F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

FEB 7 1997

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

vs.

TERRY L. WOOD,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 96-3141

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS

(D.C. No. 95-CR-40025)

Robert V. Eye (Pedro L. Irigonegaray and Elizabeth R. Herbert, Topeka, Kansas, with

him on the briefs), for Defendant - Appellant.

James E. Flory (Jackie N. Williams, United States Attorney, and Randy M. Hendershot,

Assistant United States Attorney, Topeka, Kansas, with him on the brief), for Plaintiff -

Appellee.

Before BALDOCK, KELLY and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

KELLY, Circuit Judge.

Terry Wood appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress

evidence discovered during a search of his car. He argues that the officer who conducted
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the search did not have the reasonable suspicion required by the Fourth Amendment as a

predicate for the seizure which preceded the search. We exercise jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and reverse.

Background

On March 31, 1995, Kansas Highway Patrol Trooper Richard Jimerson stopped

Mr. Wood on Interstate 70 for speeding. Mr. Wood pulled over immediately when

signaled to do so. The trooper approached the car and, as he stood at the driver’s side

window, noticed trash on the floor, including sacks from fast-food restaurants, and open

maps in the passenger compartment. He also determined that Mr. Wood was “extremely

nervous”; his breathing was rapid, his hands trembled as he handed over his driver’s

license, and he cleared his throat several times. Trooper Jimerson saw that the car had a

phone with a credit card reader and surmised that the car was rented. When asked, Mr.

Wood confirmed that he had rented the car, and produced the rental papers. Trooper

Jimerson asked where Mr. Wood had rented the car, and was told San Francisco. The

trooper told Mr. Wood that he had been stopped for speeding, and then returned to the

patrol car to fill out a warning citation.

Trooper Jimerson initiated a computer check on Mr. Wood’s driver’s license as

well as a criminal history check. He examined the rental papers, which reflected that the

car had been rented in Sacramento. Upon observation of this discrepancy, the trooper

asked Mr. Wood to join him in the patrol car.
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Trooper Jimerson asked Mr. Wood about the discrepancy between the rental

locations. Mr. Wood promptly corrected his error, and confirmed that the car had indeed

been rented in Sacramento. The trooper had also noted that the rental papers indicated

that the car was due back in Sacramento the following day, and asked Mr. Wood about

his travel plans. Mr. Wood informed the trooper that he was traveling in the car only one

way, and that the rental company was aware of his plans. Mr. Wood explained that he

had flown with his sister to Sacramento on a vacation, and that she had returned by plane

to Topeka while he chose to drive to enjoy the scenery. While awaiting the results of the

computer checks, Trooper Jimerson and Mr. Wood engaged in casual conversation. Mr.

Wood revealed that he was an unemployed painter but that he expected to return to work

in about six weeks. The two discussed Mr. Wood’s vacation, and the good rate Mr.

Wood had received on the rental car. While Mr. Wood was in the patrol car, the trooper

simultaneously received the results of the two computer checks, which indicated that Mr.

Wood had a valid driver’s license and a narcotics history. The trooper asked Mr. Wood if

he had ever been arrested, and Mr. Wood acknowledged his 1984 arrest for drugs. The

trooper asked if the arrest was for a misdemeanor, and was told it was for a felony.

Trooper Jimerson then completed the warning ticket, returned the driver’s license

and rental papers to Mr. Wood, and told him he was free to go. As Mr. Wood began to

exit the patrol car, the trooper inquired if he could ask him a few questions; Mr. Wood’s

reply was equivocal. Trooper Jimerson asked if Mr. Wood had any narcotics or weapons,
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and was told no. The trooper asked Mr. Wood if he would consent to a search of his car,

and was again told no. At this point, eight to ten minutes after the initial traffic stop, and

after having failed to obtain voluntary consent to search, Trooper Jimerson told Mr. Wood

that he was detaining the car and its contents in order to subject it to a canine sniff. 

The events which transpired after Trooper Jimerson announced his decision to

detain the car are not relevant to the issues in this appeal. Suffice it to say, however, the

canine team arrived, the dog alerted on the car, the car was searched, and narcotics were

found in the trunk.

Mr. Wood moved in the district court to suppress, arguing that the contraband was

the fruit of the poisonous tree because Trooper Jimerson did not have reasonable

suspicion to detain his car. The district court denied this motion, as well as a subsequent

motion for reconsideration. Mr. Wood then entered a conditional guilty plea pursuant to

Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(a)(2) to possession of over 100 grams of methamphetamine with the

intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). 

Mr. Wood now appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress. Mr.

Wood’s filing of his notice of appeal after his conditional guilty plea but before

sentencing does not disturb our jurisdiction. Fed. R. App. P. 4(b); United States v. Green,

847 F.2d 622, 623-25 (10th Cir. 1988) (en banc).

Discussion
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In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the factual findings of

the district court unless they are clearly erroneous. United States v. Guerrero-Hernandez,

95 F.3d 983, 986 (10th Cir. 1996). The ultimate determination of reasonableness under

the Fourth Amendment, however, is a question of law which we review de novo. Id. We

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the district court’s determination. United

States v. Davis, 94 F.3d 1465, 1467 (10th Cir. 1996); United States v. LedesmaDominguez, 53 F.3d 1159, 1161 (10th Cir. 1995).

A routine traffic stop is a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. 

For purposes of constitutional analysis, however, it is characterized as an investigative

detention rather than a custodial arrest. Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 439 (1984). 

The reasonableness of an investigative detention is judged under the principles announced

in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19-20 (1968), which mandates a two-part inquiry. First, we

determine whether the stop was justified at its inception. Id. at 20; United States v. Lee,

73 F.3d 1034, 1038 (10th Cir. 1996). This first part of the Terry inquiry is not a matter of

dispute in this appeal as Mr. Wood no longer challenges the reasonableness of the initial

traffic stop. Second, we determine whether the officer’s actions during the detention

were reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in

the first place. Terry, 392 U.S. at 20; Lee, 73 F.3d at 1038. Mr. Wood does challenge the

reasonableness of Trooper Jimerson’s detention of his car in order to subject it to a canine

sniff, after failing to obtain voluntary consent. 
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An investigative detention must be temporary, lasting no longer than necessary to

effectuate the purpose of the stop, and the scope of the detention must be carefully

tailored to its underlying justification. Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 500 (1983); Lee,

73 F.3d at 1038-39. During a traffic stop for speeding, a police officer is permitted to ask

such questions, examine such documentation, and run such computer verifications as

necessary to determine that the driver has a valid license and is entitled to operate the

vehicle. United States v. Miller, 84 F.3d 1244, 1250 (10th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom.

Hicks v. United States, 117 S. Ct. 443 (1996). The officer may detain the driver and his

vehicle as long as reasonably necessary to make these determinations and to issue a

citation or warning. United States v. Martinez, 983 F.2d 968, 974 (10th Cir. 1992) (citing

United States v. Guzman, 864 F.2d 1512, 1519 (10th Cir. 1988), overruled in part on

other grounds by United States v. Botero-Ospina, 71 F.3d 783 (10th Cir. 1995)), cert.

denied sub nom. Araujo v. United States, 507 U.S. 1056 (1993), and cert. denied, 508

U.S. 922 (1993). In appropriate circumstances, to ensure the officer’s safety, the officer

may obtain information regarding the detainee’s criminal history. United States v.

McRae, 81 F.3d 1528, 1536 n.6 (10th Cir. 1996). However, “[w]hen the driver has

produced a valid license and proof that he is entitled to operate the car, he must be

allowed to proceed on his way, without being subject to further delay by police for

additional questioning.” Lee, 73 F.3d at 1039 (quoting United States v. Sandoval, 29

F.3d 537, 540 (10th Cir. 1994)) (further quotations and internal quotation marks omitted).
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Both parties raise issues pertaining to questions Trooper Jimerson asked Mr. Wood

regarding his criminal record after receiving the results of the computer checks. Contrary

to circuit precedent, the government argues that an officer need not have reasonable

suspicion about a matter unrelated to the initial stop before asking detainees questions

about that matter. Compare United States v. Jones, 44 F.3d 860, 872 (10th Cir. 1995),

with United States v. Shabazz, 993 F.2d 431, 436 (5th Cir. 1993). We need not consider

this issue since its resolution is unnecessary to our disposition, given our discussion

below. Trooper Jimerson had been advised by his dispatcher of essentially the same

information that he elicited by his questions. The only additional event which occurred

subsequent to the trooper’s “release” of Mr. Wood and the decision to detain the vehicle

was Mr. Wood’s refusal to consent to a search of his car, and it should go without saying

that consideration of such a refusal would violate the Fourth Amendment.

An investigative detention may be permissibly expanded beyond the reason for its

inception if the person stopped consents to that expansion. See United States v.

McKneely, 6 F.3d 1447, 1450 (10th Cir. 1993). This appeal does not present this

exception, however, since Mr. Wood did not consent to the detention of his car. Absent

valid consent, the scope or duration of an investigative detention may be expanded

beyond its initial purpose only if the detaining officer at the time of the detention has “a

particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal

activity.” United States v. Lambert, 46 F.3d 1064, 1069 (10th Cir. 1995) (quoting United
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States v. Bloom, 975 F.2d 1447, 1456 (10th Cir. 1992)) (further quotation omitted); see

also Lee, 73 F.3d at 1038 (citing Terry, 392 U.S. at 21). The failure to consent to a search

cannot form any part of the basis for reasonable suspicion. United States v. Manuel, 992

F.2d 272, 274 (10th Cir. 1993).

The district court concluded that Trooper Jimerson had specific articulable facts

which, in the aggregate, gave him reasonable suspicion to question Mr. Wood regarding

his prior drug convictions and other drug-related matters, to seek consent to search, and to

detain the car while a canine sniff was conducted. 

We are well aware that the existence of objectively reasonable suspicion of illegal

activity does not depend upon any one factor, but on the totality of the circumstances. 

United States v. Bloom, 975 F.2d 1447, 1456 (10th Cir. 1992) (quoting United States v.

Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417-18 (1981)); United States v. Soto, 988 F.2d 1548, 1555 (10th

Cir. 1993). The “whole picture” must be taken into account. Bloom, 975 F.2d at 1456

(quoting Cortez, 449 U.S. at 417-18) (further quotations omitted). Common sense and

ordinary human experience are to be employed, United States v. Melendez-Garcia, 28

F.3d 1046, 1052 (10th Cir. 1994), and deference is to be accorded a law enforcement

officer’s ability to distinguish between innocent and suspicious actions. United States v.

Lopez-Martinez, 25 F.3d 1481, 1484 (10th Cir. 1994). Inchoate suspicions and

unparticularized hunches, however, do not provide reasonable suspicion. United States v.

Fernandez, 18 F.3d 874, 878 (10th Cir. 1994) (citing United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S.
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1, 7 (1989); Terry, 392 U.S. at 27). Even though reasonable suspicion may be founded

upon factors consistent with innocent travel, Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 9-10, “[s]ome facts

must be outrightly dismissed as so innocent or susceptible to varying interpretations as to

be innocuous.” Lee, 73 F.3d at 1039; Reid v. Georgia, 448 U.S. 438, 441 (1980). We

therefore examine, both individually and in the aggregate, the factors found by the trooper

and the district court to give rise to reasonable suspicion to detain Mr. Wood’s car.

The first factor set forth by the district court was Mr. Wood’s “unusual” travel

plans. The court determined that it was “[un]likely or [im]plausible that an unemployed

painter in Kansas could afford to take a two-week vacation in California, to fly there oneway in a commercial airplane, to rent a 1995 Mercury Marqu[i]s in California, and then to

drive the rental car back to Kansas.” Aplt. App. 32-33. It is true that unusual travel plans

may provide an indicia of reasonable suspicion. For example, in Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 9,

the defendant’s travel itinerary was one of several factors which led the Supreme Court to

conclude that reasonable suspicion supported the decision to search the defendant. Mr.

Sokolow had made the twenty-hour flight from Honolulu to Miami in July for a fortyeight hour sojourn in Miami. Id.

We disagree with the district court’s legal conclusion that Mr. Wood’s travel plans

were the sort of unusual plans which give rise to reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. 

Mr. Wood told the trooper he was taking a vacation. He had a valid driver’s license and

presented papers which proved his authority to operate the car, which had been rented in
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his own name. There is nothing criminal about traveling by car to view scenery. Since

Mr. Wood was unemployed and did not expect to return to work for another six weeks,

his schedule permitted him the luxury of time to make such a trip. Moreover, temporary

unemployment does not mean that vacations are financially unattainable. Mr. Wood may

have saved money for the trip; he may have been the donee of a wealthy relative or

acquaintance; he might have won the lottery or not yet exceeded the credit line on his

VISA card. Mr. Wood’s itinerary was very different from that in Sokolow, and his

employment status did not make his itinerary unusual.

The district court also found that Mr. Wood’s error in identifying the city where he

had rented his car was a factor which suggested that criminal activity was afoot. As with

unusual travel plans, inconsistencies in information provided to the officer during the

traffic stop may give rise to reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. See United States

v. Kopp, 45 F.3d 1450, 1453-54 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 1721 (1995); United

States v. Sanchez-Valderuten, 11 F.3d 985, 989 (10th Cir. 1993). Again, however, Mr.

Wood’s error in identifying the city where he rented the car is not the sort of

inconsistency that warrants such a conclusion.

Mr. Wood’s error might give rise to suspicion if it suggested that he was trying to

conceal the fact that he had rented the car in a city known to be a source for narcotics. 

Trooper Jimerson testified that California is a known source state for narcotics; he also

testified that the fact that Mr. Wood’s car had California license plates and registration
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was of no significance to him. Furthermore, the trooper did not indicate, nor is there any

evidence in the record, that Sacramento is regarded as a source city for narcotics, while

San Francisco is not. Mr. Wood’s error might also be suspicious if other information

provided to the trooper contradicted his explanation. E.g., Kopp, 45 F.3d at 1453-54;

Sanchez-Valderuten, 11 F.3d at 989. No such evidence supports the district court’s

conclusion, indeed, under the district court’s reasoning, Mr. Wood caused suspicion both

by making the error in the first instance and by “later promptly admitt[ing]” his mistake. 

Once Mr. Wood corrected his error, suspicious inconsistencies virtually evaporated and

any justification his error yielded for further investigation dissipated.

The district court also concluded that the presence of fast food wrappers and open

maps in the passenger compartment contributed to a finding that reasonable suspicion

existed. Mr. Wood informed the trooper of his travel itinerary—a cross-country trip

through parts of the country he had not seen before. The presence of open maps in the

passenger compartment is not only consistent with his explanation, but is entirely

consistent with innocent travel such that, in the absence of contradictory information, it

cannot reasonably be said to give rise to suspicion of criminal activity. See Karnes v.

Skrutski, 62 F.3d 485, 495 (3d Cir. 1995). Remnants from fast-food restaurants can

probably be found on the floor of many cars traveling the interstate highways, including

many traveling eastbound on Interstate 70. See Karnes, 62 F.3d at 496 (Fast-food

wrappers “have become ubiquitous in modern interstate travel and do not serve to
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separate the suspicious from the innocent traveler.”). The possession of open maps and

the vestiges of fast-food meals describes a very large category of presumably innocent

travelers, Reid, 448 U.S. at 441, and any suspicion associated with these items is virtually

nonexistent. 

Another factor which figured prominently in the district court’s determination was

Trooper Jimerson’s subjective assessment of Mr. Wood as extremely nervous during the

traffic stop. It is certainly not uncommon for most citizens—whether innocent or

guilty—to exhibit signs of nervousness when confronted by a law enforcement officer. 

See Fernandez, 18 F.3d at 879; Lambert, 46 F.3d at 1070-71; United States v. MillanDiaz, 975 F.2d 720, 722 (10th Cir. 1992); United States v. Hall, 978 F.2d 616, 621 & n.4

(10th Cir. 1992). Trooper Jimerson had no prior acquaintance with Mr. Wood which

enabled the trooper to contrast Mr. Wood’s behavior during the traffic stop with his usual

demeanor. Hall, 978 F.2d at 621; Bloom], 975 F.2d at 1458. “We have repeatedly held

that nervousness is of limited significance in determining reasonable suspicion and that

the government’s repetitive reliance on . . . nervousness . . . as a basis for reasonable

suspicion . . . must be treated with caution.” Fernandez, 18 F.3d at 879 (citation omitted). 

Thus, Mr. Wood’s demeanor during the detention must be discounted given the generic

claim of nervousness.

The remaining factor relied upon by the district court was Mr. Wood’s prior

narcotics convictions. Although Trooper Jimerson subsequently received more detail
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about the number of times Mr. Wood had been convicted, and an indication from the El

Paso Intelligence Center that Mr. Wood was a known narcotics trafficker, at the time he

detained Mr. Wood the trooper knew only that Mr. Wood had a narcotics record. The

trooper inquired about that record, and Mr. Wood promptly and truthfully responded to

the inquiries.

We have previously cautioned that prior criminal involvement alone is insufficient

to give rise to the necessary reasonable suspicion to justify shifting the focus of an

investigative detention from a traffic stop to a narcotics or weapons investigation. Lee,

73 F.3d at 1040; Sandoval, 29 F.3d at 542. “If the law were otherwise, any person with

any sort of criminal record . . . could be subjected to a Terry-type investigative stop by a

law enforcement officer at any time without the need for any other justification at all.” 

Id. at 543. Given the near-complete absence of other factors which reasonably gave rise

to suspicion, the fact that Mr. Wood had previously been convicted of narcotics violations

adds little to the calculus.

The factors relied upon by the district court are insufficient to support a finding

that reasonable suspicion existed on the facts of this case. Reliance on the mantra “the

totality of the circumstances” cannot metamorphose these facts into reasonable suspicion. 

Although the nature of the totality of the circumstances test makes it possible for

individually innocuous factors to add up to reasonable suspicion, it is “impossible for a
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combination of wholly innocent factors to combine into a suspicious conglomeration

unless there are concrete reasons for such an interpretation.” Karnes, 62 F.3d at 496.

After stripping away the factors which must be disregarded because they are

innocuous, we are left with Mr. Wood’s nervousness and his prior narcotics history—both

factors which this court has cautioned are of only limited significance in determining

whether reasonable suspicion existed. To sanction a finding that the Fourth Amendment

permits a seizure based on such a weak foundation would be tantamount to subjecting the

traveling public to virtually random seizures, inquisitions to obtain information which

could then be used to suggest reasonable suspicion, and arbitrary exercises of police

power. Reid, 448 U.S. at 441; United States v. Johnson, 63 F.3d 242, 247 (3d Cir. 1995),

cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 2528 (1996). Accordingly, because Trooper Jimerson detained

Mr. Wood’s car without reasonable suspicion, the evidence of narcotics discovered in his

trunk is tainted by the unlawfulness of that detention and must be suppressed. Wong Sun

v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 484-86 (1963).

REVERSED and REMANDED.