U.S. flag
      An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice.
        Here's how you know
      Here's how you know**Official websites use .gov**
            
            A **.gov** website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
      **Secure .gov websites use HTTPS**
            
            A **lock** (
            A locked padlock
            ) or **https://** means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Menu

      
        close

            
            
                                              About NIJ
        
                    
  
          About NIJ
      
    
          The NIJ Director
          How NIJ Is Organized
          Mission and Guiding Principles
          Research and Development Process
          Strategic Framework
          Assessments of NIJ
          Annual Reports & Reports to Congress
          Staff Directory
          Funding & Awards
        
                    
  
          Funding & Awards
      
    
          Current Funding
          Forthcoming Funding
          Expired Funding
          Awards: Listing of Funded Projects
          Guidance for Applicants and Awardees
          Fellowship & Student Programs
          Travel Scholarships
          NIJ Challenge Program
          Library & Multimedia
        
                    
  
          Library & Multimedia
      
    
          NIJ Journal
          Podcasts
          Publications Listing
          Multimedia Listing
          Rated Practices on CrimeSolutions
          Rated Programs on CrimeSolutions
          Software & Databases
          Datasets
          Patents
          Topics
        
                    
  
          Topics
      
    
          Article Listing
          Corrections
          Courts
          Crime Prevention
          Crimes
          Drugs and Crime
          Equipment and Technology
          Forensic Sciences
          Youth Justice
          Justice System Reform
          Law Enforcement
          Tribal Crime and Justice
          Victims of Crime
          Events
        
                    
  
          Events
      
    
          NIJ 2024 Research Conference
          Scheduled Events
          On-Demand Events
          Research Meetings & Workshops
          NIJ-Hosted Online Training

                            
                                About
          Contact Us
          Subscribe
          Topics A-Z
                  Share
FacebookXLinkedInRedditPinterestEmail Home
                            Library & Multimedia
 Pittsburgh Youth Study: Relative Improvement Over Chance (RIOC) for 2x2 Tables
NCJ Number
              141130
Journal

*British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology* Dated: (1990) Pages: 293-307
Author(s)
          J B Copas;
                        R Loeber
Date Published

1990
Length
              15 pages
Annotation
              A novel index of association, called Relative Improvement Over Chance (RIOC), is described for 2x2 tables; it corrects for chance and for limitations in maximum predictability due to unequal distributions of the marginals in such tables.
Abstract
              Criteria for comparing the utility of this and existing indexes of association are reviewed. The theoretical distribution of RIOC for large and small sample sizes is presented and tested against the results from computer- generated tables. Methods are presented for calculating confidence intervals for RIOC, for testing the significance of individual values of RIOC, and for testing the difference between several values of RIOC from various studies. RIOC has a number of advantages over existing indices of predictive association, particularly since it combines a correction for chance and for differences in maximum values in 2x2 tables. Whereas many prediction indices correct for chance, RIOC has the unique advantage of correcting for the maximum value that results from a distinct discrepancy between base rate and selection ratio. RIOC also provides for the possibility to calculate confidence intervals and to test the statistical significance between several RIOC's.  Advances presented in this paper will help researchers to use RIOC more judiciously in coming to valid conclusions about the strength of predictive association in 2x2 tables or in meta-analyses. 4 tables, 1 figure, and 22 references
      
  
          Additional Details
Grant Number(s)
        84-IJ-CX-0048
                                86-JN-CX-009


  
  
        
  Agencies
        OJJDP-Sponsored
                                NIJ-Sponsored


  
  
        
  Publication Type
        Test/Measurement
    
  
  
Date Published: January 1, 1990
    
          Downloads
        
                      *No download available*

Related Datasets
        
                      http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR09312
Side navigation
  

        

  
  
              NIJ Journal
    
      
            
            
            
      Podcasts
    
      
            
            
            
      Publications Listing
    
      
            
            
            
      Multimedia Listing
    
      
            
            
            
      Rated Practices on CrimeSolutions
    
      
            
            
            
      Rated Programs on CrimeSolutions
    
      
            
            
            
      Software & Databases
    
      
            
            
            
      Datasets
    
      
            
            
            
      PatentsRelated Topics
        
                Juvenile justice
        Mathematical Modeling
        Juvenile (under 18)
        Juvenile delinquency
        Meta-Analysis



  
Similar Publications
        
                      A Comparison of Four Methods of Inverse Prediction
                  Quantification of Cocaine in Ternary Mixtures Using Partial Least Squares Regression Applied to Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
                  Exploring the Effects of Maltreatment and Child Welfare System Experiences on Juvenile Justice Involvement
 Top

      National Institute of Justice

        
        
                        About NIJ
                    About NIJ
      
    
                  How NIJ Is Organized
      
    
                  NIJ Director
      
    
                  Research Disclaimer
      
    
                  Funding & Awards
                    Funding & Awards Home
      
    
                  Awards Listing
      
    
                  Current Funding
      
    
                  Guidance for Applicants and Awardees
      
    
                  Resources
                    Events
      
    
                  Podcasts
      
    
                  Publications
      
    
                  Topics
      
    
                  Multimedia
      
    
                  Reuse Policy
      
    
                  Contacts
                    Contact NIJ
      
    
                  Staff Directory
      
    
                  Submit a FOIA Request
      
    
                  File a Civil Rights ComplaintFacebook
          
                      X
          
                      YouTube
  

      810 7th St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20531
      
              Secondary Footer link menu
            Accessibility
              Plain Language
              Privacy Policy
              Legal Policies and Disclaimer
              No FEAR Act
              Freedom of Information Act
              USA.gov
              Justice.gov