J-S02032-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: J.F., A MINOR

APPEAL OF: V.R., FATHER

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1884 EDA 2021

Appeal from the Order Entered August 26, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Juvenile Division at 

No(s): CP-51-DP-0002273-2012

BEFORE: OLSON, J., KING, J., and McCAFFERY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.: FILED MARCH 4, 2022

V.R. (Father) appeals from the permanency review order regarding his

minor dependent child, J.F. (Child), born October 2012, entered pursuant to 

the Juvenile Act.

1

 In the order, inter alia, the trial court found Father to be a 

perpetrator of child abuse under subsections 6303(b.1)(5) and (8) of the Child 

Protective Services Law2 (CPSL). On appeal, Father contends the trial court’s 

determination was not supported by clear and convincing evidence. For the 

reasons below, we affirm.

Child is the daughter of Father and J.F. (Mother). The Philadelphia 

Department of Human Services (DHS) has been involved with Father and 

____________________________________________

1 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 6301-6375.

2 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 6301-6387.
J-S02032-22

- 2 -

Mother seven times since 2007, including incidents and issues involving Child’s 

siblings prior to Child’s birth. N.T., 8/26/21, at 53. When Child was just shy 

of two months old, DHS removed Child from the care of Mother and Father via

an emergency custody authorization. On January 3, 2013, the trial court 

adjudicated Child dependent pursuant to subsection 6301(1) of the Juvenile 

Act. Child reunified with Father and Mother on May 15, 2015, at the age of 

three. 

When Child was seven years old, DHS received two reports alleging 

abuse to Child. N.T., 8/26/21, at 44. On November 26, 2019, after Child 

came to school with “a black eye” and “disclosed that [Father] threw her down 

the stairs and hallway[,]” DHS obtained an emergency custody authorization 

and removed Child from the care of Father and Mother. See Order of 

Protective Custody, 11/26/19, at 3 (unpaginated). Child was placed in foster 

care. On February 18, 2020, the trial court adjudicated Child dependent for a 

second time, again pursuant to subsection 6301(1) of the Juvenile Act. Over 

the course of the next 18 months, the trial court conducted regular 

permanency review hearings pursuant to the Juvenile Act, including a 

permanency review hearing on August 26, 2021. 

At that hearing, the trial court heard testimony to determine whether 

Father and/or Mother subjected Child to child abuse within the meaning of the 

CPSL. Father, Mother, and Child were all present and represented by counsel. 

Child testified in camera with only the trial judge and parties’ counsel present.
J-S02032-22

- 3 -

After the trial court determined her competency, Child testified that she 

knew she was in court to “tell . . . everybody what happened when [she] was 

at home,” which was, in her words, that “[Father] was beating on [her].” N.T., 

8/26/21 (in camera), at 12.3 With regard to the incident at issue, Child 

explained that her sister was on the steps and Child was “walking [too] slow.” 

Id. at 13-14. Father told her to walk faster. Id. Although she tried to do so, 

Child stated Father then “threw [her] down the steps and across the hall” and 

he did so “[b]y [her] hair.” Id. at 12, 14. Child landed at the bottom of the 

stairs on her stomach and head. Id. at 12-13. She recalled she was crying, 

her “legs hurt,” and she had a bruise on her eye. Id. at 13-14. Child stated 

there were about ten steps. Id. at 20 

When asked if she told Mother what Father had done, Child replied, “She 

saw it.” N.T. (in camera) at 15. Child confirmed that Mother did “[n]othing[;]” 

she did not tell Father to stop, determine if Child was hurt, or give her ice or 

take her to a doctor. Id. at 16, 18. Child explained that Father did not help 

her either, but simply told her to “[j]ust get up.” Id. at 18-19. Child testified 

she was “limping a little bit” afterwards and agreed it was “hard to walk.” Id.

at 16. Although the incident happened in the morning before Child went to

____________________________________________

3 Although the certified record contains notes of testimony from the August 

26th hearing, the portion where Child testified in camera is omitted. 

Nevertheless, Father has attached the in camera transcript to his brief. 

Because no party disputes the accuracy of these notes of testimony, we may 

consider them. See Commonwealth v. Brown, 52 A.3d 1139, 1145 n.4 (Pa. 

2012). 
J-S02032-22

- 4 -

school, she stated her eye did not stop hurting until she went to bed. Id. at 

18-19. Child testified she is afraid of Father and Mother, and claimed that on 

other occasions, Mother hit her with a belt on her arms, legs, and butt. Id.

at 16, 19. During the hearing, the trial court observed Child had a reddish 

scar underneath her eye that went from one end to the other. Id. at 22-23. 

Child confirmed the scar was from the incident. Id. at 22.

Following the in camera testimony of Child, the court also heard 

testimony from the following witnesses involved in the investigation of the 

allegations of child abuse — Philadelphia Children’s Alliance forensic 

interviewer Kirby Gerlus, DHS intake social worker Talia Moore, Community 

Umbrella Agency (CUA) case manager Erica Butler, and Butler’s supervisor 

Summer Mills. 

Gerlus testified she interviewed Child in January of 2020. N.T., 8/26/21, 

at 33. She recounted that Child disclosed the following during the interview: 

Father “had pulled her by the hair and threw her to the ground],]” resulting 

in a bruise on the side of her nose and eye; Mother “always hit her on her legs 

and her behind;” and Mother had punched her in her eye because she had 

told on Mother, causing her eye to be hurt and swollen.4 Id. at 35-36. 

____________________________________________

4 Child did not indicate when Mother engaged in these acts. N.T. at 35-36. 

The trial court’s abuse finding was based only on the incident when Father 

threw Child down the stairs in Mother’s presence.
J-S02032-22

- 5 -

DHS social worker Moore was assigned to investigate the report of 

abuse. N.T. at 41. She spoke with the sources who reported the incident, 

Child, and both Father and Mother. Id. at 45. During her investigation, Moore 

observed markings on the right side of Child’s face and “very dark” swelling 

to her eye and nose. Id. at 48. Child told Moore she sustained the injuries 

when Father “threw her down the steps.” Id. at 58. 

When Moore interviewed Father and Mother about Child’s allegations, 

both stated the incident did not happen and were “real defensive.” N.T. at 

46, 55. Neither had an explanation for Child’s injuries, although Father 

suggested it could have happened “when the kids were outside playing.” Id.

at 54. Father told Moore, “I’m a man. If that would’ve happened, she 

would’ve had more serious injuries to her.” Id. at 47. Mother insisted she 

would not hurt her children or allow Father to do so, but also stated Child was 

a “problematic kid and was always getting in trouble.” Id. at 55. 

Moore recounted that initially Father and Mother were “okay” with DHS 

taking Child — and were even willing to sign over their parental rights —

because Child was “causing too much trouble in their home[.]” N.T. at 47. 

However, the longer the case went on, Father and Mother retreated from that 

position. Id. At one point, Father and Mother threatened Moore, telling her 

they were going to “beat [her] up” and “get” her for “lying” and taking Child 

away. Id. at 46. 
J-S02032-22

- 6 -

At the conclusion of the investigation, DHS determined the report of 

abuse was indicated5 as to both Father and Mother. N.T. at 50. Father was 

determined to be the “perp by admission” because he caused Child’s physical 

injuries and Mother was determined to be the “perp by omission” because she 

“was aware of the incident and she did not keep [Child] safe.” Id. at 50-51. 

CUA case manager Butler received the case file in December of 2020, 

and Mills became her supervisor in March of 2021. N.T. at 61. They both 

described having witnessed episodes of anger from Father and Mother, 

incidents at visits where Father and Mother intimidated Child, and Child’s 

expressed fear of both Father and Mother. Id. at 61-70, 82-85. 

Finally, both Father and Mother testified, and both denied that Father 

threw Child down the stairs or that either of them had ever hit Child with a 

belt. N.T. at 86-87, 92. Mother claimed she did not know what happened on 

the day of the incident, recalling only that Child left the house crying. Id. at 

86. When asked if he sought medical attention for Child’s cuts and bruises on 

her face, Father denied that Child ever had such injuries. Id. at 94. 

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court stated that it found 

Child’s testimony was “very credible” and Father and Mother were not credible. 

N.T. at 106-07. The court further determined there was “clear and convincing 

____________________________________________

5 The CPSL provides for an indicated report of child abuse “if an investigation 

by the department or county agency determines that substantial evidence of 

the alleged abuse by a perpetrator exists . . . .” 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(a). 
J-S02032-22

- 7 -

evidence to find child abuse[.]” Id. at 107. The court found Father to be a 

perpetrator of child abuse pursuant to subsections 6303(b.1)(5) and (8) of 

the CPSL, and Mother to be a perpetrator by omission pursuant to subsection 

6303(b.1)(5). 

Father filed timely a notice of appeal.6 Both Father and the trial court 

complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. On appeal, Father raises the following two

issues: 

1. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred by finding child abuse as 

regards to [Father] under 23 Pa.C.S.[ ] § 6303(b.1)(5)?

2. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred by finding child abuse as 

regards to [Father] under 23 Pa.C.S.[ ] § 6303(b.1)(8)?

Father’s Brief at 4. 

We review a finding of child abuse made in a dependency case for an

abuse of discretion. In re L.Z., 111 A.3d 1164, 1174 (Pa. 2015). As in all 

dependency cases, we must “accept the findings of fact and credibility 

determinations of the trial court if they are supported by the record,” but we 

do not have “to accept the lower court’s inferences or conclusions of law.” Id.

(citation omitted).

Although dependency proceedings are governed by the Juvenile Act, the

CPSL pertains to a court’s finding of child abuse. In the Interest of X.P., 

248 A.3d 1274, 1276 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citation omitted). A finding of child 

abuse must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. Interest of 

____________________________________________

6 Mother filed her own appeal, which is listed before this panel at 1883 EDA 

2021.
J-S02032-22

- 8 -

N.B.-A., 224 A.3d 661, 668 (Pa. 2020). “Clear and convincing evidence is 

evidence that is so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable the trier 

of fact to come to a clear conviction, without hesitancy, of the truth of the 

precise facts in issue.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). 

The CPSL defines child abuse, in relevant part, as follows:

(b.1) Child abuse. -- The term “child abuse” shall mean 

intentionally, knowingly or recklessly doing any of the following:

* * *

(5) Creating a reasonable likelihood of bodily injury to a 

child through any recent act or failure to act.

* * *

(8) Engaging in any of the following recent acts:

(i) Kicking, biting, throwing, burning, stabbing or 

cutting a child in a manner that endangers the child.

* * *

23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1)(5), (8)(i) (some emphasis added).

We will address Father’s claims together. Father insists that the record 

does not contain clear and convincing evidence that he “caused bodily harm 

to” Child, or that he “threw [C]hild down the steps[.]” Father’s Brief at 11-

13. Rather, he maintains “[t]here is contrary testimony and inconsistent 

statements.” Id. at 13. In support of his argument, Father directs our 

attention to the following: (a) Child’s admission that “she told a teacher and 

a counselor that she tripped and fell[;]” (b) Gerlus’ testimony that, during the 

forensic interview, she did not observe any injuries to Child, and that Child did 

not tell her “where the steps were located, the number of steps she fell down 
J-S02032-22

- 9 -

[or] when the incident happened[,]” however, at the hearing Child testified 

she fell down ten steps; (c) Moore’s testimony that one of Child’s siblings 

stated Child “was running outside and fell[;]” and (d) Mother’s testimony that 

“she did not observe [F]ather cause bodily injury to” Child. Id. at 11-13; N.T. 

(in camera) at 20-21; N.T. at 38-40, 56-57, 86-87. Father contends this 

testimony demonstrates conflicts between testimony of witnesses and 

inconsistencies in Child’s statements at different times, which caused the 

evidence to fall short of clear and convincing. See Father’s Brief at 11-13.

At its core, Father’s argument asks us to reassess the credibility of the 

witnesses at the permanency hearing and reweigh the testimony in his favor. 

That is not our function on appeal. As an appellate court, we are required to 

“accept the findings of fact and credibility determinations of the trial court if 

they are supported by the record[.]” In re R.J.T., 9 A.3d 1179, 1190 (Pa. 

2010). Upon our review, we conclude the court’s findings are supported by 

the record. 

Here, contrary to Father’s assertions, Child has been steadfast in her 

allegation that Father threw her down the stairs, as demonstrated by the 

information in the initial reports to DHS, what she told the DHS investigator, 

her disclosures in the forensic interview, and her testimony at the hearing. 

See Order of Protective Custody, 11/26/19, at 3 (unpaginated); N.T. at 35, 

58; N.T. (in camera) at 12-13, 17. The fact that, during her forensic interview, 

Child — who at the time was seven years old — did not mention the location 

and number of steps does little to diminish her explicit testimony that Father 
J-S02032-22

- 10 -

threw her down the steps by her hair while Mother observed. Additionally, to 

the extent Child’s testimony indicated that at one point she told her teacher 

and counselor that she had tripped — similar to what her sibling told the DHS 

investigator — does not mean that the trial court abused its discretion by 

finding Child’s testimony about the abuse to be credible. Moore testified she 

had some concerns Child’s siblings were coached. N.T. at 48. Moreover, 

Father’s reliance on Gerlus’ testimony that she did not observe any injuries to 

Child during the forensic interview is misplaced. Rather, the Child Advocate 

asked Gerlus: “When you saw [Child], did she have any visible marks or 

bruises on her face?” N.T. at 38. Gerlus replied simply, “Not that I recall.” 

Id. We do not consider this testimony to be supportive of Father’s contention 

that Child lied about the abuse. In any event, the record contains other 

competent evidence indicating that Child did in fact have injuries to her face. 

The original reports came in due to observations of injuries, followed by an 

investigation where the intake worker observed the injuries. N.T. at 44-45, 

48. In fact, the trial court judge directly observed a mark on Child’s face that 

was still visible a year and one-half later. Id. at 22. Child testified regarding 

her injuries as well. N.T. (in camera) at 13-14.

We conclude the trial court’s finding that Father perpetrated abuse upon 

Child by throwing her down the stairs by her hair, causing injuries to her face, 

is well supported by Child’s testimony and the testimony of the professionals 

involved in the case. Indeed, the trial court explicitly found Child’s testimony 

credible and Father and Mother’s testimony incredible. N.T. at 106-07. Thus, 
J-S02032-22

- 11 -

we conclude the trial court did not err or abuse its discretion by finding Father 

to be a perpetrator of child abuse pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1)(5) and 

(8).7 

Order affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 3/4/2022

____________________________________________

7 To the extent that, in its opinion, the trial court discussed the evidentiary 

presumption of child abuse permissible under 23 Pa.C.S. § 6381(d), we 

conclude that subsection has no applicability under the facts of this case. 

Rather, subsection 6381(d) allows “for the possibility of identifying the 

perpetrator of abuse based on prima facie evidence in cases where the abuse 

is ‘of such a nature as would ordinarily not be sustained or exist except by 

reason of the acts or omissions of the parent or other person responsible for 

the welfare of the child.’” In re L.Z., 111 A.3d at 1184-85 (emphasis added),

quoting 23 Pa.C.S. § 6381(d). Here, Child identified Father as the perpetrator 

of her abuse. Nevertheless, despite its discussion of the presumption in its 

opinion, the trial court concluded: “DHS met its statutory burden by clear 

and convincing evidence regarding the finding that Child’s injuries were the 

result of child abuse pursuant to [subsection] 6303(b.1), and that Father was 

the perpetrator of child abuse pursuant to [subsections] 6303(b.1)(5) and 

(8).” Trial Ct. Op., 10/26/21, at 10 (emphasis added). See also N.T. at 107 

(“[T]he Court does find there is clear and convincing evidence to find child 

abuse as to [F]ather . . . as the perpetrator[.]”).