# Patent

## Title
Diesel fuel engine injection system and method therefor

## Abstract

Disclosed is a method of injecting natural gas into a diesel fuel engine for combustion with diesel fuel therein. One aspect includes injecting natural gas into an air-stream of an engine air intake or manifold, measuring the percentage of natural gas injected into the airstream or other efficiency gauge, varying the rate of injection of natural gas into the airstream in response to the measured percentage of natural gas therein and injecting the natural gas at a pre-determined rate so as to maintain an natural gas concentration in the air intake stream in the range of 0.6% to 3.0% by volume of natural gas.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/495,327, filed Jun. 13, 2012, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,214,128, which issued on Jul. 3, 2012 are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties as if fully set forth.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to diesel fuel engines and, in particular, to a method and system for injecting natural gas into a diesel fuel engine for combustion therein.
The invention has been developed primarily with respect to conventional diesel fuel engines and will be described hereinafter with reference to this application. However, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to this particular field of us and is also applicable to bio-diesel fuel engines, for example.
Diesel fuel engines are used widely in a large array of applications such as transport, heavy machinery or power generation and form a significant component of much equipment in agriculture, mining, construction, and freight and passenger transport. The recent significant rise in the price of diesel fuels has added to the importance of maintaining diesel fuel engine equipment so as to allow them to operate as efficiently as possible. Relatively small efficiency gains can lead to a dramatic decrease in fuel consumption and equipment wear, together with corresponding reductions in pollution and other emissions.
It is known that a combustible gas can be added to a diesel fuel engine air intake. The mixture of the combustible gas with the conventional air intake enhances combustion conditions within the cylinder so as to increase efficiency of the diesel fuel combustion process. In the prior art, a combustible gas source, for example a natural gas source, is connected to an air inlet of a diesel fuel engine and injected by means of a solenoid valve, at some predetermined rate. This is drawn into the engine air intake stream and mixed in a venturi. The suction of the venturi is provided by the manifold vacuum or pressure difference.
Unfortunately, simple factors in engine performance deterioration significantly reduce the efficiency of the combustible gas injection and hence engine combustion. For example, as the diesel engine is operated, its air filter will naturally reduce the flow rate it allows into the engine air intake streams. As a result, the level of the combustible gas injected is not decreased proportionally. As a further result, the prior art disadvantageously start to decrease in any delivered efficiency gains and, depending on the deterioration of engine components such as the air filter, can do more harm than good by providing conditions in which the engine efficiency is lower with a combustible gas injection than without.
It is the genesis of the present invention to provide a method and system of injecting methane, natural gas or substitute natural gas into a diesel fuel engine for combustion with diesel fuel therein which will overcome or substantially ameliorate one or more of the disadvantages of the prior art, or to provide a useful alternative.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of injecting natural gas into a diesel fuel engine for combustion with diesel fuel therein, the method comprising:

    
    
        injecting natural gas into the engine for combustion with the diesel fuel;
        measuring the percentage of natural gas injected;
        varying the rate of injection of natural gas into the engine in response to the measured percentage of natural gas therein and injecting the natural gas at a pre-determined rate so as to maintain a natural gas concentration in the engine for combustion is in the range of greater than 0.6% to 3.0% by volume of natural gas.
    
    


According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a system for injecting natural gas into a diesel fuel engine for combustion with diesel fuel therein, the system comprising:
a natural gas injection device having an outlet disposed in fluid communication with a diesel fuel engine air-inlet and an inlet disposed in fluid communication with a natural gas source; and
a natural gas injection device controller configured to receive input indicative of an engine performance parameter and configured to the control natural gas injection rate from the natural gas injection device outlet such that the diesel engine air-inlet has natural gas injected therein to form an air-natural gas mixture having a natural gas concentration of greater than 0.6% to 3.0%.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a diesel fuel engine comprising:
a natural gas injection device having an outlet disposed in fluid communication with a diesel fuel engine air-inlet and an inlet disposed in fluid communication with a natural gas source; and
a natural gas injection device controller configured to receive input indicative of an engine performance parameter and configured to the control natural gas injection rate from the natural gas injection device outlet such that the diesel engine air-inlet has natural gas injected therein to form an air-natural gas mixture having a natural gas concentration of greater than 0.6% to 3.0%.
It can be seen there is advantageously provided a method and system of injecting methane, natural gas or substitute natural gas into a diesel fuel engine that improves combustion of diesel fuel in the engine so as to decrease the emissions from the diesel engines. The method and system are also configured to be operable in response to one or more of a variety of engine parameters and can be calibrated based on as little as two measured points.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a circuit board of a device configured for injecting natural gas into a diesel fuel engine according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a connector pin description of the embodiment of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block circuit diagram of the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a wiring diagram of the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a harness diagram of the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a table providing pin-out descriptions of the wiring and harness diagrams of the system of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 7 shows a look up table and corresponding determining formula for gas injection rates of the system of FIG. 1.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
According to a preferred embodiment, there is disclosed a method and system of injecting natural gas into a diesel fuel engine for combustion with diesel fuel in the engine. A diesel fuel engine is not illustrated.
It will be understood that the term natural gas refers to a substantially methane containing gas and includes synthetically produced natural gas or methane, as well as substitute gas mixtures that provide substantially the same combustion characterises as natural gas/methane. An example of a substitute natural gas is formed from a mixture of approximately 60% propane and 40% air or from a mixture of propane, butane and air such is available from Alternative Energy Systems Inc, of Peachtree City, Ga. (see www.altenergy.com). However, it will be understood that any combustible gas mixture having the combustion characteristics of methane/natural gas can be used as desired.
The method includes injecting natural gas into an air-stream of an engine air intake or directly into the manifold. The percentage of natural gas injected into the airstream is measured. The rate of injection of natural gas (GASinject) into the airstream is responsive to the measured percentage of natural gas in the airstream. This is to allow injection of the natural gas at a pre-determined rate so as to maintain a natural gas concentration in the air intake stream in the range of greater than 0.6% to 3.0% by volume of natural gas. Ideally, the natural gas concentration in the air intake stream is maintained at substantially 2.3% by volume.
The natural gas is injected into the airstream of the engine air intake upstream of an engine cylinder inlet valve to provide best opportunity to mix the air and natural gas. Measuring the percentage of natural gas mixed into the airstream of the engine intake includes bleeding a portion of the mixed natural gas-air intake stream and sampling this directly with a natural gas sensor. Alternatively, the natural air intake mixture can be measured by combusting the bled natural gas and measuring the products with a time delayed hot wire sensor. It will be appreciated that any preferred direct or secondary natural gas concentration sensor can be used as desired.
Alternatively, the air intake mixture of the engine can be measured by measuring the efficiency of the engine by using a nitrous oxide (NOx) sensor in the exhaust manifold, a temperature sensor in the exhaust manifold or a gas sensor in the exhaust manifold.
The system uses the efficiency measurements to calculate natural gas usage points and later extrapolates the required gas levels (GASinject) from these stored points to provide a faster natural gas injection response time that by direct sensor measurement of the natural gas mixture in the air intake stream. In this alternative embodiment, the use of stored points derived from efficiency measurements can be replaced by calculating and storing an electronic system map or table.
Advantageously, operation of this method significantly improves the combustion efficiency of diesel fuel engines. This has the effects of reducing pollution and particularly particulate matter, increasing power consumption and reducing fuel consumption.
Referring now to the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 6, FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a circuit board 10 of a device configured for injecting natural gas into a diesel fuel engine so as to maintain an natural gas concentration in the air intake stream in the range of greater than 0.6% to 3.0% by volume of natural gas. The circuit board 10 includes a connector 11 configured to mate with a corresponding connector (not illustrated) for example a DRC26-40, with 40 pins in the embodiment shown. FIG. 2 is a connector pin description of the connector 11 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 shows a corresponding block circuit diagram of the system 30 of the circuit board 10 of FIG. 1 indicating the device input side (31 to 38) into a microprocessor 39 and control (40) and communications device (41). A quad channel high side relay 40 receives control signals from microprocessor 39 and sends a fuel enable signal to the output 40A to allow gas flow. Two outputs 40B and 40C provide signals to control the flow of natural gas into the air intake of the diesel fuel engine.
A communications device 41 in the form of a MAX3232CSE transceiver provides an interface to the microprocessor 39. The system 30 is configured to receive inputs (31 to 36) in which the natural gas temperature before or after mixing with the air intake stream is measured by sensor 31 in the form of a thermistor and sent to the microprocessor 39. The engine speed or RPM is measured via an engine alternator sensor 32, the engine manifold pressure via sensor 34 and the exhaust temperature is measured by a thermocouple 33 having a cold junction compensated thermocouple-digital converter 37 and EEPROM memory device 38 disposed intermediate the microprocessor 39.
An oxygen sensor 35 provides input into the microprocessor 39 indicating the oxygen levels of the air intake/natural gas mixture. Switches 36 provide input into microprocessor 39 to turn the natural gas injection off when a break pedal is depressed and/or the accelerator/throttle moved to a rest or home position. The sensed parameters on the input side of microprocessor 39 are indicative of the load and RPM of the engine. The system 30 is also disabled when the engine ignition system is turned off.
A circuit wiring diagram for the connector 11 of the system of FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 4. A corresponding harness diagram is shown in FIG. 5. In this Figure, the connector 11 is shown as connected to components of the system. Data plug outputs 52, 53, 54 are provided, together with engine body earth connections 55, 56 and a means of selecting a supply voltage 57. Fuses 58, 59 provide protection from the battery and fuses 60, 61 protect an automatic gas shut off device. A connection to an exhaust gas temperature sensor 62, 63 is provided.
The connector 11 includes connections to control various system 30 components (some not illustrated) such as the automatic gas shut off device positive and negative connections 64, 65 and a tachometer (RPM) pulse output 66. Control for four separate natural gas injectors (not illustrated) is provided by outputs 67 to 74.
The connector 11 also includes a connection to a pressure switch signal output 75, 76, vehicle ignition output 77 and an MAP/TP sensor 78, 79, 80. The connector 11 also includes natural gas storage tank automated fuel shut-off device connections 81, 82, 83 and OEM and emulated MAP signal connections 84, 85. The connector 11 outputs 86, 88 provide a natural gas gauge connection and outputs 89,89 respectively provide a 12V switch and a natural gas flow selector.
A connection to a throttle switch 90, 91 is provided via connection 11. Connections 92, 93 provide an output to an engine coolant temperature (ECT) sensor, and a measured propane sensor 94, 95, 96, 97 connection.
FIG. 6 presents a table providing pin-out descriptions of the wiring and harness diagrams of FIGS. 4 & 5. The circuit board 10 of the preferred embodiment of FIG. 1 operating the system 30 shows various components including a connector 11, microprocessor 39, capacitors 110, 111, 112, 123 having capacities of 0.1 μF, 10 μF, 1 μF and 470 μF respectively.
High voltage capacitors 133 are also shown.
The circuit board 10 also schematically illustrates resistors 117, 119, 124, 128, 129, 131 having capacities of 10 kΩ, 4.7 kΩ, 920Ω, 1 kΩ, 33 kΩ and 100Ω respectively. Also shown are the following components: Zener diodes 113; voltage regulator 114; voltage relays 115, 116 the latter being a quad channel high-side relay; diodes 118; communications transceiver 120 being a MAX3232CSE; under voltage sensing circuit 121; serial memory 122 as an 25LC1024 integrated circuit; a cold compensated K-type thermocouple to digital converter 125; hex inverting Schmitt trigger 126; digital to analog converter 127; 5 A fuses 130; and RS 232 communications port 132.
In the illustrated embodiment, the system for performing the method of injecting natural gas into a diesel fuel engine includes an automated natural gas fuel shut-off valve measured from a signal provided by an electrical output pulse from an engine regulator. In the absence of this electrical signal, natural gas valve is shut as the engine is not running. When calibrating the system, the engine revolutions per minute of the engine (REVScurrent) at predetermined revolutions from a minimum value at engine idle (REVSmin) to a maximum value (REVSmax) at wide open throttle are measured and the corresponding natural gas injection rate to maintain 2.3% natural gas of the volume of the air intake stream is measured.
The same step is repeated in respect of measuring the load of the engine (Loadcurrent) at predetermined loads from an unloaded engine at idle (Loadmin) through to a maximum loaded engine (Loadmax) and again the desired gas injection rate is measured. It will be appreciated that a minimum natural gas injection rate (GASmin) corresponds to an idling engine under zero load whilst maintaining a 2.3% natural gas concentration in the air intake stream.
In the preferred embodiment of FIGS. 1 to 6, the natural gas injection rate (GASinject) is characterised for predetermined engine REVS (REVScurrent) and load (Loadcurrent) measurements stored electronically as points of reference. In this embodiment, the value of the rate of natural gas injection (GASinject) into the air intake stream is governed by the equation:




  
    GAS
    inject
  
  =
  
    
      [
      
        
          [
          
            
              1
              2
            
            ⁢
            
              (
              
                
                  (
                  
                    
                      
                        Load
                        current
                      
                      -
                      
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                          n
                        
                      
                    
                    
                      
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                        Load
                        
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                          i
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          n
                        
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                
                +
                
                  (
                  
                    
                      
                        REVS
                        current
                      
                      -
                      
                        REVS
                        
                          m
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
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                          i
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                          n
                        
                      
                    
                    
                      
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              )
            
          
          ]
        
        *
        
          (
          
            
              GAS
              
                m
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      ]
    
    +
    
      GAS
      
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In this equation, GASmax is the required gas injection rate under maximum engine REVS and maximum Load and GASmin is the gas injection rate under minimum engine REVS and minimum or zero Load.

The engine REVS is determined by means of a measurement of the output of the diesel fuel engine alternator or other engine signal source. This provides a signal directly proportional to engine REVS. The diesel fuel engine load (Loadcurrent) is measured via a corresponding measurement of manifold absolute pressure sensor. The sensor output is directly proportional to the engine load.
However, it will be appreciated that the engine REVS can be measured by any other preferred means and that the engine load may also be measured by other means such as by an engine turbo charger pressure sensor, an exhaust temperature sensor, throttle positioning sensor and/or an exhaust nitrous-oxide gas sensor, for example. Furthermore, the above equation can be modified to characterise the desired natural gas injection rate accordingly.
FIG. 7 shows a look up table of natural gas injection rates as a function of engine REVS and Loads. The look up table is characterised by the above equation. For an idling engine under zero or minimum load (and minimum REVS), the injected natural gas rate corresponds to GASmin. This occurs preferably also in response to a signal from a throttle switch which indicates deceleration, braking and/or an idle condition. In a like manner, the natural gas injection system is disable in response to a signal from a natural gas tank sensor indicating exhaustion of the natural gas.
In this embodiment, it will be appreciated that the system can be calibrated or recalibrated as desired by measuring the required gas injection rates over the load and REVS ranges so as to maintain a 2.3% volume of natural gas concentration in the air intake stream and storing these rate values in a look up table accordingly.
In the embodiment of FIGS. 1 to 6, it will be appreciated that system inputs corresponding to manifold pressure, engine REVS, etc. are connected to the apparatus of FIG. 1. This apparatus has output to control both the supply of natural gas but also the rate of injection thereof into the air intake stream.
It will be appreciated that the preferred embodiments of the present invention is advanced over the prior art for at least important reasons. Firstly, the present invention can be “auto-tuned” by use of a third variable against engine REVS and load to determine the correct rate of gas injection to maintain the air intake volume with 2.3% natural gas. The second variable measured in the preferred embodiments of the present invention is the percentage natural gas in the air intake volume, however, diesel flow, air flow, NOx, oxygen or temperature may all suitably be used as the third variable. Once the three variables are known, the correct gas injection rates can be generated and a map or reference points also generated.
The second advantage over the prior art is the use of the above natural gas injection equation. Instead of necessarily using a system map or table containing possibly hundreds of points, two points are stored (idle and another point which is greater than idle) and the natural gas injection rate is calculated using the above equation. The advantage of this is instead applying relatively significant time to measure all these hundreds of values, the preferred embodiments of the present invention requires the measurement of just two. The use of a model equation is also more accurate than using a look-up table because it can calculate the exact value instead of picking the closest point on the map.
For example, it will be appreciated that if natural gas usage was sinusoidal then the above equation would also be sinusoidal and a map would be a square wave. Also, although in the preferred embodiment the gas natural gas injected into the air intake stream is sampled using a propane sensor, injection directly into the manifold can be provided and the level of natural gas in the air intake stream is measured using testing the NOx levels in the exhaust.
It will be appreciated that in other preferred embodiments of the invention, not illustrated, that the natural gas injection rate (GASinject) is characterised for predetermined engine REVS (REVScurrent) and load (LOADcurrent) measurements stored electronically as points of reference. In alternative embodiments, the rate of natural gas injection (GASinject) into the intake stream is governed by the equation:




  
    GAS
    inject
  
  =
  
     
    
      
        [
        
          
            [
            
              (
              
                
                  N
                  ⁡
                  
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                          current
                        
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In this governing equation, the variables N and M are positive and satisfy the equation N+M=1. In this way, the relative contributions to the GASinject can be predetermined as preferred for each of N and M being 0 or greater but not greater than 1. The weightings N and M are chosen depending on preferences, for example, N=0.4 and M=0.6 in the case of a standard turbo diesel vehicle engine. In this way, the GASinject rate is more heavily weighted upon the engine revolutions than the engine load. In a naturally aspirated diesel engine, N can=0 and M can=1 so that the component of measured load is not considered in the determination of the gas injection rate GASinject. In the case of a stationary diesel engine, it is preferred that only engine load is measured and so N=1 and M=0.
It will be appreciated that any preferred values for N and M can be provided so long as N+M=1. As noted above, it will be appreciated that the equation which combines weightings of measured REVS and load values can be used in the same manner as the preferred embodiment described. That is, the natural gas injection rate to provide 2.3% concentration of natural gas in the air-intake can be governed by the use of an equation in which the load and revolution measurements are weighted depending on the engine and application.
As is described herein, the injection of natural gas into the air-inlet of a diesel fuel engine can be provided in concentrations of greater than 0.6% to 3.0%. When a concentration of 3.0%, for example, is provided the diesel engine power performance is not improved, however, significantly fewer emissions are generated. The typical diesel engine particulate matter emissions are advantageously significantly reduced as compared to when no natural gas injection is provided. When a natural gas concentration at the diesel engine air-intake is 2.3%, for example, then not only are emissions advantageously significantly reduced, but the power output of the engine is also advantageously increased.
The foregoing describes only one embodiment of the present invention and modifications, obvious to those skilled in the art, can be made thereto without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The term “comprising” (and its grammatical variations) as used herein is used in the inclusive sense of“including” or “having” and not in the exclusive sense of “consisting only of”.

## Claims

1. A method of injecting natural gas into a diesel fuel engine for combustion with diesel fuel therein, the method comprising:
injecting natural gas into the engine for combustion with the diesel fuel;
measuring the percentage of natural gas injected;
varying the rate of injection of natural gas into the engine in response to the measured percentage of natural gas therein and injecting the natural gas at a pre-determined rate so as to maintain a natural gas concentration in the engine for combustion is between 0.6% to 3.0% by volume of natural gas.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the natural gas concentration injected in the air intake stream is maintained at substantially 2.3%.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein injecting natural gas into the engine includes injecting the natural gas into an air intake stream or manifold, or directly into an engine cylinder.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein measuring the percentage of natural gas mixed into the airstream of the engine intake comprises bleeding a portion of the mixed air intake stream by combusting the natural gas intake mixture and measuring same with a sensor in the form of a time delayed hot wire sensor.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the natural gas is includes methane; a substantially methane gas mixture; substitute natural gas in the form of a mixture of one or more combustible gases with air to provide mixture with substantially the same properties as methane or natural gas.

6. The method of claim 3, wherein injecting natural gas into the airstream of the engine air intake includes injecting the natural gas into the airstream when it is entering or has entered the cylinder.

7. The method of claim 3 comprising:
measuring engine revolutions per minute of the engine (REVScurrent) at predetermined revolutions from a minimum value at engine idle (REVSmin) to a maximum value (REVSmax) at wide open throttle;
measuring the load of the engine (Loadcurrent) at predetermined loads from an unloaded engine at idle (Loadmin) through to a maximum loaded engine (Loadmax);
measuring a natural gas flow rate of natural gas that is injected into an airstream of an engine air intake so as to maintain the percentage of natural gas mixed in the air intake to be between 0.6% to 3.0% such that a minimum gas injection rate (GASmin) corresponds to an idling engine under zero load.

8. The method of claim 7 further comprising measuring the efficiency of the engine at idle (REVSmin) and again under load and determining the correct rate of gas to inject (GASinjcct).

9. A method of claim 7, wherein injecting the natural gas is governed by an equation selected from the group consisting of:




  
    GAS
    inject
  
  =
  
    
      [
      
        
          [
          
            
              1
              2
            
            ⁢
            
              (
              
                
                  (
                  
                    
                      
                        Load
                        current
                      
                      -
                      
                        Load
                        
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                  )
                
                +
                
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                        REVS
                        current
                      
                      -
                      
                        REVS
                        
                          m
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        *
        
          (
          
            
              GAS
              
                m
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    +
    
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where GASmax is the gas injection rate under maximum engine REVS and maximum Load; and GASmin is the natural gas injection rate under minimum engine REVS and minimum Load;




  
    GAS
    inject
  
  =
  
    
      [
      
        
          [
          
            (
            
              
                N
                ⁡
                
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                        Load
                        current
                      
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                        REVS
                        
                          m
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          i
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          n
                        
                      
                    
                    
                      
                        RE
                        ⁢
                        
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        
                          VS
                          
                            m
                            ⁢
                            
                              
                            
                            ⁢
                            ax
                          
                        
                      
                      -
                      
                        REVS
                        
                          m
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          i
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          n
                        
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            )
          
          ]
        
        *
        
          (
          
            
              GAS
              
                m
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                a
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                x
              
            
            -
            
              GAS
              
                m
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                i
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                n
              
            
          
          )
        
      
      ]
    
    +
    
      GAS
      
        m
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        i
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        n
      
    
  




where GASmax is the natural gas injection rate under maximum engine REVS and maximum Load; GASmin is the natural gas injection rate under minimum engine REVS and minimum Load; and N and M are positive and satisfy the equation N+M=1;




  
    GAS
    inject
  
  =
  
     
    
      
        [
        
          
            [
            
              (
              
                
                  0.4
                  ⁢
                  
                    (
                    
                      
                        
                          Load
                          current
                        
                        -
                        
                          Load
                          
                            m
                            ⁢
                            
                              
                            
                            ⁢
                            i
                            ⁢
                            
                              
                            
                            ⁢
                            n
                          
                        
                      
                      
                        
                          Load
                          
                            m
                            ⁢
                            
                              
                            
                            ⁢
                            ax
                          
                        
                        -
                        
                          Load
                          
                            m
                            ⁢
                            
                              
                            
                            ⁢
                            i
                            ⁢
                            
                              
                            
                            ⁢
                            n
                          
                        
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                
                +
                
                  0.6
                  ⁢
                  
                    (
                    
                      
                        
                          REVS
                          current
                        
                        -
                        
                          REVS
                          
                            m
                            ⁢
                            
                              
                            
                            ⁢
                            i
                            ⁢
                            
                              
                            
                            ⁢
                            n
                          
                        
                      
                      
                        
                          RE
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          
                            VS
                            
                              m
                              ⁢
                              
                                
                              
                              ⁢
                              ax
                            
                          
                        
                        -
                        
                          REVS
                          
                            m
                            ⁢
                            
                              
                            
                            ⁢
                            i
                            ⁢
                            
                              
                            
                            ⁢
                            n
                          
                        
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                
              
              )
            
            ]
          
          *
          
            (
            
              
                GAS
                
                  m
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  a
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  x
                
              
              -
              
                GAS
                
                  m
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  i
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  n
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        ]
      
      +
      
        GAS
        
          m
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          i
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          n
        
      
    
  




where GASmax is the natural gas injection rate under maximum engine REVS and maximum Load; and GASmin is the natural gas injection rate under minimum engine REVS and minimum Load;




  
    GAS
    inject
  
  =
  
    
      [
      
        
          [
          
            (
            
              (
              
                
                  
                    Load
                    current
                  
                  -
                  
                    Load
                    
                      m
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      i
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      n
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    Load
                    
                      m
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      ax
                    
                  
                  -
                  
                    Load
                    
                      m
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      i
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      n
                    
                  
                
              
              )
            
            )
          
          ]
        
        *
        
          (
          
            
              GAS
              
                m
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                a
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                x
              
            
            -
            
              GAS
              
                m
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                i
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                n
              
            
          
          )
        
      
      ]
    
    +
    
      GAS
      
        m
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        i
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        n
      
    
  




where GASmax is the natural gas injection rate under engine Load; and GASmin is the natural gas injection rate under minimum engine Load; and




  
    GAS
    inject
  
  =
  
    
      [
      
        
          [
          
            (
            
              (
              
                
                  
                    REVS
                    current
                  
                  -
                  
                    REVS
                    
                      m
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      i
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      n
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    RE
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      VS
                      
                        m
                        ⁢
                        
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        ax
                      
                    
                  
                  -
                  
                    REVS
                    
                      m
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      i
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      n
                    
                  
                
              
              )
            
            )
          
          ]
        
        *
        
          (
          
            
              GAS
              
                m
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                a
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                x
              
            
            -
            
              GAS
              
                m
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                i
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                n
              
            
          
          )
        
      
      ]
    
    +
    
      GAS
      
        m
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        i
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        n
      
    
  




where GASmax is the natural gas injection rate under maximum engine REVS; and GASmin is the natural gas injection rate under minimum engine REVS.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the natural gas injection rate (GAS inject) rate is characterized by measuring GAS inject for the engine under maximum load and maximum engine REVS (GASmax) and for the engine under zero load at idle (REVSmin) (GASmin) and extrapolating therebetween by means of the selected governing equation.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein the diesel fuel engine load (Loadcurrent) is measured via a corresponding measurement of a manifold absolute pressure sensor, a turbo charger pressure sensor, throttle positioning sensor, an exhaust temperature sensor, and/or an exhaust nitrous-oxide gas sensor, or by attaching the engine to a dynameter; and wherein the engine REV. rate is measured via the voltage output of the diesel fuel engine alternator or other engine signal source.

12. The method of claim 7 comprising switching injected natural gas rates to the minimum natural gas injection rate (GASmin) in response to a signal from a throttle switch thereby indicating deceleration, braking and/or idle condition.

13. The method claim 7 comprising re-performing the steps of the method of claim 7 at predetermined times to recalibrate the natural gas injection rate (GASinject) and resetting the natural gas injection rate correspondingly.

14. The method of claim 1 comprising varying the rate of injection of the natural gas to zero in response to a throttle position switch of the engine being moved to an off position.

15. A system for injecting natural gas into a diesel fuel engine for combustion with diesel fuel therein, the system comprising:
a natural gas injection device having an outlet disposed in fluid communication with a diesel fuel engine air-inlet and an inlet disposed in fluid communication with a natural gas source; and
a natural gas injection device controller configured to receive input indicative of an engine performance parameter and configured to the control natural gas injection rate from the natural gas injection device outlet such that the diesel engine air-inlet has natural gas injected therein to form an air-natural gas mixture having a natural gas concentration of between 0.6% to 3.0%.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the engine performance parameter includes a percentage of natural gas mixed into the airstream of the engine intake; engine revolutions per minute of the engine (REVScurrent) at predetermined revolutions from a minimum value at engine idle (REVSmin) to a maximum value (REVSmax) at wide open throttle; a load of the engine (Loadcurrent)at predetermined loads from an unloaded engine at idle (Loadmin) through to a maximum loaded engine (Loadmax); a voltage output of the diesel fuel engine alternator or other engine signal source; and manifold absolute pressure, a turbo charger pressure, throttle position, exhaust temperature, and/or an exhaust nitrous-oxide gas, or an engine dynameter.

17. The system of claim 15, wherein the natural gas injection device controller is configured to operate the equation:




  
    GAS
    inject
  
  =
  
    
      [
      
        
          [
          
            (
            
              
                N
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  
                    
                      
                        Load
                        current
                      
                      -
                      
                        Load
                        
                          m
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          i
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          n
                        
                      
                    
                    
                      
                        Load
                        
                          m
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          ax
                        
                      
                      -
                      
                        Load
                        
                          m
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          i
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          n
                        
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
              +
              
                M
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  
                    
                      
                        REVS
                        current
                      
                      -
                      
                        REVS
                        
                          m
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          i
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          n
                        
                      
                    
                    
                      
                        RE
                        ⁢
                        
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        
                          VS
                          
                            m
                            ⁢
                            
                              
                            
                            ⁢
                            ax
                          
                        
                      
                      -
                      
                        REVS
                        
                          m
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          i
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          n
                        
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            )
          
          ]
        
        *
        
          (
          
            
              GAS
              
                m
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                a
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                x
              
            
            -
            
              GAS
              
                m
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                i
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                n
              
            
          
          )
        
      
      ]
    
    +
    
      GAS
      
        m
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        i
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        n
      
    
  




where GASmaxis the natural gas injection rate under maximum engine REVS and maximum Load; GASmin is the natural gas injection rate under minimum engine REVS and minimum Load; and N and M are positive and satisfy the equation N+M=1.

18. The system of claim 16, wherein the natural gas injection device controller is configured to provide a natural gas injection rate into the air-inlet (GAS inject) at a rate characterized by measuring GAS inject for the engine under maximum load and maximum engine REVS (GASmax) and for the engine under zero load at idle (REVSmin) (GASmin) and extrapolating therebetween by means of the equation.

19. The system of claim 15 where the natural gas, includes methane; a substantially methane gas mixture; substitute natural gas in the form of a mixture of one or more combustible gases with air to provide mixture with substantially the same properties as methane or natural gas.

20. A diesel fuel engine comprising:
a natural gas injection device having an outlet disposed in fluid communication with a diesel fuel engine air-inlet and an inlet disposed in fluid communication with a natural gas source; and
a natural gas injection device controller configured to receive input indicative of an engine performance parameter and configured to the control natural gas injection rate from the natural gas injection device outlet such that the diesel engine air-inlet has natural gas injected therein to form an air-natural gas mixture having a natural gas concentration of between 0.6% to 3.0%.