#24029-rev-PER CURIAM 

2007 SD 24

IN THE SUPREME COURT 

OF THE 

STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA 

* * * * 

STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA, Plaintiff and Appellee, 

 v. 

WAMBDI SAPA SEABOY, Defendant and Appellant. 

* * * * 

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT 

OF THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT 

ROBERTS COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA 

* * * * 

HONORABLE JON S. FLEMMER 

Judge 

* * * * 

LAWRENCE E. LONG 

Attorney General 

KATIE L. HANSEN 

Assistant Attorney General Attorneys for plaintiff 

Pierre, South Dakota and appellee. 

GREGORY J. GARVEY Attorney for defendant 

Agency Village, South Dakota and appellant. 

* * * * 

 CONSIDERED ON BRIEFS 

 ON JANUARY 8, 2007 

 OPINION FILED 3/7/07 
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PER CURIAM 

[¶1.] Wambdi Seaboy appeals the circuit court's denial of his motion to 

dismiss for failure to timely bring his case to trial under our 180-day rule. We 

reverse. 

[¶2.] Seaboy was charged with first-degree burglary and simple assault for 

entering a house and "punch[ing] the victim in the face while he was sleeping." On 

July 12, 2005, Seaboy made his initial appearance. On July 26, 2005, he appeared 

before a magistrate judge for a preliminary hearing represented by his courtappointed attorney Kerry Cameron. Seaboy was bound over for trial, and the 

magistrate judge requested attorney Cameron to schedule an arraignment with the 

clerk's office. On August 24, 2005, Seaboy appeared for the scheduled arraignment 

in circuit court with a new attorney, Gregory Garvey. There is no record of a motion 

to withdraw by Cameron or notice of appearance by Garvey. All that is reflected is 

that Seaboy appeared for his scheduled arraignment with new counsel. 

[¶3.] On December 22, 2005, Seaboy filed motions contesting the circuit 

court's jurisdiction and requesting a furlough to attend alcohol treatment. On that 

same day, Seaboy indicated he would like to withdraw the motion contesting 

jurisdiction. An order noting the withdrawal of the jurisdictional challenge and 

denying the furlough was filed seven days later on December 29, 2005. 

[¶4.] On January 13, 2006, Seaboy moved to dismiss contending that he 

would not be brought to trial within 180-days of his first appearance. At the 

hearing on the motion, the State argued that through informal discussion Seaboy 
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"passed" on a trial date in December. Seaboy's counsel disputed this argument.1 

The State also argued that court calendar congestion was good cause for the delay. 

The circuit court denied the motion for different reasons and entered conforming 

findings of fact. The circuit court found that good cause existed for a delay of 

twenty-nine days (the time between the preliminary hearing and arraignment) as a 

result of Seaboy's change of counsel. The court also found that good cause existed 

for a delay of seven days as a result of Seaboy's pretrial motions. 

[¶5.] Seaboy filed two subsequent motions. On February 6, 2006, three days 

before trial, Seaboy filed a motion to sever. On the day of trial, Seaboy filed a 

motion to excise the audio from a videotape being offered as an exhibit. Trial 

commenced on February 9, 2006. At the start of the trial, Seaboy's counsel asked 

the court to reconsider its 180-day rule decision, arguing there was no showing that 

Seaboy's change of counsel delayed this matter as the scheduled arraignment was 

conducted with new counsel. The request to reconsider was not granted. Seaboy 

was ultimately convicted, and he now appeals claiming a violation of the 180-day 

rule. 

[¶6.] "The 180-day rule requires a defendant to be brought to trial within 

180-days of his first appearance before a judicial officer on an indictment, 

information or complaint." State v. Cottrill, 2003 SD 38, ¶ 5, 660 NW2d 624, 627 

(citations omitted). "A [circuit] court's findings of fact on the issue of the 180-day 

rule are reviewed using the clearly erroneous rule." Id. ¶ 6 (citing State v. 

Pellegrino, 1998 SD 39, ¶ 23, 577 NW2d 590, 599). "However, this Court reviews 

1. There were no findings concerning this dispute and this argument has not 

been advanced on appeal. 
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the determination of whether the 180 day period has expired as well as what 

constitutes good cause for delay under a de novo standard." Id. (citation omitted). 

[¶7.] SDCL 23A-44-5.1, commonly referred to as the 180-day rule, provides 

in relevant part: 

(1) Every person indicted, informed, or complained 

against for any offense shall be brought to trial 

within one hundred eighty days, and such time 

shall be computed as provided in this section. 

(2) Such one-hundred-eighty-day period shall 

commence to run from the date the defendant has 

first appeared before a judicial officer on an 

indictment, information or complaint. 

* * * 

(4) The following periods shall be excluded in 

computing the time for trial: 

(a) The period of delay resulting from other 

proceedings concerning the defendant, including 

but not limited to an examination and hearing on 

competency and the period during which he is 

incompetent to stand trial; the time from filing 

until final disposition of pretrial motions of the 

defendant, including motions brought under § 23A8-32; motions for a change of venue; and the time 

consumed in the trial of other charges against the 

defendant; 

* * * 

(f) Other periods of delay not specifically 

enumerated herein, but only if the court finds that 

they are for good cause. A motion for good cause 

need not be made within the one-hundred-eightyday period. 

2. SDCL 23A-8-3 (Rule 12(b)) governs defenses and objections that must be 

raised prior to trial. 
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(5) If a defendant is not brought to trial before the 

running of the time for trial, as extended by 

excluded periods, the defendant shall be entitled to 

a dismissal with prejudice of the offense charged 

and any other offense required by law to be joined 

with the offense charged. 

(Emphasis added.) 

[¶8.] Seaboy first appeared on July 12, 2005, and trial commenced on 

February 9, 2006. Therefore, not counting exclusions, the trial did not commence 

until 212 days after Seaboy's first appearance.3 However, two types of exclusions in 

this rule are at issue. "[T]he 180-day rule requires exclusion of delay which is 

occasioned by defendant's conduct, such as delay caused by pretrial motions and 

certain continuances." State v. Webb, 539 NW2d 92, 95 (SD 1995). Additionally, 

"the period of delay from the time of the attorney's motion to withdraw until the 

time when alternate counsel is retained or appointed (or the defendant chooses to 

proceed pro se) is to be excluded from the computation of the 180-day rule." Id. 

[¶9.] The first type of exclusion involves "the time from filing until final 

disposition of pretrial motions of the defendant."4 SDCL 23A-44-5.1(4)(a) (emphasis 

added). Seaboy's December 22, 2005 motions contesting jurisdiction and requesting 

a furlough were denied by order entered on December 29, 2005. Therefore, there is 

3. SDCL 23A-41-1 governs the computation of time in criminal proceedings. 

That statute provides that the first day of the designated act shall not be 

included in the computation and the last day shall be included unless it is a 

Saturday, Sunday or legal holiday. 

4. It is settled law that for final disposition, "[o]rders are required to be in 

writing because the trial court may change its ruling before the order is 

signed and entered." State v. Sparks, 1999 SD 115, ¶ 7, 600 NW2d 550, 554 

(recognizing oral rulings do not finally dispose of motions under the 180-day 

rule).
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no dispute that Seaboy's motions required an exclusion of seven days. 

[¶10.] Seaboy filed two additional motions: a motion to sever and a motion to 

excise the audio from a videotape. Seaboy's motion to sever was filed on February 

6, 2006, three days before trial. That motion was considered at a hearing the same 

day; however, no written order was entered disposing of the motion until trial on 

February 9, 2006. Therefore, three additional days were excluded. However, 

because Seaboy's motion to excise the audio from a videotape was filed on the day of 

trial, that motion caused no delay, and it was not relevant to the 180-day 

calculation. 

[¶11.] The second type of exclusion involved the period between the 

preliminary hearing and arraignment during which Seaboy obtained substitute 

counsel. In its findings of fact, the circuit court indicated that "Defendant changed 

attorneys from his court appointed counsel to the Tribal Public Defender between 

the time of the preliminary hearing and Defendant's arraignment on August 24, 

2005." The circuit court additionally found that "good cause exist[ed] for delay in 

the amount of twenty-nine days between the preliminary hearing and the 

arraignment due to the Defendant's change in counsel." 

[¶12.] However, unlike our cases that have excluded time to obtain substitute 

counsel, in this case there was no motion to withdraw or any showing that Seaboy's 

change of counsel caused a delay. Our basis for tolling the 180-day period in our 

prior cases was that the delay resulting from the change of counsel was caused by 

the defendant's conduct. See, e.g., Hays v. Weber, 2002 SD 59, ¶ 18, 645 NW2d 591, 

598 (holding good cause for an exclusion because the defendant refused to 

communicate with counsel and the delay was "directly attributable" to the 
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defendant); Sparks, 1999 SD 115, ¶ 6, 600 NW2d at 553 (stating time from defense 

counsel's motion to withdraw until alternate counsel was retained or appointed was 

excluded under the 180-day rule because the defendant's substitute counsel was out 

of state with a pending pro hac vice admission, and therefore, the delay "was 

attributable" to the defendant); Webb, 539 NW2d at 95 (holding defendant's failure 

to maintain contact with his counsel, thus necessitating a motion to withdraw, was 

good cause for delay existing until new counsel was appointed). 

[¶13.] Significantly, at the hearing on the motion to dismiss in this case, the 

State did not argue that the change of counsel caused any delay. On the contrary, 

the State only relied on court calendar congestion. This argument has been 

unequivocally rejected by this Court absent a showing of extraordinary 

circumstances. State v. Ven Osdel, 462 NW2d 890, 891 (SD 1990); State v. 

Hoffman, 409 NW2d 373, 375 (SD 1987) (holding delay caused by a congested 

docket is generally attributable to the prosecution). And, no showing of 

extraordinary circumstances was made here. 

[¶14.] It appears that the circuit court found good cause for a twenty-nine 

day delay sua sponte simply because Seaboy changed attorneys. However, there is 

no finding or indication in the record why or when original counsel withdrew and 

new counsel appeared. Moreover, the State has not argued that any part of the 

twenty-nine days can be attributed to Seaboy's substitution of counsel.5 Therefore, 

5. The State concedes the point in its brief: 

There is nothing in the record that indicates when 

Defendant requested a different attorney nor is there any 

indication in the record when Garvey took over as 

Defendant's counsel. There is also nothing in the record 
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there is no evidence supporting a finding of good cause for delay for the period 

between the preliminary hearing and the arraignment. If anything, it appears that 

defense counsel was substituted and the matter proceeded to the scheduled 

arraignment without any delay. Therefore, the circuit court's finding that good 

cause existed for the twenty-nine day delay is unsupported by the evidence and is 

clearly erroneous. 

[¶15.] Considering the three allowable exclusions, the relevant timeline is as 

follows: 

July 12, 2005 - first appearance 

December 22 - defense motions filed (163rd day) 

December 29 - defense motions disposed (7 days tolled) 

February 6, 2006 - defense motion filed (202nd day) 

February 9 - defense motion disposed (3 days tolled) 

February 9 - trial (202nd day) 

Because Seaboy was not brought to trial within 180 days of his initial appearance, 

the motion to dismiss should have been granted. 

[¶16.] Reversed. 

[¶17.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and SABERS, KONENKAMP, ZINTER 

and MEIERHENRY, Justices, participating. 

that indicates whether the change of counsel delayed the 

arraignment. The Roberts County State's Attorney did 

not produce any evidence to show that Defendant's 

change of counsel delayed the arraignment and the trial 

court's Findings did not cite any support in the record for 

the finding that the change of counsel caused the 

arraignment to be delayed. 

 Brief for Appellee at 9, State v. Seaboy, 2007 SD ___, ___ NW2d ____.