[Cite as Henderson v. SMC Promotions, Inc., 2014-Ohio-4634.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 ERIE COUNTY 

John Henderson, et al. Court of Appeals Nos. E-12-068 

 E-13-047 

 Appellants/Cross-Appellees 

 Trial Court No. 2009-CV-0576 

v. 

SMC Promotions, Inc., et al. DECISION AND JUDGMENT

Appellees/Cross-Appellants Decided: October 17, 2014 

* * * * * 

 D. Jeffery Rengel and Thomas R. Lucas, for appellants/cross- 

 appellees. 

 Robert J. Gilmer and Jeffrey M. Stopar, for appellees/cross- 

 appellants. 

* * * * * 

JENSEN, J. 

{¶ 1} This matter is before the court upon cross-appeals filed by plaintiffsappellants/cross-appellees, John and Dawn Henderson (“the Hendersons”), and 

defendants-appellees/cross-appellants, SMC Promotions, Inc. (“SMC Promotions”), 
2.

Specialty Merchandise Corp. (“SMC”), and eMerchantClub, LLC (“EMC”) (referred to 

collectively as simply “defendants”). For the reasons that follow, we reverse the 

August 3, 2013 judgment of the Erie County Court of Common Pleas and remand for 

further proceedings. 

I. Factual Background 

{¶ 2} SMC is an import distribution company headquartered in California. It 

distributes merchandise through independent individual distributors, referred to as 

“members,” who pay a membership fee. In the summer of 2008, the Hendersons viewed 

an SMC infomercial, featuring actor Tom Bosley, which advertised an opportunity to 

earn money from home by selling merchandise on the Internet as an SMC member. The 

infomercial invited potential members to contact SMC to receive a free information 

packet. 

{¶ 3} On June 12, 2008, amid financial woes, Mr. Henderson contacted SMC via 

telephone. He was provided information about SMC membership and its business plan. 

He was told that he would receive one-on-one business coaching for 60 days, 

instructional manuals, and suggested methods of sale. He was assured that he could 

cancel his membership within 30 days and receive a full refund. Mr. Henderson verbally 

agreed to purchase a membership for $264.95, which he charged to his MasterCard 

account. SMC claims that its representatives advise potential members that by 

purchasing a membership, they agree to be bound by SMC rules, which are both mailed 
3.

to the member in a membership kit and are available on SMC’s website. SMC’s records 

show that the Hendersons’ membership kit was delivered on June 18, 2008. 

{¶ 4} As an SMC member, the Hendersons could purchase goods below the 

suggested retail price which they could then mark-up and re-sell. SMC provided supply 

catalogues, sales circulars, and brochures. On June 19, 2008, Mr. Henderson logged onto 

the eMerchantClub Gift Card Central Website, an e-commerce service offered by EMC, 

an affiliate of SMC. According to defendants, Mr. Henderson clicked to accept EMC’s 

standard rules, then purchased a non-refundable gift card website package for $5,195. 

This included a special account credit of $4,450 which could be used to purchase SMC 

merchandise or other services. 

{¶ 5} Both SMC’s and EMC’s rules contained provisions for cancellation, refunds, 

arbitration, and venue. SMC’s pertinent rules provided as follows: 

 4. Cancellation. If you cancel your membership within 30 days of 

joining SMC, you may be eligible for a refund of your membership fees 

(excluding shipping and handling). Call toll-free 1-877-523-9088 for 

eligibility and cancellation instructions. If you cancel after 30 days, you 

will remain responsible for any remaining fees until paid in full. 

 9. Arbitration. Any controversy, dispute or claim of any nature 

whatsoever arising out of, in connection with or in relation to your SMC 

membership or these Rules, or involving you and SMC, including the issue 

or arbitrability of any such claims, will be resolved by binding arbitration 
4.

before a retired judge at JAMS in Santa Monica, California. If you are not 

a resident of the United States, the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules shall 

apply and JAMS will be the appointing authority. The prevailing party will 

be awarded all costs and expenses, including without limitation all 

arbitration, expert witness and attorney fees, costs and expenses. 

 10. California Law and Venue. Your membership is deemed to be 

entered into and performed in Santa Monica, California. These Rules shall 

be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of 

California without regard to conflicts of law provisions. You consent to 

exclusive personal jurisdiction and venue in Los Angeles County, 

California, and agree that it shall be the sole forum and venue for any and 

all disputes involving SMC, including without limitation small claims 

actions. 

EMC’s rules provided: 

 3. Fees. 

 All fees paid are non-refundable. * * * 

 4. Cancellation 

 You may cancel your membership, website or any other 

eMerchantClub services any time by notifying us in writing by confirmed 

email to cancel@emerchantclub.com, confirmed fax to 1-888-201-2680, or 

first-class, registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, addressed to 
5.

eMerchantClub, Attn: Website Cancellation, 996 Flower Glen Street, Simi 

Valley, California 93065. Any incoming E-mail sent to canceled or 

terminated accounts will not be bounced back or forwarded to another 

account. Everything regarding the website that is stored on our servers may 

be deleted. Cancellation will not entitle you to refund or relieve you of 

your obligation to pay the remaining balance of your account. However if 

you cancel within 30 days of purchasing an eMerchantClub website, we 

may apply the purchase price in the form of a merchandise credit to your 

SMC account. 

 18. Arbitration 

 Any controversy, dispute or claim of any nature whatsoever arising 

out of, in connection with or in relation to your eMerchantClub 

membership, website or the Rules, or involving you and eMerchantClub or 

its affiliates, including the issue or arbitrability of any such disputes, will be 

resolved by binding arbitration in Santa Monica, California before a retired 

judge at JAMS in accordance with its rules. If you are not a resident of the 

United States, the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules will apply and JAMS will 

be the appointing authority. The prevailing party will be awarded all costs 

and expenses, including arbitrator, expert witness and attorney fees, costs 

and expenses. 
6.

 19. California Law 

 Your membership is deemed to be entered into and performed in Los 

Angeles, California. These rules will be governed by and construed in 

accordance with the laws of the State of California without regard to 

conflicts of law provisions. You consent to exclusive personal jurisdiction 

and venue in Los Angeles County California and agree that it will be the 

sole forum and venue for any and all disputes involving eMerchantClub. 

{¶ 6} Shortly after becoming SMC members, the Hendersons experienced 

difficulty in connecting with their business coach. They decided to exercise their 

cancellation rights within the 30-day period and they provided the requisite notices. 

SMC refunded their membership fee as it was obligated to do under the rules. EMC 

would not, however, refund the $5,195 remitted by the Hendersons. It agreed only to 

issue the special account credit of $4,450 which could be used to purchase SMC 

merchandise. 

{¶ 7} The Hendersons wrote letters demanding return of their money and they 

registered complaints with the Ohio and California attorneys general to no avail. In the 

meantime, they conducted Internet research through which they learned that others had 

fallen victim to defendants’ “scheme.” 
7.

II. Procedural Background

A. The Hendersons’ Complaint and the Defendants’ Failure to Answer 

{¶ 8} On July 8, 2009, the Hendersons filed a complaint against defendants in the 

Erie County Court of Common Pleas alleging violations of the Business Opportunity 

Purchasers Protection Act, R.C. Chapter 1334, et seq., violations of the Consumer Sales 

Practices Act, R.C. Chapter 1345, et seq., fraud, unjust enrichment, successor liability, 

and breach of contract. Along with that complaint, the Hendersons served discovery 

requests, including requests for admission, requests for production of documents, and 

interrogatories. Defendants failed to answer the complaint or to provide responses to 

discovery requests. 

{¶ 9} In the discovery requests, the Hendersons sought admissions from 

defendants that they refused to refund money to them in the amount of $5,950;1

 that their 

refusal to refund the money was intentional and with knowledge that they were not 

entitled to retain the Hendersons’ funds; that they did not provide EMC standard 

membership rules to the Hendersons; that all allegations in the Hendersons’ complaint 

were true; and that the Hendersons had been damaged in the amount of $5 million in 

compensatory damages and $10 million in punitive damages. 

{¶ 10} On September 2, 2009, the Hendersons moved to deem matters admitted 

due to defendants’ failure to provide responses to requests for admission. In a judgment 

entry dated September 9, 2009, the court expressed concern over (1) whether the 

 

1

 It is unclear why the amount in the request was $5,950 as opposed to $5,195. 
8.

Hendersons had served an electronic copy of the discovery requests, and (2) whether it 

was proper to establish damages through unanswered requests for admission. The court 

suggested that it would be more appropriate and customary to establish damages in a 

default judgment case by conducting a damages hearing. It ordered the Hendersons to 

file a supplemental memorandum with case law to support their request to establish the 

amount of damages by deeming admitted unanswered requests for admissions. 

{¶ 11} As ordered, the Hendersons filed a supplemental brief confirming that they 

had served discovery requests via CD. As to the second issue, the Hendersons provided 

citation to authorities discussing the types of matters that are the proper subject of 

requests for admissions, including the 1976 staff notes to Civ.R. 36(A) (indicating that 

requests for admission may include statements of fact, opinions as to fact, and opinions as 

to the application of law to fact), and our decision in Youseff v. Jones, 77 Ohio App.3d 

500, 509, 602 N.E.2d 1176 (6th Dist.1991) (“Regarding requests for admissions, it is 

irrelevant that the matters requested to be admitted are central to the case or must be 

proven by the requesting party at trial.”). They also cited our decision in C.J. Tower & 

Sons of Buffalo, Inc. v. D & H Machinery, Inc., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-85-260, 1986 WL 

4378 (Apr. 11, 1986), where we accepted unanswered requests as admitted which 

established the amount due and owing from defendant. The Hendersons also cited State 

of Ohio-Ohio State University v. Cordell, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 08AP-361, 2008-Ohio6124, where the court found the amount owed by defendant was conclusively established 

by her failure to respond to requests for admission. 
9.

{¶ 12} On October 9, 2009, the Hendersons moved for default judgment under 

Civ.R. 55(A). They stated that the clerk of courts successfully served the complaint and 

discovery requests on July 20, 2009; defendants’ deadline for answering was August 17, 

2009; and defendants failed to file an answer. They claimed that no hearing on damages 

was required because the defendants had effectively conceded compensatory damages of 

$5 million and punitive damages of $10 million by failing to answer requests for 

admission. 

{¶ 13} The Hendersons satisfied the court that they had properly served discovery 

requests upon defendants, however, they did not convince the court that defendants’ 

failure to respond to requests for admission entitled them to a damages award totaling 

$15 million without an evidentiary hearing to support such an award. The court was not 

persuaded by the cases cited by the Hendersons and it remained concerned that 

defendants’ due process rights would be infringed upon. The court granted the 

Hendersons’ motion for default judgment on November 16, 2009, and set the matter for 

an oral damages hearing on January 8, 2010. 

B. The Damages Hearing 

{¶ 14} The matter proceeded to hearing as scheduled in front of a magistrate. The 

Hendersons both testified, as did Steven Miedema, a business broker with First National 

Business Corporation, whom the Hendersons retained to provide expert opinions 

concerning the calculation of damages. At the hearing, they dismissed without prejudice 

their unjust enrichment and successor liability claims. 
10. 

{¶ 15} The magistrate issued a decision dated February 10, 2010, summarizing the 

facts and the applicable law. He found that the Hendersons purchased an SMC 

membership for $264.95 via credit card with the understanding that there was a 30-day 

money back guarantee. They were issued a password needed to establish a “pre-pay pal 

account.” The account was required to be set up by website and was necessary to enable 

them to purchase goods from defendants to offer for sale. There was a $5,000 fee to set 

up the account. They paid $5,195 cash to defendants through two Western Union wire 

transfers on June 19, 2009 [sic]. 

{¶ 16} The magistrate found that there were various membership levels offered, 

and the Hendersons opted for the level that would enable them to offer defendants’ entire 

catalog of goods for sale on their website. Included in their membership was free 

business coaching for the first 60 days. The Hendersons spoke with their assigned coach 

only once. When they were unable to reach him again, “red flags” went up, prompting 

them to cancel their membership within the 30-day window. They promptly returned 

four or five boxes of cards, brochures, and catalogs that defendants had shipped to them 

and they never ordered any merchandise. The magistrate concluded that they “effectively 

rescinded or canceled this venture without buying a single item.” 

{¶ 17} The magistrate recognized that after canceling, $264.95 was credited to the 

Hendersons’ credit card account. Mrs. Henderson testified that someone at SMC told her 

that if everything was mailed back by July 31, 2008, the $5,195 they paid for the website 

would be refunded, however, defendants refused to refund the $5,195. 
11. 

{¶ 18} As to damages, Mr. Henderson testified that SMC’s website boasted that a 

mother-daughter team had made $45,000 in sales in six months. He testified that he 

heard reports that people had made $400,000-$500,000 per year. He said that Travis 

Prouty, of SMC, told him that he could make $500,000 within 14 months if he bought 

defendants’ entire catalog. 

{¶ 19} Miedema, who evaluates open and active businesses and markets them for 

sale, rendered a number of opinions to assist in calculating damages. Assuming annual 

gross sales of $300,000 and $500,000, and using a 10-year earnings cycle, he opined that 

the fair market values of the business would be $1,339,117 and $2,268,555, respectively. 

He rendered no opinions as to whether sales of $300,000 and $500,000 were feasible 

estimates of how the Hendersons’ business would have fared had they gone forward. 

{¶ 20} In analyzing the Hendersons’ claims, the magistrate found the Business 

Opportunity Protection Plan Act to be applicable. However, because this was a 

commercial venture, he found that it was not a “consumer transaction” to which the 

Consumer Sales Practices Act would apply. He recognized that R.C. 1345.09(A) [sic] of 

the Business Opportunity Plans Act2

 allows a purchaser to rescind an agreement and 

recover three times the amount of actual damages or $10,000, whichever is greater. The 

magistrate also noted that the damages available for fraud and breach of contract are 

those proximately resulting from the fraud or breach. 

 

2

 The correct provision is R.C. 1334.09(A). 
12. 

{¶ 21} Ultimately, the magistrate found that the Hendersons rescinded the 

transaction and that $5,195 was not properly refunded. Although he specifically found 

the Hendersons’ and Miedema’s testimony to be credible, he determined that the 

Hendersons were not entitled to damages for the loss of prospective or future business 

because those damages were speculative. Because the Hendersons had taken no action 

toward sales, he concluded that Miedema’s calculations were predicated on assumptions 

that had no basis in reality and he characterized defendants’ promotional materials 

estimating members’ potential for success as mere “puffing” as opposed to fraudulent 

misrepresentation. The magistrate also articulated its struggle with using defendants’ 

failure to answer requests for admissions as the basis for determining damages and found 

that it would be an “abdication of judicial responsibility” to do so. 

{¶ 22} The magistrate determined that the Hendersons’ actual damages were 

$5,195 and awarded three times that amount for the violation of the Business Opportunity 

Plan Act. He concluded that defendants’ refusal to return the Hendersons’ money, 

despite representing that there was a 30-day money back guarantee, constituted a 

conscious disregard for their known rights that had great probability of causing 

substantial harm. He found defendants’ conduct to be fraudulent, giving rise to a punitive 

damages award. He doubled the amount of actual damages for an award of $10,390. He 
13. 

summarized the total award as $31,070 [sic].3

 He also awarded attorneys fees and 

ordered the Hendersons’ attorney to submit an itemized fee bill. 

{¶ 23} The Hendersons’ counsel submitted documentation of attorneys fees, costs, 

and expenses totaling $46,862.76. He later filed a supplemental brief requesting a 

lodestar multiplier enhancement for an award of $90,800, plus court costs and expenses 

of $1,462.76. 

C. The Hendersons’ Objections to the Magistrate’s Decision 

{¶ 24} On February 23, 2010, the Hendersons filed objections to the magistrate’s 

decision, challenging his conclusions that (1) the Consumer Sales Protection Act was not 

applicable; (2) defendants’ representations were mere “puffing”; (3) it was not 

appropriate to determine damages by way of unanswered requests for admission; and 

(4) they were entitled to no damages for breach of contract. They also argued that the 

magistrate had miscalculated damages. The Hendersons ultimately withdrew the first and 

fourth objections. 

{¶ 25} The Hendersons argued that Ohio courts had adopted an expectational 

analysis or “benefit of the bargain” rule in determining whether future lost profits are too 

speculative. They contended that the magistrate was required to look at their 

expectations rather than defendants’ actions. They urged that proof of the amount of 

damages rises above mere speculation when they are calculated by “some fairly definite 

 

3

 Three times $5,195 equals $15,585. Added to the actual damages of $5,195, that would 

equal $20,780 for a total, including punitive damages, of $31,170. 
14. 

standards such as market value, established experience, or direct inference from known 

circumstances.” They insisted that their expert’s calculations comported with these 

standards, especially given the magistrate’s explicit determination that Miedema’s 

testimony was credible. 

{¶ 26} The Hendersons also continued to argue that defendants had effectively 

admitted damages by failing to respond to requests for admission. They contended that 

by failing to deem those requests admitted, the magistrate improperly considered facts 

not in evidence, actively protected the defendants, and advocated positions and defenses 

not put forth by any party. 

{¶ 27} Finally, the Hendersons claimed that the magistrate’s decision was 

ambiguous and that damages had been miscalculated. They interpreted that the 

magistrate intended to award $20,680 in compensatory fraud damages, $10,390 in 

punitive fraud damages, and $15,585 for violation of R.C. Chapter 1334. This would 

total $46,655. 

{¶ 28} On September 26, 2012, the court issued judgment entries on the 

Hendersons’ objections to the magistrate’s decision and their request for attorneys fees. 

The trial court’s judgment entry recited the magistrate’s findings and addressed the three 

objections that the Hendersons did not withdraw. 

{¶ 29} With respect to the Hendersons’ objection concerning the failure to award 

future earnings, the trial court concluded that there were many variables which made the 

measure of damages speculative. The court agreed with the magistrate that defendants’ 
15. 

advertisements of potential profits constituted mere puffing. It observed that the 

Hendersons quickly “smelled a rat” and tried to get out of the situation as soon as they 

could. 

{¶ 30} With respect to the magistrate’s refusal to accept defendants’ unanswered 

requests for admissions as evidence of damages, the court indicated that it had 

extensively researched the issue and found the cases cited by the Hendersons to be 

inapplicable. The court concluded that it was within its discretion to decide whether a 

hearing on damages was necessary. It suggested that to do otherwise would have 

subverted justice and violated the defendants’ due process rights. 

{¶ 31} Finally, as to the Hendersons’ claim that the magistrate had miscalculated 

damages, the court agreed with the Hendersons that there was ambiguity in the 

magistrate’s ruling which required clarification. It noted that the Hendersons did not 

challenge the punitive damages award, thus it left it at $10,390, as stated in the 

magistrate’s decision. It found that the Hendersons’ actual damages were $5,195. Under 

R.C. 1334.09(A), the Hendersons were entitled to three times the amount of actual 

damages or $10,000, whichever is greater. It, therefore, awarded $15,585 for damages 

under the Business Opportunity Plan Act. The court awarded an additional $5,195 as 

damages for the fraud claim. This resulted in a total award of $31,170. It awarded 

attorneys fees of $74,150. It affirmed and modified the magistrate’s decision consistent 

with the rulings described in the September 26, 2012 judgment entry. 
16. 

{¶ 32} The Hendersons appealed the court’s September 26, 2012 judgment entry. 

Their assignments of error related to the court’s refusal to deem admitted the unanswered 

requests for admission as they concerned the amount of damages, its decision to ignore 

the Hendersons’ unopposed expert witness’s damages calculation, and the overall amount 

of damages as calculated by the court. They filed their brief in this court on January 22, 

2013. 

D. Defendants’ Motion to Vacate Judgment 

{¶ 33} On February 20, 2013, defendants appeared for the first time and requested 

an extension of time by which to file an appellee brief. On March 18, 2013, they filed a 

motion to remand the matter to the trial court so that they could move to vacate the 

judgment for lack of personal jurisdiction, and they filed the motion to vacate in the 

common pleas court the same day. Despite the Hendersons’ objections, we granted 

defendants’ motion. 

{¶ 34} In their motion to vacate, defendants observed that the Hendersons had 

failed to attach to their complaint the SMC and EMC standard membership rules, both of 

which contained forum selection clauses and provided for mandatory arbitration. They 

argued that the judgment entries were void and must be set aside because the court lacked 

personal jurisdiction over them pursuant to the exclusive forum selection clause. 

{¶ 35} The Hendersons opposed the motion to vacate. They argued that the court 

had acquired personal jurisdiction over the defendants because service of process was 

successfully accomplished. They also argued that the membership agreements were 
17. 

invalid and unenforceable because (1) defendants failed to offer any evidence that the 

Hendersons had knowingly agreed to the terms; (2) the forum selection clause was the 

result of fraud or overreaching, was contrary to Ohio public policy, had not been 

negotiated, and would limit litigation to a jurisdiction so inconvenient as to be 

unreasonable; (3) the magistrate awarded nothing for breach of contract and found that 

they had rescinded the agreement; (4) defendants were barred by laches, waiver, and 

estoppel from asserting the forum selection and arbitration clauses because they waited 

over three years to assert them; and (5) the terms of the agreements were procedurally 

and substantively unconscionable given, inter alia, the Hendersons’ relative lack of 

sophistication, defendants’ failure to explain the terms, the financial stress they were 

experiencing, the commercial unreasonableness of the terms, and the inconvenience of 

the forum. 

{¶ 36} While they acknowledged defendants’ claim that Mr. Henderson accepted 

the terms by clicking a button to proceed to the EMC website, the Hendersons contended 

that this did not demonstrate a true meeting of the minds and that defendants’ affidavit 

spoke in generalities and not to any specific evidence that the Hendersons had agreed to 

their rules. They also insisted that because defendants, in their opening brief, had not 

challenged jurisdiction on the basis of Ohio’s long-arm statute or on due process grounds, 

they had effectively conceded the court’s jurisdiction without the need for the trial court 

to undertake such an analysis. 
18. 

{¶ 37} Defendants replied. They clarified that although their initial focus was on 

the forum selection clause, they were, in fact, challenging the court’s judgment for lack 

of personal jurisdiction. They submitted an additional affidavit from SMC employee, 

Scott Palladino, articulating pertinent facts to defeat jurisdiction under Ohio’s long-arm 

statute and on due process grounds. They argued that because the court lacked personal 

jurisdiction, they had no obligation to appear to raise the defense of lack of personal 

jurisdiction or to assert the arbitration provisions. They could instead collaterally attack 

the judgment in California based on the judgment being void in the first place. 

{¶ 38} Defendants complained that the Hendersons were trying to selectively 

enforce one provision of the agreements (the cancellation provisions), while avoiding 

other provisions. They cited case law indicating that even if the Hendersons had been 

induced to enter into the agreement by fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation, it would not 

affect the validity of the forum selection clause. They urged that the Hendersons’ relative 

lack of sophistication was an insufficient basis to invalidate the forum selection clause. 

And they argued that the inconvenience of the location of the forum did not render the 

provision so unreasonable or unjust as to invalidate the clause. 

{¶ 39} On August 2, 2013, the trial court denied defendants’ motion to vacate. It 

remarked that it was unaware of the forum selection clauses due to the Hendersons’ 

failure to attach the rules to their complaint. But the court found that the Hendersons 

agreed to the rules based on the affidavits from defendants’ representative indicating that 

every prospective member was advised that by joining, they were agreeing to be bound 
19. 

by SMC rules. It found that the Hendersons agreed to the EMC rules by logging in and 

clicking through to the website. 

{¶ 40} The court stated that discussion and argument about whether the court has 

long-arm jurisdiction was immaterial and irrelevant in considering the validity of a forum 

selection clause in what it deemed was a commercial contract. It indicated that there was 

insufficient information before it to make such a determination. It agreed with 

defendants that they were not barred from challenging the validity of the judgment 

because if the court lacked personal jurisdiction over defendants, the judgment would be 

void. 

{¶ 41} The court also found the Hendersons’ argument that the contract was 

rescinded to be without merit because they had accepted the benefits and sued for breach 

of the contract. It found the discussion relative to arbitration to be immaterial given the 

procedural posture of the case. And it recognized that the burden of demonstrating 

unenforceability of a forum selection clause falls on the party challenging its validity, 

thus the Hendersons bore the burden. 

{¶ 42} The court acknowledged that forum selection clauses in commercial 

contracts should generally control as long as both parties are commercial entities, there 

was no fraud or overreaching, and enforcement of the clause would not be unreasonable 

or unjust. The court found that this was a commercial contract between business entities, 

regardless of the fact that one party was more sophisticated than the other. It found that 

the forum selection clause was part of the transaction and that it did not matter that the 
20. 

Hendersons lacked sophistication, were relatively inexperienced, lacked legal knowledge, 

and were unfamiliar with the terms. It explained that a claim of fraud must relate directly 

to the negotiation or acceptance of the forum selection clause. It found that there was no 

evidence that the clause was the product of fraud and there was no public policy that 

would be violated by enforcement of the clause. 

{¶ 43} Turning to whether the clause was unreasonable or unjust, the court 

recognized that the test is whether under the circumstances of the case, enforcement 

would result in litigation so unreasonably difficult and inconvenient that plaintiff would 

for all practical purposes be deprived of his day in court. It addressed the factors to be 

considered including which law controls the dispute, what residency the parties maintain, 

where the contract will be executed, where the witnesses and parties are located, and 

whether the forum’s designated location is inconvenient. The court noted that it is rare 

for consideration of these factors to result in overriding the forum agreed to by the 

parties. 

{¶ 44} The court acknowledged that at first blush, it would appear that the 

Hendersons were unable to meet the high hurdle of showing that litigating the case in 

California would effectively deprive them of their day in court. However, it explained, 

there were unrefuted facts that persuaded the court that the forum clause would do just 

that. 

{¶ 45} Henderson attested that he was unemployed in 2008 and would not have 

been able to afford to travel to California to dispute any claim with defendants. He made 
21. 

clear that he was so desperate to make this concept work that he withdrew most of his 

retirement savings to pay defendants. The court indicated that it could find no cases 

where the party seeking to avoid the forum selection clause argued that he or she could 

not afford to travel to California, that there was a period of unemployment, and that most 

of his or her retirement savings had been expended in transacting with the opposing 

party. It concluded that the financial inability of the Hendersons to travel to California 

would indeed deprive them of their day in court and on the unique facts of this particular 

case, it found that enforcement of the forum selection clause compelling plaintiff to 

litigate in California was unreasonable or unjust. 

E. The Parties Cross-Appeal 

{¶ 46} Following the trial court’s judgment on the motion to vacate, we reinstated 

the case to our docket on September 4, 2013. The parties filed cross-appeals. 

{¶ 47} The Hendersons filed a supplemental brief on December 13, 2013, this time 

assigning the following errors for our review with respect to the trial court’s September 26, 

2012 and August 2, 2013 judgments: 

 I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO DEEM 

ADMITTED PROPERLY SERVED REQUESTS FOR ADMISSION TO 

WHICH APPELLEES NEVER RESPONDED[.] 

 II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO 

CONSIDER THE UNOPPOSED EXPERT TESTIMONY ON THE 
22. 

AMOUNT OF APPELLANTS’ DAMAGES SUFFERED AT THE 

HANDS OF APPELLEES[.] 

 III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS AUGUST 2, 2013 

JUDGMENT FINDING THAT APPELLANTS/CROSS APPELLEES DID 

NOT RESCIND THE CONTRACT AND AGREED WITH ITS “RULES” 

CONTAINING A FORUM SELECTION CLAUSE[.] 

{¶ 48} The assignments of error identified in defendants’ cross-appeal relate to the 

trial court’s August 2, 2013 judgment refusing to enforce the forum selection and 

arbitration clauses: 

 1. The Trial Court erred by failing to determine whether it had 

personal jurisdiction over defendants. 

 2. The Trial Court erred by refusing to enforce the parties’ 

agreement to resolve any dispute through binding arbitration. 

 3. The Trial Court erred by refusing to enforce the California forum 

selection clause contained within the parties agreement. 

III. Law and Analysis 

{¶ 49} We begin by addressing the defendants’ first assignment of error relating to 

the trial court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over them. “Personal jurisdiction is a 

question of law that appellate courts review de novo.” Kauffman Racing Equip., L.L.C. v. 

Roberts, 126 Ohio St. 3d 81, 2010-Ohio-2551, 930 N.E.2d 784, ¶ 27. In its decision, the 

trial court deemed that “discussion and argument about whether Ohio and this Court has 
23. 

‘long arm jurisdiction’ of Defendants [is] immaterial and irrelevant.” Defendants claim 

that this was error. They contend that the trial court was required to determine whether 

personal jurisdiction was proper before addressing whether the forum selection or 

arbitration clauses in the parties’ agreement were enforceable. 

{¶ 50} Generally, a court must undertake a two-step process in determining 

whether a state court has personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant. Fraley v. 

Estate of Oeding, 138 Ohio St.3d 250, 2014-Ohio-452, 6 N.E.3d 9, ¶ 12. The court must 

first consider whether Ohio’s long-arm statute, R.C. 2307.382, or the civil rules confer 

jurisdiction. Id. If they do, the court must then consider whether asserting jurisdiction 

over the non-resident defendant would deprive the defendant of the right to due process 

under the law, as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Id. 

To satisfy due process, the defendant must maintain “certain minimum contacts with the 

state so that the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial 

justice.” Clark v. Connor, 82 Ohio St.3d 309, 314, 695 N.E.2d 751 (1998). 

{¶ 51} The trial court bypassed this analysis, focusing instead on whether the 

parties’ agreement contained a valid and enforceable forum selection clause. Relying on 

the Ohio Supreme Court’s opinion in Kennecorp Mtge. Brokers, Inc. v. Country Club 

Convalescent Hosp., Inc., 66 Ohio St.3d 173, 175, 610 N.E.2d 987 (1993), it reasoned 

that “a minimum contacts analysis * * * is not appropriate in determining the validity of 

Forum Selection clauses in commercial contracts.” It adduced that we had remanded the 

case for it to decide only the motion to vacate, implying that this did not include a 
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personal jurisdiction analysis, and that the record before it was insufficient to make such 

a determination. 

{¶ 52} In Kennecorp, commercial parties entered into a multi-million dollar 

financing arrangement. Under the express terms of the parties’ agreement, the parties 

agreed that Ohio law would control and that jurisdiction would lie with Ohio courts. 

Plaintiff, an Ohio corporation, filed suit in Ohio against the defendants, both California 

residents. Despite the forum selection clause in their agreement, defendants moved for 

dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction. The trial court granted the defendants’ 

motion, but we reversed, concluding that the forum selection clause was enforceable. 

Kennecorp Mtge. Brokers, Inc. v. Country Club Convalescent Hosp., Inc., 6th Dist. Lucas 

No. L-91-157, 1992 WL 32032 (Feb. 21, 1992). The Supreme Court affirmed our 

decision. It recognized that “the requirement that a court have personal jurisdiction over 

a party is a waivable right and there are a variety of legal arrangements whereby litigants 

may consent to the personal jurisdiction of a particular court system.” Kennecorp at 175. 

It observed that a forum selection clause in a commercial contract should control, absent 

a strong showing that it should be set aside. Id. It ultimately held that “absent evidence 

of fraud or overreaching, a forum selection clause contained in a commercial contract 

between business entities is valid and enforceable, unless it can be clearly shown that 

enforcement of the clause would be unreasonable and unjust.” Id. at 176. 

{¶ 53} In the present case, the trial court considered the three Kennecorp 

requirements. It found that the parties’ dispute concerned a commercial transaction and 
25. 

that there was no evidence of fraud or overreaching in connection with the forum 

selection clause. It concluded, however, that enforcement of the clause would be 

unreasonable or unjust given Mr. Henderson’s unemployment and the Hendersons’ 

financial inability to travel to California to litigate the case. It denied defendants’ motion 

to vacate. 

{¶ 54} Although it is proper to apply the Kennecorp factors in considering whether 

a forum selection clause is enforceable, Kennecorp cannot be relied upon in this case as 

authority for dispensing with the two-step process for determining personal jurisdiction. 

This is because in Kennecorp, the forum selection clause provided for jurisdiction over 

the non-resident defendants in Ohio. The forum selection clause in this case provides for 

jurisdiction in California. The Kennecorp defendants had already waived due process 

and consented to the jurisdiction of the Ohio courts. The defendants here have not. 

Thus, if personal jurisdiction is lacking under the two-part analysis, the court would be 

prevented from proceeding to exercise jurisdiction over defendants. By considering the 

enforceability of the forum selection clause without first conducting the two-step 

personal jurisdiction analysis, the trial court effectively put the cart before the horse. 

{¶ 55} To this end, we must also observe that even if the court had not erred by 

considering the enforceability of the forum clause before determining personal 

jurisdiction, it was still necessary to perform the due process analysis. The effect of 

finding the forum selection clause unenforceable was merely to remove the requirement 
26. 

that suit be filed exclusively in California. The effect was not to automatically vest Ohio 

with personal jurisdiction over defendants. 

{¶ 56} Finally, we acknowledge defendants’ contention that the trial court’s 

decision refusing to enforce the California forum selection clause is inconsistent with 

Salehpour v. Just a Buck Licensing, Inc., 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2013-03-028, 2013-

Ohio-4436 (holding that mere distance, expense, and hardship are insufficient to render 

forum selection clause unreasonable), as well as numerous federal court cases. However, 

we conclude that the issue that must first be resolved is whether the court has personal 

jurisdiction. The Hendersons have the burden to establish the court’s jurisdiction. 

Dahlhausen v. Aldred, 187 Ohio App.3d 536, 2010-Ohio-2172, 932 N.E.2d 949, ¶ 21 

(12th Dist.). We, therefore, remand this matter to the trial court for determination of 

whether personal jurisdiction may properly be asserted over defendants. See generally 

State ex rel. DeWine v. 9150 Group, L.P., 2012-Ohio-3339, 977 N.E.2d 112, ¶ 27 (9th 

Dist.) (remanding to trial court for determination of personal jurisdiction). 

{¶ 57} We find defendants’ first assignment of error well-taken. Given this 

conclusion, it is unnecessary to consider the remaining assignments of error at this time. 

IV. Conclusion

{¶ 58} We find that the trial court was required to determine whether defendants 

were subject to the personal jurisdiction of the Ohio courts. We, therefore, find 

defendants’ first assignment of error well-taken, reverse the August 3, 2013 judgment of 

the Erie County Court of Common Pleas, and remand this matter to the trial court for 
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application of the two-step personal jurisdiction analysis. Our disposition of this 

assignment of error obviates the need to address the remaining assignments of error at 

this time. The costs of this appeal are assigned to the Hendersons pursuant to App.R. 24. 

Judgment reversed. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. 

See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4. 

Arlene Singer, J. _______________________________ 

JUDGE 

Thomas J. Osowik, J. 

_______________________________ 

James D. Jensen, J. JUDGE 

CONCUR. 

_______________________________ 

JUDGE 

This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of 

Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported 

version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: 

http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/rod/newpdf/?source=6.