Affirmed in part, Reversed in part, Remanded, and Opinion filed August 6, 

2019. 

In the

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-18-00015-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF K.A.M.S. & K.A.S., CHILDREN

On Appeal from the 311th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 2006-26052

OPINION

Appellant Gilberto Sanchez (Father) appeals from a final order in a suit to 

modify a parent-child relationship.1 See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002 (Supp.). 

He argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it: (1) appointed appellee 

Crystal Farrow (Mother) sole managing conservator; (2) modified Father’s standard 

possession order; (3) increased Father’s monthly child-support and medical-support 

 1 This is a SAPCR, i.e., a suit affecting the parent-child relationship. See Tex. Fam. Code 

Ann. § 101.032(a). The 311th District Court of Harris County is the court of continuing, exclusive 

jurisdiction. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 155.001 (Supp.), 155.002–.003. 
2 

payments; and (4) awarded Mother’s attorney her attorney’s fees. We conclude that

the attorney’s-fee award was not supported by legally-sufficient evidence. 

Therefore, we reverse the portion of the trial court’s final order regarding attorney’s 

fees, and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings limited to 

Mother’s attorney’s-fee discovery-sanction claim. We otherwise affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

2006 paternity order. In 2006, Mother filed the original SAPCR, and on 

December 18, 2006, the trial court signed an order adjudicating Father the parent of 

two children born to Mother, K.A.M.S. and K.A.S. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§§ 101.023, 160.636(a). The trial court ordered that Mother and Father have jointmanaging conservatorship, Mother has the exclusive right to determine the 

children’s primary residence within Harris County, and Father has standard 

possession and access. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 101.016, 101.029, 153.002, 

153.134(b), 153.251; Act of Apr. 6, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 20, § 1, 1995 Tex. 

Gen. Laws 113, 147, amended by Act of May 12, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., ch. 117, § 3, 

2015 Tex. Gen. Laws 1119, 1120 (current version at Tex. Fam. Code 

§ 153.005(a)(1)). Father was ordered to pay Mother $615.00 per month in child 

support and to provide the children with health insurance or reimburse Mother for 

the cost of their insurance. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 101.015, 154.001(a) 

(Supp.); Act of May 24, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1023, § 3, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 

2240, 2240, amended by Act of May 27, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., ch. 1150, § 8, 2015 

Tex. Gen. Laws 3868, 3869 (current version at Tex. Fam. Code § 154.008). 

2013 modification order.2

 On September 18, 2013, the trial court signed an 

 2 The record does not indicate which party (or parties) filed the 2013 SAPCR to modify the 

support order and to confirm support arrearages. The record contains an unofficial copy of the 

resulting order, signed by the attorney of record for the Child Support Division of the Attorney 

General’s Office, by Father, and by Mother’s counsel, which was offered by Father and admitted 
3 

order that Father pay Mother his child-support and medical-support arrears. See Tex. 

Fam. Code. Ann. § 157.263. The order also modified Father’s child-support 

obligation based on a material and substantial change in circumstances to $440.00 a 

month, plus $60.00 a month in cash medical support. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§§ 156.001, 156.402; Act of May 16, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 508, § 3, 2011 Tex. 

Gen. Laws 1264, 1264, amended by Act of May 27, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., ch. 1150, 

§ 29, 2015 Tex. Gen. Laws 3868, 3875–76 (current version at Tex. Fam. Code 

§ 156.401(a)(1)). 

Current modification suit. Mother filed the current SAPCR as a modification 

petition in 2017. Mother requested that she be named sole managing conservator of 

the children, Father be ordered to pay increased child support and the 

health-insurance premium for the children, Father have possession of and access to 

the children at times and dates reached by agreement of the parties, and Father pay 

reasonable attorney’s fees to Mother’s attorney. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§§ 106.002, 156.001, 156.101, 156.402; Act of May 16, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 

508, § 3, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 1264, 1264 (amended 2015).

Mother filed a motion to compel discovery and for sanctions. The trial court 

signed an order granting Mother’s motion to compel and ordering Father to pay 

attorney’s fees, expenses of discovery, and court costs totaling $2,011.65 to 

Mother’s attorney. 

At the bench trial, Mother, Father, and Mother’s attorney testified. Before 

rendering judgment, the trial court interviewed K.A.M.S., then fourteen-years old, 

and K.A.S., then twelve-years old, in chambers. See Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. 

 

by the trial court at the hearing on the current SAPCR. Also at the hearing, at Mother’s request, 

the trial took judicial notice of the contents of its entire file, including the modification order it 

signed on September 18, 2013. 
4 

§§ 153.009, 156.101(a)(2). Mother requested a record of this interview, but it is not 

included in the reporter’s record before us. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.009(f).3

 

The trial court concluded there had been a material and substantial change in 

circumstances since the 2006 paternity order and that modifying the order was in the 

best interest of the children. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 153.002, 156.101(a)(1). 

The trial court named Mother sole managing conservator and Father possessory 

conservator. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 153.005 (Supp.), 153.006. The trial court 

concluded that a standard possession order was inappropriate or unworkable under 

the circumstances, a modified possession order was not more restrictive than 

necessary to protect the best interest of the children, and Father shall have possession 

at times mutually agreed to in advance by the parties. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§§ 153.193, 153.252–.253, 153.256. 

The trial court also concluded there had been a material and substantial change 

in circumstances since the 2013 modification order. The trial court concluded that

Father was intentionally underemployed, and his actual income was significantly 

less than his earning potential. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.066(a). The trial 

court concluded that Father’s potential gross income was $3,333.33 per month, with 

guideline support at a rate of $500.00 per month.4

 The trial court further concluded

that application of the guideline support for Father’s potential income was not in the 

best interest of the children and was unjust or inappropriate under the factors outlined 

 3 In any event, Father does not contend the children expressed to the trial court anything 

inconsistent with the trial court’s rulings on conservatorship or possession and access. See Tex. 

Fam. Code Ann. § 153.009(a–b).

4 The trial court stated that it calculated this amount based on Father’s net monthly income 

of $2,542.53 and adjusted net monthly income of $2,410.53, with a guideline rate of 20.63 percent

for his two children before the court and two other children not before the court. See Tex. Fam. 

Code Ann. §§ 154.061, 154.129; Office of the Att’y Gen., 2017 Child Support Guidelines Tax 

Charts, 41 Tex. Reg. 10703–11 (2016). 
5 

in Family Code section 154.123(b)(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (7), (12), (13), (15), and (17). 

See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 154.122-.123. The trial court therefore set Father’s 

child support at $650.00 per month for both children and $520.00 per month for one 

child after emancipation of the older child. The trial court ordered Mother to 

maintain health insurance for the children and Father to reimburse Mother cash 

medical support of $132.00 per month.

The trial court concluded that reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees of 

$9,800.00 were incurred by Mother in retaining the services of her attorney, 

including $2,000.00 Father previously was ordered to pay in the order on Mother’s 

motion to compel discovery and for sanctions. The trial court ordered Father to pay 

Mother’s attorney directly.

The trial court signed its final order on January 2, 2018. Father did not request 

findings of fact or conclusions of law or file a motion for new trial. Father appealed.

See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002 (Supp.). 

II. ANALYSIS

Trial courts have wide discretion with respect to determining the best interest 

of a child and over custody, control, possession, support, and visitation matters.

Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982); In re A.L.E., 279 S.W.3d 

424, 427 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.). We therefore review the 

trial court’s granting of Mother’s petition to modify for an abuse of discretion. See

Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d at 451; In re A.L.E., 279 S.W.3d at 427. 

The trial court abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily, unreasonably, or 

without reference to any guiding rules or principles. Worford v. Stamper, 801 

S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990). The trial court does not abuse its discretion if there is 

some evidence of a substantive and probative character to support its decision. In re 
6 

A.L.E., 279 S.W.3d at 428; see Worford, 801 S.W.2d at 109. 

Under this abuse-of-discretion standard, legal and factual sufficiency are not 

independent grounds of error, but instead are relevant factors to determine if the trial 

court abused its discretion. In re A.L.E., 279 S.W.3d at 427; see Beaumont Bank, 

N.A. v. Buller, 806 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex. 1991). When examining legal sufficiency, 

we review the entire record, considering evidence favorable to the finding if a 

reasonable factfinder could and disregarding contrary evidence unless a reasonable 

factfinder could not. Gunn v. McCoy, 554 S.W.3d 645, 658 (Tex. 2018); In re P.A.C., 

498 S.W.3d 210, 214 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). We 

indulge every reasonable inference that would support the challenged finding. Gunn, 

554 S.W.3d at 658. Evidence is legally sufficient if it would enable reasonable and 

fair-minded people to reach the decision under review. Id.

For a factual-sufficiency review, we examine the entire record and consider 

evidence favorable and contrary to the challenged finding. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 

175, 176 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam); In re P.A.C., 498 S.W.3d at 214. We may set 

aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence 

as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Cain, 709 S.W.2d at 176. 

In a bench trial, the trial court is in the best position to observe and assess the 

witnesses’ demeanor and credibility, and “to sense the forces, powers, and influences 

that may not be apparent from merely reading the record on appeal.” Taylor v. Meek, 

276 S.W.2d 787, 790 (Tex. 1955); In re A.L.E., 279 S.W.3d at 427 (internal 

quotation marks omitted). As a result, an appellate court defers to a trial court’s 

resolution of underlying facts and to credibility determinations that may have 

affected its determination, and will not substitute its judgment for that of the trial 

court. Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839–40 (Tex. 1992). 
7 

A. Modification of conservatorship and of possession and access

We construe Father’s first and second issues as challenging the trial court’s 

discretion in modifying (1) the conservatorship of the parties from joint managing 

conservators to sole managing conservator (Mother) and possessory conservator 

(Father)5 and (2) Father’s standard visitation order to possession at times mutually 

agreed to in advance by the parties. Father acknowledges that “[c]ourts have 

particularly wide latitude in establishing the specific terms and conditions of 

visitation and conservatorship.” However, according to Father, the trial court’s 

decision “was based on a narrow review of the law, and needs to be reversed.” We 

disagree. 

In addressing Father’s arguments, we remain mindful that “[t]he best interest 

of the child shall always be the primary consideration of the court in determining the 

issues of conservatorship and possession of and access to the child.” Tex. Fam. Code

Ann. § 153.002. Family Code section 156.101, “Grounds for Modification of Order 

Establishing Conservatorship or Possession and Access,” in pertinent part provides:

(a) The court may modify an order that provides for the appointment of 

a conservator of a child, that provides the terms and conditions of 

conservatorship, or that provides for the possession of or access to a 

child if modification would be in the best interest of the child and:

(1) the circumstances of the child, a conservator, or other party 

affected by the order have materially and substantially changed 

since the earlier of:

(A) the date of the rendition of the order . . . .

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.101(a)(1)(A). 

The existence of a material and substantial change in circumstances is a 

threshold determination. In re A.L.E., 279 S.W.3d at 428. In making this 

 5 In his first issue, Father asks whether the trial court committed “gross error.” 
8 

determination, the trial court “is not confined to rigid or definite guidelines;” rather, 

the trial court’s determination is fact specific and must be made according to the 

circumstances as they arise. Id. Material changes may include: the marriage of one 

of the parties, changes in the home surroundings, mistreatment of the child by a 

party, or a party’s becoming an improper person to exercise custody. See id. at 428–

29. The person seeking the modification has the burden of establishing a material 

and substantial change by either direct or circumstantial evidence. Id. To show that 

a material and substantial change in circumstances has occurred, the movant must 

show conditions as they existed at the time the prior order was signed. Id. at 429. 

The movant also must show what material and substantial changes have occurred in 

the intervening period. Id. at 428.

Here, with regard to conservatorship, Mother presented evidence that Father 

only was “actively a parent” when he and Mother were “actively in a relationship.” 

She testified that in 2006, Father only possessed the children for approximately eight 

days, did not spend their birthdays with them, and only spent one holiday with them. 

In 2007, Father attended K.A.M.S.’s birthday party, took the children out of daycare 

twice to take them to lunch, did not attend K.A.M.S.’s first day of pre-K, only texted 

Mother for K.A.S.’s second birthday, spent no holidays with the children, and 

otherwise spent just one day with them. Mother brought the children to Father’s 

family’s bakery about six times. 

Mother and the children moved to North Carolina in November 2007. Mother 

accepted a job transfer so she could work full-time to support the children. Even

though Mother informed Father that through her employment with an airline she 

could arrange for Father to “fly free” to come visit the children, he never “took her 

up on that.” Mother and the children flew back to Houston “throughout the year” but 

only saw Father’s parents. 
9 

Father left his job as a forklift operator for a grocer-supply company and 

began working at the bakery in 2007. In 2008 and 2009, Father called Mother from 

an anonymous number to leave a voicemail for K.A.M.S. on her birthday. In 2010 

and 2011, Father had no contact with the children. Once in 2012, the children saw 

Father at the bakery. In 2013 and 2014, Father had no contact with the children. In 

2015, Mother and the children moved back to Houston. In 2015 and 2016, Father 

had no contact with the children. In September 2017, less than two months before 

trial, Father began texting Mother asking about the children. Mother offered to bring 

the children to the bakery to see Father, and he refused.

Father admitted that he never gave Mother his phone number before 

September 2017 and she had no way to contact him if the children had an emergency.

Father did not request visitation. Father did not know and never asked Mother if the 

children had any medical conditions. He did not know and never asked Mother what 

schools they attended, or anything about their academics or activities. Father 

admitted that his failure to communicate with the children potentially had a negative

impact on them but he did not “care enough” to reach out to them.

We reject Father’s attempts to rely on former Family Code section 

156.203(1)(C), which was enacted in 1995 and repealed in 2001.

6 This modification 

suit instead is governed by section 156.101. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.101. 

Father also attempts to rely on Bingham v. Bingham, 811 S.W.2d 678 (Tex. App.—

 6 The repealed conservatorship modification standard differs significantly from the current 

statute. See Act of May 26, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 751, § 48, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 3888, 3906 

(“The court may replace a joint managing conservatorship with a sole managing conservatorship 

if: (1) . . . (C) the circumstances of the child or of one or both of the joint managing conservators

have so materially and substantially changed since the rendition of the order that it has become 

unworkable or inappropriate under existing circumstances . . . .”) (former Tex. Fam. Code 

§ 156.203(1)(C)), repealed by Act of May 22, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1289, § 12(2), 2001 Tex. 

Gen. Laws 3108, 3111 (repealing in part former Family Code chapter 156, subchapter C). 
10 

Fort Worth 1991, no writ). However, Bingham predated and did not apply section 

156.101.

7

 In any event, Bingham does not assist Father. There, the trial court did not 

err by concluding that the parents’ joint managing conservatorship had not become 

unworkable and inappropriate when the record showed the parents had continued to 

appropriately work with each other as joint managing conservators after their 

divorce. Id. at 683.

Nor do we find persuasive the evidence on which Father relies. Father testified 

Mother did not send him anything in writing that she moved to North Carolina and 

claimed he did not know her address until he saw it in the 2013 modification order. 

Father also notes that Mother testified she did not call the bakery to let Father know 

when she and the children moved back to Houston in 2015. In addition, Father 

testified that he had recently reached out to the children via text and he wanted to 

spend time with them outside his workplace.

Mother, however, testified that she gave Father prior notice about her planned 

move to North Carolina at a meeting “at the Attorney General’s Office in October 

2007.” At the time Mother and the children moved back in 2015, Father had only 

seen the children once in over seven years—when Mother initiated a 2012 visit to

the bakery on one of the family’s trips back to Houston. Mother also testified 

regarding Father’s history of hanging up on her when she called the bakery or 

Father’s telling her to call him back and then being gone or not answering when she 

returned the call. Moreover, until just before trial Mother had no way to contact 

Father other than calling the bakery. Father, however, had Mother’s phone number. 

 7 The statute at issue in Bingham was former Family Code section 14.081(c). Act of May 

26, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 744, § 9, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 2666, 2671 (former Tex. Fam. Code 

§ 14.081(c)), amended by Act of May 28, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 371, § 7, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 

1462, 1465, repealed by Act of Apr. 6, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 20, § 2(1), 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 

113, 282 (repealing former Family Code title 2). 
11 

Further, Mother testified she gave Father’s parents the children’s numbers as soon 

as she got the children cell phones in 2012. 

Under the applicable standards of review, we conclude there was legally- and 

factually-sufficient evidence that appointing Mother sole managing conservator was 

in the children’s best interest and there had been a material and substantial change 

in circumstances since the 2006 paternity order. As the sole judge of the weight and 

credibility of the evidence, the trial court as factfinder could have reasonably 

credited Mother’s version of events—which essentially reflected that since 2006 she 

already had been functioning as the children’s sole managing conservator. Father

has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion in designating Mother sole 

managing conservator of K.A.M.S. and K.A.S. 

We overrule Father’s first issue. 

With regard to visitation, Father contends that the trial court did not have 

“enough basis” to modify the standard possession order and therefore abused its 

discretion. Again, we disagree.

The Family Code provides guidelines for determining the periods of 

possession for a possessory conservator. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.192(b). 

There is a rebuttable presumption that a standard possession order provides a 

possessory conservator reasonable minimum possession of the child and is in the 

best interest of the child. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.252. A trial court has discretion 

to deviate from a standard possession order but must consider “(1) the age, 

developmental status, circumstances, needs, and best interest of the child; (2) the 

circumstances of the managing conservator and of the parent named possessory 

conservator; and (3) any other relevant factor.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.256.

An order restricting a parent’s right to possession of or access to a child may 
12 

not impose restrictions beyond those required to protect the child’s best interest. See

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.193. A trial court does not abuse its discretion in 

restricting a parent’s possession when the record contains some evidence to support 

a finding that such restrictions are in the child’s best interest. In re P.A.C., 498 

S.W.3d at 219. 

 “In all cases in which possession of a child by a parent is contested and the 

possession of the child varies from the standard possession order, including a 

possession order for a child under three years of age, on request by a party, the court 

shall state in writing the specific reasons for the variance from the standard order.” 

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.258(a) (Supp.). Here, Father did not request findings. 

We therefore apply the same standard of review as when a party fails to make a 

request for findings of fact under Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 296 through 299

and imply all findings necessary to support the trial court’s judgment. See Tex. Fam. 

Code Ann. § 153.258(b) (Supp.); In re P.A.C., 498 S.W.3d at 217. Accordingly, we 

review the record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s order and will uphold 

the order on any legal theory that finds support in the evidence. In re P.A.C., 498 

S.W.3d at 217.

Father points to his testimony that he wants to spend time with the children 

outside the bakery. He “would love” to spend “two, three hours, maybe lunch or 

whenever they get off school, weekends” with them. He also testified that he was 

the one sending presents to the children “through” his parents. According to Father, 

a mutual-agreement visitation arrangement would not work because Mother 

“doesn’t agree on stuff.”

The record reflects the following relevant evidence. For almost twelve years, 

Father exercised almost none of his standard visitation; intentionally did not provide 

his contact information to Mother ostensibly because she sent him “ridiculous” texts; 
13 

did not inquire about, much less try to set up visits with, the children; left a couple 

of voicemails for one child from an anonymous number; and refused to communicate 

with Mother when she called the bakery. For almost eight years when the children 

lived out of state, Father had basically no contact with them even though Mother

brought the children to see Father’s parents at the bakery when she and the children

were in town visiting. Father also never tried to visit the children in North Carolina 

even though Mother assured him that he could fly free to visit them. Mother stated 

the children only received presents and cards from Father’s parents. When pressed 

about what he allegedly sent the children under the guise of his parents, Father stated 

“it’s been so long” and he “really d[id]n’t remember what it was.” The trial court 

reasonably could have concluded that Father never sent the children anything.

The trial court also reasonably could have discounted Father’s blanket 

assertion that Mother “would never agree” to his visitation. To the contrary, there 

was ample evidence that Mother had been receptive to Father’s visitation requests, 

both in the past and more recently when he was back in contact. Even when Father 

was not in contact, Mother tried to facilitate visitation by taking the children to the 

bakery hoping to see him.8

 Moreover, Father understood his lack of communication 

potentially had an adverse impact on the children. He wanted to “take it slow” in 

reestablishing a relationship with them “since they haven’t seen [him] for so long.”

Father further contends that his case is analogous to and should be governed 

by Roosth v. Roosth, 889 S.W.2d 445 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ 

denied), a divorce case in which our court held a trial court abused its discretion in 

setting a nonstandard possession order. However, Roosth involved former Family 

 8 Mother was receptive to and encouraged the children’s relationship with Father’s parents. 

In addition, Mother facilitated the children’s relationship with their older half-sibling, a child with 

whom Father no longer has a parent-child relationship because his parental rights were terminated. 
14 

Code section 14.03(d) pertaining to possession and access, which was repealed in 

1995.9 Roosth also is distinguishable because it was not a modification suit, and the 

evidence did not support the trial court’s visitation concerns. See id. at 452. 

Here, we conclude there was legally- and factually-sufficient evidence of a 

material and substantial change in circumstances and that the almost eleven-year-old

standard possession order was not in the children’s best interest. Based on the above 

standards, the trial court reasonably could have concluded that deviating from a 

standard possession order and setting up Father’s visitation at times mutually agreed 

in advance by the parties was a minimal restriction necessary to protect the children’s 

best interest. Father has not demonstrated that the trial court abused its discretion.

We overrule Father’s second issue.

B. Increased child support and medical support

In his third issue, Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion in 

modifying his monthly child-support payments without “any basis.” We disagree.

The best interest of the child also should be the trial court’s primary 

consideration in determining whether to modify child support. See Tex. Fam.

Code Ann. § 156.402. At the time, Family Code section 156.401(a)(1)(A) provided 

that the trial court may modify the prior child-support order if: “the circumstances 

of the child or a person affected by the order have materially and substantially 

changed since . . . the date of the order’s rendition.” Act of May 16, 2011, 82nd Leg., 

R.S., ch. 508, § 3, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 1264, 1264 (amended 2015). In determining 

 9 See Act of Apr. 6, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 20, § 2(1), 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 113, 282; 

Roosth, 889 S.W.2d at 451 (“[Section] 14.03(d) precludes a trial court from denying a parent 

possession of or access to a child unless the court finds ‘that parental possession or access is not 

in the best interest of the child and that parental possession or access would endanger the physical 

or emotional welfare of the child.’”). 
15 

whether a modification in child-support payments is appropriate, a trial court should 

consider the circumstances of the child and the parents at the time of the prior childsupport order as compared to the circumstances existing at the time of trial in the 

modification suit. See Scruggs v. Linn, 443 S.W.3d 373, 377 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (applying Family Code section 156.401(a)). A change in 

conservatorship is a material and substantial change that can be considered in 

modifying child-support provisions. In re J.O.A., No. 14-14-00968-CV, 2016 WL 

1660288, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 26, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.).

Upon a showing of the requisite changed circumstances, the trial court may 

alter the child-support obligations. Scruggs, 443 S.W.3d at 377. The trial court has 

broad discretion in setting child support, and in increasing or decreasing payments. 

See id. The trial court’s child-support decision will not be overturned unless a clear 

abuse of discretion is shown. Rodriguez v. Rodriguez, 860 S.W.2d 414, 415 (Tex. 

1993) (citing Cohen v. Sims, 830 S.W.2d 285, 288 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

1992, writ denied)). 

In determining whether a modification is warranted, the trial court “may 

consider the child-support guidelines.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.402(a). The trial 

court also “may consider other relevant evidence in addition to the factors listed in 

the guidelines.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.402(b). The trial court’s consideration 

of the child-support guidelines in a modification proceeding is discretionary, not 

mandatory. See Friermood v. Friermood, 25 S.W.3d 758, 760 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (discussing Family Code section 156.402). 

Although child support in line with the guidelines is presumed to be 

reasonable, “[a] court may determine that the application of the guidelines would be 

unjust or inappropriate under the circumstances.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.122. 

The trial court may order child support outside the guidelines if there is evidence 
16 

rebutting the presumption that such amount is in the best interest of the child and 

justifying a variance. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.123 (outlining relevant factors trial 

court should consider when determining whether application of guidelines would be 

unjust or inappropriate). 

We already have determined that the trial court did not abuse its discretion 

with regard to modifying conservatorship. Accordingly, the trial court could modify 

child support. See In re C.Z.P., No. 14-17-00565-CV, 2019 WL 386048, at *7 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 31, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“[T]he reasons 

justifying the modification of the conservatorship simultaneously operate to justify 

the modification of child support.”); In re J.O.A., 2016 WL 1660288, at *9. 

The trial court concluded that Father was intentionally underemployed, with 

a potential gross monthly income of $3,333.33, net monthly income of $2,542.53, 

and adjusted net monthly income of $2,410.53. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§§ 154.061, 154.066(a) (“If the actual income of the obligor is significantly less than 

what the obligor could earn because of intentional unemployment or 

underemployment, the court may apply the support guidelines to the earning 

potential of the obligor.”). The trial court used the guideline rate of 20.63 percent 

when Father had two children before the court and two not before the court and noted 

that guideline child support would be $500.00 per month. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.

§ 154.129. The trial court concluded that assessing the guideline monthly amount 

was not in K.A.M.S.’s and K.A.S.’s best interest and was unjust and inappropriate. 

See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.122. The trial court cited several factors to justify 

increasing the monthly amount to $650.00: 

• the ages and needs of the children; 

• the ability of the parents to contribute to the support of the 

children; 
17 

• any financial resources available for the support of the children; 

• the amount of time of possession of and access to children; 

• the amount of the obligee’s net resources, including earning 

potential if the actual income is significantly less than what could 

be earned because of intentional unemployment or 

underemployment and including an increase or decrease in

income or income that may be attributed to property and assets; 

• whether either party has managing conservatorship or actual 

physical custody of another child; 

• provision for health care insurance and payment of uninsured 

medical expenses; 

• special or extraordinary educational, health care, or other 

expenses of the parties or of the children; 

• positive or negative cash flow from any real and personal 

property and assets, including a business and investments; and 

• any other reason consistent with the best interest of the child, 

taking into consideration the circumstances of the parents.

See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.123(b)(1–5), (7), (12–13), (15), (17). 

Mother asked the trial court to award more than a standard guideline order of 

child support because she believed Father is underemployed and because she has 

“been supporting [the children] above and beyond what a normal order should be.” 

Mother’s financial information statement stated that her monthly expenses are 

$2,859 and her net monthly income is $2,516, leaving a monthly deficit of $343.00. 

There was no evidence that Mother is underemployed; in fact, she previously 

transferred jobs to work full-time to support the children. Mother covers “all the 

expenses related to the” children, including extracurricular activities. The older child 

who is 14 is involved in many school clubs, including art and anime, while the 

younger child who is 12 is involved in soccer. Mother has provided for the children’s 

health insurance since the 2013 modification order. Mother also testified that in 2014 

the healthcare premium for the children more than doubled from $60 per month to 
18 

$132 per month. As discussed above, Mother has been functioning as the sole 

managing conservator and Father rarely exercised any visitation for the majority of 

the children’s lives, especially since the 2013 modification order.

Father acknowledged that Mother has paid and continues to pay all the 

children’s expenses over the $440 he pays in monthly child support and the $60 in 

monthly cash medical support. There was evidence that Father had been earning 

$40,000 per year at the grocer-supply company (about $769 per week) and now earns 

$31,200 per year at the bakery, or about $600 per week—a reduction of 22 percent. 

According to Father, although he previously made more money, he was not capable 

of making more money than at the bakery. The only explanation Father provided for 

quitting his grocer-supply job, which he had held for about seven years, was because 

Mother allegedly stood outside waiting for him “that day it rained” and therefore he 

“felt safer” working at the bakery with his parents. Father acknowledged, however, 

that Mother lived in North Carolina from 2007 to 2015 and he was not “really 

concerned” that she was going to show up outside his job every day. The trial court 

could have discounted his explanation and reasonably concluded that Father was 

intentionally underemployed. 

In addition, there was some evidence Father may have access to other 

financial resources. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.062(b) (Supp.). Father cosigned 

the loan for his parents’ house so they could “pass the credit” test and admitted that 

his “name is on the house.” Although Father denied he had any ownership interest 

in the bakery, Father cosigned a $50,000 loan Father’s parents took out to purchase 

commercial baking equipment and start a home business. This home business 

eventually became the physical bakery. Father claimed that he only earns $2,600 per 

month but admitted that his monthly expenses including his current amount of child 

support are about $3,135. Father claimed that he uses his income-tax refund to cover 
19 

overages. In 2014, Father purchased his own house for $122,000. Father testified he 

also used his income-tax refund to cover the $11,000 house down payment. There 

was also evidence Father owns a 2015-model sports-utility vehicle.

Father fails to discuss section 154.123 in his brief, much less challenge all the 

factors cited by the trial court. He primarily challenges the trial court’s determination 

that he is intentionally underemployed. However, as indicated, the evidence amply

supports this finding. Father further contends Mother needed to prove that he

reduced his income for the purpose of decreasing his child-support payments. 

However, this “extra proof requirement”—and the cases Father cites in support—

was rejected by the Supreme Court of Texas in Iliff v. Iliff, 339 S.W.3d 74 (Tex. 

2011). See id. at 80–81, 83 & n.8 (“There must be a finding that the obligor is 

intentionally unemployed or underemployed, meaning an obligor consciously 

chooses to remain unemployed or underemployed. But there is nothing in the statute

[section 154.066] requiring further proof of the motive or purpose behind the 

unemployment or underemployment.” (disapproving of, amongst others, Garner v. 

Garner, 200 S.W.3d 303, 306–07 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.), Gaxiola v. 

Garcia, 169 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2005, no pet.), Zorilla v. 

Wahid, 83 S.W.3d 247, 253 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.), and 

DuBois v. DuBois, 956 S.W.2d 607, 610 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1997, no pet.))). 

Under the applicable standards, we conclude there was some substantive and 

probative evidence to support the trial court’s variance from the child-support 

guidelines. Therefore, Father has not shown that the trial court abused its broad 

discretion when it increased Father’s child-support and medical-support obligations.

We overrule Father’s third issue.

C. Attorney’s fees

In his fourth issue, Father challenges the attorney’s fees awarded to Mother. 
20 

To the extent Father appears to argue that Mother did not specifically plead for an 

award of attorney’s fees, we conclude Father did not raise this argument in the trial 

court and therefore waived it. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Tex. Ear Nose & Throat 

Consultants, PLLC v. Jones, 470 S.W.3d 67, 86–87 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2015, no pet.). In any event, in her live petition, Mother expressly requested 

that Father be ordered to pay her reasonable attorney’s fees. 

Father primarily argues that Mother did not sufficiently prove the 

reasonableness of her attorney’s fees. Father may raise this insufficiency-of-theevidence argument for the first time on appeal. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 324(a), (b); Tex. 

R. App. P. 33.1(d); In re Q.D.T., No. 14-09-00696-CV, 2010 WL 4366125, at *9 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 4, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.). 

Trial courts have broad discretion to award attorney’s fees in SAPCRs. See

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 106.002(a); Lenz v. Lenz, 79 S.W.3d 10, 21 (Tex. 2002). 

However, an award of attorney’s fees must be supported by evidence that the fees 

are reasonable and necessary. See Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Sterling, 822 S.W.2d 1, 

10 (Tex. 1991); see also Rohrmoos Venture v. UTSW DVA Healthcare, LLP, No. 

16-0006, 2019 WL 1873428, at *8 (Tex. Apr. 26, 2019) (“When fee-shifting is 

authorized, whether by statute or contract, the party seeking a fee award must prove 

the reasonableness and necessity of the requested attorney’s fees.”). 

The Supreme Court of Texas recently explained: 

It should have been clear from our opinions in El Apple [I, Ltd. v. 

Olivas, 370 S.W.3d 757 (Tex. 2012)], [City of Laredo v.] Montano[, 

414 S.W.3d 731, 736 (Tex. 2013) (per curiam)], and Long [v. Griffin, 

442 S.W.3d 253, 255 (Tex. 2014) (per curiam),] that we intended the 

lodestar analysis to apply to any situation in which an objective 

calculation of reasonable hours worked times a reasonable rate can be 

employed.

Rohrmoos Venture, 2019 WL 1873428, at *20. Generally, while contemporaneous 
21 

billing records are not required, legally-sufficient evidence to establish a reasonable 

and necessary fee needs to include a description of the particular services performed, 

the identity of each attorney who and approximately when that attorney performed 

the services, the reasonable amount of time required to perform the services, and the 

reasonable hourly rate for each attorney performing the services. See id. at *20, *22, 

*23. This base lodestar figure constitutes a presumptively reasonable and necessary 

fee for prosecuting or defending the prevailing party’s claim through the litigation 

process. Id. at *21–*22 (base lodestar accounts for most relevant considerations set 

forth in Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. Corp., 945 S.W.2d 812, 818 (Tex. 

1997), and can be enhanced or reduced accordingly). 

Even more recently, the Supreme Court of Texas held that this evidentiary 

standard of proof is the same for attorney’s fees awarded as a fee-shifting sanction. 

See Nath v. Tex. Children’s Hosp., No. 17-0110, 2019 WL 2553538, at *2–*3 (Tex. 

June 21, 2019) (per curiam) (“Although this case deals with attorney’s fees awarded 

through a sanctions order, the distinction is immaterial because all fee-shifting 

situations require reasonableness.”). In doing so, the Nath Court abrogated our

precedent, Allied Associates, Inc. v. INA County Mutual Insurance Cos., 803 S.W.2d 

799, 799 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, no writ), which had held that proof 

of reasonableness was not required when attorney’s fees were assessed as sanctions. 

Father stipulated to Mother’s attorney’s qualifications. Mother’s attorney 

testified that Mother retained her to litigate the case shortly after Mother filed her 

initial petition to modify in January 2017. Mother’s attorney stated: “Since that time 

there’s been work done by myself, my paralegal, as well as fees and costs involved 

in the work.” Mother’s attorney testified to a total of $9,800 in attorney’s fees, which 

she “believe[d] . . . are reasonable and necessary, given the complexity of the case 

and the issues involved.” Mother’s attorney stated that such fees included $5,800 for 
22 

what Mother spent so far in the litigation, as well as $2,000 “on top of that for the 

time spent in court, the time to prepare for trial, the pretrial last month” and $2,000 

“for the fees unpaid by [Father] from the last court’s order on the [motion to] 

compel.” Mother’s attorney, however, did not further describe the particular tasks 

performed during her representation of Mother. While there was only one attorney 

on Mother’s case, a paralegal also worked on the case. Mother’s attorney did not 

provide any hourly rate or how many hours she worked prosecuting Mother’s 

modification case. Nor did Mother’s attorney provide any billing records. 

Without details about the work done, how much time was spent on the tasks, 

and how she arrived at the total fees in Mother’s case, we conclude that Mother’s 

attorney’s testimony “lacks the substance required to uphold a fee award” and thus 

is legally insufficient. See Nath, 2019 WL 2553538, at *2; Rohrmoos Venture, 2019 

WL 1873428, at *25. Therefore, we sustain Father’s fourth issue and reverse the 

order’s attorney’s-fee award. Because section-106.002 attorney’s fees are not 

mandatory, we cannot remand for a redetermination of those fees.10 But in light of 

Nath’s recent abrogation of our long-standing attorney’s-fee sanction precedent

while this appeal was pending, we remand the case to the trial court in the interest 

of justice for a redetermination of those fees previously awarded against Father as a 

sanction. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.3(b).

 10 Compare Rohrmoos Venture, 2019 WL 1873428, at *9, *26 (reversing attorney’s-fee 

award and remanding for redetermination when lease provided for mandatory fees to prevailing 

party), Jones v. Patterson, No. 11-17-00112-CV, 2019 WL 2051301, at *10 (Tex. App.—Eastland 

May 9, 2019, no pet. h.) (mem. op.) (same when attorney’s-fee award mandatory under Texas 

Theft Liability Act, Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 134.005(b)), and Sloane v. Goldberg 

B’Nai B’Rith Towers, No. 14-17-00557-CV, 2019 WL 2000484, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] May 7, 2019, no pet. h.) (same when Property Code section 24.006 entitled prevailing 

landlord to attorney’s fees), with In re Q.D.T., 2010 WL 4366125, at *10 (modifying order to 

vacate SAPCR attorney’s-fee award).
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III. CONCLUSION

We reverse the portion of the trial court’s final order regarding attorney’s fees, 

and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings limited to Mother’s 

attorney’s-fee discovery-sanction claim. We otherwise affirm the trial court’s final 

order as challenged. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(a), (d).

 

 /s/ Charles A. Spain

 Justice

Panel consists of Justices Wise, Zimmerer, and Spain.