IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs September 20, 2010

KATHLEEN ANNE DILLEY v. JAMES KEVIN DILLEY

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Wilson County

No. 2008-CV-432 Clara W. Byrd, Judge

No. M2009-02585-COA-R3-CV - Filed May 23, 2011

In this divorce case the father appeals the trial court’s naming of the mother as the primary

residential parent, the calculation of the mother’s income for purposes of child support, and

the trial court’s valuation and division of marital assets. We find the record supports the trial

court’s decision to name the mother the primary residential parent. We further find the

evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s valuation and division of the parties’

marital assets. An equitable division of marital assets does not require an equal division

between the parties, and the court did not abuse its discretion in this regard. The trial court

did not err in calculating the parties’ incomes for child support purposes. We conclude the

mother is entitled to an award of some of the attorney’s fees she incurred in this appeal. We

affirm the trial court in all respects and remand the case for a determination of the amount

of the mother’s attorney’s fees on appeal to be paid by the father.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which FRANK G.

CLEMENT, JR. and ANDY D. BENNETT, JJ., joined.

Bert W. McCarter, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellant, James Kevin Dilley.

Susan M. Merry, Andrea Hagan, Lebanon, Tennessee, for the appellee, Kathleen Anne

(Hansen) Dilley.

OPINION

Kathleen Anne Dilley (“Mother”) and James Kevin Dilley (“Father”) received a Final

Decree of Divorce on November 16, 2009 after being married for seven years. No children

were born from this marriage, but Father had a child from a previous marriage whom Mother

adopted when the child was nine years old. As part of the Final Decree, the trial court named
Mother the primary residential parent and adopted the Permanent Parenting Plan Mother

proposed. Pursuant to the Child Support Worksheet, the court also ordered Mother to make

monthly child support payments to Father in the amount of $707.

Father filed a notice of appeal claiming the trial court erred in (1) designating Mother

as the primary residential parent; (2) excluding Mother’s bonuses to calculate Mother’s

income for purposes of computing child support; and (3) valuing and dividing the parties’

marital assets. Mother raises additional issues in her brief. She contends the trial court

should have considered Father’s business earnings when calculating Father’s income for

purposes of computing child support. Mother also seeks an award of her attorney’s fees on

appeal.

I. PRIMARY RESIDENTIAL PARENT DETERMINATION

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW FOR DOMESTIC RELATIONS CASES

Our review of a trial court’s findings of fact in domestic relations cases is de novo

upon the record of the trial court accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the

finding, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); In

re C.K.G., 173 S.W.3d 714, 732 (Tenn. 2005); Hass v. Knighton, 676 S.W.2d 554, 555

(Tenn. 1984). We are mindful that trial courts have wide discretion in determining which

parent should be the primary residential parent, and appellate courts will not disturb this

determination unless the appellant can show the trial court abused its discretion. Koch v.

Koch, 874 S.W.2d 571, 575 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993); see In re T.C.D., 261 S.W.3d 734, 742

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (citation omitted) (due to the discretion trial courts have in divorce

cases and the fact-specific nature of these decisions, appellate courts are reluctant to secondguess a trial court’s determination regarding the child’s primary residence and visitation);

Gaskill v. Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d 626, 631 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) (trial court’s custody

decisions “often hinge on subtle factors, including the parents’ demeanor and credibility

during the divorce proceedings themselves,” which appellate courts are reluctant to secondguess); Rutherford v. Rutherford, 971 S.W.2d 955, 956 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) (same); see

Adelsperger v. Adelsperger, 970 S.W.2d 482, 485 (Tenn. Ct. App.1997) (appellate courts

will not disturb custody decision where trial court has observed witnesses and assessed their

credibility unless court has abused its discretion).

Thus, unless Father can show the trial court abused its discretion in naming Mother

the primary residential parent, we will not disturb this determination. To show the trial court

abused its discretion, Father must show the court applied an incorrect legal standard or

reached a decision contrary to logic or reasoning. Caldwell v. Hill, 250 S.W.3d 865, 869

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (citing Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tenn. 2001)).

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B. TRIAL COURT’S FINDINGS OF FACT

In deciding to name Mother the primary residential parent, the trial court made the

following findings of fact:

1. That the Court finds that Wife is entitled to the divorce based on

Husband’s admitted adultery with Ms. Ferguson.

2. That the Court finds that the Court had issued an Order enjoining both

parties from having any paramours around the minor child and that the

Husband moved in with Ms. Ferguson and has cohabitated since at least

April of 2009 in violation of this honorable court’s orders.

3. That the Court finds that the [child] is 16 years of age and has a serious

drug problem and he needs intensive inpatient drug treatment. That the

Court also finds that [the child] needs structure and supervision that the

Mother has shown the ability to provide for minor child. That the

Father isin denial aboutson’s problems; Father’s behavior at the school

board hearing was unacceptable. That the Court finds that Husband

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has continued to berate Mother in the presence of the minor child. That

the Court finds that Husband’s resentment toward the Wife has rubbed

off on minor child during the pendency of this divorce.

4. That the Court does not believe minor child should live with Father on

a full time basis because minor child believes he can do what he wants

to do if he resides with Father. That the Court finds it is in the minor

child’s best interest to adopt the Permanent Parenting Plan presented by

the Mother . . . . Further that Mother should have exclusive decision

making authority. That Father should not have any veto power over

Mother’s ultimate decision making regarding the minor child. Mother

shall schedule all appointments regarding the minor child’s counseling

and other necessary medical appointments. The Father shall have one

more chance to get the minor child to his community services work and

The child was arrested at school for possession of marijuana and pills. At a school board meeting 1

to discuss their son’s drug problems and whether the boy would be permitted to attend an alternative school,

Father belittled Mother in front of the child. During this meeting Father said, “Kathy really hasn’t been an

engaged mother and real participatory in his . . . education or . . . personal welfare and . . . as far as contact,

. . . I think in October and November, there were zero calls made to him.”

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counseling or the Court will consider removing Father’s weekday

parenting time.

5. That the parties shall use email to communicate regarding the minor

child and his appointments. That if Father is unable to assist getting the

minor child to his community service, AA or other counseling

appointments within the next thirty (30) days then the Court will adjust

the parenting time. That the Court finds that the exact split parenting

is not necessarily in minor child’s best interest but that it is in his best

interest for Mother to be named primary residential parent. That the

Court has considered all factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated in

determining parental parenting of the parties’ minor child.

C. APPLICABLE STATUTORY PROVISIONS

Both Mother and Father rely on the factors set forth in Tenn. Code Ann. §36-6-106

in their arguments about whether or not the trial court erred in naming Mother the primary

residential parent. However, Tenn. Code Ann. §36-6-404 was enacted to apply to divorces

granted after July 1, 1997, with the result that we will consider the factors set out in the later

statute.

Tennessee Code Annotated §36-6-404(a) provides that any final decree for divorce

involving a minor child shall incorporate a permanent parenting plan. When parents do not

agree on a permanent parenting plan, the court will adopt the plan that it determines is in the

best interests of the child. Tenn. Code Ann. §36-6-404(c)(3). This more recent parenting

plan legislation does not use the terms “custody” or “visitation,” but instead establishes a

parenting arrangement based on a schedule of when the child will reside with each parent.

While the parenting plan legislation did not explicitly repeal the prior statutes on custody and

visitation, it is clear the legislature intended courts to (1) adopt permanent parenting plans

in all divorces involving minor children; (2) not award "custody" or "visitation" in cases

where a parenting plan is required; and (3) apply a specific set of factors included in the

parenting plan legislation when approving or designing a permanent parenting plan. See

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b).

The factors the trial court is to consider when determining the child’s residential

schedule, as well as which parent shall be named the primary residential parent, include the

following:

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(1) The parent’s ability to instruct, inspire, and encourage the child to

prepare for a life of service, and to compete successfully in the society that the

child faces as an adult;

(2) The relative strength, nature, and stability of the child’s relationship

with each parent, including whether a parent has taken greater responsibility

for performing parenting responsibilities relating to the daily needs of the

child;

(3) The willingness and ability of each of the parents to facilitate and

encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child

and the other parent, consistent with the best interests of the child;

(4) Willful refusal to attend a court-ordered parent education seminar

may be considered by the court as evidence of that parent’s lack of good faith

in these proceedings;

(5) The disposition of each parent to provide the child with food,

clothing, medical care, education and other necessary care;

(6) The degree to which a parent has been the primary caregiver,

defined as the parent who has taken the greater responsibility for performing

parental responsibilities;

(7) The love, affection, and emotional ties existing between each parent

and the child;

(8) The emotional needs and developmental level of the child;

(9) The character and physical and emotional fitness of each parent as

it relates to each parent’s ability to parent or the welfare of the child;

(10) The child’s interaction and interrelationships with siblings and

with significant adults, as well as the child’s involvement with the child’s

physical surroundings, school, or other significant activities;

(11) The importance of continuity in the child’s life and the length of

time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment;

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(12) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other

parent or to any other person;

(13) The character and behavior of any other person who resides in or

frequents the home of a parent and such person’s interactions with the child;

(14) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of age

or older. . . .

(15) Each parent’s employment schedule, and the court may make

accommodations consistent with these schedules; and

(16) Any other factors deemed relevant by the court.

D. EVIDENCE INTRODUCED AT TRIAL

During a four-day trial, the court heard testimony from Mother, Father, the child, and

the child’s therapists. The child testified he preferred to live with Father full time. The child

explained that he is closer with Father and enjoys his time with Father. The child complained

Mother was not very attentive and that he did not feel an emotional bond towards Mother.

However, the evidence showed the child has a drug problem, and that Mother, not

Father, discovered the child was using illegal drugs. Once Mother informed Father of the

child’s illegal drug use, Father confronted the child about the drugs. The child denied taking

illegal drugs, and Father believed the child without further questioning. Mother, not Father,

has been the one to make sure the child attends AA meetings.

There was also evidence the child had stolen money from both Mother and Father that

he had used to purchase illegal drugs. The child admitted to stealing $1,100 from Father that

Father did not even notice was missing until Mother called and told him to check his bank

statement. The child testified he had taken the psychedelic drug LSD while at Father’s

house. He also testified he had stolen Ambien pills from Mother’s house, and that he took

them to get high while he was at church before going to Father’s house.

Despite his stated preference for living with Father, the child testified that Father

kicked him out of his apartment one evening when the temperature outside was just 22

degrees. Even though the child had not spoken with Mother for a couple of months, the child

knew Mother cared about him because he phoned her to come get him after Father kicked

him out and he had nowhere else to go. There was also evidence Father was not reliable in

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giving the child money for school lunches and that Mother gave him extra money to put into

his account so he would have enough money to buy lunch every day at school.

While the child contended Mother did not pay him attention and spent all her waking

time working, the child admitted Mother drove him and his girlfriend to the movies, and the

child felt comfortable enough with Mother to invite his girlfriend over to her house. In

addition, when the child had appointments to meet with a counselor in the mornings before

school, Mother would drive the child to the counselor’s office, wait outside until the session

was over, and then drive the child to school. If Mother is working when the child gets out

of school, she arranges for someone to pick the child up and bring him to her house. Mother

also arranges for someone to supervise the child until she gets home so he does not get into

trouble.

Following the close of evidence, the court reviewed the testimony and ruled as

follows:

Mrs. Dilley, the testimony has been she was not a very affectionate person, she

is not a hugger, however, she has demonstrated to the Court her concern over

this child. Continually, she has never asked for full custody of this child. She

has always insisted that the custody of the child should be shared. Mr. Dilley

has a great bond with his son. His son loves him and respects him. However

his son defies both of them.

The child would love to live with his dad full time . . . . When he is at

Mrs. Dilley’s he feels like he is always supervised, he doesn’t like the

“supervisor,” no matter who it is. If it’s Mrs. Dilley he is not happy with her.

If she is not there and she has – if she is there he thinks she is not paying

enough attention to him. If she is not there she is having someone else, paying

someone else to watch him. He is not happy there. When he is at his dad’s he

says he is happy, he likes Ms. Ferguson and everything is fun and games over

there.

But he needs structure. He needs someone to watch him, to supervise

him, to set boundaries. Mr. Dilley has been I believe in denial about his son’s

problems and has excused his son’s drug problems. I find it totally

unacceptable. When I read the transcript what Mr. Dilley stated at the school

board hearing. Basically he took up for the child, that all of the child’s drug

problems were due to the death of his mother, to the death of his brother, to his

adoptive mom who doesn’tshow affectionstowards him, blaming [the child’s]

problems on everyone except the child.

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I find that totally unacceptable. I found it unacceptable that [Father]

degraded Mrs. Dilley in front of the school board and in the presence of the

child and other attorneys. After talking to [the child] I believe that [Father]

has continued to degrade her in front of [the child] because [the child] will use

some of the same descriptions that Mr. Dilley uses derogatory about Mrs.

Dilley.

. . . . .

Mr. Dilley’s attorney makes the argument that I should let [the child]

do what he wants to do. Let him live with his dad. That’s the exact reason he

should not live on a full time basis with his dad. The problem is this child

thinks he can do what he wants to do all the time and he believes that if he

lives with his dad he will be able to do what he wants to do all the time. What

he wants to do is not best for him. What he wants to do is take money that’s

not his, use it to purchase drugs, and to get high and that’s not what we let

teenagers do.

Pursuant to the terms of the parenting plan Mother proposed, the court named Mother

the primary residential parent and awarded Mother and Father essentially equal parenting

time: 182 days a year with Father and 183 days a year with Mother. The essence of Father’s

complaint on appeal is that the child is not happy living with Mother and that both Father and

the child would prefer the child to live with Father full time.

The significance of custody and visitation arrangements are recognized as “among the

most important decisions confronting a trial court in a divorce case.” Chaffin v. Ellis, 211

S.W.3d 264, 286 (Tenn.Ct.App.2006) (quoting Rice v. Rice, M1998-00973-COA-R3-CV,

2001 WL 812258, at *2 (Tenn.Ct.App. July 19, 2001)); In re Lamont B., II,

M2004-02027-COA-R3-JV, 2006 WL 1727332, at *3 (Tenn. Ct.App. June 23, 2006) (no

Tenn. R.App. P. 11 application filed). In making such decisions, the needs of the child are

paramount with the desires of the parent being secondary. Chaffin, 211 S.W.3d at 286. This

determination is fact driven, and the trial court must consider all of the facts and

circumstances involved in reaching its decision. Id.

Given the record before us, we conclude the preponderance of the evidence supports

the trial court’s decision and find no basis on which to reverse the trial court's determination

that Mother should be the child's primary residential parent. Father has failed to demonstrate

how the trial court applied an incorrect legal standard or reached a decision contrary to logic

or reasoning.

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II. CALCULATION OF INCOME FOR CHILD SUPPORT PURPOSES

Father next argues the trial court erred in calculating Mother’s income for purposes

of computing child support. Father contends the court should have included Mother’s

bonuses and stock options in addition to her base salary to determine her net income. For her

part, Mother contends the court should have imputed Father’s business income, not his

previous salaried income, when calculating Father’s net income for purposes of computing

child support.

Awards of child support are governed by the Child Support Guidelines promulgated

by the Tennessee Department of Human Services Child Support Service Division. See

generally Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4; Tenn. Code Ann. §36-5-101(e)(2). Child

support decisions may require the trial court to use its discretion in determining a parent’s

income for purposes of applying the guidelines, especially in cases where the court finds a

parent is underemployed and credibility issues arise. Therefore, appellate courts review the

trial court’s child support decisions using the deferential abuse of discretion standard.

Richardson v. Spanos, 189 S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (citing State ex rel. Jones

v. Looper, 86 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) and White v. Vanderbilt Univ., 21

S.W.3d 215, 222-23 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999)). We will not reverse the trial court’s decision

unless we determine it is clearly unreasonable based on the facts of the case and the

applicable law. Richardson, 189 S.W.3d at 725.

The trial court made the following findings of fact on this issue based on the testimony

and documents introduced into evidence:

6. That the Court finds Mother’s income should be based upon her gross

base pay of Two Hundred Thousand ($200,000) Dollars per year or

Sixteen Thousand Six Hundred Sixty Six 66/100 ($16,666.00) Dollars

monthly. That the Court finds that Mother’s bonuses depend on

production and are not guaranteed and that Mother will have additional

expenses in caring for the parties’ minor child. The Court finds that the

Husband is voluntarily underemployed; Husband has a college degree

and Husband’s 2006 W-2 of Seventy-Seven Thousand Eight Hundred

Twenty Nine ($77,829.00) Dollars per year is the best evidence of the

Husband’s gross income. That Husband’s income for child support

purposes shall be considered at Six Thousand Four Hundred EightyFive and 75/100 ($6,485.75) Dollars monthly.

7. That the Court finds that Mother has been and will continue to maintain

medical insurance on behalf of the minor child at the cost of One

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Hundred Thirty Four ($134.00) Dollars per month. That Mother has to

hire a supervisor for the minor child at the cost of seventy ($70.00)

Dollars per week or Three Hundred Three ($303.00) Dollars per month.

The evidence at trial showed that Mother’s salary changed from year to year, and that

her current annual salary was $200,000. Mother had received bonuses in the past, but she

testified her bonuses are based on the company’s performance and she did not know whether

she would receive any bonus for the 2009 year. With respect to Mother’s stock options, the

testimony by both Mother and a company representative was that the stock options have no

current value.

Based on the record, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in basing

Mother’s income on her gross base pay of $200,000. See Anderton v. Anderton, 988 S.W.2d

675, 680 (Tenn. App. Ct. 1998) (trial court must assess credibility of parent who claims she

will not receive bonus when she knows this will decrease her child support obligations). If

Father has evidence that Mother received a bonus for the 2009 year that he believes alters her

child support obligation, he can file a petition with the trial court to modify her child support

obligations.

Turning to the court’s determination of Father’s income for purposes of determining

child support, the court relied on Father’s 2006 W-2. This showed Father earned $77,829

working at Cracker Barrel in 2006. Father currently owns and operates a lawn care business

called Grasshoppers Lawn Care Service. His gross receipts for that business were $203,364

in 2008, yet he claimed his net income was only $20,847. The court addressed this as

follows:

I know that [Mr. Dilley] has a college education and that when he worked for

Cracker Barrel he was making well at least the last year I had, and I’m not sure

it was a full year, but I had down when he worked at Cracker Barrel he made

$77,829 in ‘06.

Now, we didn’t have W-2s for any other year. Last year he had his ‘08

receipts in Grasshoppers Lawn Care Service. He showed a net of $20,847

which this Court is not going to find to be his income. I think that would be

grossly understating his income. Especially when he paid his laborers

$51,844. I just don’t believe he would [be running] a business bringing in

$203,000 and paying out the teenagers $50,000 a year and him not make more.

However the best evidence I have of his, quote, income and the one we are

going to use is the $77,829 a year. Because I know he is capable of earning

that. I believe that’s probably his highest – well, that’s all the evidence I have

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that may be the highest year but that’s the best evidence I have he can earn at

least that.

The Child Support Guidelines provide that to determine whether a parent is

voluntarily underemployed, a court can consider the parent’s education, training, and ability

to work, as well as his past and present employment. Tenn. Comp. R & Regs. 1240-2-4-

.04(3)(a)2.(iii). A court finding an obligor parent willfully and voluntarily underemployed

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must make a finding as to the parent's potential earnings, taking into consideration the

obligor's educational level and/or previous work experience. Garfinkel v. Garfinkel, 945

S.W.2d 744, 748 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996); Herrera v. Herrera, 944 S.W.2d 379, 387 (Tenn.

Ct. App.1996); Eatherly v. Eatherly, No. M2000-00886-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 468665, at

*11 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 4, 2001).

Courts are directed to allocate additional income to an underemployed parent to

increase the parent’s gross income to an amount that reflects the parent’s income potential

or earning capacity, and the increased amount is to be used for child support calculation

purposes. Tenn. Comp. R & Regs. 1240-2-4-.04(3)(a)2.(ii). The additional income allocated

can be based on the parent’s past employment. Id. The court has the option of imputing

additional gross income to an underemployed parent where there is no reliable evidence of

income. Id. at 1240-2-4-.04(3)(a)2.(i).

Mother arguesthe trial courtshould have imputed income to Father based on the gross

receipts from his lawn care business rather than imputing income based on his 2006 Cracker

Barrel earnings. We do not believe a business’s gross receipts are an appropriate measure

of the owner’s income. Pre-voluntary underemployment salary, however, is a reasonable

measure. The Child Support Guidelines give the trial court a certain degree of discretion to

choose how to allocate additional income to an underemployed parent based on the

circumstances. We do not believe the trial court abused its discretion in this case by relying

on Father’s most recent W-2 to allocate additional income to him.

III. VALUATION AND DIVISION OF MARITAL ASSETS

Father’s final argument is that the trial court abused its discretion in setting values for

and dividing the parties’ marital assets. Specifically, Father challenges the trial court’s

valuation of the parties’ marital home and the court’s valuation of the Grasshopper Lawn

Care Service. Father also questions the court’s award to him of a 401(k) account valued at

$17,700 that Father asserts was liquidated before the divorce action was filed.

 Father testified he has a college degree. 2

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In divorce actions, courts are directed to make an equitable division of marital

property upon the parties’ request. Tenn. Code Ann. §36-4-121(a)(1). Marital property is

defined as “all real and personal property, both tangible and intangible, acquired by either

or both spouses during the course of the marriage up to the date of the final divorce hearing

and owned by either or both spouses as of the date of filing of a complaint for divorce . . .

.” Tenn. Code Ann. §36-4-121(b)(1)(A). Section 36-4-121(c) enumerates factors the court

is to consider in dividing marital property, the final one being “[s]uch other factors as are

necessary to consider the equities between the parties.” Tenn. Code Ann. §36-4-121(c)(11).

Trial courts have wide discretion in dividing the marital estate. Larsen-Ball v. Ball,

301 S.W.3d 228, 234 (Tenn. 2010). They are in a better position than we are to observe the

parties and determine their credibility. Therefore, we are reluctant to disturb a trial court’s

division of marital property unless there is insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s

decision or the division somehow results in an error of law or misapplication of statutory

requirements. Id. We review the trial court’s findings of fact de novo with a presumption

of correctness and will uphold those findings unlessthe preponderance of the evidence points

to the contrary. Id. at 234-35; Pippin v. Pippin, 277 S.W.3d 398, 403 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008);

Blackburn v. Blackburn, 270 S.W.3d 42, 47 (Tenn. 2008); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).

A. TRIAL COURT’S FINDINGS OF FACT

The trial court’s findings of fact with respect to the property Father questions are as

follows:

8. That the Court finds that the Wife purchased the real property . . . prior

to the marriage with premarital funds in the amount of Sixty-One

Thousand ($61,000) Dollars downpayment on the lot. That when the

Wife refinanced the property there was a deed by the entireties which

transmuted the property into marital property. That the Court finds

both parcels of real property are marital property.

. . . . .

10. That the Court finds that the value of the [marital home] is Five

hundred Thousand ($500,000) Dollars as based upon the Fair Market

Value as of the day of trial as testified to by Mr. John Trice, certified

appraiser. . . .

11. That the Court finds that it is appropriate to consider the cost of sale,

expenses and commission at Ten (10%) percent of the Fair Market

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Value of Six Hundred Sixty Thousand ($660,000) Dollars. Court finds

after deducting the mortgage indebtedness and cost of sale, expenses

and commission the net equity to be divided between the parties is

Ninety One Thousand ($91,000) Dollars. Court finds that Wife’s

premarital downpayment in the sum of Sixty One Thousand ($61,000)

Dollars is her separate property.

. . . . .

17. That the Court finds that the Fair Market Value of the lawncare

business Grasshoppers Lawncare is Fifty Three Thousand One Hundred

Twenty Two and 91/100 ($53,122.91) Dollars including but not limited

to all tools, vehicles and equipment. That lawncare business shall be

awarded to Husband.

. . . . .

21. That the Court finds that the Fair Market Value of the Husband’s 401K

is Seventeen Thousand Seven Hundred ($17,700) Dollars. That

Husband’s 401K shall be awarded to Husband.

B. COURT OF APPEALS RULE 7

Initially, we note that Father has failed to comply with Rule 7 of the Rules of the

Court of Appeals, which provides in relevant part:

(a) In any domestic relations appeal in which either party takes issue

with the classification of property or debt or with the manner in which the trial

court divided or allocated the marital property or debt, the brief of the party

raising the issue shall contain, in the statement of facts or in an appendix, a

table in a form substantially similar to the form attached hereto. This

table shall list all property and debts considered by the trial court,

including: (1) all separate property, (2) all marital property, and (3) all separate

and marital debts.

(b) Each entry in the table must include a citation to the record

where each party’s evidence regarding the classification or valuation of the

property or debt can be found and a citation to the record where the trial

court’s decision regarding the classification, valuation, division, or allocation

of the property or debt can be found. (Emphasis added.)

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Mother urges this Court to dismiss Father’s challenge of the trial court’s valuation and

division of the parties’ property based on his noncompliance with this rule, and there is

authority to do so. See, e.g. Wells v. Wells, No. W2009-01600-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL

891885, *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010) (court is not required to address appellant’s arguments

regarding property division where appellant ignores requirements of Rule 7 of the Rules of

the Court of Appeals); Slaughter v. Slaughter, No. W2007-01488-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL

1970491, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 8, 2008) (this Court is under no duty to search the

record to determine the value of the parties’ property). The record in this case contains three

volumes of the technical record, six volumes of transcripts, and 97 Exhibits. While we are

tempted to dismiss this portion of Father’s argument on appeal, we will address Father’s

concerns in light of our preference that cases be decided on their merits rather than on strict

compliance with the rules.

C. $61,000 DOWN PAYMENT

An “equitable” division of marital property is not the same as an “equal” division of

marital property. Trial courts enjoy “wide latitude in fashioning an equitable division of

marital property,” Altman v. Altman, 181 S.W.3d 676, 683 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005), and a

division of marital property is not inequitable just because it is not equal, Cohen v. Cohen,

937 S.W.2d 823, 832 (Tenn. 1996).

Father initially argues the $61,000 Mother put down as a down payment for the lot

where the parties’ marital home was built should be treated as marital property rather than

Mother’s separate property. The evidence introduced at trial shows that Mother put a down

payment on the lot in February 2001 using money she had saved over fifteen years’ time.

3

It is not clear from the record whether Mother even knew Father when she purchased this

property. Mother took out a construction loan and worked with an architect over the next

year or so to build her “dream house.” Father and his children did not move into Mother’s

house until the parties were married in May of 2002.

4

The property stayed in Mother’s name until she refinanced the loan on the property

in 2006. The parties had purchased an adjoining lot that was unimproved before Mother

refinanced the loan on the improved lot, and she decided to consolidate the loan on the land

The record reflects Mother put $60,000 of premarital money into the property rather than $61,000. 3

However, the court referred to this sum as $61,000 in its Findings of Fact and Final Decree, and the parties

do not dispute this number. Therefore, for purposes of this discussion we will assume Mother made a down

payment of $61,000 to purchase the lot where she built her house.

When the parties married in May 2002 Father had two children from a previous marriage. His 4

older child died in a car accident before the parties were divorced.

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into the existing loan on the house during the refinancing. Mother testified that when she

met with the loan officer at the bank, she explained that she owned the property from the

time before the parties were married, that she wanted to keep the property in her name, and

that she did not want Father’s name to be on the property. However, the bank officer

apparently told Mother it was the bank’s policy that both spouses sign the deed of trust when

refinancing, and so Mother ultimately permitted the property to be put into both her and

Father’s names.

In spite of Mother’s testimony that she did not want Father’s name on the house, she

transferred an interest in both lots to Father in December 2006 with the result that Mother

and Father held title to both lots as tenants by the entirety. The trial court therefore

determined this jointly held property qualified as marital property. The court, however,

treated separately the $61,000 Mother put towardsthe house when she first purchased the lot.

The court noted that the majority of the debt and payments were made during the marriage,

but the $61,000 down payment was from Mother’s own premarital savings and therefore

should not be treated as marital property.

Father argues the $61,000 should be designated marital property rather than Mother’s

separate property based on the doctrine of transmutation. According to this doctrine,

property that was once separate becomes marital property when the one who initially owned

the property treats the property as if it were marital property. A common example of

transmutation is when property that was once held separately is put into the names of both

spouses. When this occurs, there is a rebuttable presumption that the one who held the

property separately has made a gift to the marital estate. Woodward v. Woodward, 240

S.W.3d 825, 829 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007); Batson v. Batson, 769 S.W.2d 849, 858 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1988).

While there are facts that would support and facts that would not support the

transmutation argument, determining that issue is not necessary. Even if the entire house and

lot were determined to be marital property, it was subject to equitable division as part of the

entire marital estate. Although the trial court awarded Mother the $61,000 as her separate

property, it could easily have awarded it to her as part of her share of the marital assets. We

will consider it marital property. Since Mother provided the $61,000 down payment from

premarital savings, we conclude that the trial court properly exercised its discretion in

awarding Mother this $61,000.

D. VALUATION OF MARITAL HOME AND LAWN CARE BUSINESS

Father next contends the trial court erred in assigning values to the marital home and

to the Grasshoppers Lawn Care business. Both Mother and Father presented evidence of the

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value of the marital home. Father presented two appraisers who valued the house at $650,000

and $790,000, and Mother presented an appraiser who valued the house at $490,000. Mother

testified she believed the house was worth $500,000. The court adopted Mother’s value of

$500,000.

Mother and Father also presented evidence of the value of the Grasshoppers Lawn

Care business. Mother presented evidence of estimates she received for the business’s

vehicles and equipment, which totaled $53,122.91. Father testified he believed the business

was worth $18,500. The court adopted Mother’s valuation of the business.

When the parties present conflicting evidence of valuation, the court has discretion

to value the property at issue from the range of values presented by the parties and their

witnesses. Owens v. Owens, 241 S.W.3d 478, 486 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007); Koch, 874 S.W.2d

at 577. The values the trial court selected for both the marital home and the Grasshoppers

Lawn Care business were within this range. We will therefore not disturb these findings.

E. FATHER’S 401(K)

Father next complains about the court’s award to him of a 401(k) account valued at

$17,700. Mother testified that Father liquidated his 401(k) account after they separated and

initiated the divorce proceedings. She testified he cashed the account out in March, put the

money into the parties’ business account, then spent the money once the complaint for

divorce had been filed, without any input from Mother of how that money was to be used.

Father testified he used the money after he moved out of the house in June 2008 to get an

apartment, live in a hotel for a week or two, and pay some business expenses.

In the trial court’s findings of facts, the court stated:

[Father] wasn’t paying any marital bills throughout the entire divorce. Mrs.

Dilley has made all of the house payments, all the interest payments, paid all

the taxes, the insurance on the house, she paid all the credit cards, all the credit

card interest. She has been paying him child support. Originally she was

paying him like $1,100 a month and then we lowered it to $800 a month when

she got joint custody and he had all of this money at his disposal. He got the

child support and then come to find out he had like over $200,000 worth of

gross receipts in his lawncare business. I don’t know where he has dissipated

the money but last year at the time when he had receipts of over $200,000 she

was paying him child support, he still stole basically the money from the CD.

He says he paid his attorneys with it. Well, he’s had four so I don’t know.

And then he said he took out his 401k and used it to live in a hotel room.

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Well, $17,000 would put me in a hotel room for a year I would think, not for

three weeks.

The parties’ testimony was unequivocal that Father’s 401(k) did not exist when the

court divided the marital assets, and that Father had used the proceeds from his 401(k) before

the hearing on the parties’ divorce. As we have previously explained:

The trial court is only authorized to divide marital property that actually exists

at the time of divorce, and it cannot create assets that do not exist. Property

that was once owned by a spouse, either as separate or marital property, but not

owned at the time of divorce, is not subject to classification or distribution

because a court cannot divide or distribute what is not there.

Marciante v. Perry, M2006-02654-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 820502, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App.

March 26, 2008) (quoting Gratton v. Gratton, No. M2004-01964-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL

794883, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 28, 2006) and Brock v. Brock, 941 S.W.2d 896, 900

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1996)) (further citations omitted).

Because neither Father’s 401(k) nor the proceedsfrom that account existed at the time

the trial court divided the parties’ marital assets, the court erred in awarding Father’s 401(k)

to Father. However, we do not believe any further action in the division of the marital assets

by this court or the trial court is required. The trial court heard testimony that Father had

used the funds from his 401(k) after the parties had separated and after the complaint for

divorce had been filed. Father’s argument challenging the award of this account is intended

to support his argument that he did not receive an equitable share of the marital estate by

reducing both the size of the estate and his share. However, Father is not entitled to one-half

of the marital assets, only his equitable share. The trial court set out its reasons for crediting

Father with the amount in the 401(k). Those reasons and the trial court’s factual findings

support the court’s consideration of the funds withdrawn and spent by Father during the

pendency of the divorce action. We believe the court equitably divided the marital assets

between Mother and Father even if the 401(k) value is subtracted from the total value of the

marital estate and from the value of Father’s share.

IV. MOTHER’S REQUEST FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES ON APPEAL

The final issue before us is Mother’srequest for an award of attorney’sfees on appeal.

Tennessee Code Annotated §36-5-103(c) allows a court to award a parent the reasonable

attorney’s fees he or she incurred “in regard to any suit or action concerning the adjudication

of the custody or the change of custody of any child, or children, of the parties, both upon the

original divorce hearing and at any subsequent hearing . . . in the discretion of such court.”

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This statute applies to awards of attorney’s fees incurred on appeal. Pippin, 277 S.W.3d at

407.

In addressing this issue in a similar case, this court has explained, “In determining

whether an award for attorney’s fees is warranted, we should consider, among other factors,

the ability of the requesting party to pay his or her own attorney’s fees, the requesting party’s

success on appeal, and whether the requesting party has been acting in good faith.” Shofner

v. Shofner, 181 S.W.3d 703, 719 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). In the exercise of our discretion,

we conclude it is appropriate to award Mother those attorney’s fees she incurred in this

appeal on the issue of the residential placement of the parties’ child. Based on our review

of the appellate record and the relevant factors, we conclude that Mother is entitled to be

awarded those fees. See Sparkman v. Lyle, No. M2008-01507-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL

2567867, *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 19, 2009) (court awarded Mother attorney’s fees on

appeal based on Mother's success on every issue on appeal and the good faith demonstrated

by Mother throughout these proceedings). We therefore remand this case to the trial court

to determine the appropriate amount of attorney’s fees and to enter an award of those fees

to Mother, to be paid by Father.

V. CONCLUSION

We affirm the judgment of the trial court in all respects and remand this case to the

trial court for the sole purpose of determining the reasonable amount of attorney’s fees to

award Mother for the appeal of this case on the issue of the child’s residential placement.

Costs of the appeal are taxed to Father, James Kevin Dilley, for which execution may issue

if necessary.

_________________________________

PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE

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