Supreme Court of Louisiana 

FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE NEWS RELEASE #015

FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

The Opinions handed down on the 15th day of March, 2016, are as follows:

BY CRICHTON, J.: 

2015-CC-1754 RICHARD DUPUY AND HIS WIFE, MELISSA DUPUY v. NMC OPERATING 

COMPANY, L.L.C. D/B/A THE SPINE HOSPITAL OF LOUISIANA, FORMERLY, 

THE NEUROMEDICAL CENTER HOSPITAL (Parish of E. Baton Rouge)

For the reasons set forth above, we hold that the plaintiffs’ 

claims that the Hospital failed to properly maintain and service 

equipment used in the sterilization of surgical instruments falls 

within the Louisiana Medical Malpractice Act. We therefore find 

that the district court erred in denying the Hospital’s second 

exception of prematurity in part and find that the district court

should have granted the Hospital’s second exception of 

prematurity in its entirety. The ruling of the district court is

reversed.

REVERSED.
1

03/15/16

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

NO. 2015-CC-1754

RICHARD DUPUY AND HIS WIFE, MELISSA DUPUY

VERSUS

NMC OPERATING COMPANY, L.L.C. D/B/A THE SPINE HOSPITAL OF 

LOUISIANA, FORMERLY, THE NEUROMEDICAL CENTER HOSPITAL

ON SUPERVISORY WRITS TO THE NINETEENTH JUDICIAL 

DISTRICT COURT FOR THE PARISH OF EAST BATON ROUGE

CRICHTON, Justice.

This case concerns injuries plaintiff Richard Dupuy sustained postoperatively based on a hospital’s alleged failure to properly maintain and service 

equipment utilized in the sterilization of surgical instruments. The issue before the 

Court is whether the plaintiffs’ claims that the hospital failed to properly maintain 

and service equipment utilized in the sterilization of surgical instruments fall 

within the Louisiana Medical Malpractice Act (“MMA”). For the reasons set forth 

below, we find the claims do fall within the MMA and reverse the ruling of the 

district court.

FACTS

Plaintiffs Richard and Melissa Dupuy (the wife of Richard Dupuy) filed suit 

against NMC Operating Co., L.L.C., d/b/a The Spine Hospital of Louisiana 

(“Hospital”).1 They allege that Mr. Dupuy developed a post-operative infection,

osteomyelitis, following spine surgery, and the infecting organism was

mycobacterium fortuitum. The plaintiffs filed a petition alleging, inter alia, that 

the Hospital “fail[ed] to properly sterilize and/or clean surgical instrumentation” 

used in the surgical procedure, and/or that “the nursing staff and/or employees” of 

 1 On July 1, 2014, the NeuroMedical Center Surgical Hospital changed its name to The Spine 

Hospital of Louisiana. Plaintiffs amended their petition to reflect the name change. 
2

the Hospital failed to use proper aseptic technique before surgery. They sought 

damages for Richard Dupuy’s medical expenses, pain and suffering, mental 

anguish, loss of earnings capacity, disability, and loss of enjoyment of life, and for 

Melissa Dupuy’s loss of society, support, and companionship.

The Hospital filed an exception of prematurity, arguing that the Hospital is a 

“qualified health care provider” under the MMA and the plaintiffs’ claims had not

first been presented to a medical review panel as required by La. R.S. 40:1231.8.2 

Before a hearing on that exception, the parties took the deposition of an infectious 

disease specialist that treated Mr. Dupuy following his surgery. The specialist

testified that she was unable to pinpoint a specific cause of Mr. Dupuy’s infection, 

noting that multiple “materials” could be the source.3 

Shortly thereafter, the plaintiffs filed a first supplemental and amended 

petition, in which they added the following allegation in paragraph 2A:

The defendant, NMC Operating Company, LLC, d/b/a The Spine 

Hospital of Louisiana, formerly, The NeuroMedical Center Surgical 

Hospital, failed to properly maintain and service all equipment 

utilized in the sterilization process including but not limited to, the 

washers and sterilizers used to sterilize the equipment used in Richard 

Dupuy’s surgery of April 14, 2014.

In response, the Hospital filed a second exception of prematurity on the same 

grounds. The plaintiffs then filed a second supplemental and amended petition, 

alleging that, “in the absence of contamination from surgical instrumentation, 

materials or the surgical suite,” the “likely source” of the infection was Floseal, a 

hemostatic matrix used in the procedure, which was manufactured by Baxter 

Healthcare Corporation, a manufacturer as defined in La. R.S. 9:2800.53. 

 2 Redesignated from R.S. 40:1299.47 by H.C.R. 84 of 2015; Acts 2015 No. 323.

3 She testified that “the most likely source was an instrument or material or something used 

during that procedure.” She then added: “Most likely, there are, you know, pieces of metal or 

instruments, but if there was other gauze, we use cloths sometimes, if there were, you know, 

using those to get some blood or things like that during the surgery, if they’re trying to clean it 

up, that can also be a source. I cannot be specific as to what.”
3

After a hearing, the district court granted the exception of prematurity as to 

the original petition in its entirety. With respect to the first supplemental and 

amended petition, however, the district court granted the exception in part and 

denied it in part, dismissing the petition except for the allegations contained in 

paragraph 2A.4 The Court of Appeal, First Circuit, denied the Hospital’s writ 

without comment.5 We granted the writ on October 30, 2015. Dupuy v. NMC 

Operating Co., L.L.C. d/b/a The Spine Hospital of La., 2015-1754 (La. 10/30/15), -

-- So. 3d --- , 2015 WL 7721788.

According to the Hospital, the district court misapplied the factors in 

Coleman v. Deno, 01-1517 (La. 1/25/02), 813 So. 2d 303, and failed to follow 

jurisprudence holding that one of the obligations a hospital owes a patient is to 

provide clean and sterile facilities. Plaintiffs, on the other hand, maintain that 

coverage under the MMA must be strictly construed, and argue that the Coleman 

factors point in favor of tort liability and against coverage under the MMA. 

LEGAL BACKGROUND

The dilatory exception of prematurity provided for in La. C.C.P. art. 926(1)

questions whether the cause of action has matured to the point where it is ripe for 

judicial determination. Williamson v. Hospital Service Dist. No. 1 of Jefferson, 04-

0451, p.4 (La. 12/1/04), 888 So. 2d 782, 785. See also Frank L. Maraist, 1 La. Civ. 

Law Treatise, Civ. Proc. § 6:6 (2d ed.) (updated Nov. 2015). Under the MMA, a 

medical malpractice claim against a qualified health care provider is subject to 

dismissal on a timely exception of prematurity if such claim has not first been 

reviewed by a pre-suit medical review panel. La. R.S. 40:1231.8. See also 

 4 Because the second supplemental and amended petition contained no new allegations against 

the Hospital (the new allegations were only against Baxter), the Hospital’s exception of 

prematurity on the second supplemental petition was granted with consent of the parties.

5 Judge McDonald dissented, writing: “One of the obligations of a hospital to a patient is to 

provide clean and sterile facilities; thus, the allegations contained in paragraph 2A constitute 

medical malpractice, and should be reviewed by a medical review panel prior to being filed in 

civil court. La. R.S. 40:1299.47(A); See Cashio v. Baton Rouge Gen. Hosp., 378 So. 2d 182 (La. 

App. 1 Cir. 11/12/79). . . .”
4

Williamson, 04-0451, p.4, 888 So. 2d at 785; Spradlin v. Acadia-St. Landry Med. 

Found., 98-1977, p.4 (La. 2/29/00), 758 So. 2d 116, 119. In such situations, a 

defendant’s exception of prematurity neither challenges nor attempts to defeat any 

of the elements of the plaintiff's cause of action, but instead asserts that the plaintiff 

has failed to take some preliminary step necessary to make the controversy ripe for 

judicial involvement. Id. The burden of proving prematurity is on the moving 

party, in this case the Hospital, which must show that it is entitled to a medical 

review panel, because the allegations fall within the MMA. Williamson, 04-0451,

p.4, 888 So. 2d at 785.

This Court has, on numerous occasions, observed that the MMA was

enacted by the Legislature in response to a “perceived medical malpractice 

insurance ‘crisis.’” Williamson, 04-0451, p.4, 888 So. 2d at 785 (citations 

omitted). The legislature intended the MMA to reduce or stabilize medical 

malpractice insurance rates and to assure the availability of affordable medical 

services to the public. Id. To achieve those goals, the MMA gives qualified health 

care providers two advantages in actions against them for malpractice, namely, a 

limit on the amount of damages and the requirement that the claim first be 

reviewed by a medical review panel before commencing suit in a court of law. Id. 

See also La. R.S. 40:1231.2(B); La. R.S. 40:1231.8.

This Court has also emphasized that the MMA and its limitations on tort 

liability for a qualified health care provider apply strictly to claims “arising from 

medical malpractice,” and that all other tort liability on the part of the qualified 

health care provider is governed by general tort law. Williamson, 04-0451, p.5, 

888 So. 2d at 786. See also Blevins v. Hamilton Med. Ctr., Inc. 07-0127, p.6 (La. 

6/19/07), 959 So. 2d 440, 444. Because the MMA’s limitations on the liability of 

health care providers are in derogation of the rights of tort victims, the MMA is to 
5

be strictly construed. Williamson, 04-0451 at p.5, 888 So. 2d at 786; Blevins, 07-

0217, p.6, 959 So. 2d at 444.

In this case, the Hospital argues that Mr. Dupuy’s infection falls within the 

definition of malpractice set forth in the MMA. The MMA defines malpractice as

follows:

“Malpractice” means any unintentional tort or any breach of contract 

based on health care or professional services rendered, or which 

should have been rendered, by a health care provider, to a patient, 

including failure to render services timely and the handling of a 

patient, including loading and unloading of a patient, and also 

includes all legal responsibility of a health care provider arising from 

acts or omissions during the procurement of blood or blood 

components, in the training or supervision of health care providers, or 

from defects in blood, tissue, transplants, drugs, and medicines, or 

from defects in or failures of prosthetic devices implanted in or used 

on or in the person of a patient.

La. R.S. 40:1231.1(A)(13). “Health care,” in turn, is defined in the MMA as “any 

act or treatment performed or furnished, or which should have been performed or 

furnished, by any health care provider for, to, or on behalf of a patient during the 

patient’s medical care, treatment, or confinement. . . .” La. R.S. 40:1231.1(A)(9). 

Cognizant of these principles, in Coleman v. Deno, 01-1517 (La. 1/25/02), 

813 So. 2d 303, we set forth six factors to assist a court in determining whether 

certain conduct by a qualified health care provider constitutes “malpractice” as 

defined under the MMA:

(1) whether the particular wrong is “treatment related” or caused by a 

dereliction of professional skill;

(2) whether the wrong requires expert medical evidence to determine 

whether the appropriate standard of care was breached;

(3) whether the pertinent act or omission involved assessment of the patient's 

condition;
6

(4) whether an incident occurred in the context of a physician-patient 

relationship, or was within the scope of activities which a hospital is licensed 

to perform;

(5) whether the injury would have occurred if the patient had not sought 

treatment; and

(6) whether the tort alleged was intentional.

01-1517, p.17, 813 So. 2d at 315-16. See also Williamson, 04-0451, p.6, 888 So.

2d at 786-87; Blevins, 07-0217, p.7, 959 So. 2d at 445.

As explained by this Court in Williamson, Blevins, and other cases, in a trial 

of the exception of prematurity, a court analyzes the allegations of the petition 

under the Coleman factors to determine whether the allegations sound in medical 

malpractice. If the allegations sound in medical malpractice, the case must 

proceed in accordance with the protocol set forth in the MMA. If, on the other 

hand, the allegations sound in general negligence, the case should proceed under 

general tort law. Williamson, 04-0451, p.11, 888 So. 2d at 789; Blevins, 07-0217, 

pp.7-8, 959 So. 2d at 445.

ANALYSIS

We first turn to the question of whether the Hospital is a “health care 

provider” under the MMA, as required by the definition of “malpractice.” La. R.S. 

40:1231.1(A)(10), La. R.S. 40:1231.1(A)(13). The plaintiffs do not contest that 

the Hospital is a qualified health care provider, and concede that this requirement 

is satisfied. The plaintiffs instead contend that the allegations in paragraph 2A do 

not fall within the MMA’s definition of “health care” such that they constitute 

malpractice under La. R.S. 40:1231.1(A)(13). In order to determine whether the 

allegations sound in malpractice and fall within the ambit of the MMA, we analyze 

the factors set forth in Coleman v. Deno. Applying those factors, we conclude that 

the plaintiffs’ allegation that the Hospital failed to properly maintain and service 
7

all equipment utilized in the sterilization process, including, but not limited to, the 

washers and sterilizers used to sterilize the equipment used in plaintiff’s surgery, 

constitutes medical malpractice under the MMA.

(1) Whether the particular wrong is "treatment related" or caused by a 

dereliction of professional skill.

We find that the allegation at issue here, that the Hospital failed to properly 

maintain and service the equipment utilized in the sterilization process, including,

but not limited to, the washers and sterilizers used to sterilize the equipment used 

in Mr. Dupuy’s surgery, is “treatment related.” Other courts, applying the MMA, 

have found infectious diseases acquired during surgical procedures to be 

“treatment related,” regardless of the particular source of the infection. We find 

those cases persuasive here. In Cashio v. Baton Rouge General Hospital, 378 So. 

2d 182 (La. App. 1st Cir. 1979), the plaintiff died from a staph infection acquired 

during coronary bypass surgery, and the hospital filed an exception of prematurity. 

378 So. 2d at 183. Though the trial court found the claims were not covered by the 

MMA and overruled the exception, the court of appeal reversed, finding: “While 

we do not attempt to supply a universal definition of treatment, we do hold that it 

does include the furnishing of a clean and sterile environment for all patients.” Id.

at 184. See also McBride v. Earl K. Long Memorial Hosp., 507 So. 2d 821 (La. 

1987) (finding that a suit filed by a plaintiff who contacted a staph infection during 

surgery was subject to the prescriptive limits of medical malpractice cases). More 

recently, a federal district court considered a similar case related to inadequate 

sanitizing procedures used for disinfecting endoscopes later used in medical 

procedures. Taylor v. Ochsner Clinic Found., Civ. Nos. 11-1926, 11-2221, 2011 

WL 6140885 (E.D. La. Dec. 9, 2011) (Vance, J). Taylor involved a consolidated 

putative class action in which the plaintiffs alleged that the defendants failed to 

disinfect endoscopes at the temperature recommended by the manufacturer, thus 
8

exposing the plaintiffs to risks of infectious diseases. 2011 WL 6140885, at *1. 

Analyzing the Coleman factors, the federal court found that this failure to disinfect 

the medical equipment was treatment related, noting it involved the failure “to do 

an act (i.e., properly sterilize endoscopes) for the patient during the patient’s care, 

treatment, or confinement in the hospital.” Id., at *5. Like these courts before us, 

we find that, under the facts presented here, the Hospital’s alleged failure to 

“properly maintain and service all equipment used in the sterilization process” is 

an extension of the general duty to render professional services related to medical 

treatment and is “treatment related.” See La. R.S. 40:1231.1(A)(13) (definition of 

malpractice includes failure to render “professional services”).

Of course, not every act that occurs in a Hospital is “treatment related” 

under the MMA. See Russ Herman, 1 La. Prac. Pers. Inj. § 4:289 (updated Aug. 

2015) (“If the tortious acts alleged do not relate to medical care or treatment, then 

no recovery for medical malpractice may be had.”). Williamson and Blevins are 

instructive to our analysis.6 In Williamson, the issue was whether the failure of the 

health care provider to properly maintain a wheelchair, which lost a wheel causing 

injury to a patient after her discharge, was within the ambit of the MMA. We held 

that these acts were not “treatment related,” because the acts at issue – “that the 

hospital negligently failed to repair the wheelchair and placed it back into service 

without verifying that it was properly repaired” – were not directly related to, nor 

 6 The Hospital argued that the case is entirely distinct from others involving medical malpractice, 

because, in essence, the plaintiffs allege alternate theories of liability for one injury regarding the 

source of the infection. See Richard v. La. Extended Care Centers, Inc., 02-0978, p.11 (La. 

1/14/03), 835 So. 2d 460, 467-68 (“In general, any conduct by a hospital complained of by a 

patient is properly within the scope of the MMA if it can reasonably be said that it comes within 

the definitions of the Act, even though there are alternative theories of liability.”) (internal 

brackets and quotation marks omitted). Specifically, the plaintiffs cannot pinpoint a cause of the 

infection, and alternatively allege that the infection could have resulted from failure to properly 

sterilize or clean surgical instruments, failure to properly maintain the sterilization equipment 

used to sterilize the instruments, or the use of Floseal in the surgical procedure. According to the 

Hospital, courts have held that, when there is a “dual characterization” of an action as medical 

malpractice or tort, all of the allegations should be considered under the MMA. See Todd v. 

Angeloz, 2002-1400 (La. App. 1 Cir. 3/28/03), 844 So. 2d 316, 320. See also Weimer, J., dissent 

in Blevins, 07-0217, p.1, 959 So. 2d at 449. Because we find that the allegations of paragraph 

2A are within the parameters of the MMA, we do not reach this question here.
9

did they involve, actual “treatment” of a patient. 04-0451, pp.11-12, 888 So. 2d at 

789-90. In other words, though the transportation of the patient may have been 

related to treatment (an issue the Court did not directly address), the failure to 

properly repair a wheelchair, thereby causing a wheel to fall off, was not treatment 

related. In contrast, in this case, Mr. Dupuy allegedly contracted the bacteria due 

to the Hospital’s failure to maintain equipment used to sterilize surgical 

instruments used in the treatment for which he was admitted to the Hospital. 

Ensuring the proper maintenance of functioning of sterilization equipment is tied 

directly to the surgical treatment Mr. Dupuy received.

Likewise, in Blevins, the issue presented to the Court was whether the failure 

of a health care provider to properly maintain a hospital bed, which rolled while 

the patient was attempting to use the commode and resulted in a knee injury, fell 

within the MMA. Blevins, 07-0217, 959 So. 2d 440. The Court found that the acts 

alleged were not “treatment related,” because the patient was hospitalized to treat 

an infection of the groin, but he fell and sustained an injury to his knee when he 

put pressure on the bed and the bed rolled. 07-0217, p.8, 959 So. 2d at 446. As the 

Court observed: “These two separate and distinct events occurred independently of 

each other with one being treatment-related as to his groin infection and the other 

being an injury sustained by a fall caused by a bed that improperly rolled.” 07-

0217, p.8, 959 So. 2d at 446. In this case, unlike in Williamson and Blevins, the 

wrongful conduct complained of is directly related to – and, in fact, the alleged 

infection occurred during – the treatment for which Mr. Dupuy was admitted to the 

Hospital. Because we find that proper sterilization of surgical instruments is at 

very core of the “treatment” of a patient, we find it is “treatment related.”

We also find that that the allegations of paragraph 2A relate to a dereliction 

of professional skill. As we observed in Coleman, the significance of the term 

“malpractice” is that it differentiates professionals from nonprofessionals for 
10

purposes of applying these statutory limitations on tort liability. 01-1517, p. 15; 

813 So. 2d at 315. Unlike in Williamson, where we observed that no “professional 

skill” was exercised in repairing a wheelchair or determining whether to place it 

back in service, or in Blevins, where we held that the failure to lock a bed does not 

result from any “dereliction of professional skill,” here, there is a clear utilization

of professional medical skill in determining the sterilization requirements of 

equipment used to ensure the safety of surgical instrumentation. Williamson, 04-

0451, pp.11-12, 88 So. 2d at 789-90; Blevins, 07-0217, p.9, 959 So. 2d at 446. 

Plaintiffs make two separate arguments related to this factor of the Coleman 

analysis, neither of which we find persuasive. First, they argue that the injuries 

were not “treatment related,” because the alleged failure to maintain and service 

the sterilization equipment occurred before Mr. Dupuy ever entered the Hospital. 

But there is no requirement that an action must be contemporaneous with a 

patient’s treatment in order to fall under the MMA. Indeed, the MMA itself 

specifically states that failures in the “training and supervision” of healthcare 

providers is within the definition of malpractice, and such training and supervision

necessarily occur before any treatment. La. R.S. 40:1231.1(A)(13). As noted by 

the federal court in Taylor, under the plaintiffs’ interpretation, “any and all 

preliminary safeguards rendered before a discrete incident of medical treatment 

would fall outside the Act.” Civ. Nos. 11-1926, 11-2221, 2011 WL 6140885, at 

*6. Likewise, courts have held that actions after treatment can be “treatment 

related.” See, e.g., Flood v. Pendleton Mem’l Methodist Hosp., 02-0440 (La. App. 

4 Cir. 7/17/02), 823 So. 2d 1002, 1009 (misfiling bone scan results is “treatment 

related” because “the interpretation of the bone scan is a necessary step in 

[plaintiff’s] cancer treatment program”), writ denied, 02-2206 (La. 11/8/02), 828 

So. 2d 1121; Andre v. Binder, 1999-1952 (La. App. 1 Cir. 2/18/00), 753 So. 2d 

397, 398 (failure to correct misdiagnosis of condition after receiving contrary 
11

laboratory results arose out of patient care). We specifically reject the plaintiffs’ 

argument that the injury at issue must be contemporaneous with the act or omission 

at issue to fall within the MMA.

Plaintiffs also argue that Mr. Dupuy’s injury was not “treatment related,” 

because deposition testimony indicated the maintenance and service of sterilization 

equipment at the Hospital may have been performed by plant operations rather 

than physicians.7 Even if this is the case, which appears to be contested,8 this 

argument does not convince us that this particular cause of action falls outside of 

the MMA. Nothing in the statute’s plain language limits its application to direct 

treatment by a physician. Indeed, the statute includes under the ambit of the MMA 

injuries that are “based on health care or professional services rendered . . . by a 

health care provider, to a patient. . .” La. R.S. 40:1231.1(A)(13). The use of the 

broad term “health care provider,” rather than simply “physician” or “medical 

doctor,” necessarily includes actions which are treatment related and undertaken by

the Hospital in its capacity as a health care provider – even if those actions are not 

performed directly by a medical professional.

(2) Whether the wrong requires expert medical evidence to determine whether 

the appropriate standard of care was breached.

We find that the allegations in paragraph 2A will require expert medical 

evidence to determine whether the standard of care was breached. The plaintiffs 

 7 Plaintiffs also assert that the Hospital’s case must fail, because the Hospital failed to present 

any evidence at the trial on the exception. However, a failure to present evidence is not fatal to 

the Hospital’s case. See LaCoste v. Pendleton Methodist Hosp., L.L.C., 07-0008 (La. 9/5/07), 

966 So. 2d 519, 525 (“Where no evidence is presented at trial of a dilatory exception, like 

prematurity, the court must render its decision on the exception based upon the facts as alleged in 

the petition, and all allegations therein must be accepted as true.”).

8 The amici curiae in this matter argued in their brief supporting the Hospital that this 

explanation is incomplete, and that health care providers follow sterilization procedures that are 

“complex and ongoing.” The information provided by amici is not in the record of the case and 

we therefore do not consider it here as part of our analysis of the Coleman factors. See La. C.C.P. 

art. 2164 (“The appellate court shall render any judgment which is just, legal, and proper upon 

the record on appeal.”); B.W.S., Jr. v. Livingston Parish Sch. Bd., 06-1981 (La.8/16/06), 936 

So.2d 181, 182 (“It is well-settled that appellate courts are limited to the record developed in the 

trial court and are prohibited from receiving new evidence.”).
12

allege that the Hospital was negligent for failing to maintain certain equipment 

required for proper sterilization of surgical equipment. We recognize that ordinary

laypersons would be capable of concluding that surgical instruments should be 

properly sterilized before surgery. However, whether instruments were in fact

properly sterilized is a question that requires medical expertise. Plaintiffs will be 

unable to prove their case without presenting medical experts to explain, for 

instance, what the protocol for such maintenance entails and the necessity of

following that protocol to ensure proper sterilization. Likewise, a medical expert 

would be necessary in this case to define the standard of care based on medical 

guidelines; for instance, expert testimony could be required to set forth the level of 

microbial material, if any, which is appropriate for the sterilization equipment or to 

opine on when sterilization is compromised. Finally, a medical expert may be 

required to assist the trier of fact in determining whether improperly maintained 

sterilization equipment could even cause the transfer of mycobacterium fortuitum 

and the ensuing osteomyelitis.9

The facts presented here are distinct from those presented to us in

Williamson, where we found that, while expert testimony could be necessary to 

establish the duty to maintain a wheelchair and a breach of that duty, expert 

medical testimony was not necessary. Williamson, 04-0451 at p.13, 888 So. 2d at 

790. See also Blevins, 07-0217, p.9, 959 So. 2d at 446 (finding no medical expert 

will be needed to determine whether locking a hospital bed is negligent or to 

determine proper procedures for locking a hospital bed). Here, there is no doubt 

medical testimony would be required, and the plaintiffs would be unable to meet 

their burden of proof without such testimony.

 9 See, e.g., Stoughton v. Borgess Med. Ctr., No. 242781, 2003 WL 22800971 (Mich. App. 

11/25/03) (“[T]he manner of sterilization and the determination of when sterilization is 

compromised, or sufficiently compromised to raise a medical concern, would be questions that 

someone other than a layperson would have to answer.”).
13

(4) Whether an incident occurred in the context of a physician-patient 

relationship, or was within the scope of activities which a hospital is licensed to 

perform.10

We find that the allegations at issue fall within the scope of activities the 

Hospital was licensed to perform – indeed, they are directly linked with the 

activities the Hospital is required to perform to retain its license to operate. In 

1961, the Legislature created the Hospital Licensing Law, La. R.S. 41:2100, et 

seq., the purpose of which was to “provide for the protection of the public health 

through the development, establishment, and enforcement of standards for the care 

of individuals in hospitals . . . which, in light of advancing knowledge, will 

promote safe and adequate treatment of such individuals in hospitals.” La. R.S. 

41:2101. As part of the law, the Legislature directed the Department of Health and 

Hospitals to adopt “rules, regulations, and minimum standards” that must be met 

by every licensed hospital, which shall have the effect of law. La. R.S. 40:2109. 

Importantly, among these standards are those relating to “[s]anitary conditions, 

practices and environment and sanitary and sterilization procedures and practices 

designed to avoid sources and transmission of infections. . . .” La. R.S. 

40:2109(B)(2). As a result, the plaintiffs’ allegations in paragraph 2A related to 

failure to sterilize or clean surgical instruments and failure to maintain the 

equipment used in the sterilization process are within the scope of activities a 

hospital is required to perform. Indeed, the cited statutes make clear that 

sterilization procedures designed to avoid sources and transmissions of infection 

are fact required by law for a Hospital to maintain its operating license.11 Cf. 

 10 The parties agree that factors three and six do not have relevance to this case. As a result, we 

do not address them herein.

11 Though the parties focused on the second clause of this factor, we also find that the “incident 

occurred” in the context of a physician-patient relationship. As noted above, the plaintiffs are 

unable to determine the exact source of Mr. Dupuy’s infection. But the “incident” that caused 

the infection – whatever the initial source of the mycobacterium fortuitum – was the spine 

surgery itself, which places it within the context of a physician-patient relationship.
14

Williamson, 04-0451 at p.14, 888 So. 2d at 791 (pointing out that “none of the 

standards set forth by the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals pertains 

specifically to the use of wheelchairs”).

(5) Whether the injury would have occurred if the patient had not sought 

treatment.

It is evident to us that this factor favors the Hospital. Quite obviously, had 

Mr. Dupuy not sought treatment at the Hospital, he would not have contracted the 

post-operative infection. Blevins is instructive here. In that case, we found that, 

though the factor could have favored the defendant because the plaintiff was in the 

hospital when the injury occurred, it was “just as reasonable to say that any visitor 

to the hospital, even those not seeking treatment, who put pressure on this 

particular bed, could have suffered injury.” Blevins, 07-0127, p.10, 959 So. 2d at 

447. The contrary is true here. The nature of Mr. Dupuy’s injury is such that a

visitor to the Hospital could not have contracted osteomyelitis unless he or she 

underwent a surgical procedure involving the allegedly unsterilized equipment

infected with mycobacterium fortuitum. Mr. Dupuy’s injury occurred during the 

treatment that he purposefully entered the hospital to undergo.

Accordingly, pursuant to our analysis of this case using the factors set forth 

in Coleman v. Deno, the plaintiffs’ allegations regarding failure to sterilize the 

equipment used to sanitize surgical instruments fall under the MMA. 

DECREE

For the reasons set forth above, we hold that the plaintiffs’ claims that the 

Hospital failed to properly maintain and service equipment used in the sterilization 

of surgical instruments falls within the Louisiana Medical Malpractice Act. We 

therefore find that the district court erred in denying the Hospital’s second 

exception of prematurity in part and find that the district court should have granted 
15

the Hospital’s second exception of prematurity in its entirety. The ruling of the 

district court is reversed.

REVERSED.