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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

MLIVE MEDIA GROUP, doing business as 

GRAND RAPIDS PRESS,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

FOR PUBLICATION

September 12, 2017

9:10 a.m.

v No. 338332

Kent Circuit Court

CITY OF GRAND RAPIDS, LC No. 17-002205-CB

Defendant-Appellee.

Before: TALBOT, C.J., and O’CONNELL and CAMERON, JJ.

O’CONNELL, J.

Plaintiff MLive Media Group, doing business as Grand Rapids Press, sent defendant City 

of Grand Rapids two requests under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 

15.231 et seq., seeking recordings, copies of recordings, and transcripts of phone calls made by 

Grand Rapids police officers to a Grand Rapids police lieutenant regarding the citation of a 

former Kent County Assistant Prosecutor. The City denied MLive’s FOIA requests. MLive 

filed suit and moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), seeking 

production of the records. The trial court denied MLive’s motion and dismissed the case without 

prejudice. MLive appeals. We reverse and remand. 

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

A man drove the wrong way down a one-way street and hit a parked car. Grand Rapids 

Police Officer Adam Ickes and Grand Rapids Police Sergeant Thomas Warwick responded to the 

scene. Officer Ickes called Grand Rapids Police Lieutenant Matthew Janiskee at a recorded

police department telephone line and informed Lieutenant Janiskee that the driver of the vehicle 

was a “hammered” Kent County Assistant Prosecutor. Lieutenant Janiskee told Officer Ickes to 

hang up and call back on a different department line, (616) 456-3407, labeled “Non-Recorded 

Line 3407.” Officer Ickes then placed three calls to Lieutenant Janiskee on line 3407. Sergeant 

Warwick placed two calls to Lieutenant Janiskee on line 3407. Ultimately, Officer Ickes cited 

the prosecutor for driving the wrong way down a one-way street, and Sergeant Warwick drove 

the prosecutor home. 

The police department then conducted an internal investigation. During the investigation, 

the City states that it discovered that the phone calls to line 3407 had been recorded. 
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The City filed a declaratory action in the Federal District Court for the Western District 

of Michigan, seeking a determination of its rights and obligations to use and disclose the line 

3407 recordings. The City wanted to use the recordings as evidence in officer disciplinary 

actions and legal proceedings. The officers asserted that use of the recordings would violate the 

Federal Wiretapping Act, 18 USC 2510 et seq., and Michigan eavesdropping statutes, MCL 

750.539a et seq. The City denied violating the statutes. Further, the City explained that it

received FOIA requests for the line 3407 recordings. The City alleged that if the recordings were 

obtained in violation of the statutes, disclosure of the recordings would violate the statutes. 

Later that month, the City received two FOIA requests from MLive seeking recordings, 

copies of recordings, and transcripts of the line 3407 calls. The City denied both requests, 

asserting that its “ability to release these records is the subject matter of the pending [federal] 

litigation.” 

MLive filed a complaint in the trial court, seeking an order compelling disclosure and a 

declaration that the City violated FOIA because the City failed to cite a FOIA exemption for the 

denial and no exemption exists. MLive also moved for summary disposition. In response, the 

City reiterated its argument that it did not believe that complying with MLive’s FOIA request 

would violate the Federal Wiretapping Act or Michigan eavesdropping statutes. Nonetheless, it 

argued that it could invoke FOIA exemption MCL 15.243(1)(d) because the federal court had not 

yet determined whether complying with the FOIA request would violate the Federal Wiretapping 

Act or Michigan eavesdropping statutes. The trial court denied MLive’s motion for summary 

disposition and dismissed the case without prejudice, citing the doctrine of comity. 

II. JURISDICTION 

The City argues that MLive could not appeal by right because it did not appeal from a 

final order. We disagree. 

MCR 7.202(6)(a)(i) defines a final order in a civil case as “the first judgment or order 

that disposes of all the claims and adjudicates the rights and liabilities of all the parties.” Parties 

cannot create a final order by stipulating to dismiss remaining claims without prejudice after a 

trial court enters an order denying a motion for summary disposition addressing only some of the 

parties’ claims. See Detroit v Michigan, 262 Mich App 542, 544-545; 686 NW2d 514 (2004). 

In this case, the trial court entered an order denying MLive’s motion for summary 

disposition and dismissing MLive’s only claim without prejudice after reviewing both parties’ 

opposing arguments. Therefore, the order is final, and Detroit is distinguishable. 

III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW 

We review de novo whether the trial court properly interpreted and applied FOIA, 

including “whether a public record is exempt under FOIA” “when the facts are undisputed and 

reasonable minds could not differ,” Rataj v City of Romulus, 306 Mich App 735, 747-748; 858 

NW2d 116 (2014). When interpreting a statute, we aim to determine the Legislature’s intent by 

first examining the statute’s plain language. Fellows v Mich Comm for the Blind, 305 Mich App 

289, 297; 854 NW2d 482 (2014). If a statute is unambiguous, we enforce it as written. Id. 
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We review a trial court’s decision to abstain from a ruling “in favor of an alternative, 

foreign forum,” for an abuse of discretion. Hare v Starr Commonwealth Corp, 291 Mich App 

206, 214-215; 813 NW2d 752 (2011). “A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision falls 

outside the range of principled outcomes.” ESPN, Inc v Mich State Univ, 311 Mich App 662, 

664; 876 NW2d 593 (2015). 

A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual 

sufficiency of a complaint. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). The 

moving party must specify issues for which there are no genuine issues of material fact and 

support the motion. MCR 2.116(G)(4). The nonmoving party then has the burden to provide 

evidence of a genuine issue. MCR 2.116(G)(4). The trial court reviews the record in the light 

most favorable to the nonmoving party. Maiden, 461 Mich at 120. A trial court must grant the 

motion if it finds “no genuine issue as to any material fact” and determines that “the moving 

party is entitled to judgment or partial judgment as a matter of law.” MCR 2.116(C)(10). We 

review a trial court’s denial of a motion for summary disposition de novo. See Maiden, 461 

Mich at 118. 

IV. ANALYSIS 

MLive argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion for summary disposition. 

We agree.

A. FOIA EXEMPTION 

The trial court erred to the extent that it found that the City met its burden to prove that a 

FOIA exemption applied. 

FOIA proclaims that “[i]t is the public policy of this state that all persons . . . are entitled 

to full and complete information regarding the affairs of government and the official acts of 

those who represent them as public officials and public employees . . . .” MCL 15.231(2). 

Further, “[t]he people shall be informed so that they may fully participate in the democratic 

process.” MCL 15.231(2). In keeping with this policy, FOIA provides persons “a right to 

inspect, copy, or receive copies of [a] requested public record of [a] public body” “upon 

providing a public body’s FOIA coordinator with a written request that describes a public record 

sufficiently to enable the public body to find the public record,” “[e]xcept as expressly provided 

in [MCL 15.243].” MCL 15.233(1). 

MCL 15.243(1)(d) states that a “public body may exempt from disclosure as a public 

record” “[r]ecords or information specifically described and exempted from disclosure by 

statute.”1 When a public body invokes this exception, it is necessary to examine the statute 

 1 Both parties referenced another exemption, MCL 15.243(1)(a). However, we do not consider 

whether the exemption applies because neither identified portions of the recordings covered by 

this exemption or cited authority to support an argument that the exemption applied, contrary to 

their requirements to do so. See MCR 7.212(C)(7) and (D)(1). 
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under which the public body claims disclosure is prohibited. See Detroit News, Inc v Policemen 

& Firemen Retirement Sys of the City of Detroit, 252 Mich App 59, 72-75; 651 NW2d 127 

(2002). For example, the Federal Wiretapping Act prohibits the intentional interception and 

disclosure of an oral or wire communication. 18 USC 2511(1)(a) and (1)(c). Therefore, the 

communication would be exempt from disclosure under MCL 15.243(1)(d). 

FOIA requires the public body receiving a FOIA request to interpret FOIA and decide 

whether to honor the request. See MCL 15.235. Persons send a FOIA request directly to the 

public body, specifically its FOIA coordinator. MCL 15.235(1). FOIA requires the public body 

to decide whether to grant or deny the request in whole or in part within five business days of 

receipt. MCL 15.235(2). Alternatively, the public body can seek a 10 business day extension to 

make a decision. MCL 15.235(2)(d). If the public body denies any portion of the request 

because it determined that the content is exempt from disclosure, it must explain the denial under 

FOIA or another statute. MCL 15.235(5)(a). 

A court only becomes involved if a public body denies a request and the requester

appeals. MCL 15.240(1)(b). Specifically, the person requesting the public record may 

“[c]ommence a civil action in the circuit court . . . to compel the public body’s disclosure of the 

public records.” MCL 15.240(1)(b). The public body has the burden to “sustain its denial.” 

MCL 15.240(4). The trial court reviews the denial de novo, MCL 15.240(4), and construes

FOIA exemptions narrowly, see Detroit News, Inc, 252 Mich App at 72. 

The City failed to meet its burden to prove that a FOIA exemption applied. The City 

argues that it properly invoked exemption MCL 15.243(1)(d) to deny MLive’s FOIA requests 

because the Federal Wiretapping Act prohibits the intentional interception and disclosure of an 

oral or wire communication, 18 USC 2511(1)(a) and (1)(c), and “the jurisdiction of a federal 

district court has already been invoked to make th[e] factual determination[] . . . of whether” the 

Federal Wiretapping Act applies. But the City never argued when denying MLive’s FOIA 

request, during the trial court proceedings, or on appeal, that it actually violated the Federal 

Wiretapping Act. Rather, it made the opposite argument: it accidentally or inadvertently 

recorded the phone calls and then refused to disclose the recordings to MLive. The Federal 

Wiretapping Act does not prohibit inadvertent interception or disclosure of communication. See

18 USC 2511(1); Thompson v Dulaney, 970 F2d 744, 748 (CA 10, 1992).2 Stated differently, 

the City must argue that it violated the Federal Wiretapping Act in order to invoke the MCL 

15.243(1)(d) FOIA exemption and deny MLive’s FOIA requests. The City never made this 

argument. 

Any argument by the City that it properly invoked exemption MCL 15.243(1)(d) because 

Michigan eavesdropping statutes prohibit disclosure of the recordings similarly fails. Michigan 

eavesdropping statutes prohibit “willful[]” use of a device to eavesdrop on a private conversation 

without all parties’ consent, MCL 750.539c, and “us[ing]” or “divulg[ing]” information that a 

person “knows or reasonably should know was obtained” through eavesdropping, MCL 

 2 We find this nonbinding case law persuasive. See Holman v Rasak, 281 Mich App 507, 509; 

761 NW2d 391 (2008), aff’d 486 Mich 429 (2010). 
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750.539e. Accordingly, the City must argue that it violated an eavesdropping statute to invoke 

the MCL 15.243(1)(d) FOIA exemption. But the City never made this argument. Instead, it 

argued that it accidentally recorded the phone calls. 

Further, FOIA requires the City to determine whether a FOIA exemption exists. See 

MCL 15.235(2). The City cited no FOIA provision that allows it to pass this decision to a 

federal court. Therefore, the City failed to meet its burden to prove that a FOIA exemption 

applied. 

B. COMITY 

The trial court abused its discretion in determining that comity prevented it from ruling 

on MLive’s FOIA complaint. 

The principle of comity generally states that foreign courts can afford each other’s 

judgment mutual respect and recognition. See Gaudreau v Kelly, 298 Mich App 148, 152; 826 

NW2d 164 (2012). Accordingly, “principles of comity require” us “to defer to [a] federal court 

ruling” when “a federal district court [is] the equivalent of a state circuit court.” Bouwman v 

Dep’t of Social Servs, 144 Mich App 744, 748-749; 375 NW2d 806 (1985).3 When a court relies 

on the principle of comity to abstain from ruling on an issue in favor of a foreign ruling, it is also 

“invoking a doctrine akin to forum non conveniens,” which gives a court discretion “to decline 

jurisdiction when convenience of parties and ends of justice would be better served if action 

were brought and tried in another forum.” Hare, 291 Mich App at 223-224 (quotations and 

citations omitted).4 

The trial court in this case improperly reframed the issue before it to invoke the doctrine 

of comity. As explained above, the issue before the trial court was whether the City met its 

burden to show that the narrowly construed MCL 15.243(1)(d) FOIA exemption supported its 

denial of MLive’s FOIA requests. See MCL 15.235(2) and (5)(a); MCL 15.240(4); Detroit 

News, Inc, 252 Mich App at 72. As further explained above, the City failed to do so. The trial 

court did not need to consider “whether or not the recordings in this case were intentional” and

did not need to defer to the federal court’s “factual determination” regarding this separate issue. 

The City did not argue in this case or in the federal case that it intentionally recorded line 3407, 

which could amount to violations of the Federal Wiretapping Act and Michigan eavesdropping 

statutes. Because it never raised the argument, exemption MCL 15.243(1)(d) does not apply, and 

the City necessarily failed to meet its burden to show that a narrowly construed FOIA exemption 

supported its denial of MLive’s FOIA requests.5 Therefore, the trial court’s decision to invoke 

 3 We find this nonbinding opinion, see MCR 7.215(J)(1), persuasive. 

4 We do not consider the City’s argument that federalism required the trial court to defer to the 

federal court because the City cited no authority to support its argument, contrary to its 

requirement to do so. See MCR 7.212(C)(7) and (D)(1). 

5 We reiterate that the public policy articulated by the Legislature in FOIA is that “all persons . . . 

are entitled to full and complete information regarding the affairs of government and the official 
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the doctrine of comity was outside the range of principled outcomes, and the trial court erred in 

denying MLive’s motion for summary disposition. 

V. CONCLUSION AND RELIEF 

Because the trial court erred in denying MLive’s motion for summary disposition, we 

remand for entry of judgment in MLive’s favor. On remand, the trial court must order the City 

“to cease withholding or to produce” the line 3407 recordings. See MCL 15.240(4). 

Accordingly, MLive prevailed because the suit “had a substantial causative effect on” and “was 

necessary to” “the delivery of or access to” the recordings. See Wilson v Eaton Rapids, 196 

Mich App 671, 673; 493 NW2d 433 (1992). Without the suit, the City would not grant MLive’s 

FOIA request at this time. Because MLive prevailed, the trial court must award MLive 

reasonable attorneys’ fees, costs, and disbursements. See MCL 15.240(6); Rataj, 306 Mich App 

at 757. Additionally, the trial court must “determine whether [MLive] is entitled to punitive 

damages under MCL 15.240(7).” Rataj, 306 Mich App at 757. 

We reverse and remand. We do not retain jurisdiction. We give our judgment immediate 

effect. MCR 7.215(F)(2). 

/s/ Peter D. O’Connell

/s/ Michael J. Talbot

/s/ Thomas C. Cameron

acts of those who represent them as public officials and public employees,” MCL 15.231(2), 

“[e]xcept as expressly provided in [MCL 15.243],” MCL 15.233(1). MCL 15.243 contains no 

exemption to allow a federal court to determine a public body’s compliance with a separate 

statute before the public body must answer a FOIA request. We leave any alteration of this 

public policy to the Legislature. See Messenger v Dep’t of Consumer & Indus Servs, 238 Mich 

App 524, 531, 537; 606 NW2d 38 (1999).