IN THE



## A RIZONA 

## C OURT OF 

## A PPEALS

D IVISION O NE

E ARLE INVESTMENTS, LLC, an Arizona limited liability, Plaintiff/Counterdefendant/Appellee
,

v

.

S OUTHERN DESERT MEDICAL CENTER PA RTNERS, an Arizona general partnership, Defendant/Counterclaimant/Appellant.

No. 1 CA

- CV 15

- 0507

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County

No. CV2013

- 015653 The Honorable David O. Cunanan
, Judge

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED A ND REMANDED IN PART

COUNSEL
Combs Law Group , PC , Phoenix By Christopher A. Combs, Alexandra E. Fugate Counsel for Plaintiff/

Counterdefendant/Appellee

Dickinson Wright, PLLC
, Phoenix By Michael R. Scheurich, Maggie E. Wood C ounsel for Defendant/

Counterclaimant/AppellantEARLE v. SOUTHERN PARTNERS Opinion of the Court

2 OPINION
Presiding Judge Diane M. Johnsen delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Judge Jon W. Thompson and Chief Judge Michael J. Brown joined.

J O H N S E N , Judge:

¶1 We address in this case the effect of broadly written subordination agreements a landowner executed in support of deeds of trust that secured loans made to the owner of some commercial condominium units situated on the owner's land. We conclude the subord ination agreements functioned as conveyances of the landowner's interest in the encumbered property, and vacate and remand the superior court's judgment to the extent it is inconsistent with that conclusion.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2 In January 197 4, Duane P. Alleman, on behalf of Du Paul Ltd. ("Du Paul"), conveyed by warranty deed a fee

- simple interest in land located in Tempe to Arizona Title Insurance and Trust Company ("Arizona Title")

. In 1976, Arizona Title then leased a portion of the land t o Duane P. Alleman, acting on behalf of Southern Desert Medical Center, Inc., "Phase II" ("SDMC Inc.")

. ¶3 The 50

- year lease stated that SDMC Inc. could use the land "only for the purpose of operating and maintaining offices for medical and dental and related services. " SDMC Inc. was to pay all taxes and assessments and rent of $1,250 per month. Additionally, the lease provided it was "UNDERSTOOD AND AGREED that the lease

- hold interest of the Lessee may be enrolled in a Horizontal property Regime" pursuant t o Arizona Revised Statutes ("A.R.S.") section 33

- 551 (1976)

. The lease specified that SDMC Inc. could convey "U nits" of its leasehold estate under such a horizontal property regime. Each such conveyance would include a proportionate interest in the "Comm on A reas" of the horizontal property regime. The lease provided that Unit owners would be responsible for their respective shares of rent, taxes and a ssessments due under the lease. T he lease further set out remedies available to Arizona Title as lessor in the event of a breach by a U nit owner

. Among other things, Arizona Title could "terminate this Lease as to that portion of the premises on which the leasehold estate i s owned by such [U nit owner]."EARLE v. SOUTHERN PARTNERS Opinion of the Court

3 ¶4 The lease also addressed respective rights and obligat ions with respect to security interests. First, SDMC Inc. agreed that its leasehold interest would be subordinate to any mortgage or deed of t rust placed on Arizona Title's interest in the property, with the proviso that the lease would remain in full for ce and effect notwithstanding any default. The lease also addressed the possibility that an owner of a Unit might want to post its interest as security for a loan:
Lessor may, in its sole discretion, but it shall not be obligated to, subordinate its interest in portions of the real estate to the lien of a mortgage or Deed of Trust granted of [sic] the grantee of the leasehold estat e in one or more Units under a D ecla ration of Horizontal Property Regime. In such event, however, the subordination shall be only as to the property upon which the leasehold estate is owned by such grantee, and appurtenant interest in the Common Areas.

¶5 On the same day it entered into the le ase with Arizona Title
, SDMC Inc. established a horizontal property regime on the parcel. The Declaration that established the regime recited that Arizona Title was the owner of fee

- simple title to the land and that , pursuant to its lease, SDMC Inc. was " the owner of the leasehold estate in and to the aforedescribed property, subject to the provisions of said Lease." The Declaration further recited that SDMC Inc. was constructing on the parcel a professional building project that was to be known as S outhe rn Desert Medical Center, Phase II, which "shall be held, sold and conveyed" subject to the Declaration. The regime was to last until the 50

- year lease from Arizona Title expired

. ¶6 As provided in the Declaration, SDMC Inc. was to divide the project into "U nits and "Common Elements

. " The Declaration defined "Unit" to mean "a separate leasehold estate, consisting of the space bounded by and contained within the perimeter walls, floors, ceilings and windows of each Unit." The Declaration specified that "Comm on Elements" and "C ommon Area " were "synonymous," and meant "each multi

- office structure, except for the Units, the earth upon which the structure is located and the air space above, the interior surface of the ceiling of the structure," and , inter alia, a ll bearing walls, roofs, ceilings, floors
, foundations, storage spaces, patios, lobbies, carports, p arking spaces, pipes, wires

. Further, ownership of a "condominium" within the meaning of the Declaration would include "the leasehold interest in a Unit," along with an undivided interest in the Common Areas. Finally , the Declaration specified that each condominium was "a separate parcel of real property which may beEARLE v. SOUTHERN PARTNERS Opinion of the Court

4 conveyed, transferred and encumbered in the same manner as any other parcel of real property, independently of all other part s of the property, subject only to the provisions of this Declaration and the u nderlying Lease." 1

¶7 On June 28, 1977, Duane P. Alleman, acting on behalf of SDMC Inc., conveyed to Duane P. Alleman, in his personal capacity, two suites of condominiums under the regime, designated as numbers 1 through 34 of Building " G" and numbers 40 through 59 of Building " I

. " The warranty deed described the real property to be conveyed as the Units, "TOGETHER with an undivided . . . interest in and to the Leasehold Estate in and to the subject Real Property, and TOGETHER with [an undivided] interest in the c ommon areas," all as set forth in the Declaration. Two days later, to secure financing for tenant improvements , Alleman granted a lender a security interest in each of the two suite s through identical deeds of trust

. The same day, Arizona Title , as owner/lessor, and SDMC In c., as lessee, executed two identical Subordination A greement s

. The particulars of the Subordination A greements are set out infra ¶¶ 15
, 23, 25
, 29

. ¶8 Two years later, Ari zona Title conveyed to Du Paul by special warranty deed its fee

- simple title in and to the land that was subject to the lease between Arizona Title and SDMC Inc. On the same day, Du Paul conveyed the same interest to Southern Desert Medical Center Partners ("Partners") by warranty deed. At that point, therefore, Partners b ecame the owner/lessor of the parcel of land, subject to whatever rights, benefits or obligations were imposed or granted by the Subordination Agreements.

¶9 In July 1997, the lender foreclosed on the deed s of trust securing construction of Alleman's two suites of U nits

. The condominiums

were sold at a trustee ' s sale , and later conveyed to a second entity, which,

1 Consistent with the Declaration , ownership of a c ondominium generally means ownership of a horizontal layer of cubic content space, subject to the owner's exclusive control, together with a fractional interest held in common with other unit owners in the common elements. Makeever v. Lyle, 125 Ariz. 384, 386 (App. 1980)
, citing f ormer A.R.S. § 33

- 553 (3). The common elements include " the land, the foundations, floors, the exterior walls of each [unit], ceilings and roofs, and in general all that portion of the property other than that which is subject to the exclusive ownership an d control of an individual [unit] owner." 125 Ariz. at 386, citing former § 33

- 551 (6).EARLE v. SOUTHERN PARTNERS Opinion of the Court

5 on November 7, 2001, conveyed the Units by warranty deed to appellee, Earle Investments, LLC ("Earle")

. ¶10 Even though it was an owner of U nits ostensibly subject to the L ease, Earle paid no rent to Partners , the owner/lessor, until 2012 , when it agreed to pay six years ' back rent of $35,481.07 for U nits 1 through 34 of Building " G" and $20,871 .21 for U nits 40 through 59 of Building " I." Thereaft er, Earle made rent payments for several months, then stopped
, asserting that, under the Subordination Agreements and as a result of the foreclosure sale s in July 1997
, it held a fee simple interest in the land occupied by the U nits

. It argued that when the lender foreclosed, the owner/ lessor's fee

- simple int erest in the land on which the U nits were situated was extingu ished.

¶11 In November 2013, Earle filed a complaint against Partners, asking the court, among other things
, to quiet title in favor of Earle

. In due

course , the superior court granted Earle's motion for summary judgment, finding Earle had "good and valid and inclusive of full fee simple title" in "U nits 1 through 34 , inclusive, of Building G
, and U nits 40 through 59
, inclusive, of Building I. " The court also ruled that Earle's title to th e U nits was not subject to the L ease, and therefore "enjoined, estopped, and barred [ Partners ] from asserting any claim, estate, right , title, or interest whatsoever in or to the land or premises, or to any pa rt the reof, adverse to . . . Earle."

¶12 Partners timely appealed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to Article 6, Section 9, of the Arizona Constitution and A.R.S. § 12

- 2101(A) (2017)

. 2

DISCUSSION

A. Legal Principles.

¶13 Summary judgment is appropriate when "there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Ariz. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We review a grant of summary judgment de novo , viewing the facts and infer ences drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the party against which judgment was entered. Corbett v. Manorcare of Am ., Inc. , 213 Ariz. 618, 621

- 22, ¶ 2 (App. 2006).

2 Absent material revision after the relevant date, we ci te a statute's current version.EARLE v. SOUTHERN PARTNERS Opinion of the Court

6 ¶14 T he interpretation of a contract is a matter of law, which we review de novo

. Rand v. Porsche Fin. Servs. , 216 Ariz. 424, 434, ¶ 37 (App. 2007). In interpreting a contract, our purpose is to determine and enforce the parties' intent. US W. Commc'ns, Inc. v. Ariz. Corp. Comm'n , 185 Ariz. 277, 280 (App. 1996). In determining the pa rties' intent, we "look to the plain meaning of the words as viewed in the context of the contract as a whole." United Cal. Bank v. Prudential Ins. , 140 Ariz. 238, 259 (App. 1983).

B. Subordination Agreement or Deed of Trust

. ¶15 E ach of the two Subordination A greement s expressly provided that the related deed of t rust "shall unconditionally be and remain at all times a lien, charge, and encumbrance upon the Property prior and superior to any right, title, or interest in or to the Property of Owner or Lessee." Earle argues the S ubordination A greement s effectively conveyed the owner/ lessor's fee

- simple interest in the Property ; as the current owner/lessor, Partners argues the Subordination Ag reements encumbered only the leasehold estate

. ¶16 Our analysis is informed by a handful of cases from other jurisdictions, the first being Old Stone Capital Corp. v. John Hoene Implement Corp. , 647 F. Supp. 916 (D. Idaho 1986), which addressed a question very similar to the one here

. As here, the lesse e had granted a lender a deed of trust on its lease interest in some commercial property , and , at the lessee's request, the owner/ lessor executed a subordination agreement. After the lessee defaulted and the lender sought foreclosure, the question was whe ther the owner/ lessor had subordinated her fee interest or only her lease interest in the property subject to the deed of trust. Id. at 917. The owner/ lessor argued she agreed to subordinate only her leasehold interest in the property, "as that was the o nly interest which was the subject of the leasehold mortgage" that the lessee had executed. Id

. As in this case , the owner/ lessor's argument was that "the subordination agreement could only prioritize the interest which [the lender] had, and the only int erest which it had was in the leasehold." Id

. ¶17 The court agreed with the owner/ lessor. It explained that "the nature of a subordination is such that the beneficiary of the subordination must have a competing interest which, after the subordination, becomes senior to that which, before the subordination, was the senior interest." Id

. at 919. As applied , the only interest the security agreement granted the lender in that case was in the lessee's leasehold

. After the subordination, therefore, the lender's interest in the lease became superior to the owner/ lessor's interest in the lease. Id

. But " [b] y i ts veryEARLE v. SOUTHERN PARTNERS Opinion of the Court

7 nature, the vehicle of subordination could not be used to grant [the lender] an interest in the fee." Id

. Significantly for our purposes, however, the court observed that the lender might have acquired an interest in the owner/ lessor's fee if the owner/ lessor had executed what amounted to a mortgage or a deed of trust

. Id. There was no dispute in that case that the subordination agreement lacked the formalities state law required for a mortgage or deed of trust

. Id

. ¶18 Applying the same logic, the court in Republic National Life Ins. v. Lorraine Realty Corp. , 279 N.W.2d 349, 35 7 (Minn. 1979), held that an agreement that "[t]he interest of th e Lessors in the leased premises . . . shall be junior and subordinate to the int erest of [ the lender ] " did not subordinate the owner/ lessor's fee interest. The court explained, "Ground lessors manifestly intended to retain their fee interest, and only if they themselves mortgaged the fee would the lessee's mortgagees have priority ov er the fee." Id

. at 355.

¶19 In Matthews v. Hinton , 234 Cal. App. 2d 736 (1965), the court addressed the same issue but held for the lender because it concluded the owner/l essor had joined in the deed of trust. The court began its analysis by describing the economics of the situation: "The lessees or sublessees might have attempted to put up their tenancy for years as security for construction loans. A fee simple estate would be far more attractive security to a lender." Id. at 741 (citation omitted). Whil e the relevant security agreement s in Old Stone and Lorraine did not purport to convey the owner/ lessor's fee interest, the deed of trust in Matthews did just that: By expressly joining with the lessees as "trustor," the owner/ lessor "contracted directly with the lender, exposing [its] reversionary interest to direct liability independently of auxiliary collection attempts against the borrowers." Id

. ¶20 The court in T ravelers Ins. v. Holiday Village Shopping C emter Ltd. P a r. , 931 P.2d 1 292 (Mont. 1996), applied a similar analytical framework in reversing summary judgment entered in favor of the lender . The subordination agreement in that case recited that the lender was "unwilling to make said loan or advance funds thereon unless it is assured that the [mortgage granted by the lessee] shall be a lien upon the [owner/ lessor's] fee simple title in the hereinbefore described real property . . . ." Id. at 1295. The agreement continued:
WHEREAS, the undersigned [owner/lessor] is willing to subordinate its fee simple title to said real property to said mortgage and is willing to give such assurance,EARLE v. SOUTHERN PARTNERS Opinion of the Court

8 NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the making of said loan . . . the undersign ed hereby subordinates all of its right, title and interest in and to said real property to the lien of said mortgage and agrees that said mortgage shall continue to be a first lien upon said property prior and superior in right to any right, title and interest of the undersigned in and to said real property.

Id. at 1295

. ¶21 The Montana S upreme C ourt reversed the trial court's entry of summary judgment in favor of the lender, holding that the agreement was ambiguous. Id. at 1296. In explaining the ambiguity, the court noted that although the subordination a greement recited that the owner/ lessor's fee interest was to be "subordinated," it contained no language purporting to mortgage the property to the lender as security. Id. The court explained, "A subordination agreement only dictates the priorities between existing inte rest s , for example lien holders

– it does not mortgage an interest in the property. A mortgage 'is a contract by which specific property is hypothecated for the performance of an act, without the necessity of a change of possession.'" Id. (citation omitt ed).

¶22 Applying the principles of these decisions to this case, the first question is whether the two Subordination Agreements functioned as mortgages or deeds of trust that conveyed the owner/ lessor's fee interest in some property

. We say "some property" because the s omewhat awkward wording of the Subordination A greements requires our analysis to proceed in stages.

¶23 To begin with, the "whereas" clauses at the beginning of each of the Subordination A greement s broadly describe facts l eading up to execution of the document. In particular, the fourth such clause recites that "it is a condition precedent to making said loan that the Deed of Trust shall unconditionally be and remain at all times a lien, charge, and encumbrance upon the Pr operty prior and superior to any right, title, or interest in or to the Property of Owner . . . ." But the dispositive language is paragraph (2), which states :
The Deed of Trust and the Note, and renewals or extensions thereof, shall unconditionally be an d remain at all times a lien, charge, and encumbrance on the Property prior and superior to any right, title, or interest therein of Owner

. . . . For the purpose of giving effect to this subordination, Owner

. . . consent [s]EARLE v. SOUTHERN PARTNERS Opinion of the Court

9 to and join [s] in the Deed of Trust and hereby grant [s] , transfer [s]
, and assign [s] to the Trustee of the Deed of Trust all right, title, and interest of Owner

. . . in and to the Property, in trust pursuant to the Deed of Trust with the power of sale , it being understood that such po wer of sale shall be exercised only in connection with the enf orcement of the Deed of Trust.
( Emphasis added. )

¶24 Guided by the authorities discussed above, we hold that by agreei ng to this provision, the owner/ lessor did more than subordinate the leasehold to the lender; it conveyed all o f its right, title and interest, namely its fee interest, " in and to the Property" in trust as security for debt. That is the effect of the owner/ lessor's joining in the deeds of t rust and expressly "grant[ing], transfer[ring]
, and assign[ing]" all of its "right, title
, and interest" to the trustee. 3

¶25 Partners argues this conclusion disregards the provision in Exhibit A to the subordinations that the conveyance s in the d eed s of t rust sha ll be "SUBJECT TO" the lease. Reading the body of the Subordination A greements together with the property description, however, the owner/ lessor 's joinder in the d eed s of t rust supersedes the "subject to" provision in the property description. That is, E xhibit A acknowledges that the property the Unit owner is conveying as security is subject to the lease; by joining in the d eed s o f t rust and conveying all of its "right
, title
, and interest" in the property, the owner / lessor conveyed its fee

- simple intere st in the described property.

¶26 Pa rtners further argues that the Subordination A greements cannot be construed as deeds of trust because they lack a sufficient legal description. As Earle points out, however, Exhibit A t o the S ubordination A greements contains a legal description of the property conveyed. Those documents describe the property by reference to the Declaration of Horizontal P roperty Regime and specify the docket and page number on which the description is r ecorded. The Subordination A gre ement s therefore adequately described the property. See Wang Elec., Inc. v. Smoke Tree Resort, LLC , 230 Ariz. 314, 324, ¶ 33 (App. 2012).

3 Given the passage of time, neither party offers any extrinsic evidence of th e intent of the parties to the Subordination A greements; nor does Partners argue there are disputed issue s of fact as to their meaning.EARLE v. SOUTHERN PARTNERS Opinion of the Court

10 ¶27 For these reasons, we hold that by ex ecuting the documents labeled "Subordination A greement," the owner/ lessor convey ed its fee interest " in and to the P roperty ," in trust as s ecurity for the Unit

- owner's debt.

C

. The "Subject Real Property."

¶28 The conclusion that the Subordination A greements effectively conveyed the owner/ lessor's fee interest "in and to the P roperty" lea ves open precisely what " P roperty " was conveyed. Earle argues the superior court correctly ruled that when the lender foreclosed, it took fee title to the land beneath the U nits that secured the debt

. The cases cited above do not

a nswer this question because they involved simple commercial leases, not commercial condominiums as are at issue here.

¶29 Re turning to the language of the Subordination A greements, the key provision is, as we have said, the own er/ lessor's consent and joinder in the d eed s of t rust so as to "grant, transfer, and assign to the Trustee of the Deed of Trust all right, title, and interest of Owner . . . in and to the Property, in trust pursuant to t he Deed of Trust . . . ." The Subordination A greements define " the Property" t o mean the property described in an attached " Exhibit A. " In turn, Exhibit A to each of the S ubordination A greements describe s the Property as: (1) the specified

" Units " as recorded in the Declaration; (2) "TOGETHER with an undivided [fractional] interest in and to the Leasehold Estate in and to the subject Real Prop erty," and (3) "TOGETHER with a [ fractional ] interest in the common areas and facilities as set forth in said Declaration." (Emphasis added.)

¶30 None of the three elements of the described "Prope rty" includes the ground beneath any particular Unit or Units. Earle argues that the second item

– the "interest in and to the Leasehold Estate in and to the subject Real Property" means the land beneath the U nits it owns

. But that interpretation unduly stretches the langu age of the property description: The interest specified in Exhibit A is an undivided fractional interest in "the Leasehold Estate in and to the subject Real Property." Thus, when the lender foreclosed, it received (1) the Unit

- owner's interest in the Units (as defined by and subject to the Declaration), (2) an undivided fee

- simple interest in the leasehold estate "in a nd to the subject Real Property
, " and (3) an undivided fee

- simple interest in the Common A reas and facilities , as set forth in the Declaration

. ¶31 In support of the superior court's ruling that the lender took fee

- simple title to the land beneath the Units subject to the d eed s of t rust ,EARLE v. SOUTHERN PARTNERS Opinion of the Court

11 Earle points to the provision in the lease, supra ¶ 5 , stating th at t he owner/ lessor "may . . . subordinate its interest in portions of the real estate"
to a Unit

- owner's lender. As Earle notes, the lease continues, "In such event, however, the subordination shall be only as to the property upon which the leasehold estate is owned by such grantee, and the appurtenant interest in the Common Areas. "

¶32 The lease provision Earle cites reserves the owner/ lessor's right to subordinate on certain terms, but does not preclude the owner/ lessor from agreeing to subordination on terms less favorable to a lender. Under the circumstances, we cannot construe the lease provision to br oaden the express terms of the Subordination A greement s . If the part ies had intended that the owner/ lessor would subordinate its interest in "the property up on which the leasehold estate is owned" by a Unit

- owner , we presume they would have so stated in the Subordination A greement s . The reference in Exhibit A to an "undivided interest," which is incorporated into the Subordination A greements by the Subordinat ion Agreements' reference s to the exhibit as defining the encumbered property, c annot be read to refer to a fee

- simple interest in the land on which any specific Units are situated

. ¶33 In summary, we conclude that in executing the Subordination A greem ents, th e owner/ lessor conveyed to the lender, in trust as security for re payment of the loan to the Unit

- owner, an undivided fractional fee

simple interest in the entire parcel of proper ty that was the subject of the L ease. In foreclosing on the Deed of Trust , t he lender therefore succeeded to an undivided fractional fee

- simple interest in that property , and after foreclosure, the lender owned the relevant Units and the associated undivided fractional fee

- simple interests in the leasehold and "Common A reas" and f acilities. Since its fee

- simple interest was free and clear of the owner/ lessor's interest in the leasehold, the lender and its assigns were not subject to the lease or any rent obligation. But they did not gain a fee

- simple interest in any particular po rtion of the land subject to the L ease; instead, their interest is an undivided fractional fee

- simple interest in the entire subject property

. Moreover, just as the owner/ lessor's interests were subject in the first instance to the Declaration, the interests to which the lender took title (and which now are owned by Earl e ) remain subject to the Declaration. Accordingly, Earl e is subject to the obligations spelled out in the Declaration (other tha n the obligation to pay rent under the lease ).EARLE v. SOUTHERN PARTNERS Opinion of the Court

12 D

. Ra tification.

¶34 We have held that upon foreclosure, the lender obtained a fee

simple interest in the property, unencumbered by the lease. Partners argues, however, that Earle ratified the lease by making rent payments. But the cases on which Partners relies do not support the proposition that a lease obligation may be created in the first instance by payments denominated as rent. See All

- Way Leasing, Inc. v. Kelly , 182 Ariz. 213 , 217 (App. 1994) (rejecting contention that wife had ratified contract executed by husband, so as to bind the community); Young Mines Co. v. Citizens' State Bank , 37 Ariz. 521, 528

- 29 (1931) (ratification is " subseq u ent approval by a principal of a previous unauthorized act by one claiming to act as an agent "). Partners also cites Re statement of Contracts (Second) § 380 (1981), but that provision concerns acts by which one may ratify a contract that is voidable. See id. ("Loss of Power of Avoidance by Affirmance"). As we have said, upon the lender's foreclosure, the lease was not v oidable as to the lender and its assigns, but void. 4

CONCLUSION

¶35 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment to the extent it provides that Earle owns the Units and an undivid ed fractional fee

- simple interest in the property identified in the L ease and is not subject to the obligations of the L ease. We otherwise reverse and remand the judgment to the superior court so that it may enter a revised judgment consistent with this opinion . Because neither side has substantially prevailed in this appeal,

we deny both sides' requests for fees and costs. See A.R.S. § § 12

- 341.01 (2017)
, - 342 (2017)

.

4 Our decision to address the ratification issue on the merits renders moot Partners' contention that the superior court erred by declining to consider Partners' reply in support of its second motion for reconsideration.