U.S. flag
      An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice.
        Here's how you know
      Here's how you know**Official websites use .gov**
            
            A **.gov** website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
      **Secure .gov websites use HTTPS**
            
            A **lock** (
            A locked padlock
            ) or **https://** means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Menu

      
        close

            
            
                                              About NIJ
        
                    
  
          About NIJ
      
    
          The NIJ Director
          How NIJ Is Organized
          Mission and Guiding Principles
          Research and Development Process
          Strategic Framework
          Assessments of NIJ
          Annual Reports & Reports to Congress
          Staff Directory
          Funding & Awards
        
                    
  
          Funding & Awards
      
    
          Current Funding
          Forthcoming Funding
          Expired Funding
          Awards: Listing of Funded Projects
          Guidance for Applicants and Awardees
          Fellowship & Student Programs
          Travel Scholarships
          NIJ Challenge Program
          Library & Multimedia
        
                    
  
          Library & Multimedia
      
    
          NIJ Journal
          Podcasts
          Publications Listing
          Multimedia Listing
          Rated Practices on CrimeSolutions
          Rated Programs on CrimeSolutions
          Software & Databases
          Datasets
          Patents
          Topics
        
                    
  
          Topics
      
    
          Article Listing
          Corrections
          Courts
          Crime Prevention
          Crimes
          Drugs and Crime
          Equipment and Technology
          Forensic Sciences
          Youth Justice
          Justice System Reform
          Law Enforcement
          Tribal Crime and Justice
          Victims of Crime
          Events
        
                    
  
          Events
      
    
          NIJ 2024 Research Conference
          Scheduled Events
          On-Demand Events
          Research Meetings & Workshops
          NIJ-Hosted Online Training

                            
                                About
          Contact Us
          Subscribe
          Topics A-Z
                  Share
FacebookXLinkedInRedditPinterestEmail Home
                            Library & Multimedia
 Risk and Protective Factors for Pregnant Women Experiencing Psychological Abuse
NCJ Number
              207297
Journal

*Journal of Emotional Abuse* Volume: 4 Issue: 2 Dated: 2004 Pages: 53-70
Author(s)
          Jennifer L. Trotter;
                        G. Anne Bogat;
                        Alytia A. Levendosky
Date Published

2004
Length
              18 pages
Annotation
              This study examined the impact of a partner's psychological abuse on depression in pregnant women and whether or not social support reduced depression during pregnancy.
Abstract
              The study involved 200 pregnant women who were living in Michigan and participating in a longitudinal study. The women were administered the Conflict Tactics Scale, Severity of Violence Against Women Scales, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire. The first wave of the data collection occurred during the women's third trimester of pregnancy, and the second wave was completed 2-3 months postpartum to allow sufficient time for any postnatal "blues" to dissipate and sufficient time to meet the criteria for postpartum depression. The study found that the severity of psychological abuse experienced during pregnancy was significantly related to prenatal depressive symptoms. Similarly, depressive symptoms during the prenatal period predicted postnatal depressive symptoms. This is consistent with previous studies that have found prenatal depression to be predictive of postpartum depression in nonabused women. It was also found that emotional support buffered the effects of psychological abuse on women's depressive symptoms. Since the study did not measure psychological abuse in the postnatal interview, there was no finding on whether abuse that occurred during pregnancy carried over and continued to affect participants' adjustment and mental health in the postpartum period, whether or not the woman was still being abused. 3 tables and 55 references
      
  
          Additional Details
Grant Number(s)
        8-7958-MI-IJ


  
  
        
  Agencies
        NIJ-Sponsored


  
  
        
  Publication Type
        Report (Study/Research)
    
  
  
Date Published: January 1, 2004
    
          Downloads
        
                      HTML

Side navigation
  

        

  
  
              NIJ Journal
    
      
            
            
            
      Podcasts
    
      
            
            
            
      Publications Listing
    
      
            
            
            
      Multimedia Listing
    
      
            
            
            
      Rated Practices on CrimeSolutions
    
      
            
            
            
      Rated Programs on CrimeSolutions
    
      
            
            
            
      Software & Databases
    
      
            
            
            
      Datasets
    
      
            
            
            
      PatentsRelated Topics
        
                Abusing spouses
        Emotional abuse/harm
        Female victims
        NIJ Grant-related Documents
        Psychological victimization effects



  
Similar Publications
        
                      The Problem with Criminal Records: Discrepancies between State Reports and Private-sector Background Checks
                  Moving Forward While Looking Back: Understanding the Influence of a “Test All” SAK Mandate on Sexual Assault Case Attrition
                  Research and Evaluation on School Safety: Perceptions of State School Safety Center Supports and Services
 Top

      National Institute of Justice

        
        
                        About NIJ
                    About NIJ
      
    
                  How NIJ Is Organized
      
    
                  NIJ Director
      
    
                  Research Disclaimer
      
    
                  Funding & Awards
                    Funding & Awards Home
      
    
                  Awards Listing
      
    
                  Current Funding
      
    
                  Guidance for Applicants and Awardees
      
    
                  Resources
                    Events
      
    
                  Podcasts
      
    
                  Publications
      
    
                  Topics
      
    
                  Multimedia
      
    
                  Reuse Policy
      
    
                  Contacts
                    Contact NIJ
      
    
                  Staff Directory
      
    
                  Submit a FOIA Request
      
    
                  File a Civil Rights ComplaintFacebook
          
                      X
          
                      YouTube
  

      810 7th St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20531
      
              Secondary Footer link menu
            Accessibility
              Plain Language
              Privacy Policy
              Legal Policies and Disclaimer
              No FEAR Act
              Freedom of Information Act
              USA.gov
              Justice.gov