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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

YEHUDA V. SCHWARTZ,

 Plaintiff,

v. Civil Action No. 21-378 (JEB)

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 

HOMELAND SECURITY, et al.,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Plaintiff Yehuda Schwartz, a U.S. citizen, wishes to bring his fiancée, Kim Hazel 

Valenzuela Arafiles, to the United States. In January 2020, Schwartz filed an I-129 form to 

initiate the process of obtaining a visa that would allow Arafiles, who currently lives in the 

Philippines, to enter the U.S. and marry him. The visa that the couple seeks remains in limbo, 

however, given delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Hoping to expedite the process and 

obtain a decision on Arafiles’s visa, Schwartz filed this lawsuit against multiple Government 

Defendants. He alleges that the delay in adjudicating the visa petition constitutes a violation of 

the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 551 et seq., and the Constitution’s Due Process 

Clause. Defendants now move to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 12(b)(6). As the Court concludes that Schwartz is entitled to no relief here, it will

grant the Motion. 
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I. Background

A. Legal Background

The Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq., provides that U.S. citizens 

who wish to bring their foreign fiancé(e)s to this country must first file a Form I-129F petition 

for a non-immigrant fiancé(e) visa with the United States Customs and Immigration Services. 

See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(15)(K), 1184(d); 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(k)(1); see also U.S. Department of 

Homeland Security, Visas for Fiancé(e)s of U.S. Citizens (March 23, 2018), https://bit.ly/35j9Jup 

(USCIS Fiancé(e) Visa Information). If USCIS approves the petition, the application is sent to 

the Department of State’s National Visa Center (NVC). See USCIS Fiancé(e) Visa Information;

see also U.S. Department of State — Bureau of Consular Affairs, Nonimmigrant Visa for a 

Fiancé(e) (K-1) (last visited Aug. 23, 2021), https://bit.ly/3n6Qmug (State Department Fiancé(e) 

Visa Information). The NVC then assigns a case number and sends the petition to the U.S. 

embassy or consulate where the foreign-national fiancé(e) lives. See State Department Fiancé(e) 

Visa Information. Processing of the petition is completed at the local consulate or embassy and

requires the foreign-national fiancé(e) to submit, among other things, an Online Nonimmigrant 

Visa Application and documentation of the relationship, and to undergo an interview with a 

consular officer. Id. After the interview, the consular officer determines whether to issue the 

visa, which allows the foreign-national fiancé(e) “to travel to [a] U.S. port of entry and request 

permission to enter the United States.” Id. If the foreign-national fiancé(e) is admitted to the 

United States, she has 90 days to marry her U.S.-citizen fiancé(e), after which she may apply for 

a Green Card. See USCIS Fiancé(e) Visa Information. 
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B. Factual History

Schwartz has followed this protocol. He filed an I-129F petition on January 21, 2020, 

and USCIS approved the petition on July 9 of that year. See ECF No. 1 (Complaint), ¶¶ 17, 19. 

Plaintiff alleges that the approved petition was never sent to the NVC, id., ¶ 20, though

Defendants note that the Department of State’s visa-tracking system indicates that the petition is 

currently sitting at the NVC. See ECF No. 9 (Def. MTD) at 2. In any event, no interview with a 

consular officer has been scheduled, and the agency has not issued a decision on Schwartz’s 

petition. See Compl., ¶ 21. 

Schwartz unfortunately filed at an unpropitious time. In response to the COVID-19 

pandemic that swept the globe shortly after he filed, the State Department suspended visa 

services at all U.S. embassies and consulates. See U.S. Department of State — Bureau of 

Consular Affairs, Suspension of Routine Visa Services (July 22, 2020), https://bit.ly/2WjdDRA. 

Several months later, State initiated a “phased resumption” of services, whereby embassies and 

consulates were to resume routine services “as local conditions and resources allow.” Id. The 

visa services available at U.S. embassies and consulates currently differ by location, depending 

on conditions in the area. See U.S. Department of State — Bureau of Consular Affairs, Visa 

Services Operating Status Update (April 6, 2021), https://bit.ly/3gquvNH. In Manila, 

Philippines, where Arafiles lives, routine services are still suspended. See U.S. Embassy in the 

Philippines, Visas (last visited Sept. 9, 2021), https://bit.ly/3hkt1oB.

After repeated attempts to push the consulate to issue a decision, Plaintiff filed this suit in 

February 2021, just over a year after he had submitted the initial visa petition. He named as 

Defendants multiple U.S. agencies — namely, the Department of Homeland Security, United 

States Citizenship and Immigration Services, the Department of State, and the U.S. Consulate in 
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Manila — and the heads of those entities. See Compl. at 1. He alleges that Defendants’ delay in 

issuing the visa decision violates the APA and the Due Process Clause. Id., ¶¶ 23–35. As relief, 

Schwartz requests that this Court: (1) issue a writ of mandamus compelling Defendants to 

conduct Arafiles’s interview, complete processing of the visa petition within 60 days, issue a visa 

to her, and explain the delay, and (2) (presumably in the alternative) take jurisdiction and 

adjudicate the petition pursuant to the Court’s declaratory-judgment authority. Id. at 7–8. 

Defendants now move to dismiss. 

II. Legal Standard

Defendants’ Motion invokes the legal standards for dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 12(b)(6). To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must “state 

a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 552 

(2007). Although “detailed factual allegations” are not necessary to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) 

motion, id. at 555, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, [if] accepted as true, to 

‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 

(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). Although a plaintiff may survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion 

even if “‘recovery is very remote and unlikely,’” the facts alleged in the complaint “must be 

enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555–56 

(quoting Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974)).

III. Analysis

In moving to dismiss, Defendants maintain that Plaintiff has failed to state a cognizable 

claim under either the APA or the Constitution. They also urge the Court to dismiss claims 

against officials from DHS and USCIS for lack of jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil 
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Procedure 12(b)(1) because those officials cannot provide the relief Schwartz requests. See

MTD at 5–6. As the Court agrees with their first argument, it need not address the second.

A. APA Claim

Schwartz alleges that Defendants’ delay in processing his fiancée’s visa violates the 

APA’s requirement that agencies “conclude” matters presented to them “within a reasonable 

time.” 5 U.S.C. § 555(b); see also Compl., ¶ 24. When an agency fails to comply with this 

requirement, the APA authorizes courts to “compel agency action unlawfully withheld or 

unreasonably delayed.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(1); Bagherian v. Pompeo, 442 F. Supp. 3d 87, 93 

(D.D.C. 2020).

To assess whether this delay is unreasonable, the Court turns to the familiar six-factor 

inquiry set out in Telecommunications Research & Action Center v. FCC (TRAC), 750 F.2d 70, 

80 (D.C. Cir. 1984):

(1) the time agencies take to make decisions must be governed by a rule of 

reason;

(2) where Congress has provided a timetable or other indication of the speed 

with which it expects the agency to proceed in the enabling statute, that 

statutory scheme may supply content for this rule of reason;

(3) delays that might be reasonable in the sphere of economic regulation are 

less tolerable when human health and welfare are at stake; 

(4) the court should consider the effect of expediting delayed action on 

agency activities of a higher or competing priority; 

(5) the court should also take into account the nature and extent of the 

interests prejudiced by delay; and

(6) the court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude 

in order to hold that agency action is unreasonably delayed.

Milligan v. Pompeo, 502 F. Supp. 3d 302, 317 (D.D.C. 2020) (quoting TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80); 

see also Sarlak v. Pompeo, No. 20-35, 2020 WL 3082018, at *5 (D.D.C. June 10, 2020) 
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(applying TRAC factors at motion-to-dismiss stage and collecting cases). These factors “are not 

‘ironclad,’ but rather are intended to provide ‘useful guidance in assessing claims of agency 

delay.’” In re Core Communications, Inc., 531 F.3d 849, 855 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting TRAC, 

750 F.2d at 80). 

The first two factors — which ask whether Congress set a timeline for completion of the 

action and whether the agency’s actions are governed by a rule of reason — are typically 

considered together and favor Defendants here. Congress has given the State Department wide 

discretion in processing immigration visas and has set no statutory deadline for adjudicating K-1 

visas. See Milligan, 502 F. Supp. 3d at 318. “Absent a congressionally supplied yardstick, 

courts typically turn to case law as a guide.” Sarlak, 2020 WL 3082018, at *6. While there is no 

bright-line rule, “[d]istrict courts have generally found that immigration delays in excess of five, 

six, seven years are unreasonable, while those between three to five years are often not 

unreasonable.” Id. (citation omitted) (collecting cases). Indeed, many courts have “declined to 

find a two-year period to be unreasonable as a matter of law.” Ghadami v. U.S. Department of 

Homeland Security, No. 19-397, 2020 WL 1308376, at *8 (D.D.C. Mar. 19, 2020) (collecting 

cases); see also Skalka v. Kelly, 246 F. Supp. 3d 147, 154 (D.D.C. 2017) (noting that two-year 

delay in processing immigration visa “does not typically require judicial intervention”). 

The length of the delay Plaintiff has experienced, while no doubt frustrating, does not 

approach the two- or five-year periods district courts have countenanced. Schwartz nonetheless 

argues this 19-month interval warrants intervention, pointing to one out-of-circuit district-court

decision that found a 9-month delay unreasonable. See ECF No. 10 (Pl. Opp.) at 10–11 (citing 

American Academy of Religion v. Chertoff, 463 F. Supp. 2d 400, 420–22 (S.D.N.Y. 2006)). That 

case, however, like the others Plaintiff cites as finding two- or four-year delays not unreasonable,
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id., predated the COVID-19 pandemic, which has contributed heavily to the slowdowns in visa 

processing all over the world. This Court, moreover, just last week held that 18-month delays in 

processing K-1 fiancé(e) visa petitions, the same type of petition at issue here, were not 

unreasonable in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. See Milligan v. Blinken, No. 20-2631, 

2021 WL 3931880, at *7–9 (D.D.C. Sept. 2, 2021). Given that courts have found delays longer 

than the one Schwartz has experienced to be reasonable under normal circumstances, the Court

finds no basis to conclude that the State Department’s timeline for processing Plaintiff’s fiancée’s

K-1 visa in the midst of a global pandemic lacks reason. 

The third and fifth TRAC factors, in contrast, favor Schwartz. Both consider the effects 

of the delay: the third assesses whether “human health and welfare are at stake” such that judicial 

intervention is more justified, and the fifth evaluates the “nature and extent of the interests 

prejudiced by delay.” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. Although Plaintiff does not identify specific harms 

caused by the delay, the Court assumes that it has had a significant negative impact on his 

welfare by forcing him “‘to endure a prolonged and indefinite separation’ from [his] fiancé(e)[].” 

Milligan, 502 F. Supp. 3d at 319 (quoting Didban v. Pompeo, 435 F. Supp. 3d 168, 177 (D.D.C. 

2020)). Even acknowledging that the State Department’s delay results at least in part from its

concern for the health and welfare of its workforce, the Court concludes that Plaintiff faces

significant consequences without intervention. 

The fourth TRAC factor, which evaluates the impact of expediting the delayed action on 

other agency priorities, tips toward the Government. This factor carries great weight, and, 

“where a judicial order putting the petitioner at the head of the queue would simply move all 

others back one space and produce no net gain,” the D.C. Circuit has found intervention 

unwarranted — even when all the other TRAC factors pointed towards relief. Mashpee
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Wampanoag Tribal Council, Inc. v. Norton, 336 F.3d 1094, 1100 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (alteration 

omitted) (quoting In re Barr Laboratories, Inc., 930 F.2d 72, 75 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). Judicial 

intervention would create just that scenario here. 

Plaintiff does not dispute that State is experiencing a backlog of visa petitions resulting 

from the COVID-19 pandemic, see Def. MTD at 3–4; Pl. Opp. at 12, but contends that he should 

not have to bear the burden of this backlog, again citing out-of-circuit and pre-COVID-19 cases. 

See Pl. Opp. at 12. Courts in this district, however, have recognized that they step “outside 

[their] limited role in these cases” when they order agencies to devote resources to one visa 

petition “while others would suffer in response.” Skalka, 246 F. Supp. 3d at 154; see also Tate v. 

Pompeo, 513 F. Supp. 3d 132, 149–50 (D.D.C. 2021). This Court, accordingly, has found that 

the fourth TRAC factor weighs heavily in the Government’s favor in the context of similar 

requests for relief during the pandemic. See Milligan, 502 F. Supp. 3d at 319; Zandieh v. 

Pompeo, No. 20-919, 2020 WL 4346915, at *6 (D.D.C. July 29, 2020). It reaches the same 

conclusion here. 

The sixth and final TRAC factor is a wash. A court need not find any impropriety in an 

agency’s inaction to deem a delay unreasonable, and so Plaintiff’s “lack of those allegations does 

not count against [him] here.” Ghadami, 2020 WL 1308376, at *9. 

Considering all these factors together, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has not stated an 

unreasonable-delay claim under the APA. See Sarlak, 2020 WL 3082018, at *6 (collecting cases

reaching same conclusion). It recognizes that Schwartz has faced an ordeal in being separated 

indefinitely from his fiancée but concludes that the Government’s “interests in balancing its own 

priorities” and in carefully managing the COVID-19 pandemic outweigh Schwartz’s interest in 

receiving an immediate resolution of his fiancée’s visa petition. See Bagherian, 442 F. Supp. 3d 
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at 96. Plaintiff’s request for mandamus relief is rejected for the same reason. See Didban, 435 F. 

Supp. 3d at 177 (citing Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance, 542 U.S. 55, 63–64 

(2004)).

B. Constitutional Claim

Exploring any avenue to relief, Schwartz also asserts that the State Department’s delay 

violates his right to due process under the Fifth Amendment. See Compl., ¶¶ 33–35; Pl. Opp. at 

13–15. As Defendants note, it is not clear precisely what version of a due-process claim Plaintiff 

seeks to bring, see MTD at 13, but a necessary component is a protected “liberty or property

interest of which plaintiff has been deprived,” Ghadami, 2020 WL 1308376, at *10 (quoting 

Swarthout v. Cooke, 562 U.S. 216, 219 (2011)), and so the Court begins there. Schwartz alleges

that the delay has caused him a “loss of consortium,” which the Court interprets as an argument 

that he has been deprived of a protected interest in living in the United States with his fiancée. 

See Compl., ¶ 35; Pl. Opp. at 14. 

Courts in this district have held, however, that “it is well settled that a citizen spouse has 

no constitutional right to have his or her alien spouse enter or remain in the United States.” 

Escobar v. INS, 700 F. Supp. 609, 612 (D.D.C. 1988) (collecting cases). This is so even though 

“[t]he Constitution certainly protects an individual’s right to marry and the marital relationship,” 

Jathoul v. Clinton, 880 F. Supp. 2d 168, 171 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Udugampola v. Jacobs, 795 

F. Supp. 2d 96, 105 (D.D.C. 2011)), because an individual’s interest in the martial relationship is 

distinct from his interest in living in the United States with his spouse. See Zandieh, 2020 WL 

4346915, at *7. Although separation “would put burdens upon the marriage[,] . . . [it] would not 

in any way destroy the legal union which the marriage created.” Mostofi v. Napolitano, 841 F. 

Supp. 2d 208, 212 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Swartz v. Rogers, 254 F.3d 338, 339 (D.C. Cir. 
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1958)). The Government, therefore, does “not violate[] any constitutionally protected right” 

when it denies entry of a foreign spouse, Singh v. Tillerson, 271 F. Supp. 3d 64, 72 (D.D.C. 

2017), or when it delays adjudication of a visa application. Zandieh, 2020 WL 4346915, at *7–8. 

Plaintiff’s citations to Ninth Circuit precedent do not compel a different conclusion, as the Court 

is bound by the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Swartz. See Pl. Opp. at 14; Zandieh, 2020 WL 

4346915, at *7–8 (declining to follow Bustamante v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2008), in 

finding delayed visa adjudication did not implicate due-process rights).

If these cases cover spouses, their holdings plainly apply to fiancé(e) relationships as 

well, which are not protected to the same extent in the law. Denying or delaying a K-1 fiancé(e) 

visa similarly imposes “the choice of living abroad with [one’s fiancé] or living in this country 

without him.” Swartz, 254 F.2d at 339. As the imposition of this choice violates no 

constitutional rights in the marital context, the Court concludes that it cannot do so in the 

fiancé(e) context either. Schwartz has thus stated no cognizable claim under the Constitution. 

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. A 

separate Order will issue this day. 

/s/ James E. Boasberg

JAMES E. BOASBERG

United States District Judge

Date: September 10, 2021