IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

MFW Wine Co., LLC, A6 Wine :

Company, and GECC2 LLC d/b/a :

Bloomsday Cafe, :

Petitioners :

:

v. :

:

Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board, : No. 251 M.D. 2020

Respondent : Argued: November 17, 2021

BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge1

HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge

HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge

HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge

OPINION BY 

JUDGE COVEY FILED: May 27, 2022

Before this Court is MFW Wine Co., LLC’s (MFW), A6 Wine 

Company’s (A6), and GECC2 LLC d/b/a Bloomsday Café’s (Bloomsday Café) 

(collectively, Petitioners) Application for Relief Seeking Damages, Costs, Interest 

and Attorneys’ Fees (Damages Application) from the Pennsylvania Liquor Control 

Board (PLCB).2 On May 1, 2020, this Court granted peremptory judgment in 

mandamus and summary declaratory relief in Petitioners’ favor and against the 

PLCB because the PLCB failed to carry out the General Assembly’s directive to 

1 This case was assigned to the opinion writer before January 7, 2022, when Judge Cohn 

Jubelirer became President Judge.

2

“The PLCB regulates the distribution of beverage alcohol in Pennsylvania, operates [580 

Fine W]ine and [Good S]pirits stores statewide, and licenses 20,000 alcohol producers, retailers, 

and handlers.” www.media.pa.gov/pages/liquor-control-board-details.aspx?newsid=566 (last 

visited May 26, 2022).
2

permit properly licensed companies to sell and deliver special orders (SOs) directly 

to their customers without added handling fees.

3

Background

Before June 8, 2016, SO customers, like Bloomsday Café, that wished 

to purchase a class, variety, or brand of liquor or alcohol not then available from a 

PLCB Fine Wine and Good Spirits store (PLCB Store) could place SOs for the items 

with licensed importers or vendors, like MFW or A6. However, the licensed 

importers or vendors were required to deliver the SOs to PLCB Stores, where the 

customers had to pick them up. The PLCB charged the customers handling fees for 

each bottle purchased in this process. 

On June 8, 2016, by enacting Section 3 of Act 39,4the General 

Assembly amended Section 305(a) of the Liquor Code5to provide that SOs may be 

delivered from a licensed importer or vendor directly to a customer. Section 3 of 

Act 39 also states that the PLCB may not assess a handling fee on [SOs], and that 

“[t]he [PLCB] shall, by January 1, 2017, implement a procedure for processing 

[SOs] . . . .” (Emphasis added.) Further, on July 13, 2016, the General Assembly 

passed an omnibus amendment to implement the Commonwealth’s 2016-2017 

budget (Section 20 of Act 85 of 20166), which added Section 1799.2-E to The Fiscal 

Code,7and therein provided that “the [PLCB] may implement a procedure for 

processing [SOs] . . . by June 1, 2017.” (Emphasis added.) The PLCB took the 

position that implementing an SO processing procedure was discretionary, and the 

3 SO customers are largely PLCB licensees (i.e., establishments authorized to sell alcohol).

4 Act of June 8, 2016, P.L. 273.

5 Act of April 12, 1951, P.L. 90, as amended, 47 P.S. § 3-305(a).

6 Act of July 13, 2016, P.L. 664.

7 Act of April 9, 1929, P.L. 343, as amended, added by Section 20 of the Act of July 13, 

2016, P.L. 664, 72 P.S. § 1799.2-E (PLCB Procedure).
3

June 1, 2017 date was merely advisory. As a result, to date, the PLCB has not 

implemented an SO processing procedure, thereby preventing licensed importers 

and vendors from directly shipping SOs to their customers, and the PLCB continues

to assess handling fees on all SOs.

On March 6, 2020, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf (Governor Wolf) 

issued a Proclamation of Disaster Emergency (Proclamation) in response to the 

COVID-19 pandemic. See Wolf v. Scarnati, 233 A.3d 679 (Pa. 2020); see also

“Process to Reopen Pennsylvania.”

8 On March 16, 2020, the PLCB announced the 

indefinite closure of the PLCB Stores and licensee service centers effective March 

17, 2020, to reduce the spread of COVID-19.

9

 On March 18, 2020, the PLCB, with 

Governor Wolf’s authorization, mandated that all retail licensees, clubs, permittees, 

and producers cease sales of food and alcohol until further notice.10 

On April 15, 2020, MFW and A6 filed a petition for review in this 

Court’s original jurisdiction seeking to enforce theirstatutory right to direct ship SOs 

from licensed importers and/or vendors to customers.11 On April 16, 2020, MFW 

filed an emergency motion for peremptory judgment in mandamus, and special 

injunctive and declaratory relief (Motion), and requested an expedited hearing.12 

8

See www.governor.pa.gov/process-to-reopen-pennsylvania/last updated Nov. 19, 2020

(last visited May 26, 2022). On March 19, 2020, Governor Wolf issued an Executive Order that 

compelled the closure of the physical operations of all non-life sustaining Commonwealth of 

Pennsylvania businesses. See id. On June 3, 2020, Governor Wolf renewed the Proclamation for 

an additional 90 days. Governor Wolf renewed the Proclamation several times thereafter. See id. 

9

See www.media.pa.gov/pages/liquor-control-board-details.aspx?newsid=562 (last 

visited May 26, 2022). 

10 See www.media.pa.gov/pages/liquor-control-board-details.aspx?newsid=563 (last 

visited May 26, 2022).

11 Petitioners explain that they did not initiate this action before Governor Wolf closed the 

PLCB Stores because it was not until their Pennsylvania revenue dropped to $0 that they had the

economic motivation to lead the charge. See Damages Appl. at 14-15. 

12

“Consistent with the applicable rules of appellate procedure, the Court [] treated Petitioners’ 

[M]otion as an application for special and summary relief. See Pa.R.A.P. 123, 1532.” MFW Wine 
4

On April 22, 2020, MFW and A6 filed an amended petition for review 

(Amended Petition), adding Bloomsday Café as a Petitioner. Also on April 22, 

2020, the PLCB re-opened its SO program to allow retail licensees with wine 

expanded permits (i.e., those permitted to sell wine to-go) to pick up SOs from 

designated PLCB Stores beginning April 24, 2020.13 On April 28, 2020, this Court 

conducted a hearing on the Motion. 

On May 1, 2020, the Court granted summary relief in Petitioners’ favor 

with respect to Amended Petition Count III (Declaratory Judgment), and declared 

that Section 305(a) of the Liquor Code, as amended, (1) prohibits the PLCB from 

charging a handling fee on SOs delivered directly to customers, and (2) requires the 

PLCB to implement a procedure to process SO direct shipments. With respect to 

Amended Petition Count I (Mandamus), the Court granted summary relief in 

Petitioners’ favor and issued a writ of mandamus: (1) directing the PLCB to allow 

licensed vendors and licensed importers to ship SOs directly to customers; and (2) 

directing the PLCB to implement a procedure for processing SO direct shipments. 

The Court denied the Motion in all other respects (Count II (Injunctive Relief)). See 

MFW Wine Co., LLC v. Pa. Liquor Control Bd., 231 A.3d 50 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2020) 

(MFW I) (Brobson, J., single judge op.), aff’d per curiam, 247 A.3d 1008 (Pa. 2021). 

Co., LLC v. Pa. Liquor Control Bd., 231 A.3d 50, 52 n.2 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2020) (MFW I) (Brobson, 

J., single judge op.), aff’d per curiam, 247 A.3d 1008 (Pa. 2021). 

13 See www.media.pa.gov/pages/liquor-control-board-details.aspx?newsid=566 (last 

visited May 26, 2022). Thereafter, the PLCB progressively expanded its access to the PLCB Stores 

to retail customers and licensees. See www.media.pa.gov/pages/liquor-control-boarddetails.aspx?newsid=569 (last visited May 26, 2022). On May 1, 2020, the PLCB announced that 

it would resume fulfillment of retail licensees’ wine and spirits orders through the PLCB Stores 

and licensee service centers. See id. By the end of June 2020, 559 PLCB Stores and all 13 of the 

PLCB’s licensee service centers were open with limited in-store public access. See

www.lcb.pa.gov/About-Us/News-and-Reports/Documents/PLCB%20FY%202019-

2020%20Annual%20Report.pdf (last visited May 26, 2022) at 25.
5

Notably, this Court concluded that “[t]he intent of the General 

Assembly in Act 39 is clear and unambiguous.” MFW I, 231 A.3d at 54. The Court 

explained:

Section 305(a) of the Liquor Code and Section 1799.2-E 

of [T]he Fiscal Code are in pari materia. With respect to 

[SOs], the Act 39 amendments to Section 305(a) of the 

Liquor Code did the following: (a) expressly authorized

licensed vendors and importers to ship [SOs] directly to 

their customers; (b) directed that payment for such orders 

be made to [the] PLCB; (c) required PLCB authorization 

prior to shipment; (d) prohibited [the] PLCB from 

charging a handling fee for [SOs] directly shipped to 

customers; (e) placed liability for all [SOs] directly 

shipped to customers on the licensed vendor or importer 

until delivery to the customer; (f) required [the] PLCB to 

implement a procedure for processing [SOs] for direct 

shipment to customers by January 1, 2017; and (g) allowed 

[the] PLCB to continue to process [SOs] at its stores. The 

only effect Section 1799.2-E of [T]he Fiscal Code had on 

Section 305(a) of the Liquor Code was to allow [the] 

PLCB to implement the procedures it is required to 

implement under Section 305(a) [of the Liquor Code] by

June 1, 2017, instead of January 1, 2017.

MFW I, 231 A.3d at 55-56 (footnote omitted). Accordingly, this Court declared: 

“As the Court finds the language of the statutes unambiguous, it affords no deference 

to [the] PLCB’s proffered construction. Seeton v. Pa. Game Comm’n, 937 A.2d 

1028, 1037 (Pa. 2007) (‘While an agency’s interpretation of an ambiguous statute it 

is charged with enforcing is entitled to deference, courts’ deference never comes into 

play when the statute is clear.’).” MFW I, 231 A.3d at 57 n.12. 

Specifically relative to Mandamus, this Court ruled: 

[A]ll of the elements for issuance of a writ of mandamus 

are present. Mandamus is appropriate where, as is the case 

here, an agency is operating under a “mistaken view of the 

law that it has discretion to act when it actually does not.” 

Weaver v. Pa. Bd. of Prob. [&] Parole, 688 A.2d 766, 776 

(Pa. Cmwlth. 1997) (en banc) (citing C[n]ty. of Allegheny 
6

v. [Commonwealth], 490 A.2d 402 (Pa. 1985)); see also 

A.S. v. Pa. State Police, 143 A.3d 896 (Pa. 2016) 

(affirming award of mandamus based on judicial 

construction of ambiguous statute). Section 305(a) of the 

Liquor Code, properly construed, imposes a mandatory 

duty on [the] PLCB to accept and process [SOs] for direct 

shipment to customers. It further imposes a mandatory 

duty on [the] PLCB to implement a procedure for doing 

so. [The] PLCB has yet to comply with these mandatory 

duties, depriving licensed vendors, licensed importers, and 

customers of their statutory right to direct shipment of 

[SOs] permitted under Section 305(a) of the Liquor Code.

MFW I, 231 A.3d at 57. 

This Court further declared:

[T]he Court recognizes that the time established by the 

General Assembly for [the] PLCB to implement a direct 

shipment [SO] process has long passed. Nonetheless, 

based on the credible evidence adduced during the 

hearing, the Court is satisfied that implementing a new 

process for the direct shipment of [SOs] authorized by Act 

39 is neither as simple as Petitioners suggest nor as 

complicated (or expensive) as [the] PLCB would have the 

Court believe. [The] PLCB must be afforded a reasonable 

amount of time to implement thoughtfully a process, 

perhaps even an interim one as Petitioners’ counsel 

suggested during the hearing, to provide licensed vendors, 

licensed importers, and customers a[n] [SO] direct 

shipment alternative. The Court is confident that [the] 

PLCB has the resources and ingenuity to do so without 

unreasonable delay. 

In not setting a deadline for [the] PLCB to act, the Court’s 

restraint is also based in part on [the] PLCB’s recent 

decision to re-open [SO] pick[-]up at designated PLCB

facilities, which [the] PLCB suspended when it closed all

PLCB [S]tores in response to the COVID-19 pandemic 

and executive action by [Governor Wolf]. The absence of 

a direct shipment option for [SOs], coupled with the 

closure of all PLCB [S]tores, had an obvious impact on 

Petitioners - which, through their unrebutted testimony at 

the hearing, established that their businesses rely on the 

sale, purchase, and delivery of [SO] wines in 
7

Pennsylvania. The fact that Petitioners now have some 

way of selling, ordering, processing, and fulfilling [SOs] 

through [the] PLCB, though not all of what Act 39 

promised, is an improvement over the recent 

circumstances that prompted them to initiate this lawsuit.

For these reasons, the Court will not, at this time, endeavor 

to set a date by which time [the] PLCB must comply with 

this Court’s Order.[14]

MFW I, 231 A.3d at 57-58 (footnote omitted). The Court added: “The Court will 

not rule at this time on Petitioners’ request for monetary damages under [Section 

8303 of the Judicial Code,] 42 Pa.C.S. § 8303, costs, and attorneys’ fees. To the 

extent Petitioners wish to pursue such additional relief, they may do so by separate 

application.” MFW I, 231 A.3d at 57 (footnote omitted).

14 In Log Cabin Property, L.P. v. Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board (Pa. Cmwlth. No. 

292 M.D. 2020, filed May 27, 2022) (Log Cabin), the PLCB represented: 

Notwithstanding its disagreement with, and appeal of, the Court’s

May 1, 2020 Order, the PLCB continues to take steps to implement 

the Court’s directive that the PLCB implement a procedure for 

processing direct shipments within a reasonable time period. The 

PLCB will continue to do so during the pendency of the MFW [I]

appeal and, thus, the pendency of the requested stay. 

Log Cabin, PLCB Appl. to Stay Log Cabin’s Complaint at 5 n.2. However, at the November 17, 

2021 oral argument before this Court, the PLCB admitted that it has not implemented a direct SO 

delivery procedure, or offered an interim SO solution. Although the PLCB’s counsel (Counsel) 

referenced the PLCB’s intended roll-out of a new Enterprise Resource Planning System that will 

include changes to the PLCB’s SO process, he did not represent what the changes would be, and 

he declared that the earliest the purported roll-out will occur is July 2022. 

Counsel suggested that, because the Court did not set a specific date for the PLCB’s 

compliance with the May 1, 2020 Order, it has not violated that Order, and whether the July 2022 

roll-out is an unreasonable delay is a question for a contempt proceeding. When this Court asked 

why the PLCB has not simply stopped charging the SO handling fee pending the roll-out, Counsel 

represented that it cannot do so. When asked what would happen if licensees refused to pay the 

handling fees, Counsel declared that the PLCB would not release the SOs to them.
8

On May 27, 2020,15 the PLCB appealed to the Pennsylvania Supreme 

Court (30 MAP 2020) which, on March 25, 2021, issued a Per Curiam Order 

(without an opinion) affirming this Court’s May 1, 2020 Order. 

On May 25, 2021, Petitioners filed the Damages Application. The 

PLCB filed an answer to the Damages Application on June 11, 2021. By September 

15, 2021 Order, this Court directed that the Damages Application shall be listed for 

argument seriately with the PLCB’s Preliminary Objection filed in Log Cabin 

Property, L.P. v. Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board (Pa. Cmwlth. No. 292 M.D. 

2020, filed May 27, 2022) (Log Cabin).

16

 This Court limited argument on the 

Damages Application to: (1) whether the PLCB is a “person” under Section 8303 of 

the Judicial Code; and (2) whether Petitioners may recover mandamus damages from 

the PLCB. See September 15, 2021 Order.17

Discussion

Section 8303 of the Judicial Code specifies that “[a] person who is 

adjudged in an action in the nature of mandamus to have failed or refused without 

lawful justification to perform a duty required by law shall be liable in damages to 

15 On May 7, 2020, Petitioners filed an application for relief seeking leave to amend their 

Amended Complaint (Amendment Application) to allow Bloomsday Café to plead allegations in 

support of a class action and state its claim for mandamus damages on a class-wide basis. The 

PLCB filed an answer in opposition to the Amendment Application on May 26, 2020. However, 

because the PLCB filed a notice of appeal to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and, after its ruling, 

Petitioners filed the instant Damages Application, this Court has not yet ruled on the Amendment 

Application.

16 The allegations in Log Cabin are interrelated with those raised herein. On May 6, 2020, 

Log Cabin filed an application to consolidate these matters. By June 4, 2020 Order, this Court 

denied the request without prejudice pending a similar application having been filed in this case. 

To date, Log Cabin has not filed a new consolidation application in Log Cabin, nor has a similar 

application been filed in this case.

17 On April 8, 2022, the PLCB filed an Application for Post-Submission Communication. 

On April 13, 2022, Petitioners filed an answer in opposition to the Application for Post-Submission 

Communication.
9

the person aggrieved by such failure or refusal.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 8303 (emphasis 

added).

(1) Person Defined

The PLCB argues that, as a Commonwealth agency,18 the PLCB is not 

a person under Section 8303 of the Judicial Code because the definition of person

in Section 1991 of the Statutory Construction Act of 1972 (SCA), 1 Pa.C.S. § 1991,

excludes Commonwealth government entities. Petitioners respond that the PLCB is 

a person under Section 8303 of the Judicial Code because the current definition of 

person in the SCA does not exclude the Commonwealth and its agencies.

Neither Section 8303 of the Judicial Code, nor Section 102 of the 

Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 102 (definitions), define person. This Court has held

that “[w]hen a term is not defined in a statute, we resort to the definitions provided

in [S]ection 1991 of the [SCA.]” Muscarella v. Commonwealth, 87 A.3d 966, 974 

(Pa. Cmwlth. 2014). Section 1991 of the SCA defines person to “[i]nclude[] a 

corporation, partnership, limited liability company, business trust, other association, 

government entity (other than the Commonwealth), estate, trust, foundation or 

natural person.” 1 Pa.C.S. § 1991 (emphasis added). Section 1991 of the SCA 

specifies that the definitions supplied therein apply “when used in any statute finally 

enacted on or after September 1, 1937, unless the context clearly indicates 

otherwise[.]” Id. (emphasis added). Therefore, the Commonwealth is not a 

“person,” as that term is defined in Section 1991 of the SCA, unless the context in 

which the term appears clearly indicates otherwise.

18 Section 102 of the Commonwealth Attorneys Act lists the PLCB among the 

Commonwealth’s independent agencies. See Act of October 15, 1980, P.L. 950, as amended, 71 

P.S. § 732-102.
10

Importantly, Section 1991 of the SCA’s definition of person excludes 

only “the Commonwealth.” 1 Pa.C.S. § 1991. The term Commonwealth, as used

therein could have, but does not, expressly include Commonwealth agencies, nor 

does it use the broader term “Commonwealth party,” as used in Section 8501 of what 

is commonly known as the Sovereign Immunity Act.19 42 Pa.C.S. § 8501. Rather, 

Section 1991 of the SCA defines Commonwealth merely as “[t]he Commonwealth 

of Pennsylvania.” Id. Neither the SCA, nor Section 102 of the Judicial Code, define 

“Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.”20 Moreover, this Court has stated: 

[T]he Commonwealth government and its various 

agencies and officers are separate entities and [] ‘the 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, itself . . . is clearly not

a Commonwealth agency[.] . . .’ Bonsavage v. Borough 

of Warrior Run, 676 A.2d 1330, 1331 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1996) 

(emphasis in original)[;] [s]ee also Tork-Hiis v. 

Commonwealth, . . . 735 A.2d 1256 ([Pa.] 1999).

Finn v. Rendell, 990 A.2d 100, 105 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010) (emphasis added). 

The Finn Court reasoned:

The Commonwealth comprises three branches of 

government, each divided into many independent 

subparts. The essence of an action in mandamus is that a 

specific actor has a non-discretionary duty to perform a 

particular act. A request that the Commonwealth be 

ordered to do something begs the question which of the 

many actors comprising state government is to be held 

accountable. Since merely naming the Commonwealth is 

insufficient to state a claim against a Commonwealth 

party, [see] Tork-Hiis, it would seem self-evident that if a 

specific state party can be identified as having a mandatory 

19 “Commonwealth party” is defined in Section 8501 of the Sovereign Immunity Act as 

“[a] Commonwealth agency and any employee thereof, but only with respect to an act within the 

scope of his office or employment.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 8501.

20 Although Section 102 of the Judicial Code’s definition of Commonwealth government

includes executive and independent “agencies of the Commonwealth[,]” 42 Pa.C.S. § 102 (see also 

“Commonwealth agency” definition), if this Court is bound solely by Section 1991 of the SCA’s 

definition, as the PLCB asserts, then Section 102 of the Judicial Code definitions are inapplicable.
11

or ministerial duty, that party must be the named 

defendant, both in order to make out a cause of action in 

mandamus and to effectuate enforcement of any ensuing 

order.

Finn, 990 A.2d a 106. Applying the Finn Court’s logic here, it is reasonable to 

conclude that the General Assembly intended, by excluding the Commonwealth

from the definition of person in Section 1991 of the SCA, that the Commonwealth 

itself could not be liable for mandamus damages under Section 8303 of the Judicial 

Code, but individual agencies could be so liable. 

The PLCB cites Commonwealth v. Runion, 662 A.2d 617 (Pa. 1995), 

to support its position.21 However, Runion is inapposite. First, the General 

Assembly legislatively superseded Runion.

22

 See Commonwealth v. Veon, 150 A.3d 

21 The Runion Court reversed the trial court’s order that directed the defendant to pay 

restitution to the Department of Public Welfare (DPW) pursuant to Section 1106 of the Crimes 

Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106, because only victims were entitled to restitution. At that time, Section 

1106(h) of the Crimes Code defined victim as “‘[a]ny person, except an offender, who suffered 

injuries to his person or property as a direct result of the crime.’ 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106(h).” Runion, 

662 A.2d at 619 (emphasis added). Relying on the SCA’s definition of person, the Runion Court 

held that, since DPW is “a Commonwealth entity,” id. at 621, which was excluded from the SCA’s 

definition of person, the Court stated it was constrained to conclude that DPW could not be a 

victim to whom restitution was due under Section 1106(h) of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 

1106(h). The Runion Court acknowledged that, although defining the term victim to include 

government agencies would favor the restitution statute’s rehabilitative purpose, “it [wa]s for the 

legislature, and not for th[e Supreme] Court, to expand the meaning of the term ‘victim’ under

[Section] 1106 [of the Crimes Code] so as to include governmental agencies . . . .” Id. at 621.

22 Effective on July 2, 1995, two weeks before the Supreme Court decided Runion on July 

18, 1995, the General Assembly amended Section 1106 of the Crimes Code to add “[a]ny other 

government agency which has provided reimbursement to the victim as a result of the defendant’s 

criminal conduct” to the list of entities to whom the courts may order mandatory restitution. 

Section 1106(c)(1)(ii) of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106(c)(1)(ii) (emphasis added); see also

Section 1 of the Act of May 3, 1995, P.L. 999 (Spec. Sess. No. 1). In 2009, the Pennsylvania 

Supreme Court ruled, based on the legislative history of Section 1106 of the Crimes Code, the 

General Assembly’s revisions, and the purpose of the restitution statute, that government agencies 

that paid money on a victim’s behalf were also entitled to restitution. See Commonwealth v. 

Brown, 981 A.2d 893 (Pa. 2009). On October 24, 2018, the General Assembly amended the term 

victim to specifically include “an affected government agency[,]” and defined “affected 

government agency” to include “the Commonwealth,” 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106(h) (emphasis added); see 

also Section 1 of the Act of October 24, 2018, P.L. 891, so there is no longer any doubt that the 
12

435 (Pa. 2016). Second, the Runion Court construed a penal statute, which must be 

strictly construed, see Section 1928(b)(1) of the SCA, 1 Pa.C.S. § 1928(b)(1), 

whereas Section 8303 of the Judicial Code is to be “liberally construed to effect [its] 

object[] and to promote justice.” Section 1928(c) of the SCA, 1 Pa.C.S. § 1928(c). 

Third, Runion did not involve the situation where, as here, a Commonwealth 

agency’s conduct was contrary to and, in fact, defiant of, a statutory mandate. And, 

fourth, the Runion Court concluded that “[t]he definition of ‘person’ as found in the 

[SCA] was amended in 1992, in part, to exclude government entities of the 

Commonwealth,” Runion, 662 A.2d at 621 n.4, when the definition amendment 

actually added government entit[ies]” as persons, while simultaneously excluding 

“the Commonwealth” from the definition, as discussed supra. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1991; see 

also Section 2 of the Act of December 18, 1992, P.L. 1333. 

Moreover, the context of Section 8303 of the Judicial Code, effective 

June 27, 1978, clearly intends that mandamus damages may be assessed against a 

Commonwealth agency, just as the now-repealed Mandamus Act of 1893

(Mandamus Act)23 did. Section 16 of the Mandamus Act24“provide[d,] in pertinent 

part: ‘If a verdict is found for plaintiff and judgment is entered thereon, or if a 

judgment is given for him upon a demurrer, . . . he shall recover his damages and 

costs.’ The [Mandamus A]ct [wa]s substantially reenacted at 42 Pa.C.S.[] § 8303 

(1980 pamphlet).” City of Pittsburgh v. Pa. Dep’t of Transp., 416 A.2d 461, 463 n.3 

(Pa. 1980). This Court has since ruled: “There is no doubt that mandamus damages 

are available under [Section 8303 of the Judicial Code] whenever a public 

Commonwealth and its agencies are included among the parties for whom Pennsylvania courts 

may order to receive restitution. Notably, the General Assembly has not modified the definition 

of person in Section 1991 of the SCA to exclude Commonwealth agencies.

23 Act of June 8, 1893, P.L. 345, as amended, formerly 12 P.S. §§ 1911-2002, repealed by 

the Act of April 28, 1978, P.L. 202.

24 12 P.S. § 1919 (repealed).
13

agency[’s]”

25

“failure to perform legally mandated ministerial duties results from an 

erroneous interpretation of the law.” Stoner v. Twp. of Lower Merion, 587 A.2d 879, 

885 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1991) (emphasis added). 

Notably, at the time Section 8303 of the Judicial Code was enacted, 

Section 1991 of the SCA defined person as “a corporation, partnership, and

association, as well as a natural person[,]” see Warner-CCC Inc. v. City of Altoona, 

374 A.2d 987, 988 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1977), thereby exposing the Commonwealth and 

its agencies to liability under Section 8303 of the Judicial Code, until the General 

Assembly excluded the Commonwealth in 1992. There is no indication that the 

General Assembly intended, by amending the SCA’s definition of person in 1992,

to immunize Commonwealth agencies from mandamus damages.

Finally, based on the fact that the purpose of Section 8303 of the 

Judicial Code is to authorize mandamus damages against government actors that fail 

to perform their statutorily mandated duties, Pennsylvania courts have allowed 

mandamus damages to be assessed against Commonwealth agencies thereunder. See

Richard Allen Preparatory Charter Sch. v. Dep’t of Educ., 161 A.3d 415 (Pa. 

Cmwlth. 2017) (en banc), aff’d, 185 A.3d 984 (Pa. 2018); see also KIPP Phila. 

Charter Sch. v. Dep’t of Educ., 161 A.3d 430 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017) (en banc), aff’d 

sub nom. Richard Allen Preparatory Charter Sch. v. Dep’t of Educ., 185 A.3d 984 

(Pa. 2018).

Accordingly, this Court holds that, in the context presented here, the 

PLCB is a person subject to Section 8303 of the Judicial Code.

25 Although the term public agency is not specifically defined in the Judicial Code, as stated 

previously, Section 102 of the Judicial Code defines government agency to include “[a]ny 

Commonwealth agency or any political subdivision or municipal or other local authority, or any 

officer or agency of any such political subdivision or local authority.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 102.
14

(2) Mandamus Damages

Petitioners also argue that they are entitled to costs and damages under 

Section 8303 of the Judicial Code, plus associated interest and attorneys’ fees.26 The 

PLCB responds that, although MFW is entitled to its taxable costs, Petitioners are 

not entitled to damages or related interest because the PLCB has sovereign 

immunity, and Petitioners are not entitled to attorneys’ fees under the circumstances 

of this case. In the alternative, the PLCB requests that, if this Court determines that 

Petitioners are entitled to damages, interest, and/or attorneys’ fees, that the Court 

allow discovery and/or conduct a hearing for Petitioners to prove them. 

Costs

Regarding costs, Section 1726(a) of the Judicial Code provides, in 

relevant part:

(2) The prevailing party should recover his costs from 

the unsuccessful litigant except where the:

(i) Costs relate to the existence, possession or 

disposition of a fund and the costs should be borne 

by the fund.

(ii) Question involved is a public question or 

where the applicable law is uncertain and the 

purpose of the litigants is primarily to clarify the 

law.

(iii) Application of the rule would work substantial 

injustice.

26 Petitioners claim MFW’s taxable costs of $946.26, $102,291.49 in damages 

($100,867.69 in MFW lost profits + $1,423.80 in A6 lost profits = $102,291.49), plus $6,194.27 

in interest on their costs and damages ($946.26 MFW costs + $102,291,49 damages = 

$103,237.75) calculated at 6% per annum, for a total of $109,432.02. Petitioners also seek to 

recover $310,821.50 in attorneys’ fees.
15

(3) The imposition of actual costs or a multiple thereof 

may be used as a penalty for violation of general rules or 

rules of court.

42 Pa.C.S. § 1726(a) (emphasis added). This Court has specifically ruled that “the 

General Assembly provide[s] for the assessment of costs against the Commonwealth 

under [Section] 1726 [of the Judicial Code,]” when the Commonwealth and/or its 

agency is the unsuccessful litigant. Inmates of B-Block v. Jeffes, 483 A.2d 569, 571 

(Pa. Cmwlth. 1984). Moreover, “sovereign immunity does not preclude an 

assessment of costs against the Commonwealth where the underlying suit was not 

barred . . . .” Id. at 572. 

Where, as here, there is no fund to bear Petitioners’ costs, the 

applicable law is certain, and application of the rule will not work a substantial 

injustice, Petitioners are entitled to recover allowable litigation costs from the PLCB. 

Accordingly, the parties agree that the PLCB owes MFW $946.26 in taxable costs

pursuant to Section 1726(a)(2) of the Judicial Code.

However, the parties disagree regarding whether Petitioners are also 

entitled to damages, interest, and attorney’s fees.

 

Damages

Petitioners also seek damages from the PLCB arising from their 

successful mandamus action.27 See Amended Pet. at 14. The PLCB responds that 

sovereign immunity protects it from having to pay Petitioners damages related to 

their mandamus action.

27 Petitioners specifically claim that they “are entitled to recover $102,291.49 in damages 

they suffered as a result of the PLCB’s failure to implement a procedure for direct delivery of 

[SOs].” Damages Appl. at 4. “MFW estimates that it lost $109,131.72 in gross sales during the 

state store closure period of March 16 to May 1, 2020.” Id. “A6 estimates that it lost $14,238.00 

in gross sales during the state closure period.” Id. at 5.
16

Pursuant to Section 8303 of the Judicial Code, a party, including the 

PLCB, adjudged in a mandamus action “to have failed or refused without lawful 

justification to perform a duty required by law shall be liable in damages to the 

person aggrieved by such failure or refusal.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 8303. “Damages are 

generally appropriate when a defendant fails to perform a ministerial duty, even 

when such failure results from an erroneous legal interpretation.” Maurice A. 

Nernberg & Assocs. v. Coyne, 920 A.2d 967, 970 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007); see also

Stoner. Moreover, “the law is clear that sovereign immunity does not bar mandamus

actions. See Banfield v. Cortes, 922 A.2d 36, 43 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007) (quoting Maute 

v. Frank, . . . 657 A.2d 985, 986 ([Pa. Super.] 1995) (‘Actions in mandamus are not 

subject to the defense of sovereign immunity.’).” Brimmeier v. Pa. Tpk. Comm’n, 

147 A.3d 954, 961 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016), aff’d, 161 A.3d 253 (Pa. 2017); see also 

Temple Univ. v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 521 A.2d 986 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1987).

In addition, this Court has explained: 

Damages recoverable in mandamus are those incidental to 

the specific relief being sought. For example, where 

mandamus is issued to compel the reinstatement of a 

public employee in employment, the damages have 

regularly been confined to those arising from the absence 

of employment over the period, i.e., the loss of salary or 

net loss of income. 

Stoner, 587 A.2d at 885 (citation omitted). “The damages must be clearly related to 

the defendant’s failure to perform a mandatory ministerial function.” Sch. Dist. of 

Pittsburgh v. City of Pittsburgh, 352 A.2d 223, 229 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1976). “In Stoner,

this [C]ourt held that [] mandamus damages . . . do not include ‘consequential

damages or damages arising in connection with transactions or potential transactions 

with other parties.’ Id. at 885.” Soni Props., LLC v. City of Reading (Pa. Cmwlth. 
17

No. 2559 C.D. 2009, filed May 28, 2010), slip op. at 8.28 “Black’s Law Dictionary

. . . defines [consequential damages] as ‘losses that do not flow directly and 

immediately from an injurious act, but that result indirectly from the act.’” Safe Auto 

Ins. Co. v. Berlin, 991 A.2d 327, 333 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2010).

The determination of damages is a factual question

to be decided by the fact-finder. The fact-finder

must assess the testimony, by weighing the 

evidence and determining its credibility, and by 

accepting or rejecting the estimates of the damages

given by the witnesses. Although the fact-finder

may not render a verdict based on sheer conjecture 

or guesswork, it may use a measure of speculation 

in estimating damages. The fact-finder may make 

a just and reasonable estimate of the damage based 

on relevant data, and in such circumstances may 

act on probable, inferential, as well as direct and 

positive proof.

Judge Tech. Servs., Inc. v. Clancy, 813 A.2d 879, 885 (Pa. 

Super. 2002) (citation omitted). 

Discover Bank v. Booker, 259 A.3d 493, 497 (Pa. Super. 2021).

In the instant matter, Petitioners’ damages consist of lost profits, which 

are often consequential damages. However, 

[l]ost profits . . . are not the only form of consequential

damages and not all lost profits constitute consequential

damages. Certain lost profits can in fact be “direct” 

damages. A good example is a construction contract. If a 

property owner wrongfully terminates a construction 

contract with the contractor, the direct damages that 

naturally arise from that wrongful termination are the 

“profits necessarily inherent in the contract,” i.e., the “net 

profit to which the contractor would have been entitled had 

full performance of the contract been permitted.” 

Similarly, if a breach foreseeably and naturally 

28 This Court acknowledges that its unreported memorandum opinions may only be cited 

“for [their] persuasive value, but not as binding precedent.” Section 414(a) of the Commonwealth 

Court’s Internal Operating Procedures, 210 Pa. Code § 69.414(a).
18

deprives the non-breaching party of profits that would 

have been earned in the ordinary course of business 

and not under special circumstances, those lost profits

may also constitute direct damages rather than 

consequential damages.

Glenn D. West, Sara G. Duran, Reassessing the “Consequences” of Consequential 

Damage Waivers in Acquisition Agreements, 63 Bus. Law. 777, 792 (2008) 

(emphasis added; footnotes omitted). Therefore, “[l]ost profits, though often 

consequential, can come in the form of direct damages. . . . [W]hether lost profits

are direct or consequential damages turns on the nature of the . . . circumstances.” 

Cindy Saiter, Sameer Hashmi, Consequential Damages or Direct Damages-What 

Difference Does It Make in the Realm of Lost Profits?, 38 Corp. Couns. Rev. 63, 69 

(2019). “‘There is no bright-line rule that lost profits always constitute 

consequential damages.’” Id. at 70. Accordingly, whether Petitioners’ damages are 

“incidental to the specific relief being sought,” id., is a matter for Petitioners to 

prove.

The general rule of law applicable for loss of 

profits in both contract and tort actions allows such 

damages where (1) there is evidence to establish 

them with reasonable certainty, (2) there is 

evidence to show that they were the proximate 

consequence of the wrong; and, in the contract 

actions, that they were reasonably foreseeable.

Birth C[tr.] v. St. Paul Co., Inc., . . . 787 A.2d 376, 387-88 

n.5 ([Pa.] 2001) (quoting Delahanty v. First P[a.] Bank, 

N.A., 464 A.2d 1243, 1258 ([Pa. Super.] 1983)).

Co. Image Knitware, Ltd. v. Mothers Work, Inc., 909 A.2d 324, 336 (Pa. Super. 

2006) (emphasis added). Accordingly, Section 8303 of the Judicial Code allows 

Petitioners to recover damages to the extent Petitioners can prove them. 
19

Interest

As successful mandamus plaintiffs, Petitioners may be entitled to 

interest on their costs and damages at a legal rate of 6% per annum. See Section 202 

of the Act of January 30, 1974, P.L. 13 (Act 6), as amended, 41 P.S. § 202.

29

 

Generally, “the Commonwealth is not liable to pay interest unless 

bound to do so by statute or by contract of its executive officers[,]” Indep. Oil & Gas 

Ass’n of Pa. v. Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 804 A.2d 693, 704 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002), and 

“interest is . . . allowed only when payment has been withheld after the duty of a 

party to discharge the debt has become fixed.” Id.; see also Twp. of Marple v. 

Weidman, 613 A.2d 94, 95 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1992) (“This Court has held that a 

mandamus action can include an award of interest against the Commonwealth when 

the Auditor General, even in good faith, delays payments.”); Temple Univ. 

However, this Court has also ruled that “[i]f no obligation arises under either statute 

or contract, we must next determine whether [the Commonwealth agency] is under 

an independent obligation, by virtue of the common law of this Commonwealth, to 

pay [] interest[.]” Braig v. Pa. State Emps.’ Ret. Bd., 682 A.2d 881, 885 (Pa. 

Cmwlth. 1996). 

The Pennsylvania Superior Court has held:

The safest and fairest way for a court to decide questions 

pertaining to interest is according to a plain and simple 

consideration of justice and fair dealing. Since plaintiffs 

29 Section 202 of Act 6 provides: 

Reference in any law or document enacted or executed heretofore or 

hereafter to “legal rate of interest” and reference in any document to 

an obligation to pay a sum of money “with interest” without 

specification of the applicable rate shall be construed to refer to the 

rate of interest of six per cent per annum.

41 P.S. § 202.
20

are entitled to damages from defendants . . . and because 

it was found as a fact that defendants’ dilatory tactics 

caused financial harm to plaintiffs[,] we also find that 

plaintiffs are entitled to interest for deprivation of their 

money . . . .

Remic v. Berlin, 426 A.2d 153, 154 (Pa. Super. 1981) (citation omitted). Thus, if 

Petitioners can prove that the PLCB’s delay in establishing the SO program caused 

Petitioners financial harm, they would be entitled to interest on their costs and 

damages, the amount of which would be fixed based on Petitioners’ damages. 

Attorneys’ Fees

MFW and A6 request that this Court grant their request for 

$310,821.50, which represents their combined attorneys’ fees from the moment they 

engaged counsel through the filing of the Damages Application.30 The PLCB retorts 

that Petitioners are not entitled to attorneys’ fees merely because the PLCB advanced 

an argument that was ultimately unsuccessful; this Court is not authorized to award 

attorneys’ fees pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure (Rule) 2744; 

Section 2503 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503, does not apply here because 

the PLCB did not engage in vexatious conduct, and its defense was not arbitrary, 

vexatious, or in bad faith. 

“Damages under Section 8303 [of the Judicial Code] do[] not 

encompass an award for reasonable counsel fees[.]” Maurice A. Nernberg & 

Assocs., 920 A.2d at 970 n.5. However, regarding attorneys’ fees, “Pennsylvania

law embodies the American [R]ule,” Doctor’s Choice Physical Med. & Rehab. Ctr., 

P.C. v. Travelers Pers. Ins. Co., 128 A.3d 1183, 1189 (Pa. 2015), which “states that 

a litigant cannot recover counsel fees from an adverse party unless there is express 

statutory authorization, a clear agreement of the parties or some other established 

30 Petitioners represent that the time spent by counsel solely on Bloomsday Café’s behalf 

has been removed from Petitioners’ attorneys’ fees calculation. See Damages Appl. at 16 n.7.
21

exception.” Mosaica Acad. Charter Sch. v. Dep’t of Educ., 813 A.2d 813, 822 (Pa. 

2002). Because the parties do not agree, this Court must determine whether there is 

express statutory authorization or another established exception that would allow the 

imposition of attorneys’ fees in this case. 

“In Pennsylvania, the American Rule is embodied in [Section 

1726(a)(1) of the Judicial Code,] 42 Pa.C.S. § 1726(a)(1)[.]” Mosaica Acad. Charter 

Sch., 813 A.2d at 822. Section 1726(a)(1) of the Judicial Code declares: 

“Attorney[]s[’] fees are not an item of taxable costs except to the extent authorized 

by [S]ection 2503 [of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503] (relating to right of 

participants to receive counsel fees).” 42 Pa.C.S. § 1726(a)(1); see also Twp. of 

Marple, 613 A.2d at 95 (“[A]ny claim for counsel fees by a successful plaintiff in a 

mandamus action should be awarded only after a consideration of the factors set 

forth in [S]ection 2503 [of the Judicial Code].”). 

Section 2503 of the Judicial Code specifies, in pertinent part:

The following participants shall be entitled to a reasonable 

counsel fee as part of the taxable costs of the matter:

. . . .

(7) Any participant who is awarded counsel fees as a 

sanction against another participant for dilatory,

obdurate or vexatious conduct during the pendency of 

a matter. 

. . . .

(9) Any participant who is awarded counsel fees because 

the conduct of another party in commencing the matter 

or otherwise was arbitrary, vexatious or in bad faith. 

42 Pa.C.S. § 2503 (emphasis added). “[A]n award for counsel fees under Section 

2503 [of the Judicial Code] is meant to compensate the innocent litigant for costs 

caused by the actions of the opposing party.” Maurice A. Nernberg & Assocs., 920 
22

A.2d at 972. Specifically, under Section 2503(7) and (9) of the Judicial Code, 

“attorney[]s[’] fees may be appropriate for misconduct occurring in commencement 

of or during the pendency of statutory appeals.” Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver 

Licensing v. Smith, 602 A.2d 499, 504 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1992). 

This Court has further interpreted that

[t]he phrase ‘or otherwise’ in [Section 2503(9) of the 

Judicial Code] refers to misconduct in the raising of 

defenses, and cannot be construed to refer to the 

[Commonwealth agency’s] action before the 

commencement of the case in court. Smith.

Norris v. Commonwealth, 634 A.2d 673, 676 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1993) (emphasis added). 

Accordingly, “[Section 2503 of the Judicial Code], by its very terms, is a ‘taxable 

costs’ provision, thereby relating to the conduct of a party at some point during the 

litigation process.”31 Bucks Cnty. Servs., Inc. v. Phila. Parking Auth., 71 A.3d 379, 

393 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013).

This Court acknowledges that Rule 2744 also provides:

In addition to other costs allowable by general rule or Act 

of Assembly, an appellate court may award as further costs 

damages as may be just, including

(1) a reasonable counsel fee and

(2) damages for delay at the rate of 6% per annum in 

addition to legal interest,

if it determines that an appeal is frivolous[32] or taken 

solely for delay or that the conduct of the participant 

against whom costs are to be imposed is dilatory, obdurate 

or vexatious. The appellate court may remand the case to 

31 The term “litigation” is defined as “[t]he process of carrying on a lawsuit.” Black’s Law 

Dictionary 1017 (9th ed. 2009). 

32 A frivolous appeal under Rule 2744 is one that has no basis in law or fact. See Schultz 

v. Schultz, 184 A.3d 168 (Pa. Super. 2018). 
23

the trial court to determine the amount of damages 

authorized by this [R]ule.

Pa.R.A.P. 2744. However, because Rule 2744 addresses appeals, and this matter is 

before the Court in its original jurisdiction, Petitioners are not entitled to attorney’s 

fees thereunder.

Notably, neither Rule 2744 nor the Judicial Code specifically define 

“dilatory, obdurate or vexatious conduct[.]” See 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 102, 2503; see also

Pa.R.A.P. 2744. Section 1903(a) of the SCA provides that when words in a statute 

are undefined, they must be accorded “their common and approved usage[.]” 1 

Pa.C.S. § 1903(a). “Where a court needs to define an undefined term, it may consult 

definitions in statutes, regulations or the dictionary for guidance, although such 

definitions are not controlling.” Adams Outdoor Adver., LP v. Zoning Hearing Bd. 

of Smithfield Twp., 909 A.2d 469, 483 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006). Black’s Law Dictionary

1701 (9th ed. 2009) defines vexatious conduct to be “without reasonable or 

probable cause or excuse; harassing; annoying.” (Emphasis added.) 

According to the Pennsylvania Superior Court,

[g]enerally speaking, ‘obdurate’ conduct may be defined 

in this context as ‘stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing.’ 

[Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary] 815 (1987). 

Conduct is ‘dilatory’ where the record demonstrates that 

counsel displayed a lack of diligence that delayed 

proceedings unnecessarily and caused additional legal 

work. See Gertz v. Temple Univ., . . . 661 A.2d 13, 17 n.2 

([Pa. Super.] 1995). Although disposition of claims under 

[Section 2503(7) of the Judicial Code] generally requires 

an evidentiary hearing, no hearing is necessary where the 

facts are undisputed.

In re Est. of Burger, 852 A.2d 385, 391 (Pa. Super. 2004) (emphasis added), aff’d,

898 A.2d 547 (Pa. 2006). 

In addition, although the Judicial Code does not define “arbitrary,” the 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court has ruled that “[a]n opponent’s conduct has been 
24

deemed to be ‘arbitrary’ within the meaning of the statute if such conduct is based 

on random or convenient selection or choice rather than on reason or nature.” 

Thunberg v. Strause, 682 A.2d 295, 299 (Pa. 1996) (emphasis added). The term 

“bad faith” used in Section 2503(9) of the Judicial Code means “fraud, dishonesty 

or corruption.” Pa. State Police, Bureau of Liquor Control Enf’t v. Benny Enters., 

669 A.2d 1018, 1022 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995) (emphasis added).

Importantly, this Court en banc has previously ordered a 

Commonwealth agency - the Pennsylvania Department of Education (Department) 

- to pay attorneys’ fees relative to a mandamus action, on the basis that the 

Department’s refusal to withhold funds or conduct a hearing as statutorily mandated, 

was arbitrary, dilatory, and obdurate. See Richard Allen Preparatory Charter Sch.; 

see also KIPP Phila. Charter Sch. Accordingly, Petitioners would be entitled to 

attorneys’ fees if the PLCB’s conduct during the pendency of the litigation (or its 

appeal to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court) was without reasonable cause, 

stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing, and/or caused unnecessary delay, orits defense 

had no reasonable basis (i.e., no basis in law or fact).

This Court, having determined that the PLCB had a clear and 

unambiguous statutory duty to implement a procedure to process direct shipment 

SOs by June 1, 2017, see MFW I, and, given that this Court issued MFW I in May 

2020, and the Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed that decision in March 2021, 

yet the PLCB has not yet fulfilled that duty, concludes that the PLCB’s initial 

inaction was, at the very least, arbitrary, and its ongoing refusal to implement a 

procedure to process direct shipment SOs and continuing to assess handling fees is 

dilatory and obdurate. Accordingly, MFW and A6 are entitled to attorneys’ fees 

from the PLCB related to their mandamus action.

Therefore, the PLCB is liable for Petitioners’ costs. The PLCB is also 

liable for Petitioners’ damages to the extent Petitioners can prove them, plus
25

associated interest on their costs and damages, and MFW and A6 are entitled to 

attorneys’ fees. 

Conclusion

Based on the foregoing, Petitioners’ Damages Application is granted. 

However, the PLCB is hereby permitted to undertake discovery and/or request a 

hearing limited to Petitioners’ damages and interest, and MFW’s and A6’s attorneys’

fees.

_________________________________

ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

MFW Wine Co., LLC, A6 Wine :

Company, and GECC2 LLC d/b/a :

Bloomsday Cafe, :

Petitioners :

:

v. :

:

Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board, : No. 251 M.D. 2020

Respondent :

O R D E R

AND NOW, this 27th day of May, 2022, MFW Wine Co., LLC’s, A6 

Wine Company’s, and GECC2 LLC d/b/a Bloomsday Café’s (collectively, 

Petitioners) Application for Relief Seeking Damages, Costs, Interest and Attorneys’ 

Fees is GRANTED.

The Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board (PLCB) has 20 days from the 

date of this Order to file an Application with this Court to request a hearing on

Petitioners’ damages. The PLCB shall serve discovery request(s), if any, related to 

the issue of Petitioners’ damages 20 days from the date of this Order and all 

discovery shall be completed within 60 days of the date of this Order.

The PLCB’s Application for Post-Submission Communication is 

DENIED.

_________________________________

ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

MFW Wine Co., LLC, A6 Wine :

Company, and GECC2 LLC :

d/b/a Bloomsday Cafe, :

:

Petitioners :

:

 v. : No. 251 M.D. 2020

: Argued: November 17, 2021

Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board, :

:

Respondent :

BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge

HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge

HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge

HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge

DISSENTING OPINION 

BY JUDGE WOJCIK FILED: May 27, 2022

I dissent. I do not agree that the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board

(PLCB) is a “person” subject to damages under Section 8303 of the Judicial Code, 

42 Pa. C.S. §8303 (Section 8303). Therefore, I would deny the Application for 

Relief Seeking Damages, Costs, Interest, and Attorneys’ Fees (Damages 

Application) filed by MFW Wine Co., LLC, A6 Wine Company, and GECC2 LLC 

d/b/a/ Bloomsday Café (collectively, Petitioners) against Respondent Pennsylvania 

Liquor Control Board (PLCB). 

Section 8303 of the Judicial Code provides: “A person who is adjudged 

in an action in the nature of mandamus to have failed or refused without lawful 
MHW-2

justification to perform a duty required by law shall be liable in damages to the 

person aggrieved by such failure or refusal.” 42 Pa. C.S. §8303 (emphasis added). 

Although the Judicial Code does not define “person,” Section 1991 of the Statutory 

Construction Act of 1972 (SCA), 1 Pa. C.S. §1991, creates a default definition for 

the term “person” that excludes “the Commonwealth.” Specifically, Section 1991 

of the SCA provides:

The following words and phrases, when used in any statute 

finally enacted on or after September 1, 1937, unless the 

context clearly indicates otherwise, shall have the 

meanings given to them in this section:

* * *

“Person.” Includes a corporation, partnership, limited 

liability company, business trust, other association, 

government entity (other than the Commonwealth), estate, 

trust, foundation or natural person.

1 Pa. C.S. §1991 (emphasis added). Section 1991 of the SCA defines “the 

Commonwealth” as “[t]he Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.” Id.

As our Supreme Court has explained, the conditional language in the 

definition section means that “the General Assembly contemplated that there might 

be instances in the [relevant statute] where a term defined in [the definition section] 

has a meaning that differs from the definition given it, and directed that attention be 

paid to what surrounds the term in order to determine whether or not the [definition 

section’s] definition applies.” Pennsylvania Associated Builders and Contractors, 

Inc. v. Department of General Services, 932 A.2d 1271, 1279 (Pa. 2007) (emphasis 

added).

1

 

1 We have previously declined to rigidly apply the SCA’s default definitions where the 

context indicated otherwise. See Fox Chapel Area School District v. Dunlap, 417 A.2d 1329, 1330 

(Footnote continued on next page...)
MHW-3

Petitioners assert that Section 8303 only shields “the Commonwealth” 

itself from monetary damages incidental to a mandamus action and does not extend 

to Commonwealth parties or agencies. The PLCB counters that the term 

“Commonwealth” may be fairly construed as referring to Commonwealth entities or 

parties, including agencies like the PLCB. Because the meaning of this term is 

crucial to the provision, and it is susceptible of two reasonable constructions, it is 

ambiguous. See A.S. v. Pennsylvania State Police, 143 A.3d 896, 905-06 (Pa. 2016)

(“A statute is ambiguous when there are at least two reasonable interpretations of 

the text.”); Nardone v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 

130 A.3d 738, 743 (Pa. 2015) (“[A] statute is ambiguous where different 

interpretations of statutory language are plausible.”). Accordingly, I enlist principles 

of statutory interpretation to aid my construction. 

“The polestar in our quest is to ascertain and effectuate the intent of the 

General Assembly.” Woodford v. Insurance Department, 243 A.3d 60, 73 (Pa. 

2020) (citing 1 Pa. C.S. §1921(a)). In ascertaining legislative intent, the provision 

at issue is to be read “together and in conjunction” with the remaining statutory 

language, “and construed with reference to the entire statute.” Allstate Life 

Insurance Co. v. Commonwealth, 52 A.3d 1077, 1080 (Pa. 2012). When a term is 

ambiguous, Courts may consider the following factors in determining the General 

Assembly’s intent:

(1) The occasion and necessity for the statute.

(Pa. Cmwlth. 1980) (declining to apply default definition of “year” in public school context); 

Warner-CCC Inc. v. City of Altoona, 374 A.2d 987, 988-89 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1977) (declining to apply 

default definition of “person” where the context intended to be limited to natural persons); see also

Habecker v. Nationwide Insurance Co., 445 A.2d 1222, 1227 (Pa. Super. 1982) (declining to apply 

default definition of “year” in context of “aggregate period of one year”). 
MHW-4

(2) The circumstances under which it was enacted.

(3) The mischief to be remedied.

(4) The object to be attained.

(5) The former law, if any, including other statutes upon 

the same or similar subjects.

(6) The consequences of a particular interpretation.

(7) The contemporaneous legislative history.

(8) Legislative and administrative interpretations of such 

statute.

1 Pa. C.S. §1921(c). In addition, “when a court of last resort has construed the 

language used in a statute, the General Assembly in subsequent statutes on the same 

subject matter intends the same construction to be placed upon such language.” 

1 Pa. C.S. §1922(4) (emphasis added); accord Pennsylvania State Police, Bureau of 

Liquor Control Enforcement v. Jet-Set Restaurant, LLC, 191 A.3d 817, 823 (Pa. 

2018). 

In order to ascertain the General Assembly’s intent behind Section 8303 

and the meaning of the exclusion of “the Commonwealth” from the definition of 

“person,” a review of the doctrine of sovereign immunity and its history is required. 

The doctrine of sovereign immunity is deeply rooted in our Commonwealth. Dorsey 

v. Redman, 96 A.3d 332, 340 (Pa. 2014). Our Constitution provides that “[s]uits

may be brought against the Commonwealth in such manner, in such courts and in 

such cases as the Legislature may by law direct.” Pa. Const. art. I, §11. The doctrine 

of sovereign immunity developed as a common law doctrine. Dorsey, 96 A.3d at 

340. The underlying purpose behind sovereign immunity has always been “to 

protect the fiscal security of the government by shielding the Commonwealth and its 
MHW-5

agents” from financial liability. Id. (emphasis added). Suits that sought “to compel 

affirmative action on the part of state officials or to obtain money damages or to 

recover property from the Commonwealth” fell within the rule of immunity, whereas 

suits which simply sought “to restrain state officials from performing affirmative 

acts” did not. Philadelphia Life Insurance Co. v. Commonwealth, 190 A.2d 111, 

114 (Pa. 1963); see Land Holding Corp. v. Board of Finance & Revenue, 130 A.2d 

700, 703 (Pa. 1957) (“The right to sue the Commonwealth for the recovery of money 

or taxes alleged to have been erroneously paid to it exists only by the grace of the 

Legislature.”). 

In Mayle v. Pennsylvania Department of Highways, 388 A.2d 709, 716

(Pa. 1978), our Supreme Court examined the constitutional basis for immunity and

determined that the Pennsylvania Constitution is “neutral” because it “neither 

requires nor prohibits sovereign immunity.” Accord Dorsey, 96 A.3d at 340. Rather, 

it “vests authority in the General Assembly to determine the matters in which the 

government shall be immune.” Id.; see Mayle, 388 A.2d at 717 (“[T]he Framers of 

1790 intended to allow the Legislature, if it desired, to choose cases in which the 

Commonwealth should be immune, but did not intend to grant constitutional 

immunity to the Commonwealth.”). Because sovereign immunity was a common 

law precept developed by the judiciary, the Supreme Court saw fit to “abolish the 

doctrine of sovereign immunity and overrule all inconsistent cases.” Mayle, 388 

A.2d at 720; see Dorsey, 96 A.3d at 340 (recognizing the abolition of sovereign 

immunity in Mayle). As a result, the breadth of sovereign immunity was a matter 

for legislative, rather than judicial, determination. See Dorsey, 96 A.3d at 340; 

Mayle, 388 A.2d at 717. 
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In response, “[t]he General Assembly was swift to react restoring 

sovereign immunity” by codifying the preexisting immunity scheme that the 

Supreme Court in Mayle had abolished. Dorsey, 96 A.3d at 340. The General 

Assembly specifically reaffirmed the historical concept of sovereign immunity by 

enacting 1 Pa. C.S. §2310. See Bonsavage v. Borough of Warrior Run, 676 A.2d 

1330 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1996). The General Assembly declared that “the 

Commonwealth, and its officials and employees acting within the scope of their 

duties, shall continue to enjoy sovereign immunity and official immunity and remain 

immune from suit except as the General Assembly shall specifically waive the 

immunity.” 1 Pa. C.S. §2310 (emphasis added). “When the General Assembly 

specifically waives sovereign immunity, a claim against the Commonwealth and its 

officials and employees shall be brought only in such manner and in such courts and 

in such cases as directed by the provisions of Title 42 (relating to judiciary and 

judicial procedure) . . . .” Id. (emphasis added). 

Title 42 includes Sections 8521 through 8527 of the Judicial Code, 

commonly referred to as the Sovereign Immunity Act, 42 Pa. C.S. §§8521-8527. 

Section 8522 of the Judicial Code specifically waives sovereign immunity as a bar 

to all tort actions against “Commonwealth parties” for damages arising out of a 

negligent act where damages would be recoverable under common law or statute, in 

10 enumerated exceptions. 42 Pa. C.S. §8522(b). Of the enumerated exceptions, 

the General Assembly specifically waived the defense of sovereign immunity with 

regard to the sale of liquor at Pennsylvania liquor stores by employees of the PLCB, 

long recognized as a Commonwealth party. 42 Pa. C.S. §8522(b)(7). Negligence 

actions under Section 8522 are in the nature of a trespass in that they seek monetary 

damages as redress for an unlawful injury. Fawber v. Cohen, 532 A.2d 429, 432 
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(Pa. 1987). There is no dispute that Petitioners’ claim here does not fit within the 

waiver of immunity contained in Section 8522, because they do not allege any 

“negligent act” falling within any of the enumerated exceptions to immunity. 

However, Title 42 also includes Section 8303 as well as the Declaratory 

Judgments Act, 42 Pa. C.S. §§7531-7541. “[T]he law is clear that sovereign 

immunity does not bar either mandamus or declaratory judgment actions.” 

Brimmeier v. Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, 147 A.3d 954, 961 (Pa. Cmwlth. 

2016), aff’d, 161 A.3d 253 (Pa. 2017). “Mandamus will only lie to compel official 

performance of a ministerial act or mandatory duty where there is a clear legal right 

in the [petitioner], a corresponding duty in the [respondent], and a lack of any other 

adequate and appropriate remedy at law.” Delaware River Port Authority v. 

Thornburgh, 493 A.2d 1351, 1355 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1985). 

In order to maintain a mandamus action against the Commonwealth, a 

party must name the specific Commonwealth agency, officer or employee from 

which relief is sought. See Finn v. Rendell, 990 A.2d 100, 105-06 (Pa. Cmwlth. 

2010). In Finn, we recognized that the Commonwealth and its various agencies and 

officers are separate entities and that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, itself, is

not a Commonwealth agency. Finn, 990 A.2d at 105 (citing Tork–Hiis v. 

Commonwealth, 735 A.2d 1256, 1257 (Pa. 1999); Bonsavage, 676 A.2d at 1331). It 

is the very “nature of the Commonwealth as an entity separate from its agencies and 

officers” that makes mandamus actions against the Commonwealth itself “a practical 

impossibility.” Id. We explained:

The essence of an action in mandamus is that a specific 

actor has a non-discretionary duty to perform a particular 

act. A request that the Commonwealth be ordered to do 

something begs the question which of the many actors 

comprising state government is to be held accountable.
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Since merely naming the Commonwealth is insufficient to 

state a claim against a Commonwealth party, Tork–Hiis, 

it would seem self-evident that if a specific state party can 

be identified as having a mandatory or ministerial duty, 

that party must be the named defendant, both in order to 

make out a cause of action in mandamus and to effectuate 

enforcement of any ensuing order.

Id. at 106 (emphasis added). 

When the logic of Finn is applied in the context of Section 8303, only 

a “person” who is “adjudged in an action in the nature of mandamus to have failed 

or refused without lawful justification to perform a duty required by law shall be 

liable in damages to the person aggrieved by such failure or refusal.” 

42 Pa. C.S. §8303. According to Finn, the Commonwealth itself is not that “person”

for all intents and purposes. Rather, it is the various state actors acting on behalf of 

the Commonwealth that “have failed or refused without lawful justification to 

perform a duty required by law.” See 42 Pa. C.S. §8303; Finn, 990 A.2d at 105-06. 

Therefore, within the context of Section 8303, “the Commonwealth” is broader than 

just the Commonwealth itself and extends to the specific state party having a 

mandatory or ministerial duty and against whom special mandamus relief was 

obtained. Such an interpretation is consistent with the canons of statutory 

construction and the longstanding principle that suits that seek to obtain money 

damages from Commonwealth parties are within the rule of immunity, unless 

specifically waived. It is also consistent with the Supreme Court’s interpretation of 

“person” in Commonwealth v. Runion, 662 A.2d 617, 618 (Pa. 1995). 

In Runion, our Supreme Court examined whether Section 1991’s 

definition of a “person” and whether the exclusion of “the Commonwealth” 

extended to “governmental agencies” of the Commonwealth within the context of 

Section 1106 of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa. C.S. §1106. At issue in Runion was 
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whether the Department of Public Welfare2(DPW), a Commonwealth agency, could 

be considered a “victim” under Section 1106 of the Crimes Code so as to be entitled 

to restitution from an offender. Runion, 662 A.2d at 618. Section 1106(a) of the 

Crimes Code authorized restitution for “victims.” 18 Pa. C.S. §1106(a). Section 

1106(h) of the Crimes Code defined “victim” as “[a]ny person, except an offender, 

who suffered injuries to his person or property as a direct result of the crime.” 

18 Pa. C.S. §1106(h). The Crimes Code did not define “person.” See id.

Applying Section 1991 of the SCA’s default definition of “person,” the 

Supreme Court determined that DPW was not a “person.” Runion, 662 A.2d at 619. 

The Supreme Court opined that “governmental agencies of this Commonwealth are 

excluded from the definition of ‘person’ where the legislature has not otherwise 

spoken.” 662 A.2d at 619 (emphasis added) (citing 1 Pa. C.S. §1991). The Supreme 

Court explained that although a contrary interpretation would favor public policy of 

rehabilitation of an offender through restitution, “such a reading would not be 

consistent with our rules requiring strict interpretation of penal provisions . . . .” Id.

Thus, the Supreme Court concluded that because DPW, “as a Commonwealth 

entity,” was “expressly excluded from the definition of ‘person’” under the SCA, it 

could not be considered as a “victim” and was not entitled to restitution from the 

offender. Id. at 621 (emphasis added). 

Runion is instructive here. Because only a “person” may be liable for 

mandamus damages under Section 8303’s clear terms, “governmental agencies of 

this Commonwealth” are not so liable. Id. The PLCB is a governmental agency of 

the Commonwealth protected by sovereign immunity. Garrettson v. 

2 The “Department of Public Welfare” was redesignated as the “Department of Human 

Services” in 2014. See Section 103 of Human Services Code, Act of June 13, 1967, P.L. 31, as 

amended, added by the Act of September 24, 2014, P.L. 2458, 62 P.S. §103.
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Commonwealth, 405 A.2d 1146, 1148 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1979). Therefore, for purposes 

of Section 8303, the PLCB is not a “person” liable for mandamus damages. 

Although the General Assembly legislatively superseded Runion by 

revising Section 1106 of the Crimes Code, it did so strategically by extracting the 

term “person” from the definition of “victim” in the Crimes Code and by specifically 

entitling the government agencies and insurance companies to seek restitution where 

either has provided compensation to the victim of a crime. Although the General 

Assembly has amended Section 1991 of the SCA, it has not altered Section 1991’s 

default definition of “person” or “Commonwealth.” See 1 Pa. C.S. §1922(4); JetSet Restaurant, LLC, 191 A.3d at 823; see also Buehl v. Horn, 728 A.2d 973, 980 

(Pa. Cmwlth. 1999) (“The General Assembly is presumed to concur with the 

interpretation placed upon a statute if it does not amend the statute within a 

reasonable time.”).

As the Majority opinion points out, Runion also involved the 

interpretation of “person” in a penal statute. According to the tenets of statutory 

construction, penal statutes must be “strictly construed.” 1 Pa. C.S. §1928(b)(1). 

Generally, statutes that are not in derogation of the common law and that do not fall 

within one of the eight enumerated classifications requiring strict construction under 

Section 1928(b) of the SCA must “be liberally construed to effect their objects and 

to promote justice.” 1 Pa. C.S. §1928(c). 

However, there is another fundamental tenet of statutory construction 

that must be applied here. Namely, “statutes in derogation of sovereignty should be 

construed strictly in favor of the sovereign.” Clipper Pipe & Service, Inc. v. Ohio 

Casualty Insurance Co., 115 A.3d 1278, 1282 (Pa. 2015); see Brimmeier, 147 A.3d 

at 961 (“Because immunity is the rule, we must narrowly construe any exceptions 
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thereto.”). Because the definition of a “person” within Section 8303 implicates the 

Commonwealth’s liability to monetary damages, it must be strictly construed in 

favor of the sovereign. See Clipper Pipe & Service, Inc., 115 A.3d at 1282; 

Brimmeier, 147 A.3d at 961.

Although mandamus actions are permitted against the Commonwealth 

and its parties, the General Assembly has not “specifically waived” sovereign 

immunity with regard to monetary damages in connection thereto as it has done 

elsewhere. See, e.g., 42 Pa. C.S. §8522. Rather, it has merely excluded “the 

Commonwealth” from the definition of “person.” As illustrated above in Runion, 

Section 1991 of the SCA’s definition of “person” is a default definition available for 

use in a wide variety of statutory contexts in which the term “person” is not defined

and has no particular connection to immunity statutes. Within the context of Section 

8303, and absent an express waiver of immunity, it is far more logical that the 

General Assembly intended to shield the Commonwealth generally, including the 

actual Commonwealth parties defending the mandamus actions from liability from

monetary damages, not just the Commonwealth itself. 

While I join in the Majority’s admonition of PLCB’s conduct and 

recognize the inequity of Petitioners’ position, the monetary relief that Petitioners 

seek is simply not available against the Commonwealth. As our Supreme Court has 

opined: 

Understandably, some immunity applications may be 

distasteful to those who may discern government 

wrongdoing, or at least unremediated collateral injury to 

private concerns resulting from governmental policy 

changes. In light of the constitutional basis for the General 

Assembly’s allocation of immunity, however, the area 

implicates the separation of powers among the branches of 

government also crafted by the framers. Thus, in absence 
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of constitutional infirmity, courts are not free to 

circumvent the Legislature’s statutory immunity 

directives pertaining to the sovereign.

Scientific Games International, Inc. v. Department of Revenue, 66 A.3d 740, 755 

(Pa. 2013) (footnote omitted). 

In short, because the PLCB is part of “the Commonwealth” and is not 

a “person,” it is not liable for damages under Section 8303. For these reasons, unlike 

the Majority, I would deny the Petitioners’ Damages Application. 

MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

President Judge Cohn Jubelirer joins in this dissent.