[DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 20

- 14480

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1 : 20

- cv - 04809

- TCB
CORECO JA’QUAN PEARSON, et al

. , Plaintiff

- Appell ants ,
versus BRIAN KEMP, et al

. , Defendant

- Appell ees .

_________ _______________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia

________________________ (December 4, 2020) Before WILSON , ROSENBAUM , and BRASHER , Circuit Judges. BRASHER, Circuit Judge : This appeal arises from last

- minute litigation that alleges widespread election

related misconduct and seeks sweeping relief. T he issue before us , however, is a narrow question of appellate jurisdiction : h as the district court entered an order that

USCA11 Case: 20-14480 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 1 of 112 we have jurisdiction to review? Because the answer to that question is “no,” we must dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction and allow the proceedings to continue in the district court.
I. BACKGROUND The plaintiffs in this case are a group of Presential E lectors from Georgia. On the Wednesday before Thanksgiving, they sued Georgia’s Governor , its Secretary of State , and other defendants . They asserted that Georgia’s certified 2020 Presidential Election results were suspect because of alleged vulnerabilities in Georgia’s election machines and alleged mathematical and statistical anomalies in the vote count. Two days later

— the Friday after Thanksgiving

— the p laintiffs filed a motion for injunctive relief, seeking (1) a temporary restraining order preventing the d efendants from erasing or altering forensic data on voting machines, (2) an injunction de

- certifying the Presidential election results, or alternatively a stay in the delivery of the certified resul ts to the Electoral College, and (3) an injunction making the voting machines available to the p laintiffs for forensic analysis

. The district court took the complaint and motion seriously and, on Sunday night, held a hearing on the plaintiffs’ motion via Zoom

. There, the p laintiffs ’ counsel explained that the evidence the p laintiffs hoped to collect from Georgia’s voting machines might be permanently lost if the d efendants were not immediately enjoined from altering the machines, since th ose machines needed to be recalibrate d

USCA11 Case: 20-14480 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 2 of 113 for upcoming state and local runoff elections

. Rather than waiting for a ruling on the motion for injunctive relief that covered ten counties, the p laintiffs proposed that the district court order “very limit ed” relief in “two or three counties.” This solution would allow the p laintiffs to quickly collect the data they sought without impeding
t he runoff elections. The district judge agreed with the p laintiffs, and said that he would “order and temporarily restrain the Defendants . . . from altering or destroying or erasing[,] or allowing the alteration, destruction, or erasing of any of the computer information on any of the [voting] machines” in Cobb, Gwinnett, and Cherokee
C ounties

. True to his word, the district judge issued a written temporary restraining order on Sunday night that gave the plaintiffs what the y said they wanted

. Th at order enjoined the defendants from erasing or altering data on voting machines in the three counties listed above

. It also ordered the defendants to produce a copy of the contract between the S tate of Georgia and Dominion Voting Systems

. T wo follow

- up orders set an expedited evidentiary hearing for the morning of December 4, 2020 on the broader relief requested in the plaintiffs’ motion and certified that the Sunday night order contained the elements required for a permissive appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). A few days later , the plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal as to the district court’s Sunday night order

. As a result, the district court canceled the hearing on the broader

USCA11 Case: 20-14480 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 3 of 114 relief the plaintiffs had requested

. The defendants filed a conditional cross

- appeal. Later, the plaintiffs also requested permission to appeal in this Court under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b ). II. DISCUSSION In our judicial system, the district court is the central forum for testing, advancing, proving, or disproving a party’s allegations. It is where trials tak e place and the parties present their evidence. As a court of appeals, “we are a court of review, not of first view.” Cutter v. Wilkinson , 544 U.S. 709, 718, n.7 (2005). Typically, w e enter the picture only after the district court has considered the parti es’ competing positions and a winner has emerged. Less frequently, we review preliminary injunction s or orders that ask a particularly important, purely legal question

. T h e district court has not issued one of those appealable orders

. In this case,
t he district court issued an emergency temporary restraining order at the plaintiffs’ request, worked at a breakneck pace to provide them an opportunity for broader relief, and was ready to enter an appealable order on the merits of their claims immediately after its expedited hearing on December 4, 2020. But t he plaintiffs would not take the district court’s “yes” for an answer. They appealed instead. And, because they appeal ed , the evidentiary hearing has been stayed and the case

USCA11 Case: 20-14480 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 4 of 115 considerably delayed. For our part, t he law requires that we dismiss the appeal and return the case to the district court for further proceedings. A. The Sunday night order is not appealable under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 or 1292(a)(1) We begin with the obvious: we cannot exercise our customary appellate jurisdiction because t he district court has not entered a final judgment

. See 28 U.S.C. § 1291

. A final judgment is a decision that “ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the c ourt to do but execute the judgment.” Ray Haluch Gravel Co.
v. Cent r. Pension Fund of Operating Eng’rs and Participating Emp’rs , 571 U.S. 177, 183 (2014). An appeal from a final judgment may be taken as a matter of right. Gelboim v. Bank of Am. Corp. , 574 U.S. 405, 407 (2015)

. The plaintiff s concede no final judgment h as been entered in this case

. Instead, the p laintiffs argue that the district court’s Sunday night order is immediately appealable as an order denying their request for a temporary restraining order

. T he
p laintiffs argue that that

— even though the Sunday night order granted their request for a temporary restraining order in part and did not, on its face, deny anything

— the order effectively denied their request because of the exigent circumstances involved

. This argument fails for three reasons. First, the district court’s order does not deny the p laintiffs their re quested relief at all

. The p laintiffs filed their motion on the Friday after Thanksgiving. The district court held an emergency hearing over the weekend and, on Sunday ,

USCA11 Case: 20-14480 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 5 of 116 November 29th , entered a TRO granting the p laintiffs ’ request in part. Notably, th is Sunday night order gave the plaintiffs almost exactly what their counsel proposed as a temporary solution at the hearing : it “identif [ied] a very limited . . . number of counties” and enjoined the defendants from erasing or altering data contained on Dominion voting machines in those counties , thus, preserving them for future inspection. The district court then set an expedited briefing schedule and an
emergency evidentiary hearing for December 4th . The purpose of the briefin g schedule was to allow the defendants an opportunity to respond to the plaintiffs’ allegations. And the purpose of the evidentiary hearing was to allow the p laintiffs to support their allegations with evidence and, potentially, to win the injunctive relie f that they were seeking. Nothing about that chain of events suggests an adverse ruling on the p laintiffs ’ motion

. Second, even if the district court’s order were properly construed as the denial of the p laintiffs ’ request

— again , ignoring the fact that it did not deny anything

— we do not ordinarily have jurisdiction over TRO rulings. McDougald v. Jenson , 786 F.2d 1465, 1472 (11th Cir. 1986). We exercise appellate jurisdiction over TRO decisions only “when a grant or denial of a TRO might have a serious, perhaps irreparable, consequence, and can be effectually challenged only by immediate appeal [

. ] ” Schiavo ex rel. Schind ler v. Schiavo , 403 F.3d 1223, 1225 (11th Cir. 2005) (quoting Ingram v. Ault , 50 F.3d 898, 900 (11th Cir.1995))

. This is a high hurdle for

USCA11 Case: 20-14480 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 6 of 117 appellants to clear, and o ur caselaw provides for emergency appeals from TRO decisions only in the direst of circumstances. In Ingram , we permitted an appeal where a prisoner was set to be executed within twenty

- four hours of a TRO being denied. Ingram , 50 F.3d at 899

- 900. In Schia vo , we permitted an appeal where a court denied a TRO that would have put a terminally ill patient back on l ife support. Schiavo , 403 F.3d at 1225. The p laintiffs here are not in the same position as an inmate about to be executed or a patient removed fr om life support

. The “irreparable” harm threatened here is that voting machines will be “wiped,” erasing the data they contain and preventing the p laintiffs from conducting the forensic inspection they request. But the plaintiffs have not demonstrated that the alleged harm is imminent

— that the defendants would have wip e d all these machines county

- by

- county , destroying all the data they contain, unles s the district court had granted broader relief on Sunday night

. In fact, t he district court’s order was specifically designed to avoid this
consequence by enjoining the defendants from erasing or altering data on the machines in three counties . It preserv e d the status quo in a way that gave the plaintiffs what they said they wanted and was minimally disruptive to the State of Georgia’s ability to conduct special run

- off elections in other counties

. Nothing compelled an immediate appeal: had the p laintiffs not appealed t he district court’s Sunday night order, the district court would have held the evidentiary hearing it set

USCA11 Case: 20-14480 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 7 of 118 for December 4th and , by now, would likely have ruled on the p laintiffs’ broa der request for injunctive relief. Afterwards, the plaintiffs could have appealed. Third , and for many of the same reasons, the district court’s Sunday night order was not a n appealable preliminary injunction order masquerading as a ruling on a request for a TRO. To determine whether an order denominated as a TRO is actually an appealable decision on a preliminary injunction, we review certain factors including “the duration of the order ” an d “ the extent of evidence submitted to the district court .” Cuban Am. Bar Ass'n, Inc. v. Christopher , 43 F.3d 1412, 1422 (11th Cir. 1995)

. The Sunday night order lack s the hallmarks of a preliminary injunction ruling . I t d oes not engage the traditional four

- factor test for granting preliminary injunctions. Its duration is limited to ten days. And , although some evidence has been submitted to the district court, no live witnesses have testified, no discovery has been conducted, and the defendants have no t even had a chance to file a response to the complaint

. B. The Sunday night order is not appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) Alternatively, the plaintiffs ask that we permit them to appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). Where no other avenue of appeal is open, Section 1292(b) allows a court of appeals to exercise jurisdiction under certain specified conditions. Dig ital Equip. Corp. v. Desktop Direct, Inc. , 511 U.S. 863, 883 (1994). Review under this statute was “intended, and should be reserved, for situations in which the court of appeals

USCA11 Case: 20-14480 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 8 of 119 can rule on a pure, controlling question of law without having to delve beyond the surface of t he record in order to determine the facts” and should not, in contrast, turn

on case - specific inquiries, such as “whether the district court properly applied settled law to the facts or evidence of a particular case.” McFarlin v. Conseco Servs., LLC , 381 F .3d 1251, 1259 (11th Cir. 2004). This Court has identified five conditions necessary for it to consider an issue in an interlocutory appeal under Section 1292(b): “(1) the issue is a pure question of law, (2) the issue is controlling of at least a substant ial part of the case, (3) the issue was specified by the district court in its order, (4) there are substantial grounds for difference of opinion on the issue, and (5) resolution may well substantially reduce the amount of litigation necessary on remand.” Mamani v. Berzain , 825 F.3d 1304, 1312 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotation marks omitted). This avenue of appellate jurisdiction is also closed . The case does not meet our criteria for Section 1292(b) interlocutory review for at least three reasons. First, Sectio n 1292(b) does not countenance an interlocutory appeal at this point in the case. The district court’s Sunday night order was entered after only a weekend’s worth of litigation and does not conclusively answer any legal questions. Cf. Ray v. American Nat. Red Cross , 921 F.2d 324, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (no appeal when t he district court certified the question under § 1292(b) without first deciding it). Perhaps for that reason, the order certifies that the case involves a

USCA11 Case: 20-14480 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 9 of 1110 controlling question of law but does n ot identify what that question is. See McFarlin , 381 F.3d at 1264 (“If the district court is unsure about which of the questions, if any, that are answered by its order qualify for certification under § 1292(b), it should not certify the order for review. If convinced that a particular question does qualify, the district court should tell us which question it is.”). And, most problematic in our view, the parties intended to present more evidence on the issues addressed in the district court’s order, and the district court scheduled briefs and a hearing to allow it. We cannot use Section 1292(b) to “offer advisory opinions rendered on hypotheses which evaporate in the light of full factual development.” Paschall v. Kansas City Star Co ., 605 F.2d 403, 406 (8th Cir. 1979) (cleaned up). Second, we are not convinced the primary question the plaintiffs suggest we

answer

— whether county

- level election officials are the proper defendants to redress the plaintiffs’ alleged injuries

— is a “pure or abstract legal question ” that can be “stated at a high enough level of abstraction to lift the question out of the details of the evidence or facts of a particular case.” McFarlin , 381 F.3d at 1259, 126 2 . This issue goes to the redressability element of standing. “Standing for A rticle III purposes requires a plaintiff to provide evidence of an injury in fact, causation and redressability.” Dermer v. Miami

- Dade Cnty

. , 599 F.3d 1217, 1220 (11th Cir. 2010). A court must assess standing by making “a legal determination based on the f acts established by the record.” Church of Scientology Flag Serv. Org., Inc. v. City of

USCA11 Case: 20-14480 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 10 of 1111 Clearwater , 777 F.2d 598, 607 n.24 (11th Cir. 1985). The facts have played a role in evaluating redressability in other election litigation, 1 a nd they could also play a role here. Because the plaintiffs’ appeal asks us to apply “ settled law to the facts or evidence of [this] particular case,” it is “t he antithesis of a proper § 1292(b) appeal.” McFarlin , 381 F.3d at 1259. Third, a decision about whether the plainti ffs need to sue county officials will not cut short the case. If the answer is that the plaintiffs do not need to add these defendants, then the case will continue as is. If the answer is that the plaintiffs must add these defendants, the case will continu e with additional defendants. We have “little doubt that a question is not controlling” if the litigation “can readily be accommodated to whatever ruling is made.” 16 C. Wright & A. Miller, Fed eral
Prac tice & Proc edure § 3930 (3d ed. 2020 ).
III. CONCLUSION
B eca use we lack jurisdiction , the appeal is DISMISSED and the motion for permissive appeal is DENIED

. Because we must dismiss this appeal, the defendants’ conditional cross appeal is also DISMISSED

. Any other pending motions are DENIED AS MOOT

.

1 Both parties cite our recent decision in Jacobson v. Fla. Sec’y of State , 974 F.3d 1236 (11th Cir. 2020) , where the Florida Secretary of State argued that she could not remedy the alleged problem and we held that “no contrary evidence” established otherwise. Id. at 1253. See also id . at 1254 (“ absence of any evidence”), 1255 (“not proved”), 1255 (“not established ” ), 1257 (“no contrary evidence”).

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