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November 3, 2021

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A21A1110. VALLEJO v. THE STATE.

PHIPPS, Senior Appellate Judge.

Daniel Vallejo, who was convicted of child molestation following a jury trial,

appeals from the denial of his motion for new trial. Vallejo contends that the trial

court erred by excluding evidence of a prior allegation of molestation made by the

victim and that his trial counsel was ineffective in several respects. Finding no error,

we affirm Vallejo’s conviction.

Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, see Jackson v. Virginia, 443

U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979), the evidence presented

at trial shows that Vallejo moved in with the victim and her mother in August 2013.

The victim, who was 15 years old at the time of the abuse, testified that Vallejo began

having sex with her in October or November of 2013, and that the abuse, which
included vaginal intercourse, continued until October 2014, when she made an outcry

to her school guidance counselor. The counselor contacted the police, and Vallejo

was arrested.

Vallejo was indicted for two counts of aggravated child molestation (for oral

and analsodomy) and one count of child molestation (for vaginal intercourse). At his

2019 trial, the jury found him guilty of child molestation and not guilty of the

remaining counts. Vallejo filed a motion for new trial, which he amended through

new counsel. The trial court denied Vallejo’s motion (as amended) after a hearing.

This appeal followed.

1. Vallejo first contends that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding

what Vallejo claims was a prior false allegation of child molestation made by the

victim against her father. We disagree.

“In prosecutions for child molestation . . . , Georgia’s Rape Shield Statute

prohibits testimony regarding a complaining witness’s past sexual behavior[, but] it

does not prohibit testimony regarding previous false allegations by the complaining

witness.” State v. Parks, 350 Ga. App. 799, 811 (2) (830 SE2d 284) (2019),

disapproved of on other grounds by State v. Hill, ___ Ga. App. ___ (2) (b) (___ SE2d

2
___), No. A21A1184, 2021 WL 4316022 (2021) (punctuation omitted).1 See also

OCGA § 24-4-412 (a).

Before such evidence can be admitted, however, the trial court must

make a threshold determination outside the presence of the jury that a

reasonable probability of falsity exists. In this context, a reasonable

probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the

outcome. Defendants have the burden of coming forward with evidence

at the hearing to establish a reasonable probability that the victim had

made a prior false accusation of sexual misconduct.

Williams v. State, 266 Ga. App. 578, 580 (1) (597 SE2d 621) (2004) (citations and

punctuation omitted). See also Parks, 350 Ga. App. at 811-812 (2). “We will not

disturb the trial court’s determination on this threshold issue absent an abuse of

1

 In Parks, 350 Ga. App. at 811-812 (2), we relied on Smith v. State, 259 Ga.

135, 137 (1) (377 SE2d 158) (1989), overruled in part on other grounds by State v.

Burns, 306 Ga. 117, 119-124 (2) (829 SE2d 367) (2019), in which the Supreme Court

of Georgia held that Georgia’s Rape Shield Statute, as it then existed under the old

Evidence Code, did not prohibit evidence of prior false allegations made by a victim.

In Smith, the Supreme Court also held that “the evidentiary rule preventing evidence

of specific acts of untruthfulness must yield to the defendant’s [constitutional] right

of confrontation and right to present a full defense.” 259 Ga. at 137 (1). As we

explained in Parks, in Burns, 306 Ga. at 121 (2), the Supreme Court overruled the

constitutional holding in Smith, but held that the “‘evidentiary holding in Smith is

consistent with the decades-old plain language of the Rape Shield Statute and remains

good law in the era of the new Evidence Code.’” 350 Ga. App. at 811 (2) (quoting

Burns, 306 Ga. at 121 (2)).

3
discretion.” Cheek v. State, 265 Ga. App. 15, 17 (2) (593 SE2d 55) (2003). See also

Parks, 350 Ga. App. at 813 (2).

Before trial, Vallejo filed a “Motion to Admit False Allegations of Sexual

Misconduct by the Alleged Victim,” contending that the victim and her mother

previously had falsely accused the victim’s father2of child molestation. The trial

court held a hearing on the motion, at which Vallejo presented the testimony of a

former sheriff’s office investigator and the victim’s former stepmother. The

investigator testified that, in 2005, when the victim was six years old, her mother

contacted the sheriff’s office to report the victim’s outcry against her father. The

mother reported that the victim told her that the victim’s father “would touch her

vagina on the top of her clothes and he would kiss her when he was doing that and

told her not to tell.” During a forensic interview, the victim disclosed that her father

touched her vagina through her clothing numerous times and kissed her neck and ear.

The victim, unprompted by the interviewer, picked up a doll, pointed to its vaginal

area, and said, “That’s where he touches me.” The victim also indicated that her

mother told her that dolls would be used in the interview. The investigator testified

that the mother telling the victim about the dolls was “odd” and raised a “red flag.”

2

 The victim’s father died in 2009.

4
However, she also testified that she believed the victim and her mother. The victim’s

father denied the allegations. Although the State declined to prosecute, the

investigator testified that the district attorney also did not believe that the child was

lying.

The victim’sformer stepmother testified that the victim’sfather had not known

the victim existed until the victim was around two years old. After a test established

his paternity, the victim’s father legitimated the victim, began paying child support,

and had visitation every other weekend. The former stepmother testified that she

never saw any evidence that the victim’s father had acted inappropriately with the

victim and never noticed the victim was afraid to be home alone with her father. In

fact, according to the former stepmother, in the weeks before the victim’s outcry, the

victim “was getting more comfortable and she wanted to come to our house. And

wanted to stay and stay longer[.]” The former stepmother claimed that the victim

expressed an interest in living with or spending more time with her father and former

stepmother but the victim’s mother told the stepmother “that would never happen[ ].”

The stepmother reported this conversation to the investigator following the victim’s

outcry.

5
After the hearing, the trial court denied Vallejo’s motion, finding that the

evidence presents only “a possibility of falsehood as opposed to a reasonable

probability of falsehood.” In the order denying Vallejo’s motion for new trial, the trial

court again stated that it had considered the evidence presented at the hearing and

found that Vallejo “had not carried his burden of showing a reasonable probability

of falsity.”

Vallejo argues that significant evidence of falsity was presented at the hearing

and that the trial court abused its discretion in finding otherwise. Of course, “[a]n

accused’s assertion that the accusations against him are false does not necessarily

raise a reasonable probability of falsity.” Cheek, 265 Ga. App. at 17 (2). See also

Parks, 350 Ga. App. at 812 (2). And “the fact that an accusation is not prosecuted”

likewise “is insufficient to establish its falsity.” Williams, 266 Ga. App. at 581 (1).

See also Parks, 350 Ga. App. at 812-813 (2). Nevertheless, Vallejo contends that

there was significant additional evidence of falsity presented at the motion hearing.

Relying on dubiousinferences drawn fromthe investigator’s and former stepmother’s

testimony, Vallejo maintains that the evidence shows that the victim’s mother had a

motive to coach the victim into making false allegations against her father and that

the victim was, in fact, coached. However, this argument goesto the credibility of the

6
witnesses’ testimony; indeed, Vallejo has effectively asserted that the trial court

should have credited the stepmother’s testimony over the investigator’s. This

argument presents no ground for reversal. After observing the witnesses’ demeanor

and considering their interests in the case, the trial court found the investigator’s

testimony to be credible and concluded that the stepmother’s testimony “did not

demand a finding of reasonable probability of falsity.” The testimony at the hearing

supports the trial court’s finding that falsity was not established by a reasonable

probability. See Williams, 266 Ga. App. at 580-581 (1) (upholding exclusion of

evidence of alleged prior false statement where the trial court’s ruling was based in

part on the court’s determination of the credibility of the witnessesthe court observed

in person before ruling on admissibility). See also Parks, 350 Ga. App. at 812-813

(2). Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s exclusion of

evidence of the alleged prior false allegation.

We disagree with the dissent’s assertion that in State v. Burns, 306 Ga. 117,

123 (2) (829 SE2d 367) (2019), the Supreme Court of Georgia rejected the rule

established in Smith v. State, 259 Ga. 135, 137-138 (1) (377 SE2d 158) (1989),

requiring the trial court to make a threshold determination that a reasonable

probability of falsity exists before evidence of prior false allegations can be admitted.

7
In Burns, the victim admitted that her prior allegation was false, 306 Ga. at 118, and

the Supreme Court therefore did not discuss whether the threshold determination

requirement remains good law. See id. at 119-126 (2)-(3).3

3

In addition to overruling the constitutional holding in Smith, the Burns Court

overruled “similar holdings” in a number of cases, all of which applied Smith’s per

se rule of admissibility. Burns, 306 Ga. at 124 (2), overruling Benton v. State, 265 Ga.

648, 649-650 (5) (461 SE2d 202) (1995); Ray v. State, 345 Ga. App. 522, 529 (4)

(812 SE2d 97) (2018); Tyson v. State, 232 Ga. App. 732, 733-734 (2) (503 SE2d 640)

(1998); Peters v. State, 224 Ga. App. 837, 839 (4) (481 SE2d 898) (1997); Hines v.

State, 221 Ga. App. 193, 193-195 (470 SE2d 787) (1996); Humphrey v. State, 207

Ga. App. 472, 475-476 (2) (428 SE2d 362) (1993); Strickland v. State, 205 Ga. App.

473, 473-474 (422 SE2d 312) (1992); Ellison v. State, 198 Ga. App. 75, 75-77 (1)

(400 SE2d 360) (1990); and Shelton v. State, 196 Ga. App. 163, 164 (4) (395 SE2d

618) (1990).

The Burns Court made a key distinction between cases that it overruled and

cases of which it only disapproved. For example, while the Court overruled Benton,

Tyson, and Strickland (each cited by the dissent), it only conditionally disapproved

of Morgan v. State, 337 Ga. App. 29, 31 (1) (785 SE2d 667) (2016) (also cited by the

dissent). 306 Ga. at 124 (2), n. 3. In Benton, the Supreme Court held that, because a

reasonable probability of falsity had been shown, the trial court erred in excluding the

evidence at issue. 265 Ga. at 649-650 (5). In ruling that the evidence should have

been admitted, the Supreme Court necessarily applied the constitutional (per se

admissibility) holding in Smith. The same analysis applies to our decisions in Tyson,

232 Ga. App. at 733-734 (2), and Strickland, 205 Ga. App. at 473-474.

In Morgan, on the other hand, this Court held that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in excluding evidence under Smith after finding that the prior allegations

were true. 337 Ga. App. at 31 (1). Thus, because we had no occasion to directly apply

the constitutional per se admissibility rule, the Supreme Court in Burns only

disapproved of Morgan “to the extent that [it] cite[d] or rel[ied] on the constitutional

holding in Smith.” 306 Ga. at 124 (2), n. 3. If the reasonable probability of falsity test

had been part of Smith’s constitutional ruling, the Burns Court would have overruled

Morgan (asit did Tyson, Benton, and Strickland), rather than merely disapproving of

8
The dissent’s reliance on our decision in Ray v. State, 356 Ga. App. 266 (841

SE2d 477) (2020) (“Ray III”), also is misplaced. In Ray v. State, 345 Ga. App. 522,

529 (4) (812 SE2d 97) (2018) (“Ray I”), overruled in part by Burns, 306 Ga. at 124

(2), we held that the trial court erred in excluding as irrelevant evidence that the

victim’s aunt had made prior false claims of sexual abuse. We vacated the trial court’s

judgment and remanded the case with the direction that “the trial court must make the

necessary threshold determination regarding falsity.” Id. We further instructed the

trial court that “[i]f a reasonable likelihood of falsity exists, evidence of the

allegations is admissible, and [the defendant] is entitled to a new trial.” Id. As the

dissent notes, at the time of the Burns decision, our decision in Ray I was before the

Supreme Court on a petition for a writ of certiorari. In the order vacating our decision

in Ray I and remanding the case to this Court for reconsideration in light of Burns,

the Supreme Court stated that in Burns, it overruled the holding in Smith “that, as a

it “to the extent that” it cited or relied on Smith’s constitutional holding.

Also worth noting isthat the decisionsin Smith, 259 Ga. at 137-138 (1), Tyson,

232 Ga. App. at 733-734 (2), and Strickland, 205 Ga. App. at 474, all highlighted that

the reasonable probability of falsity test is designed to protect the victim (rather than

the defendant), which, by its very nature, is evidentiary (rather than constitutional)

in nature. The constitutional holding in Smith, by way of contrast, was designed to

protect the defendant’s constitutional “right of confrontation and right to present a

full defense.” 259 Ga. at 137 (1); accord Burns, 306 Ga. at 121-123 (2).

9
matter of constitutional law, evidence of a victim’s prior false claims of sexual abuse

is per se admissible in a sexual assault case ‘to attack the credibility of the prosecutrix

and as substantive evidence tending to prove that the instant offense did not occur.’”

State v. Ray, No. S18C1201, 2019 Ga. LEXIS 577, at *1 (Aug. 19, 2019) (“Ray II”)

(quoting Smith, 259 Ga. at 137 (1)). The Supreme Court’s decision in Ray II did not

refer to the threshold determination requirement established in Smith. See id.

When we reconsidered Ray on remand, we focused on the Supreme Court’s

overruling of the rule rendering prior false allegations of sexual abuse per se

admissible. See Ray III, 356 Ga. App. at 266, 268-270. We described the issue

“identified by our Supreme Court” in Ray II as “whether evidence of the deceased

aunt’s prior false reports,” which the trial court had deemed inadmissible asirrelevant

– without having conducted a determination as to whether there was a reasonable

probability that they were false – “should be admissible under [OCGA § 24-4-403

(“Rule 403”)].”4Id. at 268. We stated that in our previous opinion, we noted that “it

may well be that testimony showing that the victim’s deceased aunt, who reported the

4 That statute provides: “Relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative

value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the

issues, or misleading the jury or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or

needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”

10
crimes at issue, had previously made false claims of sexual abuse would be relevant

to the veracity of the allegations here.” Id. at 268-269 (citation and punctuation

omitted). We vacated the defendant’s conviction and remanded the case with the

direction that the trial court hold a hearing to determine “whether, under Rule 403,

the probative value of evidence as to the victim’s aunt’s prior false accusation is

substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect.” Id. at 270. We agree with the

dissent that, following Burns, trial courts must determine the admissibility of falseallegation evidence by applying “the familiar and usualrules of evidence.” See Burns,

306 Ga. at 124 (2). However, this procedure necessarily requires an initial

determination of whether the prior allegations were, in fact, false (or, more precisely,

that there was a reasonable probability that they were false).

As noted previously, in Parks, 350 Ga. App. at 811 (2), we recognized that the

constitutional holding of Smith had been overruled in Burns but that the evidentiary

holding of Smith remains good law. In that context, we applied the threshold

determination test. Id. at 811-812 (2). We believe our analysis was correct in Parks

11
and that the threshold determination requirement remains good law after Burns,

contrary to the dissent’s analysis.

5

2. Vallejo contends alternatively that the victim’s prior allegation against her

father was relevant to show the victim’s knowledge of sexual acts and her comfort

level with the process of prosecution. Specifically, prior to trial, Vallejo filed a notice

of intent to introduce evidence of the victim’s “prior sexual assault by her biological

father” for the purpose of “inform[ing] the jury that the alleged victimand her mother

. . . have a ‘fund of a knowledge’ to make allegations – i.e. they have experience

working with police, disclosing alleged abuse, and encouraging a prosecution of the

same.”

After a hearing, the trial court first found the Rape Shield Statute inapplicable

to the evidence at issue, citing Lemacks v. State, 207 Ga. App. 160, 161 (427 SE2d

536) (1993), in support of its ruling. Second, relying on Blackwell v. State, 229 Ga.

App. 452, 454 (2) (494 SE2d 269) (1997), the court observed that “Georgia courts

recognize a ‘long-standing rule barring introduction of evidence of prior unrelated

molestation’” and that one of the few exceptions to this rule occurs “where the

5 Vallejo does not argue that the threshold determination requirement no longer

applies; he simply argues that the trial court erred in determining that there was not

a reasonable probability of falsity.

12
evidence is offered to show other possible causes for the victim’s injuries or

symptoms.” The trial court therefore ruled that if the State offered evidence of the

victim’s injuries or symptoms allegedly caused by sexual abuse, Vallejo could offer

evidence of the alleged prior sexual abuse to explain the injuries. Based on Lemacks

and Blackwell, as well as OCGA §§ 24-4-401 and 24-4-403, the trial court barred the

defense from offering evidence of the prior abuse “simply to explain” the victim’s

“vocabulary or ‘fund of knowledge.’” However, the trial court allowed the defense

to renew its request to offer evidence of the prior abuse if the State “opened the door

to such evidence.”

Vallejo argues that the trial court erred by relying on the “long-standing rule”

referred to in Blackwell because that rule is based on an application of the rules of

evidence as they existed prior to January 1, 2013, well before Vallejo’s trial. Vallejo

also argues that the evidence of the victim’s prior allegation is admissible under the

new Evidence Code. “The trial court’s decision whether to admit or exclude evidence

will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” Jones v. State, 305 Ga.

750, 751 (2) (827 SE2d 879) (2019) (citation and punctuation omitted). Pretermitting

13
whether the trial court erred by relying on either Lemacks or Blackwell,

6

the court did

not abuse its discretion by excluding the evidence under OCGA §§ 24-4-401, 24-4-

402, and 24-4-403.

Under OCGA § 24-4-401 (“Rule 401”), “relevant evidence” is

“evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is

of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less

probable than it would be without the evidence.” Although OCGA §

24-4-402 provides that, generally, “all relevant evidence shall be

admissible,” it also provides that “evidence which is not relevant shall

not be admissible.” And even “relevant evidence may be excluded if its

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury or by

considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation

of cumulative evidence.” OCGA § 24-4-403.

State v. Stephens, 310 Ga. 57, 59 (1) (849 SE2d 459) (2020) (citations and

punctuation omitted). “A trial court does not abuse its discretion by excluding

irrelevant evidence.” Id. (citation and punctuation omitted).

Vallejo contends that if the victim was previously molested by her father, that

fact would make it more probable that she would be aware of sexual acts. However,

6 Although the trial court cited Blackwell, it also based its decision on the new

Evidence Code. 

14
the victim’s description when she was six years old of her father’s acts was very

different from the sexual acts she described at trial. At trial, the victim testified to the

details of various sex acts in which Vallejo forced her to engage, including vaginal,

anal, and oralsex. Contrary to Vallejo’s argument, evidence of the victim’s allegation

made ten years prior to her outcry against Vallejo that her father had touched her

vagina over her clothes would not have helped explain her knowledge of the multiple,

detailed sexual acts that she described at trial. Consequently, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in excluding the evidence of the victim’s prior allegation of

molestation by her father to establish her knowledge of sexual acts.

Vallejo also contends that the victim’s knowledge of the process of

investigating an allegation of molestation is relevant because it explains how she

could have devised a plan to remove Vallejo from her life by making a false

allegation against him. Vallejo argues that the evidence of the prior allegation would

have undermined the victim’s credibility by explaining how a child could have

fabricated the allegations against him.

Contrary to Vallejo’s argument, evidence that the victim made an allegation of

child molestation against her father at the age of six does not tend to (a) show how

the victim, at the age of sixteen, would have the knowledge necessary to come up

15
with a plan to falsely accuse Vallejo of molesting her or (b) otherwise call into

question her credibility in that regard. Indeed, evidence that the victim had prior

experience with the process of making an allegation of child molestation was wholly

irrelevant to the issue of whether Vallejo committed the acts alleged by the victimand

was thus properly excluded by the trial court. See Jones, 305 Ga. at 753 (2) (c) (trial

court did not abuse its discretion by excluding photograph that did not help determine

whether the defendant or another man committed the crime). Even if the evidence that

the victim had made a prior allegation of child molestation arguably bore some

minimal relevance to Vallejo’s guilt in this case, the trial court acted within its

discretion in concluding that the minor probative value of any such evidence was

“substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues,

or misleading the jury or by considerations of undue delay [or] waste of time,” which

the trial court implicitly did by citing OCGA § 24-4-403 in its analysis.Consequently,

even assuming the dissent is correct that the Rape Shield Statute does not bar the

admission of the prior allegation evidence, the trial court did not err in excluding the

evidence under the applicable evidentiary rules.

3. Vallejo alleges that his trial counsel rendered constitutionally ineffective

assistance in three instances. To prevail on these claims, he must show both that his

16
trial counsel’s performance was deficient and that he suffered prejudice as a result.

See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 694 (III) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d

674) (1984). If an appellant fails to satisfy either prong of the Strickland test, “it is

not incumbent upon this Court to examine the other prong.” Smith v. State, 296 Ga.

731, 733 (2) (770 SE2d 610) (2015) (citation and punctuation omitted). To establish

deficient performance, an appellant “must overcome the strong presumption that his

. . . counsel’s conduct falls within the broad range of reasonable professional conduct

and show that his counsel performed in an objectively unreasonable way” in light of

all the circumstances and prevailing norms. Id. (citation and punctuation omitted).

To establish prejudice, an appellant must show that “there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding

would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U. S. at 694 (III) (B). “In reviewing a

lower court’s determination of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we give

deference to the trial court’s factual findings, which are upheld on appeal unless

clearly erroneous; however, we review the lower court’s legal conclusions de novo.”

Washington v. State, 276 Ga. 655, 658 (3) (581 SE2d 518) (2003) (citation omitted).

After reviewing Vallejo’s claims in accordance with these standards, we conclude

17
that Vallejo has not met his burden of demonstrating that his trial counsel was

ineffective. 

(a) Failure to object to the State’s comment on the victim’s knowledge of

sexual acts. During closing argument, the State discussed the victim’s testimony

regarding a specific act of oral sex in which Vallejo forced her to engage, and stated,

“I know they grow up fast but that’s just way too much knowledge for a child.”

Vallejo argues that his trial counsel’s failure to object to this comment and move

either for a mistrial or to reopen the evidence to permit Vallejo to present evidence

of the victim’s relationship with a classmate and of her prior abuse by her father

amounted to deficient performance.

As discussed in Division 2, prior to trial, Vallejo filed a pleading titled, “Notice

of Defendant’s Intent to Introduce Acts of Prior Sexual Behavior.” In addition to

seeking to admit evidence that the victim made a prior allegation of molestation

against her biological father, Vallejo also sought to introduce evidence that DNA

testing of the victim’s bed sheet showed that she had engaged in sexual activity with

another male during the same time period in which she alleged Vallejo molested her.

Vallejo further sought to admit evidence that he confronted the victim about having

sex with a classmate.

18
Finding the Rape Shield Statute applicable, the trial court excluded evidence

of multiple sources of DNA on the bed sheet but ruled that if the State offered

evidence obtained fromthe bed sheet at trial, Vallejo would be permitted to introduce

evidence of the other DNA found on the bed sheet pursuant to the “source of

evidence” exception to the Rape Shield Statute. The trial court allowed Vallejo to

offer evidence that he and the victim had a conflict concerning her relationship with

another student and that the victim made an outcry after Vallejo threatened to obtain

her text message history, but prohibited Vallejo from offering any evidence of any

sexual or other physical relationship between the victim and another student.

Vallejo contends that if his trial counsel had objected to the State’s argument

regarding the victim’s knowledge of sexual acts, the trial court “should have” either

granted a mistrial or allowed Vallejo to reopen the evidence and present the results

of the scientific testing of the victim’s bed sheet and evidence of the victim’s past

allegations of molestation against her biological father. We do not agree.

In prosecutions for aggravated child molestation and child molestation,

Georgia’sRape Shield Statute prohibitstestimony regarding a complaining witness’s

past sexual behavior, with limited exceptions. OCGA § 24-4-412. Those exceptions

are:

19
(1) Evidence of specific instances of a victim’s or complaining witness’s

sexual behavior, if offered to prove that someone other than the

defendant was the source of semen, injury, or other physical evidence;

(2) Evidence of specific instances of a victim’s or complaining witness’s

sexual behavior with respect to the defendant if it supports an inference

that the accused could have reasonably believed that the complaining

witness consented to the conduct complained of in the prosecution;

(3) Evidence of specific instances of a victim’s or complaining witness’s

sexual behavior with respect to the defendant or another person if

offered by the prosecutor; and

(4) Evidence whose [sic] exclusion would violate the defendant’s

constitutional rights.

OCGA § 24-4-412 (b). Even if the evidence of the scientific testing of the bed sheet

were relevant to the victim’s knowledge of sexual acts, it was inadmissible unless it

fell within one of the limited exceptions in the Rape Shield Statute. See White v.

State, 305 Ga. 111, 118 (2) (823 SE2d 794) (2019) (no relevance exception to Rape

Shield Statute). On appeal, Vallejo has not established that any exception to the Rape

Shield Statute would have applied here if his trial counsel had objected to the

prosecutor’s statement regarding the victim’s sexual knowledge and asked the trial

court to reopen the evidence. Furthermore, as discussed in Division 2, evidence of the

victim’s prior allegation against her father is not relevant to explain her knowledge

20
of the sexual acts that she described at trial. Therefore, that evidence would not have

been admissible even if Vallejo’s trial counsel had objected to the State’s argument

regarding the victim’s sexual knowledge. “The failure to make a meritless motion or

objection does not provide a basis upon which to find ineffective assistance of

counsel.” White v. State, 307 Ga. 882, 889 (3) (c) (838 SE2d 828) (2020) (citation and

punctuation omitted). Vallejo therefore has failed to demonstrate ineffective

assistance on this ground.

Furthermore, Vallejo has not carried his burden of showing that his trial

counsel performed deficiently by failing to move for a mistrial. “Whether to grant a

motion for mistrial is within the trial court’s sound discretion, and the trial court’s

exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed on appeal unless a mistrial is essential

to preserve the defendant’s right to a fair trial.” Hill v. State, 310 Ga. 180, 189 (6)

(850 SE2d 110) (2020) (citation and punctuation omitted). Vallejo has not

demonstrated that the trial court would have granted a motion for a mistrial based on

the State’s passing comment made during closing argument if his trial counsel had

requested one. “Because the trial court would have acted within its discretion in

denying a motion for mistrial, the failure of [Vallejo’s]trial counsel to make a motion

21
that the court was authorized to deny does not establish ineffective assistance by that

counsel.” Id. at 190 (6) (citation and punctuation omitted).

(b) Failure to object to the State’s misstatement of the law ofreasonable doubt.

Vallejo next alleges histrial counsel wasineffective for failing to object to the State’s

purported misstatements of law regarding reasonable doubt made during closing

argument. Specifically, Vallejo takes issue with the following:

If you believe the defendant is guilty . . . you’re authorized to convict.

If you believe the defendant is guilty but you wish to have a little more

evidence, you’re still authorized to convict because everything you’ve

heard about this case you heard in this courtroom. So if you believe he’s

guilty, and you wish you had a little more, you still believe he’s guilty.

You’re authorized to convict.

Relying on Debelbot v. State, 308 Ga. 165, 167 (839 SE2d 513) (2020), in which the

Supreme Court held that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to a

prosecutor’s “obviously wrong” description of reasonable doubt during closing

argument, Vallejo contends that his trial counsel’s failure to object here constituted

deficient performance. In his estimation, if trial counsel had objected, the trial court

“would have informed the jury that it would instruct [the jury] on the law of

reasonable doubt and that [the jury would be] bound to follow those instructions.”

22
At the motion for new trial hearing, one of Vallejo’s lawyers testified that,

although he also believed the State’s attempt to define proof beyond a reasonable

doubt was misleading, he believed he had sufficiently addressed the issue in his

closing argument. During closing argument, the lawyer told the jury:

At the end of the day the Judge will tell you, at the end of the day if your

minds are wavering, your minds are unsettled or unsatisfied that is a

doubt of the law and you have one duty and that’s a duty to acquit. If

your minds are wavering, unsettled or unsatisfied that is a reasonable

doubt. And that’s a doubt of the law and you have to acquit. I don’t care

what [the prosecutor] says, he’s wrong. The Judge will tell you the law

and that’s what it is.

The record shows that the trial court correctly instructed the jury on the

presumption of innocence, burden of proof, and reasonable doubt. The trial court

further charged the jury that it was bound to follow the court’s instructions.

“[T]he making of objections falls within the realm of trial tactics and strategy

and thus usually provides no basis for reversal of a conviction.” Moon v. State, 288

Ga. 508, 516 (9) (705 SE2d 649) (2011) (citation and punctuation omitted).

Furthermore, the trial court correctly charged the jury on reasonable doubt, and “we

presume that jurors follow the law.” Venturino v. State, 306 Ga. 391, 400 (4) (830

SE2d 110) (2019). Thus, any error in the State’s characterization of reasonable doubt

23
was cured by the trial court’s instructions to the jury. See Draughn v. State, 311 Ga.

378, 383 (2) (b) (858 SE2d 8) (2021) (where the jury charge explained presumption

of innocence, burden of proof, and reasonable doubt accurately and at length, any

error in the State’s characterization of reasonable doubt was cured). “Assuming

without deciding that [Vallejo’s] trial counsel was deficient for not objecting to the

prosecutor’s statements about reasonable doubt, [Vallejo] has failed to show a

reasonable probability that the result of his trial would have been different but for

those statements.” Id.(footnote omitted). Consequently, Vallejo hasfailed to establish

prejudice, and this claim of ineffective assistance fails.

(c) Failure to challenge “partial match” evidence. At trial, a Georgia Bureau

of Investigation forensic biologist testified that DNA on a white towel7found in the

victim’s bathroom matched Vallejo’s DNA. DNA from another individual was

identified on the same towel. The forensic biologist testified that for:

[t]he second individual I only obtained three markers at three different

locations. So just to put that into reference we tested for 16 locations and

were able to only obtain information at three locations. So that means

7 The victim testified that the night before she reported Vallejo’s abuse to her

school guidance counselor, Vallejo had sex with her, cleaned himself off with a white

towel, and left the towel on the floor of her bathroom. A white towel from the

victim’s bathroom was taken into evidence by law enforcement.

24
that that person was only contributing a very, very small amount of

DNA to the sample. But the information that was there at those three

locations matched back to the profile of [the victim].

Vallejo alleges that his trial counsel performed deficiently by failing to move to

exclude any mention of a “partial match” between the second DNA profile on the

towel and the victim’s known DNA profile. Vallejo argues that his trial counsel

should have moved to exclude this “partial match” evidence, which he characterizes

as “misleading and scientifically invalid,” pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-403, or

challenged its scientific reliability pursuant to Harper v. State, 249 Ga. 519, 525 (1)

(292 SE2d 389) (1982). Our review of the record shows that trial counsel employed

a different strategy to challenge this evidence.

At the motion for new trial hearing, all three of Vallejo’s trial attorneys

testified that they found the “partial match” evidence misleading. However, trial

counsel also testified that they did not consider a Harper challenge an appropriate

means by which to contest the evidence. Instead, counsel challenged this evidence by

aggressively and thoroughly cross-examining the GBI forensic biologist, calling a

defense expert to rebut the testimony of the forensic biologist, and attacking the

credibility of the “partial match” testimony in closing argument. On cross25
examination, Vallejo’strial counsel elicited testimonyfromtheGBIforensic biologist

that she could not say to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty that the victim’s

DNA was on the towel. In fact, she testified that she would disagree with any

argument made by the State “that this towel in fact identifies [the victim’s] DNA.

Vallejo’s expert agreed. During closing argument, Vallejo’strial counsel highlighted

the misleading nature of the testimony, noting that “it took . . . cross-examination of

that witness . . . to actually bring forth to you, well, when I say match, I don’t really

mean match, I don’t know [whose DNA] that is.” We cannot say this strategy was

unreasonable.

“A defendant who contends a strategic decision constitutes deficient

performance must show that no competent attorney, under similar circumstances,

would have made it.” Davis v. State, 306 Ga. 140, 148 (3) (g) (829 SE2d 321) (2019)

(citation and punctuation omitted). “Counsel’s reasonableness is evaluated in

conjunction with the attendant circumstances of the challenged conduct and judged

from counsel’s perspective at the time with every effort made to eliminate the

distorting effects of hindsight.” Id. at 143-144 (3) (citation and punctuation omitted).

“Thus, deficiency cannot be demonstrated by merely arguing that there is another, or

even a better, way for counsel to have performed.” Id. at 144. Vallejo’s trial counsel

26
pursued multiple avenues bywhich to challenge the “partial match” testimony: crossexamination, testimony by Vallejo’s expert, and closing argument. Vallejo’s claim

that his trial counsel should have challenged this evidence through other means is

merely an argument that there was another, or better, way for counsel to have

performed. Consequently, Vallejo has not demonstrated that his trial counsel

performed deficiently, and this claim of ineffective assistance also fails.

4. Finally, Vallejo argues that the cumulative effect of errors by the trial court

and trial counsel warrants a new trial. “Although we may now consider whether the

cumulative effect of errors requires a new trial, where . . . there are not multiple

errors, there can be no cumulative error.” Williams v. State, 358 Ga. App. 152, 157

(c) (853 SE2d 383) (2021). The only potential error that we have either found or

pretermitted was trial counsel’s failure to object to the prosecutor’s statements

regarding reasonable doubt during closing argument. Because we have found only

27
one potential error at trial on the grounds asserted by Vallejo, Vallejo’s claim of

cumulative error fails. See id.

Judgment affirmed. Dillard, P.J., and Mercier, Reese, Brown, and Hodges, JJ.,

concur. Gobeil, J., concurs fully and specially. Pipkin, J., concurs fully in Divisions

3 and 4, and concurs specially in Divisions 1 and 2. Doyle, P.J., concurs fully in

Divisions 3 and 4, and joins in judgment only with Judge Pipkin in Divisions 1 and

2. Pinson, J., concurs in Divisions 2, 3, and 4, and concurs in judgment only in

Division 1. Rickman, C.J., Barnes, P.J., Miller, P.J., and Markle, J., concur in

Divisions 2, 3, and 4, and dissent without opinion in Division 1. McFadden, P.J.,

dissents.

28
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A21A1110. VALLEJO v. THE STATE.

GOBEIL, Judge, concurring fully and specially.

I concur fully in the majority’s opinion. The dissent asserts that in State v.

Burns, 306 Ga. 117, 123-124 (2) (829 SE2d 367) (2019), our Supreme Court rejected

the rule established in Smith v. State, 259 Ga. 135 (377 SE2d 158) (1989), requiring

a trial court to make an initial determination that a reasonable probability of falsity

exists before evidence of a victim’s prior false allegations can be admitted. Like the

majority, I disagree. I write separately to share additional thoughts in this area postBurns.
The Burns Court characterized the constitutional holding in Smith as “a per se

rule of admissibility for evidence of prior false allegations where falsity has been

established, notwithstanding other rules of evidence.” Burns, 306 Ga. at 121 (2)

(emphasis supplied). The Burns Court went on to overrule the constitutional holding

in Smith, while clarifying that “the evidentiary holding[

1

] of Smith has survived the

enactment of Georgia’s new Evidence Code.” Id. at 120-124 (2). While not explicit

in Burns, the reasonable probability of falsity test cannot be considered part of the

constitutional holding in Smith, assuggested by the dissent, for the simple reason that

a court has to make a determination of falsity “before falsity has been established,”

which is an evidentiary issue. Id. at 121 (2). Importantly, the Burns Court did not

need to reach the issue of whether the defendant in that case had shown a reasonable

probability of falsity because the victim admitted that a prior allegation of sexual

abuse was “made up,” and the trial court recognized that the victim’s “attempted rape

statement was false.” 306 Ga. at 118, 125 (3). With the falsity of the prior allegations

already established in Burns, the Court explained “there is no constitutional

1 Post-Burns, the exact scope of the evidentiary holding in Smith remains

unclear, but at a minimum it states that evidence of a false allegation is not barred by

the Rape Shield Statute. Burns, 306 Ga. at 118-119 (1); Smith, 259 Ga. at 137-138

(1).

2
impediment to applying OCGA § 24-4-403” in determining whether the evidence

“may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of

unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury or by considerations

of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Id.

at 125-126 (3) & n. 4 (quoting OCGA § 24-4-403). By contrast, in the instant case,

as was the case in State v. Parks, the trial court made an initial determination that the

defendant had failed to meet his burden “to establish a reasonable probability of

falsity” with respect to the victim’s prior allegations of abuse, and thus, deemed this

evidence inadmissible. 350 Ga. App. 799, 812-813 (2) (830 SE2d 284) (2019).

Because the Burns Court did not reach the reasonable probability of falsity test, this

standard remains intact. For this same reason, I believe that our holding in Division

2 of Parks remains viable post-Burns.

What remains unclear post-Burns is whether the reasonable probability of

falsity test is a threshold issue, and only after falsity has been established can the trial

court employ “any number of familiar and unquestionably constitutional evidentiary

rules [including OCGA § 24-4-403] that authorizes the exclusion of relevant

evidence.” Burns, 306 Ga. at 125-126 (3) (citation and punctuation omitted). On the

other hand, the determination of falsity could be viewed as part of the analysis

3
regarding the admissibility of prior allegations through the application of “the

familiar and usual rules of evidence” including an assessment of relevancy under

OCGA § 24-4-401, as well as the balancing test required by OCGA § 24-4-403. Id.

at 124 (2).2 Post-Burns, this remains an open question and one that we need not

answer here.

While I appreciate (and share) the dissent’s apparent concern with

“judge-made” law, the dissent’s approach risks committing the same ill itreproaches.

As an intermediate appellate court, we are limited to applying existing law. We are

not authorized to apply the law as anyone thinks it should be, nor as anyone may

believe the Supreme Court in the future may declare it to be. Perhaps the Supreme

Court in Burns intended to overrule the reasonable probability of falsity testset forth

in Smith and perhaps it explicitly will do so in the future. But, it did not say so in

Burns and we are limited to what it said. In my view, the dissent takes a leap we are

not positioned to take in grafting its assumption into the Supreme Court’s ruling.3

2

In either scenario, the trial court is required to make a determination of

whether a reasonable probability exists that the prior allegations were, in fact, false,

before determining whether the evidence is admissible based on the application of the

OCGA § 24-4-403 balancing test.

3 The dissent characterizesthe Burns decision as overruling or disapproving of

several of our decisions for the simple reason that these cases applied the reasonable

4
probability of falsity test. However, a plain reading of these cases shows that the

Supreme Court overruled or disapproved of these holdings “to the extent that they

cite or rely on the constitutional holding in Smith.” Burns, 306 Ga. at 124 (2) & n. 3.

Asstated above, Burns described the constitutional holding in Smith as “a per se rule

of admissibility for evidence of prior false allegations where falsity has been

established, notwithstanding other rules of evidence.” Id. at 121 (2). See, e.g., Benton

v. State, 265 Ga. 648, 649-650 (5) (461 SE2d 202) (1995) (trial court erred in ruling

false-allegation evidence inadmissible where defendant had made an offer of proof

that established a reasonable probability of falsity; “[s]ince the threshold

determination was satisfied under Smith, . . . it was error to withhold such evidence

from the jury”) (emphasis supplied); Tyson v. State, 232 Ga. App. 732, 733-734 (2)

(503 SE2d 640) (1998) (where victim admitted to making up or exaggerating

allegations of abuse, “[w]e agree[d] with defendant that evidence concerning these

false allegations of molestation should have been admitted”) (emphasis supplied).

5
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A21A1110. VALLEJO v. THE STATE.

PIPKIN, Judge, concurring in part and concurring specially in part.

I fully concur with Divisions 3 and 4 of the majority opinion, but I concur

specially with respect to Divisions 1 and 2 because I conclude that any possible error

related to the trial court’s exclusion of the victim’s alleged prior false outcry was

harmless.

What Vallejo did to the victim – countless times and over the course of years

– was horrific. While the victim was a minor at the time of the abuse, she was 20

years old at the time of trial, and she recounted in extensive and graphic detail the

nearly innumerable instances of sexual abuse in this case. For example, the victim

testified Vallejo would insist on anal sex when she was menstruating. She testified
that Vallejo would “prepare” her for anal sex and explained that he would “lick his

hand and then he would take his spit that he had licked off of his hand and he would

rub it on his penis and he would also rub it on [her] butt.” The victim testified thatshe

asked Vallejo to stop because of the pain, but that he continued and that he would

ejaculate in her anus.

The truth can be found in the testimony of one, and to counter this compelling

testimony, Vallejo sought to tell the jury that the victim– when she was only six years

old – had once accused her father of sexual abuse, but that her father denied the

allegation and the incident was not prosecuted. After a lengthy and appropriate

hearing, the trial court excluded the evidence from trial, concluding that there was

insufficient evidence of falsity. The majority opinion, special concurrence, and

dissent expend great energy and ink grappling with the legal soundness of the trial

court’s decision and the application of the recent decision State v. Burns, 306 Ga. 117

(829 SE2d 367) (2019). To be sure, the ultimate import of Burns and the standard by

which a trial court evaluates the admissibility of an alleged prior outcry are certainly

unclear, but what is clear is that the answers to those questions do not matter here.

Instead, we should use the appropriate legal lens and reasonable inferencesregarding

human behavior to reach the inescapable conclusion that the evidence about which

2
Vallejo complains is inconsequential in this case and is therefore controlled by the

touchstone of appellate review: where there is no harm, there is no reversible error.1

Here, the jury heard testimony that Vallejo was seen cuddling the victim on

multiple occasions, that he was seen holding her hand on another occasion, and that

he purchased lingerie for the victim. The State also adduced a “selfie” in which

Vallejo and the victim are described as cuddling. But the evidence does not stop

there; if a picture is worth a thousand words, then forensic evidence speaks volumes.

Based on the victim’s statement to police, law enforcement collected a discarded

towel from the victim’s bathroom

2

– which she did not share with anyone – that

1

 The trial court concluded – albeit with an arguably outdated standard – that

Vallejo had failed to present evidence establishing with any level of certainty that the

prior allegation was, in fact, false. The trial court was authorized to conclude that the

evidence presented by Vallejo establishes nothing more than a mere possibility that

the prior allegation wasfalse. Indeed, notwithstanding the father’s denial and the lack

of prosecution, there was also ample and unequivocal testimony at the pretrial hearing

that law enforcement believed the victim and did not find her untruthful. Thus,

whatever nomenclature the trial court may have used in reaching its ruling, it is clear

that the trial court did not believe that Vallejo had established falsity. Without falsity,

the prior outcry – which occurred 14 years prior to trial – is simply irrelevant and

inadmissible as is forged by the guidance of OCGA §§ 24-4-403 and 412. The trial

court’sruling is entitled to substantial deference. See Patterson v. State, 350 Ga. App.

540, 544 (2) (829 SE2d 796) (2019).

2 The jury learned that the various family members all had different colored

towels and that there was no reason why a white towel – which would have been used

3
Vallejo was alleged to have used to clean himself after an instance of sexual contact.

3

The jury learned that sperm and seminal fluid were found on the towel and that DNA

recovered from the towel matched Vallejo and was a partial match for the victim.

In short, the evidence against Vallejo was not merely sufficient, it was

compelling, and it was significant; Vallejo repeatedly exploited and violated the

victim. While Vallejo argues that the prior-outcry evidence colors the victim’s

testimony and raises questions about her truthfulness – which would solely be in the

province of the trial court or fact finder – this argument is unconvincing. Although

the jury would have learned that the victim made a prior outcry for which there was

no prosecution, it isreasonable to assume that the jury would likely also have learned

that individualsinvolved in the investigation found the then-six-year-old victimto be

credible.

by Vallejo or the victim’s mother – would have been in the victim’s bathroom, which

held the victim’s teal-colored towels.

3 Vallejo arguesthat, “[e]ven if the towel is viewed as evidence of sex, it could

not have constituted [evidence of] child molestation because [the victim] wassixteen

years of age at the time” the towel was allegedly used. Even if the towel is not direct

evidence of his guilt of the charged offenses, it certainly corroborates the victim’s

testimony of on-going sexual contact, particularly in light of his defense that he had

no sexual contact with the victim.

4
In the end, while State v. Burns eviscerated long-standing – and wellunderstood – precedent without providing clear guidance for future cases involving

allegedly false outcry evidence, this is not the case for this Court to mull over the

legal complexities of that decision or to delve into a jurisprudential quagmire; indeed,

Vallejo’sfocus on the uncertaintywrought byBurnsis nothing more than a deflection

from the substantial evidence of his guilt and an attempt to lure this Court into

wrestling with a greased pig, which is not only exhausting but unproductive. In my

mind and experience, our disagreements in this case are purely academic because,

given the strength of the evidence of Vallejo’s guilt and the marginal benefit of the

alleged false outcry evidence, it is highly probable that any error here did not

contribute to the verdict. See Walker v. State, 360 Ga. App. 211, 216 (3) (860 SE2d

868) (2021).

For these reasons, I concur fully with Divisions 3 and 4 but concur specially

with respect to Divisions 1 and 2.

5
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A21A1110. VALLEJO v. THE STATE.

MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge, dissenting.

I respectfully dissent.I disagree with Divisions 1 and 2, which concern the trial

court’s treatment of Vallejo’s requests to present evidence related to the victim’s

allegation thatshe was molested by her biological father when she wasfive years old.

Vallejo has argued for the admission of evidence of this incident for two different

purposes: to show that both the victim and her mother made a prior, false allegation;

and, even if the prior allegation was true, to show the victim’s “previous knowledge

of sexual acts and abuse, and to show her comfort level with the process of

prosecution.”
The trial court ruled the evidence inadmissible to show a false allegation

because Vallejo did not make a threshold showing of a reasonable probability of

falsity. But as detailed below, our Supreme Court subsequently rejected this extrastatutory threshold procedure in State v. Burns, 306 Ga. 117 (829 SE2d 367) (2019).

Under Burns a trial court must determine the admissibility of false allegation

evidence under the “familiar and usual rules of evidence,” id. at 124 (2) — in

particular OCGA § 24-4-403, which authorizes exclusion of relevant evidence due

to prejudice, confusion, or waste of time.

So I would vacate Vallejo’s conviction and remand the case for the trial court

to decide the admissibility of evidence of this incident for the purpose of showing a

false allegation under Rule 403 and any other applicable rule of evidence. That is

what we did in another post-Burns case, Ray v. State, 356 Ga. App. 266 (841 SE2d

477) (2020). And because the trial courtmustreconsider the admissibility of evidence

of this incident to show a false allegation, I would also direct the trial court to

reconsider its admissibility to support inferences drawn from the victim’s knowledge

about molestation proceedings.

2
1. Admissibility of the false-allegation evidence.

The trial court excluded the false-allegation evidence after determining that

Vallejo had not shown a reasonable probability of the allegation’s falsity. This

determination followed our Supreme Court’s decision in Smith v. State, 259 Ga. 135,

137-138 (1) (377 SE2d 158) (1989), in which the Court held that, “before [falseallegation] evidence can be admitted, the trial court must make a threshold

determination outside the presence of the jury that a reasonable probability of falsity

exists.” Id. at 137-138 (1) (citation and punctuation omitted).

The Smith Court devised this rule in response to an argument by the state that

false-allegation evidence “relate[d] to the victim’s character, which [could] only be

attacked by evidence of the victim’s general reputation for veracity [and] that any

specific instances of untruthfulness are prohibited.” Smith, 259 Ga. at 137 (1).

Concerned that excluding false-allegation evidence on that ground would conflict

with “the defendant’s right of confrontation and right to present a full defense[,]” id.,

the Smith Court adopted an approach used in other states that had addressed such

constitutional considerations. See, e. g., Clinebell v. Commonwealth, 368 SE2d 263,

265-266 (Va. 1988) (holding that, “[a]t least in the context of prosecutions of sexual

offenses, evidentiary constraintsmustsometimes yield to a defendant’sright of cross3
examination” and concluding that, in such cases, evidence of prior false accusations

may be admitted using the threshold determination that would be adopted by Smith).

In adopting that procedure, the Smith Court established a rule under which

false-allegation evidence — although barred by other applicable rules of evidence —

was nevertheless admissible to accommodate a defendant’s constitutional rights, so

long as there was a reasonable probability of the allegation’s falsity. Smith, 259 Ga.

at 137 (1). If there was a reasonable probability of the allegation’s falsity, then the

evidence was admissible per se, to avoid encroaching on the defendant’s

constitutional rights. See id.

But the Evidence Code of 2013 abrogated Smith’s judge-made rule. There is

no statutory basisin Georgia for that procedure. And “the new Evidence Code, which

took effect on January 1, 2013, precludes courts from promulgating or perpetuating

judge-made exclusionary rules of evidence[.]” State v. Orr, 305 Ga. 729 (827 SE2d

892) (2019).

In Burns, a decision issued shortly after the trial court made the evidentiary

ruling in this case, our Supreme Court rejected Smith’s judge-made rule as “wrongly

decided.” Burns, 306 Ga. at 123 (2). In that decision, the Court characterized Smith’s

threshold procedure as “a per se rule of admissibility for evidence of false allegations

4
where falsity has been established, notwithstanding other rules of evidence,” and the

Court observed that Smith had “seemingly relie[d] on the Sixth and Fourteenth

Amendments” to create that rule. Id. at 121 (2). The Burns Court determined that

those “constitutional provisions demand no such rule,” id., and, applying principles

of stare decisis, concluded that this “constitutional holding” in Smith should be

overruled and that trial courts instead should decide the admissibility of falseallegation evidence by “applying the familiar and usual rules of evidence, which trial

courts routinely do every day.” Id. at 124 (2).

It is true, as Judge Gobeil’s concurring opinion points out, that Burns did not

involve an initial determination by a trial court that the defendant had failed to meet

the burden of establishing a reasonable probability of falsity. But the Burns Court

overruled or disapproved numerous Georgia appellate court decisions applying

Smith’s threshold “reasonable probability of falsity” procedure, see Burns, 306 Ga.

at 124-125 (2) & n. 3, and many of those overruled or disapproved decisions did

involve such initial trial court determinations. See, e. g., Benton v. State, 265 Ga. 648,

649-650 (5) (461 SE2d 202) (1995) (holding that the trial court erred in ruling falseallegation evidence was inadmissible because the defendant made an offer of proof

that established a reasonable probability of its falsity), overruled by Burns, 306 Ga.

5
at 124 (2) (holding that Benton contained a similar constitutional holding to Smith);

Morgan v. State, 337 Ga. App. 29, 31 (1) (785 SE2d 667) (2016) (holding trial court

did not err in excluding evidence about victim’s purportedly false prior allegation

after determining that the facts alleged by the victim were true), disapproved by

Burns, 306 Ga. at 124 (2) n. 3 (suggesting that Morgan cited or relied on Smith’s

constitutional holding); Tyson v. State, 232 Ga. App. 732, 733-734 (2) (503 SE2d

640) (1998) (holding that the trial court erred in “apparently conclud[ing] that . . .

there was no ‘reasonable probability’ that the [prior molestation] allegations were

false”), overruled by Burns, 306 Ga. at 124 (2) (holding that Tyson contained a

similar constitutional holding to Smith); Strickland v. State, 205 Ga. App. 473, 474

(422 SE2d 312) (1992) (holding that the trial court erred in determining that there

was no reasonable probability that prior allegations of child molestation were false

and therefore excluding evidence of them), overruled by Burns, 306 Ga. at 124 (2)

(holding that Strickland contained a similar constitutional holding to Smith).

One of the decisions that Burns expressly overruled was this court’s decision

in Ray v. State, 345 Ga. App. 522 (812 SE2d 97) (2018), in which we had vacated and

remanded a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence of a prior false

allegation made by the victim’s aunt on the ground that the trial court had not made

6
the necessary “reasonable probability of falsity” determination. See Burns, 306 Ga.

at 124 (2). At the time of the Burns decision, our decision in Ray was before the

Supreme Court on a petition for writ of certiorari, and the Supreme Court issued an

order vacating our decision and remanding Ray to this court for reconsideration in

light of Burns. State v. Ray, 2019 Ga. LEXIS 577 (Case No. S18C1201, decided Aug.

19, 2019).

When we reconsidered Ray on remand, we did not again hold that the trial

court must determine the admissibility of the false-allegation evidence using the

“reasonable probability of falsity” procedure. We determined that Burns had

abrogated Smith’s per se rule of admissibility for evidence of prior false allegations,

on which we had relied in our earlier ruling. Instead we “address[ed] the issue

identified by our Supreme Court: whether evidence of the deceased aunt’s prior false

reports, previously deemed inadmissible without a determination of a ‘reasonable

probability’ of their falsity, should be admissible under Rule 403.” Ray v. State, 356

Ga. App. 266, 268 (841 SE2d 477) (2020).

In addressing that issue, we stated in Ray that “it may well be that testimony

showing that the victim’s deceased aunt, who reported the crimes at issue, had

previously made false claims of sexual abuse would be relevant to the veracity of the

7
allegations here.” Ray, 356 Ga. App. at 268-269 (citation and punctuation omitted).

But we held that the ultimate question of admissibility under Rule 403 was for the

trial court in the first instance. Id. at 269-270. So we vacated the defendant’s

conviction in Ray and remanded the case with direction that the trial court determine

whether, under Rule 403, the probative value of evidence as to the

victim’s aunt’s prior false accusation is substantially outweighed by its

prejudicial effect. If the trial court concludes that OCGA § 24-4-403

would have barred thisjury from learning about the victim’s aunt’sfalse

statement, . . . it should enter an order making findingsto that effect and

reinstating Ray’s conviction. If, on the other hand, the trial court finds

. . . that the evidence of the victim’s aunt’s false statement was

improperly excluded, itshould consider whether Ray was prejudiced by

[this] error[ ] and order further proceedings accordingly.

Ray, 356 Ga. App. at 270 (citations omitted).

We should do the same thing in this case. The evidence that both the victimand

her mother had made prior false allegations about the victim’s molestation is clearly

relevant to the veracity of the allegations in this case. See OCGA § 24-4-401. The

trial court, however, did not apply Rule 403’s balancing test, or any other rule of

evidence, to determine whether that relevant evidence was admissible.

8
In his special concurrence, Judge Pipkin argues that this error was harmless,

pointing in large part to the compelling nature of the victim’s outcry,seen in her trial

testimony and forensic interview. But the jury could conclude from the excluded

evidence that the victim and her mother were not credible witnesses. If the jury did

not believe the victim, then her outcry would not be compelling. And apart from her

outcry, the evidence of Vallejo’s guilt was not overwhelming. So the trial court’s

error in excluding the prior false allegations evidence without applying Rule 403’s

balancing test was not harmless.

Contrary to the majority, the Rule 403 procedure does not “necessarily

require[] an initial determination of whether the prior allegations were, in fact

false[.]” On the contrary, our Supreme Court has

repeatedly explained [that] Rule 403 is an extraordinary remedy, which

should be used only sparingly, and the balance should be struck in favor

of admissibility. Thus, in reviewing issues under Rule 403, we look at

the evidence in a light most favorable to its admission, maximizing its

probative value and minimizing its undue prejudicial impact.

Carston v. State, 310 Ga. 797, 803 (3) (b) (854 SE2d 684) (2021) (citation omitted).

Certainly, in assessing the probative value of false-allegation evidence as part of the

Rule 403 balancing test, a trial court may consider the “strength of its logical

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connection to the fact for which it is offered.” Olds v. State, 299 Ga. 65, 75 (2) (786

SE2d 633) (2016). But that is not the same thing as conducting a threshold factual

determination of the reasonable probability that the allegation was false. This can be

seen in the majority’sreview of the trial court’sreasonable probability determination,

which rests heavily on the trial court’s factual finding. Smith’s threshold procedure

simply cannot be fit into the Rule 403 analysis now required by Burns, and so to

apply the law established by Burns we must no longer employ Smith’s threshold

reasonable probability determination.

In reaching this conclusion, I note that the majority opinion cites two cases

applying Smith’s threshold procedure that predate Burns but were not expressly

overruled or disapproved by that decision. See Williams v. State, 266 Ga. App. 578,

580-581 (1) (597 SE2d 621) (2004); Cheek v. State, 265 Ga. App. 15, 17 (2) (593

SE2d 55) (2003). In addition, a case decided shortly after Burns also has applied the

threshold procedure, apparently concluding, asthe majority concludestoday, that the

threshold procedure was part of the “evidentiary holding” in Smith that was upheld

in Burns, rather than part of the “constitutional holding” in Smith that Burns

overruled. See State v. Parks, 350 Ga. App. 799, 811-813 (2) (830 SE2d 284) (2019).

But what Burns describes asthe “evidentiary holding” — and what Burns upholds —

10
is simply Smith’s conclusion that evidence of a false allegation is not barred by the

rape shield statute. See Burns, 306 Ga. at 120-121 (2). The Burns Court discusses

Smith’s threshold procedure in connection with that decision’s “constitutional

holding,” not its “evidentiary holding.” See id. at 121 (2). That threshold procedure

was integral to the constitutional holding: it was a judicially created compromise

between evidentiary constraints designed to protect the victim and the defendant’s

constitutional “right of confrontation and right to present a full defense.” Smith, 259

Ga. at 137 (1). Accord Burns, 306 Ga. at 119 (1). So the conclusion in Parks that the

threshold procedure survived Burns is incorrect. That case, along with Williams,

supra, and Cheek, supra, are inconsistent with our Supreme Court’s opinion in Burns,

and they should be overruled.

2. Admissibility to show the victim’s knowledge.

The trial court ruled separately on Vallejo’s argument that the evidence of the

victim’s prior allegation should be admitted to show her knowledge of molestation

claims and the process of prosecuting such claims. At the time of that ruling, Vallejo

had asserted that the victim’s prior allegation probably was true. (His attorneys later

obtained evidence to the contrary.) The trial court held that Georgia’s rape shield

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statute, OCGA § 24-4-412, did not bar the evidence but nevertheless ruled the

evidence inadmissible for the purposes proposed by Vallejo.

The trial court should also reconsider this ruling on remand.

The trial court correctly held that, even if the prior allegation wastrue, the rape

shield statute does not apply. By its terms, that statute only concerns evidence of the

victim’s “past sexual behavior.” OCGA § 24-4-412 (a). Evidence that an adult

perpetrated acts of sexual abuse upon a five-year-old child is not evidence that the

child engaged in “sexual behavior.” See Lemacks v. State, 207 Ga. App. 160, 161

(427 SE2d 536) (1993) (“Contrary to the [s]tate’s argument, ‘behavior’ is not

synonymous with ‘experience.’”); Raines v. State, 191 Ga. App. 743, 745 (2) (382

SE2d 738) (1989) (“Obviously, a prior rape committed against the victimhas nothing

whatsoever to do with her past sexual behavior.”) (emphasis in original). See also

Berry v. Smith, 210 Ga. App. 789 (1) (437 SE2d 630) (1993) (clarifying that the rule

expressed in Raines, supra, pertains to forcible rape), overruled in part on other

ground by Burns, 306 Ga. at 124 (2).4 But see Stevens v. State, 356 Ga. App. 847,

4 We may consider these cases even though they were decided under a prior

version of the rape shield statute, because the provision applying the statute to

evidence of “past sexual behavior” was not changed in the enactment of our new

Evidence Code in 2013 and Georgia’srape shield statute differsin substance from its

federal counterpart. See generally State v. Almanza, 304 Ga. 553, 557 (2) (820 SE2d

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852-853 (3) (847 SE2d 649) (2020) (affirming under rape shield statute trial court’s

ruling that defense could not cross-examine victim about her allegations that she had

been molested by other people, without analysis of whether past molestation

constituted “sexual behavior” on part of victim).

But the trial court erroneously relied on case law predating the current

Evidence Code, in particular our opinion in Blackwell v. State, 229 Ga. App. 452,

453-454 (2) (494 SE2d 269) (1997). In Blackwell we reiterated a “long-standing rule

barring introduction of evidence of prior unrelated molestation.” Id. That rule is no

longer standing. Rules governing relevance under our former Evidence Code were

displaced by our new Evidence Code. See State v. Almanza, 304 Ga. 553, 556-557 (2)

(820 SE2d 1) (2018), overruled in part on other grounds by Smith v. State, 309 Ga.

240, 247-248 (2) (b) (845 SE2d 598) (2020).

Because the rape shield statute does not preclude the evidence and the rules

governing relevance under our former Evidence Code have been supplanted, the

1) (2018) (“If there is no materially identical Federal Rule of Evidence and a

provision of the old Evidence Code was retained in the [2013] Code, our case law

interpreting that former provision applies.”), overruled in part on other grounds by

Smith v. State, 309 Ga. 240, 247-248 (2) (b) (845 SE2d 598) (2020).

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general rules set forth in OCGA § 24-4-401 through 24-4-403 govern its

admissibility.

Under OCGA § 24-4-401, “‘relevant evidence’ means evidence having any

tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination

of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”

This broad definition of relevance encompasses the inferences that Vallejo argues

should be drawn from the evidence of the victim’s past molestation allegation.

The case cited by the majority for the proposition that the victim’s prior

experience with a molestation investigation was not relevant, Jones v. State, 305 Ga.

750 (827 SE2d 879) (2019), is inapposite; in that case, the Court held that a

photograph of two personsstanding on a beach, which “established, at most, that [the

two] were acquainted, a fact that was not in dispute[, . . .] did not help determine

whether [one of the persons in the photograph] or [the defendant] committed the

murders with [the other person in the photograph].” Id. at 753 (2) (c). And, as noted

above, casesrestricting the relevance of thistype of evidence that were decided under

our former Evidence Code, such as Blackwell v. State, supra, and Chastain v. State,

180 Ga. App. 312 (2) (349 SE2d 6) (1986), are no longer good law.

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Under OCGA § 24-4-402, absent a constitutional or statutory exception, “[a]ll

relevant evidence shall be admissible[.]”

And under OCGA § 42-4-403, “[r]elevant evidence may be excluded if its

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,

confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury or by considerations of undue delay,

waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”

I recognize that the trial court did perform a Rule 403 analysis of Vallejo’s

argument that evidence of the victim’s prior allegation should be admitted to show

her knowledge of molestation claims and the process of prosecuting such claims. But

he did so in conjunction with his application of the formerly long-standing rule set

out in Blackwell.

As noted above, there is no room in Rule 403 for exclusion of relevant

evidence on the basis that the trial court finds the evidence, or the inferences a party

would draw from it, to be unpersuasive. See Carston v. State, 310 Ga. at 803 (3) (b).

So I question whether it was within the trial court’s discretion to rule the prior

allegation evidence inadmissible in this case.

Nevertheless, as discussed above, to the extent the evidence is of a false

allegation the trial court has not yet engaged in the necessary analysis of that

15
evidence’s admissibility under Rule 403. See Ray, 356 Ga. App. at 269 (2)

(application of Rule 403 to determine admissibility of relevant evidence is a matter

for the trial court in the first instance). And his determination about whether evidence

of this incident is admissible to show a false allegation may have an impact upon the

related question of whether evidence of that incident is admissible to support

inferences drawn from the victim’s knowledge about molestation proceedings.

So on remand, the trial court should be instructed to reconsider the

admissibility of evidence of that incident for the purpose of showing such knowledge.

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