies in the sales tra ces that [they] reviewed for sales identification methodology.” J.A. 2893.

2

Commerce issued its final Issues and Decision Memorandum on June 6, 2017, recommending that Commerce use Bosun’s verified data to calculate the proper antidumping duty margin

. J .A. 2942, 2966 . Commerce published its final results based on that conclusion (F inal Determination) on June 12, 2017

. Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People’s Republic of China: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Admin. Rev. ; 2014

– 2015 , 82 Fe d. Reg. 26,912 (June 12, 2017). In the memorandum, Commerce explained that it would not apply “ the facts otherwise available” under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) or, therefore, draw adverse inferences in selecting from such facts under § 1677e(b) . J.A. 2967

– 70. Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 12 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 13

Diamond Sawblades challenged Commerce’s determination before the Trade Court on June 27, 2017, alleging that Commerce should have applied 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) and (b) in calculating Bosun’s dumping margin

. The Trade Court decided that a remand wa s warranted on this issue. Quoting Peer Bearing Co.

- Changshan v. United States , 766 F.3d 1396 , 1400 (Fed. Cir. 2014), and Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States , 337 F.3d 1373, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2003) , the Trade Court concluded that it was unclear if Commerce sufficiently consider ed precedent to the effect that “ the

‘ best of its ability ’ standard ‘ requires the respondent to do the maximum it is able to do, ’ inclusive of ‘ maintain[ing] full and complete records ’ of relevant data. ” D SMC I

, 2018 WL 5281941, at * 4 (alteration in original) ; see also id. at *4

– 7

. The Trade Court considered both of the “best of its ability” statutory provisions quoted above : § 1677m(e)’s criterion for using information that does not meet all Commerce requiremen ts (the interested party “acted to the best of its ability in providing the information and meeting [Commerce ’s ] requirements”), which plays a role in § 1677e(a)(2)(B) and (indirectly) in the last clause of § 1677e(a); and § 1677e(b)’s precondition to usin g an adverse inference (“an interested party has failed to cooperateby not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information from” Commerce). DSMC I

, 2018 WL 5281941, at *4

– 8. The Trade Court also noted that Commerce, during ver ification, had identified errors in Bosun’s information regarding some of the sales for which the FIFO step was used to infer origin ; and the court concluded that Commerce had not sufficiently explained its determination that the errors were isolated enoug h not to warrant use of an adverse inference under § 1677e(b). Id. at *7

– 8. The Trade Court remanded for further explanation. Id. at *8.

3

Commerce issued a Final Remand Redetermination on April 17, 2019

. This time, Commerce found § 1677e applicable, disregarded all of Bosun’s information about the Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 13 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 14

country of origin for all of its importer

- affiliates’ sales during the period of review

, and assigned Bosun an antidumping dumping margin of 82.05 %

. J.A. 304 8

– 51

, 3062

– 63. That figure was the margin Commerce assigned to Jiangsu, the other individually investigated exporter; Jiangsu’s margin was itself based on adverse inferences under § 1677e(b). J.A. 3062 (citing J.A. 2945

– 54).
As to the premises of its new conclusion: Commerce

reason ed that it would “resort to the facts otherwise available” under § 1677e(a) because four of the statutorily specified conditions for doing so were met here. J.A. 3046 (relying on § 1677 e (a)(1), (a)(2)(B)

– (D))

. Commerce noted that it had identified certai n error s in Bosun’s information during verification, referring specifically (perhaps only

— this is unclear) to sales for which “the FIFO methodology” was used

. J.A. 3049 & n.37

. Commerce disregarded all ofBosun’s information about origin for the entirety of the importer

- affiliates’ sales, even the sales for which Bosun identified origin based on product type or unit price. J.A. 3049. It stat ed that “Bosun had the ability to maintain [country

of

- or igin] records ” at the point of sale to unaffiliated U.S. purchasers

, “ but failed to do so

, ” and that “ Bosun is familiar with Commerce’s antidumping duty proceedings andshould have understood the importance of maintaining adequate country of origin informa tion

. ” J.A. 3047

. On that basis

, Commerce declared Bosun ’s information in its entirety “‘not satisfactory,’” leaving Commerce with “no reliable information on the country of origin of Bosun’s sales.” J.A. 3049 (quoting § 1677m(d))

. Finally, having deci ded to disregard all of Bosun’s origin information, Commerce concluded that , in selecting from the information otherwise available, it should use an adverse inference under § 1677e(b) because Bosun flunked the “best of its ability” standard of that subsect ion when it failed to maintain point

- of

- sale records. J.A. 304 8

– 4 9, 3058

– 59, 3062. For that reason , Commerce used the § 1677e(b)

- based Jiangsu Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 14 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 15

margin for Bosun (applying that margin to the imports covered by the administrative review). J.A. 3050, 3062

– 6 3. Bosun challenged Commerce’s remand redetermination at the Trade Court

. One of Bosun’s arguments was that the errors identified during the verification stage allfell into a circumscribed subset of the affiliates’ sales during the period of review, repr esenting less than 2.5% of the total volume of such sales (by unit, not value). J.A. 3075

– 76. The Trade Court affirmed the Final Remand Redetermination, concluding that the failure to make a record of origin at the point of sale by the importer

- affiliates, together with the errors identified by Commerce during verification, supported Commerce’s invocation of both § 1677e(a) and § 1677e(b). DSMC II , 415 F. Supp. 3d at 1370

– 73.

The Trade Court entered a final judgment on December 16, 2019. Bosun timely appealed. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(5).

II

A
Bosun challenges the Trade Court’s decision in DSMC I insofar as it remanded the matter to Commerce for additional explanation. We reject this challenge

. “We review decisions of the Court of International Trade that remand decisions of the Commission for further explanation (based on an inability to evaluate on the basis of the record before the court) with the more deferential abuse

- of

- discretion standard.” Diamond Sawblades Mfrs. ’ Coalition v. United States , 612 F.3d 1348, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2010). “In reviewing the trial court’s discretion, this court examines its reasons for remand for any legal error.” Id. at 1359 ( internal quotation marks omitted). Remands are

common, and they serve an important function

— to ensure the adequacy of agency explanation that is crucial to judicial review

, including review of whether substantial Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 15 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 16

evidence e xists for the premises of Commerce’s exercise of discretion

. See

, e.g. , CP Kelco US, Inc. v. United States , 949 F.3d 1348, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (four remands by Trade Court for further explanation); Mid Continent Steel & Wire, Inc. v. United States , 941 F.3d 530, 537

– 38 (Fed. Cir. 2019). We see no abuse of discretion in the remand in the present
matter

. The Trade Court in DSMC I expressed reasonable uncertainty about whether Commerce had properly considered the two “best of its ability” standard s regardi ng a person’s supply of information

— the one in 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) ; and the one in 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e) ( a subsection referred to directly in § 1677e(a)(2)(B) and indirectly through the concluding phrase of § 1677e(a)’s reference to § 1677m(d), which refers to § 1677m(e)). For purposes of assessing the DSMC I remand, Bosun has shown no material legal error in t he Trade Court ’s view of this court’s precedents , which explain, while focusing on § 1677e(b), that the “best of [a person’s] ability,” in pro per circumstances, may be tested by reference to the person’s pre

questionnaire recordkeeping

. See Peer Bearing , 766 F.3d at 1400; Nippon Steel , 337 F.3d at 1382

. Nor has Bosun shown an abuse of discretion on the particular facts. Specifically, we see n o abuse of discretion in the Trade Court decision to remand for a fuller explanation from Commerce of its initial judgment that the standard s did not apply, even in part, to Bosun’s recordkeeping

, given that country of origin was not recorded at the point of sale to the first unaffiliated U.S. purchaser.
The Trade Court also reasonably sought additional explanation from Commerce about the ramifications of the

errors Commerce identified in verifying Bosun’s submissions. Noting Commerce’s examination of fo ur sales traces,
t he court stated: “G iven the maximum sample size of four sales traces, Commerce’s conclusion that the error [in Bosun’s FIFO methodology] was ‘isolated’ and did not affect other sales is not sufficiently explained

. ” D SMC I

, 2018 Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 16 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 17

WL 5281941, at *7. The Trade Court suggested that the errors all involved sales whose origin Bosun had used the FIFO step to identify, but that fact left a question about why Commerce had not applied § 1677e to any of the Bosun sales, not even the full su bset of sales for which Bosun hadrelied on the FIFO step. The Trade Court reasonably concluded: “ [E] ven if the FIFO step was applied only in the last resort, Commerce has yet to explain its conclusion that the error discovered at verification was not rep licated in other sales, which were not reviewed at verification, to which the FIFO step applied.” Id. at *8.
In short, the Trade Court’s DSMC I remand to Commerce for further explanation was not an abuse of discretion.

B
Bosun also challenges the Trade Court’s affirmance, in DSMC II, of Commerce’s Remand Redetermination. We agree in part with this challenge.

On this appeal from the Trade Court, we carefully consider that court’s informed opinion, US Magnesium LLC v. United States , 839 F.3d 1023, 1027 ( Fed. Cir. 2016) ( citing Diamond Sawblades , 612 F.3d at 1356)

, but we must apply the same standard of review in considering the challenges
to Commerce’s actions as the standard that was applicable in the Trade Court

, Apex Exports v. United States , 777 F.3d 1373, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2015). For a final determination under 19 U.S.C. § 1675 , we consider whether Commerce’s decision is “unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i) ; se e Ta Chen Stainless Steel Pipe, Inc. v. United States , 298 F.3d 1330, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2002). We generally decide legal issues de novo

, CP Kelco US , 949 F.3d at 1356; and here, there is no invocation of deference under Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. National Resources Defense Council, Inc. , 467 U.S. 837 (1984)

, and no legal issue we decide for which such deference would make a difference. Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 17 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 18

We review factual determinations, including determinations of facts relevant to application of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) and (b ), for s ubstantial

- evidence support, which is “suchrelevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion

, ” considering “the record asa whole, including evidence that supports as well as evidence that ‘fairly detracts fro m the substantiality of the evidence.’” Nippon Steel , 337 F.3d at 1379 ; s ee also Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 487

– 88 (1951) ; Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB , 305 U .S. 197, 229 (1938) ; In re Gartside , 203 F.3d 1305, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2000).

Bosun challenges Commerce’s choice to disregard the entirety of its origin information, and to turn to “the facts otherwise available” for all of the period

- of

- review U.S. sales, as an application of § 1677e(a) not supported by substantial evidence. Bosun Op ening Br. at 24

– 26, 42

– 46. We
agree with Bosun’s challenge in part

. We address the preconditions to use of “the facts otherwise available” and then the premise for Commerce’s decision to disregard all of Bosun’s origin information as unreliable.

1

Under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)

, Commerce “shall” resort to

“ the facts otherwise available” (subject to § 1677m(d)) when any of five preconditions are met. The first precondition , stated by itself in paragraph (1), is not tied to the conduct of any interested party or other person: it is simply that “necessary information is not available on the record

. ” Id. § 1677e(a)(1). The other four preconditions , stated in paragraph (2), are tied to the conduct of “an intere sted party or any other person”: E ach specif ies conduct of a person that triggers the directive to Commerce to “use the facts otherwise available.” Id. § 1677e(a)(2)(A)

– (D). In its Remand Redetermination in this matter, Commerce invoked four of the five preconditions for such use. J.A. 3046. We find substantial

- evidence support as to two of them. Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 18 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 19

The one that Commerce did not rely on is § 1677e(a)(2)(A) , which requires that a person have

“ with h [e] ld [] information that has been requested” by Commerce. 1 9 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(A). Commerce did not find that Bosun withheld requested information.

Commerce found that § 1677e(a)(2)(C) applies. That provision applies here only if Bosun “ significantly impede [ d ] the proceeding

. ” Id. § 1677e(a)(2)(C). Although Commerce so found, that finding is not supported by substantial evidence. Commerce has not identified a withholding or misrepresentation of information that lengthened or otherwise impeded the proceeding. Cf. Ad Hoc Shrimp Tr ade Action Comm. v. United States , 802 F.3d 1339, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2015) . Indeed, Commerce has not identif ied any additional effort it had to expend because of Bosun’s reporting method that it would not have expended if point

- of

sales records had been kept

. For example, Commerce did not find, and the record supplies no basis for finding, that Commerce would have accepted such records without verification under 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(i) or with a less burdensome verification effort than the one Commerce actually expended.

Commerce also found that § 1677e(a)(2)(B) applies here. For that provision to apply, the record must support a finding that Bosun “ fail [ ed ] to provide [necessary] information by the deadlines for submission of the information or in the form and manner requested

, subject to subsections (c)(1) and (e) of section 1677m of this title

. ” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(B). But the record does not contain substantial evidence to support such a finding.

Commerce did not find that Bosun missed a deadline in pr oviding requested information

. Cf. Dongtai Peak Honey Indus. Co. v. United States , 777 F.3d 1343, 1355

– 56 (Fed. Cir. 2015)

. Co mmerce did find that Bosun failed to provide information “in the form and manner requested

, ” Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 19 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 20

but that finding is not supported by substantial evidence. 3 Commerce has not identified any language in its requests to Bosun that specified a particular form or manner of the country

- of

- origin information Bosun should submit. S ee generally J.A. 732, 1140

– 41, 2140

. Commerce’s initialquestionnaire asked that Bosun provide “a chart for reporting the sales quantity and value,” which Bosun provided. J.A. 65

, 84

– 8 5

. Commerce asked in questionnaire SectionC that Bosun “prepare a separate computer data file containing each sale m ade during the [period of review],” which Bosun provided. J.A. 735

, 784

– 91. The 2017 Verification Report addressing Bosun’s information similarly recognized that Bosun provided the pre

- selected “sales trace packages” Commerce requested, J.A. 2889, and al so provided Microsoft Excel spreadsheets ( i.e. , a “computer data file,” as requested) that assisted Commerce’s inquiry

, J.A. 2890

. Although the Trade Court spoke of Commerce having requested “direct” origin information, DSMC II , 415 F. Supp. 3d at 1371, Commerce has supplied no evidentiary support for that characterization.
For those reasons, essential requirements for applicabilit y of § 1677e(a)(2)(B) are not met here. It is immaterial, in this circumstance, whether the “ subject to subsections (c)(1) and (e) of section 1677m ” phrase is met. That phrase merely obliges Commerce to consider excusing deadline or form

- or

- manner violat ions in certain situations. It has no application when there is no evidence

- supported deadline or form

- or

- manner violation in the first place , as here

. Commerce found applicable two other triggers for the use of the facts otherwise available under § 1677e (a). It

3 Contrary to a contenti on made by Diamond Sawblades, but not by Commerce, we think that Bosun sufficiently challenged the applicability of § 1677e(a)(2)(B) inthe Trade Court when it argued that the information it provided complied with Commerce’s requests. Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 20 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 21

found that “ necessary information is not available on the record, ” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1), and , referring to information requested by Commerce, that Bosun “ provide [d] such information but the information cannot be verified

, ” id. § 1677e(a)(2)(D). Substantial evidence supports the finding as to the second and, a fortiori , as to the first. D uring verification Commerce found problems in several of Bosun’s origin identifications ; and putting to one side the important question of how much of Bosun’s overall origin information those problem s render unreliable

, we think it clear that Commerce could reasonably find the problems sufficient to deem unreliable a t least a portion of Bosun’s information, i.e. , the portion resorting to the FIFO step for identifying the origin of particular U.S. sales

. See J.A. 3049, 3061; see also DSMC II

, 415 F. Supp. 3d at 1371. As to those sales, the evidence supports a finding that the information submitted could not be adequately verified and that, as a result, ori gin information about those sales was missing. Commerce therefore properly found § 1677e(a) to apply in this matter.

2
Having permissibly concluded that there were (limited) bases for applying the command to use “the facts otherwise available” under § 16 77e(a), Commerce had to determine

, under the “otherwise” language, which facts constituted“other[]” facts that had to be disregarded. Commerce ultimately concluded that it would disregard all of Bosun’s origin information. J.A. 3049. The basis on which Commerce did so, however, leaves a significant question about substantial

- evidence support , and the answer to that question seems consequential, because the record appears to suggest that there is no sufficient support for disregarding more than 2.5% of t he U.S. sales of Bosun’s affiliates.

Commerce did not decide that the “otherwise” phrase, without more, itself demands , or should be interpreted to demand, disregard of all information of any person whose Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 21 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 22

conduct comes within one of the § 1677e(a) precondi tions

, even if the only applicable preconditions are § 1677e(a)(1)and (a)(2)(D) and most of the information that person supplied is verified and not otherwise soundly deemed unreliable. Nor did Commerce advance a categorical position of that sort when it relied on § 1677m(d) , to which § 1677e(a) refers in its concluding phrase. Subsection 1677m(d) states that, in certain circumstances involving a person’s submission attempting to cure an earlier failure to “comply with [an information] request

, ” if Commerce finds the submission “not satisfactory,” it “may, su bject to subsection (e),disregard all or part of the original and subsequent responses

. ” 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d)

. We may assume arguendo that the provision applies here. When Commerce invoked th e provision

, by deeming Bosun’s submissions unsatisfactory, it did not say that it was applying § 1677m(d)’s “disregard” clause based on a policy decision to disregard all of the Bosun

- supplied origin information no matter how limited the basis was for fin ding Bosun’s information not satisfactory, i.e. , even if the reliability

- undermining effect of

any deficiency was cabined.
Commerce likewise asserted no such position based on § 1677m(e). That provision, which does not directly apply here because there is no supported finding under § 1677e(a)(2)(B), is only of indirect relevance to § 1677e(a) in this matter based on § 1677e(a)’s statement that Commerce’s use of the facts otherwise available is “subject to section 1677m(d) ”

— which itself authorizes disrega rd of information only “subject to [§ 1677m(e)].” Section 1677m(e) on its face is only a requirement that Commerce sometimes

use party

- supplied information that , in the absence of the requirement, Commerce could or must disregard; its language is not a di rective to expand the amount of party

- supplied information Commerce must disregard

. Regardless, Commerce did not, under this clause, adopt a position that it would disregard all reliable information submitted by a person that includes some unverifiable information within Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 22 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 23

§ 1677e(a)(2)(D), whenever the person did not act to the best of its ability in keeping records.
Such rationales, had Commerce adopted them, would raise serious questions in a case like this one, where only § 1677e (a)(1 ) and (a)(2)(D) undergird application of § 1677e(a), about conformity to the statutory policies that must guide any agency’s exercise of discretion

. See

, e.g. , Judulang v. Holder , 565 U.S. 42, 55 (2011) (discussing “may” authority in 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) (1 994) )

. We have explained that “ [a] n overriding purpose of Commerce ’ s administration of antidumping laws is to calculate dumping margins as accurately as possible. ” Yangzhou Bestpak Gifts & Crafts Co. v. United States , 716 F.3d 1370, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing Rhone Poulenc, Inc. v. United States, 899 F.2d 1185, 1191 (Fed. Cir. 1990) ); see also Mid Continent Steel , 941 F.3d at 542

. More particularly, we have often focused, when applying § 1677e(a), on the subsection’s role as a command to Commerce “ to fill a gap in the record ” when information is missing or compromised. Zhejiang DunAn Hetian Metal Co., Ltd. v. United States

, 652 F.3d 1333, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2011) ; se e also Nippon Steel

, 337 F.3d at 1381 . To the extent that information supplied is reliable, i.e. , not in fact tainted by its supplier’s conduct, “gap” seems an inapt characterization. And t he authoritative Statement of Administrative Action

, see 19 U.S.C. § 3512(d)

, states that subsection 1677e(a) pertains to situations “ where requested information is missing from the record or cannot be used because, for example, it has not been provided, it was provided late, or Commerce could not verify the information ,” and w hen needed information is missing, Commerce “ must make [its] determinations based on all evidence of record, weighing the record evidence to determine that which is most probative of the issue under consider ation

, ” H.R. Doc. No. 103

- 316, vol. 1, at 869 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4179. That explanation , on its own, suggests an information

- specific consideration of probativeness rather than any blanket disregard Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 23 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 24

of all information supplied by a person whenever some of the information supplied by that person is unreliable. 4
Notably, this is not a case involving withholding of information, failure to meet timing, form, or manner requirements, or significant impeding of a proceeding, under § 167 7e(a)(2)(A), (B), and (C). Such situations implicate a policy of cooperation with Commerce that is evident on the face of th os e statutory provisions

, as it is evident on the face of § 1677e(b ) . The relevance of such a policy is not as facially evident at the § 1677e(a) stage where, as here, applying § 1677e(a) involve s only missing or unverifiable information, under § 1677e(a)(1) and (a)(2)(D). We need not go further than note the facial difference between these and the other preconditions for application of § 1677e(a). In particular, we do not pursue a full statutory analysis or, therefore, conclude that Commerce is statutorily precluded from doing more than filling in gaps in reliable information when applying § 1677e(a) eve n when the only preconditions are § 1677e(a)(1) and (a)(2)(D).

We need not confront questions raised about a blanket policy of that sort because Commerce did not announce ( or

4 See also Shandon g Rongxin Imp. & Exp. Co. v. United States , 355 F. Supp. 3d 1365, 1370 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2019) (“This subsection thus gives Commerce a way to fill informational gaps in the administrative record.”); Xiping Opeck Food Co. v. United States , 34 F. Supp. 3d 133 1, 1347 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2014) (“Commerce shall fill in the gaps with ‘facts otherwise available’ if any respondent significantly impedes the Department’s ability to conduct a proceeding.” (citing Nippon Steel , 337 F.3d at 1381)); Dorbest Ltd. v. United St ates , 462 F. Supp. 2d 1262, 1318 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2006) (“Section 1677e(a) requires that there be a gap in the record of verifiable information due to a party’s failure to supply necessary or reliable information in response to an information request from Commerce.”). Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 24 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 25

therefore explain) such a policy . Instead, Commerce justified its disregard of all of Bosun’s information based on its determination that the defects in Bosun’s origin

- identifying methodology left Commerce with “no reliable information on the country of origin of Bosuns sales.” J.A. 3049. That premise asserts a reliability problem with all the Bosun information . We assess Commerce’s decision to disregard all of Bosun’s information on the basis Commerce gave for that decision. See SEC v. Chenery Corp. , 332 U.S. 194, 196 (1947).

We conclude that Commerce has not satisfactorily explained why substantial evidence supports its determination of unreliability of all of Bosun’s origin information. C ommerce has not explained why, as a general matter, records other than point

- of

- sale records are categorically less reliable than point

- of

- sale records (both of which may require verification)

— or, therefore, why the entirety of Bosun’s three

- step origin

- identification process is “not satisfactory” just because it does not involve point

- of

- sale records . Nor has Commerce identified a methodolo gical problem with the first two steps of Bosun’s identification

process. See J.A. 2891

– 92. And neither in its Remand Redetermination decision, e.g. , J.A. 3049, 3060, nor in its briefin this court, has Commerce provided a comprehensible explanation for why, if so, the errors found in Bosun’s submissions have a reliability

- undermining effect outside the category of sales to unaffiliated U.S. purchases whose origin Bosun identified through the FIFO inference. The language used by Commerce, especially at J .A. 3049 & n.37, can easily be understood as limited to the FIFO

inference step

. This deficiency in Commerce’s explanation appears to
matter considerably to the outcome of this proceeding

. Bosun has argued that any absence of or tain t on origin information lies entirely within the category of sales for which Bosun relied on the FIFO inference

— a category that Bosun asserts, without apparent contradiction, involves less than Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 25 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 26

2.5% of the sales during the period of review

. Bosun Op ening B r. at 38

– 39. The government’s evidentiary argument for a broader gap or taint is distinctly limited. In its Remand Redetermination , Commerce noted some problems identified during verification, seemingly limited to the FIFO

- inference step , J.A. 3049, and it stated, in a footnote, “that Bosun’s errors in reporting physical characteristics‘affected three out of sixteen transactions identified at verification, and related to multiple product characteristics

, ’” id. at 3049 n.37 (quoting DSMC I

, 2018 WL 528194 1 , at *8). Whether that statement even refers to an effect beyond the FIFO

- inference step is not apparent; still less clear is an evidentiary basis for a finding to that effect. 5 T he text of the paragraph in which the footnote appears suggests that any taint is confined to the FIFO

- inference category of sales. See id. at 3049 (“ For this reason, we now find that, based on our verification process, Bosun’s supplemental responses explaining the FIFO methodology werenot satisfactory, because Bosun could have maintained adequate country of origin information for its products in the first place.” ).
We are not persuaded, on the briefing and other materials presented to us, that there is a supported basis for finding the Bosun

- supplied information unreliable outside the category of sales for which origin was identified using only the FIFO

- inference step (rather than the two earlier steps) . But we also are not confident that there is no such basis. W e think that a remand is advisable for the parties

5 For the control numbers incorrectly reported in two sales traces, Commerce’s 2017 Verification Report credits Bosun’s explanation that “because this control number is unique to a particular product code, these errors to the physical charact eristics and the control number should not affect the calculation of the margin for Bosun.” J.A. 2889

– 90. Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 26 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 27

to address this focused issue, which may have substantial

consequence s for the bottom

- line result of the proceeding.

3

Neither Commerce n or the Trade Court misinterpreted our ho ldings in Nippon Steel or Peer Bearing regarding the “best of its ability” standard of § 1677e(b). Before applying that standard, however, the appropriate threshold determination under § 1677e(a) requires that Commerce determine what are “the facts otherw ise available.” I t is only for “selecting from among the facts otherwise available,” as properly determined under § 1677e(a), that § 1677e(b) authorizes Commerce to use an adverse inference

. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b); s ee Zhejiang DunAn , 652 F.3d at 1346 (“Asthese two subsections make clear, Commerce first must determine that it is proper to use facts otherwise available before it may apply an adverse inference.” ).
Nor did Commerce or the Trade Court misinterpret the governing precedent that, on the facts that properly come within § 1677e(a) and hence § 1677e(b), the “inference” that Commerce “may use” in “selecting from among the facts otherwise available” must “ be a reasonably accurate estimate of the respondent’s actual rate, albeit with some built

- in i ncrease intended as a deterrent to non

- compliance .” F.Lii de Cecco di Filippo Fara S. Martino S.p.A. v. United States , 216 F.3d 1027, 1032 (Fed. Cir. 2000) ( “ [T] he purpose of section 1677e(b) is to provide respondents with an incentive to cooperate, not t o impose punitive, aberrational, or uncorroborated margins.” ) ; see also Essar Steel Ltd. v. United States , 678 F.3d 1268, 1276 (Fed. Cir. 2012); Gallant Ocean (Thailand) Co. v. United States , 602 F.3d 1319, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 201 0 ). If, on remand, it is dete rmined that, as currently appears, there is no basis for Commerce to disregard under § 1677e(a) the Bosun

- supplied origin information for the sales to unaffiliated U.S. customers during the period of review o utside the category of sales Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 27 Filed: 01/27/2021DIAMOND SAWBLADES v. UNITED STATES 28

analyzed via the FI FO methodology , a redetermination of how § 1677e(b) applies to this matter will be needed

. III
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part, reverse in part
, and vacate in part

, and we remand for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
The parties shall bear their own c osts. AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSE D IN PART , VACATE D IN PART, AND REMAND ED Case: 20-1478 Document: 52 Page: 28 Filed: 01/27/2021