Filed 9/23/15 Salameh v. 5th and K Master Assoc. CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

TAMER SALAMEH et al.,

Cross-complainants and Appellants,

v.

5TH AND K MASTER ASSOCIATION, 

INC. et al.,

Cross-defendants and Respondents.

 D066096

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2010-00094424-

CU-OR-CTL)

APPEALS from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Joel M. 

Pressman, Judge. Affirmed.

Aguirre & Severson, Michael J. Aguirre, Maria C. Severson; Stris & Maher and 

Peter K. Stris for Cross-Complainants and Appellants.

Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith, Charles S. Haughey, Jr., Raul L. Martinez,

Esther P. Holm and Eric Kizirian for Cross-defendants and Respondents 5th & K Master 

Association, Inc., 5th & K Parcel 1 Owners' Association, Inc., 5th & K Parcel 2 Owners'
2

Association, Inc., 5th & K Parcel 3 Owners' Association, Inc., Bhavesh Patel, Ron 

Adelhelm and Renee Molloy.

Cox, Castle & Nicholson, Frederick H. Kranz and Lynn T. Galuppo for Crossdefendants and Respondents Tarsadia Hotels, 5th Rock, LLC, MKP One, LLC, MSP 

One, LLC, Gaslamp Holdings, LLC, T-12 Three, LLC, Evolution Hospitality, LLC, 

Tarsadia Investments, LLC, and T-2 Development, LLC.

Owners of condominium guestrooms (Owners) in the Hard Rock Hotel San Diego 

(Hotel) asserted various claims against the Hotel developer/operator and Owners'

associations, including fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and unfair competition. Owners 

appeal an order granting cross-defendants' motions for judgment on the pleadings, which 

the trial court entered after finding that the operative cross-complaint failed to state a 

cause of action. We affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Factual Allegations in the Operative Third Amended Cross-complaint (TACC)

Beginning in 2006, cross-complainants/Owners purchased individual rooms at the 

Hotel, which is a full-service hotel comprised of 420 condominium-hotel rooms, meeting 

rooms, a spa, bars, retail stores, and restaurants. The Hotel development project was

initiated by members of the Patel family for investment and commercial purposes. The 

Patel family formed, operated and/or controlled the companies that were sued as crossdefendants, including: 5th Rock, LLC (5th Rock), the entity that developed and sold the 
3

condominium units; Tarsadia Hotels (Tarsadia), the entity that initially managed and 

operated the Hotel; and a number of other affiliated entities (collectively, Developer). 

The Hotel is a common interest development constructed over several parcels of 

real property. Each Owner elected to contract with Tarsadia to provide room 

management services. By purchasing individual Hotel rooms, Owners also became 

members of the owners' associations (Association).1 The Association administered the 

Hotel pursuant to recorded covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&Rs). The 

individually sued Association directors, who comprised a majority of the Association's 

board, were employees of the Developer. The Association collected assessments from 

Owners for a variety of services, including maintenance of common areas, lighting, pest 

control, security, etc., which were deposited in Association-controlled bank accounts. 

Owners allege that they were overcharged for both room management fees and 

Association assessments as a result of misrepresentations and/or omissions in information 

they were provided. These overcharges constitute the alleged harm underlying each of 

Owners' causes of action.

Owners allege that the overcharged room management fees, which they claim total

more than $45 million since 2008, occurred as follows. Under optional rental 

management agreements (RMAs), Tarsadia agreed to charge each Owner an amount 

equal to 50 percent of the room's "Net Rental Revenues" in exchange for managing the 

 

1 There were three sub-associations, each of which was an association of Owners of 

units located on three different parcels of property. Each of the sub-associations was a 

member of the "master association." The master association had the power to levy 

assessments on the sub-associations and their members. 
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room. It is undisputed that Tarsadia in fact charged each Owner this amount. The RMAs

defined Tarsadia's responsibilities to Owners, which included renting the units, providing 

room service to the units' guests as needed, providing housekeeping services, and 

performing repairs. Owners claimed that instead of being charged 50 percent of "Net 

Rental Revenues," they should have been charged "[Three percent] of Gross Room 

Revenue" based on a hotel management agreement (HMA) between 5th Rock and 

Tarsadia. 

The HMA defined Tarsadia's responsibilities to 5th Rock for Hotel operations, 

including purchasing uniforms and food, obtaining licenses, and entering into contracts 

with other service providers. Under the HMA, 5th Rock agreed to pay Tarsadia three 

percent of the Hotel's gross operational revenues as a fee for hotel management services.

With respect to the claim that Owners were overcharged for Association 

assessments, Owners allege that the Association retained an independent property 

management company, N.N. Jaeschke, Inc. (predecessor-in-interest Associa) (NNJ) to 

provide administration, repair, and maintenance services under an association 

management agreement (AMA). NNJ was the "master managing agent" of the 

Association. Owners maintain that without informing the Owners, individual Association 

board members forced NNJ to contract with Tarsadia to perform certain repair and 

maintenance supervisory duties that the Owners believed were being performed by NNJ. 

Owners contend that this constituted an improper delegation of duties. Owners also 

claim that, with respect to claims for reimbursement of expenses, NNJ "reverseengineered" work orders by writing descriptions of amounts and purposes that materially 
5

deviated from the amounts and purposes in the invoices that Tarsadia submitted to NNJ, 

and presented these "reverse engineered" invoices to Owners for payment. Owners 

further claim that NNJ used a shorthand method to keep Association records, such as 

naming the financial statements "Hard Rock Hotel Master" rather than using the actual 

name, "5th and K Master Association." 

An independent services agreement (ISA) governed the business arrangement 

between NNJ and Tarsadia. The ISA provided that NNJ would pay 53 percent of its 

management fee to Tarsadia. The TACC characterized this as "kickback" payments. 

B. Procedural History

On multiple occasions, cross-defendants filed demurrers and motions for judgment 

on the pleadings related to prior iterations of the cross-complaint, which were overruled 

and denied by the trial court (Judge Denton). In 2012, the court granted Owners' motion 

for class certification. Thereafter, Judge Denton retired from the bench, and the case was 

reassigned to Judge Pressman. 

At a November 2013 status conference, cross-defendants argued that Owners'

legal theories had morphed throughout the course of the proceedings in the trial court and 

that the allegations that Owners were making at the time did not match the operative

cross-complaint, which had been based in large part on a theory of "fraud in the 

inducement"—a theory no longer being asserted. Cross-defendants urged the trial court 

to order Owners to file an amended cross-complaint to conform to their present legal 

theories. Prior to any such order being issued, Owners agreed to amend their crosscomplaint, and in January 2014, Owners filed their TACC. 
6

Cross-defendants moved for judgment on the pleadings. Cross-defendants also 

requested judicial notice of the CC&Rs, RMA, HMA, AMA, and ISA, which were 

referenced in, but not attached to, the TACC, and moved to strike portions of the TACC, 

including excerpts of deposition transcripts. The trial court granted cross-defendants'

requests for judicial notice and motions for judgment on the pleadings. The court also 

granted in part the motions to strike. In its order, the court found that cross-defendants'

motions were properly brought since the TACC was a new pleading and raised issues 

different from those previously considered by Judge Denton. The court denied Owners'

request for leave to amend. 

DISCUSSION

A. Threshold Issues

1. The trial court properly considered cross-defendants' motions for judgment on the 

pleadings 

Owners contend that cross-defendants' motions for judgment on the pleadings

were procedurally defective because the trial court had overruled challenges to prior 

iterations of the cross-complaint. Cross-defendants argue the TACC was a new pleading 

that superseded previous cross-complaints, and that the TACC had never been 

challenged. We agree with cross-defendants. 

Owners apparently filed the TACC as a final recitation of their legal theories and 

class claims for trial. The TACC supplanted Owners' prior cross-complaints and was 

thus subject to challenge. (Foreman & Clark Corp. v. Fallon (1971) 3 Cal.3d 875, 884; 

Carlton v. Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1200, 1211 
7

[filing new amended complaint "opened the door" to another demurrer].) Contrary to 

Owners' argument, cross-defendants were not required to comply with Code of Civil 

Procedure section 1008 because they were not seeking "reconsideration" of any order. 

(Code Civ. Proc., § 1008(a); Farber v. Bay View Terrace Homeowners Association

(2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1007, 1013 ["As for the cross-complaint, the Association's 

demurrer was its first challenge to that new pleading, so the rule regarding motions for 

reconsideration does not apply."].) 

2. The trial court properly granted cross-defendants' request for judicial notice

Owners contend that the trial court erred in taking judicial notice of agreements

and CC&Rs referenced in the TACC, and further erred by not accepting their 

interpretation of those documents as pled. Cross-defendants respond that the facts 

judicially noticed by the court were taken from legally operative contracts directly relied 

upon by Owners in the TACC, and that these facts were not reasonably subject to dispute. 

We review a trial court's decision to grant judicial notice for abuse of discretion. 

(Fontenot v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 256, 264.)

Evidence Code section 452, subdivision (h) provides that a court may take judicial

notice of "[f]acts and propositions that are not reasonably subject to dispute and are 

capable of immediate and accurate determination by resort to sources of reasonably 

indisputable accuracy." Under this provision, courts have judicially noticed not only the 

existence and recordation of documents, but also a variety of matters that can be deduced 

from the documents. (E.g. Fontenot, supra 198 Cal.App.4th at p. 265 [judicial notice 

taken of beneficiary status reflected in deed of trust]; Poseidon Development, Inc. v. 
8

Woodland Lane Estates, LLC (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 1106, 1117-1118 [in sustaining 

demurrer, judicial notice properly taken of the parties, dates, and legal consequences of a 

series of recorded documents relating to a real estate transaction].) Further, where there 

is no reasonable dispute as to an agreement's meaning, authenticity, and enforceability, 

courts have judicially noticed facts that clearly derive from the legal effect of the 

agreement. (E.g. Scott v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 743, 759 

[judicial notice properly taken of purchase and assumption agreement showing that assets 

but not liabilities of Washington Mutual Bank had been sold to JPMorgan Bank]; 

Align Technology, Inc. v. Bao Tran (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 949, 956 [judicially noticing 

agreement settling prior suit, which was referred to in the complaint, to evaluate whether 

current suit was barred].)

In this case, there was no dispute as to the existence, authenticity, or enforceability

of any of the agreements. Indeed, the agreements' principal terms were set out in the 

TACC, albeit in an incomplete fashion. Facts noticed by the trial court in evaluating the 

TACC's legal sufficiency were taken directly from the texts of the agreements and were 

not reasonably subject to dispute. For example, the court noted that under the RMA, 

Tarsadia's "operator's fee" was 50 percent of the owners' net room revenues, for specified 

room management services (RMA, section III), and that under the HMA, Tarsadia's 

compensation was three percent of gross income for hotel operation services (HMA, 

paragraph 4.1).

We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting crossdefendants' requests for judicial notice.
9

3. The trial court properly refused to consider cross-complainant's extrinsic evidence

Owners maintain that the trial court erred in refusing to consider "extrinsic 

evidence" to aid the court in its interpretation of the HMA and other agreements. In 

particular, Owners inserted excerpts of the Developer's executives' deposition transcripts

in the TACC, which the court ordered stricken as "evidentiary facts or conclusions of 

law." Code of Civil Procedure section 436 states: "The court may . . . upon terms it 

deems proper . . . [s]trike out any irrelevant, false, or improper matter inserted in any 

pleading." A motion to strike a pleading is reviewed for abuse of discretion. 

(Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Superior Court (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 19, 23.) 

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in striking the deposition transcript 

excerpts, which were not factual allegations and were therefore improperly included in 

the TACC. (Blickman Turkus, LP v. MF Downtown Sunnyvale, LLC (2008) 

162 Cal.App.4th 858, 867, fn. 1 (Blickman) ["The cross-complaint is a model of improper 

pleading . . . . A pleading is no place to quote, paraphrase, or even allude to the 

testimony of witnesses."].) The excerpts were also duplicative of the factual bases for 

Owners' claims. The court properly refused to consider the proffered deposition 

testimony in evaluating the TACC's legal sufficiency. 

B. Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings

1. Standard of review

A judgment on the pleadings for cross-defendants is appropriate when the 

operative cross-complaint fails to allege facts sufficient to state a cause of action. 

(Code Civ. Proc., § 438, subd. (c)(1)(B)(ii).) A motion for judgment on the pleadings is 
10

equivalent to a demurrer and is governed by the same de novo standard of review. 

(People ex rel. Harris v. Pac Anchor Transportation, Inc. (2014) 59 Cal.4th 772, 777.)

"All properly pleaded, material facts are deemed true, but not contentions, deductions, or 

conclusions of fact or law; judicially noticeable matters may be considered." 

(Kapsimallis v. Allstate Ins. Co. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 667, 672.)

2. Fraud and concealment claims

" 'The elements of fraud, which give rise to the tort action for deceit, are 

(a) misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); 

(b) knowledge of falsity (or "scienter"); (c) intent to defraud, i.e., to induce reliance; 

(d) justifiable reliance; and (e) resulting damage.' " (Lazar v. Superior Court (1996) 

12 Cal.4th 631, 638.) "Concealment is a species of fraud or deceit." (Blickman, supra,

162 Cal.App.4th at p. 868.) The elements of a concealment action are: (a) defendant 

suppressed a material fact; (b) the defendant was under a duty to disclose to plaintiff; 

(c) the fact was intentionally suppressed with intent to defraud; (d) plaintiff was unaware 

of the fact and would not have acted if the fact had been known; and (e) as a result of the 

concealment or suppression of the fact, the plaintiff must have sustained damage. (Ibid.) 

"In California, fraud must be pled specifically; general and conclusory allegations do not 

suffice." (Lazar, supra, at p. 645.) 

We conclude that Owners failed to state a cause of action for fraudulent 

misrepresentation or concealment. With respect to Owners' claim that they were 

damaged when they were overcharged room management fees, the facts alleged—

stripped of Owners' conclusory legal assertions—do not support the occurrence of any
11

"overcharges." We agree with cross-defendants that in alleging fraudulent

misrepresentation and concealment, Owners have hopelessly conflated the RMA and the 

HMA. Each Owner entered into an optional RMA with Tarsadia pursuant to which 

Tarsadia agreed to manage Owners' individual rooms, including renting them out, 

providing housekeeping services, and maintaining the rooms' furnishings to Hotel 

standards. For these and other services, each Owner agreed to pay 50 percent of his or 

her room's "Net Rental Revenues." It is undisputed that Tarsadia in fact charged Owners 

50 percent of the "Net Rental Revenues." Owners were thus charged exactly what they 

bargained for, and no factual misrepresentation occurred. 

The HMA was an entirely separate agreement between 5th Rock and Tarsadia,

pursuant to which Tarsadia would manage and operate the Hotel and receive three

percent of the Hotel's Gross Revenues in exchange for its services. As explicitly defined 

in the HMA, "Gross Revenues" came from sources different from the "Net Rental 

Revenues" of Owners' rooms.2 Owners were not parties to the HMA, and the TACC 

fails to identify any relevant statutory or contractual duties that would have required the 

Developer to provide Owners with the HMA or to apprise them of its terms. The RMAs 

between Tarsadia and each Owner disclosed that Tarsadia also managed the Hotel and 

would be acting as rental agent/manager for other Owners. In short, Owners have not 

 

2 For example, "Gross Revenues" included fees collected from renting meeting 

rooms, providing valet parking, and selling food. The panoply of services required to 

operate the Hotel were entirely different from those required for the management of 

individual rooms. 
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sufficiently alleged facts to support the existence of any misrepresentation or 

concealment of information that was required to be disclosed, nor any intent to defraud. 

Owners' claim that they were not informed of the fact that NNJ partially delegated 

duties to Tarsadia and that they should have been informed of NNJ's administrative and 

record-keeping activities, is similarly meritless. The recorded CC&Rs provide that the 

"Association may delegate its responsibility to provide the Master Services to the Hotel 

Owner, the Hotel Operator or the Master Managing Agent . . . by entering into a 

Management Agreement with the Hotel Operator or Master Managing Agent." Under the 

AMA, NNJ was the master managing agent of the Association, and was expressly

allowed to further delegate its duties. The Association's designation of an independent

managing agent comports with the law and common sense. (See, e.g., Civ. Code, 

§§ 5375, 5380 [concerning common interest development managing agent's receipt of 

association funds].) As documented in the ISA, NNJ contracted with Tarsadia to provide

repair and maintenance supervisory services, and agreed to pay Tarsadia a portion of its 

management fee in return. The TACC does not sufficiently allege how this delegation of 

duties and NNJ's bookkeeping entries constitute actionable fraud or concealment. 

Finally, Owners failed to allege any plausible reliance or damages resulting from 

the purportedly misrepresented or omitted information. Absent a specific factual 

foundation, conclusory allegations that Owners "relied," were "damaged," or 

"overcharged" do not suffice. Owners were charged the room management fees that they 

agreed to pay. Owners do not indicate how they were harmed by the Association's

delegation of duties to NNJ or by NNJ's contracting with Tarsadia to perform repair and 
13

maintenance supervisory services. Nor do Owners claim that the services were not 

performed. Owners thus failed to sufficiently allege the elements of fraud or 

concealment.3

3. Breach of fiduciary duty claim

A breach of fiduciary claim requires: (a) the existence of a fiduciary duty, (b) a 

breach of that duty, and (c) damages proximately caused by that breach. (Mosier v. 

Southern California Physicians Insurance Exchange (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1022, 1044.) 

 

3 At oral argument, counsel for Owners began describing a different theory of 

liability to support their claims, including that cross-defendants had used the Owner's 

assessments collected on certain parcels (i.e., parcels two and three) to maintain areas 

located on a separate parcel (i.e., parcel one). Counsel maintained that the issue was 

encompassed within the opening brief's general argument that the TACC adequately 

pleads a cause of action. Owners' counsel also represented that the issue had been 

referenced in "passing" in the reply brief, but ultimately conceded that it was not raised as 

a separate argument supported with points and authorities. 

The issue was not properly raised and has been forfeited. (Osornio v. Weingarten

(2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 304, 316, fn. 7 [alternative basis for sustaining demurrer not 

advanced on appeal would not be considered].) Having scoured the Owners' briefs, we 

conclude that the issue was not properly articulated. On a motion for judgment on the 

pleadings, we independently review the factual allegations to determine whether the 

challenged pleading sufficiently states a cause of action under any legal theory. We are 

not required, however, to independently develop a party's arguments and legal theories. 

(Paterno v. State of California (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 68, 106 ["An appellate court is not 

required to examine undeveloped claims, nor to make arguments for parties."]; Jones v. 

Superior Court (1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 92, 99 ["Issues do not have a life of their own: if 

they are not raised or supported by argument or citation to authority, we consider the 

issues waived."]; see also Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204 (a)(1)(B) ["Each brief must 

[¶] . . . [¶] [s]tate each point under a separate heading or subheading summarizing the 

point, and support each point by argument and, if possible, by citation of authority"].)

Finally, Owners' counsel asserted that we should reverse and allow leave to amend 

on the unarticulated theory of liability. This merely underscores the fact that the issue 

was not adequately pled in the first instance. As we will discuss, Owners have not 

demonstrated, either in the trial court or on appeal, that the TACC's deficiencies could be 

cured. The trial court thus acted within its discretion in denying leave to amend.
14

To be actionable, the breach of duty must be by one who is in a confidential or fiduciary 

relationship to another. (Guthrie v. Times-Mirror Co. (1975) 51 Cal.App.3d 879, 889 

[no confidential relationship alleged in arms length sales transaction].)

Owners' claim for breach of fiduciary duty is based on the same factual 

circumstances underlying their fraud claims. As we have discussed, the TACC does not

allege facts sufficient to support a claim that Owners were "overcharged" for room 

management fees or that the Developer or Association had any duty to provide Owners 

with a copy of the HMA. In addition, NNJ's delegation of repair and maintenance 

supervisory duties to Tarsadia was not wrongful, and there was nothing requiring that this

delegation of duties be disclosed to Owners. Further, Owners failed to allege that NNJ's

method of bookkeeping had any cognizable impact on Owners. The TACC thus failed to

allege any breach of duty.

We reject Owners' categorical labeling of the Developer, Association, and 

Association directors as "fiduciaries" for all intents and purposes. There is no question 

that a project developer or owners' association may have certain duties to purchasers or 

owners. (Raven's Cove Townhomes, Inc. v. Knuppe Development Co. (1981) 

114 Cal.App.3d 783, 801 [alleged duty to collect funds for the costs of maintaining 

common areas consistent with conditions, covenants, and restrictions].) However, 

Owners failed to allege that the Developer and/or Association breached any relevant 

statutory or contractual duties. In sum, the TACC does not state a cause of action for 

breach of fiduciary duty.
15

4. Unfair competition (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 et seq.) and failure to provide 

documents claims (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 11018.6)

Owners base their claims of unfair competition (unfair, unlawful or fraudulent 

business practices), Business and Professions Code section 17200 et seq.(UCL), on the 

same conduct underlying their other claims, as described above, and contend that owners'

associations that engage in "commercial" acts may be sued under the UCL. Crossdefendants contend that the Association may not be sued since it is a nonprofit 

corporation. We need not address whether the Association may be sued for unfair 

competition because Owners do not have standing to sue under the UCL. 

(Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17204 [private action may be initiated only by "a person who has 

suffered injury in fact and has lost money or property as a result of the unfair 

competition"]; In re Tobacco II Cases (2009) 46 Cal.4th 298, 325.) As discussed, ante, 

the TACC does not sufficiently allege that Owners suffered any injury or were damaged

"as a result of" cross-defendants' actions. Moreover, the TACC fails to allege any unfair, 

fraudulent, or unlawful conduct by cross-defendants within the meaning of the UCL. 

(See Searle v. Wyndham International, Inc. (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 1327, 1334-1335

[hotel's failure to disclose a 17 percent service charge was paid to the servers is not 

unlawful, unfair, or fraudulent].) Judgment was properly granted for cross-defendants 

under the UCL (fourth, fifth and sixth causes of action).

Finally, in their seventh cause of action premised on Business & Professions Code 

section 11018.6, Owners claim that they should have been provided a copy of the HMA 

and ISA. This claim is frivolous. Assuming arguendo that the statute provides a private 
16

right of action, the statutory terms plainly do not extend to the service contracts at issue 

in this case. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 11018.6, subds. (a)-(f) [sellers of planned community 

subdivisions must provide to owners: covenants, conditions, and restrictions; association

articles of incorporation and bylaws; other like documents; statement of assessments].) 

Business & Professions Code section 11018.6 did not require 5th Rock to provide 

Owners with copies of the HMA and ISA. Judgment for cross-defendants on the seventh 

cause of action was proper.

C. Leave to amend 

After the trial court granted cross-defendants' motions for judgment on the 

pleadings, Owners moved for reconsideration and requested leave to amend. Owners 

argue that the trial court should have provided them an opportunity to amend their 

complaint because, in essence, they were surprised by the outcome since challenges to 

previous cross-complaints had been overruled. Cross-defendants argue that Owners have 

not demonstrated how the TACC's substantive defects could be cured, particularly given 

the terms of the relevant agreements, which we have concluded were properly the subject 

of judicial notice.

Where a complaint is defective, leave to amend should be liberally granted if there 

is a reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by amendment. (Aubry v. TriCity Hospital Dist. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 962, 971 [leave to amend granted where an 

alternative theory of liability had been presented].) A trial court's denial of leave to 

amend is reviewed for abuse of discretion. (Record v. Reason (1999) 73 Cal.App.4th 

472, 486.) It is the plaintiff's burden to demonstrate that a complaint's deficiencies can be 
17

cured. (Berryman v. Merit Property Management, Inc. (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 1544, 

1560 [re-pleading would not alter conclusion that challenged fees were not illegal].)

Owners failed to demonstrate, both in the trial court and on appeal, how the 

TACC's deficiencies could be cured. The TACC was filed in preparation for trial after 

years of litigation concerning Owners' claims, including discovery and class certification. 

The facts and legal theories were fully developed, and Owners did not present any new 

facts to the trial court in their motions for reconsideration. Owners fundamentally

misunderstand and misconstrue the pertinent agreements, and have not articulated how 

the allegations in the TACC could be amended to state a claim. (Berryman, supra, 

152 Cal.App.4th at p. 1560 ["The bottom line is that these facts—no matter how artfully 

they are pled—do not leave plaintiffs with any basis for a claim."].) We therefore 

conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying leave to amend.
18

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Cross-defendants are entitled to recover costs on 

appeal.

AARON, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

Prager, J.*

 

* Judge of the San Diego Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to 

article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.