# Patent

## Title
Kallikrein-binding “Kunitz domain” proteins and analogues thereof

## Abstract

This invention provides: novel protein homologous of a Kunitz domain, which are capable of binding kallikrein; polynucleotides that encode such novel proteins; and vectors and transformed host cells containing these polynucleotides.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/016,329, filed Oct. 26, 2001 now abandoned, which is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/421,097, filed Oct. 19, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,333,402; which is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/208,264, filed Mar. 10, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,287; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/179,964, filed Jan. 11, 1994, now abandoned, the entirety of which are hereby incorporated by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to novel classes of proteins and protein analogues which bind to and may inhibit kallikrein.
2. Description of the Background Art
Kallikreins are serine proteases found in both tissues and plasma. Plasma kallikrein is involved in contact-activated (intrinsic pathway) coagulation, fibrinolysis, hypotension, and inflammation. (See Bhoola, et al. (BHOO92)). These effects of kallikrein are mediated through the activities of three distinct physiological substrates:

    
    
        i) Factor XII (coagulation),
        ii) Pro-urokinase/plasminogen (fibrinolysis), and
        iii) Kininogens (hypotension and inflammation).

Kallikrein cleavage of kininogens results in the production of kinins, small highly potent bioactive peptides. The kinins act through cell surface receptors, designated BK-1 and BK-2, present on a variety of cell types including endothelia, epithelia, smooth muscle, neural, glandular and hematopoietic. Intracellular heterotrimeric G-proteins link the kinin receptors to second messenger pathways including nitric oxide, adenyl cyclase, phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C. Among the significant physiological activities of kinins are: (i) increased vascular permeability; (ii) vasodilation; (iii) bronchospasm; and (iv) pain induction. Thus, kinins mediate the life-threatening vascular shock and edema associated with bacteremia (sepsis) or trauma, the edema and airway hyperreactivity of asthma, and both inflammatory and neurogenic pain associated with tissue injury. The consequences of inappropriate plasma kallikrein activity and resultant kinin production are dramatically illustrated in patients with hereditary angioedema (HA). HA is due to a genetic deficiency of C1-inhibitor, the principal endogenous inhibitor of plasma kallikrein. Symptoms of HA include edema of the skin, subcutaneous tissues and gastrointestinal tract, and abdominal pain and vomiting. Nearly one-third of HA patients die by suffocation due to edema of the larynx and upper respiratory tract. Kallikrein is secreted as a zymogen (prekallikrein) that circulates as an inactive molecule until activated by a proteolytic event. Genebank entry P03952 shows Human Plasma Prekallikrein.

    
    


Mature plasma Kallikrein contains 619 amino acids. Hydrolysis of a single Arg-Ile bond (at positions 371-372) results in the formation of a two-chain proteinase molecule held together by a disulfide bond. The heavy chain (371 amino acids) comprises four domains arranged in sequential tandems of 90-91 residues. Each of the four domains is bridged by 6 half-cysteine residues, except the last one, which carries two additional half-cysteine residues to link together the heavy and light chains. These domains are similar in sequence to factor XI. The light chain (248 residues) carries the catalytic site, and the catalytic triad of His-415, Asp-464 and Ser-559 is especially noteworthy.
The most important inhibitor of plasma kallikrein (pKA) in vivo is the C1 inhibitor; see SCHM87, pp. 27-28. C1 is a serpin and forms an irreversible or nearly irreversible complex with pKA. Although bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) (SEQ ID NO:1) was first said to be a strong pKA inhibitor with Ki=320 pM (AUER88), a more recent report (Berndt, et al., Biochemistry, 32:4564-70, 1993) indicates that its Ki for plasma Kallikrein is 30 nM (i.e., 30,000 pM). The G36S mutant had a Ki of over 500 nM.
“Protein engineering” is the art of manipulating the sequence of a protein in order to alter its binding characteristics. The factors affecting protein binding are known, but designing new complementary surfaces has proved difficult. Although some rules have been developed for substituting side groups, the side groups of proteins are floppy and it is difficult to predict what conformation a new side group will take. Further, the forces that bind proteins to other molecules are all relatively weak and it is difficult to predict the effects of these forces.
Nonetheless, there have been some isolated successes. Wilkinson et al. reported that a mutant of the tyrosyl tRNA synthetase of Bacillus stearothermophilus with the mutation Thr51→Pro exhibits a 100-fold increase in affinity for ATP. Tan and Kaiser and Tschesche et al. showed that changing a single amino acid in a protein greatly reduces its binding to trypsin, but that some of the mutants retained the parental characteristic of binding to an inhibiting chymotrypsin, while others exhibited new binding to elastase.
Early techniques of mutating proteins involved manipulations at the amino acid sequence level. In the semisynthetic method, the protein was cleaved into two fragments, a residue removed from the new end of one fragment, the substitute residue added on in its place, and the modified fragment joined with the other, original fragment. Alternatively, the mutant protein could be synthesized in its entirety.
With the development of recombinant DNA techniques, it became possible to obtain a mutant protein by mutating the gene encoding the native protein and then expressing the mutated gene. Several mutagenesis strategies are known. One, “protein surgery”, involves the introduction of one or more predetermined mutations within the gene of choice. A single polypeptide of completely predetermined sequence is expressed, and its binding characteristics are evaluated.
At the other extreme is random mutagenesis by means of relatively nonspecific mutagens such as radiation and various chemical agents, see Lehtovaara, E. P. Appln. 285,123, or by expression of highly degenerate DNA. It is also possible to follow an intermediate strategy in which some residues are kept constant, others are randomly mutated, and still others are mutated in a predetermined manner. This is called “variegation”. See Ladner, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,409.
The use of site-specific mutagenesis, whether nonrandom or random, to obtain mutant binding proteins of improved activity, is known in the art, but does not guarantee that the mutant proteins will have the desired target specificity or affinity. Given the poor anti-kallikrein activity of BPTI, mutation of BPTI or other Kunitz domain proteins would not have been considered, prior to the present invention, a preferred method of obtaining a strong binder, let alone inhibitor, of kallikrein.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to novel Kunitz domain proteins, especially LACI homologues, which bind to, and preferably inhibit, one or more plasma (and/or tissue) kallikreins, and to the therapeutic and diagnostic use of these novel proteins.
A specific, high affinity inhibitor of plasma kallikrein (and, where needed, tissue kallikrein) will demonstrate significant therapeutic utility in all pathological conditions mediated by kallikrein, and especially those associated with kinins. The therapeutic approach of inhibiting the catalytic production of kinins is considered preferable to antagonism of kinin receptors, since in the absence of kallikrein inhibition, receptor antagonists must compete with continuous kinin generation. Significantly, genetic deficiency of plasma kallikrein is benign and thus, inhibition of plasma kallikrein is likely to be safe. We have recently discovered a lead pKA inhibitor, designated KKII/3#6 (SEQ ID NO:7). This inhibitor is a variant of a naturally occurring human plasma protein Kunitz domain and demonstrates significantly greater kallikrein binding potency than Trasylol. KKII/3#6 (SEQ ID NO:7) has a Ki for kallikrein which is over 100 times that of both wild-type LACI (SEQ ID NO:25) and of BPTI (SEQ ID NO:1), and is in the nanomolar range. In contrast, its Ki for plasmin is 10 uM. A reversible inhibitor is believed to be of greater utility than an irreversible inhibitor such as the C1 inhibitor.
The present invention also relates to protein and non-protein analogues, designed to provide a surface mimicking the kallikrein-binding site of the proteins of the present invention, which likewise bind kallikrein. These are termed “conformational analogues.”



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows six pseudopeptide bonds, in each figure, R1 and R2 are the side groups of the two amino acids that form the pseudodipeptide. If, for example, the dipeptide to be mimiced is ARG-PHE, then R1=—(CH2)3—NH—C—(NH2)2+ and R2=—CH2—C6H5. The pseudopeptides are not limited to side groups found in the twenty genetically encoded amino acids.

    a) ψ1(X1,X2,R1,R2) shows two α carbons joined by a trans ethylene moiety,
    
        X1 and X2 may independently be any group consistent with the stability of the vinyl group; for example, X1 and X2 may be picked from the set comprising
        
            {H, -alkyl (methyl, ethyl, etc.), —O-alkyl (especially methyl), —O— fluoroalkyl (—O—CF3, —O—CF2—CF3), halo (F, Cl, and Br), -fluoroalkyl (e.g. —CF3, —CF2—CH3, —C2F5), and secondary amine (such as N,N dimethyl)};
        
        
        preferred X1 groups are electronegative such as —O-alkyl and F or hydrogen;
        preferred X2 groups are H, alkyl, and secondary amines,
    
    
    b) “ψ2(X1,X2,X3,X4,R1,R2)” shows two α carbons joined by a ketomethylene moiety,
    
        X1 and X2 may independently be any group consistent with the stability of the ketomethylene group; for example, X1 and X2 may be picked from the set comprising one of
        
            {H, alkyl, amino, alkyl amino, —OH, —O-alkyl, —NH—COH, and F};
        
        
        preferred X1 and X2 groups are H, methyl, —NH2, —OH, and F (α fluoroketones are not nearly so reactive as are chloro and bromo ketones);
        X3 and X4 may independently by any one of
        
            {H and alkyl (especially methyl)};
        
        
        H is preferred, but alkyl groups may be used to limit the flexibility of the peptide chain,
    
    
    c) “ψ3(X1,X2,X3,X4,X5,X6,R1,R2)” shows two α carbons joined by two methylene groups,
    
        X1, X2, X3, and X4 may independently be any group consistent with the stability of the bismethylene group; for example, X1, X2, X3, and X4 may be picked from the set comprising
        
            {H, —O-alkyl (especially methyl), F, Cl, Br, -alkyl (methyl, ethyl, etc.), hydroxy, amino, alkyl hydroxy (e.g. —CH2—OH, —CH(CH3)OH), alkyl amino, and secondary amino (such as N,N dimethyl)};
        
        
        X5 and X6 may be independently picked from the set comprising
        
            {H, alkyl, arylalkyl (e.g. —CH2—C6H5), alkyl hydroxy, alkyl amino, aryl, alkylaryl (e.g. p-C6H4—CH2—CH3)}.
        
        
    
    
    d) “ψ4(X1,X2,X3,X4,R1,R2)” shows two α carbons joined by —CO—C(X1)(X2)—NH—,
    
        X1 and X2, may independently be any group consistent with the stability of the aminomethylketo group; for example, X1 and X2 may be picked from the set comprising
        
            {H, alkyl, amino, alkyl amino, —OH (but not two hydroxyls), —O-alkyl, and F},
        
        
        alternatively, X1 and X2 can be combined as the oxygen atom of an α keto carboxylic acid group (that is, the first residue is a β amino keto acid);
        X3 and X4 may be independently picked from the set comprising
        
            {H, alkyl, alkyl hydroxy, alkyl amino, aryl, alkylaryl (e.g. —CH2—C6H5)}, hydrogen is preferred, but larger groups may be used to limit the flexibility and reactivity of the peptide main chain.
        
        
    
    
    e) “ψ5(X1,X2,X3,X4,X5,R1,R2)” shows two α carbons joined by a methylene-amine group;
    
        X1 and X2 may be any group consistent with stability of the amine group; preferably, X1 and X2 may be picked independently from the set
        
            {H, alkyl (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, up to about C6), —OH (but X1 and X2 can not both simultaneously be —OH), —O-alkyl (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, up to about C6)},
        
        
        X3 can be any group consistent with being a stable substituent on a tertiary or secondary amine, perferably X3 is picked from the set
        
            {H, alkyl (C1 up to about C6), alkylhydroxy (—CH2—OH, —CH2—CH2—OH, up to about —C6O2H13)};
        
        
        X4 and X5 may be independently picked from the set comprising
        
            {H, alkyl, alkyl hydroxy, alkyl amino, aryl, alkylaryl (e.g. —CH2—C6H5)}, hydrogen is preferred, but other groups may be used to limit the flexibility and reactivity of the peptide main chain.
        
        
    
    
    f) “ψ6(X1,X2,X3,X4,R1,R2)” shows two α carbons joined by a vinylketone group;
    
        X1 and X2 may be any group consistent with stability of the compound;
        preferably, X1 and X2 may be picked independently from the set
        
            {H, alkyl (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, up to about C6), —O-alkyl (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, up to about C6), alkylhydroxy (—CH2—OH, —CH2—CH2—OH, up to about —C6O2H13)},
        
        
        X3 and X4 may be independently picked from the set comprising
        
            {H, alkyl, alkyl hydroxy, alkyl amino, aryl, alkylaryl (e.g. —CH2—C6H5)}, hydrogen is preferred, but other groups may be used to limit the flexibility and reactivity of the peptide main chain.
        
        
    
    


FIG. 2 shows six additional pseudopeptide linkages:

    a) “ψ7(X1,X2,R1,R2)”, a bisketone;
    
        X1 and X2 may be independently picked from the set comprising
        
            {H, alkyl, alkyl hydroxy, alkyl amino, aryl, alkylaryl (e.g. —CH2—C6H5)}, hydrogen is preferred, but other groups may be used to limit the flexibility and reactivity of the peptide main chain.
        
        
    
    
    b) “ψ8(X1,X2,X3,X4,X5,R1,R2)”, a cyclohexenone derivative:
    
        X1 can be any of
        
            {H, —O-alkyl (especially methyl), F, -alkyl (methyl, ethyl, etc.), and secondary amine (such as N,N dimethyl)};
        
        
        X2, X3, X4, and X5 may be picked independently from the set
        
            {H, —OH (but not two hydroxyls on the same carbon), alkyl (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, up to about C6), —O-alkyl, —O-alkylaryl (e.g. —O—CH2—C6H5), alkylhydroxy (—CH2—OH, —CH2—CH2—OH, etc.), F, Cl, Br, I, aryl, arylalkyl, —S-alkyl} (X4 and X5 should not be Cl, Br, or I).
        
        
    
    
    c) “ψ9(X1,X2,X3,X4,X5,X6,R1,R2)”, a cyclohexone derivative:
    
        X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, and X6 can independently be any of
        
            {H, hydroxy (but not two hydroxyl groups on one carbon), —O-alkyl (especially methyl), F, -alkyl (methyl, ethyl, etc.), and secondary amine (such as N,N dimethyl)}
        
        
    
    
    d) “ψ10(X1,X2,X3,X4,X5,R1,R2)”, a β amino acid derivative:
    
        X1 and X5 may be independently picked from the set comprising
        
            {H, alkyl, alkyl hydroxy, alkyl amino, aryl, alkylaryl (e.g. —CH2—C6H5)}; H is preferred.
        
        
        X2 and X3 can independently be picked from the set:
        
            {H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, other alkyls up to C6, —OH, —O-methyl, —CH2—OH}; alternatively, X2 and X3 can be a single double-bonded group, such as ═O, ═N-alkyl, or ═C(X6)(X7) (where X6 and X7 may be H or methyl)},
        
        
        X4 can be
        
            {H, alkyl, aryl, or substituted hydrocarbon chains}.
        
        
    
    
    e) “ψ11(X1, X2,X3,R1,R2)”, an imine derivative:
    
        X1 can be any group consistent with the imine bond:
        
            {H, methyl, alkyl(up to C6), —O-methyl, —O-ethyl},
        
        
        X2 and X3 may be independently picked from the set comprising
        
            {H, alkyl, alkyl hydroxy, alkyl amino, aryl, alkylaryl (e.g. —CH2—C6H)}.
        
        
    
    
    f) “ψ12(X1,X2,X3,X4,R1,R2)”, an ether derivative:
    
        X1 and X4 may be independently picked from the set comprising
        
            {H, alkyl, alkyl hydroxy, alkyl amino, aryl, alkylaryl (e.g. —CH2—C6H5)}.
        
        
        X2 and X3 may be picked independently from the set
        
            {H, —OH (but not two hydroxyls on the same carbon), alkyl (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, up to about C6), —O-alkyl, —O-alkylaryl (e.g. —O—CH2—C6H5), alkylhydroxy (—CH2—OH, —CH2—CH2—OH, etc.), F, Cl, Br, I, aryl, arylalkyl, —S-alkyl}.
        
        
    
    


FIG. 3 shows a number of amino acids that can be used to create cyclic peptides by joining the side groups:

    (A) shows L-2-(6-aminomethylnaphthyl)alanine,
    (B) shows L-2-(6-carboxymethylnaphthyl)alanine,
    (C) shows shows the crosslink generated by joining L-2-(6-aminomethylnaphthyl)alanine to L-2-(6-carboxymethylnaphthyl)alanine by a peptide bond between the substituents on the θ positions (the 6 position of naphthylene),
    (D) shows L-4-(2-(6-aminomethylnaphthyl))-2-aminobutyric acid,
    (E) shows L-4-(2-(6-carboxymethylnaphthyl))-2-aminobutyric acid, and
    (F) shows the crosslink generated by joining (D) to (E) through the substituents on the 6 position of each naphthene group.


FIG. 4 shows additional compounds that can be used to close a cyclic peptide:

    
    
        (A) shows L-2-(4-oxymethyl-6-aminomethylnaphthyl)alanine,
        (B) shows L-2-(6-carboxymethyl-7-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthyl)alanine,
        (C) shows L-4-(2-(6-carboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl))-2-aminobutyric acid,
        (D) shows 2,6 biscarboxymethylnaphthylene,
        (E) shows 2,6 bisaminomethylnaphthylene, the separation between nitrogens is about 8.5 Å.
    
    


FIG. 5 shows intermediates leading to an ethylene pseudopeptide and a ornithine=alanine pseudopeptide.
FIG. 6 shows compounds 4.1 and 4.2 according to formula 4. Cmpd 4.1 has a linker comprising —CH2—(O—CH2—CH2)3—CH2—; the pseudopeptide is a fluoroethylene group. Cmpd 4.2 has a linker derived from trans cyclohexanedimethanol and ethyleneglycol units and a ketomethylene group as pseudopeptide.
FIG. 7 shows compounds 4.3 and 4.4 according to formula 4. Cmpd 4.3 has a 1,1-difluoroethane group as pseudopeptide and a linker comprising a 2,5 dialkyl benzoic acid linker. Cmpd 4.4 has an imino group as pseudopeptide and a peptide linker Gly-Pro-Thr-Val-Thr-Thr-Gly (SEQ ID NO:30).
FIG. 8 shows compounds 4.6 (in which the linker contains a p-phenyl group and a carboxylic acid side group) and 4.7 (in which the linker comprises GLY-PRO-GLY-GLU-CYS-NH2) (SEQ ID NO:32) according to formula 4.
FIGS. 9A and 9B shows a hypotheitcal plasma kallikrein inhibitor. Panel B shows a precursor comprising H-HIS-CYS-LYS-ALA-ASN-HIS-glutamylaldehyde (SEQ ID NO:33):1-(4-bromo-n-butane). Panel A shows the compound formed by reciprocal coupling of the butane moiety to the thiol of a second molecule of the compound in panel B.
FIG. 10A-D shows molecules useful for cyclizing a peptide.

    
    
        A) shows a diacylaminoepindolidione (KEMP88b), the “exterior” nitrogens are separated by about 13 Å,
        B) shows diaminoepindolidione joined to a peptide through the side groups of two GLU residues,
        C) shows carboxymethylaminoaminoepindolidione,
        D) shows carboxymethylaminoaminoepindolidione joined to the ends of a peptide to form a loop.
    
    


FIG. 11A-H shows amino acids that favor a reverse turn,

    
    
        A) 2-carboxy-8-aminomethylnaphthylene,
        B) 2-carboxy-8-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthylene,
        C) 1-carboxy-2-aminocyclopentane,
        D) tetrahydroisoquinolin carboxylic acid (TIC)
        E) 2-carboxy-7-aminoindan,
        F) 2-carboxy-8-amino-7,8-dihydroxynaphthylene,
        G) 2,5,7-trisubstituted 2(S)-5-H-6-oxo-2,3,4,4a,7,7a-hexahydropyrano[2,3-b]pyrrole (CURR93), and
        H) 4-(2-aminoethyl)-6-dibenzofuranpropionic acid (DIAZ93).
    
    


FIG. 12A-D shows compounds that force a reverse turn in a peptide chain:

    
    
        A) 4-(2-aminomethyl-6-dibenzofuranethanoic acid,
        B) 8-aminomethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthoic acid,
        C) Compound attributed to Freidinger et al. (FREI82) in NAGA93,
        D) Compound attributed to Nagai and Sato (NAGA85) in NAGA93.
    
    





DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A large number of proteins act as serine protease inhibitors by serving as a highly specific, limited proteolysis substrate for their target enzymes. In many cases, the reactive site peptide bond (“scissile bond”) is encompassed in at least one disulfide loop, which insures that during conversion of virgin to modified inhibitor the two peptide chains cannot dissociate.
A special nomenclature has evolved for describing the active site of the inhibitor. Starting at the residue on the amino side of the scissile bond, and moving away from the bond, residues are named P1, P2, P3, etc. (SCHE67). Residues that follow the scissile bond are called P1′, P2′, P3′, etc. It has been found that the main chain of protein inhibitors having very different overall structure are highly similar in the region between P3 and P3′ with especially high similarity for P2, P1 and P1′ (LASK80 and works cited therein). It is generally accepted that each serine protease has sites S1, S2, etc. that receive the side groups of residues P1, P2, etc. of the substrate or inhibitor and sites S1′, S2′, etc. that receive the side groups of P1′, P2′, etc. of the substrate or inhibitor (SCHE67). It is the interactions between the S sites and the P side groups that give the protease specificity with respect to substrates and the inhibitors specificity with respect to proteases.
The serine protease inhibitors have been grouped into families according to both sequence similarity and the topological relationship of their active site and disulfide loops. The families include the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz), pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (Kazal), the Bowman-Birk inhibitor, and soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) families. (In this application, the term “Kunitz” will be used to refer to the BPTI family and not the STI family.) Some inhibitors have several reactive sites on a single polypeptide chain, and these distinct domains may have different sequences, specificities, and even topologies. One of the more unusual characteristics of these inhibitors is their ability to retain some form of inhibitory activity even after replacement of the P1 residue. It has further been found that substituting amino acids in the P5 to P5′ region, and more particularly the P3 to P3′ region, can greatly influence the specificity of an inhibitor. LASK80 suggested that among the BPTI (Kunitz) family, inhibitors with P1 Lys and Arg tend to inhibit trypsin, those with P1=Tyr, Phe, Trp, Leu and Met tend to inhibit chymotrypsin, and those with P1=Ala or Ser are likely to inhibit elastase. Among the Kazal inhibitors, they continue, inhibitors with P1=Leu or Met are strong inhibitors of elastase, and in the Bowman-Kirk family elastase is inhibited with P1 Ala, but not with P1 Leu.
All naturally occurring Kunitz Domain proteins have three disulfide bonds, which are topologically related so that the bonds are a-f, b-d, and c-e (“a” through “f” denoting the order of their positions along the chain, with “a” being closest to the amino-terminal), and the binding site surrounding or adjoining site “b”. The term “Kunitz domain protein” is defined, for purposes of the present invention, as being a protease inhibitor which has this fundamental disulfide bond/binding site topology, with the proviso that one of the disulfide bonds characteristic of the naturally occurring protein can be omitted.
Aprotinin-like Kunitz domains (KuDom) are structures of about 58 (typically about 56-60) amino acids having three disulfides: C5-C55, C14-C38, and C30-C51. KuDoms may have insertions and deletions of one or two residues. All naturally occurring KuDoms have all three disulfides. Engineered domains having only two have been made and are stable, though less stable than those having three. All naturally occurring KuDoms have F33 and G37. In addition, most KuDoms have (with residues numbered to align with BPTI) G12, (F,Y, or W) at 21, Y or F at 22, Y or F at 23, Y or W at 35, G or S at 36, G or A at 40, N or G at 43, F or Y at 45, and T or S at 47.
The archetypal KuDom, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI, a.k.a. aprotonin), is a 58 a.a. serine proteinase inhibitor. Under the tradename TRASYLOL, it is used for countering the effects of trypsin released during pancreatitis. Not only is its 58 amino acid sequence known, the 3D structure of BPTI has been determined at high resolution by X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and by NMR. One of the X-ray structures is deposited in the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank as “6PTI” [sic]. The 3D structure of various BPTI homologues (EIGE90, HYNE90) are also known. At least sixty homologues have been reported; the sequences of 59 proteins of this family are given in Table 13 of Ladner, U.S. Pat. No. 5,233,409 and the amino acid types appearing at each position are compiled in Table 15 thereof. The known human homologues include domains of Lipoprotein Associated Coagulation Inhibitor (LACI) (WUNT88, GIRA89), Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitor and the Alzheimer beta-Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP-I). Circularized BPTI and circularly permuted BPTI have binding properties similar to BPTI. Some proteins homologous to BPTI have more or fewer residues at either terminus. Kunitz domains are seen both as unitary proteins (e.g., BPTI) and as independently folding domains of larger proteins.
LACI is a human phosphoglycoprotein inhibitor with a molecular weight of 39 kDa. It includes three Kunitz domains.
The cDNA sequence of LACI (SEQ ID NO:25) was determined by Wun et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263 6001-6004 (1988). Mutational studies have been undertaken by Girard et al., Nature 338 518-520 (1989), in which the putative P1 residues of each of the three kunitz domains contained in the whole LACI molecule were altered from Lys36 to Ile, Arg107 to Leu, and Arg199 to Leu respectively. It has been proposed that kunitz domain 2 is required for efficient binding and inhibition of Factor Xa, while domains 1 and 2 are required for inhbition of Factor VIIa/Tissue Factor activity. The function of LACI kunitz domain 3 is as yet uncertain.
In a preferred embodiment, the KuDom of the present invention is substantially homologous with the first Kunitz Domain (K1) of LACI residues 50-107 of SEQ ID NO:25), with the exception of the kallikrein-binding related modifications discussed hereafter. For prophylaxis or treatment of humans, since BPTI is a bovine protein and LACI is a human protein, the mutants of the present invention are preferably more similar in amino acid sequence to LACI (K1) (residues 50-107 of SEQ ID NO:25) than to BPTI, to reduce the risk of causing an adverse immune response upon repeated administration.
The amino acid sequence of these mutant LACI domains has been numbered, for present purposes, to align them with the amino acid sequence of mature BPTI, in which the first cysteine is at residue 5 and the last at residue 55.
Most naturally occurring Kunitz domains have disulfides between 5:55, 14:38, and 30:51. Drosophila funebris male accessory gland protease inhibitor (GeneBank accession number P11424) has no cysteine at position 5, but has a cysteine at position −1 (just before typical position 1); presumably this forms a disulfide to CYS55. Engineered Kunitz domains have been made in which one or another of the disulfides have been changed to a pair of other residues (mostly ALA). Proteins having only two disulfides are less stable than those with three.
“Variegation” is semirandom mutagenesis of a binding protein. It gives rise to a library of different but structurally related potential binding proteins. The residues affected (“variable residues”) are predetermined, and, in a given round of variegation, are fewer than all of the residues of the protein. At each variable residue position, the allowable “substitution set” is also predetermined, independently, for each variable residue. It may be anywhere from 2 to 20 different amino acids, which usually, but need not, include the “wild type” amino acid for that position. Finally, the relative probabilities with which the different amino acids of the substitution set are expected (based on the synthetic strategy) to occur at the position are predetermined.
Variegation of a protein is typically achieved by preparing a correspondingly variegated mixture of DNA (with variable codons encoding variable residues), cloning it into suitable vectors, and expressing the DNA in suitable host cells.
For any given protein molecule of the library, the choice of amino acid at each variable residue, subject to the above constraints, is random, the result of the happenstance of which DNA expressed that protein molecule.













BPTI #
(Lac I)
Library Residues
Preferred Residues







13
P
L, H, P, R
HP


16
A
AG
AG


17
I
F, Y, L, H, I, N, A,
NSA




S, C, P, R, T, V, DG


18
M
all
HL


19
K
L, W, Q, M, K, A, G,
QLP




S, P, R, T, V, E


31
E
EQ
E


32
E
EQ
EQ


34
I
all
STI


39
E
all
GEA









In the table above, “library residues” are those permitted to occur, randomly, at that position, in the library, and “preferred residues” are those appearing at that position in at least one of the 10 variants identified as binding to human kallikrein.
At residues 13, 16, 17, 18, 31, and 32, the selections are very strong. At position 34, the selection for either SER or THR is quite strong. At position 39, the selection for GLY is strong. Position 19 seems to be rather tolerant.
The amino acid residues of the binding proteins of the present invention may be characterized as follows (note that the residues are numbered to correspond to BPTI):

    
    
        (a) the residues involved in disulfide bond formation (C5-C55, C14-C38, and C30-C51);
        (b) the residues subjected to variation in the library (13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 31, 32, 34, 39); and
        (c) the remaining residues.
    
    


At a minimum, the Kunitz domain proteins of the present invention must contain at least two disulfide bonds, at the same (or nearly the same) positions as in LACI(K1)(residues 50-107 of SEQ ID NO:25). The C5-C55 disulfide is the most important, then the C30-C51, and lastly the C14-C38. If a Cys is replaced, it is preferably a conservative non-proline substitution with Ala, and Thr especially preferred. Preferably, three disulfide bonds are formed, at the same, or nearly the same, positions as in LACI(K1)(residues 50-107 of SEQ ID NO:25). By “nearly the same”, we mean that as a result of a double mutation, the location of a Cys could be shifted by one or two positions along the chain, e.g., Cys30 Gly/Glx31 Cys.
With regard to the variable residues of the library, it should be appreciated that Applicants have not necessarily sequenced all of the positive mutants in the library, that some of the possible mutant proteins may not actually have been present in the library in detectable amounts, and that, at some positions, only some of the possible amino acids were intended to be included in the library. Therefore, the proteins of the present invention, may, at the aforementioned positions (13, 16-19, 31, 32, 34, 39) in decreasing order of preference, exhibit:

    
    
        (a) the residues specifically identified as preferred;
        (b) conservative (or semi-conservative) substitutions for the residues of (a) above, which were not listed as “library residues”;
        (c) nonconservative substitutions for the residues of (a) above, which were not listed as library residues;
        (d) conservative substitutions for the residues of (a) above, which were listed as library residues
    
    


In addition, for the protein to be substantially homologous with LACI(K1)(residues 50-107 of SEQ ID NO:25), residue 12 must be Gly, residue 23 must be aromatic, residue 33 must be aromatic, residue 37 must be Gly, (if the 14-28 disulfide bond is preserved, but otherwise is not restricted), and residue 45 must be aromatic.
With regard to the remaining residues, these may be, in decreasing order of preference:

    
    
        (a) the wild-type amino acid found at that position in LACI (K1)(residues 50-107 of SEQ ID NO:25);
        (b) conservative substitutions for (a) above which are also found at that position in one or more of the homologues of BPTI, or in BPTI itself (SEQ ID NO:1), as listed in Table 15 of the '409 patent;
        (c) conservative substitutions for (a) above which are not listed at that position in Table 15 of the '409 patent;
        (d) other amino acids listed at that position in Table 15 of the ‘409 patent’
        (e) conservative substitutions for the amino acids of (a) above, not already included in (a)-(c);
        (f) any other residues, with non-proline residues being preferred.
    
    


Additional variegation could give rise to proteins having higher affinity for pKA. The intention is to make a new first loop (residues 10-21) including what we got in the first variation. Table 202 shows variegation for residues 10-21. Above the DNA sequence, underscored AAs are from the selected kallikrein binders while bold AAs are those found in LACI-K1 (residues 50-107 of SEQ ID NO:25). We allow D, E, N, or K at 10 (underscored amino acids have been seen on Kunitz domains at position 10). We allow 8 AAs at 11: {N, S, I, T, A, G, D, V}. Previous variegation had allowed {P,L,H,R} at 13. We selected H very strongly; LACI-K1 (residues 50-107 of SEQ ID NO:25) has P at 13 and no reported Kunitz domain has HIS at 13. In one case, PRO was selected at 13. Judging that PRO13 is not optimal, we now allow {E, K, D, Y, Q, H, N}. At 15, we allow K or R. Enzymes that cut after basic residues (K or R) can show two fold tighter binding when the preferred basic residues is available. Which is preferred for a given enzyme may well depend on the other residues in the inhibitor; we will allow both. At 16, we add V or D to the group {A,G} previously allowed. LACI-K1 (residues 50-107 of SEQ ID NO:25) has a hydrophobic residue at 17, but we selected N strongly with S allowed (both are hydrophilic). Thus, we allow either N or S. At 18, we selected HIS strongly with LEU being allowed. We now allow either HIS or LEU. At 19, we allow eleven amino acids: {A, T, S, P, H, N, Y, Q, K, D, E}. HIS, TYR, ASN, and ASP were not allowed in the first variegation. This variegation allows 131,072 DNA sequences and 78,848 amino acid sequences; 99.92% of the amino-acid sequences are new. One preferred procedure is to ligate DNA that embodies this variegation into DNA obtained from selection after the initial variegation at residues 31, 32, 34, and 39. Thus a small population of sequences at these locations is combined with the new variegation to produce a population of perhaps 107 different sequences. These are then selected for binding to human pKA.
A second variegation, shown in Table 204, allows changes at residues 31, 32, 34, 39, 40, 41, and 42. In the first selection, we saw strong selection at positions 31 and 32 and weaker selection at positions 34 and 39. Thus, we now allow more variability at 31 and 32, less variability at 34 and 39, and binary variability at 40, 41, and 42. This variegation allows 131,072 DNA sequences and 70,304 amino-acid sequences. The fraction of amino-acid sequences that are new is 0.997.
The term “substantially homologous”, when used in connection with amino acid sequences, refers to sequences which are substantially identical to or similar in sequence, giving rise to a homology in conformation and thus to similar biological activity. The term is not intended to imply a common evolution of the sequences.
Typically, “substantially homologous” sequences are at least 50%, more preferably at least 80%, identical in sequence, at least over any regions known to be involved in the desired activity. Most preferably, no more than five residues, other than at the termini, are different. Preferably, the divergence in sequence, at least in the aforementioned regions, is in the form of “conservative modifications”.
“Conservative modifications” are defined as

    
    
        (a) conservative substitutions of amino acids as hereafter defined; and
        (b) single or multiple insertions or deletions of amino acids at the termini, at interdomain boundaries, in loops or in other segments of relatively high mobility (as indicated, e.g., by the failure to clearly resolve their structure upon X-ray diffraction analysis or NMR). Preferably, except at the termini, no more than about five amino acids are inserted or deleted at a particular locus, and the modifications are outside regions known to contain binding sites important to activity.
    
    


Conservative substitutions are herein defined as exchanges within one of the following five groups:

    
    
        I. Small aliphatic, nonpolar or slightly polar residues: Ala, Ser, Thr (Pro, Gly)
        II. Polar, negatively charged residues: and their amides Asp, Asn, Glu, Gln
        III. Polar, positively charged residues: His, Arg, Lys
        IV. Large, aliphatic, nonpolar residues: Met, Leu, Ile, Val (Cys)
        V. Large, aromatic residues: Phe, Tyr, Trp
    
    


Residues Pro, Gly and Cys are parenthesized because they have special conformational roles. Cys participates in formation of disulfide bonds. Gly imparts flexibility to the chain. Pro imparts rigidity to the chain and disrupts α helices. These residues may be essential in certain regions of the polypeptide, but substitutable elsewhere.
Semi-conservative substitutions are defined to be exchanges between two of groups (I)-(V) above which are limited to supergroup (a), comprising (I), (II) and (III) above, or to supergroup (B), comprising (IV) and (V) above.
Two regulatory DNA sequences (e.g., promoters) are “substantially homologous” if they have substantially the same regulatory effect as a result of a substantial identity in nucleotide sequence. Typically, “substantially homologous” sequences are at least 50%, more preferably at least 80%, identical, at least in regions known to be involved in the desired regulation. Most preferably, no more than five bases are different.
The Kunitz domains are quite small; if this should cause a pharmacological problem, such as excessively quick elimination from the circulation, two or more such domains may be joined by a linker. This linker is preferably a sequence of one or more amino acids. A preferred linker is one found between repeated domains of a human protein, especially the linkers found in human BPTI homologues, one of which has two domains (BALD85, ALBR83b) and another of which three (WUNT88). Peptide linkers have the advantage that the entire protein may then be expressed by recombinant DNA techniques. It is also possible to use a nonpeptidyl linker, such as one of those commonly used to form immunogenic conjugates. For example, a BPTI-like KuDom to polyethyleneglycol, so called PEGylation (DAVI79).
Certain plasma kallikrein-inhibiting Kunitz domains are shown in Table 103. The residues that are probably most important in binding to plasma kallikrein are H13, C14, K15, A16, N17, H18, Q19, E31, E32, and X34 (where X is SER or THR). A molecule that presents the side groups of N17, H18, and Q19 plus any two of the residues H13, C14, K15, (or R15), E31, E32, and X34 (X=SER or THR) in the corresponding orientation is likely to show strong, specific binding for plasma kallikrein. A basic residue at 15 is NOT thought to be essential.
The compounds are not limited to the side groups found in genetically encoded amino acids; rather, conservative substitutions are allowed. LYS15 can be replaced by ARG, ornithine, guanidolysine, and other side groups that carry a positive charge. ASN17 can be replaced by other small, neutral, hydrophilic groups, such as (but without limitation) SER, O-methyl serine, GLN, α-amidoglycine, ALA, α-aminobutyric acid, and α-amino-γ-hydroxybutyric acid (homoserine). HIS18 could be replaced with other amino acids having one or more of the properties: amphoteric, aromatic, hydrophobic, and cyclic. For example (without limitation), HIS18 could be replaced with L-Cδmethylhistidine, L-Cεmethylhistidine, L-p-aminophenylalanine, L-m-(N,Ndimethylamino)phenylalanine, canavanine (Merck Index 1745), and N-methylasparagine.
A molecule that presents side groups corresponding to, for example, K15, N17, H18, and E32 might bind to plasma kallikrein in a way that blocks access of macromolecules to the catalytic site, even though the catalytic site is accessible to small molecules. Thus, in testing possible inhibitors, it is preferred that they be tested against macromolecular substrates.
Ways to Improve Specificity of, For Example, KKII/3#7 for Plasma Kallikrein:
Note that K15 or (R15) may not be essential for specific binding although it may be used. Not having a basic residue at the P1 position may give rise to greater specificity. The variant KKII/3#7-K15A (SEQ ID NO:31; shown in Table 1017), having an ALA at P1, is likely to be a good plasma kallikrein inhibitor and may have higher specificity for plasma kallikrein relative to other proteases than does NS4. The affinity of KKII/3#7-K15A (SEQ ID NO:31) for plasma kallikrein may be less than the affinity of KKII/3#7 (SEQ ID NO:8) for plasma kallikrein, but in many applications, specificity is more important.
Smaller Domains That Bind Plasma Kallikrein:
Kunitz domains contain 58 amino acids (typically). It is possible to design smaller domains that would have specific binding for plasma kallikrein. Table 50 shows places in BPTI where side groups are arranged in such a way that a disulfide is likely to form if the existing side groups are changed to cysteine. Table 55 shows some “cut-down” domains that are expected to bind and inhibit plasma kallikrein.
The first shortened molecule (ShpKa#1, SEQ ID NO:17) is derived from BPTI and comprises residues 13-39. The mutations P13H, R17N, I18H, I19Q, Q31E, T32E, V34S, and R39G are introduced to increase specific binding to plasma kallikrein. The mutation Y21C is introduced on the expectation that a disulfide will form between CYS21 and CYS30. It is also expected that a disulfide will form between CYS14 and CYS38 as in BPTI. These disulfides will cause the residues 13-19 and 31-39 to spend most of their time in a conformation highly similar to that found for the corresponding residues of BPTI. This, in turn, will cause the domain to have a high affinity for plasma kallikrein.
The second shortened molecule (ShpKa#2, SEQ ID NO:18) is also derived from BPTI and comprises residues 13-52. The mutations P13H, R17N, I18H, I19Q, Q31E, T32E, V34T, and R39G are introduced to increase specific binding to plasma kallikrein. Because residues 13-52 are included, the two natural disulfides 14:38 and 30:51 can form.
A third shortened BPTI derivative (ShpKa#3, SEQ ID NO:19) is similar to ShpKa#2 (SEQ ID NO:18) but has the mutations P13H, K15R, R17N, I18H, I19Q, R20C, Q31E, T32E, V34S, Y35C, and R39G. The residues 20 and 35 are close enough in BPTI that a disulfide could form when both are converted to cysteine. At position 34, both ASP and GLY seen to give good plasma kallikrein binders. As we are introducing a new disulfide bond between 35 and 20, it seems appropriate to allow extra flexibility at 34 by using SER.
The fourth shortened molecule (ShpKa#4, SEQ ID NO:20) is derived from the LACI-K1 derivative KKII/3#7 (residues 13-39 OF SEQ ID NO:8) and carries only the mutation F21C. It is likely that a disulfide will form between CYS21 and CYS30.
ShpKa#5 (SEQ ID NO:21) is related to ShpKa#4 (SEQ ID NO:20) by replacing residues ILE25-PHE26 with a single GLY. The α carbons of residues 24 and 27 are separated by 5.5 Å and this gap can be bridged by a single GLY.
ShpKa#6 (SEQ ID NO:22) is related to ShpKa#4 (SEQ ID NO:20) by the additional mutations R20C and Y35C. These residues are close in space so that a third disulfide might form between these residues.
ShpKa#7 (SEQ ID NO:23) is related to ShpKa#6 (SEQ ID NO:22) by the mutations N24D, I25V, F26T, and T27E. The subsequence D24VTE is found in several Kunitz Domains and reduces the positive charge on the molecule.
ShpKa#8 (SEQ ID NO:24) is related to ShpKa#6 (SEQ ID NO:22) by the mutations I25P, F26D, and T27A. The subsequence P25DA is found in the KuDom of D. funebris. This has the advantage of inserting a proline and reducing net positive charge. It is not known that reduced positive charge will result in greater affinity or specificity. The ability to change the charge at a site far from the binding site is an advantage.
Non-Kunitz Domain Inhibitors of Plasma Kallikrein Derived from the LACI-K1 Plasma Kallikrein Inhibitors
The Kunitz domain binding proteins of the present invention can be used as structural probes of human plasma kallikrein so that smaller protein, small peptidyl, and non-peptidyl drugs may be designed to have high specificity for plasma kallikrein.
The non-Kunitz domain inhibitors of the present invention can be divided into several groups:

    
    
        1) peptides of four to nine residues,
        2) cyclic peptides of five to twenty-five residues,
        
            a) those closed by disulfides,
            b) those closed by main-chain peptide bonds,
            c) those closed by bonds (other than disulfides) between side groups,
        
        
        3) compounds in which one or more peptide bonds are replaced by nonpeptidyl bonds which, nonetheless, are somewhat analogous to peptide bonds in length, structure, etc., so-called “pseudopeptides”, and
        4) compounds in which the side groups corresponding to those of a protein are supported by a framework that is not related to peptides or pseudopeptides.
    
    


Inhibitors may belong to more than one of these groups. For example, a compound may be cyclic and have two peptide linkages replaced by “pseudopeptide” linkages, or a compound could have three side groups attached to an organic ring compound with a dipeptide group also attached.
1) Peptides of Four to Nine Residues:
One class of potential inhibitors of plasma kallikrein is peptides of four to nine residues. The peptides are not limited to those composed of the genetically-encodable twenty amino acids. Unless stated otherwise, the levo enantiomer (1- or L-) of chiral amino acids (that is, the conformation about the α carbon is as in naturally occurring genetically-encoded amino acids) is preferred. Peptides of four to nine residues having the sequence of Formula 1 are likely to be specific plasma kallikrein inhibitors.

X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-X7-X8-X9  Formula 1

wherein:

    → the first residue may be any one of X1, X2, X3, X4, or X5; the last residue may be either X8 or X9,
    X1 corresponds to the P4 residue the inhibitor and may be picked from the set comprising {any d or 1 amino acid (having free or blocked amino group) or an amino group (possibly blocked with one of the groups acetyl, formyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, secondary butyl, tertiary butyl, benzyl, or similar group)}; preferred choices are hydrogen, acetyl, glycine, and formyl,
    X2 corresponds to the P3 residue and is most preferably 1-HIS; alternatives include (without limitation) L-Cδmethylhistidine, L-Cεmethylhistidine, L-p-aminophenylalanine, L-m-(N,Ndimethylamino)phenylalanine, canavanine (Merck Index 1745), and N-methylasparagine; all the alternatives have one or more of the properties: amphoteric, aromatic, hydrophobic, and cyclic, as does HIS,
    X3 corresponds to the P2 residue and may be any 1 amino acid, preferably uncharged and hydrophobic; if X3 is cysteine, the sulphur is blocked by one of a) a second cysteine residue, b) a thiol reagent, c) an alkyl group, if X3 is not cysteine, then PRO is a preferred choice because the φ of CYS14 is in the range accessible to PRO and the side group of PRO is not dissimilar to the disulfide group, other preferred alternatives at X3 include 1-MET, 1-GLN, 1-pipecolic acid (Merck Index 7425), 1-2-azitidinecarboxylic acid (Merck Index 923), 1-LEU, 1-ILE, 1-VAL, cycloleucine (Merch Index 2740), 1-α-aminobutylric acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, and 1-methoxyalanine,
    X4 corresponds to the P1 residue and is most preferably 1-LYS, 1-ARG, 1-ornithine, or 1-guanidolysine (i.e. NH2—CH(COOH)—(CH2)4—NH—C—(NH2)2+); 1-ALA, 1-SER, and GLY are preferred alternatives,
    X5 corresponds to the P1′ residue and is most preferably ALA if X4 is present; 1-PRO, GLY, and 1-SER are preferred alternatives,; X5 may be any amino acid if X1-X4 are absent,
    X6 corresponds to the P2′ residue and is most preferably 1-ASN, 1-SER, 1-GLN; other amino acids having small, neutral, hydrophilic groups, such as (but without limitation) O-methyl serine, α-amidoglycine, α-aminobutyric acid, β-fluoroalanine, N-methylasparagine, N,N-dimethylasparagine, and α-amino-γ-hydroxybutyric acid (homoserine), are preferred alternatives,
    X7 corresponds to the P3′ residue and is most preferably HIS; preferred alternatives include, for example and without limitation, L-Cδmethylhistidine, L-Cεmethylhistidine, L-p-aminophenylalanine, L-m-(N,Ndimethylamino)phenylalanine, canavanine (Merck Index 1745), and N-methylasparagine; all the alternatives have one or more of the properties: amphoteric, aromatic, hydrophobic, and cyclic, as does HIS,
    X8 corresponds to the P4′ residue and most preferably is GLN; other neutral residues including, for example and without limitation, ASN, α-amino-δ-amidoadipic acid, HIS, and α-amino-ε-amidopimelic acid. The preferred alternative all have minimal size and no charged groups, and
    X9 corresponds to the p5′ residue and may be any 1- or d-amino acid, preferably 1-ARG, 1-LEU, or 1-ALA (which occur frequently at this position of Kunitz Domains), or GLU, ASP, or other amino acids having acidic side groups (which might interact with plasma kallikrein in place of GLU32 or GLU31), or homoserine or other amino acid having a hydroxyl, or X9 may be a free or blocked carboxyl group of X8 or X9 may be a free or blocked amide group of X8; if X5 is the first amino acid, then X9 is present.

These compounds can be synthesized by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using tBoc or Fmoc chemistry. Synthesis in solution is also allowed. There are many references to SPPS, including Synthetic Peptides, Edited by Gregory A Grant, W H Freeman and Company, New York, 1992, hereinafter GRAN92.



Examples of class 1 include:

    1.1) +NH2-GLY1-HIS-PRO-LYS4-ALA5-ASN-HIS-GLN-LEU9-NH2 (SEQ ID NO:34; 9 amino acids),
    1.2) +NH2-HIS-PRO3-ARG4-ALA-ASN-HIS-GLN8-COO— (SEQ ID NO:35; 7 amino acids),
    1.3) +NH2-PRO3-ARG4-ALA-ASN-HIS7-COOC2H5 (SEQ ID NO:36; 5 amino acids),
    1.4) CH3CO—NH—CH2—CO-HIS-MET-LYS4-ALA-ASN-HIS-GLN-GLU-COO— (SEQ ID NO:37; X1 is acetylglycine, 9 amino acids),
    1.5) 1-pipecolyl-1-ornithinyl4-ALA5-ASN-L-CδmethylhistidYL-GLN-NH2 (6 amino acids), and
    1.6) 1-2-azitidinyl-1-guanidolysyl4-PRO-ASN-HIS-1-α-aminopimelamideyl-GLU-CONH2 (7 amino acids).

2) Cyclic Peptides of from About 8 to About 25 Amino Acids:



A second class of likely plasma kallikrein inhibitors are cyclic peptides of from about 8 to about 25 residues in which Formula 1 is extended to allow cyclization between X8 or X9 and one of: 1) X1, 2) X2, 3) X3, 4) X4, 5) X5, or 6) the side group of one these residues. The amino acids of this class are not restricted to the twenty genetically encodable amino acids. Closure to the amino terminus of residues in cases 1-5 involves standard peptide chemistry. Leatherbarrow and Salacinski (LEAT91) report “design of a small peptide-based proteinase inhibitor by modeling the active-site region of barley chymotrypsin inhibitor 2.” This twenty-amino-acid peptide has a KD for chymotrypsin of 28 pM. If the side group of X3 contains a free thiol, as in CYS, then the peptide may be extended to include a second CYS that will form a disulfide with CYS3. Thus, the sequences of the Formulae 2.1 through 2.12 are likely to be specific inhibitors of plasma kallikrein.




Wherein:

    → the first residue may be any one of X1, X2, or X3,
    X1 corresponds to the P4 residue the inhibitor and may be picked from the set comprising {any d or 1amino acid (having free or blocked amino group) or an amino group (possibly blocked with one of the groups acetyl, formyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, secondary butyl, tertiary butyl, benzyl, or similar group)}; preferred choices are hydrogen, acetyl, glycine, and formyl,
    X2 corresponds to the P3 residue and is most preferably 1-HIS; alternatives include (without limitation) L-Cδmethylhistidine, L-Cεmethylhistidine, L-p-aminophenylalanine, L-m-(N,Ndimethylamino)phenylalanine, canavanine (Merck Index 1745), and N-methylasparagine; all the alternatives have one or more of the properties: amphoteric, aromatic, hydrophobic, and cyclic, as does HIS,
    X3 corresponds to the P2 residue and may be any 1 amino acid, preferably uncharged and hydrophobic; if X3 is cysteine, the sulphur is blocked by one of a) a second cysteine residue, b) a thiol reagent, c) an alkyl group, if X3 is not cysteine, then PRO is a preferred choice because the φ of CYS14 is in the range accessible to PRO and the side group of PRO is not dissimilar to the disulfide group, other preferred alternatives at X3 include 1-MET, 1-GLN, 1-pipecolic acid (Merck Index 7425), 1-2-azitidinecarboxylic acid (Merck Index 923), 1-LEU, 1-ILE, 1-VAL, cycloleucine (Merch Index 2740), 1-α-aminobutylric acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, and 1-methoxyalanine,
    X4 corresponds to the P1 residue and is most preferably 1-LYS, 1-ARG, 1-ornithine, or 1-guanidolysine (i.e. NH2—CH(COOH)—(CH2)4—NH—C—(NH2)2+); 1-ALA, 1-SER, and GLY are preferred alternatives,
    X5 corresponds to the P1′ residue and is most preferably ALA if X4 is present; 1-PRO, GLY, and 1-SER are preferred alternatives,; X5 may be any amino acid if X1-X4 are absent,
    X6 corresponds to the P2′ residue and is most preferably 1-ASN, 1-SER, 1-GLN; other amino acids having small, neutral, hydrophilic groups, such as (but without limitation) O-methyl serine, α-amidoglycine, α-aminobutyric acid, β-fluoroalanine, N-methylasparagine, N,N-dimethylasparagine, and α-amino-γ-hydroxybutyric acid (homoserine), are preferred alternatives,
    X7 corresponds to the P3′ residue and is most preferably HIS; preferred alternatives include, for example and without limitation, L-Cδmethylhistidine, L-Cεmethylhistidine, L-p-aminophenylalanine, L-m-(N,Ndimethylamino)phenylalanine, canavanine (Merck Index 1745), and N-methylasparagine; all the alternatives have one or more of the properties: amphoteric, aromatic, hydrophobic, and cyclic, as does HIS,
    X8 corresponds to the P4′ residue and most preferably is GLN; other neutral residues including, for example and without limitation, ASN, α-amino-δ-amidoadipic acid, HIS, and α-amino-ε-amidopimelic acid. The preferred alternative all have minimal size and no charged groups, and
    X9 corresponds to the p5′ residue and may be any 1- or d-amino acid, preferably 1-ARG, 1-LEU, or 1-ALA (which occur frequently at this position of Kunitz Domains), or GLU, ASP, or other amino acids having acidic side groups (which might interact with plasma kallikrein in place of GLU32 or GLU31), or homoserine or other amino acid having a hydroxyl, or X9 may be a free or blocked carboxyl group of X8 or X9 may be a free or blocked amide group of X8; if X5 is the first amino acid, then X9 is present,
    Linkage is a collection of atoms that connect one of X8 or X9 to one of X1, X2, or X3. The linkage could be closed by any one or more of disulfide bonds, peptide bonds, other covaluent bonds. The linkage is designed to bend sharply after the recognition sequence; sequences such as GLY-PRO, PRO-GLY, GLY-GLY, SER-GLY, and GLY-THR which are known to favor turns are preferred after the recognition sequence (X4-X8) and (for those cases in which the loop is closed by main-chain peptide bonds) before the lowest-numbered residue of Formula 2; the linkage could be picked from the set comprising:
    
        1) —(CH2)n- where n is between 1 and about 18;
        2) —CH2—(O—CH2—CH2)n- where n is between 1 and about 6;
        3) saccharides comprising one to about five hexose, pentose, or other rings, sugars offering the advantage of favoring solubility;
        4) diaminoepindolidione, 2,6-diaminonaphthylene, 2,6-diaminoanthracene, and similar rigid diamines joined to the carboxylic acid groups either at the C-terminus or in the side groups of ASP, GLU, or other synthetic amino acids;
        5) 2,6-dicarboxynaphthylene, 2,6-dicarboxyanthracene, and similar rigid dicarboxylic acids joined to primary amino groups on the peptide, such as the α amino group or the side groups of LYS or ornithine;
        6) one or more benzene, naphthylene, or anthracene rings or their heterocyclic analogues, having acidic, oxymethyl, basic, halo, or nitro side groups and joined through alkyl or ether linkages.
    
    


The linker should not be too hydrophobic, especially if it is flexible. A chain of methylene groups is likely to undergo “hydrophobic collapse” (Dan Rich paper.) Ether linkages are chemically stable and avoid the tendency for the linker to collapse into a compact mass.
Some examples, without limitation, of Formula 2 are:




In Formula 2.1, X1 is an amino group, X2 is HIS, X3 is CYS, X4 is LYS, X9 is GLU, and the linker is -THR-ILE-THR-THR-CYS-NH2. The loop is closed by a disulfide. Table 220 contains the distances between α carbons of the residues 11 through 21 and 32, 32, and 34 in BPTI. CYS3 in Formula 2.1 corresponds to CYS14 of BPTI and GLU9 corresponds to ARG20. These residues are separated (in the desired conformation) by 14.2 Å. Thus the five residue linker can span this gap. The use of THR and ILE favors an extended conformation of the linker. GLU9 is intended to interact with the components of plasma kallikrein that interact with GLU31 and GLU32 in the Kunitz-domain KKII/3#7 (SEQ ID NO:8) plasma kallikrein inhibitor.




In Forumula 2.2, X1 is an acetate group, X3 is CYS, X4 is ARG, X9 is GLU, and the linker is -GLU10-THR-THR-VAL-THR-GLY-CYS-NH2. The loop is closed by a disulfide. This differs from 2.1 in having two acidic residues where the chain is likely to turn and where these acidic side groups can interact with those components of plasma kallikrein that interact with GLU31 and GLU32 in the Kunitz-domain KKII/3#7 (SEQ ID NO:8) plasma kallikrein inhibitor.




In Formula 2.3, X1 is a glycine, X2 is HIS, X3 is CYS, X4 is ARG, X6 is GLN, X9 is GLY (actually part of the linker), and the linker is -GLY9-PRO-THR-GLY-CYS-NH2.




In Formula 2.4, the loop is closed by a peptide bond bewteen THR14 and HIS2. The compound may be synthesized starting at any point and then cyclized. X3 is PRO and X4 is ARG. The TTVT sequence favors extended structure due to the branches at the β carbons of the side groups. GLY9 favors a turn at that point. GLU10 allows interaction with those components of plasma kallikrein that interact with GLU31 and GLU32 of KKII/3#7 (SEQ ID NO:8). GLU10 of formula 2.4 could be replaced with other amino acids having longer acidic side groups such as α-aminoadipic acid or α-aminopimelic acid.




In formulae 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7 there are two disulfides. Having two disulfides is likely to give the compound greater rigidity and increase the likelihood that the sequence from 5 to 10 is extended. Having two consecutive CYSs favors formation of disulfides to other CYSs, particularly those at the beginning of the peptide. In formula 2.5, the disulfides are shown from C2 to C17 and C4 to C18. This bonding may not be as favorable to proper conformation of residues 5 through 10 as is the bonding C2 to C17 and C4 to C16 as shown in formula 2.6. Which of these forms is probably most strongly influenced by the amino-acid sequence around the cysteines and the buffer conditions in which the molecule folds. Placing charged groups before and after the cysteines may favor the desired structure. For example, D1C2HC4K5ANHQEGPTVD15C16C17K18 (SEQ ID NO:45) would have D1 close to K18 and K5 close to D15 in the desired structure, but would have D1 close to D15 and K5 close to K18 in the less preferred structure.
Optionally, the side group of X3 in Formula 2 could be other than CYS but such that it can selectively form a cross-bridge to a second residue in the chain. As discussed in GRAN92 (p. 141) selective deprotection of primary amine and carboxylic acid side groups allows selective formation of intrachain crosslinks.




Formulae 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, and 2.11 show cyclic peptides which are likely to inhibit plasma kallikrein specifically in which the loop is closed by a peptide bond or bonds between the side groups of amino acids. During synthesis, the substrates for LYS3 and GLU13 (formula 2.8), GLU3 and LYS14 (formula 2.9), GLU2 and GLU9 (formula 2.10), and LYS2 and LYS10 (formuola 2.11) are blocked differently from other reactive side groups of their respective peptides so that these side groups can be deprotected while leaving the other groups blocked. The loop is then closed and the other side groups deprotected.

The α carbons of LYS and GLU residues that are joined by a peptide bond through the side groups may be separated by up to about 8.5 Å. In BPTI (SEQ ID NO:1), the α carbons of CYS14 and ARG17 are separated by 8.9 Å. The second version of Formula 2.9 shows the peptide chain folded back after GLY10; PRO11 is approximately as far from the α carbon of residue 3 as is the α carbon of GLN9; THR12 is about as far from residue 3 as is GLN8; and so forth, so that LYS14 is about as far from residue 3 as is ARG6, which would be about 8.9 Å if the peptide is in the correct conformation. The peptide of formula 2.8 is one amino acid shorter. The sequence differs by omission of a PRO, so the chain should be less rigid.
For formula 2.10, the loop is closed by formation of two peptide bonds between the side groups of GLU2 and GLU9 with 2,6 bisaminomethylnaphthylene (FIG. 4, panel E). In Formula 2.11, residues 2 and 9 are lysine and 2,6 biscarboxynaphthylene (FIG. 4, panel D) could be used. Linkers of this sort have the advantage that the linker not only bridges the gap, but that it also keeps the joined amino acids separated by at least about 8 Å. This encourages the peptide to fold into the desired extended conformation.
Loop closure by peptide bond or bonds has the advantage that it is not sensitive to reduction as are disulfides. Unnatural amino acids have different cross-linkable side groups may be used. In particular, acid side groups having more methylene groups, aryl groups, or other groups are allowed. For example, the side groups —CH2-p-C6H4—COOH, -p-C6H4—CH2—COOH, —(CH2)3—COOH, and -(transCH═CH)—CH2—COOH could be used. Also, side groups (other than that of LYS) carrying amino groups may be used. For exampel, —(CH2)2—NH3+, —(CH2)3—NH3+, —(CH2)5—NH3+, —CH2-2-(6-aminomethylnaphthyl) (shown in FIG. 3, panel A), —CH2-2-(6-carboxymethylnaphthyl) (shown in FIG. 3, panel B), —CH2—CH2-2-(6-aminomethylnaphthyl) (shown in FIG. 3, panel D), —CH2—CH2-2-(6-carboxymethylnaphthyl) (shown in FIG. 3, panel E), and —CH2-p-C6H4—CH2—NH3+ are suitable.
The naphthylene derivatives shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 have the advantage that, for the distance spanned, there are relatively few rotatable bonds.
Another alternative within Formula 2 is a repeated cyclic compound: for example,




Formula 2.12′ has two copies of the recognition sequence (HX tandemly repeated and cyclized. A GLY is inserted to facilitate a turn.
Let  be an amino-acid analogue that forces a β turn, many of which are known in the art. Then compounds of formula 2.12 are likely to have the desired conformation and to show highly specific plasma kallikrein binding.




Related compounds encompassed in formula 2 include cyclic(PKANHQPKANHQ; SEQ ID NO:50) and cyclic(HMKANHQHMKANHQ; SEQ ID NO:51).

Furthermore, one might increase the specificity to 2.12 by replacing the P1 amino acid (K4 and K12) with a non-basic amino acid such as ALA, SER, or GLY.




Formula 2.13 embodies two copies of the NHQ subsequence, having the P1′ ALA replaced by PRO (to force the appropriate phi angle). Cyclic (ANHQANHQ; SEQ ID NO:53) is also a likely candidate for specific plasma kallikrein binding.

Also encompassed by formula 2 are compounds like that shown in FIG. 10 having the sequence cyclo(bis H-HIS-CYS-LYS-ALA-ASN-HIS-GLN*; SEQ ID NO:54) wherein GLN* is the modified moiety shown and the cycle is closed by two thioether linkages.
Pseudopeptides:
As used herein, a “pseudopeptide” is a linkage that connects two carbon atoms which correspond to the carbons of amino acids and which are called the “bridge-head atoms”. The pseudopeptide holds the bridge-head atoms at an appropriate separation, approximately 3.8 Å. The pseudopeptide is preferably planar, holding the bridge-head atoms in the same plane as most or all of the atoms of the pseudopeptide. Typically, a pseudopeptide has an amino group and a carboxylic acid group so that is corresponds roughly to a dipeptide that can be introduced into a peptide by standard Fmoc, tBoc, or other chemistry.
In BPTI, the carbonyl oxygen of K15 projects toward the exterior while the amine nitrogen of A16 points toward the interior of BPTI. Thus, psuedopeptides that preserve the carbonyl group are preferred over those that do not. Furthermore, pseudopeptides that favor the atomic arrangement found at residues 15 and 16 of Kunitz domains are particularly favored at residues 15-16 for compounds of the present invention. At other positions, pseudopeptides that favor the observed conformation are preferred.
FIGS. 1 and 2 show twelve examples of pseudopeptides; other pseudopeptides may be used. Of these, ψ1, ψ2, ψ3, ψ5, ψ6, ψ7, ψ8, ψ9, ψ11, and ψ12 maintain the same number of atoms between nominal Cαs. ψ4 and ψ10 add an extra atom in the linkage. ψ2, ψ4, ψ6, ψ7, ψ8, ψ9, and ψ10 maintain a carbonyl oxygen. ψ1, ψ3, ψ5, can carry electronegative groups in a place similar to that of the carbonyl oxygen if X1 is F or —O-alkyl (especially —O—CH3 or —O—CF3). The pseudopeptide bond plays several roles. First, the pseudopeptide prevents hydrolysis of the bond. To do this, it is usually enough that the bond be stable in water and that at least one atom of the peptide be changed. It may be sufficient to alkylate the peptide amide. Peptides having PRO at P1′ are often highly resistant to cleavage by serine proteases. A second role of the pseudopeptide if to favor the desired conformation of the residues joined by the pseudopeptide. Thirdly, the pseudopeptide provides groups having suitable charge, hydrogen-bonding potential, and polarizability. Even so, it must be remembered that only a true peptide will have the same geometry, charge distribution, and flexibility as a peptide. Changing one atom will alter some property. In most cases, the binding of the pseudopeptide derivative to the target protease will be less tight than is the binding of the Kunitz domain from which sequence information was taken. Nevertheless, it is possible that some pseudopeptide derivatives will bind better than true peptides. To minimize the loss of affinity, it is desirable:

    1) that the pseudopeptide itself be at least roughly planar,
    2) that the pseudopeptide keep the two joined α carbons in the plane of the pseudopeptide, and
    3) that the separation of the two joined α carbons be approximately 3.8 Å.

ψ1, ψ6, ψ7, ψ8, and ψ11 are expected to keep the α carbons in the plane of the pseudopeptide. In ψ8 carbons 1, 2, and 6 plus the carbonyl O define the plane of the pseudopeptide. ψ8 and ψ9 are likely to be approximately consistent with the geometry between residues 15 and 16 of a Kunitz domain. The cyclohexone or cyclohexenone ring does not conflict with groups that are included in the compounds of the present invention, but would conflict with atoms of a Kunitz domain.



Kline et al. (KLIN91) have reported use of —CH2—CO—NH— and —CH2—NH— in hirulogs that bind plasma kallikrein. DiMaio et al. (DIMA91) have reported using —CO—CH2— as a pseudopeptide bond in hirulogs that bind plasma kallikrein. Angliker et al. (ANGL87) report synthesis of lysylfluoromethanes and that Ala-Phe-Lys-CH2F is an active-centre-directed inhibitor of plasma kallikrein and trypsin.
3) Peptides Having the “Scissile Bond” Replaced by a Pseudopeptide:
A third class of likely plasma kallikrein inhibitors are those in which some or all of the peptide bonds are replaced by non-peptide bonds. Groups that replace peptide bonds in compounds derived from peptides are usually referred to as pseudopeptides and designated with the symbol ψ. The most important peptide bond to replace is the one between the P1 and P1′ residues, the so called “scissile bond”. Thus, compounds of the formula 3 or 3a are likely to be specific plasma kallikrein inhibitors.

X1-X2-X3-X4=X5-X6-X7-X8-X9  Formula 3

X1-X2-X3-X4=X5-X6=X7-X8-X9  Formula 3a

wherein:

    → the first residue may be 1, 2, 3, or 4, and the length of the compound is at least 5 residues and not more than 9; the -X4=X5- and - X6=X7- moieties being counted as two residues,
    X1 corresponds to the P4 residue the inhibitor and may be picked from the set comprising {any d or l amino acid (having free or blocked amino group) or an amino group (possibly blocked with one of the groups acetyl, formyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, secondary butyl, tertiary butyl, benzyl, or similar group)}; preferred choices are hydrogen, acetyl, glycine, and formyl,
    
        X2 corresponds to the P3 residue and is most preferably 1-HIS; alternatives include (without limitation) L-Cδmethylhistidine, L-Cεmethylhistidine, L-p-aminophenylalanine, L-m-(N,Ndimethylamino)phenylalanine, canavanine (Merck Index 1745), and N-methylasparagine; all the alternatives have one or more of the properties: amphoteric, aromatic, hydrophobic, and cyclic, as does HIS,
    
    
    X3 corresponds to the P2 residue and may be any 1 amino acid, preferably uncharged and hydrophobic; if X3 is cysteine, the sulphur is blocked by one of a) a second cysteine residue, b) a thiol reagent, c) an alkyl group, if X3 is not cysteine, then PRO is a preferred choice because the φ of CYS14 is in the range accessible to PRO and the side group of PRO is not dissimilar to the disulfide group, other preferred alternatives at X3 include 1-MET, 1-GLN, 1-pipecolic acid (Merck Index 7425), l-2-azitidinecarboxylic acid (Merck Index 923), 1-LEU, 1-ILE, 1-VAL, cycloleucine (Merch Index 2740), 1-α-aminobutylric acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, and 1-methoxyalanine,
    X4 corresponds to the P1 residue and is most preferably 1-LYS, 1-ARG, 1-ornithine, or 1-guanidolysine. (i.e. NH2—CH(COOH)—(CH2)4—NH—C—(NH2)2+); 1-ALA, 1-SER, and GLY are preferred alternatives,
    = represents a suitable pseudopeptide that joins the side groups of X4 and X5 and allows the side groups to be in a relative orientation similar to that found for residues 15 and 16 of Kunitz domains; φ4 should be approximately −111°, ψ4 should be approximately 36°, φ5 should be approximately −80°, ψ5 should be approximately 164°,
    X5 corresponds to the P1′ residue and is most preferably ALA if X4 is present; 1-PRO, GLY, and l-SER are preferred alternatives; X5 may be any amino acid if X1-X4 are absent,
    X6 corresponds to the P2′ residue and is most preferably 1-ASN, 1-SER, 1-GLN; other amino acids having small, neutral, hydrophilic groups, such as (but without limitation) O-methyl serine, α-amidoglycine, α-aminobutyric acid, β-fluoroalanine, N-methylasparagine, N,N-dimethylasparagine, and α-amino-γ-hydroxybutyric acid (homoserine), are preferred alternatives,
    = (if present) is a suitable pseudopeptide that allows the side groups of X6 and X7 to be in a suitable conformation, φ6 should be approximately −113°, ψ6 should be approximately 85°, ψ7 should be approximately −110°, ψ7 should be approximately 123°,
    X7 corresponds to the P3′ residue and is most preferably HIS; preferred alternatives include, for example and without limitation, L-Cδmethylhistidine, L-Cεmethylhistidine, L-p-aminophenylalanine, L-m-(N,Ndimethylamino)phenylalanine, canavanine (Merck Index 1745), and N-methylasparagine; all the alternatives have one or more of the properties: amphoteric, aromatic, hydrophobic, and cyclic, as does HIS,
    X8 corresponds to the P4′ residue and most preferably is GLN; other neutral residues including, for example and without limitation, ASN, α-amino-δ-amidoadipic acid, HIS, and α-amino-ε-amidopimelic acid. The preferred alternative all have minimal size and no charged groups, and
    X9 corresponds to the p5′ residue and may be any l- or d-amino acid, preferably 1-ARG, 1-LEU, or 1-ALA (which occur frequently at this position of Kunitz Domains), or GLU, ASP, or other amino acids having acidic side groups (which might interact with plasma kallikrein in place of GLU32 or GLU31), or homoserine or other amino acid having a hydroxyl, or X9 may be a free or blocked carboxyl group of X8 or X9 may be a free or blocked amide group of X8; if X5 is the first amino acid, then X9 is present.


The compound VI shown in FIG. 5 can be incorporated in Fmoc synthesis of peptides to incorporate —X4=GLY5- of formulae 3.1 or 3.2. Other residue types can be introduced at residue 5. Compound VI leads to incorporation of ornithine=ALA which can be converted to ARG=ALA with N,N′-di-Cbz-S-methylisothiourea (TIAN92). If Cmpd I contained four methylene groups (instead of three), the following synthesis would lead to X4=LYS. Compounds of the form of formula 3 in which X4 is ornithine or guanidolysine are likely to be specific inhibitors of plasma kallikrein and should be tested. FIG. 5 shows intermediates involved in synthesis of VI. Compound I is ornithine aldehyde with the α amino group blocked with Fmoc and the δ amino group blocked with allyloxycarbonyl. The aldehyle can be made by selective reduction of the Nα-Fmoc, Nδ-Aloc blocked 1-ornithine acid (MARC85 p. 397), by reduction of the Nα-Fmoc, Nδ-Aloc blocked 1-ornithine acid chloride (MARC85 p. 396), reduction of the Nα-Fmoc, Nδ-Aloc blocked 1-ornithine amide (MARC85 p. 398), or by oxidation of the primary alcohol obtained by reduction of the Nα-Fmoc, Nδ-Aloc blocked 1-ornithine acid with LiAlH4 (MARC85, p. 1099). Oxidation of the alcohol is carried out with N-bromosuccinamide (MARC85, p. 1057).
Cmpd II is converted to a Grignard reagent and reacted with I; the product is III. The free hydrozyl of III is blocked with THP (CARE90, p. 678) and the MEM group is removed to give Cmpd IV. Cmpd IV is oxidized to the carboxylic acid, cmpd V. Cmpd V is then dehydrated to give VI. The synthesis of VI does not guarantee a trans double bond. The synthesis of VI given does not lead to a stereospecific product. There are chyral centers at carbons 2 and 6. Cmpd VI could, in any event, be purified by chromatography over an optically active substrate.
Other peptide bonds may be replaced with pseudopeptide bonds.
An option in cmpds of formula 3 is to link the side group of X3 to the pseudopeptide so as to lock part of the main chain into the correct comformation for binding.
4) Cyclic Peptides Having a Pseudopeptide at the “Scissile Bond”
A fourth class of likely plasma kallikrein inhibitors are those in which some or all of the peptide bonds are replaced by non-peptide bonds and the compound is cyclized. The first peptide bond to replace is the one between the P1 and P1′ residues. Thus, compounds of formula 4 or 4a are likely to be specific inhibitors of plasma kallikrein.




wherein:

    → the first residue may be 1, 2, 3, or 4, and the length of the compound is at least 5 residues and not more than 9; the -X4=X5- and -X6=X7- moieties being counted as two residues,
    X1 corresponds to the P4 residue the inhibitor and may be picked from the set comprising {any d or 1amino acid (having free or blocked amino group) or an amino group (possibly blocked with one of the groups acetyl, formyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, secondary butyl, tertiary butyl, benzyl, or similar group)}; preferred choices are hydrogen, acetyl, glycine, and formyl,
    X2 corresponds to the P3 residue and is most preferably 1-HIS; alternatives include (without limitation) L-Cδmethylhistidine, L-Cεmethylhistidine, L-p-aminophenylalanine, L-m-(N,Ndimethylamino)phenylalanine, canavanine (Merck Index 1745), and N-methylasparagine; all the alternatives have one or more of the properties: amphoteric, aromatic, hydrophobic, and cyclic, as does HIS,
    X3 corresponds to the P2 residue and may be any 1amino acid, preferably uncharged and hydrophobic; if X3 is cysteine, the sulphur is blocked by one of a) a second cysteine residue, b) a thiol reagent, c) an alkyl group, if X3 is not cysteine, then PRO is a preferred choice because the φ of CYS14 is in the range accessible to PRO and the side group of PRO is not dissimilar to the disulfide group, other preferred alternatives at X3 include l-MET, l-GLN, l-pipecolic acid (Merck Index 7425), 1-2-azitidinecarboxylic acid (Merck Index 923), 1-LEU, 1-ILE, l-VAL, cycloleucine (Merch Index 2740), 1-α-aminobutylric acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, and 1-methoxyalanine,
    X4 corresponds to the P1 residue and is most preferably 1-LYS, 1-ARG, 1-ornithine, or l-guanidolysine (i.e. NH2—CH(COOH)—(CH2)4—NH—C—(NH2)2+); 1-ALA, 1-SER, and GLY are preferred alternatives,
    = represents a suitable pseudopeptide that joins the side groups of X4 and X5 and allows the side groups to be in a relative orientation similar to that found for residues 15 and 16 of Kunitz domains; φ4 should be approximately −111°, ψ4 should be approximately 36°, ψ5 should be approximately −80°, ψ5 should be approximately 164°,
    X5 corresponds to the P1′ residue and is most preferably ALA if X4 is present; 1-PRO, GLY, and 1-SER are preferred alternatives,; X5 may be any amino acid if X1-X4 are absent,
    X6 corresponds to the P2′ residue and is most preferably 1-ASN, 1-SER, 1-GLN; other amino acids having small, neutral, hydrophilic groups, such as (but without limitation) O-methyl serine, α-amidoglycine, α-aminobutyric acid, β-fluoroalanine, N-methylasparagine, N,N-dimethylasparagine, and α-amino-γ-hydroxybutyric acid (homoserine), are preferred alternatives,
    = (if present) is a suitable pseudopeptide that allows the side groups of X6 and X7 to be in a suitable conformation, ψ6 should be approximately −113°, ψ6 should be approximately 85°, ψ7 should be approximately −110°, ψ7 should be approximately 123°,
    X7 corresponds to the P3′ residue and is most preferably HIS; preferred alternatives include, for example and without limitation, L-Cδmethylhistidine, L-Cεmethylhistidine, L-p-aminophenylalanine L-m-(N,Ndimethylamino)phenylalanine, canavanine (Merck Index 1745), and N-methylasparagine; all the alternatives have one or more of the properties: amphoteric, aromatic, hydrophobic, and cyclic, as does HIS,
    X8 corresponds to the P4′ residue and most preferably is GLN; other neutral residues including, for example and without limitation, ASN, α-amino-δ-amidoadipic acid, HIS, and α-amino-ε-amidopimelic acid. The preferred alternative all have minimal size and no charged groups, and
    X9 corresponds to the p5′ residue and may be any 1- or d-amino acid, preferably 1-ARG, 1-LEU, or 1-ALA (which occur frequently at this position of Kunitz Domains), or GLU, ASP, or other amino acids having acidic side groups (which might interact with plasma kallikrein in place of GLU32 or GLU31), or homoserine or other amino acid having a hydroxyl, or X9 may be a free or blocked carboxyl group of X8 or X9 may be a free or blocked amide group of X8; if X5 is the first amino acid, then X9 is present,
    Linker may be a chain of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus, or other multivalent atoms. In BPTI (Brookhaven Protein Data Bank entry 1TPA), N13 is separated from C19 by 14.6 Å. In alaphatic groups, carbon atoms are separated by about 1.54 Å and have bond angles of 109°; thus, an extended chain covers about 1.25 Å per CH2 group. Accordingly, a chain of about 12 or more methylene groups would span the gap and allow the partially peptidyl chain to take up its preferred conformation. Linkers that contain hydrophilic groups, such as —OH, —NH2, —COOH, —O—CH3, may improve solubility. Linkers that contain aromatic groups (for example paraphenyl or 2,6 naphthylene) are allowed. An alternative is a peptidyl linker. Peptidyl linkers that are highly resistant to proteolysis are preferred. The gap of 14.5 Å could be bridged by five or six residues Thus, sequences such as GPTVG, GPTITG, GPETD, GPTGE, GTVTGG, DGPTTS or GPDFGS (SEQ ID NOs:55-61, respectively) would be appropriate. PRO is preferred because it is resistant to proteolysis. THR, VAL, and ILE are preferred because they favor extended structure. Charged amino acids (ASP, GLU, LYS, and ARG) are preferred because they improve solubility. GLY, SER, PRO, ASP, and ASN are preferred at the ends because they facilitate the needed turns. For plasma kallikrein binding, acidic groups near the start of the linker are preferred.






FIG. 9 shows compounds 4.1 and 4.2 according to formula 4. Compound 4.1 has a linker consisting of —(CH2)12—. Although the linker is purely hydrophobic, compound 4.1 contains residues X4 (LYS or ARG), ARG6, and X8 (ARG or LYS) which are all positively charged. Furthermore, the nitrogen of PRO2 is not an amide nitrogen, but a secondary or tertiary amine which would probably be protonated in acqueous solution. Compound 4.2 differs from compound 4.1 in that two hydroxyl groups have been incorporated into the linker to improve solubility.
An option in cmpds of formula 4 is to link the side group of X3 to the pseudopeptide so as to lock part of the main chain into the correct comformation for binding.
5) Compounds Having at Least Three Side Groups on Non-Peptide Framework:
A fifth class of inhibitors contains the side groups corresponding to those (using Kunitz domain numbering) of X15 (ARG or LYS), HIS18, ASN17, GLN19, GLU32, GLU31, HIS13, and X34 (X=SER or THR) supported by a non-peptide framework that hold the α carbon at the correct position and causes the α-β bond to be directed in the correct direction. In addition, GLY12 is included, as desired. Furthermore, electronegative atoms which are hydrogen-bond acceptors are positioned where some or all of the carbonyl oxygens are found in BPTI. In addition, hydrogen-bond donors are positioned where some or all of the amido nitrogen are found in BPTI. A minimum number of peptide bonds are included.
In a preferred embodiment, organic compounds (known to be synthesizable) are considered as possible frameworks. Compounds that are fairly rigid are preferred. Compounds not known to give rise to toxic break-down products are preferred. Compounds that are reasonably soluble are preferred, but we are attaching three basic side groups, so this preference is not strong.
The four side groups thought to comprise the pharmacophore are used to judge the suitability of each framework. For plasma kallikrein, the side groups X15 (ARG, LYS, or other basic amino acid), HIS18, ASN17, GLN19, GLU32, GLU31, HIS13, and X34 (X=SER or THR) in the above fromulae are taken as most important. The relative positions of these groups could be determined by X-ray diffraction or NMR. A model based on BPTI may also be used. Table 40 shows the coordinates of BPTI.
Wilson et al. (WIL93) describe an algorithm for designing an organic moiety to substitute or a large segment of a protein and to hold crucial residues in the appropriate conformation for binding. Compounds of the present invention can be designed using the same mathematical alogrithm. Where Wilson et al. identify bonds of the peptide backbone and seeks organic frameworks to hold remaining parts of the parental protein in place, we identify several bonds leading from the backbone to the side groups and replace the backbone with an organic or organometalic framework that holds only side groups or parts of side groups in place.
Mode of Production
The proteins of the present invention may be produced by any conventional technique, including

    
    
        (a) nonbiological synthesis by sequential coupling of component amino acids,
        (b) production by recombinant DNA techniques in a suitable host cell, and
        (c) removal of undesired sequences from LACI and coupling of synthetic replacement sequences
    
    


The proteins disclosed herein are preferably produced, recombinantly, in a suitable host, such as bacteria from the genera Bacillus, Escherichia, Salmonella, Erwinia, and yeasts from the genera Hansenula, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Rhinosporidium, Saccharomyces, and Schizosaccharomyces, or cultured mammalian cells such as COS-1. The more preferred hosts are microorganisms of the species Pichia pastoris, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus brevis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli and Yarrowia lipolytica. Any promoter, regulatable or constitutive, which is functional in the host may be used to control gene expression.
Preferably the proteins are secreted. Most preferably, the proteins are obtained from conditioned medium. It is not required that the proteins described herein be secreted. Secretion is the preferred route because proteins are more likely to fold correctly, can be produced in conditioned medium with few contaminants, and are less likely to be toxic to host cells.
Unless there is a specific reason to include glycogroups, we prefer proteins designed to lack N-linked glycosylation sites so that they can be expressed in a wide variety of organisms including: 1) E. coli, 2) B. subtilis, 3) P. pastoris, 4) S. cerevisiae, and 5) mammalian cells.
Many cells used for engineered secretion of fusion proteins are less than optimal because they produce proteases that degrade the fusion protein. Several means exist for reducing this problem. There are strains of cells that are deficient in one or another of the offending proteases; Baneyx and Georgiou (BANE90) report that E. coli OmpT (an outer surface protease) degrades fusion proteins secreted from E. coli. They stated that an OmpT-strain is useful for production of fusion proteins and that degP- and ompT-mutations are additive. Baneyx and Georgiou (BANE91) report a third genetic locus (ptr) where mutation can improve the yield of engineered fusions.
Van Dijl et al. (1992) report cloning, expression, and function of B. subtilis signal peptidase (SPase) in E. coli. They found that overexpression of the spase gene lead to increased expression of a heterologous fusion protein. Use of strains having augmented secretion capabilities is preferred.
Anba et al. (1988) found that addition of PMSF to the culture medium greatly improved the yield of a fusion of phosphate binding protein (PhoS) to human growth hormone releasing factor (mhGRF).
Other factors that may affect production of these and other proteins disclosed herein include: 1) codon usage (it is preferred to optimize the codon usage for the host to. be used), signal sequence, 3) amino-acid sequence at intended processing sites, presence and localization of processing enzymes, deletion, mutation, or inhibition of various enzymes that might alter or degrade the engineered product and mutations that make the host more permissive in secretion (permissive secretion hosts are preferred).
Standard reference works setting forth the general principles of recombinant DNA technology include Watson, J. D. et al., Molecular Biology of the Gene, Volumes I and II, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., publisher, Menlo Park, Calif. (1987); Darnell, J. E. et al., Molecular Cell Biology, Scientific American Books, Inc., publisher, New York, N.Y. (1986); Lewin, B. M., Genes II, John Wiley & Sons, publishers, New York, N.Y. (1985); Old, R. W., et al., Principles of Gene Manipulation: An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, 2d edition, University of California Press, publisher, Berkeley, Calif. (1981); Sambrook, J. et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989); and Ausubel et al Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Interscience, N.Y., (1987, 1992). These references are herein entirely incorporated by reference.
Preparation of Peptides
Chemical polypeptide synthesis is a rapidly evolving area in the art, and methods of solid phase polypeptide synthesis are well-described in the following references, hereby entirely incorporated by reference: (Merrifield, B., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 85:2149-2154 (1963); Merrifield, B., Science 232:341-347 (1986); Wade, J. D. et al., Biopolymers 25:S21-S37 (1986); Fields, G. B., Int. J. Polypeptide Prot. Res. 35:161 (1990); MilliGen Report Nos. 2 and 2a, Millipore Corporation, Bedford, Mass., 1987) Ausubel et al, supra, and Sambrook et al, supra.
In general, as is known in the art, such methods involve blocking or protecting reactive functional groups, such as free amino, carboxyl and thio groups. After polypeptide bond formation, the protective groups are removed (or de-protected). Thus, the addition of each amino acid residue requires several reaction steps for protecting and deprotecting. Current methods utilize solid phase synthesis, wherein the C-terminal amino acid is covalently linked to an insoluble resin particle large enough to be separated from the fluid phase by filtration. Thus, reactants are removed by washing the resin particles with appropriate solvents using an automated programmed machine. The completed polypeptide chain is cleaved from the resin by a reaction which does not affect polypeptide bonds.
In the more classical method, known as the “tBoc method,” the amino group of the amino acid being added to the resin-bound C-terminal amino acid is blocked with tert-butyloxycarbonyl chloride (tBoc). This protected amino acid is reacted with the bound amino acid in the presence of the condensing agent dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, allowing its carboxyl group to form a polypeptide bond the free amino group of the bound amino acid. The amino-blocking group is then removed by acidification with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA); it subsequently decomposes into gaseous carbon dioxide and isobutylene. These steps are repeated cyclically for each additional amino acid residue. A more vigorous treatment with hydrogen fluoride (HF) or trifluoromethanesulfonyl derivatives is common at the end of the synthesis to cleave the benzyl-derived side chain protecting groups and the polypeptide-resin bond.
More recently, the preferred “Fmoc” technique has been introduced as an alternative synthetic approach, offering milder reaction conditions, simpler activation procedures and compatibility with continuous flow techniques. This method was used, e.g., to prepare the peptide sequences disclosed in the present application. Here, the ∝-amino group is protected by the base labile 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group. The benzyl side chain protecting groups are replaced by the more acid labile t-butyl derivatives. Repetitive acid treatments are replaced by deprotection with mild base solutions, e.g., 20% piperidine in dimethylformamide (DMF), and the final HF cleavage treatment is eliminated. A TFA solution is used instead to cleave side chain protecting groups and the polypeptide resin linkage simultaneously.
At least three different polypeptide-resin linkage agents can be used: substituted benzyl alcohol derivatives that can be cleaved with 95% TFA to produce a polypeptide acid, methanolic ammonia to produce a polypeptide amide, or 1% TFA to produce a protected polypeptide which can then be used in fragment condensation procedures, as described by Atherton, E. et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1:538-546 (1981) and Sheppard, R. C. et al., Int. J. Polypeptide Prot. Res. 20:451-454 (1982). Furthermore, highly reactive Fmoc amino acids are available as pentafluorophenyl esters or dihydro-oxobenzotriazine esters derivatives, saving the step of activation used in the tBoc method.
Chemical Modification of Amino Acids
Covalent modifications of amino acids contained in proteins of interest are included within the scope of the present invention. Such modifications may be introduced into an epitopic peptide and/or alloantigenic peptide by reacting targeted amino acid residues of the polypeptide with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or terminal residues. The following examples of chemical derivatives are provided by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
Aromatic amino acids may be replaced with D- or L-naphylalanine, D- or L-Phenylglycine, D- or L-2-thieneylalanine, D- or L-1-, 2-, 3- or 4-pyreneylalanine, D- or L-3-thieneylalanine, D- or L-(2-pyridinyl)-alanine, D- or L-(3-pyridinyl)-alanine, D- or L-(2-pyrazinyl)-alanine, D- or L-(4-isopropyl)-phenylglycine, D-(trifluoromethyl)-phenylglycine, D-(trifluoromethyl)-phenylalanine, D-p-fluorophenylalanine, D- or L-p-biphenylphenylalanine, D- or L-p-methoxybiphenylphenylalanine, D- or L-2-indole-(alkyl)alanines, and D- or L-alkylainines where alkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, hexyl, butyl, pentyl, iso-propyl, iso-butyl, sec-isotyl, iso-pentyl, non-acidic amino acids, of C1-C20.
Acidic amino acids can be substituted with non-carboxylate amino acids while maintaining a negative charge, and derivatives or analogs thereof, such as the non-limiting examples of (phosphono)-alanine, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, or serine; or sulfated (e.g., —SO3H) threonine, serine, tyrosine.
Other substitutions may include unnatural hyroxylated amino acids may made by combining “alkyl” (as defined and exemplified herein) with any natural amino acid. Basic amino acids may be substituted with alkyl groups at any position of the naturally occurring amino acids lysine, arginine, ornithine, citrulline, or (guanidino)-acetic acid, or other (guanidino)alkyl-acetic acids, where “alkyl” is define as above. Nitrile derivatives (e.g., containing the CN-moiety in place of COOH) may also be substituted for asparagine or glutamine, and methionine sulfoxide may be substituted for methionine. Methods of preparation of such peptide derivatives are well known to one skilled in the art.
In addition, any amide linkage in any of the proteins can be replaced by a ketomethylene moiety, e.g. (—C(═O)—CH2—) for (—(C═O)—NH—). Such derivatives are expected to have the property of increased stability to degradation by enzymes, and therefore possess advantages for the formulation of compounds which may have increased in vivo half lives, as administered by oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, topical, rectal, intraocular, or other routes.
In addition, any amino acid representing a component of the said proteins can be replaced by the same amino acid but of the opposite chirality. Thus, any amino acid naturally occurring in the L-configuration (which may also be referred to as the R or S configuration, depending upon the structure of the chemical entity) may be replaced with an amino acid of the same chemical structural type, but of the opposite chirality, generally referred to as the D-amino acid but which can additionally be referred to as the R- or the S-, depending upon its composition and chemical configuration. Such derivatives have the property of greatly increased stability to degradation by enzymes, and therefore are advantageous in the formulation of compounds which may have longer in vivo half lives, when administered by oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, topical, rectal, intraocular, or other routes.
Additional amino acid modifications of amino acids of proteins of the present invention may include the following: Cysteinyl residues may be reacted with alpha-haloacetates (and corresponding amines), such as 2-chloroacetic acid or chloroacetamide, to give carboxymethyl or carboxyamidomethyl derivatives. Cysteinyl residues may also be derivatized by reaction with compounds such as bromotrifluoroacetone, alpha-bromo-beta-(5-imidozoyl)propionic acid, chloroacetyl phosphate, N-alkylmaleimides, 3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide, methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol, or chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole.
Histidyl residues may be derivatized by reaction with compounds such as diethylprocarbonate e.g., at pH 5.5-7.0 because this agent is relatively specific for the histidyl side chain, and para-bromophenacyl bromide may also be used; e.g., where the reaction is preferably performed in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate at pH 6.0.
Lysinyl and amino terminal residues may be reacted with compounds such as succinic or other carboxylic acid anhydrides. Derivatization with these agents is expected to have the effect of reversing the charge of the lysinyl residues. Other suitable reagents for derivatizing alpha-amino-containing residues include compounds such as imidoesters/e.g., as methyl picolinimidate; pyridoxal phosphate; pyridoxal; chloroborohydride; trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; O-methylisourea; 2,4 pentanedione; and transaminase-catalyzed reaction with glyoxylate.
Arginyl residues may be modified by reaction with one or several conventional reagents, among them phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione, 1,2-cyclohexanedione, and ninhydrin according to known method steps. Derivatization of arginine residues requires that the reaction be performed in alkaline conditions because of the high pKa of the guanidine functional group. Furthermore, these reagents may react with the groups of lysine as well as the arginine epsilon-amino group.
The specific modification of tyrosyl residues per se is well-known, such as for introducing spectral labels into tyrosyl residues by reaction with aromatic diazonium compounds or tetranitromethane. N-acetylimidizol and tetranitromethane may be used to form O-acetyl tyrosyl species and 3-nitro derivatives, respectively.
Carboxyl side groups (aspartyl or glutamyl) may be selectively modified by reaction with carbodiimides (R′—N—C—N—R′) such as 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinyl-(4-ethyl)carbodiimide or 1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl)carbodiimide. Furthermore, aspartyl and glutamyl residues may be converted to asparaginyl and glutaminyl residues by reaction with ammonium ions.
Glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues may be frequently deamidated to the corresponding glutamyl and aspartyl residues. Alternatively, these residues may be deamidated under mildly acidic conditions. Either form of these residues falls within the scope of the present invention.
Derivatization with bifunctional agents is useful for cross-linking the peptide to a water-insoluble support matrix or to other macromolecular carriers, according to known method steps. Commonly used cross-linking agents include, e.g., 1,1-bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane, glutaraldehyde, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, for example, esters with 4-azidosalicylic acid, homobifunctional imidoesters, including disuccinimidyl esters such as 3,3′-dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate), and bifunctional maleimides such as bis-N-maleimido-1,8-octane. Derivatizing agents such as methyl-3-[(p-azidophenyl)dithio]propioimidate yield photoactivatable intermediates that are capable of forming crosslinks in the presence of light. Alternatively, reactive water-insoluble matrices such as cyanogen bromide-activated carbohydrates and the reactive substrates described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,969,287; 3,691,016; 4,195,128; 4,247,642; 4,229,537; and 4,330,440 (which are herein incorporated entirely by reference), may be employed for protein immobilization.
Other modifications of proteins of the present invention may include hydroxylation of proline and lysine, phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of seryl or threonyl residues, methylation of the alpha-amino groups of lysine, arginine, and histidine side chains (T. E. Creighton, Proteins: Structure and Molecule Properties, W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, pp. 79-86 (1983)), acetylation of the N-terminal amine, methylation of main chain amide residues (or substitution with N-methyl amino acids) and, in some instances, amidation of the C-terminal carboxyl groups, according to known method steps. Glycosylation is also possible.
Such derivatized moieties may improve the solubility, absorption, permeability across the blood brain barrier biological half life, and the like. Such moieties or modifications of proteins may alternatively eliminate or attenuate any possible undesirable side effect of the protein and the like. Moieties capable of mediating such effects are disclosed, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (1980).
Such chemical derivatives of proteins also may provide attachment to solid supports, including but not limited to, agarose, cellulose, hollow fibers, or other polymeric carbohydrates such as agarose, cellulose, such as for purification, generation of antibodies or cloning; or to provide altered physical properties, such as resistance to enzymatic degradation or increased antigenic properties, which is desired for therapeutic compositions comprising proteins of the present invention. Such peptide derivatives are well-known in the art, as well as method steps for making such derivatives using carbodiimides active esters of N-hydroxy succinimmide, or mixed anhydrides, as non-limiting examples.
Assays for Kallikrein Binding and Inhibition
The proteins may be assayed for kallikrein-binding activity by any conventional method. Scatchard (Ann NY Acad Sci (1949) 51:660-669) described a classical method of measuring and analyzing binding which has been applied to the binding of proteins. This method requires relatively pure protein and the ability to distinguish bound protein from unbound.
A second method appropriate for measuring the affinity of inhibitors for enzymes is to measure the ability of the inhibitor to slow the action of the enzyme. This method requires, depending on the speed at which the enzyme cleaves substrate and the availability of chromogenic or fluorogenic substrates, tens of micrograms to milligrams of relatively pure inhibitor.
A third method of determining the affinity of a protein for a second material is to have the protein displayed on a genetic package, such as M13, and measure the ability of the protein to adhere to the immobilized “second material”. This method is highly sensitive because the genetic packages can be amplified. We obtain at least semiquantitative values for the binding constants by use of a pH step gradient. Inhibitors of known affinity for the immobilized protease are used to establish standard profiles against which other phage-displayed inhibitors are judged.
Preferably, the proteins of the present invention have a binding activity against plasma kallikrein such that the complex has a dissociation constant of at most 200 pM, more preferably at most 50 pM. Preferably, their inhibitory activity is sufficiently high so that the Ki of binding with plasma kallikrein is less than 500 pM, more preferably less than 50 pM.
Pharmaceutical Methods and Preparations
The preferred animal subject of the present invention is a mammal. By the term “mammal” is meant an individual belonging to the class Mammalia. The invention is particularly useful in the treatment of human subjects, although it is intended for veterinary uses as well.
The term “protection”, as used herein, is intended to include “prevention,” “suppression” and “treatment.” “Prevention” involves administration of the protein prior to the induction of the disease. “Suppression” involves administration of the composition prior to the clinical appearance of the disease. “Treatment” involves administration of the protective composition after the appearance of the disease.
It will be understood that in human and veterinary medicine, it is not always possible to distinguish between “preventing” and “suppressing” since the ultimate inductive event or events may be unknown, latent, or the patient is not ascertained until well after the occurrence of the event or events. Therefore, it is common to use the term “prophylaxis” as distinct from “treatment” to encompass both “preventing” and “suppressing” as defined herein. The term “protection,” as used herein, is meant to include “prophylaxis.” It should also be understood that to be useful, the protection provided need not be absolute, provided that it is sufficient to carry clinical value. An agent which provides protection to a lesser degree than do competitive agents may still be of value if the other agents are ineffective for a particular individual, if it can be used in combination with other agents to enhance the level of protection, or if it is safer than competitive agents.
At least one of the proteins of the present invention may be administered, by any means that achieve their intended purpose, to protect a subject against a disease or other adverse condition. The form of administration may be systemic or topical. For example, administration of such a composition may be by various parenteral routes such as subcutaneous, intravenous, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, transdermal, or buccal routes. Alternatively, or concurrently, administration may be by the oral route. Parenteral administration can be by bolus injection or by gradual perfusion over time.
A typical regimen comprises administration of an effective amount of the protein, administered over a period ranging from a single dose, to dosing over a period of hours, days, weeks, months, or years.
It is understood that the suitable dosage of a protein of the present invention will be dependent upon the age, sex, health, and weight of the recipient, kind of concurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment, and the nature of the effect desired. However, the most preferred dosage can be tailored to the individual subject, as is understood and determinable by one of skill in the art, without undue experimentation. This will typically involve adjustment of a standard dose, e.g., reduction of the dose if the patient has a low body weight.
Prior to use in humans, a drug will first be evaluated for safety and efficacy in laboratory animals. In human clinical studies, one would begin with a dose expected to be safe in humans, based on the preclinical data for the drug in question, and on customary doses for analogous drugs (if any). If this dose is effective, the dosage may be decreased, to determine the minimum effective dose, if desired. If this dose is ineffective, it will be cautiously increased, with the patients monitored for signs of side effects. See, e.g., Berkow et al, eds., The Merck Manual, 15th edition, Merck and Co., Rahway, N.J., 1987; Goodman et al., eds., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th edition, Pergamon Press, Inc., Elmsford, N.Y., (1990); Avery's Drug Treatment: Principles and Practice of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 3rd edition, ADIS Press, LTD., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Md. (1987), Ebadi, Pharmacology, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, (1985), which references and references cited therein, are entirely incorporated herein by reference.
The total dose required for each treatment may be administered by multiple doses or in a single dose. The protein may be administered alone or in conjunction with other therapeutics directed to the disease or directed to other symptoms thereof.
The appropriate dosage form will depend on the disease, the protein, and the mode of administration; possibilities include tablets, capsules, lozenges, dental pastes, suppositories, inhalants, solutions, ointments and parenteral depots. See, e.g., Berker, supra, Goodman, supra, Avery, supra and Ebadi, supra, which are entirely incorporated herein by reference, including all references cited therein.
In addition to at least one protein as described herein, a pharmaceutical composition may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as excipients, carriers and/or auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. See, e.g., Berker, supra, Goodman, supra, Avery, supra and Ebadi, supra, which are entirely incorporated herein by reference, included all references cited therein.
In Vitro Diagnostic Methods and Reagents
The in vitro assays of the present invention may be applied to any suitable analyte-containing sample, and may be qualitative or quantitative in nature. In order to detect the presence, or measure the amount, of an analyte, the assay must provide for a signal producing system (SPS) in which there is a detectable difference in the signal produced, depending on whether the analyte is present or absent (or, in a quantitative assay, on the amount of the analyte). The detectable signal may be one which is visually detectable, or one detectable only with instruments. Possible signals include production of colored or luminescent products, alteration of the characteristics (including amplitude or polarization) of absorption or emission of radiation by an assay component or product, and precipitation or agglutination of a component or product. The term “signal” is intended to include the discontinuance of an existing signal, or a change in the rate of change of an observable parameter, rather than a change in its absolute value. The signal may be monitored manually or automatically.
The component of the signal producing system which is most intimately associated with the diagnostic reagent is called the “label”. A label may be, e.g., a radioisotope, a fluorophore, an enzyme, a co-enzyme, an enzyme substrate, an electron-dense compound, an agglutinable particle.
The radioactive isotope can be detected by such means as the use of a gamma counter or a scintillation counter or by autoradiography. Isotopes which are particularly useful for the purpose of the present invention are 3H, 125I, 131I, 35S, 14C, and, preferably, 125I.
It is also possible to label a compound with a fluorescent compound. When the fluorescently labeled antibody is exposed to light of the proper wave length, its presence can then be detected due to fluorescence. Among the most commonly used fluorescent labelling compounds are fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde and fluorescamine.
Alternatively, fluorescence-emitting metals such as 125Eu, or others of the lanthanide series, may be attached to the binding protein using such metal chelating groups as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA).
The binding proteins also can be detectably labeled by coupling to a chemiluminescent compound. The presence of the chemiluminescently labeled antibody is then determined by detecting the presence of luminescence that arises during the course of a chemical reaction. Examples of particularly useful chemiluminescent labeling compounds are luminol, isolumino, theromatic acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt and oxalate ester.
Likewise, a bioluminescent compound may be used to label the binding protein. Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence found in biological systems in which a catalytic protein increases the efficiency of the chemiluminescent reaction. The presence of a bioluminescent protein is determined by detecting the presence of luminescence. Important bioluminescent compounds for purposes of labeling are luciferin, luciferase and aequorin.
Enzyme labels, such as horseradish peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase, are preferred. When an enzyme label is used, the signal producing system must also include a substrate for the enzyme. If the enzymatic reaction product is not itself detectable, the SPS will include one or more additional reactants so that a detectable product appears.
Assays may be divided into two basic types, heterogeneous and homogeneous. In heterogeneous assays, the interaction between the affinity molecule and the analyte does not affect the label, hence, to determine the amount or presence of analyte, bound label must be separated from free label. In homogeneous assays, the interaction does affect the activity of the label, and therefore analyte levels can be deduced without the need for a separation step.
In general, a kallikrein-binding protein (KBP) may be used diagnostically in the same way that an antikallikrein antibody is used. Thus, depending on the assay format, it may be used to assay Kallikrein, or by competitive inhibition, other substances which bind Kallikrein. The sample will normally be a biological fluid, such as blood, urine, lymph, semen, milk, or cerebrospinal fluid, or a fraction or derivative thereof, or a biological tissue, in the form of, e.g., a tissue section or homogenate. However, the sample conceivably could be (or derived from) a food or beverage, a pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition, soil, or surface or ground water. If a biological fluid or tissue, it may be taken from a human or other mammal, vertebrate or animal, or from a plant. The preferred sample is blood, or a fraction or derivative thereof.
In one embodiment, the kallikrein-binding protein is insolubilized by coupling it to a macromolecular support, and kallikrein in the sample is allowed to compete with a known quantity of a labeled or specifically labelable kallikrein analogue. The “kallikrein analogue” is a molecule capable of competing with kallikrein for binding to the KBP, and the term is intended to include kallikrein itself. It may be labeled already, or it may be labeled subsequently by specifically binding the label to a moiety differentiating the kallikrein analogue from kallikrein. The solid and liquid phases are separated, and the labeled kallikrein analogue in one phase is quantified. The higher the level of kallikrein analogue in the solid phase, i.e., sticking to the KBP, the lower the level of kallikrein analyte in the sample.
In a “sandwich assay”, both an insolubilized kallikrein-binding protein, and a labeled kallikrein-binding protein are employed. The kallikrein analyte is captured by the insolubilized kallikrein-binding protein and is tagged by the labeled KBP, forming a tertiary complex. The reagents may be added to the sample in either order, or simultaneously. The kallikrein-binding proteins may be the same or different, and only one need be a KBP according to the present invention (the other may be, e.g., an antibody or a specific binding fragment thereof). The amount of labeled KBP in the tertiary complex is directly proportional to the amount of kallikrein analyte in the sample.
The two embodiments described above are both heterogeneous assays. However, homogeneous assays are conceivable. The key is that the label be affected by whether or not the complex is formed.
The kallikrein analyte may act as its own label if a kallikrein inhibitor is used as a diagnostic reagent.
A label may be conjugated, directly or indirectly (e.g., through a labeled anti-KBP antibody), covalently (e.g., with SPDP) or noncovalently, to the kallikrein-binding protein, to produce a diagnostic reagent. Similarly, the kallikrein binding protein may be conjugated to a solid-phase support to form a solid phase (“capture”) diagnostic reagent. Suitable supports include glass, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases, natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides, agaroses, and magnetite. The nature of the carrier can be either soluble to some extent or insoluble for the purposes of the present invention. The support material may have virtually any possible structural configuration so long as the coupled molecule is capable of binding to its target. Thus the support configuration may be spherical, as in a bead, or cylindrical, as in the inside surface of a test tube, or the external surface of a rod. Alternatively, the surface may be flat such as a sheet, test strip, etc.
In Vivo Diagnostic Uses
Kunitz domains that bind very tightly to proteases that are causing pathology can be used for in vivo imaging. Diagnostic imaging of disease foci is considered one of the largest commercial opportunities for monoclonal antibodies. This opportunity has not, however, been achieved. Despite considerable effort and resources, to date only one monoclonal antibody-based imaging agent has received regulatory approval. The disappointing results obtained with monoclonal antibodies is due in large measure to:

    i) Inadequate affinity and/or specificity;
    ii) Poor penetration to target sites;
    iii) Slow clearance from nontarget sites;
    iv) Immunogenicity, most are mouse antibodies; and
    v) High production cost and poor stability.

These limitations have led most in the diagnostic imaging field to begin to develop peptide-based imaging agents. While potentially solving the problems of poor penetration and slow clearance, peptide-based imaging agents are unlikely to possess adequate affinity, specificity and in vivo stability to be useful in most applications.



Engineered proteins are uniquely suited to the requirements for an imaging agent. In particular the extraordinary affinity and specificity that is obtainable by engineering small, stable, human-origin protein domains having known in vivo clearance rates and mechanisms combine to provide earlier, more reliable results, less toxicity/side effects, lower production and storage cost, and greater convenience of label preparation. Indeed, it should be possible to achieve the goal of realtime imaging with engineered protein imaging agents. Thus, a Kallikrein-binding protein, e.g., KKII/3#6 (SEQ ID NO:7), may be used for localizing sites of excessive pKA activity.
Radio-labelled binding protein may be administered to the human or animal subject. Administration is typically by injection, e.g., intravenous or arterial or other means of administration in a quantity sufficient to permit subsequent dynamic and/or static imaging using suitable radio-detecting devices. The preferred dosage is the smallest amount capable of providing a diagnostically effective image, and may be determined by means conventional in the art, using known radio-imaging agents as a guide.
Typically, the imaging is carried out on the whole body of the subject, or on that portion of the body or organ relevant to the condition or disease under study. The radio-labelled binding protein has accumulated. The amount of radio-labelled binding protein accumulated at a given point in time in relevant target organs can then be quantified.
A particularly suitable radio-detecting device is a scintillation camera, such as a gamma camera. A scintillation camera is a stationary device that can be used to image distribution of radio-labelled binding protein. The detection device in the camera senses the radioactive decay, the distribution of which can be recorded. Data produced by the imaging system can be digitized. The digitized information can be analyzed over time discontinuously or continuously. The digitized data can be processed to produce images, called frames, of the pattern of uptake of the radio-labelled binding protein in the target organ at a discrete point in time. In most continuous (dynamic) studies, quantitative data is obtained by observing changes in distributions of radioactive decay in target organs over time. In other words, a time-activity analysis of the data will illustrate uptake through clearance of the radio-labelled binding protein by the target organs with time.
Various factors should be taken into consideration in selecting an appropriate radioisotope. The radioisotope must be selected with a view to obtaining good quality resolution upon imaging, should be safe for diagnostic use in humans and animals, and should preferably have a short physical half-life so as to decrease the amount of radiation received by the body. The radioisotope used should preferably be pharmacologically inert, and, in the quantities administered, should not have any substantial physiological effect.
The binding protein may be radio-labelled with different isotopes of iodine, for example 123I, 125I, or 131I (see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,725). The extent of radio-labeling must, however be monitored, since it will affect the calculations made based on the imaging results (i.e. a diiodinated binding protein will result in twice the radiation count of a similar monoiodinated binding protein over the same time frame).
In applications to human subjects, it may be desirable to use radioisotopes other than 125I for labelling in order to decrease the total dosimetry exposure of the human body and to optimize the detectability of the labelled molecule (though this radioisotope can be used if circumstances require). Ready availability for clinical use is also a factor. Accordingly, for human applications, preferred radio-labels are for example, 99mTc, 67Ga, 68Ga 90Y, 111In, 113mIn, 123I, 186Re, 188Re or 211At.
The radio-labelled protein may be prepared by various methods. These include radio-halogenation by the chloramine—T method or the lactoperoxidase method and subsequent purification by HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography), for example as described by J. Gutkowska et al in “Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of America: (1987) 16 (1):183. Other known method of radio-labelling can be used, such as IODOBEADSTM.
There are a number of different methods of delivering the radio-labelled protein to the end-user. It may be administered by any means that enables the active agent to reach the agent's site of action in the body of a mammal. Because proteins are subject to bering digested when administered orally, parenteral administration, i.e., intravenous subcutaneous, intramuscular, would ordinarily be used to optimize absorption.
High-affinity, high-specificity inhibitors are also useful for in vitro diagnostics of excess human pKA activity.
Other Uses
The kallikrein-binding proteins of the present invention may also be used to purify kallikrein from a fluid, e.g., blood. For this purpose, the KBP is preferably immobilized on a solid-phase support. Such supports, include those already mentioned as useful in preparing solid phase diagnostic reagents.
Proteins, in general, can be used as molecular weight markers for reference in the separation or purification of proteins by electrophoresis or chromatography. In many instances, proteins may need to be denatured to serve as molecular weight markers. A second general utility for proteins is the use of hydrolyzed protein as a nutrient source. Hydrolyzed protein is commonly used as a growth media component for culturing microorganisms, as well as a food ingredient for human consumption. Enzymatic or acid hydrolysis is normally carried out either to completion, resulting in free amino acids, or partially, to generate both peptides and amino acids. However, unlike acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis (proteolysis) does not remove non-amino acid functional groups that may be present. Proteins may also be used to increase the viscosity of a solution.
The proteins of the present invention may be used for any of the foregoing purposes, as well as for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes as discussed further earlier in this specification.
EXAMPLE 1
Construction of LACI (K1) Library
A synthetic oligonucleotide duplex having NsiI- and MluI-compatible ends was cloned into a parental vector (LACI:III) previously cleaved with the above two enzymes. The resultant ligated material was transfected by electroporation into XLIMR (F—) Escherichia coli strain and plated on Amp plates to obtain phage-generating ApR colonies. The variegation scheme for Phase 1 focuses on the P1 region, and affected residues 13, 16, 17, 18 and 19. It allowed for 6.6×105 different DNA sequences (3.1×105 different protein sequences). The library obtained consisted of 1.4×106 independent cfu's which is approximately a two fold representation of the whole library. The phage stock generated from this plating gave a total titer of 1.4×1013 pfu's in about 3.9 ml, with each independent clone being represented, on average, 1×107 in total and 2.6×106 times per ml of phage stock.
To allow for variegation of residues 31, 32, 34 and 39 (phase II), synthetic oligonucleotide duplexes with MluI- and BstEII-compatible ends were cloned into previously cleaved Rf DNA derived from one of the following

    i) the parental construction,
    ii) the phase I library, or
    iii) display phage selected from the first phase binding to a given target.

The variegation scheme for phase II allows for 4096 different DNA sequences (1600 different protein sequences) due to alterations at residues 31, 32, 34 and 39. The final phase II variegation is dependent upon the level of variegation remaining following the three rounds of binding and elution with a given target in phase I.



The combined possible variegation for both phases equals 2.7×108 different DNA sequences or 5.0×107 different protein sequences. When previously selected display phage are used as the origin of Rf DNA for the phase II variegation, the final level of variegation is probably in the range of 105 to 106.
EXAMPLE 2
Screening of LACI (K1) Library for Binding to Kallikrein
The overall scheme for selecting a LACI (K1) variant to bind to a given protease involves incubation of the phage-display library with the kallikrein-beads of interest in a buffered solution (PBS containing 1 mg/ml BSA) followed by washing away the unbound and poorly retained display-phage variant with PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20. Kallikrein beads were made by coupling human plasma Kallikrein (Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif., # 420302) to agarose beads using Reactigel (6×) (Pierce, Rockford, Ill., #202606). The more strongly bound display-phage are eluted with a low pH elution buffer, typically citrate buffer (pH 2.0) containing 1 mg/ml BSA, which is immediately neutralized with Tris buffer to pH 7.5. This process constitutes a single round of selection.
The neutralized eluted display-phage can be either used:

    i) to inoculate an F+ strain of E. coli to generate a new display-phage stock, to be used for subsequent rounds of selection (so-called conventional screening), or
    ii) be used directly for another immediate round of selection with the protease beads (so-called quick screening).

Typically, three rounds of either method, or a combination of the two, are performed to give rise to the final selected display-phage from which a representative number are sequenced and analyzed for binding properties either as pools of display-phage or as individual clones.



Two phases of selection were performed, each consisting of three rounds of binding and elution. Phase I selection used the phase I library (variegated residues 13, 16, 17, 18, and 19) which went through three rounds of binding and elution against a target protease giving rise to a subpopulation of clones. The Rf DNA derived from this selected subpopulation was used to generate the Phase II library (addition of variegated residues 31, 32, 34 and 39). The 1.8×107 independent transformants were obtained for each of the phase II libraries. The phase II libraries underwent three further rounds of binding and elution with the same target protease giving rise to the final selectants.
Following two phases of selection against human plasma kallikrein-agarose beads a number (10) of the final selection display-phage were sequenced. Table 6 shows the amino acids found at the variegated positions of LACI-K1 in the selected phage. Table 18 shows the complete sequences of the displayed proteins.
Table 23 shows that KkII/3(D) is a highly specific inhibitor of human Kallikrein. Phage that display the LACI-K1 derivative KkII/3(D) bind to Kallikrein beads at least 50-times more than it binds to other protease targets.
Preliminary measurements indicate that KKII/3#6 (SEQ ID NO:7) is a potent inhibitor of pKA with Ki probably less than 500 pM.
All References, Including Those to U.S. and Foreign Patents or Patent Applications, and to Nonpatent Disclosures are Hereby Incorporated by Reference in Their Entirety.







TABLE 6







Amino acid sequences of LACI(K1) variants selected for


binding to human plasma kallikrein.

















13
16
17
18
19
31
32
34
39(a)





















KKII/3#1
(SEQ ID
H
A
S
L
P
E
E
I
E


of
NO: 2)


KKII/3#2
(SEQ ID
P
A
N
H
L
E
E
S
G


of
NO: 3)


KKII/3#3
(SEQ ID
H
A
N
H
Q
E
E
T
G


of
NO: 4)


KKII/3#4
(SEQ ID
H
A
N
H
Q
E
Q
T
A


of
NO: 5)


KKII/3#5
(SEQ ID
H
A
S
L
P
E
E
I
G


of
NO: 6)


KKII/3#6
(SEQ ID
H
A
N
H
Q
E
E
S
G


of
NO: 7)


KKII/3#7
(SEQ ID
H
A
N
H
Q
E
E
S
G


of
NO: 8)


KKII/3#8
(SEQ ID
H
A
N
H
Q
E
E
S
G


of
NO: 9)


KKII/3#9
(SEQ ID
H
A
N
H
Q
E
E
S
G


of
NO: 10)


KKII/3#10
(SEQ ID
H
G
A
H
L
E
E
I
E


of
NO: 11)


Consensus

H
A
N
H
Q
E
E
S/T
G





(a)Amino acid numbers of variegated residues. LACI (K1) (residues 50–107 of SEQ ID NO: 25) is 58 amino acids long with the P1 position being residue number 15 and fixed as lysine in this instance. Whole sequences given in Table 18














TABLE 7







Kallikrein-binding display-phage chosen for further



analysis.

















13
16
17
18
19
31
32
34
39






















KKII/3#6
(SEQ ID NO:7)
H
A
N
H
Q
E
E
S
G



 


KKII/3#5
(SEQ ID NO:6)
H
A
S
L
P
E
E
I
G


 


KKI/3 (b)
(SEQ ID NO:13)
P
A
I
H
L
E
E
I
E


 


KKI/3 (a)
(SEQ ID NO:12
R
G
A
H
L
E
E
I
E


 


LACI (K1)
(residues 50-107
P
A
I
M
K
E
E
I
 E*



of SEQ ID NO:25)


 


BPTI
(SEQ ID NO:1)
P
A
R
I
I
Q
T
V
  R**





(Note that clones a and b are from the first phase of screening and as such have a wild type sequence at residues 31 to 39.


*Parental molecule.


**Control (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.)


Whole sequences given in Table 18 and Table 17 (BPTI)














TABLE 8







Binding Data for Selected Kallikrein-binding



Display-Phage.










Display-
Fraction
Relative



Phage (a)
Bound (b)
Binding (c)














LACI
(residues 50-107
4.2 × 10 − 6
1.0




of SEQ ID NO:25)


 


BPTI
(SEQ ID NO:1)
2.5 × 10 − 6
6.0


 


KKI/3 (a)
(SEQ ID NO:12)
3.2 × 10 − 5
761


 


KKI/3 (b)
(SEQ ID NO:13)
2.2 × 10 − 3
524


 


KKII/3#5
(SEQ ID NO:6)
3.9 × 10 − 3
928


 


KKII/3#6
(SEQ ID NO:7)
8.7 × 10 − 3
2071





(a) Clonal isolates of display-phage. LACI(K1) is the parental molecule, BPTI (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) is a control and KKII/3 (5 and 6) and KKI/3 (a and b) were selected by binding to the target protease, kallikrein.


(b) The number of pfu's eluted after a binding experiment as a fraction of the input number (1010 pfu's).


(c) Fraction bound relative to the parental display-phage, LACI(K1).













TABLE 17







Amino-acid sequence of BPTI









         1         2         3         4         5




1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678











RPDFCLEPPYTGPCKARIIRYFYNAKAGLCQTFVYGGCRAKRNNFKSAEDCMRTCGGA
(SEQ ID NO:1)
















TABLE 18







Sequence of LACI-Ki and derivatives that bind human plasma kallikrein










      1      2      3      4      5




1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678














LACI-K1
mhsfcafkaddgpckaimkrfffniftrqceefiyggcegnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(residues 50-107





of SEQ ID NO:25)




(SEQ ID NO: 62)


 


KKII/3#1
mhsfcafkaddgHckASLPrfffniftrqcEEfIyggcEgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:2)


 


KKII/3#2
mhsfcafkaddgPckANHLrfffniftrqcEEfSyggcGgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:3)


 


KKII/3#3
mhsfcafkaddgHckANHQrfffniftrqcEEfTyggcGgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:4)


 


KKII/3#4
mhsfcafkaddgHckANHQrfffniftrqcEQfTyggcAgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:5)


 


KKII/3#5
mhsfcafkaddgHckASLPrfffniftrqcEEfIyggcGgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:6)


 


KKII/3#6
mhsfcafkaddgHckANHQrfffniftrqcEEfSyggcGgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:7)


 


KKII/3#7
mhsfcafkaddgHckANHQrfffniftrqcEEfSyggcGgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:8)


 


KKII/3#8
mhsfcafkaddgHckANHQrfffniftrqcEEfSyggcGgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:9)


 


KKII/3#9
mhsfcafkaddgHckANHQrfffniftrqcEEfSyggcGgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:10)


 


KKII/3#10
mhsfcafkaddgHckGAHLrfffniftrqcEEfIyggcEgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:11)


 


KKII/3 (a)
mhsfcafkaddgRckGAHLrfffniftrqceefiyggcegnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:12)


 


KKII/3 (b)
mhsfcafkaddgPckAIHLrfffniftrqceefiyggcegnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:13)


 


KKII/3#C
mhsfcafkaddgHckANHQrfffniftrqcEEfSyggcGgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd
(SEQ ID NO:14)
















TABLE 21





Variegation of LACI-K1





















 








 








 











The segment from NsiI to MluI gives 65,536 DNA sequences and 31,200 protein sequences. Second group of variegation gives 21,840 and 32,768 variants. This variegation can go in on a fragment having MluI and one of AgeI, BstBI, or XbaI ends. Because of the closeness between codon 42 and the 3′ restriction site, one will make a self-priming oligonucleotide, fill in, and cut with MluI and, for example, BstBI. Total variants are 2.726 × 109 and 8.59 × 109.













TABLE 23







Specificity Results










Target
Trypsin,












Display
Plasmin
Thrombin
Kallikrein
Trypsin
two washes















LACI-K11
  1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0


KkII/3(D)2
  3.4
1.5
196
2.0
1.4


BPTI::III3
(88)4
(1.1)
(1.7)
(0.3)
(0.8)





1Displayed on M13 III.


2Selected for plasma kallikrein binding.


3Control.


4BPTI relative to LACI.






numbers refer to relative binding of phage display clo4nes compared to the parental phage display.

The KkII/3(D)(Kallikrein) clone retains the parental molecule's affinity for trypsin.








TABLE 40





Coordinates of BPTI (1TPA)






















N
ARG
1
11.797
100.411
6.463



CA
ARG
1
12.697
101.495
6.888



C
ARG
1
13.529
101.329
8.169



O
ARG
1
14.755
101.605
8.115



CB
ARG
1
12.037
102.886
6.801



CG
ARG
1
13.107
103.969
6.578



CD
ARG
1
12.560
105.405
6.648



NE
ARG
1
13.682
106.329
6.443



CZ
ARG
1
13.570
107.597
6.106



NH1
ARG
1
12.380
108.144
5.959



NH2
ARG
1
14.657
108.320
5.922



N
PRO
2
12.931
101.060
9.332



CA
PRO
2
13.662
101.101
10.617



C
PRO
2
14.678
99.990
10.886



O
PRO
2
14.239
98.887
11.277



CB
PRO
2
12.604
100.958
11.726



CG
PRO
2
11.250
100.694
11.051



CD
PRO
2
11.489
100.823
9.539



N
ASP
3
15.885
100.463
11.149



CA
ASP
3
17.078
99.909
11.973



C
ASP
3
17.125
98.489
12.483



O
ASP
3
18.085
97.801
12.106



CB
ASP
3
17.819
100.822
12.981



CG
ASP
3
18.284
100.049
14.210



OD1
ASP
3
17.667
100.236
15.287



OD2
ASP
3
19.492
99.710
14.278



N
PHE
4
16.069
97.949
13.050



CA
PHE
4
15.939
96.466
13.148



C
PHE
4
15.865
95.753
11.765



O
PHE
4
16.126
94.534
11.580



CB
PHE
4
14.817
96.062
14.145



CG
PHE
4
13.386
96.292
13.636



CD1
PHE
4
12.801
95.382
12.783



CD2
PHE
4
12.735
97.447
13.940



CE1
PHE
4
11.539
95.602
12.260



CE2
PHE
4
11.482
97.684
13.408



CZ
PHE
4
10.879
96.748
12.582



N
CYS
5
15.456
96.498
10.755



CA
CYS
5
15.358
95.949
9.416



C
CYS
5
16.745
95.732
8.840



O
CYS
5
16.856
95.011
7.838



CB
CYS
5
14.653
96.970
8.534



SG
CYS
5
12.907
97.271
8.905



N
LEU
6
17.765
96.247
9.497



CA
LEU
6
19.110
96.026
9.002



C
LEU
6
19.777
94.885
9.731



O
LEU
6
20.896
94.493
9.322



CB
LEU
6
19.986
97.263
9.235



CG
LEU
6
19.438
98.493
8.493



CD1
LEU
6
20.291
99.703
8.860



CD2
LEU
6
19.261
98.356
6.971



N
GLU
7
19.122
94.342
10.725



CA
GLU
7
19.755
93.241
11.464



C
GLU
7
19.711
91.890
10.740



O
GLU
7
18.873
91.648
9.852



CB
GLU
7
19.232
93.163
12.914



CG
GLU
7
19.336
94.483
13.695



CD
GLU
7
18.778
94.225
15.092



OE1
GLU
7
18.815
93.054
15.548



OE2
GLU
7
17.924
95.019
15.561



N
PRO
8
20.765
91.108
10.862



CA
PRO
8
20.839
89.797
10.262



C
PRO
8
19.790
88.842
10.860



O
PRO
8
19.233
89.114
11.944



CB
PRO
8
22.244
89.267
10.608



CG
PRO
8
22.754
90.131
11.757



CD
PRO
8
21.882
91.377
11.769



N
PRO
9
19.319
87.911
10.080



CA
PRO
9
18.232
87.056
10.487



C
PRO
9
18.694
86.135
11.628



O
PRO
9
19.855
85.673
11.592



CB
PRO
9
17.905
86.208
9.266



CG
PRO
9
19.171
86.263
8.426



CD
PRO
9
19.774
87.618
8.743



N
TYR
10
17.829
85.920
12.619



CA
TYR
10
18.072
85.128
13.831



C
TYR
10
17.277
83.837
13.923



O
TYR
10
16.039
83.903
14.101



CB
TYR
10
17.700
86.057
15.008



CG
TYR
10
18.105
85.479
16.355



CD1
TYR
10
17.163
85.154
17.302



CD2
TYR
10
19.449
85.291
16.610



CE1
TYR
10
17.586
84.599
18.519



CE2
TYR
10
19.872
84.762
17.821



CZ
TYR
10
18.945
84.405
18.771



OH
TYR
10
19.413
83.745
19.968



N
THR
11
17.930
82.728
13.743



CA
THR
11
17.250
81.464
13.910



C
THR
11
16.905
81.173
15.365



O
THR
11
15.806
80.629
15.663



CB
THR
11
18.157
80.342
13.426



OG1
THR
11
18.374
80.467
12.011



CG2
THR
11
17.587
78.955
13.770



N
GLY
12
17.800
81.499
16.276



CA
CLY
12
17.530
81.172
17.717



C
GLY
12
17.795
79.707
18.130



O
GLY
12
18.093
78.812
17.294



N
PRO
13
17.594
79.422
19.438



CA
PRO
13
18.020
78.175
20.067



C
PRO
13
17.028
77.024
19.943



O
PRO
13
17.521
75.872
19.887



CB
PRO
13
18.118
78.476
21.544



CG
PRO
13
17.139
79.617
21.758



CD
PRO
13
17.023
89.360
20.414



N
CYS
14
15.735
77.328
19.666



CA
CYS
14
14.732
76.275
19.385



C
CYS
14
14.880
75.629
18.020



O
CYS
14
15.608
76.158
17.146



CB
CYS
14
13.299
76.717
19.613



SG
CYS
14
12.983
77.300
21.278



N
LYS
15
14.500
74.402
17.967



CA
LYS
15
14.776
73.485
16.889



C
LYS
15
13.544
73.079
16.047



O
LYS
15
13.540
71.988
15.436



CB
LYS
15
15.423
72.254
17.559



CG
LYS
15
16.816
72.596
18.149



CD
LYS
15
17.559
71.326
18.616



CE
LYS
15
18.900
71.636
19.321



NZ
LYS
15
19.518
70.412
19.904



N
ALA
16
12.618
73.966
15.829



CA
ALA
16
11.683
73.785
14.691



C
ALA
16
12.409
74.246
13.418



O
ALA
16
13.458
74.945
13.471



CB
ALA
16
10.368
74.627
14.903



N
ARG
17
11.872
73.853
12.310



CA
ARG
17
12.256
74.420
11.018



C
ARG
17
11.079
75.215
10.439



O
ARG
17
10.278
74.719
9.613



CB
ARG
17
12.733
73.245
10.174



CG
ARG
17
13.392
73.661
8.858



CD
ARG
17
12.294
74.044
7.852



NE
ARG
17
12.786
73.577
6.649



CZ
ARG
17
12.596
72.435
6.095



NH1
ARG
17
11.637
71.610
6.379



NH2
ARG
17
13.299
72.211
5.023



N
ILE
18
10.949
76.457
10.831



CA
ILE
18
9.848
77.334
10.377



C
ILE
18
10.312
78.435
9.443



O
ILE
18
11.321
79.098
9.777



CB
ILE
18
9.158
77.976
11.596



CG1
ILE
18
8.479
76.864
12.430



CG2
ILE
18
8.132
79.053
11.235



CD1
ILE
18
8.302
77.409
13.857



N
ILE
19
9.724
78.469
8.238



CA
ILE
19
10.176
79.438
7.218



C
ILE
19
9.523
80.797
7.401



O
ILE
19
8.274
80.911
7.406



CB
ILE
19
10.074
78.910
5.754



CG1
ILE
19
10.860
77.594
5.658



CG2
ILE
19
10.525
79.981
4.702



CD1
ILE
19
10.362
76.681
4.550



N
ARG
20
10.369
81.764
7.648



CA
ARG
20
9.967
83.160
7.870



C
ARG
20
10.707
84.063
6.893



O
ARG
20
11.537
83.519
6.130



CB
ARG
20
10.349
83.584
9.300



CG
ARG
20
9.573
82.818
10.384



CD
ARG
20
8.086
83.272
10.386



NE
ARG
20
7.308
82.535
11.412



CZ
ARG
20
7.174
83.017
12.653



NH1
ARG
20
7.772
84.156
13.006



NH2
ARG
20
6.606
82.289
13.595



N
TYR
21
10.399
85.366
6.904



CA
TYR
21
10.990
86.415
6.062



C
TYR
21
11.783
87.398
6.869



O
TYR
21
11.415
87.709
8.041



CB
TYR
21
9.927
87.254
5.321



CG
TYR
21
9.227
86.344
4.286



CD1
TYR
21
8.248
85.445
4.687



CD2
TYR
21
9.646
86.387
2.959



CE1
TYR
21
7.676
84.603
3.763



CE2
TYR
21
9.069
85.549
2.012



CZ
TYR
21
8.078
84.673
2.405



OH
TYR
21
7.557
83.773
1.412



N
PHE
22
12.796
87.894
6.215



CA
PHE
22
13.615
88.967
6.804



C
PHE
22
13.987
89.932
5.698



O
PHE
22
14.116
89.477
4.531



CB
PHE
22
14.907
88.520
7.581



CG
PHE
22
16.075
88.032
6.669



CD1
PHE
22
17.134
88.870
6.407



CD2
PHE
22
15.985
86.820
6.026



CE1
PHE
22
18.117
88.510
5.493



CE2
PHE
22
16.971
86.465
5.087



CZ
PHE
22
18.026
87.309
4.827



N
TYR
23
14.114
91.168
6.073



CA
TYR
23
14.585
92.201
5.205



C
TYR
23
16.090
92.078
4.923



O
TYR
23
16.917
92.192
5.837



CB
TYR
23
14.153
93.589
5.740



CG
TYR
23
14.412
94.670
4.674



CD1
TYR
23
15.332
95.661
4.931



CD2
TYR
23
13.831
94.573
3.433



CE1
TYR
23
15.673
96.561
3.951



CE2
TYR
23
14.126
95.511
2.461



CZ
TYR
23
15.051
96.500
2.711



OH
TYR
23
15.328
97.524
1.731



N
ASN
24
16.465
91.884
3.687



CA
ASN
24
17.855
91.855
3.252



C
ASN
24
18.214
93.189
2.601



O
ASN
24
17.796
93.529
1.451



CB
ASN
24
18.069
90.729
2.240



CG
ASN
24
19.546
90.661
1.887



OD1
ASN
24
20.363
91.402
2.468



ND2
ASN
24
19.880
89.455
1.644



N
ALA
25
18.758
94.021
3.466



CA
ALA
25
19.115
95.402
3.073



C
ALA
25
20.153
95.346
1.943



O
ALA
25
20.214
96.277
1.110



CB
ALA
25
19.718
96.214
4.248



N
LYS
26
20.926
94.294
1.871



CA
LYS
26
21.927
94.209
.795



C
LYS
26
21.316
93.971
−.576



O
LYS
26
21.631
94.746
−1.505



CB
LYS
26
23.192
93.345
1.081



CG
LYS
26
24.224
94.036
1.988



CD
LYS
26
25.450
93.125
2.200



CE
LYS
26
26.558
93.805
3.024



NZ
LYS
26
27.649
92.853
3.266



N
ALA
27
20.301
93.136
−.638



CA
ALA
27
19.535
92.893
−1.842



C
ALA
27
18.417
93.896
−2.055



O
ALA
27
17.769
94.008
−3.140



CB
ALA
27
18.965
91.498
−1.663



N
GLY
28
18.108
94.574
−1.014



CA
GLY
28
16.876
95.398
−1.159



C
GLY
28
15.598
94.564
−1.366



O
GLY
28
14.605
95.041
−1.966



N
LEU
29
15.540
93.437
−.697



CA
LEU
29
14.302
92.689
−.621



C
LEU
29
14.113
91.764
.573



O
LEU
29
15.091
91.447
1.290



CB
LEU
29
13.946
92.088
−1.983



CG
LEU
29
14.560
90.736
−2.317



CD1
LEU
29
14.428
90.452
−3.825



CD2
LEU
29
15.947
90.475
−1.753



N
CYS
30
12.929
91.251
.701



CA
CYS
30
12.631
90.232
1.679



C
CYS
30
12.973
88.827
1.225



O
CYS
30
12.555
88.398
.118



CB
CYS
30
11.200
90.387
2.252



SG
CYS
30
10.933
92.009
2.993



N
GLN
31
13.803
88.164
2.043



CA
GLN
31
14.137
86.787
1.847



C
GLN
31
13.585
85.869
2.933



O
GLN
31
13.386
86.287
4.096



CB
GLN
31
15.668
86.613
1.685



CG
GLN
31
16.217
87.696
.795



CD
GLN
31
17.411
87.066
.084



OE1
GLN
31
18.580
87.572
.152



NE2
GLN
31
16.976
86.163
−.802



N
THR
32
13.640
84.623
2.640



CA
THR
32
13.288
83.547
3.599



C
THR
32
14.502
83.008
4.376



O
THR
32
15.653
83.038
3.878



CB
THR
32
12.607
82.379
2.857



OG1
THR
32
13.481
81.840
1.887



CG2
THR
32
11.287
82.754
2.182



N
PHE
33
14.277
82.464
5.547



CA
PHE
33
15.348
81.924
6.396



C
PHE
33
14.664
80.984
7.337



O
PHE
33
13.406
81.039
7.354



CB
PHE
33
16.052
83.054
7.174



CG
PHE
33
15.292
83.602
8.392



CD1
PHE
33
15.668
83.194
9.661



CD2
PHE
33
14.299
84.545
8.255



CE1
PHE
33
15.040
83.692
10.779



CE2
PHE
33
13.664
85.064
9.397



CZ
PHE
33
14.036
84.631
10.661



N
VAL
34
15.421
80.121
8.005



CA
VAL
34
14.817
79.158
8.946



C
VAL
34
14.792
79.652
10.385



O
VAL
34
15.824
80.145
10.871



CB
VAL
34
15.603
77.860
8.945



CG1
VAL
34
15.195
76.937
10.125



CG2
VAL
34
15.430
77.129
7.611



N
TYR
35
13.618
79.811
10.941



CA
TYR
35
13.427
80.274
12.288



C
TYR
35
13.079
79.099
13.188



O
TYR
35
12.406
78.147
12.731



CB
TYR
35
12.330
81.337
12.313



CG
TYR
35
11.870
81.698
13.742



CD1
TYR
35
12.758
82.213
14.672



CD2
TYR
35
10.537
81.529
14.090



CE1
TYR
35
12.316
82.567
15.958



CE2
TYR
35
10.082
81.920
15.351



CZ
TYR
35
10.986
82.455
16.276



OH
TYR
35
10.533
82.900
17.569



N
GLY
36
13.843
78.988
14.257



CA
GLY
36
13.813
77.777
15.086



C
GLY
36
12.608
77.757
16.045



O
GLY
36
12.258
76.684
16.583



N
GLY
37
11.827
78.809
16.058



CA
GLY
37
10.533
78.722
16.717



C
GLY
37
10.571
79.339
18.109



O
GLY
37
9.500
79.680
18.662



N
CYS
38
11.653
79.933
18.487



CA
CYS
38
11.521
80.813
19.692



C
CYS
38
12.516
81.957
19.703



O
CYS
38
13.609
81.759
19.130



CB
CYS
38
11.705
80.016
21.020



SG
CYS
38
13.319
79.230
21.236



N
ARG
39
12.201
82.955
20.477



CA
ARG
39
13.042
84.091
20.782



C
ARG
39
13.345
84.908
19.525



O
ARG
39
14.479
85.415
19.364



CB
ARG
39
14.338
83.591
21.467



CG
ARG
39
14.123
83.002
22.885



CD
ARG
39
15.509
82.671
23.502



NE
ARG
39
15.363
82.331
24.931



CZ
ARG
39
16.144
81.403
25.524



NH1
ARG
39
17.181
80.838
24.899



NH2
ARG
39
15.926
81.022
26.767



N
ALA
40
12.336
85.093
18.668



CA
ALA
40
12.469
85.896
17.438



C
ALA
40
13.003
87.295
17.694



O
ALA
40
12.459
87.974
18.591



CB
ALA
40
11.082
86.134
16.840



N
LYS
41
13.780
87.825
16.770



CA
LYS
41
14.069
89.246
16.766



C
LYS
41
13.050
89.929
15.884



O
LYS
41
12.110
89.279
15.385



CB
LYS
41
15.514
89.487
16.297



CG
LYS
41
16.414
88.775
17.308



CD
LYS
41
17.893
89.161
17.266



CE
LYS
41
18.524
88.784
18.640



NZ
LYS
41
19.977
88.978
18.595



N
ARG
42
13.185
91.205
15.759



CA
ARG
42
12.207
91.986
14.989



C
ARG
42
12.282
91.935
13.459



O
ARG
42
11.214
91.904
12.783



CB
ARG
42
12.066
93.440
15.465



CG
ARG
42
11.365
93.469
16.839



CD
ARG
42
11.248
94.923
17.264



NE
ARG
42
12.630
95.393
17.419



CZ
ARG
42
13.034
96.670
17.567



NH1
ARG
42
12.191
97.681
17.582



NH2
ARG
42
14.344
96.964
17.686



N
ASN
43
13.432
91.638
12.944



CA
ASN
43
13.534
91.297
11.513



C
ASN
43
13.074
89.873
11.164



O
ASN
43
13.896
88.965
10.939



CB
ASN
43
14.973
91.612
11.028



CG
ASN
43
14.962
91.773
9.511



OD1
ASN
43
13.867
91.977
8.926



ND2
ASN
43
16.144
91.851
8.961



N
ASN
44
11.803
89.578
11.367



CA
ASN
44
11.254
88.237
11.328



C
ASN
44
9.754
88.326
11.025



O
ASN
44
8.985
88.836
11.875



CB
ASN
44
11.592
87.487
12.662



CG
ASN
44
10.995
86.079
12.769



OD1
ASN
44
9.967
85.727
12.165



ND2
ASN
44
11.677
85.165
13.350



N
PHE
45
9.338
88.074
9.788



CA
PHE
45
7.939
88.332
9.277



C
PHE
45
7.255
87.073
8.777



O
PHE
45
7.934
86.052
8.515



CB
PHE
45
7.943
89.381
8.158



CG
PHE
45
8.609
90.681
8.657



CD1
PHE
45
9.962
90.922
8.445



CD2
PHE
45
7.851
91.618
9.326



CE1
PHE
45
10.538
92.109
8.899



CE2
PHE
45
8.433
92.808
9.759



CZ
PHE
45
9.773
93.056
9.544



N
LYS
46
5.953
87.013
8.850



CA
LYS
46
5.307
85.750
8.528



C
LYS
46
4.957
85.669
7.063



O
LYS
46
4.816
84.538
6.573



CB
LYS
46
4.008
85.607
9.317



CG
LYS
46
4.338
84.938
10.654



CD
LYS
46
3.144
85.117
11.573



CE
LYS
46
3.348
84.392
12.912



NZ
LYS
46
2.160
84.624
13.772



N
SER
47
5.091
86.774
6.384



CA
SER
47
4.904
86.776
4.924



C
SER
47
5.754
87.843
4.273



O
SER
47
6.210
88.797
4.983



CB
SER
47
3.418
87.035
4.542



OG
SER
47
3.126
88.431
4.812



N
ALA
48
6.000
87.652
2.979



CA
ALA
48
6.785
88.690
2.344



C
ALA
48
6.089
90.062
2.370



O
ALA
48
6.728
91.153
2.416



CB
ALA
48
7.020
88.246
.910



N
GLU
49
4.760
90.049
2.411



CA
GLU
49
4.004
91.319
2.332



C
GLU
49
4.141
92.115
3.621



O
GLU
49
4.288
93.368
3.569



CB
GLU
49
2.477
91.014
2.129



CG
CLU
49
2.093
90.462
.742



CD
GLU
49
2.593
89.033
.538



OE1
GLU
49
2.701
88.254
1.524



OE2
GLU
49
2.618
88.541
−.630



N
ASP
50
4.098
91.367
4.747



CA
ASP
50
4.316
92.036
6.061



C
ASP
50
5.694
92.642
6.098



O
ASP
50
5.807
93.832
6.441



CB
ASP
50
4.244
91.148
7.311



CG
ASP
50
2.836
90.713
7.693



OD1
ASP
50
1.831
91.183
7.108



OD2
ASP
50
2.725
89.630
8.316



N
CYS
51
6.660
91.834
5.675



CA
CYS
51
8.069
92.253
5.611



C
CYS
51
8.278
93.500
4.739



O
CYS
51
8.797
94.541
5.243



CB
CYS
51
8.955
91.080
5.141



SG
CYS
51
10.694
91.506
4.989



N
MET
52
7.678
93.467
3.554



CA
MET
52
7.777
94.629
2.704



C
MET
52
7.113
95.861
3.268



O
MET
52
7.730
96.945
3.202



CB
MET
52
7.489
94.389
1.189



CG
MET
52
8.547
95.004
.261



SD
MET
52
9.677
93.778
−.404



CE
MET
52
8.424
92.566
−.868



N
ARG
53
5.939
95.729
3.847



CA
ARG
53
5.276
96.896
4.444



C
ARG
53
6.066
97.454
5.604



O
ARG
53
6.260
98.691
5.654



CB
ARG
53
3.886
96.462
4.982



CG
ARG
53
2.861
97.572
5.264



CD
ARG
53
1.424
97.032
5.029



NE
ARG
53
1.279
95.906
5.894



CZ
ARG
53
1.027
94.612
5.694



NH1
ARG
53
.686
94.084
4.520



NH2
ARG
53
1.167
93.823
6.747



N
THR
54
6.627
96.618
6.444



CA
THR
54
7.462
97.165
7.516



C
THR
54
8.830
97.720
7.119



O
THR
54
9.266
98.747
7.690



CB
THR
54
7.674
96.154
8.624



OG1
THR
54
6.377
95.698
8.972



CG2
THR
54
8.395
96.794
9.843



N
CYS
55
9.580
96.927
6.394



CA
CYS
55
10.971
97.234
6.147



C
CYS
55
11.291
97.818
4.797



O
CYS
55
12.436
98.320
4.690



CB
CYS
55
11.850
96.040
6.455



SG
CYS
55
11.943
95.674
8.255



N
GLY
56
10.514
97.479
3.790



CA
GLY
56
10.957
97.710
2.392



C
GLY
56
11.228
99.190
2.152



O
GLY
56
10.367
100.002
2.539



N
GLY
57
12.461
99.566
1.946



CA
GLY
57
12.800
100.986
2.017



C
GLY
57
13.886
101.219
3.058



O
GLY
57
14.039
102.363
3.552



N
ALA
58
14.615
100.141
3.414



CA
ALA
58
15.722
100.266
4.422



C
ALA
58
17.104
99.977
3.828



O
ALA
58
18.036
100.786
4.093



CB
ALA
58
15.483
99.453
5.728



OXT
ALA
58
17.207
99.280
2.788

















TABLE 50







Places in BPTI where disulfides are plausible


Limit on Ca–Ca is 9.0, on Cb–Cb is 6.5 Limit on Ca–Cb is 7.5












Res#1
Res#2
A–A
A1–B2
A2–B1
B–B

















ARG
1
GLY
57
4.90
4.71
5.20
4.62


PRO
2
CYS
5
5.56
4.73
6.17
5.50


PHE
4
ARG
42
6.11
5.43
4.91
4.02


PHE
4
ASN
43
5.93
5.38
5.59
5.44


CYS
5
TYR
23
5.69
4.53
5.82
4.41


CYS
5
CYS
55
5.62
4.59
4.40
3.61


CYS
5
ALA
58
6.61
5.09
5.38
3.84


LEU
6
ALA
25
5.96
4.80
6.50
5.10


LEU
6
ALA
58
7.10
5.97
7.10
6.11


GLU
7
ASN
43
6.52
5.07
6.16
4.91


PRO
9
PHE
22
6.21
4.65
5.66
4.14


PRO
9
PHE
33
7.17
5.63
5.76
4.21


PRO
9
ASN
43
6.41
5.63
7.07
6.40


TYR
10
LYS
41
6.45
5.62
5.14
4.27


THR
11
VAL
34
5.99
6.35
5.71
5.72


THR
11
GLY
36
5.18
4.80
5.31
4.75


GLY
12
CYS
14
5.88
6.43
5.56
5.75


GLY
12
GLY
36
5.68
4.66
5.29
4.55


GLY
12
CYS
38
6.34
6.80
4.90
5.49


GLY
12
ARG
39
6.17
5.49
4.83
4.35


CYS
14
ALA
16
6.13
6.47
5.95
5.93


CYS
14
GLY
36
4.65
3.79
4.68
4.25


CYS
14
GLY
37
5.54
5.42
4.48
4.32


CYS
14
CYS
38
5.57
5.08
4.47
3.92


ALA
16
ILE
18
5.88
5.79
5.30
4.86


ALA
16
GLY
37
5.46
4.38
4.48
3.27


ARG
17
VAL
34
5.77
5.23
6.39
5.57


ILE
18
ARG
20
6.34
6.36
6.44
6.18


ILE
18
TYR
35
5.01
5.09
4.90
4.68


ILE
18
GLY
37
6.53
6.42
5.35
5.33


ILE
19
THR
32
6.30
5.79
6.04
5.18


ARG
20
TYR
35
6.31
5.35
5.42
4.25


ARG
20
ASN
44
6.28
6.66
5.16
5.30


TYR
21
CYS
30
6.04
5.51
5.43
4.57


TYR
21
PHE
45
4.83
4.74
4.56
4.06


TYR
21
ALA
48
6.06
6.76
4.56
5.38


TYR
21
CYS
51
6.54
5.17
5.34
3.95


PHE
22
PHE
33
7.26
6.41
6.72
5.60


PHE
22
ASN
43
5.25
5.17
5.01
4.63


TYR
23
ASN
43
6.46
5.87
6.24
5.70


TYR
23
CYS
51
6.53
5.74
6.23
5.80


TYR
23
CYS
55
6.27
4.88
4.86
3.44


TYR
23
ALA
58
8.18
7.33
6.98
6.01


ASN
24
ALA
27
5.46
5.05
4.85
4.08


ASN
24
GLN
31
6.44
5.89
5.58
4.80


ALA
25
ALA
58
6.08
6.05
5.69
5.53


ALA
27
LEU
29
5.38
5.65
4.92
5.06


CYS
30
ALA
48
6.08
6.00
4.73
4.88


CYS
30
CYS
51
6.35
5.12
4.96
3.72


CYS
30
MET
52
6.63
6.63
5.47
5.56


TYR
35
ASN
44
8.31
7.45
7.05
6.20


ALA
40
ASN
44
6.65
5.11
5.90
4.42


LYS
41
ASN
44
6.21
5.11
6.66
5.71


PHE
45
ASP
50
6.10
5.04
4.96
4.19


PHE
45
CYS
51
5.37
5.07
3.84
3.61


LYS
46
ASP
50
6.83
5.63
7.21
5.90


SER
47
GLU
49
5.31
5.63
4.86
4.75


SER
47
ASP
50
5.41
5.02
5.30
5.03


MET
52
GLY
56
4.44
3.58
4.95
3.71


CYS
55
ALA
58
5.89
5.05
6.08
5.04
















TABLE 55





Shortened Kunitz domains to bind plasma kallikrein





















 








 








 








 






















TABLE 100





Sequence of whole LACI:




















1
MIYTMKKVHA
LWASVCLLLN
LAPAPLNAds
eedeehtiit
dtelpplklM


51
HSFCAFKADD
GPCKAIMKRF
FFNIFTRQCE
EFIYGGCEGN
QNRFESLEEC


101
KKMCTRDnan
riikttlqqe
kpdfcfleed
pgicrgyitr
yfynnptkac


151
erfkyggclg
nmnnfetlee
cknicedgpn
gfqvdnygtq
lnavnnsltp


201
qstkvpslfe
fhgpswcltp
adrglcrane
nrfyynsvig
kcrpfkysgc


251
ggnennftsk
qeclrackkg
fiqriskggl
iktkrkrkkq
rvkiayeeif


301
vknm





(SEQ ID NO:25)






The signal sequence (1-28) is uppercase and underscored

LACI-K1 is uppercase
LACI-K2 is underscored
LACI-K3 is bold







TABLE 103







LACI-K1 derivatives that bind and inhibit human plasma Kallikrein



















13
14
15
16
17
18
19
31
32
34
39(a)























KKII/3#1
(SEQ ID NO: 2)
H
C
K
A
S
L
P
E
E
I
E


KKII/3#2
(SEQ ID NO: 3)
P
C
K
A
N
H
L
E
E
S
G


KKII/3#3
(SEQ ID NO: 4)
H
C
K
A
N
H
Q
E
E
T
G


KKII/3#4
(SEQ ID NO: 5)
H
C
K
A
N
H
Q
E
Q
T
A


KKII/3#5
(SEQ ID NO: 6)
H
C
K
A
S
L
P
E
E
I
G


KKII/3#6
(SEQ ID NO: 7)
H
C
K
A
N
H
Q
E
E
S
G


KKII/3#7
(SEQ ID NO: 8)
H
C
K
A
N
H
Q
E
E
S
G


KKII/3#8
(SEQ ID NO: 9)
H
C
K
A
N
H
Q
E
E
S
G


KKII/3#9
(SEQ ID NO: 10)
H
C
K
A
N
H
Q
E
E
S
G


KKII/3#10
(SEQ ID NO: 11)
H
C
K
G
A
H
L
E
E
I
E


Consensus

H
C
K
A
N
H
Q
E
E
S/T
G


















Fixed

C
K










Absolute







E


Strong preference
H


A

H


E


Good selection




N

Q



G


Some selection









S/T
















TABLE 202





vgDNA for LACI-D1 to vary residues 10, 11, 13, 15,


16, 17, & 19 for pKA in view of previous selections.





















 








 








 


DNA: 131,072


protein: 78,848
















TABLE 204





Variation of Residues 31, 32, 34, 39, 40, 41, and 42 for pKA in view


of previous selections.













 













 















There are 131,072 DNA sequences and 70,304 protein sequences.








TABLE 220





Cα—Cα distances in P1 region of BPTI


























T11
G12
P13
C14
K15
A16
R17
I18
I19
R20





G12
3.8


P13
7.0
3.8


C14
8.0
5.9
3.9


K15
8.9
8.2
6.5
3.7


A16
9.5
9.9
9.4
6.1
3.8


R17
9.1
10.9
11.4
8.9
6.5
3.8


I18
9.2
11.3
12.7
10.3
9.0
5.9
3.8


I19
10.0
12.9
15.1
13.4
12.2
9.5
6.6
3.8


R20
9.6
12.6
15.4
14.2
14.1
11.7
9.6
6.3
3.8


Y21
11.2
14.4
17.7
17.1
17.3
15.3
13.0
10.1
7.1
3.9


Q31
13.6
17.2
20.5
20.5
20.1
18.4
15.5
13.4
9.9
8.2


T32
11.2
14.9
18.0
17.4
16.7
14.9
11.8
9.8
6.3
5.4


V34
6.0
9.4
11.6
10.8
9.8
8.5
5.8
5.5
5.0
6.4
















Q31
T32
V34







T32
3.8



V34
10.4
7.1

















TABLE 1017





High specificity plasma Kallikrein inhibitors















LACI-K1


MHSFCAFKADDGPCKAIMKRFFFNIFTRQCEEFIYGGCEGNQNRFESLEECKKMCTRD


(residues 50-107 of SEQ ID NO: 25 (SEQ ID NO: 62))


KKII/3#7


mhsfcafkaddgHckANHQrfffniftrqcEEfSyggcGgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd (SEQ ID NO: 8)


KKII/3#7-K15A


mhsfcafkaddgHcaANHQrfffniftrqcEEfSyggcGgnqnrfesleeckkmctrd (SEQ ID NO: 31)









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## Claims

1. A method of treating edema in a mammalian subject, comprising:
administering to the subject a kallikrein inhibiting protein comprising a non-naturally occurring Kunitz domain, said Kunitz domain having disulfide bonds at Cys5-Cys55, Cys14-Cys38, and Cys30-Cys51 and further having:
amino acid number 13 selected from the group consisting of His and Pro;
amino acid number 14 as Cys;
amino acid number 16 selected from the group consisting of Ala and Gly;
amino acid number 17 selected from the group consisting of Ala, Asn, and Ser;
amino acid number 18 selected from the group consisting of His and Leu;
amino acid number 19 selected from the group consisting of Gln, Leu, and Pro,
amino acid number 31 as Glu;
amino acid number 32 selected from the group consisting of Glu and Gln;
amino acid number 34 selected from the group consisting of Ser, Thr, and Ile; and
amino acid number 39 selected from the group consisting of Gly, Glu, and Ala,

wherein the above amino acids are numbered to correspond to the numbering of amino acid residues of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) (SEQ ID NO:1), and wherein the kallikrein inhibiting protein binds plasma kallikrein with a Ki less than 500 pM.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the edema is angioedema.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the edema is associated with sepsis.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the edema is associated with trauma.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the edema is associated with asthma.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the edema is hereditary edema.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the Kunitz domain further has:
amino acid number 15 selected from the group consisting of Lys and Arg;

wherein the above amino acids are numbered to correspond to the numbering of amino acid residues of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) (SEQ ID NO: 1).

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the Kunitz domain is selected from the group consisting of SEQ. ID. NO.2, SEQ. ID. NO.3, SEQ. ID. NO.4, SEQ. ID. NO.5, SEQ. ID. NO.6, SEQ. ID. NO.7, SEQ. ID. NO.8, SEQ. ID. NO.9, SEQ. ID. NO.10, SEQ. ID. NO.11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:64, and SEQ ID NO:66.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is human.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the kallikrein inhibiting protein is administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition that further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the kallikrein inhibiting protein binds plasma kallikrein with a Ki less than 50 pM.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the kallikrein inhibiting protein is administered parenterally.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the kallikrein inhibiting protein is administered subcutaneously.