ENTRY ORDER

2021 VT 19

SUPREME COURT DOCKET NO. 2021-043

MARCH TERM, 2021

State of Vermont } APPEALED FROM:

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 v. }

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Superior Court, Bennington Unit,

Criminal Division

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Joshua Boyer } DOCKET NO. 370-4-18 Bncr

Trial Judge: Cortland Corsones

In the above-entitled cause, the Clerk will enter:

¶ 1. Defendant Joshua Boyer is held without bail pending trial, as permitted under 13 

V.S.A. § 7553 where a person is charged with an offense punishable by life imprisonment and the 

evidence of guilt is great. He appeals from the trial court’s recent denial of his request that it 

reconsider that decision and release him on conditions. Defendant argues that the court abused its 

discretion by failing to consider the indefinite suspension of jury trials due to COVID-19 in 

determining whether continuation of the order was the least-restrictive measure available to ensure 

his appearance at future court proceedings. We affirm.

¶ 2. The relevant procedural history is as follows. On April 23, 2018, defendant was 

charged with repeated aggravated assault on a child under 13 V.S.A. § 3253a(a)(8), aggravated 

assault with a “violent career criminal” enhancement under 13 V.S.A. § 1024(a)(1) and 13 V.S.A. 

§ 11a,1and aggravated sexual assault on a child causing serious injury under 13 V.S.A. 

§ 3253a(a)(1). The alleged victim of all three offenses is defendant’s minor daughter, M.B. Each 

offense carries a potential sentence of life imprisonment. 

¶ 3. Defendant was held without bail under 13 V.S.A. § 7553 at his arraignment the 

same day the charges were filed. He did not request a weight-of-the evidence hearing, but instead 

1

 The enhancement, applicable on conviction of a third “felony crime of violence,” made 

this charge punishable by life imprisonment. 13 V.S.A. § 11a. However, § 11a was repealed 

effective June 19, 2019. 2019, No. 77, § 6. Presumably in response, on October 16, 2019, the 

aggravated assault charge was amended to first-degree aggravated domestic assault under 13 

V.S.A. § 1043(a)(1) with a “habitual criminal” enhancement under 13 V.S.A. § 11. Section 11

allows a sentence of life imprisonment for persons convicted of a fourth or subsequent felony 

offense. 13 V.S.A. § 11. 
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filed a motion seeking home detention.2 The trial court denied that request, and we affirmed its

ruling on appeal. See State v. Boyer, 2018 VT 62, 207 Vt. 648, 192 A.3d 1270 (mem.). 

¶ 4. In May 2019, defendant was charged in a separate docket with obstructing justice, 

13 V.S.A. § 3015, coupled with a habitual-offender enhancement, 13 V.S.A. § 11. The charge was 

based on allegations that while incarcerated, defendant arranged through third parties for a 

message to be sent to M.B. advising her of how to go about changing her testimony against him in 

advance of scheduled depositions. 

¶ 5. A jury trial was held in the instant matter in November 2019. However, the court 

declared a mistrial due to juror misconduct. The parties began preparing for a second trial.

¶ 6. On March 16, 2020, this Court issued Administrative Order 49, which suspended 

all jury trials light of the COVID-19 pandemic. A.O. 49, https://www.

vermontjudiciary.org/sites/default/files/documents/AO%2049%20-%20Declaration%20of%20

Judicial%20Emergency%20and%20Changes%20to%20Court%20Procedures%20with%20amen

dments%20through%2012-22-20.pdf [https://perma.cc/NK4V-H3UG]. As of January 1, 2021, 

criminal jury trials could be scheduled with the authorization of the Chief Superior Judge and 

Court Administrator, based on consideration of such factors as the current course of the pandemic, 

recent recommendations of public-health experts, the rights and interests of the litigants, and 

“whether the unit has adopted a plan that addresses ventilation and air flow and allows for socially 

distanced seating and movement of all participants and jurors through the course of a jury draw 

and trial.” A.O. 49, § 3(b).

¶ 7. In August 2020, defendant filed a motion to dismiss the prosecution, citing his 

speedy-trial, due-process, and confrontation rights and arguing that this Courts’ order suspending 

jury trials in light of the COVID-19 pandemic was unconstitutional. The court denied the motion, 

concluding that defendant’s rights to a speedy trial and due process had not been violated and 

holding that this Court has constitutional authority to suspend jury trials. It further found that 

defendant failed to raise a cognizable claim under the confrontation clause. 

¶ 8. Then, on November 25, 2020, defendant filed this motion requesting that the court 

review its decision to hold him without bail under 13 V.S.A. § 7553 and release him on conditions 

to the home of a family friend. He asked that the court consider, in ruling on his motion, the length 

of his pre-trial incarceration and ongoing uncertainty about when his jury trial could be held, and 

noted that he “has made no threats to any individuals or indicated that he would flee.” 

¶ 9. A hearing on the motion was held by video on January 7, 2021. Defendant 

presented testimony from the family friend with whom he proposed to reside. The parties agreed 

that the court could take judicial notice of the court’s ruling on defendant’s May 2018 request for 

release on home detention status. Defendant again requested that the court exercise its discretion

under § 7553 to release him pending trial under any conditions of release the court felt would be 

2

 Defendant’s motion predated a legislative amendment to the home-detention statute, 13 

V.S.A. § 7554b, which rendered the program unavailable to those held without bail. 2017, No. 

164 (Adj. Sess.), § 7 (effective July 1, 2018). 
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sufficient to protect the public, citing Article 12 of the Vermont Constitution, which holds that the 

right to trial by jury “ought to be held sacred.” See Vt. Const. ch. I, art. 12. 

¶ 10. The court denied the motion and continued to hold defendant without bail under 13 

V.S.A. § 7553. Defendant appeals from that decision, see Vt. Const. ch. II, § 40; 13 V.S.A. 

§ 7556(e), arguing that the court abused its discretion in failing to consider whether a hold-withoutbail order was the least restrictive measure available to assure public safety and defendant’s 

appearance at future proceedings, and in declining to weigh in that calculus the impact of the 

indefinite suspension of jury trials resulting in defendant’s prolonged incarceration. 

¶ 11. As explained above, a person charged with an offense punishable by life 

imprisonment may be held without bail under 13 V.S.A. § 7553 where the evidence of his guilt is 

great. State v. Hardy, 2008 VT 119, ¶ 10, 184 Vt. 618, 965 A.2d 478 (mem.) (holding measure of 

great evidence of guilt is “whether substantial, admissible evidence of guilt, taken in the light most 

favorable to the State, can fairly and reasonably convince a fact-finder beyond a reasonable doubt 

that defendant is guilty”). For purposes of this motion, defendant does not contest that the evidence 

of his guilt is great. 

¶ 12. But even where the evidence of guilt is great and the presumption in favor of release 

dissolves, the trial court retains the discretion to allow defendant’s release on bail. State v. Pellerin, 

2010 VT 26, ¶ 13, 187 Vt. 482, 996 A.2d 204. In this circumstance, defendant bears the burden 

of persuading the court to set bail or conditions of release. State v. Auclair, 2020 VT 26, ¶ 16, __ 

Vt. __, 229 A.3d 1019 (mem.). So long as its decision is not arbitrary, the trial court’s discretion 

in this area is broad. State v. Ford, 2015 VT 127, ¶ 10, 200 Vt. 650, 130 A.3d 862 (mem.). Our 

review is correspondingly narrow and strictly confined to whether an abuse of discretion has 

occurred. Id. ¶ 8.

¶ 13. In exercising its discretion, the court “may look to the factors listed in 13 V.S.A. 

§ 7554(b).” Auclair, 2020 VT 26, ¶ 3. Those factors are:

the nature and circumstances of the offense charged; the weight of 

the evidence against the accused; the accused’s employment; 

financial resources, including the accused’s ability to post bail; the 

accused’s character and mental condition; the accused’s length of 

residence in the community; and the accused’s records of 

appearance at court proceedings or of flight to avoid prosecution or 

failure to appear at court proceedings.

13 V.S.A. § 7554(b). The court may also consider “[r]ecent history of actual violence or threats

of violence . . . as bearing on the character and mental condition of the accused” for purposes of 

determining whether any conditions of release can reasonably ensure protection of the public. 13 

V.S.A. § 7554(b)(2).

¶ 14. Here, the trial court considered each of the § 7554(b) factors in turn. First, it noted 

that defendant “is facing extremely serious charges,” observing that all three offenses in the instant 

case carry a potential sentence of life imprisonment, while two carry a mandatory minimum of 
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twenty-five years to serve, which cannot be suspended. It also found the nature of the allegations 

against defendant to be extremely concerning given that they involved physical assault and 

repeated sexual assault of his fourteen-year-old daughter. Finally, it noted that defendant also 

faces a felony charge of obstructing justice in the instant case, which due to the habitual-offender 

enhancement also carries a potential sentence of life imprisonment. 

¶ 15. Turning to the other factors, the court observed that defendant faces three charges 

in this docket, “although there may be some duplication in the charges,” and another in the 

obstruction-of-justice case. It noted that neither party had contested that the evidence of 

defendant’s guilt was great for purposes of the motion. With respect to employment, the court 

indicated that defendant is currently incarcerated, and were he to be released, “it does not appear 

as though he would be employed.” The court was “not aware of defendant having any ability to 

post bail.” He had resided in the Bennington area for a significant length of time, and has 

“significant family ties to the area, including his mother,” although he proposed to live at a friend’s 

residence in Charlotte. 

¶ 16. The court found that the three charges at issue in this case “represent a recent history 

of violence and threats of violence against the complainant.” With respect to risk of flight, the 

court noted that defendant’s record includes a failure to appear in 2003 and a 2004 conviction for 

resisting arrest. His record also revealed seven other convictions: unlawful trespass and disorderly 

conduct, also in 2004; aggravated assault, domestic assault, and violation of an abuse-prevention 

order in 2005; aggravated domestic assault in 2006; and aggravated assault in 2010. He was found 

to have violated his probation in 2005 and his parole in 2008. 

¶ 17. The court then considered defendant’s argument that the suspension of jury trials 

due to COVID-19 should be part of the court’s analysis in deciding whether to grant bail. The 

court concluded that defendant had properly raised the same issue in the due-process component 

of his motion to dismiss, which the court had denied one-and-a-half months earlier, and found that 

passage of time should not alter its earlier decision on the merits of the claim. 

¶ 18. Defendant now contends that, although the court weighed each of the § 7554(b) 

factors, it abused its discretion by failing to consider the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic with 

regard to public safety and risk of flight. Because defendant did not raise this specific argument 

in his motion for bail review or in the hearing on his motion, he has failed to preserve it for appeal. 

Progressive Ins. Co. v. Brown ex rel. Brown, 2008 VT 103, ¶ 6, 184 Vt. 388, 966 A.2d 666 (“In 

order to rely upon an argument on appeal, an appellant must properly preserve it by presenting it 

to the trial court with specificity and clarity.” (quotation omitted)). In the trial court, defendant 

argued generally that the court should consider the impact of the pandemic on the ability to 

schedule his second trial and exercise its discretion to release him on that basis, citing his Article 

12 right to a jury trial. He did not argue that the pandemic should alter the court’s analysis with 

respect to public safety or risk of flight. Nor is the effect of the pandemic on those concerns so 

clear as to require the court’s sua sponte consideration. Because defendant did not afford the trial 

court an opportunity to address this argument below, we will not consider it on appeal. 

¶ 19. Given the lack of specificity in defendant’s argument, the trial court reasonably 

construed it to raise the same due-process challenge it had disposed of in ruling on defendant’s 
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motion to dismiss, and indicated that its ruling on that point had not changed in the intervening 

month and a half. The court’s ruling on the due-process issue closely tracked our decision in State 

v. Labrecque, a case in which a defendant held without bail under 13 V.S.A. § 7553 pending trial 

appealed, arguing that the extended length of his pretrial detention under A.O. 49 violated his 

constitutional due-process rights. 2020 VT 81, __ Vt. __, __ A.3d __. Because substantive due 

process prohibits the punishment of pretrial detainees, Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535-36 

(1979), we explained in State v. Blackmer that to uphold this principle, “(1) bail cannot be denied 

in order to inflict pretrial punishment; (2) pretrial detention cannot be excessive in relation to the 

regulatory goal, and (3) the interests served by the detention must be legitimate and compelling.”3 

160 Vt. 451, 459-60, 631 A.2d 1134, 1140 (1993). Thus, a defendant arguing that the length of 

his pretrial detention fails to satisfy these requirements may test that contention in connection with 

a challenge to the order holding him without bail. In this case, it was reasonable for the court to 

consider the broad arguments offered by defendant in connection with his request for release on 

bail within that same framework. Defendant does not argue that the court’s earlier due-process 

analysis was incorrect, but that the court erred by declining to reconsider his argument in the 

context of bail review. Because the court applied the analysis from Labrecque, which was a bailreview case, defendant’s contention that the court’s analysis should be different in this context is 

unpersuasive. 

¶ 20. Here, with the § 7554(b) factors in mind, the court turned to the overarching 

question of whether any combination of conditions could assure public safety or mitigate the risk 

of flight to avoid prosecution. Given defendant’s “significant history of violence,” his prior 

failures to abide by court orders and conditions of parole, and the fact that he presently faces four 

charges across two dockets, all of which carry a potential sentence of life imprisonment, the court

could not be assured that the friend with whom defendant proposed to reside “could enforce the 

conditions to protect the public or to prevent flight to avoid prosecution.” To the extent defendant 

also suggests that although the court set forth each of the applicable factors, it did not “consider or 

weigh” those factors to determine whether a hold-without-bail order was the least restrictive 

measure required to address risk of flight, we find this argument unavailing. We have long rejected

contentions that a trial court must “relate its actions to the ultimate interest[] of risk of flight” and 

public safety because “[s]uch a command would elevate form over substance and be inconsistent

with our limited standard of review.” Blackmer, 160 Vt. at 461, 631 A.2d at 1141. Rather, “[o]nce 

the court determines that defendant cannot be trusted to comply with conditions of release, the 

effect on risk of flight and other bail interests becomes obvious.” Id. at 461-62, 631 A.2d at 1141. 

¶ 21. The burden was on defendant “to persuade the court that discretionary release is 

warranted.” Auclair, 2020 VT 26, ¶ 24. However, after considering all of the § 7554(b) factors, 

the court was unable to find that even the strict conditions of release proposed by defendant could 

adequately assure public safety or mitigate the risk of flight to avoid prosecution. It revisited 

3

 Labrecque did not, as defendant argues, “implicitly h[o]ld that the impact of court 

closures and the suspension of jury trials necessarily factor[s] into a trial court’s bail analysis.” It 

merely held that where the argument is presented, the delay of jury trials due to COVID-19 was 

appropriately considered in connection with the narrow type of due-process challenge which may 

be levied in a bail request. See Labrecque, 2020 VT 81, ¶ 30.
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defendant’s due-process argument and determined that its prior order should not be reconsidered. 

There was no abuse of discretion here.

Affirmed.

BY THE COURT:

Paul L. Reiber, Chief Justice

Harold E. Eaton, Jr., Associate Justice

Karen R. Carroll, Associate Justice