# Patent

## Title
Dedicated process diagnostic device

## Abstract

A field mountable dedicated process diagnostic device is used for diagnosing operation of an industrial control or monitoring system. An input is configured to receive at least one process signal related to operation of the industrial process. A memory contains diagnostic program instructions configured to implement a diagnostic algorithm using the process signal. The diagnostic algorithm is specific to the industrial process. A microprocessor performs the diagnostic program instructions and responsively diagnoses operation of the process based upon the process signal.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present application is a Continuation-In-Part of and claims priority of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/801,073, filed Mar. 15, 2004, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/852,102, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,907,383, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/257,896, filed Feb. 25, 1999, abandoned which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/623,569, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,143, application Ser. No. 09/852,102 is also a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/383,828, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,654,697, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/257,896, filed Feb. 25, 1999 which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/623,569, filed Mar. 28, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,143, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to process control systems of the type used to monitor and/or control operation of industrial processes. More specifically, the present invention relates to diagnostics of such process control systems.
Field devices (devices such as process controllers, monitors and transmitters) are used in the process control industry to remotely control or sense a process variable. For example, a process variable may be transmitted to a control room by a transmitter for use in controlling the process or for providing information about process operation to a controller. For example, information related to pressure of process fluid may be transmitted to a control room and used to control the process, such as oil refining.
When a device used in industrial process fails, it is often necessary to shut down the entire process so that the failed device can be repaired or replaced. Typically, it is difficult to predict an impending failure of a process device prior to its occurrence. Thus, when the process device does fail, it occurs unexpectedly or with very little warning, and may require the unexpected shut down of the entire process. Although various attempts have been made at detecting and/or predicting a failure or impending failure, there is an ongoing need for such diagnostic techniques. Prior prediction of a pending failure allows the failing device to be replaced as desired prior to its ultimate failure.
SUMMARY
A field mountable dedicated process diagnostic device and method for use in diagnosing operation of an industrial control or monitoring system is provided. An input receives at least one process signal related to operation of the industrial process. A memory contains diagnostic program instructions configured to implement a diagnostic algorithm using the at least one process signal. The diagnostic algorithm may be specific to the industrial process in which the device or method is implemented. A microprocessor performs the diagnostic program instructions and responsively diagnoses operation of the process based upon the at least one process signal.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of a process control system including a field mountable dedicated process diagnostic device.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the field mountable dedicated process diagnostic device shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the field mounted diagnostic device.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a field mounted diagnostic device used in conjunction with a heat exchanger.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention provides a dedicated process diagnostic device and method for use in diagnosing operation of an industrial process control or monitoring system. The dedicated process diagnostic device does not perform functions other than diagnostics in the process control system. In other words, the device is not used to measure a process variable used in performing or monitoring process control, and is also not used to control process operation. In some embodiments, in which the device is dedicated to performing diagnostics, its computational abilities can be substantially focused on this activity. The device can be configured to comply with requirements for mounting at a remote location in the field including intrinsic safety requirements and other requirements needed for the device to be “field hardened”.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of process control system 10 which includes dedicated field mounted diagnostic device 8. The process control system 10 also includes a transmitter 12 and a valve positioner 22 coupled to process pipe 16. A sensor 21 is shown generically in FIG. 1 and couples to transmitter 12. FIG. 1 also shows valve positioner 22 coupled to a control element 24 such as a valve. A process monitor 26 (illustrated as a hand held device) is also shown coupled to loop 18.
One typical technique for transmitting information involves controlling the amount of power flowing through a process control loop. Current is supplied from a current source in the control room and the transmitter controls the current from its location in the field. For example, a 4 mA signal can be used to indicate a zero reading and a 20 mA signal can be used to indicate a full scale reading. More recently, transmitters have employed digital circuitry which communicates with the control room using a digital signal which is superimposed onto the analog current signal flowing through the process control loop. One example of such a technique is the HART® communication protocol proposed by Rosemount Inc. The HART® protocol and other such protocols typically include a set of commands or instructions which can be sent to the transmitter to elicit a desired response, such as transmitter control or interrogation.
Fieldbus is a communications protocol proposed by the Fieldbus Foundation and is directed to defining a communications layer or protocol for transmitting information on a process control loop. In the Fieldbus protocol, the current flowing through the loop is not used to transmit an analog signal. Instead, all information is digitally transmitted. Further, the Fieldbus standard, and a standard known as Profibus, allow transmitters to be configured in a multi-drop configuration in which more than one transmitter is connected on the same process control loop. Other communication protocols include the MODBUS® protocol and Ethernet. In some configurations, two, three, four or any number of wires can be used to connect to the process device, including non-physical connections such as RF (radio frequency).
Diagnostic device 8, transmitter 12 and positioner 22 are coupled to a two-wire process control loop 18 which operates in accordance with the Fieldbus, Profibus or HART® standard. However, the invention is not limited to these standards or a two-wire configuration. Two-wire process control loop 18 runs between a location in the field and the control room 20. In an embodiment in which loop 18 operates in accordance with the HART® protocol, loop 18 can carry a current I which is representative of a sensed process variable. Additionally, the HART® protocol allows a digital signal to be superimposed on the current through loop 18 such that digital information can be sent to or received from transmitter 12. When operating in accordance with the Fieldbus standard, loop 18 carries digital signals and can be coupled to multiple field devices such as other transmitters. Any number of two wire process control loops 18 can be used and coupled to field mounted devices as appropriate. The configurations shown herein are for example purposes only.
Process variables are typically the primary variables which are being controlled in a process. As used herein, process variable means any variable which describes the condition of the process such as, for example, pressure, flow, temperature, product level, pH, turbidity, vibration, position, motor current, any other characteristic of the process, etc. Control signal means any signal (other than a process variable) which is used to control the process. For example, control signal means a desired process variable value (i.e. a setpoint) such as a desired temperature, pressure, flow, product level, pH or turbidity, etc., which is adjusted by a controller or used to control the process. Additionally, a control signal means, calibration values, alarms, alarm conditions, the signal which is provided to a control element such as a valve position signal which is provided to a valve actuator, an energy level which is provided to a heating element, a solenoid on/off signal, etc., or any other signal which relates to control of the process. A diagnostic signal as used herein includes information related to operation of devices and elements in the process control loop, but does not include process variables or control signals. For example, diagnostic signals include valve stem position, applied torque or force, actuator pressure, pressure of a pressurized gas used to actuate a valve, electrical voltage, current, power, resistance, capacitance, inductance, device temperature, stiction, friction, full on and off positions, travel, frequency, amplitude, spectrum and spectral components, stiffness, electric or magnetic field strength, duration, intensity, motion, electric motor back emf, motor current, loop related parameters (such as control loop resistance, voltage, or current), or any other parameter which may be detected or measured in the system. Furthermore, process signal means any signal which is related to the process or element in the process such as, for example, a process variable, a control signal or a diagnostic signal. Process devices include any device which forms part of or couples to a process control loop and is used in the control or monitoring of a process.
As discussed above, FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a process control system 10 which includes process piping 16 which carries a process fluid and two wire process control loop 18 carrying loop current I. Transmitter 12, controller 22 (which couples to a final control element in the loop such as an actuator, valve, a pump, motor or solenoid), process monitor 26 and control room 20 are all part of process control loop 18. It is understood that loop 18 is shown in one configuration and any appropriate process control loop may be used such as a 4-20 mA loop, 2, 3 or 4 wire loop, multi-drop loop and a loop operating in accordance with the HART®, Fieldbus or other digital or analog communication protocol. In operation, transmitter 12 senses a process variable such as flow using sensor 21 and transmits the sensed process variable over loop 18. The process variable may be received by controller/valve actuator 22, diagnostic device 8, control room equipment 20 and/or process monitor 26. Controller 22 is shown coupled to valve 24 and is capable of controlling the process by adjusting valve 24 thereby changing the flow in pipe 16. Controller 22 receives a control input over loop 18 from, for example, control room 20 or transmitter 12 and responsively adjusts valve 24. In another embodiment, controller 22 internally generates the control signal based upon process signals received over loop 18. Process devices include, for example, transmitter 12 (such as a 3051S transmitter available from Rosemount Inc.), controller 22, a handheld process monitor 26, diagnostic device 8 and control room 20 shown in FIG. 1. Another type of process device is a PC, programmable logic unit (PLC) or other computer coupled to the loop using appropriate I/O circuitry to allow monitoring, managing, and/or transmitting on the loop.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of field mounted dedicated diagnostic device 8. Device 8 is configured to couple to the process control system 10 of FIG. 1 and includes a process signal input 40 configured to receive one or more process signals from the process control system 10. A microprocessor 42 receives the process signals and is coupled to a memory 44. The memory 44 contains diagnostic program instructions configured to implement a diagnostic algorithm in the microprocessor 42. The diagnostic algorithm uses at least one process signal received by input 40 from the process. The diagnostic algorithm which is implemented in the microprocessor is specific to the particular process and configuration being monitored. For example, algorithms used to monitor operation of a process which controls level of process fluid in a tank may be different than the algorithm used to diagnose operation of a control system process which controls flow of process fluid through a pipe. Based upon the algorithm and this process signal, the microprocessor 42 provides some type of diagnostic output 46. The diagnostic output 46 can be an output used only internally by the device 8, or can be an output which is transmitted to a remote location, for example over the process control loop 18 shown in FIG. 1. Device 8 also includes a power supply 50 which, in some embodiments, is configured to receive power from the two wire process control loop 18 for completely powering all electrical components within device 8.
In general, the present invention offers a new class of field mountable process device which is used to monitor process conditions, detect process abnormalities and changes and provide diagnostics related to process operation and optimization. There is an ongoing need to increase the productivity, improve quality, lower costs and comply with regulations in industrial processes. Typical process devices do not have the computational ability to support the addition of complex diagnostics. This limitation is due to power constraints, and requirements for field hardening of the device to withstand hazardous locations and harsh environmental conditions. By using a dedicated device to perform diagnostics, the limited resources of the dedicated process diagnostic device can be focused on the single task of performing diagnostics and not required to perform other process related tasks. The dedicated device provides an operator functionality to monitor process conditions and signatures, trends, changes, upsets or other abnormalities which can be analyzed and used to troubleshoot system operation. The diagnostic information can then be communicated to a host system for use as appropriate, including a controlled plant shutdown. Further, by using a dedicated process device rather than a device located in the control room to implement diagnostics, the dedicated device has access to real time process information. In contrast, when equipment located at a remote location, such as the control room, is used to perform diagnostics, the diagnostic capabilities are limited because the remote equipment has limited access to process signals. For example, control room equipment has limited input/output capabilities, limited scan or update times, and limited bandwidth. Field hardening of the device allows operation in hazardous environments or in environments in which the device is subjected to a harsh conditions. Preferably, the device operates using sufficiently low power consumption to allow operation using power completely received from a two wire process control loop. However, in some embodiments, other configurations are used such as a four wire configuration. The memory 44 can be used to provide additional capabilities such as logging, trending, and analysis. The dedicated device 8 can also be used for testing diagnostic algorithms and techniques prior to adding such functionality to other process devices. The process signals used by device 8 can be received by monitoring transmissions on the process control loop. However, process signals can also be received through dedicated sensors directly coupled to the diagnostic device 8. The diagnostics performed by the device can be based on additional information, for example control information such as a setpoint, valve position, or the like, to perform higher level loop or device specific diagnostics. The device 8 can provide multiple types of diagnostic outputs, either individually or together, including annunciations, alarm signals, control signals, etc. Communication with the process device can be through the process control loop using standard communication techniques or can be through other techniques including wireless communications or using web connectivity.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a dedicated field mounted process diagnostic device 100. Device 100 generally includes input(s) 102, conversion circuit(s) 104, computational circuitry 106, application specific data 108 and output circuitry 110. Input(s) 102 can couple to any number of diagnostic sensors 112A, 112B . . . 112N. The sensors can be dedicated sensors which are directly coupled to device 100, or can be sensors coupled to device 100 through a databus such as a process control loop. The diagnostic variable sensors 112A-112N can measure any variable related to operation of the process or devices associated with the process. In the example of FIG. 3, diagnostic sensors are shown as providing pressure, temperature, flow, vibration or acoustic signals. The connection between the diagnostic sensors and the input block 102 of device 100 can be through a databus so that the sensors are located remotely, or through a direct connection. The databus can be any type of databus, for example, a two wire process control loop. Further, other types of databuses can be used such as a CAN bus, an SPI bus, etc. The conversion circuitry 104 is used as required to convert received process signals into a format suitable for use by computation circuitry 106. The computation circuitry 106 is illustrated as providing digital signal processing, fuzzy logic, neural networks or other computations. However, the circuitry can perform a desired form of a diagnostic computation. Application data 108 can be stored in a memory and can be set using an LOI (Local Operator Interface) or other technique to provide set application specific constants. For example, the data can be downloaded over a process control loop sent using a wireless communication link, configured using a web interface, or through the other techniques. Output circuitry 110 is illustrated as including a connection to the control room for providing digital, or analog signals. Examples include Fieldbus, HART®, analog data, digital data, contact closures or the like. A wireless communication output can also be provided. An optional acoustic transducer 116 is illustrated. The acoustic transducer 116 can be used to obtain additional diagnostic information, for example by applying a acoustic signal to a process component and observing the response through input circuitry 102.
The diagnostic device 100 is configured for a location in the field near the equipment or process that is being monitored for aberrant activity. The device 100 can be connected to existing process variable measurement devices, and/or other sensors that monitor other variables useful for performing a diagnostic function. The output of the diagnostic device 100 can be configured as desired. Example outputs include a local output to a handheld device such as a wireless or clip-on device. A visual indicator can also be provided, for example providing a color coded output with red indicating an alarm condition, yellow indicating a caution condition and green indicating nominal operation. The output can also be provided over an Internet connection, or through the connection to the control room. A Local Operation Interface (LOI) can also be provided for use in configuring the device and/or for providing a diagnostic output.
FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic diagram of a heat exchanger system 150 including a dedicated field mounted diagnostic device 152. System 150 includes heat exchanger 154 having an orifice plate 156, a primary flow input 158 and a counter flow 160. A flow measurement transmitter 162 is shown coupled across the orifice plate 156 and is configured to measure differential pressure, gage or absolute pressure and temperature. The output from transmitter 162 is received by diagnostic device 152. Additionally, transmitters 164 and 166 are illustrated as measuring gauging pressure along heat exchanger system 150. Field mounted diagnostic device 152 also monitors the gauge pressure measurement from transmitters 164 and 166. A two wire process control loop connection 168 is shown which couples diagnostic device 152 to a remote control room. During operation, the diagnostic device 152 can monitor the various process variables. For example, the differential pressure across the flow tubes in the heat exchanger can be monitored by observing the difference between the gauge pressures measured by transmitter 164 and transmitter 166. Given mass flow rate measured by transmitter 162, an expected differential pressure between gauges 164 and 166 can be calculated by diagnostic device 152. If the tubing within heat exchanger 154 becomes clogged, the expected differential pressure measured between transmitters 164 and 166 will deviate from the expected value. This can be used to trigger a diagnostic indication for local output, or transmission to the control room. Typically, the tubes within the heat exchanger 154 do not become plugged at the same rate. The gauge pressure measurement transmitters 164 and 166 can be used to measure pressures along the length of the exchanger tubing. Transmitters 164 and 166 can also be used to identify tubes that are plugging at a faster rate than others. This allows for maintenance to be correlated with the severity of the plugging. For example, a group of tubes which are completely plugged will cause a pressure drop across the entire heat exchanger tube group and may need immediate cleaning. On the other hand, an even build up among all of the tubing may cause the same pressure drop but may not require immediate attention.
FIG. 4 is one example embodiment and the present invention is applicable to all types of process control systems. Other examples include exchangers of all types, reactors, process overflow and leakage detection, cavitation sensing and/or prediction, corrosion monitoring, wear monitoring, identification of process operation which is outside particular limits, or other specialized applications.
The field mounted diagnostic device provides a co-located, dedicated diagnostic capability to determine whether abnormal conditions in the process exist, and if so, to what extent. The device can accept many types of sensor inputs and can be cognizant of information carried on the process control loop, such as setpoint information, to reduce inaccuracies in the diagnostics. The device can be configurable through sensor selection and software to accommodate many different types of diagnostic application requirements. The device is capable of local access and interrogation due to the co-location with the target system under diagnostic. Local output diagnostics can be used in physical observations of the system by an operator. The device need only monitor sensors and process variables required for the particular system which is being observed. The device can provide multiple outputs for viewing alarms and supporting of an appropriate level of detail as desired. Similar devices can be used for many different applications through the use of different software configurations. The device can be monitored over existing networks including communications through modems or the like. Preferably, the diagnostic device is physically hardened for field mounted applications. In such a configuration, the device should be able to withstand vibrations, caustic chemicals, electrostatic discharges, etc. for a particular installation. The output from the device can be in the form of a transmission to a remote location using wired or wireless techniques, a local output, outputs that support virtual web pages or transmission through the Internet, or other types of output. Any type of diagnostic technique can be used within the device including fuzzy logic techniques, neural network techniques, rule based techniques or the like. The device can also be configured to provide a particular input or stimulus to the process, such as through the application of an acoustic signal. Sensors within the device can monitor the response of components to the applied signal and the response can be used for the diagnostics performed by the device.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. As used herein, “diagnostic sensors” are sensors which are dedicated to obtaining diagnostic measurements and are not used in controlling the process. Further, in some embodiments, program instructions which are performed by the microprocessor have the capability of learning operation of the monitored process by monitoring operation of the process.

## Claims

1. A field mountable dedicated process diagnostic device coupled to a process control loop for use in diagnosing operation of an industrial control or monitoring system of an industrial process, comprising:
an input configured to receive at least one process signal related to operation of the industrial process from a diagnostic sensor;
a memory in the field mountable dedicated process diagnostic device containing diagnostic program instructions configured to implement a plurality of diagnostic algorithms, using the at least one process signal and wherein the at least one of the plurality of diagnostic algorithms is specific to the industrial process wherein the plurality of diagnostic algorithms include at least two diagnostic algorithms each of which are specific to different industrial processes;
a selection input configured to receive diagnostic algorithm selection data indicative of a type of the industrial process and which identifies one of the at least two diagnostic algorithms and thereby selects a diagnostic algorithm; and
a microprocessor configured to perform the diagnostic program instructions and responsively diagnose operation of the industrial process based upon the at least one process signal and the selected diagnostic algorithm.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the dedicated process diagnostic device is completely powered with power received over a two wire process control loop.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the process control loop comprises a 4-20 mA current loop.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the process control loop operates in accordance with the HART® Communication Standard.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the process control loop operates in accordance with the Fieldbus Communication Standard.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the input is configured to receive at least one input from a process variable sensor.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the process signal is received from the two wire process control loop.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the input is configured to receive a process signal from a diagnostic sensor directly coupled to the field mountable dedicated process diagnostic device.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 including a conversion circuit configured to convert the process signal to a format compatible with the microprocessor.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 including an output configured to provide a wireless output.

11. The apparatus of claim 1 including a visual output.

12. The apparatus of claim 1 including a Local Operator Interface.

13. The apparatus of claim 1 including an acoustic transducer.

14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the industrial process comprises a heat exchanger process and the diagnostic program instructions are specific to the heat exchanger process.

15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the diagnostic program instructions are configured to learn operation of the process.

16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the diagnostic sensor comprises a vibration sensor and wherein the diagnostic algorithm is specific to diagnosing operation of a heat exchanger.

17. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the configuration input comprises a local operator interface.

18. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the selection input comprises a wireless input.

19. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the selection input is received through the process control loop.

20. A method of diagnosing operation of an industrial control or monitoring system of an industrial process performed in a field mountable dedicated process diagnostic device, comprising:
mounting the field device in a field of the industrial process;
storing diagnostic program instructions in a memory which are configured to implement a plurality of diagnostic algorithms, at least one of the plurality of diagnostic algorithms is specific to the industrial process and responsive to the process signal, wherein the plurality of diagnostic algorithms include at least two diagnostic algorithms each of which are specific to different industrial processes;
receiving at least one process signal related to operation of the industrial process from a remote process device;
receiving a selection input configured to receive diagnostic algorithm selection data indicative of a type of the industrial process and which identifies one of the at least two diagnostic algorithms and thereby selects a diagnostic algorithm;
retrieving diagnostic program instructions from the memory located in the field mountable dedicated process diagnostic device which implement the selected diagnostic algorithm;
diagnosing operation of the industrial process based upon the retrieved program instructions and the selected diagnostic algorithm;
providing an output related to the diagnosing; and
completely powering the field mountable dedicated diagnostic device with power received from a two wire process control loop.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein the two wire process control loop comprises a 4-20 mA current loop.

22. The method of claim 20 wherein the two wire process control loop operates in accordance with the HART® Communication Standard.

23. The method of claim 20 wherein the two wire process control loop operates in accordance with the Fieldbus Communication Standard.

24. The method of claim 20 wherein the at least one process signal comprises a process variable signal.

25. The method of claim 20 including converting the process signal to a format compatible with a microprocessor.

26. The method of claim 20 including providing a wireless output.

27. The method of claim 20 including providing a visual output.

28. The method of claim 20 including providing a Local Operator Interface.

29. The method of claim 20 including receiving the process signal from an acoustic transducer.

30. The method of claim 20 wherein the industrial process comprises a heat exchanger process and the diagnostic program instructions are specific to the heat exchanger process.

31. The method of claim 20 wherein the diagnostic program instructions are configured to learn operation of the process.

32. A field mountable diagnostic device for diagnosing operation of an industrial control or monitoring system of an industrial process, comprising:
means for receiving at least one process signal related to operation of the industrial process from a remote process device;
memory means located in the field mountable dedicated process diagnostic device for storing diagnostic program instructions in a memory which are configured to implement a plurality of diagnostic algorithms, at least one of the plurality of diagnostic algorithms is specific to the industrial process and responsive to the process signal, wherein the plurality of diagnostic algorithms include at least two diagnostic algorithms each of which are specific to different industrial processes;
means for receiving diagnostic algorithm selection data indicative of a type of the industrial process and which identifies one of the at least two diagnostic algorithms and thereby selecting a diagnostic algorithm;
means for retrieving diagnostic program instructions which implement the at least one diagnostic algorithm;
means for diagnosing operation of the industrial process based upon the retrieved program instructions and the selected diagnostic algorithm; and
means for completely powering the field mountable dedicated diagnostic device with power received from a two wire process control loop.