NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

No. 20-1600

_____________

RENE ANTONIO,

 Appellant

v.

HARRAH'S ATLANTIC CITY PROPCO, LLC d/b/a Harrah's Resort; HARRAH'S 

ATLANTIC CITY OPERATING CO LLC

v.

SHANTASHA ROSS 

_______________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey

(D.C. No. 1-17-cv-09092)

District Judge: Honorable Joseph H. Rodriguez

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Argued

January 26, 2021

Before: JORDAN, MATEY, Circuit Judges

and HORAN,* District Judge.

(Filed: March 5, 2021)

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* Honorable Marilyn Horan, United States District Court Judge for the Western 

District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
2

Thomas Bruno, II [ARGUED]

Abramson & Denenberg

1315 Walnut Street – Ste. 500

Philadelphia, PA 19107

 Counsel for Appellant

Jennifer B. Barr [ARGUED]

Russell L. Lichtenstein

Ross M. O’Neill

Cooper Levenson

1125 Atlantic Avenue – 3rd Fl.

Atlantic City, NJ 08401

 Counsel for Appellees

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OPINION∗∗

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JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

Rene Antonio attended a “Pool After Dark” party at the Harrah’s Resort in 

Atlantic City.1

 Attendees drank, listened to music, and danced around a pool at the 

center of the venue. The night she attended, Antonio danced at the pool’s edge and was 

bumped or pushed in, severely injuring her hand. She sued Harrah’s, alleging, in part,

negligent maintenance of premises. The District Court granted summary judgment 

against her. It held that Harrah’s did not owe a duty to Antonio because the pool was an 

obvious hazard. We will vacate and remand because, despite the obviousness of that 

∗∗ This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, 

does not constitute binding precedent.

1 The term “Harrah’s” refers collectively to two entities, Harrah’s Atlantic City 

Operating Company LLC and Harrah’s Atlantic City Propco, LLC, which does business 

under the name Harrah’s Resort Atlantic City.
3

hazard, Harrah’s should have anticipated that harm would result from drinking and 

dancing at the edge of a pool, and therefore it owed a duty to its business invitees.

I. BACKGROUND

The Pool After Dark party occurred three days a week, year-round, from 10:00 pm 

to 4:00 am. Harrah’s served alcohol at the events, including by offering bottle service to

attendees, and drinking was typical. In accordance with state guidelines, Harrah’s

employed between twenty-five and thirty-five crowd control specialists (i.e., security 

guards), each of whom was assigned a specific station in the venue. Two Atlantic City 

Police Officers were stationed outside the event exit, and there was a lifeguard on duty. 

There were frequent incidents of disorderly conduct, with the attending police officers 

issuing summonses approximately twice per party-night and ejecting patrons every week 

for fighting. Over the course of the ten months prior to the night Antonio was injured,

there were, according to Harrah’s records, eight instances of patrons being intentionally 

or unintentionally pushed into the pool or nearby hot tub. 

On the night of Antonio’s injury, there were 1,277 patrons, with people densely 

packed throughout the space and dancing all the way to the pool’s edge. Harrah’s had

neither warning signs nor barriers between attendees and the pool, and there was no

designated dance area. At one point in the evening, Antonio chatted with the boyfriend 

of the Third-Party Defendant in this case, Shantasha Ross. Soon thereafter, Antonio 

perceived “strange” behavior from Ross and her friends, who were “whispering.” (R. at 

104–06, 308.) Antonio continued dancing facing the pool and was either bumped or 
4

shoved at the center of her back.2

 As she fell, her right hand “hit the bottom or side of 

the pool” and she suffered “eight spiral fractures.” (R. at 73, 75.) She “saw several ...

doctors, required orthopedic care, ... still suffers pain in her right hand[,]” and her “right 

ring finger is shorter because of the injury and now overlaps her pinky.” Antonio v. 

Harrah’s Atl. City Propco, LLC, No. 1:17-cv-09092, 2020 WL 1030842, at *2 (D.N.J. 

Mar. 3, 2020) (citations omitted).

Antonio sued, and the District Court granted summary judgment for Harrah’s. It

held that Harrah’s owed Antonio no duty because the “nightclub was an obvious hazard,”

as “[e]ven without warnings or added security, [Antonio] could have easily observed that 

dancing close to the edge of the pool on a packed dance floor surrounded by other people 

presented the possibility of another person bumping into her and causing her to fall into 

the water.” Id. at *4. It further reasoned that “nothing about [Ross’s] behavior could 

have indicated to [Harrah’s] that foreseeable harm to [Antonio] existed,” and that the 

eight prior incidents of people being bumped or pushed into the pool were dissimilar 

because they did not involve “wild dancing.” Id.

2 Antonio has since filed a criminal complaint against Ross, who was charged with 

aggravated assault. During her deposition, Antonio said it was “possibl[e]” that Ross had 

“accidentally pushed” her. (R. at 150.) Antonio pointed Ross out to Harrah’s security,

and the resulting incident report stated that Ross pushed Antonio into the pool and that 

Ross and her boyfriend were ejected from the premises. 
5

II. DISCUSSION3

Under New Jersey law, a negligence claim requires a showing of “(1) a duty of 

care, (2) a breach of that duty, (3) actual and proximate causation, and (4) damages.” 

Jersey Cent. Power & Light Co. v. Melcar Util. Co., 59 A.3d 561, 571 (N.J. 2013). The 

only issue before us is whether Harrah’s owed a duty of care to Antonio,

4 which is a 

question of law that “derive[s] from considerations of public policy and fairness.” Estate 

of Desir ex rel. Estiverne v. Vertus, 69 A.3d 1247, 1258 (N.J. 2013) (citation omitted). 

Under the circumstances here, the existence of a duty depends on whether the danger of 

injury posed by conditions at The Pool After Dark was not only foreseeable but a danger 

that Harrah’s should have anticipated would in fact result in injury despite being obvious

to the invitees.

It is undisputed that Harrah’s is a business owner and Antonio was a business 

invitee. Applying the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343 (1965), New Jersey courts

hold that “[b]usiness owners owe to invitees a duty of reasonable or due care to provide a 

safe environment for doing that which is within the scope of the invitation.” Nisivoccia 

3 The District Court properly exercised jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 and we 

have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review of the District Court’s 

decision granting summary judgment is plenary. Halsey v. Pfeiffer, 750 F.3d 273, 287

(3d Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is appropriate if no genuine dispute of material fact 

exists, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(a).

4 The District Court also stated that there is “nothing in the record that indicates 

Defendants could have prevented the harm” through “additional security” or “a partition 

or additional signage[.]” Antonio, 2020 WL 1030842, at *5. Those issues are better

suited for the jury when considering Harrah’s potential breach of duty, a question that is 

not before us now.
6

v. Glass Gardens, Inc., 175 N.J. 559, 563 (2003); see also Clohesy v. Food Circus 

Supermarkets, Inc., 149 N.J. 496, 503 (1997). The first question is thus whether the party 

area, featuring a pool surrounded by dancing and drinking patrons, was a foreseeably

unsafe environment. Even if it were not on its own obvious that people may end up in 

the pool when they are packed into the pool-side space, up to the pool’s edge, with no 

barrier between them and the pool and with hours of drinking and dancing being the aim 

of the party, there is an ample record here showing that people regularly did get bumped 

or shoved into the pool in the months before Antonio’s injury.

5

 So, yes, it was an unsafe 

environment in the sense that people had been and were likely to continue to be knocked 

into the pool, whether deliberately or not.

The next question relates to the obviousness of the hazard. New Jersey applies 

§ 343A of the Restatement, which elaborates that “[a] possessor of land is not liable to 

his invitees for physical harm caused to them by any activity or condition on the land 

whose danger is known or obvious to them, unless the possessor should anticipate the 

harm despite such knowledge or obviousness.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343A 

(1965) (emphasis added); see also Zentz v. Toop, 92 N.J. Super. 105, 114–15 (App. Div. 

1966), aff’d, 234 A.2d 96 (N.J. 1967). The District Court held that Harrah’s did not owe

5 To the extent the District Court held that the hazard posed by the pool was not

foreseeable, we disagree. The question is a broad one, i.e., whether it is foreseeable that a

hypothetical patron would be bumped, shoved, or knocked by a different hypothetical

patron into the pool. The Court, however, appears to have approached foreseeability

more narrowly, as relating to the predictability of Ross shoving Antonio. See Antonio, 

2020 WL 1030842, at *4 (“[N]othing about [Ross’s] behavior could have indicated to 

[Harrah’s] that foreseeable harm to [Antonio] existed.”).
7

Antonio a duty because the harm posed by the pool should have been obvious to her. See

Antonio, 2020 WL 1030842, at *4 (“[T]he pool in [Harrah’s] nightclub was an obvious 

hazard that [Antonio], through ‘reasonable use of [her] faculties,’ could and should have 

detected.”). But, while rightly considering the first part of § 343A, it ignores the 

remaining part, which asks whether Harrah’s should have anticipated harm to invitees

despite the obviousness of the hazard. And indeed, it should have. Attendees danced by

the pool’s edge due to the crowded space and lack of a designated or roped-off dance 

floor. Disorderly conduct, expulsion, and arrests were common. And at least eight 

people were pushed or fell into the pool or hot tub in the ten months preceding Antonio’s 

injury. On this record, what happened to Antonio was readily anticipatable, regardless of 

the obviousness of the hazard. Thus, Harrah’s owed a duty of care to Antonio.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate the District Court’s grant of summary 

judgment and remand for further proceedings.