NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 21a0503n.06

Case No. 20-1496

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

TAVARES BROOKS,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

RANDEE REWERTS, Warden,

Respondent-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF 

MICHIGAN

Before: SILER, KETHLEDGE, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.

SILER, Circuit Judge. A Michigan jury convicted Tavares Brooks of several crimes, 

including first-degree premeditated murder. Brooks unsuccessfully appealed his convictions to 

the Michigan Court of Appeals. After the Michigan Supreme Court declined to review the Court 

of Appeals’ decision, Brooks filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the 

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. 

The district court rejected each of Brooks’s claims for relief. It then certified a single 

question for appeal: Whether constitutionally sufficient evidence supported the conviction for firstdegree premeditated murder. After affording “due respect to the role of the jury and the state 

courts of [Michigan],” Coleman v. Johnson, 566 U.S. 650, 651 (2012), we affirm. 
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I.

In October 2012, Dion Jacobs drove to a grocery store near his home in Saginaw, Michigan. 

After shopping, he drove home and carried inside an armload of groceries. When he returned to 

his vehicle for a second armload, a gunman opened fire and shot him six times. Jacobs’s mother 

and girlfriend heard the gunshots. Both watched as Jacobs fell to the ground, covered in blood and 

bleeding from a large chest wound. His mother hurried to his side and asked him who did it—

who shot him. Twice she asked and twice he answered: “TJ.” Jacobs died minutes after naming 

the shooter. 

According to Detective Joseph Griggs of the Saginaw Police Department, investigators 

quickly trained their attention on Tavares Jamele Brooks. Brooks drew suspicion for three reasons: 

(1) his nickname was “TJ,” (2) he lived on the same street as Jacobs, and (3) police had learned 

about a recent “incident” between Brooks, Jacobs, and Aaron Johnson, a self-described “best 

friend” of Jacobs. The incident happened less than a week before Jacobs’s murder. In short, 

Brooks owed a financial debt to Johnson, and Johnson told Brooks he could settle the debt with 

one ounce of marijuana instead of money. But when Brooks did not give him the ounce, Johnson 

came up with a new plan. Brooks would give 15 ounces of marijuana to Johnson, Johnson would 

take the marijuana to a medical-marijuana dispensary, and there he would exchange it for cash. 

Johnson told Brooks that once he had the proceeds, they would “go from there.” 

Brooks agreed to the plan. So Brooks and Johnson met on October 5, 2012, Brooks handed 

Johnson fifteen ounces of marijuana, and together they drove to a marijuana dispensary in Bay 

City, Michigan. Johnson walked the marijuana inside the dispensary. But instead of following 

through with the plan and exchanging the marijuana for money, he snuck out the dispensary’s back 
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door, got in a car with Jacobs, and fled to his girlfriend’s house in Saginaw. This left Brooks with 

no marijuana and no share of the proceeds.

About an hour later, Johnson and Jacobs “heard somebody beating at the door” of 

Johnson’s girlfriend’s house. And when they heard a familiar voice outside the front door, both 

concluded that Brooks had come to confront them about the stolen marijuana. Immediately 

recognizing the “problem” they’d created by stealing a large quantity of drugs from Brooks, 

Johnson and Jacobs hid in the basement until Brooks gave up and left the property. 

Over the next couple of days, Johnson posted two pictures on Instagram. The first picture 

showed Johnson lying in a hospital bed, recovering from a pre-planned surgery; the second showed 

“a pack of cigarillos and some marijuana.” An Instagram user named “Stack A Grip” commented 

on both photographs. On the first, Stack A Grip wrote, “Bitch, you should have been dead.” And 

on the second Stack A Grip wrote, “Yeah, bitch, smoke good but it’s going to cost you.” “Stack A 

Grip” is, at least according to Johnson, a name (or “handle”) used by Brooks on social media. 

Brooks was tried for homicide. At trial, Jacobs’s mother testified about her son’s dying 

declaration—his claim that “TJ” shot him. Johnson testified that “TJ,” like “Stack A Grip,” is an 

alias used by Brooks. He also testified about the scheme he and Jacobs developed to steal 

marijuana from Brooks, the post-scheme messages from “Stack A Grip,” and the proximity of 

Brooks’s house to the scene of the crime. 

The jury found Brooks guilty of first-degree premeditated murder, in violation of Mich. 

Comp. Laws § 750.316(1)(a), of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of Mich. 

Comp. Laws § 750.224f, of carrying a dangerous weapon with unlawful intent, in violation of 

Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.226, and three counts of possessing a firearm during the commission of 

a felony, in violation of Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.227b(1). The trial court sentenced Brooks to 
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life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for the murder conviction, 60 to 120 months 

imprisonment for the felon-in-possession and carrying-a-dangerous-weapon convictions, and 

concurrent two-year prison terms for each of the felony-firearm convictions. The Michigan Court 

of Appeals affirmed the trial court, People v. Brooks, No. 318995, 2015 WL 1314407 (Mich. Ct. 

App. March 24, 2015) (per curiam), and the Michigan Supreme Court declined to exercise 

discretionary review, People v. Brooks, 871 N.W.2d 181 (Mich. 2015).

In 2017, Brooks petitioned the United States District Court for a writ of habeas corpus. See 

28 U.S.C. § 2254. His petition raised five arguments: (1) the trial court improperly admitted 

hearsay testimony, (2) ineffective assistance of counsel, (3) Jacob’s dying declaration violated the 

Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause, (4) insufficient evidence, and (5) the prosecution failed 

to investigate, disclose, and analyze material physical evidence. The district court rejected each 

argument but issued a certificate of appealability only for argument number four: the sufficiencyof-the-evidence argument. Thus, the only question before us is whether constitutionally sufficient 

evidence supported his conviction for first-degree premeditated murder. Could a rational jury have 

found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Brooks was guilty of each element of the crime? See In re 

Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970) (“[W]e explicitly hold that the Due Process Clause protects the 

accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary 

to constitute the crime with which he is charged.”). The answer is yes. 

II.

The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) provides the 

standard of review. AEDPA prohibits federal courts from granting habeas relief “with respect to 

any claim that was adjudicated on the merits” in a state-court proceeding unless the proceeding:
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(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable 

application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme 

Court of the United States; or

(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the 

facts in light of the evidence presented in the . . . proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). 

By its terms, review under AEDPA is highly deferential to state courts. Davis v. Lafler, 

658 F.3d 525, 530 (6th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (quoting Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24 

(2002)). And when, like here, a habeas petitioner challenges the sufficiency of the evidence used 

to convict him in a state-court proceeding, the review is doubly deferential. Id. at 531. We first 

defer to the trier of fact. Rather than “reweigh[ing] the evidence, reevaluat[ing] the credibility of 

witnesses, or substitut[ing] our judgment for that of the jury,” we ask “whether, viewing the trial 

testimony and exhibits in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact 

could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Thomas v. 

Stephenson, 898 F.3d 693, 698 (6th Cir. 2018) (quoting Brown v. Konteh, 567 F.3d 191, 205 (6th 

Cir. 2009)). If the answer is yes, then the conviction satisfies the demands of the Fourteenth 

Amendment’s Due Process Clause. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318–19 (1979). 

Second, we defer to the last state court that reviewed (and rejected) the petitioner’s sufficiency 

arguments. Id. “[S]o long as fairminded jurists could disagree on the correctness of the state 

court’s decision” to leave a guilty verdict in place, federal habeas relief is inappropriate. 

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

The Michigan Court of Appeals was the last state court to review and reject Brooks’s 

sufficiency arguments. So Brooks can prevail only by showing the Michigan Court of Appeals 

“was unreasonable in its conclusion that a rational trier of fact could find [him] guilty [of first-
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degree premeditated murder] beyond a reasonable doubt.” Brown, 567 F.3d at 205. He cannot 

overcome this heavy burden. 

III.

In Michigan, the crime of first-degree premeditated murder has two elements: “(1) the 

intentional killing of a human (2) with premeditation and deliberation.” People v. Oros, 

917 N.W.2d 559, 565 (Mich. 2018) (quoting People v. Bennett, 802 N.W.2d 627 (Mich. 2010)); 

see Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.316(1)(a). Brooks challenges both elements. He claims the 

prosecution presented insufficient “identity evidence,” or evidence linking him to the “intentional 

killing” at issue; stated differently, he claims no reasonable trier of fact could identify him as 

Jacobs’s murderer. And even if the prosecution presented constitutionally sufficient identity 

evidence, he argues, no reasonable trier of fact could have concluded that the killing was done 

with premeditation or deliberation. We take those arguments in turn.

A.

First to the sufficiency of identity evidence presented at Brooks’s trial. Proving that the 

person charged is the person who committed the crime is “always an essential element in a criminal 

prosecution.” People v. Oliphant, 250 N.W.2d 443, 449 (Mich. 1976) (citation omitted). 

Prosecutors can prove identity through direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or through a 

combination of the two. See Stewart v. Wolfenbarger, 595 F.3d 647, 656 (6th Cir. 2010) 

(“[A] court may sustain a conviction based upon nothing more than circumstantial evidence.”). 

In this case, the Michigan Court of Appeals found “more than sufficient evidence” for a 

reasonable jury to identify Brooks as Jacobs’s killer. The prosecution presented both direct and 

circumstantial evidence linking Brooks to the crime:
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First, immediately after being shot Jacobs identified the perpetrator as “TJ.” The 

medical examiner established that Jacobs was shot in the front of his body, 

indicating that he was in a position to positively identify his assailant. Furthermore, 

because Jacobs was fatally wounded and actively dying, he had no reason to lie 

about defendant’s identity . . . Jacobs’ dying declaration was credible, direct 

evidence that “TJ” was the shooter.

In addition, the prosecution presented sufficient circumstantial evidence to 

establish that defendant was the “TJ” Jacobs identified. Johnson testified that he, 

Jacobs, and the defendant had known each other for 18 years, and that he and Jacobs 

had always referred to defendant as TJ. He testified that he stole roughly $2,000 of 

marijuana from defendant, and Jacobs helped him do so, which would explain 

defendant’s motive for killing Jacobs.

. . . 

The prosecution sufficiently established that Jacobs identified his killer as “TJ.” It 

also sufficiently established that Jacobs had a previous relationship with defendant, 

and that he referred to him as “TJ.” Finally, the prosecution established that 

defendant had a motive for killing Jacobs, as Jacobs and Johnson stole $2,000 of 

marijuana from defendant. Viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, 

these facts were sufficient to establish that defendant killed Jacobs.

Brooks, 2015 WL 1314407, at *1–2. 

This was not an unreasonable conclusion. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the prosecution, Thomas, 898 F.3d at 698, a rational trier of fact might well have identified 

Brooks as Jacobs’s shooter. Several pieces of evidence tied Brooks to the crime. For one, Jacobs 

twice declared as he was dying that “TJ” was the person who shot him. The jury could have 

believed his declaration, could have believed Johnson’s testimony (i.e., that Brooks commonly 

uses the nickname “TJ”), and could have then inferred that Brooks was the “TJ” identified by 

Jacobs. Such an inference would not have been unreasonable, especially since prosecutors 

presented evidence suggesting Brooks had a motive to harm Jacobs—i.e., as retribution for the 

marijuana that Jacobs and Johnson allegedly stole six days before the shooting. Furthermore, 

prosecutors supplemented Jacobs’s dying declaration and the motive evidence with (A) threatening 

social media posts from Brooks in the days before the shooting and (B) evidence of Brooks’s 

nearby residence. 
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Brooks responds three ways. First, he challenges the credibility of Johnson and Jacobs’s 

mother by pointing out perceived inaccuracies in their testimony and pre-trial statements. But 

witness-credibility arguments are not appropriate grounds for § 2254 relief. It is, after all, “the 

province of the factfinder to weigh the probative value of the evidence and resolve any conflicts 

in testimony.” Matthews v. Abramajtys, 319 F.3d 780, 788 (6th Cir. 2003). Second, he calls 

Jacobs’s dying declaration “inherently unreliable” because “the shooting occurred at night while 

it was raining, . . . making it difficult for [Jacobs] to identify anyone.” Rain and darkness aside, 

we find nothing “inherently unreliable” about Jacobs’s dying declaration. Cf. Woods v. Cook, 

960 F.3d 295, 300 (6th Cir. 2020) (the dying-declaration exception to Federal Rule of Evidence 

802 “is premised on the understanding that the dying usually do not spend their last breaths lying”). 

At trial the jury considered the circumstances surrounding Jacobs’s dying declaration; Brooks’s 

attorney cross-examined Jacobs’s mother, and his closing statement referenced the darkness, the 

rain, and the natural difficulties a dying man may have in identifying his killer. Brooks now asks 

us to “reweigh the evidence,” find Jacobs’s declaration implausible, “substitute our judgment for 

that of the jury,” and then dismiss Jacobs’s dying declaration out of hand. But see Thomas, 

898 F.3d at 698. We reject his invitation.

Third and finally, Brooks says investigators found no “bloody clothing, hairs, DNA, or 

fingerprints” tying him to the crime. But physical evidence is not a prerequisite for establishing 

identity. See O’Hara v. Brigano, 499 F.3d 492, 500 (6th Cir. 2007).

The question at this stage is not whether we “believe[] the state court’s determination . . . 

was incorrect but whether [it] was unreasonable—a substantially higher threshold.” Knowles v. 

Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 123 (2009) (quoting Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 473 (2007)). 

The Michigan Court of Appeals determined that a rational jury could have identified Brooks as 
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the “TJ” who shot and killed Jacobs, and, considering the evidence presented by prosecutors at 

trial, this determination was far from unreasonable.

B.

Brooks also claims the prosecution presented insufficient evidence of premeditation and 

deliberation. A trier of fact can infer premeditation and deliberation “from the circumstances 

surrounding [a] killing,” including the prior relationship of the parties, the defendant’s actions 

before the killing, the circumstances of the killing itself, and the defendant’s conduct after the 

homicide. People v. Anderson, 531 N.W.2d 780, 786 (Mich. 1995) (citing People v. Schollaert, 

486 N.W.2d 312 (Mich. 1992)). 

The circumstances surrounding Jacob’s murder support the jury’s finding of premeditation 

and deliberation. Given the lack of evidence suggesting Jacobs resisted or threatened his killer, a 

rational trier of fact could have concluded that Jacobs’s killing was a nighttime ambush committed 

without provocation or struggle, not a killing “committed in a frenzy or heat of passion.” People 

v. Hoffmeister, 229 N.W.2d 305, 308 (Mich. 1975). And assuming Brooks killed Jacobs in 

retaliation for the marijuana theft on October 5—which a reasonable jury might have concluded, 

particularly in light of the post-theft social media messages—then he had “sufficient time . . . to 

take a second look at his actions.” People v. Gonzalez, 444 N.W.2d 228, 230 (Mich. 1989). The 

circumstances of the crime, including the timing and methodology, suggest Brooks “measured and 

evaluated his choices before proceeding to kill” Jacobs. Oros, 917 N.W.2d at 568.

AFFIRMED.