# U n i t e d S t a t e s C o u r t o f A pp e a l s For the Eig hth Circu it

_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ No . 1 8 -3 1 33

_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Un i t ed St at es o f Am eri ca

l ll l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l Pl a i n t i

f f - Ap pel l ee

v

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Ezra Em i l J o h n s o n

l ll l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l Def

en da n t - Ap pel l an t

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ Ap p eal fro m

Un i t ed St at es Di s t ri ct Co u rt fo r t he So ut hern Di s t ri ct o f Io w a - Des M o i n es

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ Su bm i t t ed : Sep tem

ber 2 3 , 2 0 1 9 Fi l ed : Decem

b er 3 , 2 0 1 9 [Un pu b l is h ed ]

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ Befo re SM ITH, Ch i ef J u d g e, W OLLM AN an d BEAM , Ci rcu i t J u d ges

.

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PER CURIAM

.

Ezra Em i l J o h n s o n p le a de d gui l t y t o co ns p iracy t o d i s t ri b ut e 1 0 0 g ram s o r m o re

o f a m i x t ure o r s u b st an ce co n t ai n i ng h ero i n , i n v i o l at i o n o f 2 1 U.S.C. § § 8 4 1 (a)(1 ),8 4 1 (b )(1 )(B), an d 8 4 6

. Th e d i s tri ct co u rt 1 sen t en ced J o hn s on t o 1 3 2 m o n t h s ’

i m p ri s o n m en t . W e affi rm

.

Th e d i s t ri ct co u rt cal c u l a t ed J o h n s on ’ s ad v i s o ry s en t en ci n g ran g e u n d er t h e U.S. Sen t en ci n g G u i del i n es (Gu i d el i n es ). Ad op t in g th e p res en ten ce i n ves t i g at i o n rep o rt , t h e d i s t ri ct co u rt ap pl i ed t h e Gu i d el i n es career o ffen d er p r o v i si o n , b ecau s e J o h n so n h ad o ne p ri o r co n v i ct i o n t h at q u al i fi ed as “ a cri m e o f v i o len ce” an d an o t h er t h at q u al i fi ed as “ a co nt ro l l ed s u b st an ce o ffen s e

. ” See U.S.S.G. § 4B1 .1 (a). Th e

co u rt d et erm i n ed th at J o h n s o n ’ s t o t al offen s e l ev el was 3 1, t h at h i s cri m i n al h i s t o ry cat eg o ry was VI, an d t h at h i s ad v i s o ry s e n t e n ci n g ran g e was 1 88 t o 23 5 m o n t h s ’ i m p ri s o n m en t

. Th e co u rt v ari ed d o wn ward aft er co n s id erat i o n o f t h e 1 8 U.S.C. § 3 55 3 (a) fact ors

.

J o h n s o n arg u es t h at t he ap p l i cat i o n of t h e Gu i d el i n es career o ffen d er p ro v i s i o n

v i o l at es t h e Do u b l e J eo p ard y Cl au s e o f t h e Fi ft h Am en d m en t

. He co n ten d s t h at t h e i m p o s i t i o n o f a m o re s ev e r e a d v i s o ry ran g e p u n i s h es h i m t wi ce fo r h i s earl i er

o ffen s es

. Th e Su prem e Co u rt h as reject ed s i m i l ar d ou b le jeo p ard y ch al l en g es ,

“ b ecau s e t h e en h an ced p u n i s hm en t i m p os ed fo r t he l at er o ffen s e i s n o t to b e v i ewed

as ei t h er a n ew jeo p ard y o r ad d i t i o n al p en al t y fo r t h e earl i er cri m es , b u t i n s t ead as a

s t iffen ed p en al t y fo r t h e l at es t cri m e

. . . .” W i tt e v

. Un i t ed St at es , 5 1 5 U.S. 38 9 , 4 0 0 (1 9 9 5) (i n t ern al qu o t at i o n m ark s an d ci tat i on o m i t t ed ). Becau s e t h e career o ffen d er p ro v is i o n i n creas es J o h n s o n ’ s t o t al o ffen s e l ev el fo r h i s cu rren t o ffen s e, i t i s n o t an ad d it i o n al p en al t y u nd er t h e Fi f t h A m en d m en t , an d J o h n s o n ’ s arg u m en t t h u s fai l s

. See Un it ed St at es v

. Th o m p s o n , 9 7 2 F.2 d 2 0 1 , 2 04 n .3 (8 t h Ci r. 1 99 2 ) (h o l d i n g t h at
t h e career o ffen der pro vi s io n d o es n o t v i o l at e t h e Do u b l e J eo p ard y Cl au s e); s ee al s o Un i ted St at es v

. Sm i t h , 5 8 1 F.3 d 6 9 2 , 6 9 5 (8 t h Ci r. 20 0 9 ) (h o l d i n g t h at i n creas i n g a

s en t en ce b as ed o n a p ri o r co n v i ct i o n d o es n o t v i o lat e t h e Do u bl e J eo p ard y Cl au s e).

1 Th e Ho n o rab l e Ro bert W

. Prat t , Un i t ed St at es Di s tri ct J u d g e fo r t h e So u t h ern Di s t ri ct o f Io wa.
-2

-Fi n al l y , Jo h n so n ’ s s en t en ce i s substa ntive ly r eas o nab l e. Th e reco rd es t ab l i s h es t h at t h e d i s t ri ct co u rt s u ffi ci en t l y co n s i d ered t h e § 3 55 3 (a) sen t en ci n g fact o rs an d d id

n o t ab u s e i t s d is cret i o n i n vary i n g d own ward

. See Un i t ed St at es v

. Z au n er, 6 8 8 F.3 d 4 2 6 , 4 29 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 2 ) (n o ti n g t h at , wh en a d i s t ri ct co u r t vari es d o wn ward , “ i t i s

n earl y i n co n cei v ab l e t h at t he co u rt ab u s ed i t s d is cret i o n i n no t v ary i n g d own ward s t i l l fu rt her” (q u o t i n g Un i t ed St at es v

. Lazars k i , 5 6 0 F.3 d 7 3 1 , 7 33 (8 t h Ci r. 20 0 9 ))); s ee

a l s o Un i ted St at es v

. Feem s t er, 5 7 2 F.3 d 4 5 5 , 4 6 1-6 2 (8 th Ci r. 2 0 0 9 ) (en b a n c ) (d i s cu s s i ng s t an d ard o f ap p el l at e rev i ew fo r s en t en ci n g d eci s i o n s ).

Th e s en t en ce i s affi rm ed

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