NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

LUKE D. BRUGNARA,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 23-1605

D.C. No.

3:14-cr-00306-WHA-1

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of California

William Alsup, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted April 8, 2024

San Francisco, California

Before: PAEZ and SUNG, Circuit Judges, and FITZWATER, District Judge.

**

Luke Brugnara (“Brugnara”) appeals the district court’s revocation of his 

supervised release and imposition of a custodial sentence. We have jurisdiction 

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Sidney A. Fitzwater, United States District Judge for 

the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation.

FILED

APR 29 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 23-1605

Brugnara raises several challenges. He argues that: (1) there was 

insufficient evidence that he constructively possessed a firearm; (2) he did not 

receive written notice that the district court would consider his prior abscondment 

and a comment he made during a recess in court proceedings; and (3) the district

court should not have considered his comment because it was protected by the 

attorney-client privilege and the First Amendment. 

In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence for a supervised 

release revocation, we consider “whether viewing the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the government, any rational trier of fact could have found the 

essential elements of a violation by a preponderance of the evidence.” United 

States v. Richards, 52 F.4th 879, 888 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting United States v. 

King, 608 F.3d 1122, 1129 (9th Cir. 2010)). 

We review de novo and for harmless error whether a defendant has received 

sufficient due process at a revocation proceeding. See United States v. Perez, 526 

F.3d 543, 547 (9th Cir. 2008). Brugnara did not object to the district court’s 

consideration of the comment, and thus plain error review applies to that issue. 

See United States v. Campbell, 937 F.3d 1254, 1256 (9th Cir. 2019) (citing United 

States v. Gallegos, 613 F.3d 1211, 1213 (9th Cir. 2010)).

1. “[V]iewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government,”

we cannot say that the district court erred in finding, by a preponderance of the 
3 23-1605

evidence, that Brugnara constructively possessed a firearm. Richards, 52 F.4th at

888 (quoting King, 608 F.3d at 1129). Although the evidence that Brugnara 

constructively possessed the firearm was circumstantial, Brugnara’s connections to 

the storage unit, among other record evidence, supported the district court’s finding 

that he had “dominion and control” over the firearm. United States v. Baldon, 956 

F.3d 1115, 1127 (9th Cir. 2020). 

2. The district court did not err by failing to provide Brugnara written notice 

that it would consider his prior abscondment and the comment he made during a

recess in proceedings. Because the district court considered Brugnara’s 

abscondment and comment as sentencing factors—not as supervised release

violations—it was not required to give Brugnara written notice. See Fed. R. Crim. 

P. 32.1(b)(2)(A) (requiring “written notice” for an “alleged violation”). 

Notwithstanding the government’s failure to file a formal charge, the district 

court was permitted to consider the abscondment as part of its sentencing decision. 

See 18 U.S.C. §§ 3583(e), 3553(a)(1) (providing that the court may consider the 

history and characteristics of the defendant in sentencing). In any event, Brugnara 

was on notice that the court intended to consider his abscondment. Any error in 

failing to give Brugnara written notice was thus harmless. See Perez, 526 F.3d at 

547.

3. The district court did not plainly err in considering the comment as part 
4 23-1605

of its sentencing decision. First, although Brugnara made the comment to his 

attorney during a recess, the comment was likely not a privileged statement 

because it was not made for the purpose of obtaining legal advice. See United 

States v. Sanmina Corp., 968 F.3d 1107, 1116 (9th Cir. 2020). Brugnara has not 

shown otherwise. See United States v. Martin, 278 F.3d 988, 1000 (9th Cir. 2002) 

(“A party claiming the privilege must identify specific communications and the 

grounds supporting the privilege as to each piece of evidence over which privilege 

is asserted.”).

Second, because it is unclear whether the comment is protected by the First 

Amendment, we cannot say that the district court plainly erred in considering the 

comment. Brugnara points to Duran v. City of Douglas, Ariz., 904 F.2d 1372, 

1377 (9th Cir. 1990), in which we held that expletives and an obscene hand gesture 

directed at law enforcement are protected by the First Amendment. We have also 

held, however, that First Amendment rights are circumscribed in courtrooms. See

Sammartano v. First Jud. Dist. Ct., in & for Cnty. of Carson City, 303 F.3d 959, 

966 (9th Cir. 2002). Given the absence of precedent on this issue, we cannot say 

that the district court plainly erred in considering the comment—any potential error 

is not plain. See Campbell, 937 F.3d at 1257. 

4. Finally, this court already denied Brugnara’s request for bail pending 

appeal. His renewed request is denied as moot. Brugnara’s request that we direct 
5 23-1605

the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) to recalculate his First Step Act Credits is also denied. 

Brugnara must first exhaust the BOP’s administrative review process to challenge 

its calculation of any such credits. See Tucker v. Carlson, 925 F.2d 330, 332 (9th 

Cir. 1991).

AFFIRMED.