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**Exhibit      31.1**

**CERTIFICATIONS**

| (a)   | Designed              such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure              controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure              that material information relating to the registrant, including its              consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those              entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being              prepared; |
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| (b)   | Evaluated              the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures              and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness              of              the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period              covered by this report based on such evaluation;              and |
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| (c)   | Disclosed              in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over              financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent              fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an              annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely              to              materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial              reporting; and |
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| (a)   | All              significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or              operation of internal control over financial reporting which are              reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record,              process, summarize and report financial information;              and |
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| (b)   | Any              fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other              employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control              over financial reporting. |
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