United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Argued June 15, 2011

Decided August 3, 2011

Before

MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge

ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge

DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 11‐1248

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

DARRIEN DARVIN IRVING,

Defendant‐Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District

Court for the Central District of Illinois.  

No. 10‐cr‐40004

Michael M. Mihm,

Judge.

O R D E R

Darrien Irving was convicted of possessing a firearm despite his prior felony

conviction, see 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and sentenced to 48 months’ imprisonment. He appeals,

arguing that the district court misapplied a guidelines enhancement for assaulting a police

officer, see U.S.S.G. § 3A1.2(c)(1). Irving admits he scuffled with arresting officers but

contends that he did not threaten them with a “substantial risk of serious bodily injury,” as

the guideline requires. Because the record amply supports the district court’s application of

the official‐victim enhancement, we affirm.

Irving was previously convicted of aggravated unlawful use of a weapon, a felony.

On the night of his clash with arresting officers, Irving sold crack cocaine at a residence that

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
No. 11‐1248 Page 2

officers entered in search of a suspect. When Officer Franks began questioning that suspect,

Irving charged toward Officer Franks and attempted to flee.

As Officer Franks tried to restrain Irving, Irving escalated the physical altercation

outside the residence on an icy stoop, six concrete stairs off the ground. The two exchanged

blows at the top of stairway. A steel pipe banister ran along one side. A retaining wall

bordered the other. And concrete stairs descended from the stoop several feet down onto

icy pavement. Irving continued to wrestle Officer Franks until Irving eventually pushed

him off the edge of the stoop, so that Officer Franks collided onto the pavement, skinning

his shins.

Irving then brawled with several officers on the sidewalk below. He punched and

kicked Officer Franks again. He bit another officer’s finger. One officer tasered him. Another

struck him in the leg with a baton. Despite the taser and baton strikes, Irving continued to

fight until several other officers tackled him. After attempting to kick Officer Franks a final

time, Irving was finally subdued with pepper spray and placed into a patrol car. After the

confrontation, officers found Irving’s loaded pistol strewn on the sidewalk near the scene of

the brawl. There was no evidence, however, that Irving reached for his pistol or that officers

thought he was armed during the altercation.

Irving pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of a firearm, and the probation officer

recommended a total offense level of 21, and a criminal history category of IV, which

yielded a guidelines range of 57‐71 months’ imprisonment. In arriving at these calculations,

the probation officer added six levels because during the brawl Irving threatened arresting

officers with a “substantial risk of serious bodily injury,” see § 3A1.2(c)(1).

At sentencing, Irving contended that the official‐victim enhancement was

inapplicable. He claimed that his conduct did not threaten officers with serious injury. The

government disagreed, arguing that the stipulated facts supported the enhancement. The

parties also stipulated that Officer LaGrange, the one that Irving bit, received a tetanus shot,

antibiotics, and two stitches.

After reviewing the evidence, the district court overruled Irving’s objection and

imposed a six‐level enhancement under § 3A1.2(c)(1). It found that Irving’s fight with

Officer Franks on the stoop, “itself create[d] . . . a risk of substantial injury,” and that the

bite and violent confrontation further demonstrated “very violent” resistance that

endangered the officers. Although Irving concedes that during the clash he may have

possessed the loaded pistol later discovered on the ground, the district court did not

consider this possibility when applying § 3A1.2(c)(1). The court sentenced Irving to 48

month’s imprisonment, 9 months below the bottom of the guidelines range.    
No. 11‐1248 Page 3

On appeal, Irving maintains that the district court erroneously applied the official‐

victim enhancement. Section 3A1.2(c)(1) applies when a defendant has (1) assaulted a police

officer during an offense or while fleeing; (2) created a substantial risk of serious bodily

harm to the arresting officer; and (3) knew or had reason to believe that the person assaulted

was an officer. See United States v. Robinson, 537 F.3d 798, 802 (7th Cir. 2008). Irving disputes

only the second requirement: whether the assault created a “substantial risk of serious

bodily injury.” U.S.S.G. § 3A1.2(c)(1). We review for clear error the district court’s finding

that the assault in this case created such a risk. See United States v. White, 443 F.3d 582, 592

(7th Cir. 2006).

Irving first contends that, historically, federal courts have applied § 3A1.2(c)(1) only

when a suspect either threatens an arresting officer with a dangerous weapon or assaults an

arresting officer with such ferocity that serious injury is actually inflicted. He argues that his

conduct is unlike either of these two scenarios and, hence, that the enhancement does not

apply.

As an empirical matter, Irving’s position is somewhat overstated. He is correct that

federal courts frequently apply the official‐victim enhancement when a suspect threatens

arresting officers with a dangerous weapon, e.g., firearms, knives, or automobiles. See

Robinson, 537 F.3d 798, 802 (7th Cir. 2008) (attempting to draw firearm); United States v.

White, 222 F.3d 363, 376 (7th Cir. 2000) (pointing firearm); see also United States v. Hampton,

628 F.3d 654, 661 (4th Cir. 2010) (reaching for loaded firearm); United States v. Hill, 583 F.3d

1075, 1078 (8th Cir. 2009) (repeatedly reaching for firearm); United States v. Zaragoza‐

Fernandez, 217 F.3d 31, 32‐33 (1st Cir. 2000) (swerving vehicle into officer). But less

frequently federal courts also apply the enhancement in circumstances where a suspect

wielded no dangerous weapon and where no serious injury was actually inflicted. See

United States v. Ashley, 141 F.3d 63, 68‐69 (2d Cir. 1998) (“The defendant need not have been

armed in order for his conduct to have posed such a risk; the lack of weapon does not given

an arrestee carte blanche to commit mayhem . . . .”).

More importantly, Irving is mistaken in suggesting that § 3A1.2(c)(1), by its terms,

applies only when the defendant wields a firearm or inflicts serious injury. The text of         

§ 3A1.2(c)(1) does not support his interpretation. Rather the provision broadly applies to all

assaults of law enforcement officers during an offense or while fleeing that create “a

substantial risk of serious bodily injury.” U.S.S.G. § 3A1.2(c)(1); see Robinson, 537 F.3d at 802.

The focus is on the potential for danger. See Ashley, 141 F.3d at 68; U.S.S.G. § Application

Note 4(B) (enhancement applies to any “more serious injury that was risked, as well as

actual serious injury bodily injury (or more serious injury) if it occurs”).  
No. 11‐1248 Page 4

Irving insists that any risk he posed was insubstantial. The record, however, amply

supports the district court’s finding that Irving’s violence substantially endangered

arresting officers with serious bodily injury. Irving wrestled Officer Franks and shoved him

off the icy stoop, forcing him to crash several feet below onto icy pavement. When falling,

Officer Franks could have struck his head, torso, back, or limbs on the steel pipe banister, on

the concrete stairs, on the retaining wall, or on the pavement below. Although Officer

Franks suffered only skinned shins, assaulting an arresting officer under these perilous

conditions risked serious injury from the many ways the officer could have collided into

unforgiving steel or concrete. See e.g. Foradori v. Harris, 523 F.3d 477, 482 (5th Cir. 2008); see

also Brenda J. Shields et. al., Epidemiology of Balcony Fall‐Related Injuries, United States 1990‐

2006, 29 AM. J. OF EMERGENCY MED. 174‐180 (2011) (“[B]alcony falls are an import cause of

injury in the United States.”). Moreover, Irving’s bite also risked serious bodily injury

because “a human bite is about the most dangerous bite that [one] can receive.” See e.g.,

United States v. Sturgis, 48 F.3d 784, 787 (4th Cir. 1995). The district court also reasonably

inferred that Irving battled officers violently, thereby substantially endangering them,

because it was necessary to deploy tasers, a baton, and pepper spray to subdue him.

AFFIRMED.