Filed 7/31/14 P. v. Perez CA2/3 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION THREE 

THE PEOPLE, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

 v. 

RAFAEL ALEJANDRO PEREZ, 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 B246331 

 (Los Angeles County 

 Super. Ct. No. BA383777) 

 APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 

Laura F. Priver, Judge. Reversed in part, affirmed in part, and remanded with directions. 

 Richard D. Miggins, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant. 

 Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Paul M. Roadarmel, Jr. and 

David A. Voet, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. 

_________________________
2 

 Rafael Alejandro Perez (appellant) appeals from the judgment entered following a 

jury trial resulting in his conviction of second degree murder (Pen. Code, 187, subd. (a)) 

with true findings he had personally used and discharged a firearm, proximately causing 

great bodily injury and death (Pen. Code, §§ 12022.53, subds. (b), (c) & (d)). The jury 

also found true the offense was committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang within 

the meaning of Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C).1

 

 The trial court sentenced appellant to an aggregate term in state prison of 40 years 

to life, consisting of 15 years to life for the murder, enhanced by a term of 25 years to life 

for the discharge of a firearm proximately causing death. 

CONTENTIONS 

 Appellant contends (1) the evidence is insufficient to support a gang enhancement; 

(2) the trial court erred by imposing and staying the 10-year term for the gang 

enhancement pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C), in lieu of imposing the 

minimum 15-year term provided for in section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5); (3) the abstract 

of judgment improperly states appellant was convicted of first degree murder; and 

(4) appellant is entitled to 638 days of section 2900.5 presentence custody credit. 

 The contention the evidence is insufficient to support the gang enhancement lacks 

merit. Otherwise, we will reverse the orders of sentencing specified as error by appellant 

and remand the matter with directions for resentencing. 

BACKGROUND 

 We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment. (People v. 

Ochoa (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1199, 1206.) 

 At about 8:25 p.m. on March 5, 2011, 18-year-old Tony Aragon (Aragon) left his 

Los Angeles residence on foot to go to a party. According to his mother, he was a 

“Barrio Mojado” or “BMS” gang member. In front of his residence, he met a female 

friend and walked to the nearby Moises Mini Market at Ascot and Vernon Avenues. 

 

1

 All further references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified. 
3 

As Aragon was crossing the street in front of the market, another youth approached him 

in the crosswalk from the direction of the market. 

 Aragon pushed his female friend to the side and put up his fists. The approaching 

youth was appellant, a rival “Ninos Surenos” or “NSU” gang member. Appellant took a 

handgun out of his pocket, said, “NSU,” and continued to walk in Aragon’s direction. 

Appellant shot at Aragon five times, then fled. Aragon was wounded and ran southbound 

on Ascot Avenue about 50 yards, then fell to the ground. Aragon lay there until 

assistance arrived. 

 Aragon was transported to the hospital. He died. At trial, a deputy medical 

examiner testified the cause of death was multiple gunshot wounds, one to the right 

shoulder and upper arm and another to the torso, head and neck. 

 Homicide detectives, Los Angeles Police Officer Thomas Brown (Officer Brown) 

and his partner, Officer Dan Gersna (Officer Gersna), responded after the shooting. In 

the intersection where the shooting occurred, Officer Brown observed .9-millimenter 

shell casings in the north east-west crosswalk. In the west north-south crosswalk, a steak 

knife was lying in the roadway. Fifty yards away, where Aragon had fallen, there was 

blood on the roadway. There was gang graffiti in the area. On a recently repainted 

market wall, Officer Brown observed the graffiti “BMS 47th Street.” That graffiti was 

crossed out and replaced with “NSU 13.” 

 The market’s owner witnessed the shooting. He testified Aragon frequented the 

market. Earlier that day, at noon, he had seen a hostile confrontation between Aragon 

and two youths on bicycles. When the two youths had bicycled off, they yelled, “F--- 

BMS.” 

 At about 8:30 p.m. that evening, the market’s owner heard appellant outside the 

market getting a telephone number from a female bystander. At trial, that bystander 

testified appellant spoke to her in front of the market immediately before the shooting. 

Five minutes later, the market’s owner heard shots outside the market. 
4 

 Aragon’s mother, Laurencia Isidoro, testified she had followed Aragon when he 

left the family residence. She was concerned for his safety. She observed the shooting 

from some 50 feet away. Before Aragon had left home, she had frisked him to make sure 

he was unarmed. She said she saw appellant walk across the crosswalk and shoot at her 

son. Her son did not have a weapon or firearm and did not provoke the attack. 

 Two months before the instant shooting, there was another gang shooting on the 

same corner. NSU gang member Rafael Vela, also known as “Menace,” was shot by 

BMS gang member “[B]ig [M]ac.” 

 Following Aragon’s shooting, Officers Brown and Gersna interviewed appellant. 

Prior to the interview, appellant was advised of, and waived, his Miranda rights. 

(Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 (Miranda).) 

 After three hours of denying any involvement in the shooting, appellant admitted 

he went to the market for a “blunt” (a cigar) to use to smoke marijuana. He saw a woman 

outside the market and asked for her telephone number. He claimed that while he was 

“picking up a girl’s number,” some “fools—pop[ped] up behind [him]” and asked him 

“where you from.” He ignored them, but Aragon came up “real hard,” challenging him. 

Appellant had a firearm as he was aware Menace had been shot there in an earlier gang 

shooting. Appellant claimed he did not know who Aragon was, but he “still took it out 

on him.” He shot Aragon with his .9-millimenter handgun. When appellant shot Aragon, 

he was with Edgar Arroyo (Arroyo), who is also known as “Slugger” or “Bimbo.” 

 Appellant added that when he pulled out his firearm, he said, “NSU,” and Aragon 

froze. Aragon never claimed his neighborhood. Then Aragon reached for a pocket, 

causing appellant to believe Aragon was armed with a firearm or a knife. Appellant got 

scared and shot to “scare” off Aragon. Appellant closed his eyes and shot. He claimed 

he did not want to kill Aragon. He shot only when he saw Aragon with an item he 

believed was a chrome pistol. He did not want to fight as he was unaware where Aragon 

was from. 
5 

 Officer Brown testified appellant told him appellant was accompanied to the 

shooting site by Arroyo. Appellant identified Arroyo as another NSU gang member. 

 During the trial, Officer Rene Santos (Officer Santos) from the Los Angeles Police 

Department Newton Gang Enforcement unit, testified as a gang expert. His testimony 

provided most of the information necessary to support the gang enhancement and to 

demonstrate motive. At the conclusion of his testimony, the prosecutor asked Officer 

Santos two hypothetical questions. The questions incorporated the approximate facts of 

the instant shooting. The officer opined that regardless of whether Aragon was acting in 

self-defense, the shooting was committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang. 

 Appellant declined to testify. In defense, trial counsel argued self-defense in 

conformity with appellant’s statement to the police. 

 The parties stipulated that at no time prior to trial did appellant’s mother disclose 

to the authorities that she had frisked her son prior to the time he left the family 

residence. 

DISCUSSION 

1. Sufficiency of evidence supporting the gang enhancement. 

 Appellant contends the evidence fails to support the jury’s true finding with 

respect to the gang enhancement. 

 a. Background. 

 (1) Gang mores and gang culture generally. 

 Officer Santos testified that within the world of gangs, reputation is important. 

To maintain a gang’s reputation, gangs must be violent and commit violent crimes to 

keep the community in fear of them. Keeping the community in fear of the gang is 

important as the gang wants to create within their territory a sphere in which gang 

members can act with impunity. If the persons in the community are afraid to report 

crime, the offenses the gang commits will go unnoticed by the authorities. 
6 

 “Respect” defines a gang member’s status within the gang. Respect is actually 

how much others, gang members and community members, fear a particular gang or gang 

member. It is important that rival gang members fear the gang. If rival gang members 

are afraid to reveal their identities when they are challenged, this gives a gang member 

more respect. Gang members gain respect by putting up graffiti, bragging about their 

crimes and committing crimes in the community. 

 Putting up graffiti establishes gang territory. It also tells others the gang putting 

up the graffiti is not afraid to invade others’ territory to write on a rival gang’s walls. 

 Gang members threaten witnesses and victims. By doing so, they gain respect and 

create fear in the community. In communities with gangs, victims and witnesses to 

crimes are reluctant to cooperate with the police. When witnesses live in the community 

where a crime occurs, they are afraid to testify at trials. Cooperating with the authorities 

is punished by violent retaliation from gang members. 

 Rival gang members purposely “disrespect” one another. They cross out one 

another’s graffiti. On the Internet, they blog about gangs, call other gangs names and 

claim one gang is better than another. They shoot at one another’s residences and at one 

another. Once one gang “disrespects” another, the disrespected gang is expected to 

retaliate with violence. Retaliation need not occur immediately; often a rival gang will 

wait until they have a good opportunity for retaliation. The gang members have good 

memories; they don’t forget an act of “disrespect.” 

 Gang tattoos are important in the gang world. The tattoos demonstrate pride in 

the gang, and gang members are proud of their gang. One has to earn the right to have a 

gang tattoo; nonmembers do not display gang tattoos. To do so is regarded as an insult 

to the gang. Gang members will beat up, stab or shoot a nonmember who gets a 

gang tattoo. 
7 

 Gang members commit crimes individually and in groups. A gang member might 

commit a gang shooting where he is the only gunman. But often other gang members go 

along to act as lookouts or drivers or for the purpose of corroborating the act of violence 

actually occurred. 

 “Snitching” is reporting information or a gang crime to the authorities. Even rival 

gang members will not disclose information and crimes by other gangs to the police. 

Avoiding cooperation with the authorities is a part of the gang culture. 

 Territory is the area a gang claims within its community. It is a gang’s safe haven. 

Most of them live and feel secure in their own area. They sell their drugs in that area and 

make money for the gang. 

 Committing a violent assault against a rival gang member benefits an individual 

gang member. It upgrades the gang member’s status within the gang; i.e., the gang 

member is then viewed as a powerful person within the gang. Other gang members and 

rival gang members will fear and respect the gang member. The commission of a violent 

act against a rival gang member benefits the gang as it causes rival gang members and 

community members to fear that gang member. If the gang is feared by rival gang 

members, then a gang’s status is enhanced. 

 Inquiries such as “Where are you from?” are inquiries into a person’s gang 

membership. The inquiry is a gang challenge. There is no good reply to the inquiry. 

In many instances, the question is merely a prelude to violence. A slang term for asking 

the where-are-you-from question to another person is “hitting up” the person. 

Sometimes, the person addressed with the inquiry is permitted to walk away. Other 

times, the challenge is a prelude to a fist fight or a shooting. On some occasions, an 

assailant yells out his gang name prior to the act of violence. In that way, the victim is 

aware of the assailant’s gang membership. It is also the assailant’s way of claiming the 

shooting for the benefit of the gang. The identification of an assailant’s gang will be 

heard not only by the victim but also by any community members who happen to witness 

or hear about the shooting. 
8 

 Officer Santos explained if there is a gang shooting, he would expect a retaliatory 

shooting to follow. 

 (2) The Ninos Surenos or NSU gang.

 The NSU gang originated in the early 1990’s in Los Angeles around the area of 

the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. It has branched out into areas such as South 

Central Los Angeles and San Bernardino. The gang has grown since its inception. At the 

time of trial, the gang had approximately 34 members. The gang is located in the local 

area in which Officer Santos works, and he personally knows its members. Officer 

Santos had personally investigated at least three shootings that occurred in NSU territory 

in which BMS was also involved. NSU does not have colors or special clothing. The 

officer explained currently, gang members do not want to be easily identified or to have 

the police know who they are. NSU has three cliques, each in a different part of the city. 

 The 58th Street clique lives in the area of 58th Street and Hooper Avenue. The 

common gang sign is the letter N. Gang members make the sign by manipulating their 

hands and fingers to portray the letter N. They use the letters NSU in their graffiti. Other 

areas the NSU gang claims are at Hooper Avenue and 43rd Street and Hooper Avenue 

and 77th Street. NSU regard all the gangs operating around them as rival gangs. For the 

most part, NSU has issues with the Barrio Mojado or the BMS gang. Other rival gangs 

include the 38th Street Playboys, the Hooper gang, and the Vernon Locos. 

 NSU’s primary activities are carrying concealed firearms, vehicle theft, painting 

graffiti (vandalism), assaults with firearms, attempted murder, murder and narcotics 

trafficking. Louis Matias, a NSU gang member, was convicted in 2009 of assault with a 

deadly weapon. Julio Martin Lopez, another NSU gang member, was convicted on 

February 23, 2009, for taking and driving a vehicle in violation of Vehicle Code section 

10851. Josue Sanchez, another gang member, was convicted in 2006 of carrying a 

concealed firearm. 
9 

 (3) Rivalry between NSU and BMS. 

 BMS territory includes the area between Vernon and Slauson Avenues and 

Compton and Central Avenues. BMS claims the area around Vernon and Ascot 

Avenues. 

 BMS and NSU have participated in an on-going feud. They commit crimes 

against one another. Each gang commits assaults and shootings, and they shoot at one 

another frequently. They cross out one another’s graffiti, which is disrespectful to the 

rival gang. In the photograph of the graffiti on the market at Vernon and Ascot Avenues, 

it appears NSU has been disrespectful to BMS by crossing out the BMS’s graffiti. 

(The symbol “13” in “NSU 13” indicates NSU’s alliance with the Mexican Mafia.) 

 Before testifying, Officer Santos had examined the field identification cards for 

BMS gang member Tony Aragon. He identified other NSU graffiti in the area of the 

shooting that was disrespectful to BMS. 

 Officer Santos knew appellant personally. During the officer’s testimony, he 

showed the jury a photograph of appellant’s NSU gang tattoos. The officer also had a 

photograph depicting appellant displaying his gang’s sign, N. The officer testified 

appellant had admitted NSU gang membership to Officer Santos. In the officer’s 

opinion, appellant was a NSU gang member. 

 During cross-examination, Officer Santos speculated that the instant shooting may 

have been retaliatory as appellant was the victim of a shooting several months ago. 

The officer said that generally, committing a crime in front of other gang members 

enhances a gang member’s reputation. 

 (4) The expert’s opinion. 

After eliciting the foundational information supporting an expert gang opinion, the 

prosecutor addressed Officer Santos with a hypothetical containing facts similar to those 

involved in the instant shooting. The officer replied that the shooting would be of benefit 

to the gang. The gang would be looked upon as a powerful and dangerous rival by 

committing the shooting as one of its gang members had demonstrated a disregard for 
10 

human life. The result of the shooting would be that the community would then fear 

the gang. 

 Officer Santos opined that this shooting also may have been an instance of 

retaliation for an earlier BMS gang shooting that had occurred several months previously. 

Officer Santos explained the reason for his conclusion. Such shootings make it easier for 

a gang to operate in their community. When community members fear they might be the 

victim of gang violence, they do not report crime. That makes it easier for the gang to 

commit new crimes. 

 A gang member also benefits individually by committing such a shooting. 

His status within the gang is elevated. He is viewed as a powerful member of the gang. 

The community regards the assailant with fear knowing he is capable of violence. 

 The prosecutor modified his original hypothetical. He asked Officer Santos 

whether his opinion would be the same if the gang member had acted in self-defense. 

The officer replied that whether or not the shooting was committed in self-defense, it 

would be of benefit to the gang for the reasons he had previously outlined. 

 b. The relevant legal principles. 

 (1) The standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence. 

 In considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support an 

enhancement, “ ‘ “we review the [entire] record in the light most favorable to the 

judgment to determine whether it [contains] substantial evidence -- that is, evidence that 

is reasonable, credible, and of solid value -- from which a reasonable trier of fact could 

find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citations.]” ’ ” (People v. Wilson

(2008) 44 Cal.4th 758, 806.) We presume every fact in support of the judgment the trier 

of fact could have reasonably deduced from the evidence. (Ibid.) If the circumstances 

reasonably justify the trier of fact’s findings, reversal of the judgment is not warranted 

simply because the circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled with a contrary 

finding. (People v. Lindberg (2008) 45 Cal.4th 1, 27.) “ ‘A reviewing court neither 

reweighs evidence nor reevaluates a witness’s credibility.’ (Ibid.)” (People v. Albillar

(2010) 51 Cal.4th 47, 60 (Albillar).) 
11 

 Substantial evidence includes circumstantial evidence and the reasonable 

inferences this evidence allows. (People v. Rodriguez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1, 11; People v. 

Ferraez (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 925, 930 (Ferraez).) “Although the jury is required to 

acquit a criminal defendant if it finds the evidence susceptible of two reasonable 

interpretations, one of which favors guilt and the other innocence, it is the jury, not the 

appellate court, which must be convinced of his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

(People v. Millwee (1998) 18 Cal.4th 96, 132.) 

 (2) The other relevant legal principles.

 Section186.22, subdivision (b)(1), is an enhancement which provides “any person 

who is convicted of a felony committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in 

association with any criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or 

assist in any criminal conduct by gang members, shall, upon conviction of that felony, 

[be punished] in addition and consecutive to the punishment prescribed for the felony or 

attempted felony of which he or she has been convicted . . . .” (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1).) 

 “[T]to fall within the statutory definition of a ‘criminal street gang,’ there must be 

an ongoing association of at least three persons that has as one of its primary activities the 

commission of specific types of criminal activity, uses a common name or identifying 

sign or symbol, and has members who individually or collectively have actually engaged 

in ‘two or more’ acts of specified criminal conduct committed either on separate 

occasions or by two or more persons.” (People v. Gardeley (1996) 14 Cal.4th 605, 623 

(Gardeley).) 

 The gang enhancement does not punish mere gang membership. (Gardeley, 

supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 623.) To be punishable pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision 

(b)(1), the offense must be “gang-related,” i.e., it must be committed (a) for the benefit 

of, (b) at the direction of, or (c) in association with a criminal street gang. (Albillar, 

supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 60.) The second prong of the gang enhancement requires a 

defendant commit the gang-related felony with the specific intent to promote, further, or 

assist in any criminal conduct by gang members -- including the current offenses -- and 

not merely other criminal conduct by gang members. (Id. at p. 65.) There is no statutory 
12 

requirement this “ ‘ “criminal conduct by gang members” be distinct from the charged 

offense, or that the evidence establish specific crimes the defendant intended to assist his 

fellow gang members in committing.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 66.) 

 The disjunctively worded subparts of each element provide separate and 

alternative means to satisfy the two statutory elements. (People v. Leon (2008) 

161 Cal.App.4th 149, 162.) 

 A gang-related felony is required for the initial prong of the enhancement, but not 

for the latter specific intent prong. “There is no further requirement that the defendant act 

with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist a gang; the statute requires only the 

specific intent to promote, further, or assist criminal conduct by gang members.” 

(Albillar, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 67.) Gang membership is not a requirement for the 

enhancement; the defendant is liable where a defendant “personally commit[s] a gangrelated felony with the specific intent to aid members of that gang.” (Id. at p. 68.) 

 “There is rarely direct evidence that a crime was committed for the benefit of a 

gang. For this reason, ‘we routinely draw inferences about intent from the predictable 

results of action. We cannot look into people’s minds directly to see their purposes. 

We can discover mental state only from how people act and what they say.’ [Citation.]” 

(People v. Miranda (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 398, 411-412.) Thus, circumstantial 

evidence of specific intent is sufficient. Additionally, if substantial evidence otherwise 

establishes that the offense is gang-related, the jury reasonably may infer that the 

defendant had the specific intent to promote, further, or assist any criminal conduct by 

gang members. (Albillar, supra, 51 Cal.4th at pp. 67-68.) 

 (3) Expert opinion.

 In People v. Garcia (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 1499, at pages 1512 to 1513, the 

court summarized the general rules concerning the use of expert police officer opinion 

evidence for proving a gang enhancement. 
13 

 “ ‘As a general rule, a trial court has wide discretion to admit or exclude expert 

testimony. [Citations.] An appellate court may not interfere with the exercise of that 

discretion unless it is clearly abused. [Citation.]” ’ (People v. Valdez (1997) 

58 Cal.App.4th 494, 506 (Valdez).) In cases where a gang enhancement is alleged or a 

substantive gang crime is charged, expert testimony regarding the “culture, habits, and 

psychology of gangs” is generally permissible because these subjects are “ ‘sufficiently 

beyond common experience that the opinion of an expert would assist the trier of fact.’ ” 

(Ibid.) For example, an expert may properly testify about the size, composition, or 

existence of a gang; “motivation for a particular crime, generally retaliation or 

intimidation”; and “whether and how a crime was committed to benefit or promote a 

gang.” (People v. Killebrew (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 644, 656-658 (Killebrew), 

disapproved on another point in People v. Vang (2011) 52 Cal.4th 1038, 1047 (Vang); 

see People v. Gonzalez (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 1539, 1550 (Gonzalez) [“Expert 

testimony repeatedly has been offered to show the ‘motivation for a particular crime, 

generally retaliation or intimidation’ and ‘whether and how a crime was committed to 

benefit or promote a gang’ ”]; Valdez, at pp. 507-509 [holding expert opinion concerning 

whether the defendant acted for the benefit of a gang was admissible under the 

circumstances of the case].) 

 Expert opinion that particular criminal conduct benefited a gang by enhancing its 

reputation for viciousness can be sufficient to raise an inference that the conduct was 

committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang. (Albillar, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 63, 

citing People v. Vazquez (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 347, 354 [relying on expert opinion that 

the murder of a non-gang member benefited the gang because “violent crimes like 

murder elevate the status of the gang within gang culture and intimidate neighborhood 

residents who are, as a result, ‘fearful to come forward, assist law enforcement, testify in 

court, or even report crimes that they’re victims of for fear that they may be the gang’s 

next victim or at least retaliated on by that gang . . .’ ”] and People v. Romero (2006) 

140 Cal.App.4th 15, 19 [relying on expert opinion that “a shooting of any AfricanAmerican men would elevate the status of the shooters and their entire [Latino] gang”].) 
14 

 It is improper for an expert to express an opinion on the guilt or innocence of the 

defendant. (Vang, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 1048 & fn. 4, 1049-1052 [setting out the 

limits of opinion testimony concerning whether the criminal act was of benefit to the 

gang]; see also, Gonzalez, supra, 126 Cal.App.4th 1539, 1550-1551.) Expert testimony 

with respect to whether a crime is gang-related is admissible. (Vang, supra, 52 Cal.4th 

at p. 1050 & fn. 5.) 

 c. The analysis.

 Appellant makes a shotgun contention, essentially claiming the evidence in the 

record about the shooting and based on the officers’ personal knowledge was insufficient 

to show this was a gang-related shooting, questioning the propriety of certain 

foundational testimony given by Officer Santos supporting his opinion the shooting was 

of benefit to the gang and to the gang member, and questioning whether the record 

discloses appellant’s companion at the time of the shooting, Arroyo, was a gang member. 

Appellant asserts the evidence he and Aragon belonged to rival gangs alone does not 

support the enhancement and Officer Santos’s general opinion committing a shooting 

against a rival criminal street gang shows a benefit to the gang fails to demonstrate 

appellant committed the shooting for gang purposes. He questions whether the evidence 

demonstrates appellant committed the shooting with the specific intent to aid members of 

his gang. 

 We disagree. The details of the shooting as disclosed by the trial evidence 

establish an ample basis for the jury’s finding the murder was committed for gang 

purposes. Officer Santos’s testimony described the NSU gang and its territory and 

criminal purposes. He testified from personal knowledge, as did Officer Brown, that 

there was a long established rivalry between NSU and BMS. Appellant admitted to 

Officer Brown in his statement to the police he was an NSU gang member, as well as 

admitting he was accompanied to the market by Arroyo. Officer Brown testified 

appellant told him Arroyo, the companion, was also an NSU gang member. Aragon’s 

mother admitted Aragon was a BMS gang member. Gang graffiti on the market’s wall 
15 

showed NSU had crossed out rival BMS graffiti. There was other graffiti in the area 

disclosing the gangs’ rivalry. 

 The NSU-BMS gang rivalry was evidenced by the repeated NSU-BMS shootings 

in BMS territory and at the market, including at least one recent shooting by BMS of 

another NSU gang member named Menace. Appellant admitted he was carrying a gun at 

the market because he was aware Menace was shot there. Appellant apparently had been 

shot himself in another gang shooting within the last few months prior to the Aragon 

shooting. The record fails to state whether this also was a BMS shooting. Appellant’s 

claims the instant shooting was predicated by where-are-you-from inquiries and 

appellant’s unsupported assumption Aragon was armed provide further proof this was an 

unprovoked gang shooting between gang rivals. 

 Appellant claimed in his statement he was unaware of Aragon’s gang membership, 

but this bit of evidence does not unequivocally show the instant shooting was unrelated to 

a gang. Aragon’s presence in his own gang territory could have caused appellant to 

conclude Aragon was likely to be a BMS gang member. And matters of credibility are 

left to the jury. Further, the market owner testified to a noon confrontation between 

Aragon and other youths who yelled, “F--- BMS,” as they rode away on bicycles after a 

hostile confrontation. This latter confrontation provides circumstantial evidence NSU 

gang members may well have been lying in wait for Aragon or any other BMS gang 

member to go to the market in order to commit an act of violent retaliation. 

 Officer Santos testified as an expert to the violence between these local criminal 

street gangs and that retaliation fed a cycle of feuding that led to repeated rival gang 

shootings. The market owner testified to repeated shootings at his location. Officer 

Santos testified that such rival gang shootings and gang violence enhanced gang member 

status and fear of a gang. The fear created by violent and criminal conduct by gang 

members keeps gang communities intimidated and prevents cooperation with the 

authorities so a gang can perpetuate their lives of crime. 
16 

 Appellant admitted to Officer Brown he committed the shooting and that he had 

uttered his gang name, “NSU,” immediately prior thereto. That evidence alone is 

sufficient to demonstrate a gang-related murder. 

 Appellant’s claim of his neighborhood, “NSU,” at the time of the shooting 

circumstantially reveals his gang-related intent. His companion Arroyo’s presence at the 

time of the shooting also demonstrates this intent. Officer Santos testified that gang 

members often accompany one another to a shooting for the purpose of corroborating the 

gang members commission of the act or for the purpose of acting as a lookout. The 

officer testified as we noted above to the ongoing feuds between rival gangs and to the 

violence attached to such feuds. Officer Santos knew about general and local gang mores 

and values, information that was beyond the personal knowledge of the jurors. The 

rivalry between these two gangs, the gang culture described by Officer Santos, and the 

evidence at the scene of the shooting demonstrating gang rivalry permitted the jury to 

conclude circumstantially that appellant had requisite specific intent to promote, further 

or assist criminal conduct by gang members. 

 The hypotheticals used to elicit Officer Santos’s testimony the shooting was gangrelated was a proper evidentiary means for eliciting evidence supporting the 

enhancement. (Vang, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 1050-1051; Ferraez, supra,

112 Cal.App.4th at pp. 930-931.) The hypothetical questions here were rooted in the 

facts of the case. (Vang, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 1045.) The inquiries addressed to 

Officer Santos did not improperly request that Officer Santos opine as to guilt or 

innocence or as to whether appellant in this instance had the specific intent to promote, 

further or assist criminal conduct by gang members. (Vang, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 1048 

& fn. 4, 1049-1052; In re Frank S. (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1192, 1199.) 

 Appellant cites a number of cases in which the trial evidence was found to be 

insufficient to support the gang enhancement or otherwise support his claims regarding 

the sufficiency of the evidence: People v. Martinez (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 753, 762; 

Ferraez, supra, 112 Cal.App.4th at pp. 930-931; In re Frank S., supra, 141 Cal.App.4th 

at p. 1199; People v. Ramon (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 843, 852-853; People v. Ochoa
17 

(2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 650, 657-665; Albillar, supra, 51 Cal.4th at pp. 63-65; Gardeley, 

supra, 14 Cal.4th 605; Mitchell v. Prunty (9th Cir. 1997) 107 F.3d 1337, 1342; United 

States v. Melchor-Lopez (9th Cir. 1980) 627 F.2d 886, 891; Garcia v. Carey (9th Cir. 

2005) 395 F.3d 1099, 1102-1105; and Killibrew, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at p. 658. This 

case presents a classic instance of a retaliatory gang shooting, and none of the cases cited 

above provide support for setting aside the enhancement. (See People v. Miranda (2011) 

192 Cal.App.4th 398, 411-412.)2

 

2. The 10-year term imposed for the gang enhancement was an unauthorized 

sentence and should be stricken. 

 At sentencing, with respect to the finding of the gang enhancement, the trial court 

imposed and stayed the 10-year term authorized by section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C). 

It further imposed a 15-year minimum parole date for appellant, claiming this minimum 

term was required by section 186.22, subdivision (b)(4). 

 Appellant contends, and respondent agrees, that the provisions of section 186.22, 

subdivision (b)(1)(C) and subdivision (b)(4), do not apply when a defendant is sentenced 

to a term of years to life for first or second degree murder and there is a possibility of 

parole. Appellant’s sentence was properly determined by section 186.22, subdivision 

(b)(5), which provides that the finding of the gang enhancement requires only the 

imposition, in addition to the sentence for the murder of twenty five years to life, of a 

minimum term in state prison of 15 calendar years. (People v. Lopez (2005) 34 Cal.4th 

1002, 1009-1010; People v. Fiu (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 360, 390; People v. Johnson

(2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 1230, 1236-1240.) We will reverse the trial court’s order 

imposing and staying the 10-year term pursuant to subdivision (b)(1)(C). 

 

2

 In Albillar, the California Supreme Court specifically rejected the Ninth Circuit’s 

statutory interpretation of the intent requirement in section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1). 

(Albillar, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 66.) Since a state court’s interpretation of state law 

binds a federal court in habeas corpus proceedings, the federal authorities cited above fail 

to provide support for appellant’s claims. 
18 

 The trial court’s sentencing order that appellant spend a minimum term of 

imprisonment of 15 years for the murder before eligibility for parole was proper. 

However, the reference to section 186.22, to subdivision (b)(4) as support for the 

imposition of the minimum term of imprisonment was error. Again, the provision 

supporting the imposition of the minimum term of imprisonment is properly subdivision 

(b)(5). The reference to subdivision (b)(4) will be stricken. 

3. The abstract of judgment should be amended to reflect the conviction for 

second degree murder. 

 Again, respondent agrees, and so do we, that appellant’s contention the abstract of 

judgment incorrectly reflects his conviction is well taken. The jury returned a verdict of 

second degree murder, and appellant was sentenced pursuant to that offense to a base 

term of 15 years to life. The abstract of judgment improperly states appellant was 

convicted of “1st degree murder.” The abstract of judgment should be amended to reflect 

the jury’s verdict and the offense for which appellant was actually sentenced. 

 This is clerical error that can be corrected in the trial court upon remand. 

(In re Candelario (1970) 3 Cal.3d 702, 705.) 

4. Appellant is entitled to presentence credit. 

 At sentencing, appellant received no presentence credit. He contends he is entitled 

to 638 days of actual presentence custody credit pursuant to section 2900.5. Respondent 

agrees, and so do we, with the contention. 

 At sentencing, the trial court observed appellant was taken into custody on 

April 22, 2011. Appellant was sentenced on January 18, 2013. Accordingly, his pretrial 

incarceration entitled him to credit for the actual time he was in custody prior to trial, 

638 days. (§ 2900.5; 2933.2, subd. (c) [a defendant convicted of murder is not entitled to 

presentence conduct credit in a local facility]; People v. Duff (2010) 50 Cal.4th 787, 793, 

800-801 [indicating presentence custody credits are available to a defendant convicted 

of murder, but section 2933.2 makes him ineligible for presentence conduct credits.) 
19 

Appellant is not entitled to conduct credits. Upon remand, appellant is entitled to be 

awarded 638 days of presentence custody credit. 

DISPOSITION 

 The judgment is reversed in part, affirmed in part, and the matter is remanded with 

directions. The order imposing and staying the 10-year prison term pursuant to section 

186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C), is reversed. The trial court must strike the reference to 

subdivision (b)(4) as the authority for the imposition of the 15-year minimum term of 

imprisonment before eligibility for parole. On remand, the trial court will order an award 

of 638 days of section 2900.5 presentence custody credit. In all other respects, the 

judgment is affirmed. 

 The court shall cause the clerk to amend the abstract of judgment to reflect 

appellant is convicted of second degree murder and to delete the present notations 

referring to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C) and indicating a 10-year term for the 

section 186.22 gang enhancement was imposed and stayed. The abstract of judgment 

also should be amended to show appellant has been awarded 638 days of section 2900.5 

custody credit, that appellant’s conviction was for second degree murder and the term for 

second degree murder was enhanced by a 15-year minimum term of imprisonment 

pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5). The amended abstract of judgment shall 

be sent to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS 

 KLEIN, P. J. 

We concur: 

 CROSKEY, J. ALDRICH, J.