United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 97-2355ND

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In re: Scott Heitkamp and Darcy *

Heitkamp, doing business as Wyndmere *

Builders, *

*

Debtors, *

____________________ *

*

Kip M. Kaler, as trustee for Scott *

Heitkamp and Darcy Heitkamp, dba *

Wyndmere Builders, *

*

Plaintiff-Appellee, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the District

* of North Dakota.

Community First National Bank, *

*

Defendant-Appellant, *

*

Tim Herbranson, doing business as *

Herbranson Cabinets; Strata *

Corporation; Northland Truss Systems, *

Inc.; Dennis Johnk, doing business as *

Dennis' Floor Covering; ABC, Inc., *

doing business as ABC Seamless, Inc.; *

Fargo Glass & Paint Company; Lincoln *

State Bank of Harrison; The Park *

Company/Better Homes and Gardens, *

*

Defendants. *
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 Submitted: February 12, 1998

Filed: March 11, 1998

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Before FAGG, JOHN R. GIBSON, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

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FAGG, Circuit Judge.

Scott and Darcy Heitkamp build and sell homes in Wyndmere, North Dakota.

In the course of their business, they borrowed money from Community First National

Bank and maintained credit with several subcontractors. The bank initially loaned the

Heitkamps $50,000 to build a certain house. A mortgage secured the loan. The

Heitkamps ran out of cash before completing the project and obtained another loan for

$40,000 from the bank in November 1995. Rather than giving the Heitkamps the

money, the bank issued cashier’s checks payable to specific subcontractors who

supplied goods or services to construct the house. At the bank’s direction, the

Heitkamps obtained mechanic’s lien waivers from the subcontractors in exchange for

the checks. The Heitkamps also gave the bank a second mortgage on the house, but

because of an oversight, the bank did not record the mortgage until March 1, 1996. 

Three days later, the Heitkamps filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition. The

mortgaged house was sold, and the bank and several subcontractors asserted rights to

the proceeds. The bankruptcy trustee brought an adversary proceeding to set aside the

Heitkamps’ transfer of the second mortgage interest to the bank under 11 U.S.C. §

547(b), which permits avoidance of certain transfers of the debtor’s interest in property.

The bankruptcy court set the transfer aside, rejecting the bank’s argument that the

earmarking doctrine prevented avoidance of the mortgage’s transfer. The district court

affirmed. The bank appeals, and we reverse.
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According to the earmarking doctrine, there is no avoidable transfer of the

debtor’s property interest when a new lender and a debtor agree to use loaned funds to

pay a specified antecedent debt, the agreement’s terms are actually performed, and the

transaction viewed as a whole does not diminish the debtor’s estate. See McCuskey v.

National Bank of Waterloo (In re Bohlen Enters., Ltd.), 859 F.2d 561, 566 (8th Cir.

1988). No avoidable transfer is made because the loaned funds never become part of

the debtor’s property. See id. Instead, a new creditor merely steps into the shoes of

an old creditor. See Buckley v. Jeld-Wen, Inc. (In re Interior Wood Prods. Co.), 986

F.2d 228, 231 (8th Cir. 1993). Application of the earmarking doctrine is not limited to

situations in which the new creditor is secondarily liable for the earlier debt, but extends

to situations where “any third party . . . pays down a debt of the debtor . . . because

[the] payments . . . would have no effect on the estate of the debtor.” Stover v.

Fulkerson (In re Bruening), 113 F.3d 838, 841 (8th Cir. 1997); see Hansen v.

MacDonald Meat Co. (In re Kemp Pac. Fisheries, Inc.), 16 F.3d 313, 316 n.2 (9th Cir.

1994) (per curiam) (earmarking doctrine not limited to protection of guarantors);

Steinberg v. NCNB Nat’l Bank of N.C. (In re Grabill Corp.), 135 B.R. 101, 109 (N.D.

Ill. 1991) (same); Tolz v. Barnett Bank of S. Fla., N.A. (In re Safe-T-Brake of S. Fla.,

Inc.), 162 B.R. 359, 364 (S.D. Fla. 1993) (“[c]aselaw has extended the earmarking

doctrine beyond the guarantor scenario”). “[R]egardless of the lender’s prior

relationship with the debtor, or lack thereof, replacing one creditor with another of equal

priority does not diminish the estate and thus no voidable [transfer] results.” In re SafeT-Brake, 162 B.R. at 364 (citing In re Bohlen, 859 F.2d at 565-66). Thus, the doctrine

applies when a security interest is given for funds used to pay secured debts, see id.; In

re Kemp, 16 F.3d at 316, but not when a security interest is given for funds used to pay

an unsecured debt, see Brown v. Mt. Prospect State Bank (In re Muncrief), 900 F.2d

1220, 1224 n.4 (8th Cir. 1990). 

The earmarking doctrine applies in this case. The bank and the Heitkamps agreed

the secured funds would be used to pay specific preexisting debts, the agreement was

performed, and the transfer of the mortgage interest did not diminish the
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amount available for distribution to the Heitkamps’ creditors. See In re Bohlen, 859

F.2d at 566. Before the loan, the Heitkamps owed subcontractors $40,000 secured by

the house for goods and services rendered. Afterwards, the Heitkamps owed the bank

$40,000 secured by the house for a cash loan used to pay the subcontractors. The

Heitkamps’ assets and net obligations remained the same. Essentially, the bank took

over the subcontractors’ security interest in the house. See International Ventures, Inc.

v. Block Props. VII (In re International Ventures, Inc.), 214 B.R. 590, 596 (E.D. Ark.

1997). The subcontractors had a statutory lien against the house, see N.D. Cent. Code

§ 35-27-03 (1987), and could have perfected a security interest in the house even after

the Heitkamps filed for bankruptcy, see id. §§ 35-27-13, -14; 11 U.S.C. §§ 362(b)(3),

546(b)(1). The bank required the Heitkamps to obtain mechanic’s lien waivers from

the subcontractors, and the subcontractors specifically released their interest in the

house. Because the transfer of the mortgage interest to the bank merely replaced the

subcontractors’ security interest, there was no transfer of the Heitkamps’ property

interest avoidable under § 547(b). In these circumstances, recognition of the bank’s

security interest does not give the bank an unfair advantage over other creditors. 

In sum, the trustee had the burden to prove the earmarking doctrine does not

apply, see In re International Ventures, 214 B.R. at 594; In re Safe-T-Brake, 162 B.R.

at 364, 365, and failed to do so. The trustee cannot avoid the second mortgage under

§ 547(b) because the trustee cannot establish the mortgage was a “transfer of an interest

of the debtor in property,” an element of § 547(b). See In re Interior Wood Prods., 986

F.2d at 231. We thus reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.