* The Honorable Tena Campbell, United States Distri ct Judge for the

District of Utah, sitting by designation. 

## F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### JAN 5 1999 

### PATRICK FISHER Clerk PUBLISH UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

BARBARA COLETTI, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. CUDD PRESSURE CONTROL, Defendant-Appellee. No. 97-8125

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Wyoming (D.C. No. 96-CV-141-D)
Walter Urbigkit of Frontier Law Center, Cheyenne, Wyoming, for PlaintiffAppellant. Stephen C. Key (Bruce S. Asay, Associated Legal Gro up, Cheyenne, Wyoming, with him on the brief) of Karger Key, P.C., Irving, Texas, for DefendantAppellee.

Before ANDERSON, BRORBY and CAMPBELL , * Circuit Judges.

BRORBY , Circuit Judge.-2-

Plaintiff, Ms. Barbara Coletti, appeals a jury verd ict and judgment denying her retaliatory discharge, public policy tort claimagainst her former employer, Cudd Pressure Control (“Cudd”). Ms. Coletti allege s Cudd fired her for filing a workers’ compensation claim. We exercise jurisdict ion under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

Ms. Coletti raises several issues on appeal. First , she contends the trial court’s jury instructions improperly defined the Wy oming Workers’ Compensation public policy tort claim for retaliato ry discharge, and included an improper “presumption” of regularity in the employe r’s business conduct. Second, she alleges the trial court improperly deni ed her the opportunity to introduce deposition testimony as substantive evide nce because the deponents were present at trial and available to testify. Th ird, Ms. Coletti claims the trial court improperly dismissed her claims of fraudulentcreation of evidence and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Fourth, she asserts the trial court erred by refusing to allow her to present testimonypurporting to show Cudd’s pattern of retaliatory conduct toward employees who made workers’ compensation claims. Finally, Ms. Coletti contends the trial court should have imposed sanctions for Cudd’s alleged failure to tim ely and adequately comply with the court’s discovery orders.-3- BACKGROUND Ms. Coletti was formerly an at-will employee workin g as an administrator for Cudd, an oil and gas well control and specialtyservices company, in its Rock Springs, Wyoming, office. She also supplemented he r income by working as an independent contractor performing janitorial servic es for the company. On the evening of January 26, 1995, Ms. Coletti injured he r back while attempting to close the front gate to Cudd’s premises. Ms. Coletti mentioned her back pain to Cudd’s district manager, Ralph Studdard, the follow ing morning and later told the safety director, Gene Holt, about her injury; h owever, she did not seek medical attention or file a workers’ compensation c laim at that time. Three months later, while receiving medical treatment foran insect bite, Ms. Coletti asked the doctor to examine her back. Even after t he visit to the doctor, she still did not apply for workers’ compensation benefits.

In the Spring of 1995, Cudd supervisors visited the Rock Springs office in an attempt to cure certain problems the company was having with operations there, particularly with regard to certain aspects of Ms. Colletti’s job performance. According to Ms. Starla Bradley, an a dministrative supervisor with Cudd, she traveled to the company’s Rock Springs of fice to evaluate the state of affairs, observe Ms. Coletti, and help her improve her job performance. After her-4-

visit and review of the situation, Ms. Bradley info rmed Ms. Coletti she was placing her on a “30-day job improvement period.” This meant Ms. Coletti had thirty days to make positive changes in her job per formance or be fired. However, during this probationary period, Ms. Coletti’s troubles at work continued. Her supervisors repeatedly disciplined her for leaving the office and forwarding phone calls over the lunch hour, and rep rimanded her for unexcused absences from work.

Following these events, on May 5, 1995, the distric t manager, Don Rode, decided to terminate Ms. Coletti’s employment. Mr. Rode cited poor job performance and unexcused absences as the basis forher discharge. Coincidentally, on the day she was terminated, Ms. Coletti completed a workers’ compensation report for the injury she suffered Jan uary 26, 1995. However, Mr. Rode claimed he did not know Ms. Coletti had filed the workers’ compensation claim at the time he fired her.

Following her termination, Ms. Coletti filed suit a gainst Cudd alleging violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12101, et seq. , retaliatory discharge under Wyoming law, and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The trial court grant ed Cudd’s initial motion for-5-

summary judgment and dismissed Ms. Coletti’s Americ ans with Disabilities Act and covenant of good faith and fair dealing claims. However, the court subsequently allowed Ms. Coletti to amend her compl aint to include allegations of “tortious creation of documents” and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The district court granted Cudd’s motion to dismiss the tortious creation of documents claim because the cause of action was not recognized under Wyoming law, but refused to dismiss Ms. Coletti’s i ntentional infliction of emotional distress claim. After trial, however, th e district court found insufficient evidence to instruct the jury on inten tional infliction of emotional distress, and dismissed the claim. Following delib eration, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Cudd on the sole remaining issu e of retaliatory discharge.

DISCUSSION 1. Contested Jury Instructions Ms. Coletti contends the court gave two improper ju ry instructions. She argues the first instruction created an impermissib le presumption of business regularity, and the second instruction misstated th e law pertaining to her Wyoming Workers’ Compensation retaliatory discharge claim. We disagree with her allegations and conclude neither instruction mi sled or confused the jury, improperly stated the applicable law, or resulted i n prejudice.-6-

It is well settled the admission or exclusion of a particular jury instruction is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. Harris Mkt. Research v. Marshall Mktg. & Communications, Inc ., 948 F.2d 1518, 1528 (10th Cir.1991). We review the court’s refusal to give a particular instruction for abuse of discretion. United States v. Lee , 54 F.3d 1534, 1536 (10th Cir.), cert. denied , 516 U.S. 895 (1995). When we review a claim of erro r relating to jury instructions, we read and evaluate the instructions in light of the entire record to determine if they “fairly, adequately and correctlystate the governing law and provide the jury with an ample understanding of the applicable principles of law and factual issues confronting them.” United States v. Barrera-Gonzales , 952 F.2d 1269, 1272 (10th Cir. 1992) (internal quotatio n marks and citation omitted). We do not decide whether the instructions “are flaw less, but whether the jury was misled in any way and whether it had an understandi ng of the issues and its duty to decide those issues.” Brodie v. General Chemical Corp. , 112 F.3d 440, 442 (10th Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “[S]o long as the charge as a whole adequately states the law, th e refusal to give a particular requested instruction” is not grounds for reversal. United States v. Suntar Roofing, Inc ., 897 F.2d 469, 473 (10th Cir.1990).

In the first disputed instruction, the district cou rt advised the jury:-7-

Unless and until outweighed by evidence in the case to the contrary, you may find that official duty has been regularly performed; that private transactions have been fair and regular; th at the ordinary course of business or employment has been followed; that things have happened according to the ordinary course of n ature and the ordinary habits of life; and that the law has been obeyed. Ms. Coletti argues this instruction created an impe rmissible presumption not supported by Wyoming law, and was tantamount to a d irected verdict on the issue of the regularity of Cudd’s business practice.

We disagree with Ms. Coletti’s argument. The instruction permits, but does not require the jury to make certain reasonabl e inferences about the regularity of business practice. Certainly, as Ms. Coletti asserts, the instruction does burden the plaintiff with providing “affirmati ve disproof” to overcome the initial inference. However, we fail to see how thi s constitutes reversible error or results in any prejudice, considering the fact the plaintiff has the ultimate burden of persuasion as a matter of law in a retaliatory d ischarge action anyway – with or without the instruction. At worst, the quoted i nstruction is an example of over-instructing a jury, but it was not prejudicial error. The instruction did nothing to affect Ms. Coletti’s existing evidentiary burden.

We also find Ms. Coletti’s arguments regarding whether the instruction creates a “presumption” or an “inference” immateria l, and merely an exercise in1 The actual instruction is mysteriously absent fro m the record on appeal,

so we quote from Appellee’s Brief at 1.

-8- semantics. What is truly important is whether the instruction improperly guided the jury or prejudiced a party. In this case, the instruction does not override or imply superiority to established facts, and it make s ample provision for nullifying the initial inference through countervailing eviden ce. Since, under the facts of this case, the instruction does not constrain the j ury nor create an improper irrebuttable presumption not supported in the law, we find no error.

The second disputed instruction reads:

In order for the Plaintiff, Barbara Coletti, to pre vail on her claim against the Defendant, Cudd Pressure Control, she m ust prove by a preponderance of the evidence that her decision to file a Workers’ Compensation claim was the determining factor in th e Defendant’s decision to discharge her. Plaintiff need not prov e that her decision to file a Workers’ Compensation claim was the sole or exclusive motivation for defendant’s discharge decision. Herdecision to file a Worker’s Compensation claim is a determining factorif Plaintiff would not have been discharged except for that decision. 1
Ms. Coletti claims this instruction fails to includ e the proper burden shifting analysis as established in Cardwell v. American Linen Supply , 843 P.2d 596, 599- 600 (Wyo. 1992).-9-

Admittedly, the instruction given does not precisel y mirror the framework established in Cardwell , and some question exists about whether the trial court should have included the entire burden-shifting lit any. What is clear, however, is the instruction covers the critical issues presented for the jury, and does not misstate the law of the jurisdiction. United States v. Scott , 37 F.3d 1564, 1577 (10th Cir. 1994) (holding the trial court “is not r equired to give any particular instruction as long as the ones given correctly state the law and adequately cover the issues presented”), cert. denied , 513 U.S. 1100, 514 U.S. 1008 (1995). We find the instruction given sufficiently establishes the essence of the question the jury had to decide under Wyoming law – whether Cuddfired Ms. Coletti in retaliation for filing a workers’ compensation clai m or for a permissible reason. Since the instruction achieved the underlying goal of all jury instructions – to “provide[] the jury with the requisite understandin g of the issues ... and the legal standards applicable to those issues” – the questio n of whether the trial court properly excluded portions of the Cardwell burden-shifting recital is of no
consequence. United States v. Nicholson , 983 F.2d 983, 991 (10th Cir. 1993).

Accordingly, we hold the district court did not abu se its discretion in giving the disputed jury instructions. Neither in struction improperly guided the jury in its deliberations, nor resulted in prejudicial error. See Mason v.2There is some dispute over whether Ms. Coletti pr operly preserved this

issue for appeal. She did not attempt to introduce the depositions at trial or make -10- Oklahoma Turnpike Auth ., 115 F.3d 1442, 1454 (10th Cir. 1997); Dikeman v. National Educators, Inc. 81 F.3d 949, 955 (10th Cir. 1996).

2. Refusal to Allow the Introduction of Deposition Te stimony as Substantive Evidence Before the trial, Ms. Coletti designated certain se gments of deposition testimony of Cudd employees which she proposed to i ntroduce in her case in chief as “managing agents’” statements against inte rest. However, the district court decided not to allow the introduction of the deposition segments because the deponents were ready and available at trial forMs. Coletti to call and examine as adverse witnesses.

We review the trial court’s decision to disallow th e deposition testimony for abuse of discretion. Angelo v. Armstrong World Indus., Inc ., 11 F.3d 957, 962 (10th Cir. 1993). In order to reverse a distri ct court judgment on account of an evidentiary ruling, Ms. Coletti must make a clear showing she suffered prejudice, and the ruling was “inconsistent with su bstantial justice” or affected her “substantial rights.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2111; Fed. R. Civ. P. 61; Fed. R. Evid

. 103(a). 2an offer of proof when arguing to admit the deposit ion testimony during pre-trial

proceedings. However, because it does not affect our holding, we need not reach these issues. For the purpose of our discussion onthis point, we assume without deciding a proper offer was made, and the issue was preserved for appeal. See Angelo , 11 F.3d at 962 n.3 (assuming, for the sake of arg ument, a proper offer of proof was made, even though the record was unclear on the matter).

-11- The trial judge reasoned: If there’s a live witness available, ... you [plain tiff’s counsel] can call that witness as an adverse witness in your cas e in chief. And if you have a deposition of that individual, [and] you want to impeach him with a prior inconsistent statement, I’ll give you plenty of latitude to do that. But out-of-court statements, although they can be used for any purpose[,] if they’re depositions in w hich all parties have had an opportunity to be present, should neverbe used in lieu of live testimony unless, of course, [opposing coun sel] waived it. Ms. Coletti contends the trial court improperly imp osed its preference for live witness testimony and failed to properly apply prov isions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure which allow the introduction of adv erse party deposition testimony as substantive evidence, even when the party is available to testify. Fed. R. Civ. P. 32.

Rule 32 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure gov erns use of depositions in a court proceeding. In order for a party to use a deposition at trial, the court must find the deposition admissible under the rules of evidence and may only admit it against a party who was present or represe nted at the deposition. Fed. R.3 We assume without deciding Ms. Coletti’s designated deponents qualify

as managing agents under Fed. R. Civ. P. 32(a)(2).

-12- Civ. P. 32(a). Under Rule 32, a “deposition may be used by any party for the purpose of contradicting or impeaching the testimon y of deponent as a witness, or for any other purpose permitted by the Federal Rules of Evidence.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 32(a)(1). The Rule also permits an adverse party to use “[t]he deposition of a party or of anyone who at the time of taking the deposition was an officer, director, or managing agent, or a person designated under Rule 30(b)(6) or 31(a) to testify on behalf of a public or private corporation, partnership or association or governmental agency which is a party” for any pu rpose. Fed.R.Civ.P. 32(a)(2). 3

We agree with Ms. Coletti’s argument that Rule 32 a llows a party to introduce “as a part of his substantive proof, the deposition of his adversary, and it is quite immaterial that the adversary is available to testify at the trial or has testified there.” King & King Enters. v. Champlin Petroleum Co. , 657 F.2d 1147, 1163-64 (10th Cir. 1981) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), cert. denied , 454 U.S. 1164 (1982). However, the admission of deposition testimony still remains subject to the sound discretion of trial court, Reeg v. Shaughnessy , 570 F.2d 309, 316 (10th Cir. 1978), and “[it] has aperfect right to limit the use4Perhaps the reason the trial court ignored Fed. R . Civ. P. 32 is that Ms.

Coletti failed to present the rule as justification for introducing the managing agents’ testimony. Instead, Plaintiff’s counsel re peatedly argued the depositions are admissible as statements against interest by de fendant’s employees. While the statements by the defendant’s employees may qualifyfor admission as an exception to the hearsay rule under Fed. R. Evid. 8 04(b)(3), that does not mean the depositions are then automatically available fo r the Plaintiff to read into evidence in lieu of live testimony.

-13- of the material if [the deposition] is repetitious or immaterial.” King & King , 657 F.2d at 1164.

Although the trial judge’s comments appear to ignor e Rule 32 provisions allowing the introduction of managing agents’ depos ition testimony, the record does not show any evidence that the court abused it s discretion in limiting the use of depositions as substantive evidence, or that Ms. Coletti suffered any prejudice. 4 The trial court expressly stated it would permit her to use the depositions for impeachment purposes, yet she neverattempted that strategy. Because Ms. Coletti could have called and questione d each of the witnesses she designated, and then used their depositions to impe ach any possible inconsistent testimony, we cannot say the trial court’s refusal to allow Ms. Coletti to read the depositions into evidence affected any of her substantive rights. See King & King , 657 F.2d at 1165; Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Guynes , 713 F.2d 1187, 1194 (5th Cir. 1983) (holding a district court’s refusal to allow a party to read portions5 Ms. Coletti attempts to distinguish King & King , arguing the court

refused to admit the depositions in that case to av oid needless, repetitious testimony from witnesses who had already been on th e stand. However, we find the principles from King & Kingregarding the court’s control over deposition testimony every bit as applicable to the present ca se because the excluded depositions would have been similarly repetitive an d unnecessary if Ms. Coletti exercised her power to call the available deponents to the stand.

-14- of an adversary’s deposition directly into evidence is harmless error where the substance of the testimony in question is presentedto the jury during trial through the testimony and impeachment of witnesses using previous deposition testimony); Jackson v. Chevron Chem. Co. , 679 F.2d 463, 466 (5th Cir. 1982) (finding no prejudicial error in the district court ’s refusal to admit a witness’ deposition in lieu of live testimony because the de position contained no information the witness’ live testimony could not provide). 5

Ms. Coletti explains her decision not to use the de signated depositions for any purpose at trial by claiming the court’s decisi on thwarted her entire case strategy because it gave the live witnesses an oppo rtunity to give different answers at trial and prove a “new theory of the cas e.” We find this rationale unpersuasive. If, as Ms. Coletti claims, the witne sses would have changed or fabricated their testimony at trial, plaintiff’s co unsel could easily have used their recorded deposition testimony to effectively impeac h their responses. We see no6Ms. Coletti analogizes her “fraudulent creation o f evidence” claim to a

“spoilation of evidence” theory (also referred to a s “spoliation,” see Black’s Law Dictionary 1401 (6th ed. 1990)). Spoliation of evi dence encompasses a third party's intentional or negligent destruction or los s of tangible evidence, which impairs a person’s ability to prove or defend a pro spective civil action. Ms. Coletti does not argue evidence was destroyed, but that Cudd fraudulently created evidence for its advantage, and that the Wyoming Supreme Court would recognize her proposed cause of action.

-15- reason to reverse the jury verdict merely because M s. Coletti insists the trial court should have allowed her to utilize her own method o f getting her point across, “when another, at least equally effective method of getting that same point across was easily available.” King & King , 657 F.2d at 1165

. Accordingly, we find the district court did not abuse its discretion in refu sing to admit depositions in lieu of live witness testimony at trial, and we see no w ay in which Ms. Coletti suffered any prejudice thereby.

3. Dismissal of Claims for Fraudulent Creation of Evi dence and Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Ms. Coletti contends the trial court erred when it dismissed her claim of fraudulent creation of evidence before trial and de clined to instruct the jury on her related claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress. 6 The trial court dismissed the fraudulent creation of evidence claim because it found no precedent for such a claim under Wyoming law. The intentional infliction of7When confronted with an unsettled question of state law, the law does not

require the trial court to certify the question to the state supreme court. The decision whether to certify a question of state law to the state supreme court is left to the discretion of the district court. Lehman Brothers v. Schein , 416 U.S. 386, 391-92 (1974).

-16- emotional distress claim was dismissed after the tr ial found insufficient evidence of extreme and outrageous conduct to support the cl aim, and because of the potential for a double recovery with the mental dis tress factor already considered as part of the retaliatory discharge claim. We con sider these issues in turn.

A. Dismissal of Fraudulent Creation of Evidence Cl aim With regard to the alleged fraudulent creation of e vidence, Ms. Coletti argues the trial court had a duty to apply the law of the jurisdiction, and in the event the state law question was unsettled, it shou ld have either predicted what the state’s highest court would decide or certify the question to the state’s highest court. On this point, she is correct. Sin ce the case before the trial court was a diversity action, Wyoming law governs the iss ues. Accordingly, the trial court had an obligation to apply Wyoming law or, if Wyoming law is silent, rule as it believed the Wyoming Supreme Court would rule. Fields v. Farmers Ins.
Co. , 18 F.3d 831, 834 (10th Cir.1994). 7-17-

The trial court stated as justification for dismiss ing Ms. Coletti’s fraudulent creation of evidence claim against Cudd: It is not the business of a federal judge to establ ish the law or precedent of a jurisdiction.... Having found no case law, no statute in this jurisd iction that would recognize a tortious creation of fraudulent d ocuments claim, the Court declines to allow one in this case and wi ll dismiss this claim. Although the court made an unfortunate choice of wo rds that insufficiently articulated its duty to predict state law in unsett led areas, we nevertheless find a fair reading of the trial court’s ruling, within th e context of the entire record, reveals a careful consideration of Wyoming law and an implied determination that the Wyoming Supreme Court has not, and would n ot, recognize a previously nonexistent fraudulent creation of evidence cause o f action.

Our own independent examination of Wyoming law also reveals no legal basis to support either a spoliation of evidence cl aim or Ms. Coletti’s creative new claim for fraudulent creation of evidence. Rat her than recognize an independent tort claim for fraudulent creation of e vidence (or spoliation of evidence), Wyoming law allows courts to draw an adv erse inference against a party responsible for losing or destroying evidence. See Kieffer v. Weston Land,
Inc ., 90 F.3d 1496, 1500 (10th Cir.1996) (approving th e Wyoming district court's-18-

ruling that plaintiff could admit evidence of defen dant’s tampering with key evidence, and that jury could accept or reject defendant's explanation); cf., Aramburu v. Boeing Co. , 112 F.3d 1398, 1407 (10th Cir. 1997) (finding no precedent for the evidentiary doctrine of spoliatio n and ruling that bad faith destruction of a relevant document gives rise only to an inference that production of the evidence would have been unfavorable to the party responsible for the destruction). Ms. Coletti could have shown Cudd de alt improperly with evidence for the purpose of drawing a negative inference, bu t not to prove an independent cause of action. Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s decision to dismiss the fraudulent creation of evidence claim.

B. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Ms. Coletti also argues the court misapplied Leithead v. American Colloid
Co. , 721 P.2d 1059 (Wyo. 1986), in refusing to instruc t the jury regarding her intentional infliction of emotional distress claim. In Leithead , the Wyoming Supreme Court did not allow an intentional inflicti on of emotional distress claim to accompany a wrongful discharge cause of action, because of the potential for a double recovery. Leithead , 721 P.2d at 1066. The potential for double recov ery exists because a wrongful discharge cause of action already includes an implied element of mental distress. Id . Ms. Coletti contends the rationale from Leithead-19-

does not bar her claim in this instance because the alleged intentional infliction of emotional distress arose from incidents separate and independent from her retaliatory discharge claim. She argues Cudd’s int entional infliction of emotional distress pertains to Cudd’s conduct after she filedthe original suit and involves the company’s alleged mishandling of the evidence d uring discovery.

We are unpersuaded by Ms. Coletti’s argument. Even though her claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress may have had an independent basis arising separate from her retaliatory discharge cla im, that still does not negate the fact the trial court found no evidence to support t he claim. When a court rules as a matter of law that a party introduced insufficien t evidence to warrant the jury’s consideration of a claim, it is perfectly within th e court’s discretion to decline to instruct the jury on the matter. See Aves v. Shah , 997 F.2d 762, 764-65 (10th Cir. 1993) (ruling that a court could properly exclude n egligence theory because the evidence adduced at trial did not warrant instructi ng the jury on a particular theory); FDIC v. Clark , 978 F.2d 1541, 1550 (10th Cir. 1992) (finding the court must only give jury instructions supported by the evidence at trial); Higgins v. Martin Marietta Corp ., 752 F.2d 492, 496 (10th Cir. 1985) (recognizing principle that a party is only entitled to an instruction to the jury on his theory of the case if competent evidence supports the claim). The court declined to instruct-20-

the jury on intentional infliction of emotional dis tress, in part, because no “extreme” or “outrageous” conduct had been shown. Implicit in the court’s finding is the conclusion that no evidence showing intentional infliction of emotional distress existed with regard to either the alleged retaliatory discharge or the independent fraudulent creation of evidence claim. Therefore, we hold the trial court correctly dismissed the claim.

4. Exclusion of Former Employee and Untimely Designat ed Witness Testimony Ms. Coletti contends the trial court improperly exc luded the testimony of Mr. Ronald Orr and Mr. James Bresnahan regarding th e circumstances of their discharge from employment as inadmissible evidence to show either a pattern or practice of retaliatory discharge or Cudd’s imprope r motive or intent for firing her. The court prohibited Mr. Orr from testifying upon Cudd’s objection that the evidence was either irrelevant or unfairly prejudic ial. Mr. Bresnahan, on the other hand, was never permitted to take the stand, because his designation as a newly discovered witness was untimely under the pro visions of the pre-trial order. For purposes of our discussion, we need notaddress the timeliness of Mr Bresnahan’s designation, because we assume the court would have declined to allow Mr. Bresnahan’s testimony – even if he had be en timely designated – for substantially the same reasons as it articulated in refusing to allow Mr. Orr to-21-

testify.

We review the district court's decision not to admi t the testimony for abuse of discretion. United States v. Wacker , 72 F.3d 1453, 1469 (10th Cir. 1995). We will not disturb the court’s ruling unless we have “a definite and firm conviction that the lower court made a clear error of judgmentor exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.” McEwen v. City of Norman , 926 F.2d 1539, 1553-54 (10th Cir.1991) (internal quotation m arks and citation omitted). If we find error in the admission of evidence, “we wil l set aside a jury verdict only if the error prejudicially affects a substantial right of a party.” Sanjuan v. IBP,
Inc ., ___ F.3d ___, ___, 1998 WL 792457 at *3 (10th Ci r. Nov. 16, 1998).

Fed. R. Evid. 404(b) generally excludes evidence of other acts for the purpose of proving a person acted similarly on othe r occasions. This rule applies to both civil and criminal proceedings, Carson v. Polley , 689 F.2d 562, 575 (5th Cir. 1982), and is based on the assumption that suc h evidence is of slight probative value yet very prejudicial. Reyes v. Missouri Pac. R. Co. , 589 F.2d 791, 793 (5th Cir. 1979). We have modified this ge neral rule somewhat in the context of employee discharge cases requiring proof of discriminatory intent. The testimony of other employees about their treatm ent by the defendant-22-

employer is relevant to the issue of the employer's discriminatory intent if the testimony establishes a pattern of retaliatory behavior or tends to discredit the employer's assertion of legitimate motives. Spulak v. K Mart Corp ., 894 F.2d 1150, 1156 (10th Cir. 1990); Curtis v. Oklahoma City Pub. Schls. Bd. of Educ. , 147 F.3d 1200, 1217 (10th Cir. 1998). “Because an employer will rarely admit retaliatory motives in firing an employee, retaliat ory discharge cases generally must be proven by circumstantial rather than direct evidence.” Sanjuan , ___ F.3d at ___, 1998 WL 792457 at *3. In order for the cou rt to find such character testimony relevant, however, the plaintiff must sho w the circumstances involving the other employees are such that their statements can “logically or reasonably be tied to the decision to terminate [the plaintiff].” Curtis , 147 F.3d at 1217 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see Schrand v. Federal Pac. Elec. Co. , 851 F.2d 152, 156 (6th Cir.1988) (holding the tri al court committed reversible error by admitting testimony of two form er employees of defendant company because of no evidence tied the testimony t o defendant’s decision to terminate). Additionally, even though such testimo ny is relevant to show motive or intent, the trial court may still properly disal low relevant evidence it finds unduly prejudicial. Fed. R. Evid. 403; Curtis , 147 F.3d at 1217.

The record indicates the trial court expressly cons idered whether the-23-

testimonial evidence was admissible to show Cudd’s intent or a pattern and practice of retaliatory discharge. The court was d isturbed, as are we, that Mr. Orr’s proposed testimony relates to events that occ urred after Ms. Coletti was discharged. Testimony about later events is even l ess relevant and of less probative value than evidence of prior bad acts gen erally, because the logical relationship between the circumstances of the chara cter testimony and the employer’s decision to terminate is attenuated. Th e trial court found the evidence of later events unreliable, and excluded it as over ly prejudicial. We defer “to the trial court’s judgment because of its first-hand ab ility to view the witness or evidence and assess credibility and probative value,” McEwen, 926 F.2d at 1554, and find the court did not abuse its discretion in deciding the prejudicial effect of the testimony substantially outweighed its probativ e value.

5. Sanctions for Failure to Comply with Discovery Ord ers As a final matter, Ms. Coletti seeks a reversal of the trial court’s decision denying sanctions for Cudd’s alleged violation of d iscovery orders. Ms. Coletti argues a “deliberate, continuous, repetitive, inten tional, and willful violation of explicit [c]ourt [o]rders occurred regarding discov ery,” and requests sanctions in the form of attorneys’ fees for the cost of procuri ng compliance with the discovery orders. Ms. Coletti alleges Cudd intenti onally withheld critical-24-

documents and answers to interrogatories throughoutthe discovery process, and failed to produce a critical original handwritten m emorandum.

As a general rule, “[t]he imposition of sanctions f or abuse of discovery under Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 is a matter within the dis cretion of the trial court.” Orjias v. Stevenson , 31 F.3d 995, 1005 (10th Cir.), cert. denied , 513 U.S. 1000 (1994). A district court abuses its discretion whe n it renders “an arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable judgement.” FDIC v. Oldenburg , 34 F.3d 1529, 1555 (10th Cir.1994) (internal quot ation marks and citation omitted). After examining the district co urt’s order denying Ms. Coletti’s motion for sanctions, we find no evidence showing the court acted unreasonably. The district court adopted the magis trate judge’s finding that sanctions were inappropriate because Cudd did not i ntentionally withhold the requested discovery document, but was simply unable to locate the material. Since the trial court is obviously in a much betterposition to assess the need for sanctions than a panel of this court, and the recor d on its face evidences no willful misconduct, bad faith, or fault by Cudd, we find the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying sanctions for the alleged discovery abuses. See Melendez v. Illinois Bell Tel. Co. , 79 F.3d 661, 670-71 (7th Cir. 1996).-25- CONCLUSION Having found no reversible error, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court in all respects.