UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA MICHAEL BURKE, : : Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 10-1805 (RC) : v. : Re Document No.: 21 : INTER-CON SECURITY SYSTEMS, INC., : : Defendant. : MEMORANDUM OPINION G RANTING THE D EFENDANT ’ S M OTION FOR S UMMARY J UDGMENT I. INTRODUCTION This is a discrimination case. The plaintiff claims that he was temporarily suspended and laterally transferred due to gende r discrimination, and that he was later suspended for five days as a form of retaliation for initiating this lawsu it. The defendant argues that the plaintiff was initially suspended and transferred due to report s that he physically threatened a coworker, and that his later suspension was ordered because the plaintiff failed to show up to work. Because the plaintiff has failed to submit enough eviden ce to convince a reasonable jury that the defendant’s reasons for acting are mere pretext, the court will grant th e defendant’s motion for summary judgment. II. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY A. The Parties Defendant Inter-Con Security Systems, Inc. (“Inter-Con”), a California company that provides security services to buildings used by th e U.S. Department of State. Def.’s Stmt. of Facts ¶¶ 1–2. The plaintiff has been employed by Inter-Con to guard the State Department’s buildings in Washington, D.C. since July 2008. Id. ¶ 6.2 B. An Incident on New Year’s Eve Around November 2009, Burke entered into a co nsensual relationship with a co-worker, Tonya Jackson. Id. ¶ 7. Jackson alleges that, during the course of her brief relationship with Burke, he was verbally abusive, engaged in threatening behavior, and made threatening statements. Def.’s Mot., Ex. 3 (Jackson Depo.) 1 at 88, 91–95. Burke denies these allegations. Id. , Ex. 2 (Burke Depo.) at 195–97. It appears that things came to a head on December 31, 2009. That night, Burke drove Jackson to wo rk. Burke Depo. at 203–04, 219. Jackson alleges that he made threatening statements to her. Jackson Depo. at 38, 90–92. Jackson also alleges that, as their conversation got heated, Burke sn atched a cell phone from her hand. Burke Depo. at 224–25. Burke claims that her allegations ar e largely unfounded. Pl.’s Mot, Ex. 4 (Burke Decl.) ¶¶ 14–15. Shortly before 10:00 p.m., Burke dropped Jackson off. Def.’s Stmt. of Facts ¶ 24. After driving away, Burke called Jackson’s office repeat edly, but she did not pick up the phone. Burke Depo. at 228. Burke then returned to Jackson’s bu ilding and used his security key card to gain entry through a rear door. Id. at 232–34. Once he found Jackson, Burke resumed their conversation. Id. at 234. Jackson did not re ciprocate; she left the r oom and Burke followed her down the hall. Jackson Depo. at 106–07. There, Jackson found another individual who was on duty, Officer Washington. Id. at 236. When he saw the two, Officer Washington sensed that something was wrong. Def.’s Mot., Ex. 6 (Was hington Depo.) at 35–36. He observed that Jackson appeared to be “nervous” an d that “her body was shaking.” Id. at 33. Jackson eventually called a supervisor and asked to be moved to a new location for the remainder of her shift, as she did not feel safe. Jackson De po. at 86–87, 108. Jackson’s request was relayed to

1 Since the lawsuit was filed, Tonya Jackson changed her name to Tonya Gallion. Def.’s Mot, Ex. 3 at 5. For the purposes of consistency, the co urt will refer to her as Ms. Jackson.3 Senior Vice President of Operations Gerard Nevi lle. Def.’s Mot., Ex. 5 (Neville Depo.) at 51– 52; Jackson Depo. at 87. Based on the information he received, Neville c oncluded: “there was concern for potential for future workplace viol ence and until I could meet with Mr. Burke and get his side of the story, I had no other option but to remove him from the [work] schedule.” Neville Depo. at 9. C. Neville Suspends Burke for a Week and Gathers the Facts Neville demanded that Burke be suspended and that he report for an interview on the morning of January 4, 2010. Def.’s Stmt. of F acts ¶ 56. Burke asked to be interviewed the following week, as that was the earliest time th at he could secure union representation for the interview, which took place on January 11, 2010. 2 Burke Depo. at 246. Burke did not work any shifts between January 1 and January 10. Id. After interviewing Burke, Neville concluded that the confrontation between Burke a nd Jackson was an isolated inci dent and was therefore unlikely to recur. Neville decided to put Burke back to work soon after the interview. Neville Depo. at 60–62. Burke did not receive any back pa y for the shifts that he lost. Id. at 10–11; Burke Depo. at 134–35. D. Burke is Reinstated and Relocated After reinstating Burke, Neville ordered a full investigation into the New Year’s Eve incident. Def.’s Stmt. of Facts ¶ 74. After th e investigation ran its course, Neville concluded that there was no reason to believe that Burke had committed any threatening behavior. Neville Depo. at 60–62. Jackson was disciplined for conducting personal bus iness while on duty, carrying an unauthorized personal handbag, using an unauthorized cell phone, and failing to selfissue a weapon. Def.’s Stmt. of Facts ¶ 77. She also was demoted from sergeant to officer with a reduction in pay. Id. Neville decided to assign Jackson and Burke to separate areas so their

2 Burke had a right to secure representatio n under a collective bargaining agreement.4 paths would no longer cross. Id. ¶ 81. Although Jackson was relocated to Virginia, Burke was permitted to remain in his assigned geographic area. Id. ¶ 85. The plaintiff claims that Jackson requested this transfer . Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 7. Burke was asked to work at a different loca tion, and that resulted in his having to work on different days of the week. Id. ¶ 88. Burke claims that this schedule makes it harder for him to enroll in courses for a Certified Information Systems Security Professional program that was provided by an outside organi zation. Burke Depo. at 261–63. E. November 18, 2010: Burke Does Not Show Up to Work There is some disagreement as to what ha ppened in the early hours of November 18, 2010. That night, one of the plaintiff’s supe rvisors, Sergeant Andel Clarke, was under the impression that the plaintiff was scheduled to begi n a work shift at 4:00 a. m. Def.’s Stmt. of Facts ¶ 101. Clarke called the plai ntiff and left several messages on his phone, indicating that his presence was expected. Id. ¶ 110. About an hour later, Clarke re-checked the weekly schedule and saw that Burke’s name did not appear on a li st of employees who were scheduled to work. Id. ¶ 111. He then called Burke back to say thatthere had been a mix-up, and that Burke should disregard his earlier messages. Id. An hour later, a second supervisor—Lieutenant McCullough—took over for Clarke. Id. ¶ 112. Lieutenant McCull ough found a signed piece of paper indicating that the plaintiff was scheduled to work that morning. Id. McCullough then wrote up Burke as a no-show for the night’s shift. Id. ¶ 113. Inter-Con conducted an investigation and obt ained a written statement from Sergeant Alvin Bowe, who indicated that he personally ha d handed the schedule receipt to Burke and had watched him sign it. Neville De po. at 103–04; Def.’s Mot, Ex. 7 (Bowe Depo.) at 35–36. Under the terms of Inter-Con’s disciplinary policy, the November 18 incident resulted in a five-day5 suspension. Neville Depo. at 102–03; Neville Depo. Ex. 3. Burke maintains that he never received any notice of the amended schedule fo r November 18, 2010, and he maintains that his signature was forged. Burke Decl. ¶ 35. On December 2, 2010, while Inter-Con was stil l investigating Burke’s forgery claim, Burke called off for his scheduled shift yet again. 3 Neville Depo., Ex. 3. Under Inter-Con’s disciplinary policy, this would have justified Burke’s termination. Id. Instead of terminating Burke’s employment, however, Inter-Con appears to ha ve chosen a less harsh form of discipline: Burke was suspended for five days. Neville Depo. Ex. 3 (“[T]he Company understands that because the investigation into your forgery allegations was in process . . . you may not have appreciated and understood that your Decembe r 2, 2010 Non-Medical Call-Off would . . . result[] in termination of your employment. As a result of this confusion, the company has chosen to forego discipline for your December 2, 2010 Call-off.”). F. Burke Files Suit The plaintiff filed suit under the D.C. Human Rights Act, D.C. Code § 2-1402.01 et seq. , alleging that he was the victim of gender discri mination (Count I) and reta liation (Count II). The plaintiff initially alleged that he was the vi ctim of sexual harassme nt and a hostile work environment, Am. Compl. ¶ 20, but he failed to oppose the defendant’s motion for summary judgment on these claims both in his opposition and in his sur-reply. See Def.’s Reply at 1–2 (noting the plaintiff’s failure to oppos e summary judgment on these claims); see generally Pl.’s Sur-Reply (failing to oppose the defendant’s mo tion for summary judgment on these claims). Accordingly, the court will deem that the plai ntiff has conceded the defendant’s arguments on those claims.

3 The court understands this to mean that Burke called in advance of a work shift to let a superior know that he would not be present for the shift.6 III. ANALYSIS A. Legal Standard for Summary Judgment Summary judgment may be gran ted when “the movant show s that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” F ED

. R. C IV

. P. 56(a). A fact is “material” if it is capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” if sufficient evidence exists such that a reasonabl e jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party. See Scott v. Harris , 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007). The principal purpose of summary judgment is to streamline litigation by disposing of factually unsupported claims or defenses and de termining whether there is a genuine need for trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett , 477 U.S. 317, 323–24 (1986). The m oving party bears the initial responsibility of identifying those portions of the reco rd which demonstrate the absence of any genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 323; F ED

. R. C IV

. P. 56(c)(1)(A) (noting that the movant may cite to “depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, . . . admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials”). In res ponse, the non-moving party must similarly designate specific facts in the recordthat reveal a genuine issue that is suitable for trial. Celotex , 477 U.S. at 324. On a motion for summary judgment, the court must “eschew making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence,” Czekalski v. Peters , 475 F.3d 360, 363 (D.C. Cir. 2007), and all underlying facts and inferences must be analyzed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, Anderson , 477 U.S. at 255. Nevertheless, conclusory assertions offered without any evidentiary support do not es tablish a genuine issue for trial. Greene v. Dalton , 164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999).7 B. Legal Standard for a Discri mination Claim under the DCHRA The plaintiff brings suit under the D.C. Human Rights Act (“DCHRA”), which is analyzed under the same burden-shifting framework that is used to assess Title VII claims. 4 Gaujacq v. EDF, Inc. , 601 F.3d 565, 576 (D.C. Cir. 2010). The DCHRA prohibits employers from discriminating against their employ ees on the basis of gender. D.C. C ODE § 2– 1402.11(a)(1). To resolve the plaintiff’s claims, th e court must answer two questions. First: has the plaintiff alleged that he suffered a materially adverse employment action? If not, his claim is not actionable. Second, if the pl aintiff has alleged such a harm but the defendant has articulated a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for its actions, the court must ask: “Has the employee produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s asserted nondiscriminatory reason was not the actual reason a nd that the employer intentionally discriminated against the employee on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?” Brady v. Office of the Sergeant at Arms , U.S. House of Representatives , 520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2008). A plaintiff has “multiple ways” to cas t doubt on the employer’s asserted reason for acting: for instance, the plaintiff may draw compar isons to others who are similarly situated, the plaintiff may submit evidence sugge sting that the employer has li ed about the underlying facts, or the plaintiff may suggest the employer failed to follow established protocol. Id. at 495. C. The Court Will Grant Summary Judgment on Count I The plaintiff’s discrimination claim has two components. First, he claims that he was the victim of discrimination when he was laterally transferred and his schedu le was altered. Second, he claims that he was the victim of gender disc rimination when he was suspended without pay in the days following the New Year’s Eve incident. Th e court will consider each allegation in turn.

4 Federal jurisdiction exists because of diversity be tween the parties; the defendant is headquartered in California, and the plaintiff resides in Washington, D.C. See Compl. at 1 (case caption); Notice of Removal ¶ 3.8 1. Burke’s Lateral Transfer and Schedule Change i. The Plaintiff Has Not Shown That His Tr ansfer Was an Adverse Employment Action The plaintiff complains that the defendant e xhibited gender bias by altering his schedule following the New Year’s incident. Pl.’s Opp’n at 10. According to the plaintiff, “[t]hese erratic schedules meant that Plaintiff was unable to enro ll in a certification program” that was provided by an outside organization. Id. The defendant claims that the change in schedule was a trivial inconvenience, not an adverse employ ment action. Def.’s Mot. at 19. A discrimination claim is actionable only if th e plaintiff first shows that he suffered an “adverse employment action.” Ginger v. District of Columbia , 527 F.3d 1340, 1343 (D.C. Cir. 2008). For discrimination claims, an adverse em ployment action is “a significant change in employment status, such as hi ring, firing, failing to promote, r eassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing significant change in benefits.” Baird v. Gotbaum , 662 F.3d 1246, 1248 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Douglas v. Donovan , 559 F.3d 549, 552 (D.C. Cir. 2009)). Thus, an employee must “experience[] materially adverse consequences affecting the terms, conditions, or privileges of employment or future employment opportunities such that a reasonable trier of fact could find objectively tangible harm.” Forkkio v. Powell , 306 F.3d 1127, 1131 (D.C. Cir. 2002); see also Holcomb v. Powell , 433 F.3d 889, 902 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (distinguishing between “purely subjectiv e injuries” which are not actionable, and “objectively tangible harm,” which is). A materially adverse em ployment action “must be more disruptive to the conditio ns of employment than a mere inconvenience or an insignificant alteration in job responsibilities.” Hunter v. Rice , 480 F. Supp. 2d 125, 133 (D.D.C. 2007). In sum, “not everything that makes an empl oyee unhappy is an actionable adverse action.” Russell v. Principi , 257 F.3d 815, 818 (D.C. Cir. 2001).9 Generally, “a purely lateral transf er, that is, a transfer that does not involve a demotion in form or substance, cannot rise to the level of a materially adverse employment action.” Brown v. Brody , 199 F.3d 446, 455–56 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Burke does not allege that his tr ansfer resulted in a demotion in form or substance, or even a change, significant or otherwise, in his job responsibilities. Burke alleges th at his schedule change was, in f act, adverse because it impaired his ability to enroll in an outsi de certification program. But th ere is no evidence to support the claim. After the New Year’s incident, Burk e was asked to work on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday nights; his classes are offered on Satu rdays. Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 4 ¶ 32. If anything, a change in schedule from working Friday nights to working in the middle of the week would make it easier to attend classes on Saturdays. Put simply, the plaintiff has not submitted any evidence of a scheduling conflict. 5 Thus, no reasonable juror coul d conclude that the plaintiff suffered an objectively tangible harm that cons titutes a “significant ch ange in employment status.” Accordingly, the plaintiff has failed to allege any actionable harm. See Beckham v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. , 736 F. Supp. 2d 130, 149 (D.D.C. 2010) (“Being denied the ability to work from home on, at most, three occasions is a minor annoyance, not an adverse action.”).

ii. In the Alternative, the Court Concludes That the Plaintiff Has Not Submitted Evidence to Convince a Reasonable Jury that the De fendant’s Reasons for Acting Were Pretext Even if the court assumed that the schedule change was an actionable harm, the plaintiff lacks enough evidence to convince a reasonable jury that the transfer was discriminatory. The plaintiff claims that his transf er was motivated by gender discri mination. The defendant explains that the plaintiff’s schedule was altered in order to avoid any future potential for future

5 The defendant has also submitted a copy of email correspondence from an employee of the organization, who indicated that the classes were re adily available online. Def.’s Reply. Ex. 2 (Wolfgang Decl.), Ex. C. Although the plaintiff challenges the admissibility of this evidence, the court need not weigh in on the matter. Although it appears to the court that this em ail could easily be converted to admissible evidence, the plaintiff’s failure to demonstrate any sche duling conflict ends the relevant inquiry.10 workplace violence between Jackson and Burke. It thus falls on the plaintiff to show that this reason is mere pretext. Brady , 520 F.3d at 493–94. The only evidence submitted by the plaintiff on this score is a putative discrepancy in Nevi lle’s testimony and the purported more favorable treatment received by Jackson. Pl.’s Opp’n at 10. At his deposition, Neville claimed that he swit ched the plaintiff’s schedule and place of work, stating that the plaintiff was getting “too familiar” with the area where he bypassed security procedures. Def.’s Stmt . of Facts ¶ 86. The plaintiff asks how a security guard could be “too familiar” with a job, as on-site familiarity is ostensibly a positive trait. But the plaintiff takes the statement out of context: the defendant argues that Burke “had become too familiar with how to circumvent the security procedures ” at the building. Id. (emphasis added). As always, context is key. Here, Neville’s statemen t is reasonably read to be a delicately phrased criticism of the plaintiff’s d ecision to enter someone else’s work area, through an un-manned entrance, for personal (and possibl y disruptive) reasons. The cour t concludes that this testimony could not convince a reasonable ju ry that Neville’s stated deci sion was pretext, and that the actual reason for the transfer was discrimination. Thus, the plaintiff’s tr ansfer claim would fail and warrant summary judgment even if it were an actionable harm. The plaintiff also alleges that Jackson “gotwhat she wanted” in that she requested a transfer to Virginia. Pl.’s Mot. at 11. The plaintiff concludes that their disparate treatment is evidence of gender discrimination. Id. (“Thus, it appears that Defe ndant treated the two parties to this personal dispute differently: despite ha ving no evidence to support any allegations that Plaintiff presented any danger to Jackson, Jack son got from Defendant what she asked for. Meanwhile, Plaintiff was transferre d to a different location and give n a wholly erratic set of new hours, effectively punishing him for having been th e subject of an unfair workplace allegation of11 violence.”). First of all, the analogy falls ap art because the two are not similarly situated: Jackson and Burke held differentpositions, which necessarily enta iled different job functions and responsibilities. See Martin v. Locke , 659 F. Supp. 2d 140, 157 (D.D.C. 2009) (noting that an employee was not similarly situated to her manager); Laurent v. Bureau of Rehabilitation,
Inc. , 544 F. Supp. 2d 17, 23 (D.D.C. 2008) (noting that th e plaintiff was not similarly situated to other employees because they were not supervisors). Second of all, there is no evidence that Burke was treated less harshly than Jackson. Jackson was di sciplined for conducting personal business while on duty, carrying an unauthorized personal handba g, using an unauthorized cell phone, and failing to self-issue a weapon. Def.’s Stmt. of Facts ¶ 77. She also was demoted from sergeant to officer with a reduction in pay. Id. In contrast, Burke was not disciplined, nor was he demoted, nor was his pay reduced. In the court’s view, there is no evidence that Burke was treated less favorably because of his gende r. Accordingly, the c ourt concludes that no reasonable juror could deem Neville’s stated reason for acting to be a pretext to cover gender discrimination. 2. Burke’s Suspension Without Pay Burke was suspended from work following the New Year’s Eve incident, and he contends that this decision was motivated by ge nder bias. The defendant instead argues that Burke was temporarily suspended until it was clear that he did not pose a threat to other employees. Because the defendant has offered a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for acting, the prima facie case drops out of the picture, and the pl aintiff must show that the defendant’s stated reasons for acting were mere pretext. Brady , 520 F.3d at 493–94; see McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green , 411 U.S. 792, 805 (1973) (noting that th e plaintiff may prove that even a presumptively valid reason may be “a cove rup” for a “discriminatory decision”); see also12 Palmquist v. Shinseki , 689 F.3d 66, 71 (1st Cir. 2012) (“When . . . the employee makes out a prima facie case of retaliation a nd the employer proffers a justific ation for the challenged action, the McDonnell Douglas framework, with its intricate web of presumptions and burdens, becomes an anachronism.”) A plaintiff can demonstrate thatthe defendant’s stated reason is pretext by showing that the employer treated people differently on th e basis of their gende r—provided that the employees are otherwise similarly situated. See Neuren v. Adduci, Mastriani, Meeks & Schill , 43 F.3d 1507, 1514 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (holding that a coworkeris similarly situated only if “all of the relevant aspects of [the plainti ff’s] employment situation were ne arly identical” to those of the coworker). Here, the plaintiff appears to argue that Neville should ha ve demonstrated gender equanimity by suspending both Jackson and Burke. Pl.’s Opp’n at 7. But Burke and Jackson are not similarly situated: Burke was accused of ac ting in a threatening ma nner; Jackson was not. See Turner v. Fed. Law Enforcement Training Ctr. , 527 F. Supp. 2d 63, 73–74 (D.D.C. 2007) (concluding that employees were not similarly situated because the plaintiff engaged in aggressive behavior whereas other coworkers did not); see also McKinney v. Bennett , 2009 WL 2981922, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 16, 2009) (concluding in context of a 42 U.S.C. § 1981 claim that “there is no dispute that” victims of aggre ssive behavior “were different because they were [the plaintiff’s] victims and are therefore incapa ble of being similarly s ituated to McKinney, their aggressor.”); Blake v. Potter , 2007 WL 2815637, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 25, 2007) (plaintiff who was involved in a physical alter cation with a fellow employee wa s “no longer similarly situated” to her victim). Because Jackson and Burke ar e not similarly situated, any comparison drawn between the two fails to yiel d an inference of pretext.13 Burke puts forth several other arguments, but these are simply attempts to second-guess the wisdom of his employer’s acts. First, the pl aintiff argues that it wa s unfair for Neville to suspend him before first hearing Burke’s side of the story. Pl.’s Opp’n at 9. The defendant counters that it has a gender-neutral policy of suspending people who are accused of potentially violent behavior. Def.’s Reply at 3; Def.’s Mot., Ex. 1 (Neville Aff.) ¶ 20. There is no evidence that the defendant deviated from this protocol, employed it selec tively, or employed it in a biased

manner. See Brady , 520 F.3d at 496 (noting that “an employer does not engage in discrimination” by “strictly and uniformly enfo rcing a policy” designe d to deter unlawful conduct). 6 Second, the plaintiff argues that he should have received a temporary assignment while Neville’s investigation was underway. Pl.’s Op p’n at 7–8. But this again boils down to an attempt to micromanage the defendant’s employmen t policies. As it has been often noted, the judiciary does not stand in as a “super-personnel department that reexamines an entity’s business decisions.” Barbour v. Browner , 181 F.3d 1342, 1346 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Dale v. Chi. Tribune Co. , 797 F.2d 458, 464 (7th Cir. 1986)); see Chapman v. Al Transport , 229 F.3d 1012, 1030 (11th Cir. 2000) (noting that “the employee cannot succeed by simply quarreling with the wisdom of” the employer’s stated reason for acting) . The plaintiff has not demonstrated that asimilarly situated female employee who was similarly accused of workplace violence was reassigned under the anti-violence policy rather than suspended.

6 It is not even clear that a total failure to investigate the incident would necessarily violate Title VII. See Rivera–Aponte v. Rest. Metropol # 3, Inc. , 338 F.3d 9, 11–12 (1st Cir. 2003) (holding that the cursory nature of a pre-termination investigation and the failure to consult the plaintiff for his side of the story did not indicate that the termination decision was made with discriminatory animus); Loya v. Sebelius , 840 F. Supp. 2d 245, 254 (D.D.C. 2012) (in proving pretext for retaliation claim, “[f]ailure to investigate allegations of misconduct does not by itself raise the in ference that the allegations were not the real reason for the employment action”).14 Third, the plaintiff claims that he never posed any threat to Jackson, and that his suspension was ultimately unwarranted. Pl.’s Opp’n at 9. This is irrelevant. “The question is not whether the underlying . . . incident occurre d; rather, the issue is whether the employer honestly and reasonably believed that th e underlying . . . incident occurred.” Brady , 520 F.3d at 496. Neville received word that Burke had acted in a threatening manner, and that Jackson was shaken up by the incident. Neville Depo. at 21–26. The claim was corroborated, in part, by a disinterested third party: Officer Washington. At that point, any employer in Neville’s shoes would be fully justified in suspending the empl oyee while determining what actually occurred. George v. Leavitt , 407 F.3d 405, 415 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (“An employer’s action may be justified by a reasonable belief in the vali dity of the reason given even though that reason may turn out to be false.”); Fischbach v. D.C. Dep’t of Corr. , 86 F.3d 1180, 1183 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (“[T]he issue is not the correctness or desira bility of the reasons offered but whether the employer honestly believes in the reasons it offers.”); Adewole v. PSI Servs., Inc. , 798 F. Supp. 2d 57, 62 (D.D.C. 2011) (observing that “a plaintiff s eeking to show that a defendant ’s proffered explanations are pretextual must do more than simply show that th ose explanations are flawed or incorrect”). Finally, the plaintiff tries to show pretext by exploiti ng a potential discrepancy in Neville’s testimony: the plaintiff alleges that Nevill e was lying when he tes tified that it that was “not an option” to put the plain tiff on a different shift immediately after the incident. Pl.’s Opp’n at 7–8. The plaintiff argues that this was untrue because Neville was able to swap Jackson to a different location on the night of the incident. But the relevant question is not whether it was operationally impossible to give the plaintiff temporary employme nt: instead, the court must ask whether it was an option under the employer’s po licy against workplace violence. And there is no evidence that it was. In any event, Jackson wa s temporarily replaced for the remainder of the15 evening, whereas Burke sought temporary employ ment for a full week after the incident. See Def.’s Reply at 3, n.3. Because the two individu als sought different types of reassignment, no inference of pretext can be drawn from the co mparison. Because the plaintiff has not submitted any evidence to suggest that Neville’s stated re asons for acting are merely pretext, the court will grant the defendant’s motion for summary judgment on Count I. D. The Court Will Grant Summary Judgment on Count II The plaintiff claims that the defendant reta liated against him by su spending him for five days after he filed suit. 7 Pl.’s Opp’n at 13. The defendant instead maintains that the plaintiff was disciplined for failing to show up to work on November 18, 2010. Def.’s Mot. at 30. Once the employer presents a legitimate, non-discriminato ry reason for its actions , “a court reviewing summary judgment looks to whether a reasonable jury could infer . . . retaliation from all the evidence,” which includes the prima facie case as well as any evidence the plaintiff offers to “attack the employer’s proffered explanation for its action,” and other ev idence of retaliation. Jones v. Bernanke , 557 F.3d 670, 677 (D.C. Cir. 2009). Resolving this matter requires a brief tour of the defendant’s employment procedures: every week, the defendant issues a schedule for its employees. Id. If the defendant needs an employee to work additional hours, a revised sche dule is printed and presented to the employee, who must sign the document. Id. By signing the revised schedule, the employee indicates that he or she received notice of the schedule cha nge and agrees to work the additional shift. Id. There is some degree of confusion as to what ha ppened on the night in ques tion. At 3:15 a.m. on November 18, 2010, Sergeant Clarke commenced ro ll call to determine whether all personnel were present. Neville Aff. ¶ 28. Clarke was under the impression that Burke was scheduled to

7 The plaintiff initially alleged that the suspension he received in Decembe r 2010 was a form of retaliation, Am. Compl. ¶ 23, but he no longer appears to purs ue this claim in his opposition or sur-reply.16 work that night’s shift. Def.’s Mot. Ex. 7 (C larke Depo.) at 21–22. Clarke called Burke and left several messages on his phone. Id. at 34–35. About an hour later, Clarke re-checked the weekly schedule and saw that Burke’s name was not listed. Id. ¶ 111. He then called Burke back and indicated that there had been a mix-up, and that Burke should disregard his earlier messages. Id. An hour later, Lieutenant Mc Cullough took over for Clarke. Id. ¶ 112. McCullough somehow retrieved an amended work schedule, which bore the plaintiff’s signature. Id. This document indicated that Burke had agreed to appear for a four-hour work shift that morning. Id. Burke was then reprimanded for missing a work shift. Def.’s Stmt. of Facts ¶ 113. The reprimand resulted in a five-day suspension. Id. ¶ 116. Reviewing these facts, the court finds little evidence of pretext. 8 First of all, the defendant has submitted evidence to the effect th at the two individuals who wrote up Burke had no knowledge of this lawsuit. See Def.’s Stmt. of Facts ¶ 112. And while the plaintiff “needn’t provide direct evidence that his superv isors knew of his pr otected activity,” Jones v. Bernanke 557 F.3d at 670, a plaintiff must show that the individuals who made th e retaliatory decision “had knowledge of [his] protected activity.” Talavera v. Shah , 638 F.3d 303, 314 (D.C. Cir. 2011). If a plaintiff “offer[s] only evidence from which a reasonable jury would have had to speculate that [the supervisor] knew” of the prot ected activity, that evidence “is insufficient to defeat summary judgment.” Id. Here, there is no evidence th at McCullough, Rowe, or Clarke

8 The court pauses to observe that Burke was suspended only two months after he filed the discrimination suit. And temporal proximity between a discriminati on complaint and a retaliatory act may provide some evidence of causation. Patterson v. Johnson , 505 F.3d 1296, 1299 (D.C. Cir. 2007). On the other hand, “[p]ositive evidence beyond mere proximity is requir ed to defeat the presumption that the proffered explanations are genuine.” Woodruff v. Peters , 482 F.3d 521, 530 (D.C. Cir. 2007); Pendleton v. Holder , 697 F. Supp. 2d 12, 23–24 (D.D.C. 2010) (granting summary judgment for employer where plaintiff’s

“ only evidence of retaliation is the temporal proximity between his protected activity and his non-selection” for a position). For the reasons explained below, the fact of timing alone would not allow a reasonable jury to find in the plaintiff’s favor.17 had any knowledge of the plaintiff’s lawsuit. Thus, there is no r eason to assume that they acted with retaliatory intent. Second, Burke wagers his entire claim on th e assertion that the facts motivating his suspension did not occur. Pl.’ s Opp’n at 13–14 (“It would be out rageous to permit Defendant to discipline Plaintiff for missing a work shift which he had no actual notice that he was expected to work.”). Specifically, Burke claims that he ne ver received a copy of the amended schedule, and that his signature was forged. Burke Decl. ¶ 35 (“With respect to the schedule indicating that I was expected to work on November 18, 2010, I neve r signed the schedule r eceipt accepting that date. Any document that bears my signature i ndicating my acceptance of the schedule receipt for that date is a forgery.”). But this argument is misdirected. Burke was suspended after Neville conducted an investigation into the underlying ac ts. When an adverse action results from such an investigation, “[t]he question is not whether the underlying . . . incident occurred; rather, the issue is whether the employer honestly and reasonab ly believed that the un derlying . . . incident occurred.” Brady , 520 F.3d at 493–94. Here, Neville obtai ned written statements from the people that were present when Burke signed th e schedule. Neville testified as follows: When we went to serve the discipline [for the November 18 no-call/noshow], it was sent back to the field to be issued to Mr. Burke. He said [he] never signed the schedule for that receipt. When he was showed the schedule that he did sign for that receipt, he alleged that somebody fo rged his name. At that point I was notified of the allegation that he had made . I said hold the disc ipline, don’t give it to him, let’s investigate it. We brought th e discipline back in; we set it aside; we investigated it. We got written statements from the people that were present when he signed the schedule and we are confident that he si gned the schedule himself. Neville Depo. at 103–04. There is no evidence th at Neville harbored an ything other than a good faith belief in the investigation’s results. Although the plaintiff claims that Neville’s investigation was insufficient, Pl.’s Mot. at 14, he fails to submit any ev idence to support this allegation. For example, he claims that Nevill e should have consulted the plaintiff during the18 investigation. But Neville did offer to do so—a nd the plaintiff refuse d the meeting. Neville Depo. at 109–10 (“I was fully prepared to discuss th is with Mr. Burke but Mr. Burke refused to meet with me.”). Regardless, everyone knew Burk e’s position that the document was forged. In addition, the plaintiff ques tions the defendant’s decision to ca ll some witnesses but not others. This focus on the defendant’s evidence is again misdirected. The defendant need not prove the existence of a legitimate, non-di scriminatory reason for acting. The defendant need only articulate one. St. Mary’s Honor Center v. Hicks , 509 U.S. 502, 506 (1993). The relevant question is whether the plaintiff has submitted e nough evidence for a reasonable jury to consider that reason to be a subterfuge. Because th e plaintiff has failed to produce any evidence suggesting that the complaining witnesses harboredretaliatory intent or that the investigation was simply a coverup for retaliation, the cour t will grant the defendant’s motion for summary judgment on Count II. IV. CONCLUSION For the aforementioned reasons, the court wi ll grant the defendant’s motion for summary judgment. An order consistent with this memo randum opinion is separately issued this 4th day of March, 2013.

RUDOLPH CONTRERAS United States District Judge