[Federal Register Volume 73, Number 167 (Wednesday, August 27, 2008)]
[Notices]
[Pages 50634-50641]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E8-19731]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

[FWS-R9-FHC-2008-N0212; 71490-1351-0000-L5]


Marine Mammals; Incidental Take During Specified Activities

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Notice of receipt of application and proposed incidental 
harassment authorization; request for comments.

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SUMMARY: We, the Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), have received an 
application from the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public 
Facilities and the Aleutians East Borough for authorization to take 
small numbers of marine mammals by harassment incidental to the Akutan 
Airport, Alaska--Airport Construction and Hovercraft Operation in 
Akutan and Unalaska, Alaska. In accordance with provisions of the 
Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (MMPA), as amended, we request 
comments on our proposed authorization for the applicant to 
incidentally take, by harassment, small numbers of northern sea otters 
(Enhydra lutris kenyoni) for a period of 1 year beginning in the first 
quarter of 2009. We anticipate no take by injury or death and include 
none in this proposed authorization, which would be for take by 
harassment only.

DATES: Comments and information must be received by September 26, 2008.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by any of the following methods:
    1. By mail to: Douglas Burn, Office of Marine Mammals Management, 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 
99503.
    2. By fax to: 907-786-3816.
    3. By telephone at Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Marine 
Mammals Management, 907-786-3807 or 1-800-362-5148.
    4. By electronic mail (e-mail) to: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#386a0f67757575677b5755555d564c787e6f6b165f574e"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f9abcea6b4b4b4a6ba9694949c978db9bfaeaad79e968f">[email protected]</span></a>. Please 
submit comments as an ASCII file avoiding the use of special characters 
and any form of encryption. Please also include your name and return 
address in your message. If you do not receive a confirmation from the 
system that we have received your message, contact us directly at the 
telephone numbers above.
    5. By hand-delivery to the above address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: To request copies of the application, 
the list of references used in this notice, and other supporting 
materials, contact Douglas Burn at the address or telephone numbers in 
ADDRESSES, or by e-mail at <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#2b6f445e4c474a5874695e59456b6d7c78054c445d"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="2d6942584a414c5e726f585f436d6b7a7e034a425b">[email protected]</span></a>.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    Sections 101(a)(5)(A) and (D) of the MMPA, as amended (16 U.S.C. 
1371(a)(5)(A) and (D)), authorize the Secretary of the Interior to 
allow, upon request, the incidental, but not intentional, taking of 
small numbers of marine mammals by U.S. citizens who engage in a 
specified activity (other than commercial fishing) within a specified 
geographical region provided that we make certain findings and either 
issue regulations or, if the taking is limited to harassment, provide a 
notice of a proposed authorization to the public for review and 
comment.
    We may grant authorization to incidentally take marine mammals if 
we find that the taking will have a negligible impact on the species or 
stock(s), and will not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the 
availability of the species or stock(s) for subsistence uses. As part 
of the authorization process, we prescribe permissible methods of 
taking and other means of affecting the least practicable impact on the 
species or stock and its habitat, and requirements pertaining to the 
monitoring and reporting of such takings.
    The term ``take,'' as defined by the MMPA, means to harass, hunt, 
capture, or kill, or to attempt to harass, hunt, capture, or kill any 
marine mammal. Harassment, as defined by the MMPA, means ``any act of 
pursuit, torment, or annoyance which (i) has the potential to injure a 
marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild [the MMPA calls this 
Level A harassment], or (ii) has the potential to disturb a marine 
mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing disruption of 
behavioral patterns, including, but not limited to, migration, 
breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering [the MMPA calls 
this Level B harassment].''
    The terms ``small numbers,'' ``negligible impact,'' and 
``unmitigable adverse impact'' are defined in 50 CFR 18.27, the 
Service's regulations governing take of small numbers of marine mammals 
incidental to specified activities. ``Small numbers'' is defined as ``a 
portion of a marine mammal species or stock whose taking would have a 
negligible impact on that species or stock.'' ``Negligible impact'' is 
defined as ``an impact resulting from the specified activity that 
cannot be reasonably expected to, and is not reasonably likely to, 
adversely affect the species or stock through effects on annual rates 
of recruitment or survival.'' ``Unmitigable adverse impact'' is defined 
as ``an impact resulting from the specified activity (1) that is likely 
to reduce the availability of the species to a level insufficient for a 
harvest to meet subsistence needs by (i) Causing the marine mammals to 
abandon or avoid hunting areas, (ii) directly displacing subsistence 
users, or (iii) placing physical barriers between the marine mammals 
and the subsistence hunters; and (2) that cannot be sufficiently 
mitigated by other measures to increase the availability of marine 
mammals to allow subsistence needs to be met.''
    Section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA established an expedited process 
by which citizens of the United States can apply for an authorization 
to incidentally take small numbers of marine mammals where the take 
will be limited to harassment. Section 101(a)(5)(D)(iii) establishes a 
45-day time limit for Service review of an application, followed by a 
30-day public notice and comment period on any proposed authorizations 
for the incidental harassment of marine mammals. Within 45 days of the 
close of the comment period, we must either issue or deny issuance of 
the authorization. We refer to these authorizations as Incidental 
Harassment Authorizations (IHAs).

Summary of Request

    On July 9, 2008, we received a joint application from the Alaska 
Department of Transportation and Public Facilities and the Aleutians 
East Borough (Applicants) for the taking by harassment of northern sea 
otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) incidental to

[[Page 50635]]

the Akutan Airport, Alaska--Airport Construction and Hovercraft 
Operation (Project). Under the proposed action, the Applicants would 
construct a new airport to serve the community of Akutan on the 
southwestern portion of Akun Island, approximately 7 miles east of the 
community. Transport to and from Unalaska would be accomplished by 
hovercraft operations. Access to the Akun airport location would be 
provided by hovercraft from the City of Akutan to Surf Beach, which 
offers a protected landing area. Marine service by hovercraft between 
the community of Akutan and Surf Bay on Akun Island would satisfy 
passenger comfort and weather operability goals. When not in use, the 
hovercraft would be stored in a building at the head of Akutan Harbor. 
Staff would access the hovercraft storage area at the head of the 
harbor by traveling in a skiff. A 3,000-foot-long road would connect 
the hovercraft landing pad on Surf Beach to the runway located on the 
bench above the beach. A diesel bus would be used to transport 
passengers between the hovercraft and aircraft. The bus would be fueled 
onsite and stored at the airport when not in use.
    A detailed description of the proposed action is contained in a 
Final Environmental Assessment (FEA) and Finding of No Significant 
Impact/Record of Decision (FONSI/ROD) prepared by the Applicants for 
the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and issued in December 2007 
(73 FR 4040; January 23, 2008). A Biological Opinion for the proposed 
Akutan Airport Project was issued by the Service in May 2007.

Description of the Activity

Akutan Airport, Alaska--Airport Construction and Hovercraft Operation

a. Timing of Construction and Hovercraft Operation
    Construction of the airport and related transportation of 
construction materials will commence during the second quarter (between 
April and June) of 2009 and continue until the fourth quarter (between 
October and December) of 2010. Hovercraft testing may commence as early 
as the first quarter (between January and March) of 2009, with 
sustained operations commencing in the fourth quarter of 2010, after 
completion of construction.
b. Geographic Location of Action
    The community of Akutan is located on a small bay on Akutan Island 
in the eastern region of the Aleutian Islands (Figure 1). The city of 
Akutan has a population of about 741. The community is located 35 miles 
east of Unalaska and 766 miles southwest of Anchorage. The proposed 
location for the new airport to serve the community of Akutan is on the 
southwestern portion of Akun Island, approximately 7 miles east of the 
community. The hovercraft route will run between the community of 
Akutan, across Akun Strait, to a landing site on the shore of Surf Bay 
on Akun Island.
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

[[Page 50636]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN27AU08.000


[[Page 50637]]


BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

Description of Habitat and Marine Mammals Affected By the Activity

    Three monthly surveys for sea otters were conducted in winter 
(January-March) 2006 as part of the field investigations for the Akun 
Alternative by HDR Alaska, Inc. in Akutan Harbor, Akun Strait, and Surf 
Bay along the proposed Akun airport hovercraft route. Sea otter numbers 
were highest in January (22), with declines in February (17), and by 
March, only 7 otters were observed. Preferred habitat appeared to 
include protected areas in Akutan Harbor near the community of Akutan 
and along nearshore habitats at Akun and Green Island. Most of the 
otters sighted were individuals, and only one female with a pup was 
observed during the winter surveys. A detailed description of the 
habitat, status, distribution, and seasonal distribution of northern 
sea otters is contained in the FEA, the Biological Assessment for the 
proposed IHA, and the Biological Opinion (FWS 2007) for the proposed 
Akutan Airport Project.

Status and Distribution of Affected Species

    In North America, the northern sea otter is found along the coasts 
of Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. Present distribution 
extends from the north coast of Washington State into the north 
Vancouver Island area of British Columbia. In Alaska, northern sea 
otters occur in the coastal waters from southeast Alaska to the 
Aleutian Island chain (Riedman and Estes 1990). Currently there are 
three population stocks of northern sea otters in Alaska. Since the 
mid-1980s, the southwest population stock has undergone an overall 55-
67 percent decline (Doroff et al. 2003; Burn et al. 2003; Burn and 
Doroff 2005; Estes et al. 2005; USFWS 2005). The animals found in the 
Aleutian Islands have experienced the greatest declines. More 
specifically, the population in the Rat Island group, located in the 
central Aleutian Island chain, declined by about 94 percent; aerial 
survey counts of the Rat Island group decreased from 270 in 1959 to 11 
in 2000 (Kenyon 1969; Doroff et al. 2003). The reasons for this decline 
are not well understood and are under investigation. Consequently, the 
southwestern Alaska distinct population segment (DPS) of northern sea 
otters was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 
1973 (ESA), as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), in August 2005 (70 FR 
46366; August 9, 2005).

Potential Impacts of the Akutan Airport, Alaska--Airport Construction 
and Hovercraft Operation on Sea Otters

    The proposed activities have the potential to disturb resting and 
foraging activities of sea otters, particularly in waters that are 
protected in the near shore habitat, which is used for resting, pup 
rearing, and foraging. The incremental effects of the hovercraft 
operation will be minimal in Akutan Harbor, which presently has 
considerable amounts of vessel traffic. In contrast, Surf Bay has 
relatively little vessel traffic. This fact may explain why surveys 
indicate that the majority of sea otters observed along the hovercraft 
route were in the proximity of Surf Bay. As a result, we would expect 
most of the impacts from incidental harassment to occur in the Surf Bay 
area.
    The response of marine mammals to airport construction and 
hovercraft operations varies among species. Sea otters have not been 
reported as particularly sensitive to sound and/or movement 
disturbance, especially in comparison to other marine mammals such as 
pinnipeds (U.S. Air Force and USFWS 1988; Efroymson and Suter 2001). 
However, observations of sea otters indicate their responses to 
disturbance are highly variable (A. Doroff, USFWS, pers. comm.). If any 
sea otters are present during project operations, some of them may be 
temporarily disturbed by noise or hovercraft operating in the area. 
This could result in an otter entering the water from land and/or 
diving, which they do as part of the normal behavior pattern. The 
short-term displacement of any hauled-out animals that is likely to 
occur as a result of project noise and personnel is not anticipated to 
affect the overall fitness of any individual animal.

Potential Effects on Habitat

    Hovercraft landings will be constructed primarily in areas away 
from intertidal and subtidal areas to avoid adverse effects on northern 
sea otters and their habitat. Surf Beach landing site construction 
would impact about 0.4 intertidal acres and about 0.01 subtidal acres. 
Construction at the head of Akutan Harbor would impact about 0.1 
intertidal acres and about 0.6 subtidal acres.

Potential Impacts on Subsistence Needs

    In the Aleutian Islands, rural residents use a variety of plant and 
animal resources for subsistence purposes. The MMPA provides for a 
subsistence take of marine mammals by Alaska Natives. Although northern 
sea otters are harvested for subsistence purposes in the Aleutians, 
information from the Service's marine mammal Marking, Tagging, and 
Reporting Program (MTRP) indicates that residents of Akutan harvest 
less than one sea otter per year, on average. We do not anticipate that 
the project described in this application will have any adverse effect 
on subsistence uses or needs.

Mitigation Measures

    As described in correspondence between FAA and the Service (FAA 
2007; USFWS 2007), the Applicants will implement the following measures 
to avoid, minimize, and mitigate the effects of the proposed action on 
northern sea otters:

a. A Hovercraft Will Be Used to Transport Passengers To and From the 
Airport

    As described in the Biological Assessment, hovercrafts produce less 
wake and less underwater noise than other marine vessels. Peer-reviewed 
scientific literature concludes that a hovercraft is considerably 
quieter underwater than a similar-sized conventional vessel, and that 
hovercraft may be an attractive alternative to conventional vessels if 
underwater sounds cause concerns. In-air sound may constitute a source 
of disturbance for listed sea otters; however, the use of ramp-up and 
power-down procedures and the avoidance of areas of sea otter 
concentrations will minimize any potential disturbance.

b. The Hovercraft Landings Will Be Located To Minimize Impacts to 
Intertidal and Subtidal Areas

    Hovercraft landings will be constructed primarily in areas away 
from intertidal and subtidal areas to avoid adverse effects on northern 
sea otters and their habitat. Surf Bay landing site construction would 
impact about 0.4 intertidal acres and about 0.01 subtidal acres. 
Construction at the head of Akutan Harbor would impact about 0.1 
intertidal acres and about 0.6 subtidal acres. Such construction is 
likely to be less intrusive with respect to sea otter habitat than 
construction of fixed, in-water docks or other related facilities.

c. No Dredging or Pile Driving Is Anticipated During the Construction 
of the Hovercraft Landings

    Both dredging and pile driving possess the potential to harass 
northern sea otters due to habitat or noise disturbance. We anticipate 
that the use of a hovercraft will avoid the need to construct in-water 
facilities such as

[[Page 50638]]

moorings, piers, or docks that could require dredging or pile driving.

d. The Hovercraft Will Be Operated Pursuant to a Route Operational 
Manual, Which Will Dictate the Avoidance of Sensitive Areas and Species

    As discussed in the Biological Assessment, the Applicants will 
develop a Route Operational Manual in consultation with the Service. 
The purpose of the Route Operational Manual is to develop hovercraft 
routes and operational procedures that avoid and minimize the 
likelihood of northern sea otter disturbance. As described below, the 
Applicants propose to expedite development of the Route Operational 
Manual to ensure the proposed action avoids adverse effects to listed 
northern sea otters and other protected marine mammals. The Route 
Operational Manual must have our approval prior to initiation of 
hovercraft operation, and operator compliance with the Route 
Operational Manual will be required as a condition of airport design 
approval and Clean Water Act 404 permit issuance.

e. Expedite Completion of the Route Operation Manual

    The Applicants propose to expedite completion of a Route Operation 
Manual, which will be developed in consultation with the Service, the 
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the U.S. Coast Guard, and 
FAA. The Route Operation Manual will outline specific, detailed 
procedures to avoid and minimize impacts to sea otters. The Route 
Operation Manual will not only identify hovercraft routes, but it will 
also provide a clearly written protocol that all hovercraft operators 
will be required to follow during hovercraft operations. The Applicants 
will commence developing a draft Route Operation Manual within 60 days 
after issuance of the IHA. The Applicants will submit a final Route 
Operation Manual to the agencies for review and approval within 60 days 
after receipt of all agency comments on the draft.
    During Route Operation Manual development, the applicant proposes 
to consult with the hovercraft manufacturer to insure that hovercraft 
operations occur in the least intrusive manner possible. Through these 
discussions, the parties and the manufacturer may identify additional, 
cost-effective measures to further reduce vessel noise.

f. All Fueling and Hovercraft Maintenance Activities Will Be Conducted 
to the Maximum Extent Feasible at Least 100 Feet Away From Akutan 
Harbor and Surf Bay, and Fuel Storage Will Be at Least 100 Feet Away 
From Akutan Harbor and Surf Bay

    As discussed in the Biological Assessment, northern sea otters are 
susceptible to oiling due to fuel spills because they depend on their 
insulation of dense fur to keep warm. They likewise may ingest oil 
during grooming and feeding. To address this issue, the Applicants 
propose to conduct all fueling activities at the maximum distance 
feasible (i.e., at least 100 feet away from Akutan Harbor and Surf 
Bay). Fuel storage will also occur at least 100 feet away from these 
locations. The Applicants will comply with all applicable Federal and 
State fuel handling and storage requirements, further reducing the risk 
that any spill reaches sensitive northern sea otter habitat. To address 
the risk of spills or contamination associated with hovercraft 
maintenance, the Applicants propose to conduct all maintenance 
activities either on hovercraft landing areas, above inter-tidal or 
sub-tidal areas, or in the hovercraft storage building.

g. Research Activities To Assess the Potential Effects of Hovercraft 
Operations on Northern Sea Otters

    Given the uncertainty associated with the potential effects of 
hovercraft operations on northern sea otters, the applicant will 
undertake research efforts to evaluate in detail the effects of 
hovercraft noise on northern sea otter behavior and physiology. 
Information collected through research on hovercraft operations at Cold 
Bay may augment, and potentially obviate the need for, certain research 
efforts at Akutan. Appendix A to the September 27, 2007, letter from 
FAA to the Service (FAA 2007) discusses in detail the proposed study 
design and methods for this research effort.
    To evaluate the potential impacts of hovercraft operations on 
northern sea otters in the Akutan Bay region, the applicant will 
conduct a study of sea otter movements and diving behaviors in the 
project area. The study proposes using time-depth recorders and Very 
High Frequency (VHF) radio-transmitters to evaluate movement and dive 
patterns before and after the hovercraft becomes operational. The 
Applicants propose to develop and implement a final study plan in 
consultation with the Service. The Applicants will fund such project 
and will strive to involve the Service, local community members, and 
native organizations in these research activities.

h. Establishment of Northern Sea Otter Avoidance Areas

    The Applicants will identify northern sea otter avoidance areas in 
consultation with the Service. These avoidance areas will serve to help 
delineate areas of likely northern sea otter occurrence to minimize 
disturbance and or displacement of animals. During the first year of 
operation, the avoidance areas will be periodically surveyed and 
monitored, in association with hovercraft operation. A detailed 
description of monitoring requirements is provided in the Monitoring 
and Reporting sections below.

i. Hovercraft Speed and Course Alteration

    If a northern sea otter is observed within a set distance (e.g., a 
minimum of 1,200 feet) of the hovercraft (distances to be determined 
based on consultation with the Service) and based on its position and 
the relative course of travel is likely to approach the hovercraft, the 
hovercraft's speed or course will, when practicable and safe, be 
changed to avoid impacts to the species. Northern sea otter activities 
and movements relative to the hovercraft will be closely monitored to 
ensure that an animal does not (1) travel within a set distance (e.g., 
a minimum of 600 feet) of a departing hovercraft or (2) travel within a 
set distance (e.g., a minimum of 300 feet) of an approaching hovercraft 
(the ``potential disturbance area'' or ``PDA''). If either of these 
events occur, further mitigation measures must be taken (e.g., further 
course alterations or power down).

j. Power-Down Procedures

    A power down involves decreasing the speed of the hovercraft to 
avoid interactions with, and potential disturbance of, northern sea 
otters. If a northern sea otter is detected (1) within a set distance 
(e.g., a minimum of 600 feet) of a departing hovercraft or (2) within a 
set distance (e.g., a minimum of 300 feet) of an approaching 
hovercraft, and the vessel's course or speed cannot be changed to avoid 
having the animal enter the PDA, then the hovercraft will, consistent 
with applicable design and operational requirements, decrease its speed 
to the slowest practicable speed before the animal enters the PDA. 
Power-down procedures will be developed in consultation with the 
hovercraft manufacturer and the Service to ensure

[[Page 50639]]

procedures are safe and within the operating parameters of the 
hovercraft.

k. Ramp-Up Procedures

    The applicant will implement ``ramp-up''' procedures when starting 
up the hovercraft, to provide additional protection to northern sea 
otters located near hovercraft landing areas. These procedures will 
allow individual animals to vacate the area to reduce the risk of 
injury, and to further reduce the risk of potentially startling sea 
otters with a sudden intensive sound. Ramp-up would occur such that the 
sound associated with hovercraft operations would increase at a gradual 
rate, consistent with applicable design and operational requirements, 
and sufficient to allow the hovercraft to leave the ramp using the 
slope of the ramp in conjunction with minimum power. The Applicants 
propose to confer with the hovercraft operator to develop ramp-up 
procedures consistent with this guideline.

l. Night-Time Operations

    The Applicants will work with the Service to develop night-time 
operating procedures to avoid and minimize impacts to northern sea 
otters and other species.

Findings

    We propose the following findings regarding this action:

Small Numbers Determination and Estimated Take by Incidental Harassment

    For small take analysis, the statute and legislative history do not 
require a specific numbers analysis, leaving the determination of 
``small'' to the agency's discretion. Factors considered in our small 
numbers determination include:
    (1) The number of northern sea otters inhabiting the waters in the 
impact area is expected to be small relative to the size of the 
southwest Alaska population stock. Skiff-based surveys conducted in 
2006 recorded up to 22 otters in proximity to the proposed hovercraft 
route. The current estimate for the size of the southwest Alaska 
population stock is approximately 48,000 individuals (USFWS 2008). The 
number of northern sea otters that could potentially be taken by 
harassment in association with the proposed activity is less 0.05 
percent of the estimated population size.
    (2) The area where the activity will occur is small relative to the 
range of the southwest Alaska population stock of sea otters. Surf Bay 
on Akun Island is approximately 7 km in length. The southwest Alaska 
population stock ranges from Attu Island in the west to lower Cook 
Inlet in the east, a distance of more than 2,700 km. Therefore, Surf 
Bay comprises less than 0.3 percent of the total range of the southwest 
Alaska population stock of the northern sea otter.
    (3) The area where the activity will occur will impact a relatively 
small fraction of the habitat of the southwest Alaska population stock 
of sea otters. As sea otters typically inhabit nearshore marine areas, 
shoreline length is a readily-available metric that can be used to 
quantify sea otter habitat. The total length of shoreline within the 
range of the southwest Alaska stock of northern sea otters is 
approximately 19,531 km. By comparison, the shoreline of Surf Bay is 
approximately 7 km in length, which is less than 0.04 percent of the 
total available habitat.
    (4) Monitoring requirements and mitigation measures are expected to 
significantly limit the number of incidental takes. Monitoring 
information collected during hovercraft testing and operations will 
provide the Service and the Applicants with more current information 
about sea otter distribution and abundance at Surf Bay on Akun Island. 
In the event that larger numbers of sea otters than have previously 
been observed are encountered at consistent locations, the Route 
Operations Manual will be revised to minimize incidents of harassment.

Negligible Impact

    The Service finds that any incidental take by harassment that is 
reasonably likely to result from the proposed project will not 
adversely affect the southwest Alaska stock of northern sea otters 
through effects on rates of recruitment or survival, and will, 
therefore, have no more than a negligible impact on the stock. In 
making this finding, we considered the best available scientific 
information, including: (1) The biological and behavioral 
characteristics of the species; (2) the most recent information on 
distribution and abundance of sea otters within the area of the 
proposed activity; (3) the potential sources of disturbance during the 
proposed activity; and (4) the potential response of northern sea 
otters to disturbance.
    The mitigation measures outlined above are intended to minimize the 
number of sea otters that may be disturbed by the proposed activity. 
Any impacts to individuals are expected to be limited to Level B 
harassment of short-term duration. Response of sea otters to 
disturbance will most likely be common behaviors such as diving and/or 
swimming away from the source of the disturbance. No take by injury or 
death is anticipated. The Service finds that the anticipated harassment 
caused by the proposed activities is not expected to adversely affect 
the species or stock through effects on annual rate of recruitment or 
survival.
    Our finding of negligible impact applies to incidental take 
associated with the proposed activity as mitigated through this 
authorization process. This authorization establishes monitoring and 
reporting requirements to evaluate the potential impacts of the 
authorized activities, as well as mitigation measures designed to 
minimize interactions with, and impacts to, northern sea otters.

Impact on Subsistence

    We find that the anticipated harassment caused by the project will 
not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of northern 
sea otters for taking for subsistence uses during the period of the 
activity. In making this finding, we considered the timing and location 
of the project and subsistence harvest patterns, as reported through 
the MTRP, in the proposed project area.

Marine Mammal Monitoring

    The applicant will conduct marine mammal monitoring during the 
Akutan Airport, Alaska--Airport Construction and Hovercraft Operation, 
in order to implement the mitigation measures that require real-time 
monitoring, and to satisfy monitoring called for under the MMPA. 
Project personnel will record information regarding location and 
behavior of all sea otters observed during operations. When conditions 
permit, information regarding age (pup, adult) and any tagged animals 
will also be recorded. The Applicants also propose to form an Akutan 
marine mammal workgroup in coordination with the City of Akutan, the 
Aleutians East Borough, the Service, and NMFS. This workgroup will 
consist of representatives from affected native organizations, the City 
of Akutan, FAA, and the Services. The workgroup will provide a forum to 
discuss hovercraft monitoring results and other issues pertaining to 
airport operations and northern sea otter conservation.
    The workgroup shall discuss, among other things: (1) Any proposed 
changes in hovercraft operations to provide both FAA and the Service 
with community perspectives on airport operations, (2) monitoring 
frequency and duration based upon monitoring results and related 
factors, and (3) completion of peer reviews for reports that evaluate 
and interpret monitoring data. The

[[Page 50640]]

Applicant will coordinate the formation of the workgroup, and will be 
responsible for organizing meeting agendas, establishing meeting 
locations, and facilitating community involvement at such meetings. 
Workgroup meetings shall commence within 60 days from FAA's approval of 
airport construction, and shall occur on a quarterly basis for a 
minimum of 5 years after hovercraft operations commence.

Monitoring and Reporting

    The Applicants will implement the following monitoring and 
reporting program to increase knowledge regarding the species, and to 
assess the level of taking caused by the proposed action:

a. Vessel-Based Monitoring

    Vessel-based monitoring will be conducted by a qualified Service-
approved observer. Methods for observing, estimating distances to 
northern sea otters and other marine species, and recording data 
quickly and accurately will be tested prior to hovercraft operations at 
Akutan. Reticle binoculars (e.g., 7 x 50 Bushnell or equivalent) and 
laser range finders (Leica LRF 1200 laser range finder or equivalent) 
are considered standard equipment for observers on board ships with 
marine mammal observers. Final observation methods will be approved by 
the Service. During the first year of hovercraft operation, monitoring 
will occur each time the hovercraft operates during daylight hours, 
including during initial sea trials in the action area. Monitoring 
methods during periods of darkness will be developed with the Service 
prior to nighttime operations. Thereafter, monitoring will occur as 
directed by the Service.
    Vessel-based observers will begin monitoring at least 30 minutes 
prior to the planned start of the hovercraft and during all periods of 
hovercraft operations to ensure the effectiveness of ramp-up as a 
mitigation measure. Observers will also monitor the safety areas prior 
to hovercraft operation. If northern sea otters are observed within the 
safety areas, hovercraft operations will be altered in accordance with 
procedures contained in the Route Operation Manual to avoid or minimize 
noise-related disturbance to animals occurring in the area.
    Data for each northern sea otter, other marine mammals, and 
Steller's eiders observed in the action area during the period of 
hovercraft operations will be collected and provided to the Service in 
GIS format for mapping and analysis. Numbers of northern sea otters 
observed, frequency of observation, sea state, any behavioral changes 
due to hovercraft operations, and other pertinent variables will be 
recorded and entered into a custom database using a notebook computer. 
The accuracy of the data entry will be verified by computerized 
validity data checks as the data are entered, and by subsequent manual 
checking of the database. These procedures will allow initial summaries 
of data to be prepared during and shortly after the field program, and 
will facilitate transfer of the data to statistical, graphical, or 
other programs for additional processing and archiving.
    Results from the vessel-based observations will provide: (1) A 
basis for real-time mitigation; (2) information needed to estimate the 
number of northern sea otters that are determined to have been 
harassed; (3) data on the occurrence, distribution, and activities of 
marine mammals in the area where hovercraft operations are conducted; 
and (4) data on the behavior and movement patterns of northern sea 
otters seen at times with and without hovercraft activity.

b. Aerial Monitoring

    In addition to vessel monitoring, the applicant will conduct 
periodic aerial monitoring in and near the project area, including Surf 
Bay or other (undisturbed) areas that provide northern sea otter 
habitat. The aerial surveys will: (1) Collect and report data on the 
distribution, numbers, and general movements of northern sea otters in 
the project vicinity; (2) help inform operating vessels as to the 
presence of northern sea otters in the general area of operation; and 
(3) facilitate the estimation of impacts of hovercraft operations on 
northern sea otters. The aerial survey will be conducted after a 
research permit is obtained from the Service.
    Aerial monitoring will be conducted on a monthly basis when 
feasible, in consultation with the Service, during the first year of 
hovercraft operation. One Service-approved observer will be on the 
aircraft observing and recording the location of northern sea otters. 
Space will be made available on the survey aircraft for Service staff 
to participate in surveys when possible.
    Aerial survey observers will record the number, group size, 
location (latitude/longitude), time, date, direction, and angle from 
aircraft for each sea otter observed. Data will also be collected on 
tide, other pertinent environmental variables, and operational 
activities of the hovercraft (e.g., in operation, last time the 
hovercraft crossed the bay, present location of the hovercraft). 
Observation conditions will be recorded at the start and finish of each 
survey or whenever conditions change (e.g., ceiling height, sea state, 
glare, other weather factors).

c. Reporting

    Reports on vessel-based and aerial monitoring will be sent to the 
Service by fax or electronic mail on a regular basis. Reports will 
describe hovercraft operations and northern sea otter monitoring 
activities during the reporting period. Frequency and specific content 
of reports will be determined based on consultation with the Service.
    Upon completion of the first stage of operations, monitoring 
results will be compiled and provided to the Service's Marine Mammals 
Management Office (MMM) for review. Additional monitoring information 
will be collected, compiled, and provided to MMM throughout the life of 
the project.

Endangered Species Act

    The proposed activity will occur within the range of the southwest 
Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter, which is presently listed as 
threatened under the ESA, as amended. The FAA and the Service's 
Anchorage Fish and Wildlife Field Office in Anchorage, Alaska, have 
consulted under Section 7 of the ESA, and concluded that the proposed 
activity will not jeopardize the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern 
sea otter.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    The applicant provided an FEA on the project. The Service finds 
that this FEA meets NEPA standards for analyzing the effects of the 
issuance of this IHA. To obtain a copy of the FEA, contact the 
individual identified in the ADDRESSES section.

Government-to-Government Relations With Native American Tribal 
Governments

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, 
``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal 
Governments'' (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, Secretarial Order 
3225, and the Department of the Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we 
readily acknowledge our responsibility to communicate meaningfully with 
federally recognized Tribes on a Government-to-Government basis. On 
July 24, 2008, we contacted the Native Village of Akutan to offer 
Government-to-Government consultation on this project. The Tribal 
Administrator declined the offer, stating that their

[[Page 50641]]

Tribe fully supports the development of an airport on Akun Island.

Proposed Authorization

    The Service proposes to issue an IHA for small numbers of northern 
sea otters harassed incidentally by the Applicants while conducting 
Akutan Airport, Alaska--Airport Construction and Hovercraft Operation. 
The final IHA would specify the starting date (some time during the 
first quarter of 2009) and ending date (one year later) for the 
authorization. Authorization for incidental take beyond the period 
specified in the final IHA will require a request for renewal.
    The final IHA would also incorporate the mitigation, monitoring, 
and reporting requirements discussed in this proposal. The Applicants 
will be responsible for following those requirements. These 
authorizations do not allow the intentional taking of northern sea 
otters.
    If the level of activity exceeds that described by the Applicants, 
or the level or nature of take exceeds those projected here, the 
Service would reevaluate its findings. The Secretary may modify, 
suspend, or revoke an authorization if the findings are not accurate or 
the conditions described herein are not being met.

Public Comments Solicited

    The Service requests interested persons to submit comments and 
information concerning this proposed IHA. Consistent with section 
101(a)(5)(D)(iii) of the MMPA, we are opening the comment period on 
this proposed authorization for 30 days (see ADDRESSES).
    Our practice is to make comments, including names and home 
addresses of respondents, available for public review during regular 
business hours. Individual respondents may request that we withhold 
their home address from the record, which we will honor to the extent 
allowable by law. If you wish us to withhold your name and/or address, 
you must state that prominently at the beginning of your comment. 
However, we will not consider anonymous comments. We will make all 
submissions from organizations or businesses, and from individuals 
identifying themselves as representatives or officials of organizations 
or businesses, available for public inspection in their entirety.

    Dated: August 18, 2008.
Thomas O. Melius,
Regional Director, Alaska Region.
[FR Doc. E8-19731 Filed 8-26-08; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P


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