Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this 

Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before any 

court except for the purpose of establishing 

the defense of res judicata, collateral 

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

G.G., JR.:

GREGORY F. ZOELLER

ANA M. QUIRK Attorney General of Indiana

Muncie, Indiana

ROBERT J. HENKE

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT Deputy Attorney General

A. S.: Indianapolis, Indiana

KRISTIN R. WILLADSEN DAVID E. COREY

Muncie, Indiana Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN THE MATTER OF THE TERMINATION )

OF THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP OF: )

)

G. G. (Minor Child), )

)

And )

)

A.S. (Mother), & G.G., Jr. (Father), )

)

Appellants/Respondents, )

)

vs. ) No. 18A05-1308-JT-418

)

THE INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF )

CHILD SERVICES, )

)

Appellee/Petitioner. )

APPEAL FROM THE DELAWARE CIRCUIT COURT – JUVENILE DIVISION

The Honorable Kimberly S. Dowling, Judge

The Honorable Brian M. Pierce, Magistrate

Cause No. 18C02-1209-JT-19
2

April 9, 2014

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

VAIDIK, Chief Judge

Case Summary

A.S. (“Mother”) and G.G., Jr. (“Father”) appeal the termination of their parental 

rights to their son, G.G.

1 They challenge the sufficiency of the evidence underlying the 

trial court’s termination order. But G.G.—two years old at the time of the termination 

hearing—has been in foster care since he was five weeks old, and since that time, his

parents have not shown that they can provide a safe and stable home for him. We 

conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s decision to 

terminate the parent-child relationship. We affirm. 

Facts and Procedural History

In May 2011 at the request of the Muncie Police Department, the local Delaware

County Department of Child Services (“DCDCS”) visited Mother and Father’s home. 

DCDCS found marijuana plants growing in newborn G.G.’s bedroom, rifle shell casings 

littering the hallway, and blood spatter and dog feces throughout the home. DCDCS took 

custody of G.G. and filed a petition alleging that he was a child in need of services 

(“CHINS”). 

G.G. was adjudicated a CHINS. The trial court issued a dispositional order 

containing a number of requirements for the parents, with the ultimate goal of 

 

1 As noted, Father is G.G., Jr. Father’s son is G.G. III, but for simplicity we refer to the child as 

G.G. 
3

reunification. Mother and Father were required to exercise parenting time with G.G., 

secure suitable housing and stable income, obtain their GEDs, not use drugs and submit 

to random drug screens, participate in individual and couples counseling, and undergo 

parenting, substance-abuse, and domestic-violence assessments. 

Initially, Mother and Father complied with the trial court’s order. They completed 

the required assessments and participated in some related services, including parenting 

classes. With the help of DCDCS, Mother rented her own apartment, and DCDCS 

allowed Mother to have a trial in-home visit with G.G. But this progress was short-lived. 

Six days into the trial visit, Mother was arrested for shoplifting. G.G. returned to foster 

care, and Mother was evicted. Mother was later convicted of Class D felony theft and 

placed on probation for eighteen months. 

Around this time, Mother and Father—who had briefly separated—reunited and 

began living together again. Their relationship was volatile: Mother told caseworkers 

and G.G.’s foster mother that Father was physically abusive to her. Although the trial 

court ordered Mother and Father to participate in couples counseling, that never occurred. 

At the time couples counseling was scheduled to begin, the parents told the counselor that 

they were no longer dating. 

When not in a romantic relationship with Father, Mother moved frequently, 

sometimes several times in one month. DCDCS brought G.G. to each new address for 

parenting time. In March 2012 Father stopped attending scheduled parenting time. Tr. p. 

58. Later that year, Mother stopped consistently attending counseling. Id. at 62. She 
4

also resumed living with Father. Neither parent had obtained their GED, and Mother had 

not maintained a job. 

In September 2012 DCDCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s and Father’s 

rights. A hearing on the petition was held in May 2013. 

At the hearing, everyone involved in the case expressed concern about Mother and 

Father’s violent relationship. Alisha Nemore, Mother’s therapist, described what she 

characterized as a pattern of domestic violence:

 In summer 2012 Mother stayed at a women’s shelter “for a few days.” 

Although Nemore urged Mother to stay at a domestic-violence shelter 

on multiple occasions, she refused. 

 In October 2011 “Mother reported that [Father] hit her.” 

 Three times, in November 2011, March 2012, and March 2013, Father 

kicked Mother out of the house.

 An incident “where [Mother] . . . went to the E[mergency] R[oom]. She 

said, she was pregnant [with another child] at the time . . . and she said 

she fell in the shower. She had to have stitches . . . .”

 Another incident in February 2013 where Mother “had a gash on her leg 

that she showed me that was bandaged and she said that she was 

washing dishes and broke a glass and tried to catch it with her leg.”

Id. at 47-51. Mother and Father separated and reunited five times while this case was 

pending. Id. at 51. At the time of the termination hearing, they had resumed their 

relationship, and Nemore said she still saw a pattern of domestic violence. Id. at 57. 

G.G.’s foster mother had similar concerns. She described an October 2011 

incident where Mother:

Had a black eye. . . . [T]hey had a domestic violence incident in the home. 

[Mother] told me at that time that [Father] had burn[ed] all of her clothes. 

He had cut up her shoes, had kept her isolated in the home and would not 

allow her to leave the home. 
5

Id. at 87. G.G.’s foster mother also recalled times that Mother had bruises, and on 

another occasion, a broken hand. Mother gave inconsistent explanations for her injuries. 

Id. at 89. 

Caseworkers also expressed concern about the instability caused by the parents’ 

legal issues: Father’s criminal history includes misdemeanor convictions for battery, 

criminal mischief, criminal recklessness, public intoxication, and operating a vehicle 

while intoxicated. State’s Exs. 32-36. He also has felony convictions for battery and

residential entry, and while this case was pending, he was arrested for operating a vehicle 

while intoxicated. Id.; Tr. p. 32. Mother’s criminal history includes two felony theft 

convictions and a misdemeanor criminal-conversion conviction. State’s Exs. 29-31. 

Both parents were on probation at the time of the termination hearing. 

Although Mother and Father completed initial assessments and some services, 

caseworkers reported that they ultimately failed to comply with the trial court’s order. In 

the two months leading up to the termination hearing, Mother missed eleven of fifteen 

parenting-time appointments, and when she did attend, she was verbally abusive to the 

court-appointed special advocate (“CASA”) who supervised the parenting time. Tr. p.

45, 70. During that same time, Father did not attend any parenting time. Id. at 45. 

Father never obtained his GED, and his therapist testified that Father simply stopped 

attending scheduled therapy sessions. Id. at 39. Family Case Manager Bethany Allen 

(“FCM Allen”) testified that Mother had not obtained her GED, employment, or suitable 

housing—Mother moved fourteen times while this case was pending. Id. at 92, 103. 
6

FCM Allen recommended terminating Mother’s and Father’s parental rights. Id. at 108. 

The CASA echoed FCM Allen’s statements, saying:

In my opinion termination is in the best interests of [G.G.]. [D]espite those 

services that the parents did complete. . . . [Mother] still has unsuitable 

housing. She has[] no means of supporting G.G. She continues in a 

relationship that[—]whenever she’s not with Father[—]she . . . admits is 

unhealthy. The domestic violence continues to be an issue. Both of them 

continue to have problems with [] staying within the law . . . . [And] I think 

that [G.G.] is . . . in the home that he’s been in for two years and should 

stay there. 

Id. at 129-30. G.G.’s foster mother testified that G.G., who was placed with her at five 

weeks old, was thriving in her home and she and her husband planned to adopt him if 

Mother’s and Father’s parental rights were terminated.2 

In July 2013 the trial court entered its order with findings terminating Mother’s

and Father’s parental rights. Appellant Father’s App. p. 68-72. 

Mother and Father now appeal. 

Discussion and Decision

On appeal, the parents argue that there is insufficient evidence to support the 

termination order.

3

 

Termination of Parental Rights

“The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the 

traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children.” In re K.T.K., 989 

N.E.2d 1225, 1230 (Ind. 2013) (citations omitted). The parent-child relationship is one of 

our culture’s most valued relationships. Id. (citation omitted). “And a parent’s interest in 

 

2 Mother and Father were present at the termination hearing, but they did not testify.

3 Though they filed separate appellate briefs, Mother and Father raise the same legal challenges. 
7

the upbringing of their child is ‘perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests 

recognized by the courts.’” Id. (quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). 

But parental rights are not absolute—“children have an interest in terminating parental 

rights that prevent adoption and inhibit establishing secure, stable, long-term, continuous 

relationships.” Id. (citations omitted). Thus, a parent’s interests must be subordinated to 

a child’s interests when considering a termination petition. Id. (citation omitted). A 

parent’s rights may be terminated if the parent is unable or unwilling to meet their 

parental responsibilities by failing to provide for the child’s immediate and long-term 

needs. Id. (citations omitted). 

When reviewing the termination of parental rights, we will not reweigh the 

evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. Id. at 1229 (citation omitted). Instead, 

we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that support the judgment. Id.

(citation omitted). “Where a trial court has entered findings of fact and conclusions of 

law, we will not set aside the trial court’s findings or judgment unless clearly erroneous.” 

Id. (citing Ind. Trial Rule 52(A)). In determining whether the court’s decision to 

terminate the parent-child relationship is clearly erroneous, “we review the trial court’s 

judgment to determine whether the evidence clearly and convincingly supports the 

findings and the findings clearly and convincingly support the judgment.” Id. (citation 

omitted). 

A petition to terminate parental rights must allege:

(A) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least six 

(6) months under a dispositional decree.
8

(ii) A court has entered a finding under IC 31-34-21-5.6 that 

reasonable efforts for family preservation or reunification are 

not required, including a description of the court’s finding, 

the date of the finding, and the manner in which the finding 

was made.

(iii) The child has been removed from the parent and has been 

under the supervision of a local office or probation 

department for at least fifteen (15) months of the most recent 

twenty-two (22) months, beginning with the date the child is 

removed from the home as a result of the child being alleged 

to be a child in need of services or a delinquent child;

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that 

resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement 

outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the 

parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of 

the child.

(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been 

adjudicated a child in need of services;

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the child.

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). “DCS must prove the alleged circumstances by clear and 

convincing evidence.” K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1231 (citation omitted). On appeal, Mother

and Father challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s judgment 

as to subsections (B) and (C) of the termination statute. 

A. Conditions Remedied
9

Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive. Therefore, 

DCDCS was required to establish, by clear and convincing evidence, only one of the 

three requirements of subsection (B). Because we find it to be dispositive, we address

only the arguments regarding subsection (B)(i); that is, whether there was a reasonable 

probability that the conditions resulting in G.G.’s removal or the reasons for his 

placement outside the parents’ home would be remedied.

When determining if there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that 

resulted in a child’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home will not be 

remedied, a trial court must judge a parent’s fitness to care for their child at the time of 

the termination hearing, taking into consideration evidence of changed conditions. In re 

I.A., 903 N.E.2d 146, 154 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (citations omitted). The court must also 

evaluate the parent’s habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there is a 

substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation of the child. Id. Similarly, courts 

may consider evidence of a parent’s prior criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse, 

history of neglect, and failure to provide support. Id. The services offered to the parent 

and the parent’s response to those services may also be considered as evidence of 

whether conditions will be remedied. Id. 

The trial court concluded that there was a reasonable probability that the 

conditions resulting in G.G.’s removal from his parents’ care or placement outside their

home would not be remedied. Appellant Father’s App. p. 72. The court expressed 

concern about the parents’ criminal histories and their “deeply disturbing” and “violent 

and troubled” relationship. Id. at 69. Summarizing the parents’ conduct during the case, 
10

the court stated that Mother had failed to obtain her GED, maintain a job, secure suitable 

housing, or “successfully address the pattern of domestic violence.” Id. at 70. Father, 

meanwhile, attended only half of his scheduled parenting time, failed to complete his 

court-ordered therapy, and continued to “demonstrate that he is violent [and] unstable . . . 

.” Id. at 71. The court concluded that “neither parent has demonstrated any benefit from 

court-ordered services designed to promote reunification” or “indicated a willingness or a 

desire to change their dysfunctional personal relationship for the sake of maintaining their 

parental rights.” Id.

The parents do not dispute any of the trial court’s findings; therefore, they stand as 

proven.4 Mother points to other evidence—such as her attendance at medical 

appointments and her continued contact with G.G.’s foster family—and argues that this 

evidence shows that termination was not appropriate here. See Appellant Mother’s Br. p. 

16. This is an invitation to reweigh the evidence, which we may not do. For his part, 

Father argues that the conditions resulting in G.G.’s removal “could be remedied given 

additional counseling between the parties.” Appellant Father’s Br. p. 20. But Father 

failed to complete individual counseling, and he and Mother declined couples counseling 

because they claimed they were no longer in a relationship when that counseling was 

scheduled to begin. The trial court was within its discretion in concluding that additional 

counseling would not remedy the conditions leading to G.G.’s removal. 

 

4

“[W]here a party challenges only the judgment as contrary to law and does not challenge the 

special findings as unsupported by the evidence, we do not look to the evidence but only to the findings to 

determine whether they support the judgment.” Smith v. Miller Builders, Inc., 741 N.E.2d 731, 734 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2000) (citing Boyer v. First Nat’l Bank of Kokomo, 476 N.E.2d 895, 897 (Ind. Ct. App. 1985)).
11

The evidence supports the conclusion that there was a reasonable probability that 

the conditions resulting in G.G.’s removal from the parents’ care or placement outside 

their home would not be remedied.

B. Best Interests

The parents also contend that termination of their rights is not in G.G.’s best 

interests.

A determination of what is in the best interests of a child should be based on the 

totality of the circumstances. Lang v. Starke Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 861 

N.E.2d 366, 373 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. A parent’s historical inability to 

provide a suitable environment along with the parent’s current inability to do the same 

supports a finding that termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests. Id.

Trial courts need not wait until a child is irreversibly harmed such that their physical, 

mental, and social development is permanently impaired before terminating a parent’s 

rights. K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1235. Permanency is a central consideration in determining 

the best interests of a child. Id. (citation omitted). 

FCM Allen and the CASA assigned to this case testified that Mother and Father 

are not capable of providing a safe and stable home for G.G., and they recommended 

terminating their parental rights. Tr. p. 108, 129-30. Referencing this testimony, the trial 

court found that termination was in G.G.’s best interests because he “needs a safe, stable, 

secure, and permanent environment in order to thrive,” and “neither parent has shown the 

ability to provide [G.G.] with such an environment.” Appellant Father’s App. p. 71. The 

court also noted that G.G. has been in foster care since he was five weeks old, his foster 
12

home is, “for all practical purposes, the . . . only home [G.G.] has [ever] known,” and his

foster parents plan to adopt him. Id. To the extent Father suggests that termination of his 

(and Mother’s) rights was not in G.G.’s best interests because he “had not been harmed in 

any of the various altercations between his parents,” Appellant Father’s Br. p. 19, the trial 

court was not required to wait and see if that would happen. See K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 

1235. 

We conclude that the unchallenged evidence supports the trial court’s 

determination that termination of Mother’s and Father’s parental rights was in G.G.’s best 

interests. See In re A.I., 825 N.E.2d 798 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (testimony of caseworkers, 

together with evidence that the conditions resulting in placement outside the home will 

not be remedied, was sufficient to prove by clear and convincing evidence that 

termination was in child’s best interests), trans. denied; see also In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 

874, 883 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (children’s needs are too substantial to force them to wait 

while determining if their parents will be able to parent them).5 

Affirmed. 

RILEY, J., and MAY, J., concur.

 

5 We share the trial court’s concern about the parties’ younger child, who is not involved in this 

case but lived with Mother and Father at the time of the termination hearing. See Appellant Father’s App. 

p. 70. At that time, there had been no CHINS filing or court intervention relating to that child, which is 

troublesome given DCDCS’s assertion that Mother and Father are incapable of parenting their older child. 

However, there is sufficient evidence to support termination of the parents’ rights to G.G., and we reject 

Mother’s implication that the current lack of court intervention regarding her younger child somehow 

negates the evidence pertaining to G.G.