UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

MUNSEE DELAWARE INDIAN NATION 

and WILLIAM LITTLE SOLDIER, 

 Plaintiffs, 

 v. 

R. LEE FLEMMING, Director, Office of 

Federal Acknowledgment, Bureau of Indian 

Affairs, Department of the Interior, et al., 

Defendants.

 Civil Action No. 16-2388 (RDM) 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

On December 7, 2016, this Court ordered Plaintiffs to show cause on or before January 9, 

2017, why their action should not be dismissed without prejudice for failure to prosecute 

pursuant to Rule 4(m) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Dkt. 16 at 3. The Court 

noted that to avoid dismissal, Plaintiffs were required to serve Defendants in accordance with 

Rules 4(a), 4(c), and 4(i) within ninety days of filing the complaint. See id.; see also Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 4(m). Ninety days elapsed on December 15, 2016. Id. On Plaintiffs’ motion for additional 

time, the Court extended the deadline to respond to this initial show cause order to February 23, 

2017. See Minute Order (January 18, 2017). 

Plaintiffs replied on January 23, 2017, but failed to address the defects in service that had 

previously been identified by this Court. See Dkt. 18. Plaintiff William Little Soldier did file a 

document stating that he had sent a “copy of the . . . COMPLAINT” by “Federal Express 

Registered Delivery” to the Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Director of the 

Bureau of Indian Affair’s Office of Acknowledgement. Dkt. 18 at 11. In a second show cause 
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order on May 17, 2017, however, the Court explained that Plaintiffs’ attempt at service was not 

“in conformity with Rules 4(a), 4(c), or 4(i), as the Court’s prior order required.” Dkt. 19 at 1. 

Because deficiencies in service remained, the Court ordered the Plaintiffs to show cause on or 

before June 16, 2017, “why this action should not be dismissed without prejudice for failure to 

prosecute pursuant to Rule 4(m).” Id. at 2. Furthermore, Plaintiffs were to “demonstrate 

whether ‘good cause’ exist[ed] for their failure timely to effect service, and whether equitable 

factors support[ed] granting them an extension of time to do so.” Id. 

Plaintiffs suggest that they have satisfied the requirements of Rule 4(c)(2), arguing that 

use of Federal Express constitutes service by a non-party, and that they have satisfied the 

requirements of Rule 4(i), arguing that Federal Express constitutes a private “mail” service. See 

Dkt. 21. But, even if Plaintiffs were correct about both of these contentions, cf. Ilaw v. Dep’t of 

Justice, 309 F.R.D. 101, 105 (D.D.C. 2015) (describing as an open question circumstances in 

which use of Federal Express can constitute proper service), it remains clear that they have failed 

to effect service in the prescribed manner. As Rule 4(i) provides, a plaintiff seeking to sue an 

agency of the United States must serve a designated recipient within the office of the “United 

States attorney for the district where the action is brought,” “the Attorney General of the United 

States at Washington, D.C.,” and the agency named in the suit. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(i); see also 

Koerner v. United States, 246 F.R.D. 45, 48 (D.D.C. 2007). Here, Plaintiffs have only attempted 

to serve the Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Director of the Office of 

Acknowledgment. Dkt. 18 at 11. They have not attempted to serve the U.S. Attorney, the 

Attorney General, or the Department of the Interior. 

Plaintiffs have also failed to identify “good cause” for the failure to effect service in 

compliance with Rule 4(i), because “[g]ood cause exists when some outside factor[,] rather than 
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inadvertence or negligence, prevented service.” Mann v. Castiel, 681 F.3d 368, 374 (D.C. Cir. 

2012) (emphasis added) (alteration, citation, and internal quotation marks omitted). Without 

proof of good cause, the Court may consider equitable factors and either dismiss the case or 

extend the time for effecting service. See id. at 375−76. “[D]ismissal of a case pursuant to Rule 

4(m) is appropriate when the plaintiff’s failure to effect proper service is the result of 

inadvertence, oversight, or neglect, and dismissal leaves the plaintiff in the same position as if 

the action had never been filed.” Id. at 376 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). 

Service is now nearly a year overdue. The Court has extended Plaintiffs’ deadline by 

which to effect service three times. The continued failure to comply with the requirements of 

Rule 4(i) can be attributed solely to the “inadvertence, oversight, or neglect” of the Plaintiffs. 

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). Such a dismissal “leaves the [Plaintiffs] in the same position as if the 

action had never been filed.” Id. 

The Court will, accordingly, DISMISS this action without prejudice. A separate order 

will issue. 

 /s/ Randolph D. Moss 

 RANDOLPH D. MOSS 

 United States District Judge 

Date: November 9, 2017