IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-1381

Filed November 8, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF A.M.-A. and B.A.,

Minor Children,

F.M., Mother,

Appellant,

C.A., Father,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Carrie K. Bryner, 

District Associate Judge.

A mother and father separately contest the termination of their parental 

rights to two children. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Robert W. Davison, Cedar Rapids, for appellant mother.

Deborah M. Skelton, Tiffin, for appellant father.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mackenzie Moran, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Robin L. O’Brien-Licht, Cedar Rapids, attorney and guardian ad litem for 

minor children.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Badding and Buller, JJ.
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TABOR, Presiding Judge.

Fawn and Carl have three children under the age of three. The parents 

separately challenge the termination of their parental rights to the two older 

daughters: A.M.-A., born in December 2020, and B.A., born in February 2022.1 

The parents contend that the girls can be safely returned to their care, termination 

was not in the children’s best interests, and the juvenile court should have

preserved their rights because of their close bond with their daughters. After our 

independent review, we decline the parents’ requests for relief.2 As the record 

shows, social workers still have valid concerns about the parents’ housing 

instability, methamphetamine use, and mental-health challenges.

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings 

The Iowa Department of Health and Human Services took an interest in this 

family when B.A. was just nine days old. She was not gaining weight, and the 

department investigated whether the parents were providing adequate nutrition. 

She spent three days in the hospital, surpassing the medical staff’s expectations 

for weight gain. B.A.’s recovery led doctors to believe that her failure to thrive did 

not result from an underlying medical condition, but insufficient nourishment. The 

department was also concerned that the older sister, A.M.-A., was undernourished. 

When the parents did not bring B.A. to the doctor for a recheck in March 2022, the

juvenile court approved the department’s request to remove the newborn and her 

1 The girls’ baby sister, C.A., born in March 2023, has been removed from the 

parents’ care but is not the subject of this appeal. 

2 We review termination decisions de novo. In re L.B., 970 N.W.2d 311, 313 

(Iowa 2022). We respect the juvenile court’s factual findings, but they do not 

dictate our result. Id. The State must prove the grounds for termination by clear 

and convincing evidence. Id.
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older sister from their parents’ custody. Since their removal, the children have 

been living with their aunt and uncle. 

The juvenile court adjudicated B.A. and A.M.-A as children in need of 

assistance (CINA) in June 2022. Under the case plan, the parents needed to be 

evaluated for any substance-use and mental-health issues and follow through with 

recommended treatment. The department also expected them to complete 

parenting classes, attend visits with their children, and find suitable housing. But 

during that summer, in the words of the juvenile court, the parents’ “engagement 

in services seemed to ebb and flow.” They procrastinated in securing evaluations 

and were inconsistent in attending visits. By fall, they were more regular in their 

visitation and took classes to improve their parenting skills. But on the negative 

side, the social workers noted that Carl was sometimes verbally abusive to Fawn 

during their interactions. And throughout the CINA case, the parents missed many 

drug-testing appointments.

Beyond those challenges, the parents lacked stable housing. When the 

girls were removed from their care, the parents were staying at the Budget Inn, 

sharing a motel room with relatives. A few months later, they moved into a mobile 

home with Fawn’s sister, boyfriend, and four children. Fawn and Carl tried to 

secure their own mobile home at the same park, but the move never materialized. 

In early 2023, the parents moved into a two-bedroom apartment occupied by Carl’s 

mother, her boyfriend, his sister, and his sister’s boyfriend. There was not room 

there for A.M.-A., B.A., and the new baby, C.A. The parents looked for 

independent housing but told the department they could not afford the security 

deposit and rent. The juvenile court noted that both parents were employed,
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working at fast food restaurants, but resisted services to help with money 

management. 

The State petitioned for termination of parental rights in January 2023, citing 

paragraph (h) of Iowa Code section 232.116(1) (2023). By the termination trial in 

May, proper feeding of the children was no longer the main focus of the case. But

new concerns emerged. Chief among them, both parents tested positive for 

methamphetamine six times between January and May 2023, while the termination 

petition was pending. They maintained that the sweat-patch testing was 

inaccurate. The department case worker also expressed concerns about the 

mental health of the parents. Fawn was diagnosed with anxiety and borderline 

intellectual functioning; Carl was diagnosed with disruptive impulse control, 

conduct disorder, and borderline intellectual functioning. Both parents attended 

the termination hearing, but neither testified. The juvenile court terminated their 

rights in August 2023. Both parents appeal. 

II. Analysis

Both parents raise similar claims in their petitions on appeal so we will 

address them together. In evaluating their claims, we follow a familiar three-step 

process. First, we decide whether the State proved any grounds for termination 

under Iowa Code section 232.116(1). In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 219 

(Iowa 2016). If so, we must evaluate whether termination is in the children’s best 

interests under section 232.116(2). Id. Third, we consider whether any 

circumstances listed in section 232.116(3) preclude termination. Id. at 220. 
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A. Ground for Termination

The juvenile court terminated the rights of both parents under Iowa Code 

section 232.116(1)(h). To satisfy that ground, the State needed to prove by clear 

and convincing evidence:

(1) [A.M.-A. and B.A. were] three years of age or younger.

(2) [They] ha[d] been adjudicated as [CINA] pursuant to 

section 232.96.

(3) [They] ha[d] been removed from the physical custody of 

[their] parents for at least six months of the last twelve months, or for 

the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home has 

been less than thirty days.

(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that [they] cannot 

be returned to the custody of [their] parents as provided in section 

232.102 at the present time.

Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h); see In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010) 

(interpreting “at the present time” to mean “at the time of the termination hearing”). 

The parents challenge only the fourth element. Carl notes that “the issue 

that brought the family to the attention of the department was the baby’s failure to 

thrive. The parents addressed the issue by successfully completing SafeCare,[3]

consistently exercising visits with the children, and attending the children’s medical 

appointments.” Fawn adds that there have been minimal safety concerns when 

the children have been in her care. 

3 SafeCare is an evidence-based program to improve the skills of parents with 

children under the age of five. It focuses on enhancing positive parent-child 

interactions, promoting a safer home environment and appropriate supervision, 

and encourages good health-care decision-making. The program features 

eighteen sessions lasting about an hour each. We review only the record on 

appeal to decide the parents’ claims. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.801. But we note that 

more information about this program, consistent with our record, is available on 

line.See SafeCare Overview, https://hhs.iowa.gov/sites/default/files/2_SafeCare 

Overview 3-16-16 v4.1.1.pdf. 
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The case manager confirmed that the parents finished SafeCare 

training,except the home-safety sessions, which could not be completed because 

they lacked independent housing. While the parents’ efforts to improve their childcare competency are encouraging, they do not overcome the nagging 

apprehensions about their methamphetamine use, mental health, and unstable 

housing.

The juvenile court, which had followed this case from the beginning and 

heard the live testimony, concluded that the parents were not a safe option for 

A.M.-A. and B.A. As the court found: “They have no stable housing, are testing 

positive for methamphetamine and continue to deny any use, have no stable

housing and have failed to follow through with substance abuse or mental health

treatment.” We believe that finding is supported by clear and convincing evidence. 

See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 775 (Iowa 2012). 

B. Best Interests/Close Bond

Having determined that the State proved a statutory ground for termination, 

we turn to the question of what is in the children’s best interests. See id. at 776. 

In doing so, we consider their safety; the best placement for furthering their longterm nurturing and growth; and their physical, mental, and emotional condition and 

needs. Iowa Code § 232.116(2). We also weigh the girls’ integration into the 

family of their aunt and uncle, who are now licensed foster parents. Id.

§ 232.116(2)(b). 

Applying that framework, we conclude termination is in the best interests of 

A.M.-A. and B.A. Their parents have not secured safe housing for their family. 

And they have not credibly addressed their many sweat patches testing positive 
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for methamphetamine in the months before the termination hearing. Meanwhile, 

the children are safe and comfortable in the home of their aunt and uncle, who are 

also caring for their baby sister. The family support worker noted a strong bond 

among the three sisters. 

Both parents argue that termination would harm their daughters because of 

their strong parent-child bonds. This distinct argument arises under Iowa Code 

section 232.116(3)(c), where it is the parents’ burden to prove by clear and 

convincing evidence that “termination would be detrimental to the child at the time 

due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship.” See In re A.B., 956 

N.W.2d 162, 169 (Iowa 2021). And if they meet that burden, we still must decide 

whether the exception should preclude termination. In re C.A., No. 13-1987, 2014 

WL 1234470, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 26, 2014).

Assuming without deciding this issue is properly before us, the record does 

not support the parents’ argument. At the termination trial, a service provider 

questioned Carl’s “ability to bond and take care of the kids.” True, Fawn 

supervised the children more during visits. But the case manager testified that she 

did not believe that termination of either parent’s relationship would “detrimentally 

affect the girls.” Like the juvenile court, we credit her opinion. The parents failed 

to establish this exception should have preserved their parental rights. In re 

W.T., 967 N.W.2d 315, 324 (Iowa 2021).

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.