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                            Library & Multimedia
 Toxicological and pharmacological characterization of novel cinnamylpiperazine synthetic opioids in humans and in vitro including 2-methyl AP-237 and AP-238
NCJ Number
              304525

Author(s)
          Melissa F. Fogarty;
                        Marthe M. Vandeputte;
                        Alex J. Krotulski;
                        Donna Papsun;
                        Sara E. Walton;
                        Christophe P. Stove;
                        Barry K. Logan
Date Published

March 2022
Annotation
              This manuscript reports on the toxicological profile for antemortem and postmortem cases where a cinnamylpiperazine was detected.
Abstract
              The recent scheduling actions of fentanyl-related substances in both the United States and China have sparked the emergence and proliferation of other generations of “legal” opioids that are structurally distinct from fentanyl, including the recently emerged class of cinnamylpiperazines. In contrast to fentanyl, which contains a piperidine core and a phenethyl moiety, the primary structural components of cinnamylpiperazines are the piperazine core and a cinnamyl moiety. In the current study, samples were quantitatively confirmed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The cases were received between February 2020 and April 2021. Concentrations of 2-methyl AP-237 from four postmortem cases ranged from 820 to 5800 ng/mL, and concentrations of AP-238 from two postmortem cases were 87 and 120 ng/mL. μ-Opioid receptor (MOR) activation potential for 2-methyl AP-237, AP-237, para-methyl AP-237, and AP-238 were studied using a βarr2 recruitment assay. Efficacies (Emax, relative to hydromorphone) and potencies (EC50) were derived and of the compounds tested AP-238 was the most potent compound in the panel with an EC50 of 248 nM. 2-Methyl AP-237 was found to be the most efficacious drug (Emax = 125%) of the tested cinnamylpiperazines; however, it had substantially less efficacy than fentanyl. The in vitro MOR activation potential of the studied cinnamylpiperazines was lower than that of fentanyl and other novel synthetic opioids (NSOs), in line with the relatively higher concentrations observed in postmortem toxicology samples—an important observational link between in vitro pharmacology and in vivo toxicology. (Publisher Abstract)
      
  
          Additional Details
Grant Number(s)
        2020-DQ-BX-0007


  
  
        
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        NIJ-Sponsored


  
  
        
  Publication Type
        Research (Applied/Empirical)


  
  
        
  Award
        Real-Time Sample-Mining and Data-Mining Approaches for the Discovery of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS)
    
  
  
Date Published: March 1, 2022
    
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