# Patent

## Title
System for electronic detection of military threats

## Abstract

A system for the electronic detection of military threats includes an electromagnetic (EM) gradiometer for detecting secondary EM waves scattered from objects illuminated by a primary EM wave existent in a local area. A right magnetic dipole antenna and a left magnetic dipole antenna are included in the EM gradiometer for receiving the secondary EM waves and able to reject the primary EM wave. A synchronizer derives a reference signal to the EM gradiometer from the primary EM wave. A synchronous detection processor makes measurements of the phase and amplitude of the secondary EM waves. A graphical user interface (GUI) is used to display information about the location of objects assessed to be threats in the local area that were computed from the measurements of the phase and amplitude. A vehicle may be used to transport the EM gradiometer over the local area during periods the objects are being radio illuminated.

## Background
This Application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/405,602, filed Apr. 17, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,336,079, titled AERIAL DETECTION OF ROADSIDE IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE, and incorporated by reference in whole. This Application also claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/671,946, filed Apr. 18, 2005, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/853,538, filed Oct. 23, 2006, titled LOOK-AHEAD RADAR AND HORIZON SENSING FOR COAL CUTTING DRUMS AND HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONAL DRILLS, and both are incorporated by reference herein.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to electronic detection of improvised explosive devices and underground threats, and more particularly to the use of airborne electromagnetic gradiometers that use synchronous detection to image detonation cables and underground facility wiring and piping.
2. Description of Related Art
Primary electromagnetic (EM) waves will interact with underground devices and infrastructures to create secondary EM waves that are detectable on or above the earth's surface with a gradiometer. The Stolar, Inc. (Raton, N. Mex.) DeltaEM gradiometer survey system provides a tool that can generate subsurface geophysical imaging capabilities with greater sensitivity, range (distance), and flexibility over existing instrumentation. In efforts using local radio sources, EM gradiometry has been shown to be a promising technique. The synchronized EM gradiometer instrumentation is a narrow-band receiver that can discriminate against the spectra noise components and operate in the low ionosphere-earth waveguide noise band, thus maximizing the detection threshold sensitivity of the instrumentation.
An EM gradiometer capitalizes on its high threshold detection sensitivity to secondary EM waves in the ELF/VLF bands. Synchronization to the primary wave in the ELF/VLF bands enables very narrow-band detection with threshold detection sensitivity in the picoTesla (pT) range. Theoretical investigations have found that the secondary EM fields are 20-60 dB below that of the primary EM field components. A significant instrument design issue is the detection of the secondary fields in the presence of the much larger primary field components. This has been solved by the careful design of the gradiometer antennas that achieves 70 dB of primary field suppression.
Two important advantages in underground conductor (UGC) detection have been achieved with this system. First, the magnitude of the scattered secondary wave from the UGC infrastructure increases as frequency decreases. Thus, waves in the ELF/VLF bands have a significant advantage in the UGC detection. Second, the attenuation rate of EM waves in the ELF/VLF bands through soil/rock is very low so that deeply buried structures can be illuminated and detected. The structures may be empty passageways or may contain electrical conductors serving the utility and ventilation needs.
Cellphones were being used to detonate roadside improvised explosive devices (IED's) in Iraq until the US Military countered with radio jamming equipment. Then the Insurgency resorted to stringing long detonation wire pairs that were not subject to radio jamming. This has proved to be difficult to counter. If the IED's or their triggers cannot be disabled as with jamming, then the next best strategy is to detect their deployment and neutralize them before the IED can injure a passing convoy. Primary electromagnetic (EM) waves will interact with surface laid wires and with the wiring and piping in underground infrastructures. Such re-radiate secondary EM waves that are detectable above with an EM gradiometer.
Electrical conductors, such as detonation wires used to trigger IEDs, will scatter low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) waves. These scattered EM waves can be observed with EM gradiometer instrumentation. EM gradiometers can be integrated onto an airframe and used for identifying IED detonation wires from the air when flying ahead of convoys.
Unattended aerial vehicles (UAV's) are presently deployed in theatre for convoy protection. An objective of recent experiments was to optimize the use of an electromagnetic (EM) gradiometer for wire detection from a UAV. Such airborne wire detection technique can provide early warning of the possible threat from IED's several hundreds of feet, to miles ahead of the ground station. Conventional EM gradiometer technology is used by the present inventors for the detection of buried tunnels and conductors, but the equipment is large and manually operated.
As technologies to jam and disable detonation of IED's by mobile cellular telephones are adopted and implemented in theatre, insurgents have resorted to other IED detonation methods, the most obvious of which is by electric wire detonation. A detonation wire pair, usually fairly long in length, is used to connect the IED to the person who performs the detonation. These wires are conductive and if stimulated with a primary electric field, reradiate a secondary field which can be used to identify the “threat” and to determine its location. Extensive engineering investigations and field tests have confirmed that electrical conductors scatter low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) waves. These scattered EM waves can be observed with an EM gradiometer instrumentation. Presently the technique has only been demonstrated on the ground but the EM gradiometer can also be integrated in an UAV, as illustrated in FIG. 1 thereby allowing investigation of the land ahead of a convoy and reporting any indication of a threat from detonation wires in real time. The UAV carries both visible and IR cameras and a Global Positioning System (GPS), locating exact coordinates for the region of interest.
The source of the primary EM wave is a vertical magnetic dipole (loop antenna) mounted on the lead vehicle in the convoy. The loop antenna generates omni-directional toroidal EM field components. The primary electric field (EP) lies in a horizontal plane, as illustrated in FIG. 1. There is a magnetic field (HP) component. When the primary electric field (EP) component illuminates the IED detonation wire pair, the induced current flow (I) in the detonation wire can be approximately determined from the long wavelength scattering limit of mathematical physics given by;




  
    
      
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where κ=β−iα; β is the phase constant and α is the attenuation rate,

ω=2πf and f is the operating frequency in Hertz,
a=radius of the detonation wire pair, and μ=μrμo is the magnetic permeability.
The above equation (1) shows that the induced current increases as the operating frequency is reduced. The induced current flow produces a cylindrically spreading secondary wave that is observable by a low-flying UAV. The secondary magnetic field component is given by




  
    
      
        
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where r=the radial distance in meters from the detonation wire to the UAV. An important aspect of the secondary magnetic field component is that it decays in magnitude by only the half power of distance (r) from the detonation wire.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly, an aerial electronic system for detection of surface and underground threats comprises an electromagnetic (EM) gradiometer flown aloft over the possible ground and underground threats to a convoy. The EM gradiometer is disposed in a Styrofoam torpedo shaped pod that is towed in flight behind an airplane. An illumination transmitter and loop antenna mounted to the airplane radiate a primary EM wave that travels down to the ground surface and penetrates beneath. Frequencies of 80 KHz to 1 MHz are selected according to whether the targets are laying on the surface or deeply buried. Detonation wire pairs, buried cables and pipes, and other conductors will re-radiate a secondary wave that can be sensed by the EM gradiometer. A reference sample of the transmitter signal is carried down a fiberoptic from the airplane to the towed pod. This signal is used in the synchronous detection to measure the secondary EM wave phase.
An advantage of the present invention is that a system is provide warnings of military threats ahead.
A further advantage of the present invention is a system is provided for detecting underground installations.
A still further advantage of the present invention is that a method is provided for sweeping a large area for suspicious wiring and buried installations.
The above and still further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of specific embodiments thereof, especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a system embodiment of the present invention for aerial electronic detection of surface and underground threats with an EM gradiometer; and
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a typical graphic user interface (GUI) displayed for a user in a lead convoy ground vehicle;
FIG. 3 is a graph of an ideal modeled EM gradiometer response;
FIG. 4 is a graph of an actual EM gradiometer detonation wire pair detection response obtained during an experiment, where the IED detonation wire pair was 137-feet long, using a transmitter CW frequency of 200 KHz, a receiver gain of 14 dB, and a gradiometer antenna separation of eleven feet;
FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of a system embodiment of the present invention for aerial electronic detection of surface and underground threats with an EM gradiometer held aloft by a blimp and using a radio buoy dropped to the surface; and
FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of a two-axis system embodiment of the present invention for aerial electronic detection of surface and underground threats with a two-axis EM gradiometer held aloft by a blimp and using a radio buoy dropped to the surface.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A gradiometer antenna array may comprise two ferrite-core magnetic dipole antennas (LMD and RMD) electrically coupled and 180-degrees out of phase. This is called the differential mode of operation. For maximum primary wave cancellation, the antennas are coaxial, antenna rod axes along same axis, and oriented on a base line perpendicular to an intended target's trend. The magnetic dipole antennas may also be connected in the summation mode of operation. In this case, the instrument would not operate as a gradiometer, but as a single magnetic dipole. LMD and RMD antennas may be configured as vertical or horizontal magnetic dipoles. During field tests, a horizontal magnetic dipole configuration was used. The instrumentation used a central electronics enclosure and telescoping antenna assembly enclosed in fiberglass. The antenna assembly tubing had a center section with the synchronization and calibration antenna (SMD). Measured data was transmitted to a remote lap-top computer via an RF-Modem in the enclosure. The system was operational for six hours on a single lead-acid rechargeable battery. The gradiometer receiver could be carried by an operator using a belt and shoulder strap.
FIG. 1 represents a system for detecting military threats ahead on the surface and underground, in an embodiment of the present invention hat is referred to herein by the general reference numeral 100. System 100 uses an airframe, e.g., an unattended aerial vehicle (UAV) 102 to tow a pod 104 by a non-conductive tether including a fiberoptic cable 106 while airborne. The pod 104, in one successful experiment, was the size of a small torpedo, had stabilizing wings at its tail to level its flight, and its round cylindrical fuselage was made of Styrofoam.
An illuminating transmitter 108 produces a tunable continuous wave (CW) signal of 80-KHz to 1-MHz that can be directed down toward the ground surface by an antenna 110. For example, such antenna can be wound in a loop 111 and mounted to the nose, tail, and wingtips of UAV 102.
There may be some advantage to slewing or sweeping the CW transmissions through their frequency range to take advantage of the various kinds of reflections that have frequency sensitive signatures, or to image targets hiding behind or underneath something else. A primary EM wave 112 impinges on a detonation cable 114 that connects a detonator 116 to an improvised explosive device (IED) 118. Such IED 118 is typically laid along a convoy roadway by Insurgency forces in Iraq to be detonated when a valuable target rolls by.
Conductive objects like the detonation cable 114 will re-radiate a secondary EM wave 120. A synchronous receiver 122 uses a pair of oppositely wound ferrite-core magnetic dipole antennas, e.g., left magnetic dipole (LMD) 124 and a right magnetic dipole (RMD) 126 in a synchronous detection configuration. In one experiment, the antenna windings were collinearly and coaxially wound outside the 12-inch diameter Styrofoam torpedo body of tow pod 104 at the front and rear ends, respectively, about eight feet apart with twenty-five windings each.
A reference synchronizing signal from the illuminating transmitter 108 is supplied, for example, over the fiberoptic cable 106. Phase and amplitude measurements of secondary signal 120 are forwarded o an RF modem 128. A global positioning system (GPS) navigation receiver 130 provides position tags for the measurements. These are transmitted by a pod antenna 132 over a downlink 133, for example, to a lead command vehicle 134 in a convoy. An RF modem 136 demodulates and reconstructs the data for user display on a graphical user interface (GUI) 140. A GPS receiver 142 provides a present position of command vehicle 134, and that makes it possible to compute how far ahead is detonation wire 114 and IED 118. A variety of displays are used to plot and map possible IED threats for investigation.
Mounting the illumination transmitter 108 too near the receiver 122 can swamp the RF stages, so a stand-off distance is needed, e.g., seventy feet. In alternative embodiments of the present invention, the pod 104 can be suspended from or attached to a blimp or helicopter, and the illumination transmitter 108 can be dropped to the ground in a radio-buoy, or it can carried by a convoy vehicle.
The gradiometer ferrite-core magnetic dipole antennas LMD 124 and RMD 126 are electrically coupled and 180-degrees out of phase, e.g., the differential mode of operation. For maximum primary wave 112 cancellation, the antennas 124 and 126 are coaxial, the antenna rod axes along same axis, on a base line perpendicular to the intended target's trend. The magnetic dipole antennas may also be made switchable into the summation mode of operation. In the summation mode, the instrument operates as a single magnetic dipole, and not an EM gradiometer. The LMD and RMD antennas 124 and 126 may also be configured as vertical or horizontal magnetic dipoles. A synchronization and calibration antenna (SMD) may be included for tuning.
The system 100 can image subsurface geophysical features with greater sensitivity, range, distance, and flexibility compared to conventional instrumentation. Prior art devices that try to capitalize on preexisting radio sources for target illumination typically suffer from noise and weak signal levels.
System 100 depends on a synchronized EM gradiometer instrument with a narrow-band receiver 122 that can discriminate against spectra-noise components, and that operates in the low ionosphere, earth waveguide noise band. Such maximizes the detection threshold sensitivity of the instrumentation. The EM gradiometer technique capitalizes on a high threshold detection sensitivity to secondary EM waves 120 in the extremely low frequency (ELF) 30-300 Hz, and very low frequency (VLF) 3-30 kHz bands. Synchronization to the primary wave 112 with fiberoptic 106 enables very narrow-band detection with threshold detection sensitivity in the picoTesla (pT) range. Theoretical investigations have found that the secondary EM fields 120 are typically 20-60 dB below that of the directly received primary EM field 112. A difficult instrument design issue is how to detect the secondary fields in the presence of much larger primary field components. Careful implementation of the gradiometer antennas 124 and 126 can result in 70-dB of primary field suppression.
In a series of tests conducted with an airborne transmitter like that of FIG. 1, the coherent receiver was observed to be very sensitive to body dynamics during flight. The receiver phase data observed was constant over the target, and the transmitter output power had to be turned down to limit the illumination. The estimated receiver altitude limit was around 100 feet.
In further tests with a ground based transmitter, the non-coherent receiver used had a good low-noise sensitivity floor, but no information was obtainable from the receiver phase data. The transmitter appeared as accountable target in the receiver data.
Transmitter output power can be increased to cover large areas. The transmitter itself can be stationary or mobile. The receiver altitude ceiling can be raised to 300+ feet by increasing the receiver gain. When either airborne or ground based transmitters were used, low receiver altitudes generated double-humped “m” data magnitude profiles, and the higher altitudes generated magnitude readings that plotted as a single hump.
The source of the primary EM wave 112 can also be a vertical magnetic dipole, e.g., loop antenna, mounted on a lead ground vehicle in a convoy. Loop antennas generate omni-directional toroidal EM field components. The induced current (I) in long, thin electrical conductors when illuminated by the electric field component (E) of an EM-wave increases as the operating frequency is reduced. The induced current flow produces a cylindrically spreading secondary wave that is observable by a low-flying UAV. The secondary magnetic field decays in magnitude by only the half power of distance (r) from a detonation wire 114.
The upper curve in FIG. 3 shows a modeled sum of primary and secondary fields obtained in a test. The total field changes by only a few percent directly over the detonation wire and would be difficult to detect with conventional instrumentation. The lower set of gradient curves with the primary wave suppressed changes by a large amount, and is detectable with EM gradiometer instrumentation.
The actual response of a hand held gradiometer is represented in FIG. 4, and was obtained during a field test of a 137-foot detonation wire pair over the ground. An EM gradiometer was built by differentially connecting two identical ferrite rod antennas with a separation of approximately ten feet. Each of these antennas was a horizontal magnetic dipole. Such configuration of antennas suppresses the primary magnetic field component by more than 70-dB.
In another experiment, an EM gradiometer was mounted inside a UAV and not towed behind in a pod. A number of sequenced passes over a range of speeds and heights was flown over IED detonation wire pairs of various lengths. The measured data was transmitted downlink to a companion receiver and notebook computer. An EM gradiometer electronics was mounted into a Rascal-type UAV. The electronics drew less than 400 mA, but had to be reduced to a quarter ampere to enable operation longer than four hours.
System 100 could be integrated with conventional Ground Control and Tactical C4 Systems. The output from the gradiometer can be transmitted to the ground base in real time, and still frame images are compressed and transmitted over PSC-5D in conjunction with EM gradiometer. Live video can be compressed and transmitted in real time over PRC-117F and PSC-5D links. The technology probably should be suitably hardened for use in theatre.
FIG. 2 represents a browser-type graphical user interface (GUI) 200 that would be useful in ground vehicle 134 in FIG. 1. A number of different tabs allow the selection of data, setup, GPS, and graph displays. Here, the phase and amplitude measurements from EMG receiver 122 are plotted according to range distance as provided by GPS 130 and GPS 142. FIG. 2 shows a suspected detonation wire 114 lies forty-two meters ahead. A GPS display can be used to show the position of the ground vehicle on a map relative to the suspected IED.
FIG. 3 models the ideal plot of amplitude for f=100 KHz.
FIG. 4 is a plot that was obtained in one experiment.
FIG. 5 illustrates a system for detecting underground facilities and other threats electronically from airborne vehicles, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral 500. System 500 can image an underground facility 502 by dropping a CW radio buoy 504 on the ground surface nearby. This will generate primary EM waves 506 and 508, typically tuned to around 80 KHz for maximum earth penetration. Various metallic objects in the underground facility 502 will reradiate secondary EM waves 510, the least attenuated of which will emerge straight above the reflecting object at the ground surface. A blimp 512 or helicopter hovering above uses EM gradiometer technique to take EM secondary wave 510 phase and amplitude measurements. These are reported together with the position of blimp 512 wirelessly to a command vehicle 514.
In hostile deployments, radio buoy 504 can remain silent until commanded to transmit, and then only transmit in predetermined timeslots and frequencies. Such would conserve battery power and help conceal its location.
The magnitude of the scattered secondary wave 510 detected from an underground conductor (UGC) infrastructure increases as the carrier frequency being used decreases. Extremely low frequency (ELF) 30-300 Hz, and very low frequency (VLF) 3-30 kHz wavebands have a significant advantage in UGC detection. The attenuation rate of EM waves in the ELF/VLF bands through soil and rock is very low, so deeply buried structures can be readily radio-illuminated and detected. The detected structures may even include empty passageways, or those with electrical conductors serving the utility and ventilation needs.
Underground tunnels and caves invariably provide electrical pathways. The electrical current flow (I) channel can be a source of the secondary EM field 510. Primary EM waves 506 induce current into electrical pathways. In an empty tunnel case, the higher conductivity layer underlying the tunnel will channel electrical current. Conductive layers underlying the tunnel can be created naturally by soluble salts. The result is a cylindrically spreading EM wave that is observable on the surface. In either case, an subsurface induced current results in a surface detectable secondary EM wave 510.
The exemplary underground facility 502 comprises an adit (entrance) 520, a ventilation shaft 522, an above-ground radio antenna 524, power-feed cables 526, train rails 528, outside utility transmission lines 530, internal power distribution cables 532, and vehicles 534. Many of these features are unavoidable, and very hard to conceal, especially from electronic scanning.
The blimp 512 includes a primary wave sample antenna 536 and a receiver 538. These obtain a synchronizing signal for an EM gradiometer (EMG) receiver 540. A coaxial left magnetic dipole (LMD) 542 and right magnetic dipole (RMD) 544 antennas are wound on a common core about ten feet from each other to receive secondary EM waves 510. EMG measurements are forwarded to an RF modem 546. A GPS receiver 548 provides position tags that are attached and transmitted on antenna 550 via a radio command link 552. A command vehicle antenna 554 connects to a matching RF modem 556. The EMG measurements and blimp positions are compared with vehicle position data from a command vehicle GPS 558 and displayed on a GUI 560. The user can then assess the threat ahead under the blimp 512 and take action to avoid being caught in an attack, or to direct a precision bombing raid.
There is a universal similarity amongst all kinds of underground facilities around the world. In part, this stems from the small number of academic institutions that educate and train the world's mining engineers, geologists, and geophysicists. The same curriculum and textbooks are subscribed to by most all the leading schools. Otherwise disperse members of the world mining community are also drawn together by trade associations and trade shows. For example, the 18.sup.th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining that was recently held at West Virginia University (WVU), and also the annual meetings of the Society of Mining Engineering allow for a lot of professional networking.
The technical specializations employed in the construction of underground facility 502 include mine design, ground control, ventilation, drainage, electrical design, conveyers, transport systems, geology, and geophysics. Governments have enforced standardization in mining practice through various health and safety regulations. Such regulations have their roots in basic lessons learned from mine disasters around the world. Some governments go so far as to encourage their domestic equipment manufacturers to export machinery for the worldwide mining market. Indeed, mining machines that are proven to be reliable in their domestic markets will find ready export markets. These factors result in underground facility construction that is consistent in all countries.
Many different kinds of underground structures use reinforced concrete, and the steel reinforcing is very easy to image electronically with ground penetrating radar. Drug smuggling tunnels in the Nogales, Ariz., area would collapse if it were not for its aggressive ground control measures. Structures developed into hard rock have similar ground control requirements. Weathering at the adits can make the ground incompetent. Aggressive use of steel/wood supports along with metal screening is required, and reinforced concrete is commonly used in the construction of adits. As the entries are developed, ground control measures intensify with strata depth and with the width of the entry. Mines driven into schists use roof bolts and metal screening to cross through faults. Roof rock falls can be detected seismically with geophones. Such microseismic devices can be integrated into an EM-gradiometer for long-term monitoring.
The preferential use of pneumatic drills in mines means that a network of high pressure metal pipes must be installed to supply the compressed air. Such pipe network will reradiate electromagnetic waves as well as power cables and railroad rails. The drills and the blasting with explosives in mines also means seismic and sound detectors can be used to detect activity, especially new construction.
The tunnel boring machines (TBM) used by such operations are specialized equipment that can be tracked by commerce officials. The sale and delivery of TBM's can signal that a new search could turn up underground facility 502 and provide some preliminary information on where to look.
A shallow-buried tunnel was recently detected by the odd way snow melted overhead on the surface along the center line of the tunnel. Such tunnel used wood-support ground-control measures to build the tunnel. Other nearby tunnels were driven into schist with drill-and-blast methods. Evidence suggested that rail was used for muck transport. Lighting brackets were seen on the ribs (walls) of the tunnel, and their electrical conductors were EM-observables on the surface.
Mining engineers expect water will most likely be encountered in developing entries, and so mines are developed upgrade to naturally dewater the workings. The mine drainage water therefore exits underground facility 502 at an adit. In sulfide-bearing rock mass, the drainage water will be acidic, and discolor the surface soil and retard vegetation. Such water may form an electrical conductor.
Bacteria of two types always seem to be associated with mine ventilation. When sufficient oxygen is present, the relatively warm and moist underground environment fosters rapid accumulation of aerobic bacteria strains. But in the poorly or not ventilated areas, carbon dioxide (black damp) builds up, and anaerobic bacteria grows rapidly. Septic conditions can also generate hydrogen sulfide and methane.
Mine ventilation engineers try to drive fresh air through the mine's entries and into the working areas with a “primary fan” that is located as near the adit as possible, e.g., in an air door. Overpressure is typically generated by the primary fan in the mining complex to push air out the exhaust vents at the deep end of the complex. Sometimes air ducts are used to carry fresh air to the working area, and the used air exits at the adit. The ventilation system may also be designed around an exhaust fan system. Some ventilation tubing includes electrically conductive spiral wire that can reradiate signals that are observable on the surface with EM-detectors.
Large underground mines and other facilities have trouble maintaining adequate air ventilation, so lots of small fans will usually be found to assist the main fans. Three-phase electric utility power is generally required for big ventilation fans because of the large horsepower electric motors they use. The smaller fans are usually connected to single-phase power.
In remote areas, diesel and propane gensets are used because bringing in a utility transmission line 112 is not practical. The power cables depended on to supply the fans can be expected to radiate secondary EM-waves 510 and also waveguide the primary EM-waves 506 deeper into the lower parts of the underground facility 502.
The electrical power and telephone design practice is dictated by universal health and safety regulations, and differ for gassy and non-gassy mines. In non-gassy mines, electrical transformers and switches are designed to surface standards. However, in gassy mines, flameproof enclosures are designed around these electrical apparatus.
In Third World countries, three-phase power wires entering the complex are distributed in three separate conductors that run in parallel along the rib (side) of the drift. This is because jacketed three-phase cables as used in the US and Europe are too expensive and too difficult to get. Such wiring promotes low-attenuation rate monofilar and bifilar EM-wave propagation in the mine. Since these conductors traverse most of the mine entries, any induced radio signal current flow results in secondary waves that can be used to determine the orientation of entries in the underground facility 502.
Proper electrical grounding in underground facility 502 is exceedingly important, but it is difficult to maintain a single continuous grounding conductor throughout any mine. When a grounding wire is damaged or fails, the safety circuit breakers may not trip if a motor fault occurs. So each load has its own ground wire run to it, and these ground wires fan out throughout the mine.
Mining machines induce unique current flows in these ground wires, and the signal radiates as an EM-observable. For example, induction motors during startup cause a triangular-shaped ground current to flow. A Fourier series representation of induced current includes odd harmonics that decay as the inverse square of the odd harmonic number, e.g., albeit an electronic signature. There is also a strong component at the induction motor slip frequency. By monitoring the slip frequency, motor loading can be determined. Three-phase rectifiers also generate strong harmonics that decay as the inverse first power of the harmonic number. In general, the mine-generated electrical noise density spectrum below 100 KHz increases as the inverse power of frequency. An EM-gradiometer can be set advantageously to search for such power system-induced harmonics.
For a thin electrical conductor in a tunnel, the induced current increases with the amplitude of primary EM-wave electric field component that is tangential to the electrical conductor and inversely with frequency. Therefore, lower frequency EM-waves are preferable and compatible with the HAARP transmitter electrojet modulation capability and other standoff opportunistic sources that utilize the earth-ionosphere waveguide.
The electric field vanishes at zero frequency. There is an optimum frequency for inducing maximum current for magnetic dipole sources. Primary EM-waves that propagate in earth-ionosphere waveguide signals are quasi-transverse EM-waves (TEM) which produce uniform illumination of the underground facility 502. In the case of a waveguide TEM-wave, the magnitude of electric field is not frequency dependent as in the case of the magnetic dipole source.
The secondary EM-wave scattered from an electrical conductor will slow decay with distance from the conductor at radial distances that are large compared with the skin depth. At radial distances that are large compared with the skin depth, the secondary cylindrically spreading EM-waves decay with the half power of distance (r) from the conductor. They are decreased in magnitude by the attenuation factor. A gradiometer antenna is designed to measure the gradient of the cylindrical spreading EM-wave. The reception of secondary EM-waves in the rock mass surrounding the tunnel or on the surface confirms the existence of nearby electrical conductors.
The attenuation rate is typically less than 1.0 dB per kilometer at fifty KHz. Passageway conductors essentially create an induced current distribution network throughout the underground facility 502. The current appears on the electric power and telephone cables entering the complex through any adits. Switches will not disrupt all the induced current flow because the grounding conductors are never switched. However, open switches and any isolation transformers can attenuate the signal.
The total field is the sum of the primary and secondary field. Usually the total field changes by only a few percent, but the gradient changes by tens of percent when an EM-gradiometer is passed over a conductor. If quasi-TEM earth-ionosphere waveguide signals are used, EM-waves couple across the air-soil boundary and propagate downward. The attenuation rate and phase shift for a uniform plane wave propagate in natural medium with a typical relative dielectric constant of ten. The propagation constant can be estimated for various types of natural media.
The electrical conductivity of most natural media increases with frequency. The lower frequency signal attenuation rate decreases from high frequency values, so deeper targets may be detected using lower frequencies. Ground-penetrating radar technologies are inappropriate to find underground facility 502, at one-hundred MHz in a 10-1 S/m media, the attenuation rate is too great. It's about 39-dB per meter, and such prevents receiving minimum signals at surface.
One advantage of an EM-gradiometer is that it can be used on the surface. Radiowave interference from distant sources will be plane waves that can be easily suppressed by the gradiometer antenna. The gradiometer measurements of tunnel and underground facility 502 response typically exhibit a high signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio which is favorable for reducing the false alarm rate (FAR).
For a sinusoidal signal embedded in white electrical noise, synchronous detection maximizes the threshold detection sensitivity. Typically, a well-designed receiver will exhibit a noise figure near 2-dB. The noise bandwidth (BN) will be the predominating problem in any receiver design.
The receiver threshold sensitivity increases as bandwidth is reduced. By synchronizing the receiver to the EM-wave illuminating the target, the receiver bandwidth can be made very small. Alternatively, a wider bandwidth can be used in the design where sampling and averaging can be used to achieve effective bandwidth. However, this type of system would not be able to discriminate the discrete spectrum.
An EM-wave magnetic field component threading an area of an induction coil of N-turns produces an electromotive force voltage (EMF). A ferrite rod with an initial permeability of 5,000 and a length/diameter ratio of twelve achieves a relative permeability of one hundred twenty. The induced EMF increases with the first power of N and operating frequency. Therefore, HAARP modulation frequency should be as high as possible to take advantage.
For a one inch diameter ferrite rod, noise is expected to be 0.02 picoTesla in a 1-Hertz bandwidth. The signal-to-noise ratio is, SNR=50.
The primary EM-wave illuminating the ground surface may alternatively be received by a series-tuned sync magnetic dipole antenna (SMD). An EMF signal of typically 32-microvolts per picoTesla will be amplified by a programmable gain controlled amplifier (PGA), e.g., 60 dB of gain. A mixer-filter frequency transposes the signal into a 2.5 KHz intermediate frequency (IF) signal, and provides an additional gain of 78-dB. The IF signal is filtered and limited to form a square wave. The square wave signal is applied o the phase-locked loop (PLL) phase detector (PD). The PD and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 310 produces the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) sampling gate signals.
The differential mode radiometer antenna, left magnetic dipole and right magnetic dipole, array produce an output signal.
The EM-gradiometer array signal is amplified by programmable gain control amplifier (PGA). The mixer-filter circuit results in the frequency transportation of the gradiometer signal to the 2.5 KHz intermediate frequency (IF) signal. The IF gradiometer signal is applied to the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) sampling gates.
The I and Q gate output signals are applied to separate integrators. The output of each integrator is applied to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). After integration, the rectified signals are processed by a microcomputer.
The three EM-wave field components of a quasi TEM-wave are a vertical electric field, a horizontal magnetic field component, and a horizontal electric field component. The horizontal electric and magnetic field components couple across the air-earth surface boundary, then propagate downward to illuminate underground facility 502. Measurement of the horizontal “E” and “H” components is used in determining the electrical conductivity of the soil overlying the underground facility 502. An indigenous transmitter can represent an opportunistic source of quasi-TEM signals, e.g., the Navy very-low-frequency transmitter, located in Washington state. The quasi TEM-wave vertical electric field has been analytically determined to be 2.2 mV/m at the NTS. The experimental value was found to be 2.6 mV/m.
Aircraft equipped with horizontal magnetic dipole antennas are conventionally used in geophysical exploration. Very strong EM signals can be created by induction coils designed into chemical explosives, magneto hydrodynamic devices (MHDD). An MHDD was developed into a borehole radar logging tool for the oil/gas industry, but the industry did not adopt their use because of the explosive damage possible to the very costly-to-drill wells. But an MHDD detonated over a underground facility 502 just prior to and during sampling could be an effective radio illumination source.
The synchronized EM-gradiometer receiver technology can be reconfigured into a ground-penetrating transponder (GPT) for remote sensing. underground facility 502 response data could then be collected prior to a scout-team visit. The GPT preferably includes an S-band transmitter for transmitting data collected to standoff receivers. A number of GPT's may be placed along a survey line preferably crossing the heading of a adit and the underground facility 502, and form a gradiometer array. Each GPT preferably further includes a seismic monitor, e.g., implemented with micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology. The seismic data collected can help to estimate the depth of underground roadways, and to map the orientation of entries in the underground facility 502. Position information can be provided by a global positioning system (GPS) receiver.
Not all target conductors will be transverse to the longitudinal axis of a single-axis EM gradiometer. It can therefore be advantageous to configure an X-array to gather two dimensional information.
FIG. 6 illustrates a system for detecting underground facilities and other threats electronically from airborne vehicles in two axes, along track and cross-track, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral 600. System 600 is similar to system 500 (FIG. 5) in that it can image an underground facility 602 by dropping a CW radio buoy 604 on the ground surface nearby. This will generate primary EM waves 606 and 608, typically tuned to around 80 KHz for maximum earth penetration. Various metallic objects in the underground facility 602 will reradiate secondary EM waves 610 as dipoles which polarize according to their orientation in the horizontal plane. A blimp 612 or helicopter hovering above uses a two-axis EM gradiometer technique to take EM secondary wave 610 phase and amplitude measurements with orthogonally arranged antennas. These measurements are reported together with the position of blimp 612 by secure radio to a command vehicle 614.
The exemplary underground facility 602 comprises an adit entrance 620, a ventilation shaft 622, an above-ground radio antenna 624, power-feed cables 626, train rails 628, outside utility transmission lines 630, internal power distribution cables 632, and vehicles 634. Many of these features are unavoidable, and very hard to conceal, especially from electronic scanning.
The blimp 612 includes a primary wave sample antenna 636 and a receiver 638. These obtain a synchronizing signal for a 2-axis EM gradiometer (2EMG) receiver 640. A coaxial left magnetic dipole (LMD) 642 and right magnetic dipole (RMD) 643 antennas are wound on a common core about ten feet from each other to receive secondary EM waves 610 in one along-track axis. A coaxial left magnetic dipole (LMD) 644 and right magnetic dipole (RMD) 645 antennas are wound on another common core about ten feet from each other to receive secondary EM waves 610 in one cross-track axis. The antennas 642-645 are in a cross dipole array set perpendicular to each other and in one horizontal plane parallel to the ground surface below.
2D-EMG measurements are forwarded to an RF modem 646. A GPS receiver 648 provides position and heading tags that are attached and transmitted on antenna 650 via a radio command link 652. A command vehicle antenna 654 connects to a matching RF modem 656. The 2D-EMG measurements and blimp positions are compared with vehicle position and heading data from a command vehicle GPS 658 and displayed on a GUI 660. The user can then assess the threat ahead under the blimp 612 and take action to avoid being caught in an attack, or to direct a precision bombing raid.
A method embodiment of the present invention for detecting and characterizing underground man-made structures, facilities and levees comprises first defining a minimum set of construction features common to all members of a class of underground man-made structures, facilities and levees. These can be cataloged into a database, at least one of an electronic signature and a photographic signature for each of the construction features in accessible members of the class of underground man-made structures and facilities. Radio illumination of such construction provides reflected signals that are collected above ground. The measurements are compared with an electronic signature or photographic signature stored in the catalog. The location, depth, orientation, nature of overburden, and type are deduced for the inaccessible underground man-made structure, facility or levee.
In embodiments of the present invention, the right and left gradiometer magnetic dipole antenna electromotive force voltage (EMF) is generated coherently in each dipole. Since the right magnetic dipole EMF voltage is phase coherent with the left magnetic dipole voltage, the two signals are coherent. The coherence can be derived from the measured data and used in gradiometer processing software.
A third separate synchronization channel can be avoided in some applications. The right and left gradiometer magnetic dipoles each generate an EMF voltage. The EMF voltage is digitized, creating in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) a vector (phaser) for each magnetic dipole EMF voltage. Each vector will be phase coherent with the scattered wave from the threat. An algorithm in a software-definable receiver (SDR) can be used to subtract the phaser (vector) representation of each EMF to determine the digital core gradiometer response. An algorithm in a software-definable receiver (SDR) can be used to drive a down conversion oscillator frequency difference to minimum value. A subtraction algorithm determines the finite difference between the EMF voltages, creating a gradient response. The gradient response threat detection sensitivity increases with the separation distance between the left and right hand magnetic dipoles. The detection sensitivity can be increased by physically increasing the separation distance between magnetic dipoles.
Although particular embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated, such is not intended to limit the invention. Modifications and changes will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art, and it is intended that the invention only be limited by the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A system for the electronic detection of military threats, comprising:
an electromagnetic (EM) gradiometer for detecting secondary EM waves scattered from objects illuminated by a primary EM wave existent in a local area;
a right magnetic dipole antenna and a left magnetic dipole antenna included in the EM gradiometer for receiving said secondary EM waves and able to reject said primary EM wave;
a synchronizer able to provide a reference signal to the EM gradiometer derived from said primary EM wave;
a processor for synchronous detection able to make measurements of the phase and amplitude of said secondary EM waves; and
a graphical user interface (GUI) for displaying information about the location of objects assessed to be threats in said local area that were computed from said measurements of the phase and amplitude;
wherein a vehicle may be used for transporting the EM gradiometer over said local area during periods said objects are being radio illuminated.

2. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a primary EM wave radiator separated from said vehicle enough to prevent saturating the EM gradiometer with said primary EM waves.

3. The system of claim 2, further comprising:
a tow pod in which the EM gradiometer is mounted and for being towed in flight;
a tether for connecting the tow pod to an airplane, and including a fiberoptic cable as a means for providing a synchronizing reference signal; and
an antenna for mounting to said airplane and for providing said primary EM wave.

4. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a radio buoy providing for the generation of a primary EM wave, and which can be dropped from the air to the surface of said local area.

5. The system of claim 4, further comprising:
a transmission control means for generating a short-period primary EM wave.

6. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
at least one of a blimp or helicopter providing for an airborne vehicle to carry the EM gradiometer, and that can hover and linger over said local area.

7. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a first pair of left and right magnetic dipole antennas coaxial to one another and wound on opposite ends of a common cylindrical core;
a second pair of left and right magnetic dipole antennas coaxial to one another and wound on opposite ends of a common cylindrical core, and set orthogonal to and in a horizontal parallel plane with the first pair of left and right magnetic dipole antennas;
a synchronous receiver for recovering phase and amplitude information for secondary EM wave signals recovered by the first and second pairs of left and right magnetic dipole antennas, and using synchronous detection to produce corresponding phase and amplitude measurements; and
a navigation receiver for producing position tags that can identify the locations of objects radiating said secondary EM wave signals.

8. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a circuit for eliminating the need for a separate synchronization channel, wherein the right and left gradiometer magnetic dipoles are each used to generate an electromagnetic force (EMF) voltage, and said EMF voltage is digitized, creating in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) a vector (phaser) for each magnetic dipole EMF voltage, wherein each vector will be phase coherent with a scattered wave from a threat.

9. The system of claim 8, further comprising:
a software-definable receiver (SDR) used to subtract a phaser representation of each EMF to determine a digital core gradiometer response.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein:
the SDR is used to drive a down conversion oscillator frequency difference to minimum, and a subtraction process is used to determine a finite difference between EMF voltages to determine a gradient response;

11. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
an increased separation distance between the left and right hand magnetic dipoles for improving a gradient response threat detection sensitivity.