IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS

WESTERN DISTRICT

IN THE INTEREST OF: K.G., L.S., )

AND K.L., )

)

Plaintiffs, )

)

JUVENILE OFFICER, )

)

Respondent, )

)

v. ) WD78050

)

K.G. (FATHER), ) Opinion filed: October 6, 2015

)

Appellant, )

)

M.G. (MOTHER), )

)

Defendant. )

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF JACKSON COUNTY, MISSOURI

The Honorable Marco A. Roldan, Judge

Before Division One: Cynthia L. Martin, Presiding Judge,

Joseph M. Ellis, Judge and James E. Welsh, Judge

K.A.G. ("Father") appeals from a judgment entered by the Circuit Court of 

Jackson County, Family Court Division, in which the court assumed jurisdiction over his 

minor child, K.G., and his minor step-children, K.L. and L.S., pursuant to § 
2

211.031.1(1).1 For the following reasons, the judgment is reversed, and the cause is 

remanded for further proceedings. 

In April 2014, Father was living with M.G. ("Mother"), K.L., L.S., and K.G. Father 

is the biological father of K.G. and the stepfather to K.L. and L.S. On April 19, 2014,

L.S. disclosed to Mother that Father would subject her to "cleanings", which entailed 

Father "stick[ing] something cold and wet inside her butthole." K.L. later disclosed 

similar incidents of sexual abuse. 

Soon thereafter, the Juvenile Officer of Jackson County, Missouri ("Juvenile 

Officer") filed petitions on behalf of K.G., K.L, and L.S. alleging that the children were 

without the proper care, custody, and support necessary for their well-being. With 

respect to Father,

2

the Juvenile Officer alleged that Father "exposes the child[ren] . . . to 

domestic violence in the family home and sexually abuse[d]" K.L. and L.S. 

Multiple attempts were made to serve Father with a juvenile summons related to 

each of the Juvenile Officer's petitions on behalf of K.G., K.L., and L.S. The record 

contains several that were returned non est, and attached to them is a page entitled "To 

The Juvenile, Parents, Guardian Or Other Respondent." On that page, the following 

provision appears: 

You have the right to have an attorney present to assist you at all Court 

hearings, or you may waive your right to an attorney. If you do desire to 

be represented by an attorney, you should begin now to obtain his 

services. If you cannot afford to pay an attorney and you wish to have an 

attorney to represent you, the Court has the power to appoint an attorney 

to represent you, without charge. . . . You should make known to the Court 

your desire to have an attorney appointed for you. 

 

1 Unless otherwise noted, all statutory citations are to RSMo 2000 as updated through the 2013 

Cumulative Supplement. 

2

The petition also included allegations that Mother exposed the children to domestic violence in the home 

in that she failed to contact law enforcement regarding Father's assaults upon her and failed to take any 

other steps to prevent further domestic violence in the home. 
3

Service on Father ultimately was achieved on May 16, 2014. The returns indicate that a 

copy of each summons was left at Father's "dwelling place or usual abode" with a family 

member "over the age of 15 years." Those returns, however, do not include the page 

entitled "To The Juvenile, Parents, Guardian Or Other Respondent" that notifies 

custodians of their right to an attorney upon request or otherwise reflect that notice was 

given of the right to an attorney.

On June 16, 2014, a family court commissioner ("the Commissioner") conducted 

an adjudication hearing. Father appeared at the hearing without counsel. The Juvenile 

Officer called his first witness, Lori Harlan, an investigator for the Children's Division. 

Harlan testified that Mother had explained that the reason she did not bring the children 

to the hospital on the night L.S. disclosed the abuse was because Father attacked 

Mother, threatened Mother with a knife, and held Mother hostage while the children 

were present in the home. Harlan further testified that Mother disclosed that, since 

2009, Father had been subjecting Mother to domestic violence in the home. Harlan 

also testified regarding the allegations of abuse K.L. and L.S. made against Father and 

Father's denial of and responses to those allegations during the investigation. 

At the conclusion of Harlan's testimony, the Commissioner inquired if Father had 

any questions for the witness. Father responded: "No, Your Honor." The parties then 

discussed the need to set a date to continue the adjudication hearing and went off the 

record. While off the record, Father requested counsel and filled out an application for 

appointment of counsel. On June 17, 2014, the Commissioner sustained Father's 

request for counsel noting: "Although [Father's] request was not made on a timely basis,
4

and this cause is governed by time standards, the court in an abundance of caution 

sustains the untimely request." 

Appointed counsel entered her appearance on behalf of Father on June 20,

2014. She subsequently filed a "Motion to Set Aside Adjudication and for New Trial,"

contending that the family court violated Father's constitutional rights by failing to

present Father with the option of requesting counsel or to appoint counsel to represent 

him at the start of the adjudication hearing. The Commissioner denied the motion, and 

the adjudication hearing resumed on August 22, 2014. Father was represented by

counsel for the remainder of the proceedings. 

On September 4, 2014, the Commissioner entered his order upon the 

adjudication hearing in which he found that the evidence adduced at the hearing 

sustained the allegations against Mother and Father. On September 9, 2014, the 

Commissioner entered his findings and recommendations ordering the children to be 

committed to the custody of the Children's Division and that Father have no contact with 

the children. The family court subsequently entered its final judgment in which it 

adopted the findings and recommendations of the Commissioner.3 Father raises three 

points on appeal from that judgment.

In his first point, Father argues that, after he appeared at the adjudication hearing 

without counsel, the family court committed reversible error by failing to inform him of 

the right to counsel and to inquire as to whether Father wanted counsel appointed to 

represent him. He contends that, in so doing, the court violated § 211.211. 

 

3

The judgment also contained orders pertaining to Mother regarding visitation and counseling. Because 

Mother has not appealed from the family court's judgment, we do not address the portions of the 

judgment related to Mother.
5

"Because of the importance of the right to counsel to the fairness of the 

proceedings, there must be strict and literal compliance with the statutes affecting this 

right, and failure to strictly comply results in reversible error." In re C.F., 340 S.W.3d 

296, 299 (Mo. App. E.D. 2011) (internal quotation omitted). Section 211.211 "governs a 

party's right to counsel in juvenile proceedings." Id. Section 211.211.1 states that "[a] 

party is entitled to be represented by counsel in all proceedings." Section 211.211.4 

further provides: 

When a petition has been filed and the child's custodian appears before 

the court without counsel, the court shall appoint counsel for the custodian 

if it finds: 

(1) That the custodian is indigent; and 

(2) That the custodian desires the appointment of counsel; and 

(3) That a full and fair hearing requires appointment of counsel for the 

custodian. 

This Court has interpreted § 211.211.4 to direct the family court to "appoint counsel for 

[a custodian] if he [or she meets] the statutory criteria." In re M.A.J., 998 S.W.2d 177,

180 (Mo. App. W.D. 1999). This Court has further found that "it is the court's obligation 

to inform a custodian of his right to representation, not the custodian's obligation to 

initiate an inquiry into his right to counsel." In re N.H. v. T.H., 41 S.W.3d 607, 613 (Mo. 

App. W.D. 2001). "[A] trial court commits reversible error when it fails to comply with the 

requirements of Section 211.211.4, even where a parent was given an opportunity to 

cross-examine and otherwise participate in the hearings." In re C.F., 340 S.W.3d at

301 (internal quotation omitted).

Here, the record does not indicate that the family court informed Father of his 

statutory right to representation. Father first appeared before the family court at the 
6

adjudication hearing. Counsel for the Juvenile Officer noted Father's presence, but no 

inquiry was made regarding whether Father had or desired counsel. Likewise, there is 

no indication that the Commissioner sought to determine whether Father was indigent 

or whether a full and fair hearing required appointment of counsel for Father. Thus, it 

follows that, by failing to address these issues at any time prior to the adjudication of the 

petitions, the family court failed to comply with the requirements of § 211.211.4. In re 

M.A.J., 998 S.W.2d at 181. 

The Juvenile Officer does not contest that the family court made no inquiry into 

whether Father was entitled to appointment of counsel. Instead, he contends that,

under the current state of the law, the family court had no obligation to inquire of Father 

regarding the appointment of counsel. In doing so, the Juvenile Officer relies on the 

adoption of a new rule pertaining to a custodian's right to counsel in juvenile and family 

proceedings. 

Prior to 2010, the Missouri Court Rule regarding a custodian's right to 

appointment of counsel in juvenile proceedings mirrored the language in § 211.211.4. 

See Rule 116.01 (2009). However, the current rule provides: 

In any proceeding under subdivision (1) of subsection 211.031, RSMo, the 

court shall appoint counsel for the juvenile's parent, guardian or custodian 

upon finding that: 

(1) the parent, guardian or custodian is indigent; and 

(2) the parent, guardian or custodian requests appointment of counsel; 

and 

(3) a full and fair hearing requires appointment of counsel for the parent,

guardian or custodian. 
7

Rule 115.03(a) (emphasis added). Accordingly, in the new version of the rule, the term 

"desires" was replaced with "requests." Based on this change, the Juvenile Officer 

contends that "under Rule 115.03, it is incumbent upon [the custodian] to request 

appointment of counsel if the [family] court is to so provide" and that, until such a 

request is made, the court has no obligation to notify the custodian of the right to 

counsel or to make any inquiry into whether the custodian wants counsel appointed to 

represent them. 

Contrary to the Juvenile Officer's assertions, the substitution of the word 

"requests" for the word "desires" did not effectuate such a sweeping change to the rule. 

"Desire," as a verb, is defined variously, but typically as "to wish for the possession and 

enjoyment of, with earnestness; to long for; to covet." Webster's New Twentieth 

Century Dictionary Unabridged, 2

nd Ed., 493 (1979). Thus, one can have a "desire"

without ever expressing it, such that one could readily say, "I had a desire for 

appointment of counsel six months or a year ago," even though the court was not 

informed of that "desire." "Request," on the other hand, means "to solicit; to express a 

wish or desire for; to ask for. . . ." Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary 

Unabridged, 2

nd Ed., 1538 (1979). In other words, a "request" involves informing 

others of your wish or desire. Clearly then, the use of the word "requests" in the current 

rule, rather than "desires," was meant to clarify that the custodian, upon being informed 

of the right to appointment of counsel, as required by the holding in In re N.H., 41 

S.W.3d 607, 613 (Mo. App. W.D. 2001), has an affirmative duty at that point to notify the 

court, either verbally or in writing, that the custodian wants counsel appointed. It was 

meant to adjust the nature of a finding required for the appointment of counsel and not 
8

meant to eliminate the court's responsibility to inquire into whether the appointment of 

counsel was required. 

Another rule adopted in 2010, Rule 124.06(b), makes this abundantly clear by 

providing that "[a]t . . . an adjudication hearing, the court shall first determine whether . . 

. (3) the parents, guardian or custodian of the juvenile are entitled to appointed

counsel." (Emphasis added). Under the plain language of this rule, one of the first 

things the family court must do at any adjudication hearing is to determine whether the 

parents, guardian or custodian are entitled to appointment of counsel. Again, under § 

211.211.4 and Rule 115.03(a), a custodian is entitled to appointment of counsel if: (1) 

he or she is indigent; (2) he or she requests/desires counsel; and (3) a full and fair 

hearing requires appointment of counsel for the custodian. Accordingly, in order to 

determine if a parent is entitled to counsel, as Rule 124.06(b) requires at any

adjudication hearing, the court must inquire of the custodian regarding indigence and

the desire for counsel and must evaluate the necessity of counsel for a full and fair 

hearing. See In re M.A.J., 998 S.W.2d at 181-82; In re N.H., 41 S.W.3d at 613.

Because no such inquiries were made in this case prior to the adjudication, the family 

court failed to comply with § 211.211.4 and Rule 124.06(b)(3). 

The Juvenile Officer further argues that Father received, along with the 

summonses that were served on him, written notice of his right to request that counsel 

be appointed to represent him and that, having received such notice, the burden shifted 

to Father to request the appointment of counsel. The Juvenile Officer maintains that,

having provided Father with such written notice, the family court had no obligation to 
9

make further inquiry at the adjudication hearing regarding the appointment of counsel

absent such a request by Father.4 This argument is fundamentally flawed.

The underlying facts relied upon by the Juvenile Officer in making this argument 

are not supported by the record. Although the record reflects that several of the juvenile 

summonses issued to Father and returned non est included a page containing a

provision notifying custodians of their right to appointed counsel upon request, the 

returns of service for the summonses with which Father was ultimately served do not 

contain the page with that provision. Moreover, no record was made when Father 

requested counsel following Harlan's testimony, and Father does not concede that the 

summonses with which he was served contained the page with the provision regarding 

appointment of counsel. Accordingly, the record simply does not support the Juvenile 

Officer's contention that Father received notice of his right to counsel or the need to 

request the appointment of counsel. On this basis alone, the Juvenile Officer's 

argument would need to be rejected.

 

4

The Juvenile Officer attempts to rely on In re L.E.C., 182 S.W.3d 680, 685 (Mo. App. W.D. 2006), in 

support of this position. However, that case has no application whatsoever to the case at bar. In L.E.C.,

father was personally served with summonses advising him of the right of indigent parents to have 

counsel appointed for them and instructing him to notify the Juvenile Court if he was qualified and wanted 

counsel appointed to represent him. Id. at 682. Two years later, without having ever appeared or made 

any contact with the court in the interim, father filed a pro se motion requesting that counsel be appointed 

to represent him. Id. That motion was granted and counsel was appointed to represent father before he 

ever appeared in court. Id. 

The issue on appeal was whether the Juvenile Court erred in failing to sua sponte appoint 

counsel to represent father earlier in the proceedings. Id. at 684. Father argued that Rule 116.01(d) and 

§ 211.211.4 required such appointment. Id. at 684-85. In rejecting that argument, this Court noted that 

Rule 116.01(d) and § 211.211.4 only required the court to appoint counsel under certain circumstances 

after "the juvenile's custodian appears before the court without counsel" and that "[t]he fatal flaw in 

[f]ather's argument [wa]s that [f]ather never '[a]ppeared before the court without counsel' before he finally 

requested that counsel be appointed." Id. at 685. This Court went on to gratuitously note that, by failing 

to inform the court of his desire to have counsel appointed to represent him, father waived any right to 

have counsel appointed for him earlier in the proceeding. Id.

The case at bar relates to the trial court's actions after Father appeared in court without counsel 

and does not involve a claim that the trial court erred failing to sua sponte appoint counsel prior to that 

appearance. Accordingly, we fail to see how L.E.C. has any bearing on this case.
0

10

Moreover, even assuming, arguendo, that Father received notice of the right to 

counsel with the summonses, Father's mere appearance at court without counsel after 

having received such written notice, especially where the notice makes no mention of a 

deadline for requesting counsel or the potential for waiver of that right, would not 

constitute an affirmative waiver of the family court's obligation under Rule 124.06(b)(3) 

and § 211.211.4 to inquire and determine whether Father desired and was entitled to 

appointment of counsel. Indeed, § 211.211.4 expressly applies anytime "the child's 

custodian appears before the court without counsel," and Rule 124.06(b)(3) applies at 

any adjudication hearing. Providing written notice of the right to counsel with the 

summons does not obviate the family court's clear obligation under Rule 124.06(b)(3) 

and § 211.211.4 to determine at the start of the adjudication hearing whether Father 

was entitled to the appointment of counsel.

Again, "[b]ecause of the importance of the right to counsel to the fairness of the 

proceedings, there must be strict and literal compliance with the statutes affecting this 

right, and failure to strictly comply results in reversible error." In re C.F., 340 S.W.3d at

299. Due to the lack of compliance with § 211.211.4 and Rule 124.06(b) and the lack of 

evidence that Father waived his statutory right to counsel, the family court committed 

reversible error when it failed to inquire of Father regarding his right to appointed

counsel when Father arrived without counsel at the adjudication hearing. The family 

court's judgment with respect to Father, therefore, must be reversed.5 Point granted.

 

5

The Juvenile Officer suggests that we should not reverse the family court's judgment because Father 

cannot establish prejudice resulted from Father's lack of counsel during Harlan's testimony. Harlan,

however, offered extensive testimony regarding the allegations of domestic violence Mother made against 

Father, and she was the only witness to testify regarding Father's denial of and responses to the sexual 

abuse and domestic violence allegations. The Juvenile Officer also contends that no prejudice resulted 

because Father had an opportunity to recall Harlan and chose not to do so. The record, however, reflects 

that the family court issued a subpoena duces tecum ordering Harlan to appear in court to testify on 
1

11

The judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded for proceedings consistent 

with this opinion.6 

________________________________

Joseph M. Ellis, Judge

All concur.

 

behalf of Father at the continued adjudication hearing on August 22, 2014. The return indicates that 

Harlan could not be served because she no longer could be found within the county. 

6

Because Father's first point is dispositive, we need not address Father's remaining two points on appeal.