216 La. 148

#### SCHWEGMANN BROS. v. LOUISIANA BOARD OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONTROL.

No. 39468.

Supreme Court of Louisiana.

Nov. 7, 1949.

*249Wisdom & Stone, Saul Stone, John Minor Wisdom, and Paul O. H. Pigman, New Orleans, for plaintiffs and intervenors, appel-lee.

■ Shirley G. Wimberly, Leo R. Werthei-mer, Frank B. Ellis, Charles D. Lancaster, Charles J. Rivet, Clem H. Sehrt, and Rivet & Blum, New Orleans, for defendants and intervenors-appellants.

HAMITER, Justice.

For consideration in this cause is the question of constitutionality of certain provisions of Act 360 of 1948,' the title to *250which commences, “To license, regulate and control all traffic in beverages containing more than six per centum of alcohol by volume * *

The statute, among other things, creates a board known .as the Louisiana Board of Alcoholic-. Beverage Control composed ■ of three members, each of whom must devote his full time to the performance of his official duties, and it authorizes the Board’s' adoption of rules and regulations for the enforcement of the statutory provisions; it provides for the issuance by the Board of permits or licenses to dealers (manú-facturers, wholesálers and retailers) as a condition for engaging in the liquor business in the state; it stipulates for each wholesaler and retailer ’a mandatory minimum mark up over his cost in' the sale of the affected beverages, and charges the Board with the duty of enforcing the mark up (the appropriate provisions are hereinafter quoted in full) ; it prohibits certain immoral, improper and indecent acts or practices on -licensed premises; it requires every retailer to pay in full his obligation for each alcoholic beverage purchase within 30 days after it becomes due, the due date being fixed as not later than the fifteenth day following that in which actual delivery is made; it. authorizes the Board to suspend or revoke a permit for the violation of any provision of the statute; and it sets forth the procedure to be followed in the suspension or revocation of permits.

Plaintiff herein, Schwegmann Brothers, is a commercial partnership doing business in the City of New Orleans, operating there a retail self-service.market on a cash and carry basis.. It merchandises groceries, meats, poultry, drugs, light hardware, alcoholic beverages and other ■ items. Charged with a violation of the .provisions of Act 360 of 1948, in that (and only that) it. made- sales of alcoholic beverages at prices below the minimum mark up required, of retailers by the statute, plaintiff was ordered to appear before "the - Louisiana Board of Alcoholic Beverage Control and show cause why its off-premise liquor license should not be suspended. On appearing, it admitted making the sales; but it challenged the constitutionality of the legislation under which the charge was made. The hearing resulted in an order of the Board suspending plaintiff’s retail liquor permit for 30 days, commencing January 29, 1949.

Thereupon plaintiff instituted this proceeding (referred to in the petition as an appeal) in the Civil District Court of Orleans Parish against the Louisiana Board of Alcoholic Beverage Control seeking injunctive relief with respect to the enforcement' of the order suspending its liquor permit. In the petition, after admitting the making of the violative sales, it attacked numerous provisions of Act 360 of 1948, alleging their unconstitutionality on various and sundry grounds.

On the filing of the petition the court granted a temporary restraining order, preventing, until such time as the .cause could be disposed of, defendant’s interference with plaintiff’s business. However, the order (for its duration) was conditioned upon plaintiff’s observing and complying with the provisions of the assailed statute. Later, on the hearing of a rule nisi, a •preliminary writ of injunction issued, continuing in effect the restraining order.

To plaintiff’s petition defendant tendered a plea of estoppel and exceptions of no right and no cause of action, -all o-f which were referred by the court to the merits of the case. Then it answered denying generally plaintiff’s several allegations of unconstitutionality.

Joining defendant in urging the constitutionality of the statute were the Louisiana Wholesale Liquor Dealers Association and the Louisiana Retail Liquor Dealers Association, as well as numerous individual wholesale and retail liquor dealers, they appearing by way of petitions of intervention. Also intervening, but supporting the position of plaintiff, were seven New Orleans citizens who alleged themselves to be representative of the great body of consumers in this state, and Gus Blancand, another citizen of that city, who-is engaged in the wholesale liquor business..

After a trial of the merits the court rendered and signed a judgment decreeing-“that the order of the Louisiana Board of *251Alcoholic Beverage Control, dated . January 29, 1949, suspending the retail liquor permit of Schwegmann Brothers, be set aside and that the Louisiana Board of Alcoholic Beverage Control, its officers, agents and employees be permanently enjoined, restrained and prohibited from enforcing said order of January 29, 1949, suspending the permit of Schwegmann Brothers as a retail liquor dealer, and from interfering in any manner with the operation by Schwegmann Brothers of its retail liquor business at 2222 St. Qaude Avenue, In the City of New Orleans, Louisiana, because of any violations of Section l(s), Section 24 and Section 26 of Act 360 of 1948.” Further, the judgment ordered that all petitions of intervention be dismissed.

In granting to plaintiff the relief for which it prayed the district judge (as his written reasons appearing in the record -disclose) concluded that the provisions of the statute relating to the minimum mark ups (Sections l(s), 24 and 26) are unconstitutional in that they delegate to private persons legislative power. He said:

> “By these three sections, construed together, the Louisiana; Legislature has delegated to the manufacturers Of alcoholic beverages the right to fix the minimum prices of ‘such beverages in the State of Louisiana at all distributive levels, without regard to the reasonableness or unreasonableness of such prices.

> “While the legislature of the State of Louisiana may under the police power enact laws for the safety, health, morals and economic welfare of the people, it cannot delegate the exercise of legislative ■power to private persons. Those three sections of the Act are therefore unconstitutional.”

Also, the district judge concluded to be unconstitutional Section 64(f) insofar as it provides that “orders of the Board suspending or revoking pérmits shall not be suspended by any court,” and Section 64(h) which stipulates that the courts of this •state shall have no jurisdiction to issue restraining orders and writs of injunction •or to suspend or stay any action of the Board during the pendency of appeals to the courts. These provisions, he commented, contravened Section 2 of Article VII of the Louisiana Constitution which empowers the several courts, in aid of their respective jurisdictions, to issue any and all needful writs, orders and process.

Appeals from’the judgment were perfected by the defendant and its several supporting intervenors.

Under defendant’s plea of estoppel and exception of no right of action; both of which were impliedly overruled by the district court and are re-urged here, appellants contend that as a licensee plaintiff has no right (it is estopped) to attack the statute under which it holds a permit.

This . contention, in which we find, no merit, has as its basis the doctrine of waiver or estoppel to assert the invalidity of a law. But essential to that doctrine is the element of voluntary action which is completely lacking here, resulting in the case falling within one of the frequently occurring exceptions. In 11 American Jurisprudence verbo Constitutional Law, Section 124, it is said: “The most important and frequent class of exceptions to the general doctrine of waiver or estoppel to assert the invalidity’ of a' law is that where a statute requires a duty which is mandatory in form, accompanied by penalties for failure to obey its provisions, or is otherwise coercive. In such cases the element' of voluntary .action essential to waiver or estoppel is absent. * * * ”

. .This exception to the general doctrine is recognized in.our jurisprudence. ■ When the defendant in State v. Becker, 30 La.Ann. 682, refused to pay a license for the operation of a beer saloon as required by Act 14 of 1872 judicial proceedings against, him .were instituted. Thereupon, he tendered the amount of the license to the collector and attacked the constitutionality of the statute. In discussing the questiorl of waiver' or estoppel, this court observed: “Do his tender and deposit preclude him from urging the unconstitutionality of the license imposed on his calling? They do not: the tender and (deposit were made under circumstances which repel the presumption *252that they were voluntary: they were the direct and immediate consequence of a threatened seizure, of an injunction already allowed, the execution of which would have, at least, suspended defendant’s business.”

True, the appellee here did not make application for its permit as a consequence of an injunction or a threatened seizure. A sort of coercion, however, attended the obtaining of it, for appellee was required by the statute to be licensed (if it operated) on pain of receiving criminal penalties and of the closure of its business.

To hold applicable the doctrine of estop-pel in a case of this kind would be to place the liquor dealer in a two-horned dilemma, from the choosing of either horn of which detriment might result to him. Thus, if he refuses to apply for the license, maintaining that certain statutory conditions surrounding its issuance violate his constitutional rights, he may be severely penalized; if, on the other hand, he secures the permit he is denied the right of attacking the constitutionality of the statutory conditions.

But the law does not prevent such an attack. The United States Supreme Court has said specifically that the acceptance of a required statutory license does not impose on the licensee an obligation to respect or to comply with any provisions of the statute that are repugnant to the constitution. Cargill Company v. State of Minnesota ex rel. Railroad & Warehouse Commission, 180 U.S. 452, 21 S.Ct. 423, 45 L.Ed. 619. And the soundness of this view cannot be denied. The immunization of a law from constitutional attack by the simple expedient of requiring licenses from those in a business sought to be regulated clearly would be inharmonious with our American system of checks and 'balances.

Inapplicable here is State ex rel. Orleans Athletic Club et al. v. Louisiana State Boxing Commission, 163 La. 418, 112 So. 31, cited and relied on by appellants’ counsel. Therein the relators did not question the constitutionality of the statute under the provisions of which their license issued.

Additionally, appellants’ counsel urge here, under the overruled exceptions of no right and no cause of action, that since plaintiff has no inherent right to engage in the liquor business it cannot attack as being unconstitutional the statute which grants the privilege, subject to stipulated conditions for selling intoxicants. They argue: “Matters which are considered as rights when applied to other circumstances under different conditions, cease to be rights and become mere conditions of the privilege when applied to the liquor traffic, because, first, no one has an inherent right to engage in the liquor traffic, and second, he is free to accept or renounce the conditions by accepting or refusing the license. Having voluntarily accepted the license, he is no longer free to renounce the conditions.”

Further, they say:

> “Going one step further, not only has no man an inherent right to sell intoxicating liquors, but he has neither property rights, contract rights, nor vested rights in his license, once obtained.

> ■ “Actually, the only right a citizen has with reference to the sale by him of intoxicating liquors is his right to comply with the statute and to enforce compliance with the statute as against arbitrary administration of the statute by administrative bodies. In other words his sole right is the right to demand and retain such rights as are granted in the statute, upon a showing of non-compliance, or arbitrary abuse, on the part of the administering authority.”

And in support of the arguments they cite and quote from numerous decisions (of this court and courts of other jurisdictions) including Crowley v. Christensen, 137 U.S. 86, 11 S.Ct. 13, 34 L.Ed. 620; City of New Orleans v. Smythe, 116 La. 685, 41 So. 33, 6 L.R.A.,N.S., 722, 114 Am.St.Rep. 566; State ex rel. Orleans Athletic Club v. Louisiana State Boxing Commission, supra, and State v. Morton, 182 La. 887, 162 So. 718. These cases are authority for the universally accepted propositions that there is no inherent right in a citizen to sell intoxicating liquor; that under the police power of the state the liquor busi*253ness may be entirely prohibited, or it may be regulated within the discretion of the governing authority under such conditions as will limit to the utmost the evils associated therewith; and that liquor licenses are neither contracts nor rights of property. But we do not understand them to hold, as appellants insist they do, that the granting of a privilege to engage in the liquor traffic Can be made to depend on conditions which violate any and all constitutional guaranties. If such were the law there could never be an unconstitutional statute dealing with the liquor traffic. Certainly that was not the holding in Crowley v. Christensen, supra [137 U.S. 86, 11 S.Ct. 16], on which appellants principally rely, for the United States Supreme Court, regarding the liquor ordinance there under consideration, remarked: “ * * * The supreme court of the state has decided that the ordinance in question, under which the petitioner was arrested, and is held in custody, was thus authorized, and is valid. That decision is binding upon us unless some inhibition of the constitution or of a law of the United States is violated by it. We do not perceive that there is any such violation. * * * ”

Our appreciation of the law is that even though a state has the authority to grant or deny a privilege subject to conditions, which a person is free to accept or reject, its power in that respect is not unlimited. It may not through an abuse of its police power impose conditions which require the relinquishment of constitutional rights. And this limitation applies to the liquor traffic, notwithstanding that the state has the right to suppress it entirely or may, in curbing the attendant evils, impose regulations on it more stringent than on other businesses. When the liquor traffic is lawful, as it now is, all regulations provided therefor must be pursuant to a legitimate exercise of the state’s police power, which includes the respecting of constitutional guaranties. Supporting this view is State ex rel. Galle v. City of New Orleans, 113 La. 371, 36 So. 999, 1002, 67 L.R.A. 70, 2 Ann. Cas. 92, in which this court said:

> “It is wholly immaterial, for the purposes of the question presented, that it has been held that the right to sell intoxicating liquors is not inherent in a citizen of a state or of the United States (Crowley v. Christensen, 137 U.S. 86, 11 S.Ct. 13, 34 L.Ed. 620), and equally immaterial that in another state it has been held that such right is derived from the common law (Welsh v. Indiana [126 Ind. 71], 25 N.E. 883, 9 L.R.A. [664], 666), since in Louisiana it is a right conferred by the written law of the state, the enjoyment of which is subject to such conditions only as may be imposed or authorized by the General Assembly in the legitimate exercise of the police power of the state.

> “The police power of the state can, however, be exercised only in the enactment and enforcement of laws, and the lawmaking power is restricted within the limitations imposed by the Constitution of the United States and its own Constitution, and those 'which are said to be inherent in American institutions, and, like other governmental authority, is to be used for the cortlmon welfare — impartially and without arbitrary or unjust ’discrimination to the prejudice of private rights and individual liberty. * * *

> “ * * * A statute of this state imposing conditions upon the business of selling intoxicating liquors, though such conditions be more onerous than those imposed upon another business, may be sustained because the business of selling intoxicating liquors more seriously affects the health, morals, and general welfare of the public than another business; but where, as in this case, the state legalizes the business of selling liquors, and an individual citizen is denied the right to engage in it in a place and under conditions where and under which others having no better qualifications than he are so engaged, the law, if any there be, authorizing such denial, has no just foundation in reason or in the police power of the state,. for it deprives one citizen of the right to earn his livelihood by means of a lawful calling, whilst according that right to others similarly situated, and, in so doing, deprives him of the equal protection of the law, and of his liberty, without due process of law, and oversteps those restrictions upon legislation which are said *254to be inherent in the nature of American institutions.”

Since the petition of plaintiff herein specifically alleges a violation of the enumerated constitutional rights by the several statutory provisions attacked it states both a right and a cause of action.

On the merits of the case appellants complain first of the district court’s ruling that Sections l(s), 24 and 26 (all relating to mandatory minimum mark ups) of Act 360 of 1948 are unconstitutional. These sections read:

> “Section 1. That the following terms, words and phrases, whenever used or referred to in this Act, unless a different meaning clearly appears from the context, shall mean: * * *

> .“(s) ‘Cost’, invoice price to the dealer plus freight or cartage, if not included in the invoice, without any deduction for any discounts or concessions of any kind, plus all ■ taxes, but not including sales tax and the emergency war tax of the United States of $3.00 per proof gallon, which became effective April 1, 1944.

> ❖ * * * * *

> “Section 24. That Board shall adopt and promulgate rules and -regulations to prevent. any unfair practices in the sale of -any ‘regulated beverages’ and to enr force the following minimum mark up by every dealer over his cost:

> “(a) The wholesaler’s minimum selling price to a retailer shall be his cost, as herein defined, plus 15% on liquor; 20% on cordial liq’uers and specialties; and 25% on.sparkling and still wines.

> “(b) The retailer’s minimum selling price shall be 'his cost, as herein defined, plus 33%% on liquor; 45% on cordials, liquers and specialties; and 50% on sparkling and still wines.

> '“Provided, that the rules shall prescribe that no retailer shall expose any such beverages for sale without showing the selling price thereof in easily read figures,' and it shall be unlawful for any retailer to ask óf récéíve any other price for such beverages, except that the retailers shall add to said price, and collect from the purchaser, all sales taxes that may be due on each transaction.

> “Provided further, that where a wholesaler bottles wine in (he State, there shall be added to his ‘cost’, the cost of bottles and supplies plus 10% of said total.

> “Provided, also, that no mandatory mark up shall be required when the transaction is between two wholesalers for resale at wholesale, or between-two .retailers, and that the cost for the minimum mark -up on the resale in such transaction shall be the same cost as that of the original wholesaler or retailer, as hereinbefore fixed; and provided further that the provisions of this section shall not apply to sales at-wholesale made in the State for export beyond its borders. - . .

> * * * *

> “Section 26. As a condition to the sale of any dealer’s product in, t-he State, every manufacturer and every wholesaler shall file with the Board a detailed list of their selling. prices, which may be supplemented or changed. from time to time, but not oftener than once, in every thirty days, in such manner as the Board may prescribe. Said lists shall-be posted by-.the Board and distributed to all licensed dealers within the State. No change in prices shall become. effective until thirty days after the filing of notice thereof with the Board. Provided, that no discounts or rebates of any character or amount shall be given or received from list prices.”

In its attack on these provisions -plaintiff alleges that they violate

(1) The due process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the' United' States Constitution and Article I, Section 2 of the Louisiana Constitution;’ :

(2) Article II, Section 1 of the Louisiana Constitution, -by delegating legislative authority to private persons;

(3) The anti-monopoly clause of Article XIX, Section 14 of the Louisiana Constitution and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act [15 U.S.C.A. § 1 et seq.];

(4), The equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United *255States Constitution and Article I, Section 15 of the Louisiana Constitution.

It is elementary that an act of the Legislature is presumed to be legal, and the judiciary'is without right to declare it unconstitutional unless that is manifest. This rule is strictly observed in cases involving laws enacted in the exercise of the state’s police power. Further, under certain circumstances and when validly exercised the police power may encroach upon the due process guaranteed by the state and federal constitutions. Board of Barber Examiners of Louisiana v. Parker, 190 La. 214, 182 So. 485. Where, however, it clearly appears that there has been an abuse of the police power in the enactment of legislation, the court’s province and duty is to decree the offending portions of the statute invalid. State v. Legendre, 138 La. 154, 70 So. 70, 71, L.R.A.1916B, *1270.*

As a defense to appellee’s first ground of attack, which is that the mandatory minimum mark ups violate due process of law, appellants insist that the assailed provisions of the statute constitute a valid exercise of the state’s police power. To determine the correctness of this position it is necessary to consider the general nature of the state’s police power and to ascertain and to apply here the rule by which the validity of its exercise is tested.

In 11 American Jurisprudence verbo Constitutional Law, Section 267, it is said: “Although constitutional guaranties cannot be transgressed, it is settled that the possession and enjoyment of all rights are subject to the police power which includes such reasonable conditions as may be deemed by the governing authority of the country essential to the safety, health, peace, good order, and morals of the community. Consequently, both persons and property are subjected to all kinds of restraints and burdens in order to secure the.general comfort, health, welfare, and prosperity of the people1 of the state; everything contrary to public policy or inimical to the public interest is the subject of the exercise of the power. The return for the sacrifice of private rights, however, should be the attainment of some public object of sufficient, necessity, and importance justly to warrant the exertion of the power. Regulation to be valid must tend to some ulterior good to which the destruction or curtailment of- rights is merely incidental. * ‡

The general rule for determining when there is‘a valid exercise of the police power is given in Sections 302 and 303 of 11 American Jurisprudence verbo Constitutional Law as follows:

> “The fixed rule and basic standard by which the validity of all exercise of the police power is tested is that the police power of the state extends only to such measures as are reasonable, and that all police regulations must be reasonable under all circumstances. Too much signifi-' canee cannot be given to the word ‘reasonable’ in considering the scope of the police ¡power in a constitutional sense, for the test used to determine the constitutionality of the means employed by the legislature is to inquire whether the restrictions it imposes on rights secured to individuals by the Bill of Rights are unreasonable, and not whether it imposes any restrictions on such rights. It has been said that the only limitation upon the exercise of the police power is that such exercise must be reasonable. The validity of a police regulation therefore primarily depends on whether under all the existing circumstances the regulation is reasonable or arbitrary and *whether it is really designed to accomplish a purpose properly falling within the scope of the police power.*

> *"In every case it must appear that the means adopted are reasonably necessary and appropriate for the accomplishment of a legitimate object within the domain of the police power.*A statute to be within this power must also be reasonable in its operation upon the persons whom it affects, must not be for the annoyance of a particular class, and must not be unduly oppressive.

> “Section.303. .Appropriateness.of Means. *—It is a general rule■ that in. order for a police measure to be reasonable, the means adopted must be reasonably necessary and**256*appropriate for the accomplishment of the legitimate objects falling within the scope of the power.*In order to sustain legislative interference by virtue of the police power, either by a statute or a municipal ordinance, it is necessary that the act should have some reasonable relation to such objects, or, for more specific examples, to .the public welfare or .public health. *Moreover, the law must tend toward the accomplishment or promotion of such purposes in a degree that is perceptible and clear, either in preventing some offense o.r manifest evil or in furthering some such object.*The means employed should not go beyond the necessities of the case.

> *"The mere assertion by the legislature that a statute relates to the public health, safety, or welfare does not in itself bring that statute within the police power of a state, for there must always be an obvious and real connection between the actual provisions of a police regulation and its avowed purpose and the regulation adopted must be reasonably adapted to accomplish the end sought to be attained. A statute or ordinamce which has no real, substantial, or rational relation to the public safety, health, morals, or general welfare is a palpable invasion of rights secured by the fundamental law and cannot be sustained as a legitimate exercise of the police power. One application of the familiar rule that the validity of an act is to be determined by its practical operation and effect,, and not by its title or declared purpose, is that a constitutional right cannot be abridged by legislation under the guise of police regulation. The exercise of the power must have a substantial basis and cannot be made a mere pretext for legislation that does not fall within it.*The legislature has no power, under the guise of police regulations, arbitrarily to invade the personal rights and liberty of the individual citizen, to interfere with private business or impose unusual and unnecessary restrictions upon lawful occupations, or to invade property -rights.” (Italics' ours.)

The rule finds support in our" jurisprudence. In State v. Legendre, supra, this court held: “It is the duty of the courts to enforce the state’s police regulations enacted by the Legislature in good faith and with reasonable and appropriate regard for the protection which the state owes to the life, health, and property of her citizens. * * * The fourteenth amendment was not intended to hamper — or to authorize the courts to interfere with — the state’s exercise of its police power to regulate and promote the morals, health, and safety of her citizens. * * * The freedom of the right of citizens to make contracts is subject to such restrictions as the Legislature may impose, in good faith and with a reasonable and appropriate regard for the welfare of the citizens, in the exercise of the police power of the state. * * * But a statute containing a mere pretense of promoting or protecting public health or public safety, and having no real or reasonable relation to its pretended object, is an abuse of the police power of the state, and, in so far as it invades the fundamental rights of her citizens, it is the province and duty of the courts to adjudge such a subterfuge invalid, and to uphold the Constitution. * *

In State v. Blake, 170 La. 175, 127 So. 592, 597, we approved the following expressions contained in Lochner v. State of New York, 198 U.S. 45, 56, 25 S.Ct. 539, 49 L.Ed. 937, 941, 3 Ann.Cas. 1133: “It is a question of which of tw.o powers or rights shall prevail, — the power of the state to legislate or the right of the individual to liberty of person and freedom of contract. The mere assertion that the subject relates, though but in a remote degree, to the public health, does not necessarily render the enactment valid. The act must have a more direct relation, as a means to an end, and the end itself must be appropriate and legitimate, before an .act can be held to be valid which interferes with the general right of an individual to be free in his person and in his power to contract in relation to his own labor. * * * ”

In City of Alexandria v. Hall, 171 La. 595, 131 So. 722, 724, the following language found in State ex rel. Newman v. City of Laramie, 40 Wyo. 74, 275 P. 106, was quoted approvingly:

> *257“ ‘ “To justify the state in thus interposing its authority in behalf of the public, it must appear, first, that the interests of the public generally, as distinguished from those of a particular class, require such interference; and, second, that the means are reasonably necessary for the accomplishment of the purpose, and not unduly oppressive upon individuals. The Legislature may not, under the guise of protecting the public interests, arbitrarily interfere with private business, or impose unusual and unnecessary restrictions upon lawful occupations.”

> “ ‘The law must have a real or substantial relation to the public interest in the matter regulated. * * * And, while the courts repeatedly have said they should not decide as to the expediency of a measure, it has come to be settled by the high court whose decisions establish the rules limiting the exercise of the police power, that a court should and does determine whether, in its judgment, the law hás a real or substantial relation to objects and purposes recognized as legitimate. * * * The claim that the restriction in the law bears a reasonable relation to a public interest must not rest on mere conjecture, but must be supported by something of substance. * * *

> “ ‘Unless the closing regulation in question in the case at bar bears a real and substantial relation to the purpose of protecting the public from the spread of disease, it stands on the same footing as any similar restriction on the right of a citizen to engage in a harmless and useful occupation.’ ”

It was said by this court in Board of Barber Examiners of Louisiana v. Parker, supra, that [190 La. 214, 182 So. 505]: “The operation of a barber shop is a business affecting the public health, safety and welfare and laws and regulations enacted for the purpose of preserving them constitute a valid exercise of the police power of the State, provided such laws and regulations are not arbitrary, capricious and oppressive and that the means selected by the legislative body to carry them out shall have a real and substantial relation to the purpose sought to be obtained. * * * ”

Greatly influencing our decision in Louisiana Wholesale Distributors Association v. Rosenzweig, 214 La. 1, 36 So.2d 403, as the opinion therein discloses, was the following language used by the United States Supreme Court in the leading case of Nebbia v. People of State of New York, 291 U.S. 502, 54 S.Ct. 505, 516, 78 L.Ed. 940, 89 A.L.R. 1469: “So far as the requirement of due process is concerned, and in the absence of other constitutional restriction, a state is free to adopt whatever economic policy may reasonably be deemed to promote public welfare, and to enforce that policy by legislation adapted to its purpose. The courts are without authority either to declare such policy, or, when it is declared by the legislature, to override it. If the laws passed are seen to have a reasonable relation to a proper legislative purpose, and are neither arbitrary nor discriminatory, the requirements of due process are satisfied, and judicial determination to that effect renders a court functus officio. * * * Price control, like any other'form of regulation, is unconstitutional only if arbitrary, discriminatory, or demonstrably irrelevant to the policy the legislature is free to adopt, and hence an unnecessary and unwarranted interference with individual liberty.”

Returning to the position of appellants herein, it is indisputable that the liquor traffic can be regulated, even prohibited, by the valid exercise of the police power, the regulating thereof being essential to the general health, peace, good order, and morals of the people. Further, it must be observed that the announced object or purpose of Act 360 of 1948, is to regulate and control, under the police power, all traffic of alcoholic beverages containing more than six per centum- of alcohol by volume. This is clearly stated in a preamble, immediately preceding the enacting clause, reading: “Whereas, it is deemed necessary for the protection of the safety, welfare, health, peace and morals of the people of the State that all traffic in alcoholic beverages containing more than six per centum of alcohol by volume be regulated and controlled, and that the police power of the State be exerted so that the said traffic may not *258cause injury to the economic, social and moral well-being of the people of the State, now therefore.”

Now, in applying the above test, the following questions must be answered: Is there a real and substantial relation between the mandatory minimum mark ups of the statute and the preventing of injury to the economic, social and moral well being of the people of the state? Are those means (the mark ups) reasonably necessary and appropriate for the accomplishment of the legitimate object or purpose which the statute announces (regulation and control of the traffic) ?

Appellants, of course, answer these questions in the affirmative, they maintaining that the minimum mark ups are designed, in the interest of temperance, to protect the people from the temptations of cheap liquor due to cut-throat competition; to eliminate excessive consumption of strong drink that results from price wars; and to prevent certain moral abuses brought about by low liquor prices. Appellee, on the other hand, answers in the negative. It states, to quote’ from counsel’s brief, as follows: “Act 360, it is submitted, is aimed at the ordinary hazards of competition incident to any business; price competition and credit risks. It bears no real and substantial relation to the public welfare, but is preferential legislation for certain favored groups in the liquor industry.”

As to whether the mark ups are reasonably needed to prevent cut throat competition and price wars (as appellants contend they are), there is no recitation in the statute revealing a legislative finding that such a condition in the liquor traffic existed in Louisiana at the time of or within a few years prior to the enactment of the legislation. Neither does the evidence adduced on the trial of this case conclusively disclose the existence thereof; at the most it shows that several isolated ■ price cutting incidents between certain individuals occurred many years before the adoption of the statute.

However, the record does contain testimony of a Mr. Philip N. Spiller, a retail liquor dealer of San Antonio, Texas, to the effect, that in his city a price war was then in existence, it having commenced in May of 1947, whereby the retailers were selling liquor much below cost which, in his opinion, had operated to the detriment of the general welfare of the-people. To support his opinion he testified further that since the war’s commencement the arrests there for drunkenness and drunken driving of motor vehicles had increased approximately ten per cent. This evidence, as we view it, has little value in determining the main question under consideration. In the first place such a price war can hardly occur in this state, for Act 338 of 1940, as last amended by Act 256 of 1946 (The Unfair Sales Act), the constitutionality of which was upheld in Louisiana Wholesale Distributors Association v. Rosenzweig, supra, eliminates unfair competition by prohibiting the sale, in the regular course of business, of any merchandise for a price less than cost. Furthermore, there is no way of tracing the asserted increase in the number of crimes, about which Spiller testified, directly to the price war; nor is it shown what percent of the mentioned arrests resulted in convictions.

With further reference to the San Antonio situation, the witness Spiller also testified:

> “Q. How does your association propose to deal with this problem of price wars aside from eliminating advertising prices? A. The legislative committee asked the State legislature as an immediate relief the elimination of price advertisement in the newspapers and the elimination of the discount from wholesaler to retailer.

> “Q. You did not propose that there be fixed prices? A. No, sir.

> *“Q.*Mandatory mark ups? A. No, sir.”

But assuming for the sake of argument that liquor price wars are possible of occurrence in this state and that stringent regulations to prevent them are needed, we do not agree that the mandatory mark ups provided by Act 360 of 1948 constitute appropriate means for the achievement of that purpose. True, these are fixed percentages that the wholesale and retail deal*259ers must add to their costs (the enforcement of the addition is charged to the Louisiana Board of Alcoholic Beverage Control), resulting usually in uniform prices on the affected beverages among the dealers of each class. (The percentages, incidentally and as shown by the record, are substantially the same as those used in the late OPA pricing formula; however, the OPA mark ups provided ceiling prices whereas the instant ones are employed in setting floor prices.) Nevertheless the statute omits the stipulation of a mandatory mark up for the manufacturer or distiller respecting his sales to the wholesaler, and, by reason of the omission, such producer (or producers) very easily might instigate and sustain the occasion of a price war. There is nothing in Act 360 of 1948, or otherwise to our knowledge, to prevent a distiller (or a combination of distillers) from placing his product on the market at mere cost plus tax (without profit) in competition with others who seek profits on their merchandise. If such is done, and it is possible to do, the purchasing wholesaler and his vendee, the retailer, need only add to their respective costs the required mark ups, and there could result the discussed cut throat competition and price war (with cheap liquor to the consumer) which the statute, appellants maintain, purposes to avoid.

Again, it appears that the mandatory mark ups of the legislation do not affect beer; nor are they enforceable as against the sale of liquor at bars in individual drinks. As to the latter, Mr. Fred W. Scharfenstein, president of the Louisiana Retail Liquor Dealers Association, testified:

> “Q. Is there any mark up now prevailing on the amount that a bar must receive for a drink? A. No.

> “Q. The only type of sales affected by Act 360 is package good sales? A. Yes, sir.”

And Mr. Thomas H. Schneidau, a member of the Louisiana Board of Alcoholic Beverage Control, gave similar testimony as follows:

> “Q. You say this liquor price fixing statute or Act 360 rather, has resulted in the elimination of prostitutes and B-girls in connection with the sale of liquor ? , A. To a certain extent; not largely, no.

> “Q. Do prostitutes and B-girls normally hang around package stores ? A. No.

> “Q. Is there anything in the law which regulates the price of drinks across the bar? A. No.

> “Q. Isn’t that the place where prostitutes and B-girls are usually found? A. To a great extent, yes.

> “Q. You say you had a lot to do with the passage of the law? A. Correct.

> “Q. Was any attempt made to fix the price of resale drinks across the bar? A. To meet it would have been a physical impossibility. You would have to determine what type of liquor was in the place and you have to be there when it is sold.”

If then the statute does not control dealers of liquor “over the bar” and those engaged in selling beer, why could not those outlets indulge in the cutting of prices on intoxicants, at least to the minimum stipulated in our Unfair Sales Act, to the great disadvantage of the retail dealers in package liquor, including the plaintiff herein? The question answers itself.

From all of which we conclude that the provisions of Act 360 of 1948 which relate to the mandatory minimum mark ups (Sections l(s), 24 and 26) do not tend, in a degree that is perceptible and clear, toward the accomplishment of the announced purpose of the statute, namely the regulation and control of the liquor traffic so that it “may not cause injury to the economic, social and moral well-being of the people of the State.” They, in other words, are inappropriate for the achievement of the legitimate object described in the statute. Accordingly, we hold that such provisions are manifestly unreasonable within the contemplation of the state’s police power, and, hence, are unconstitutional in that they violate the due process clauses of our state and federal constitutions.

It is to be clearly understood that we are not holding that the Legislature cannot under any circumstances adopt legislation, pursuant to the state’s police power, relating to the establishing of prices on *260intoxicants with the view and purpose of regulating the liquor traffic and protecting the general welfare of the people. That broad question is not presented by this case; here we are concerned only with specific mandatory mark up provisions of. a particular statute, with respect to the enactment of which the police power was not validly exercised. Neither are we passing upon the constitutionality of any other provisions of Act 360 of 1948, that being unnecessary for the purpose of this decision. Plaintiff is charged only with a violation of the statutory mark up requirement ; and the issue decided by the district court respecting the procedure before the Louisiana Board of Alcoholic Beverage Control has since become moot.

Finally, it is well to state that careful consideration has been given to the numerous authorities cited by appellants’ counsel, and that we find them uncontrolling here because of their being either inapplicable or distinguishable factually. To discuss briefly a few of those principally relied on, the case of Nebbia v. People of State of New York, supra, involved an emergency statute which empowered an administrative board, after hearings, to establish minimum and maximum prices for the sale of milk. The legislation was enacted in .the interest of health and sanitation, its purpose being to prevent ruthless competition from destroying the wholesale price structure, on which the farmer depends for his livelihood, and thus to assure for the people generally an adequate supply of milk. For the accomplishment of that legitimate object the means adopted clearly were reasonably necessary and appropriate. In Board of Barber Examiners of Louisiana v. , Parker, supra, a law authorizing the fixing of minimum barber prices by a state agency, after investigations and on the recommendation of at least 75% of the barbers of a district, was correctly held to relate to sanitation and health and to constitute a valid exercise of the police power. Pepsodent Company v. Krauss Company, Ltd., .200 La. 959, 9 So.2d 303, concerned a statute known as the Louisiana Fair.Trade Act which, unlike the one here, gives recognition to what is termed a fair trade contract and serves to protect trade-mark owners and the public against injurious practices in the distribution of commodities. Louisiana Wholesale Distributors Association v. Rosenzweig, supra, involved a statute (Unfair Sales Act) which affords protection to the public against the creation or perpetuation of monopolies and it encourages competition by prohibiting unfair sales and discriminatory practices. Reeves et al. v. Simons (Ky. Court of Appeal), 289 Ky. 793, 160 S.W.2d 149, is likewise distinguishable for several reasons, two of these being that the liquor statute there in question requires all sales to be made in accordance with á fair trade contract, and it stipulates for the distiller or manufacturer of liquor a mandatory minimum mark up. The only question presented in United States v. Frankfort Distilleries, 324 U.S. 293, 65 S.Ct. 661, 89 L.Ed. 951, was whether the United States had the right to prosecute the defendant (it having been charged with a liquor violation under the Sherman AntiTrust Law), since the Twenty-First Amendment to the Federal Constitution had given to the several states control over liquor. The case did not concern legislation relating to the establishing of prices.

For the reasons assigned the judgment appealed from is affirmed. '

FRUGE, J., dissents;

McCALEB, Justice

(dissenting).

I regret my inability to subscribe to the majority opinion as I am in accord with the view that the price-fixing provisions of Act 360 of 1948 have no real and substantial relation to the declared object of preventing “injury to the economic, social and moral well-being of the people of the State” — it being my opinion that regulations of this sort are economically unsound and tend to foster monopolistic practices. And, if the court were dealing with similar measures placed upon the ordinary commodities of life such as corn, wheat, cotton, potatoes, etc., I would not ’hesitate to vote for invalidity of the statute as denying due process of law guaranteed by Section *2612, Article I of our Constitution — for, in such case, it could be rightfully concluded that, in the attempted regulation of an inherently lawful business, police power is circumscribed and restricted to cases in which there is an obvious and real connection between the regulation and the purpose sought to be attained.

But, here, we are dealing with price restrictions upon the sale and distribution of intoxicating liquor, a noxious commodity, over which, all authorities agree, the legislature has plenary power of suppression and regulation. See 30 American Jurisprudence, Verbo “Intoxicating Liquors” Sections 28-30; City of New Orleans v. Smythe, 116 La. 685, 41 So. 33, 6 L.R.A., N.S., 722, 114 Am.St.Rep. 566, and Samuels v. McCurdy, 267 U.S. 188, 45 S.Ct. 264, 69 L.Ed. 568, 37 L.R.A. 1378. The only limitation, of which I am advised, upon the broad police power of the State over intoxicating liquors is that the Legislature may not exercise the power in such a way as to infringe upon any of the inalienable rights secured to citizens under the Bill of Rights of our State Constitution (see Article I, Sections 1 through 15) and the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

Accordingly, the holding of the majority, that the price-fixing provisions of Act 360 of 1948 are unconstitutional because they deny due process of law to appellee, can only be justified by a finding that the firm, as a retail merchant, has a property right to freely dispense intoxicating liquors of which it is being deprived by the legislation under attack. But the majority opinion concedes, as it must, that “there is no inherent right in a citizen to sell intoxicating liquor * * '* and that liquor licenses are neither contracts nor rights of property.” Since, therefore, appellee’s engagement in the liquor business is a mere privilege, revocable at the will of the Legislature, can it logically be concluded that the price-fixing provisions of the statute, under which appellee has obtained its license, have deprived it of its property without duq process of law?

The answer is that the price markups contained in the statute, however arbitrary, do not take from appellee any personal or property right, secured to it by the Constitution, that it would otherwise have had but for the Legislature. It seems clear to me that, since the Legislature has the power to prohibit the traffic in intoxicants, it is well within its rights in adopting lesser measures, even though those measures would be stricken 'down as arbitrary and unreasonable if the police power was being exerted in the regulation of inherently lawful pursuits.1

Of course, as I have above stated, the Legislature cannot exert its vast police power over intoxicants so as to violate other constitutional provisions and officers charged with the enforcement of such statutes may not employ the authority vested in them in such a way as to deny fundamental constitutional guarantees. So it was held, in State ex rel. Galle v. City of New Orleans, 113 La. 371, 36 So. 999, 67 L.R.A. 70, 2 Ann.Cas. 92 (relied on by the majority), that the City of New Orleans,' having passed an ordinance licensing vendors of liquors under certain conditions could not arbitrarily refuse to grant a license to relator who had complied with all of the conditions prescribed. But the Court did not declare the ordinance unconstitutional— it merely decided that the unlawful action of the authorities rendered the City amenable to a mandamus proceeding because to deny the relator the right to earn his livelihood by means of a lawful calling de*262prived him of the equal protection of the law and of his liberty without due process of law.2

To the same effect is the decision of the Supreme Court of Georgia in Mayor, etc., of Savannah v. Savannah Distributing Co., 1947, 202 Ga. 559, *43*S.E.2d 704 (strongly relied upon by counsel for appellee but which 'does not support their contention), where it was ruled that the City of Savannah was without right to arbitrarily revoke the license of a wholesale liquor dealer who had complied with all of the requirements of a local option ordinance ■ and had obtained a permit to do business thereunder. But, like State ex reí. Galle v. City of New Orleans, the Court did not strike the ordinance with invalidity; the holding was that the city government acted unlawfully and in violation of the dealer’s constitutional rights (equal protection clause) in cancelling its license without cause.

There are many other adjudications which have been brought to our attention by both sides. But I do not find that any of them is wholly applicable to the case. It is true that there are expressions in some ■of the authorities which afford comfort to ■each of the litigants but none of them is determinative of the constitutionality of the price-fixing provisions before us.

There are otlier attacks upon the statute which are listed in the main opinion but not discussed because of the result *reached by*the Court. I do not think that any of these challenges is well founded.. In fact, there is only one which warrants notice— forasmuch as the district judge held the statute' unconstitutional on that ground— that is, that the price-fixing measure is an unlawful delegation of legislative power because it allegedly vests in the manufacturers of alcoholic beverages the right to fix the minimum prices. I see no merit in this contention simply because the statute does not delegate any such power to the manufacturer. The price, as I see it, is fixed by the Legislature itself for the statute declares, in effect, the minimum price to be the cost of the alcoholic beverage to the wholesale dealer plus a definite markup by the wholesaler and another markup by the retailer.

I respectfully dissent

1

. See 30 American Jurisprudence, Section 45, citing Paul v. Washington, 134 N. C. 363, 47 S.E. 793, 65 L.R.A. 902 and Reeves v. Simons, 1942, 289 Ky. 793, 160 S.W.2d 149; See also Ziffrin, Inc., v. Reeves, 308 U.S. 132, 60 S.Ct. 163, 167, 84 L.Ed. 128, where the Supreme Court of the United States, in speaking of the police power of the State over intoxicants, remarks: “Having power absolutely to prohibit manufacture, sale, transportation, or possession of intoxicants, was it permissible for Kentucky to permit these things only under definitely prescribed conditions. Former opinions here .make an affirmative answer imperative. The greater power includes the less.”

2

. Article 181 of the Constitution of 1898 recognized the validity of the sale of alcoholic liquors and declared that “the General Assembly may enact laws reg-hlating their sale and use.” No provision of this sort is found in the Constitution of 1921..