FI L ED U.S. COURT OF APPEAL S EL EVENTHCI RCUI T J AN 25, 2011 J OHN L EY CL ERK [DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE U

NITED STATE S COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELE VENTH CIRCUIT

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ No. 1 0- 12 33 9 Non -Arg um en t Ca le nd ar

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Agen cy No. A0 98 -6 10 -7 03 ERW IN KORNIAWAN, Pet it io ne r, ve rs us U.S. ATTO RNEY GENERAL, Res po nd en t.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Pet it io n fo r Rev ie w of aDeci si on of t he Bo ardof I m

m ig rat io n Ap pe al s

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (J anua ry 25 , 20 11 ) Befo re TJ OFLAT, CARNES andFAY, Circ ui t J ud ge s. PER CURI AM:Erwin Korn ia wan , a na ti ve an d c it iz enof I nd on es ia , pet it io ns forrev ie w of

th e d en ia l o f hi s ap pl ic at io n fo r as y lu m , withh ol di ng of r em ov al un de r th e Im m ig rat io n a ndNati on al it y Act (“ INA”), an d re li ef und er the Uni te d Nat io ns Co nv en ti on Agai ns t To rtu re an d Ot he r Cru el , Inh um an , or Deg rad in g Tre at m en t orPu ni sh m en t (“ CAT”), 8 U.S.C. §§ 11 58 , 12 31 (b )(3 ); 8 C.F.R. § 20 8.1 6. He arg ue s t ha t t he Bo ardof I m m ig rat io n Ap pe al s (“ BIA”) erre d i n d et erm in in g t ha t h e ha d fa il edto pro ve th athe was p ers ecu te d o n t he ba si s o f hi s C hi ne se eth ni ci ty. He fu rth er ar gu es th atth e BIA erredin co nc lu di ng th athe ha d fa il edto pro ve th at he was m or e li ke ly tha n n otto be to rtu redwith t he acqui es cen ce o f th e In do ne si an go ve rn m en t. Fo r th e rea so ns setforth be lo w, we den y th e p et it io n fo r rev ie w. I. Korni awan en te redth e Uni te d S ta te s i n 1 99 6 o n ano ni m m ig ran t F1 vi sa , la te r ad jus ti ng hi s s ta tu s t o H1 B1 an d o bt ai ni ng au th or iz at io n t o re m ai n u nt il May 20 04 . In 2 00 7, h e was serve d wi th a Not ic e to App ear t ha t ch arg edhi m with ov ers ta y in g h is vi sa , invi ol at io n o f INA § 2 37 (a)( 1) (B), 8 U.S.C. § 1 22 7( a)(1 )(B) . He ad m it te d t he all eg at io ns an d c on ced edrem ov ab il it y . Korni awan so ug htasylum , withh ol di ng of r em ov al , andCAT rel ie f on th e ba si s o f al le ge d p ers ecu ti on he ha d e xp eri en cedon th e b as is of h is Ch in es e ethn ic it y . He no te d t ha t et hn ic Ch in es e In do ne si an s ar e subjec te d t o o ffi ci al an d 2un of

fic ia l h aras sm en t i n In do ne si a, an d t he on go in g e co no m ic cri si s an d p ol it ic al in st ab il it y

ha ve ledto m ob att ack s b y na ti ve Ind on es ia ns on eth ni c-Ch in es e-o wne d bu si ne ss es an d i ns ti tu ti on s. Inhi s ap pl ic at io n a ndhi s t es ti m on y at t he asylu m

he ari ng , Korn ia wan de sc rib edfou r of

hi s o wn ex pe rie nc es . In 1 98 6, h e p art ic ip at edin anan nu al walk a-t ho n c omm em or at in g In do ne si anInd ep en de nc e Day . Abo uttwo ho ur s i nt o t he walk , nat iv e-In do ne si anpa rti ci pa nt s b eg anto ha ras s an d m oc k t he eth ni c Ch in es e pa rti ci pa nt s. He was rep eat ed ly call ed“ Ci no ,” aneth ni c sl ur . Som e sp ect at or s sp aton hi m , whi le ot he rs th rew s m al l ro ck s an d wat er b al lo on s athi m . One pe rs on sm ack edhi m

in th e h ead , andsev eral adul ts to uc he d h is bu tt oc ks an d ge ni ta l ar ea. His tea m

m at es —em

pl oyees o f hi s p aren ts ’ bu si ne ss who were m os tl y na ti ve Ind on es ia ns —t rie d t o p ro te cthi m . The co nduc t co nt in ue d sp or ad ic al ly thro ug ho utth e si x- ho ur ev en t. So m e o f th e h aras sm en t o ccu rredne ar th e ch eckpo in ts wher e p ol ic e o ffi cers were s ta ti on ed , bu t n o o ffi cers in te rv en ed . In19 90 , Korn ia wanwas ri di ng a m ot or cy cl e h om e fro m sch oo l wh ena m ot or cy cl e g an g s to pp edhi m an d s ai d, “ Hey , Cin o, g iv e m e so m e m on ey or I be at y ouup .” Whe n h e sa idth athe di d n othave an y m on ey , on e o f th e g an g m em be rs swu ng a ba se ba ll ba t athi m bu t m is se d. Ko rn ia wansp edaway , bu t t he y ch as ed hi m . He dro ve forap pr ox im at el y ten m il es be fo re h e lo stth em an d was ab le go 3ho m e. In19 91 , Korn ia wanwas o n h is way to a tu to rin g s es si on whena gr oup o f fiv e n at iv e In do ne si anm enap pr oa ch edhi m an d s ai d, “ Hey , Cin o, g iv e m e y ou r m on ey ! If y oudo n’t g iv e m e, I wil l h urt you.” One o f th e m eny el le d, “ Don ’t ev entry to l ie to us for

no t h av in g a ny m on ey ! W e kno w y ouCh in es e p eo pl e are ric h! ” The m anto oka si ck le fro m un de r hi s s hi rt a ndpo in te d i t atKorn ia wan , th enth reat en edhi m

ag ai n. Ko rn ia wanga ve th e m enhi s wal le t, b utitco nt ai ne d on ly a sm al l am ou ntof m on ey , so on e o f th e m ensai d, “ Oh, t oo ba d, i f th at ’s th e cas e, th enwe m ig htjus t h av e to ki ll y ouas we ll ! One les s C hi ne se pe rs onin th is co un try!” Korn ia wanfle d, b uthe co ul d h ear t he m eny el li ng th atth ey wou ld co m e to hi s b oa rd in g h ou se an d h arm hi s s ch oo lm at es an d h os t fa m il y . He bec am e afra idto be ou td oo rs by him se lf, s o h e as ke d h is tu to r to st artco m in g t o h is ho us e, an d h e g reat ly lim it edhi s af te r-s ch oo l ac ti vi ti es . A sch oo lm at e to ldhi m th aton e of th ei r fri en ds ha d re cen tl y be enrob be d b y

a m em be r of th e In do ne si anm il it ary, an d t he y sp ecu la te d t ha t t he same m anmig htha ve be enin vo lv edin th e ro bb ery of Korni awan . Fi na ll y , in19 92 , Korn iawanan d agro up of h is eth ni c-Ch in es e fri en ds were walk in g o ut si de an d try in g t o d eci de whet he r to hi re b ecak s (t hr ee-wh eel ed ve hi cl es ) orto tak e p ub li c tr an sp orta ti on . Nati ve -In do ne si anbe cakdri ve rs cal le d 4ou t t o o fferth ei r se rv ic es , bu t the gro up de ci de d t o t ak e a b us an d d idno t re sp on d

to th e driv ers . The driv ers be cam e ups etan d app ro ach edth e g ro up as i f to st arta fig ht . One o f th e driv ers sai d, “ Ci no , bas ta rd , do g,” an d a no th er p un ch ed Korni awan . The g ro up fle d a ndbo ard eda bu s. Aft er tha t i nc id en t, Ko rn ia wan rare ly lefthi s b oa rd in g h ou se or d idan yth in g o ut do or s. Ko rn ia wanan d h is fam il y de ci de d n otto rep ort an y of t he se in ci de nt s t o t he po li ce, as hi s p aren ts ’ ex pe rie nc e h adsh own th em th atth e p ol ic e wou ldno t d o m uc h a ndwou ldaskfor br ib es . Korni awan tes ti fie d t ha t h e was afrai d t o re tu rnto Ind on es iabe cau se of di sc riminat io n, p ot en ti al th reat s, an d l oc al off ic ia ls ’ fai lu re t o a dh ere t o t he na ti on al go ve rn m en t’s an ti -d is cri m in at ory ch an ge s t o re gu la ti on s. He s ai d t ha t h e ha d n otbe enph y si cal ly harm edby any of t he in ci de nt s h e h adex pe rie nc ed , bu t h e fear edth at“ it [ was ] jus t a m at te r of ti m e” b efo re h e wou ldbe ph y si cal ly harm ed . He al so de sc rib edgo ve rn m en t o ffi ci al s’ con ti nu in g e xt orti on of b rib es fro m th e ethn ic Ch in es e in ex ch an ge for pro ces si ng pe rm it s an d l ic en se s an d p ro vi di ng po li ce s erv ic es , andhe sai d t ha t, b ecau se of t hi s o ng oi ng di sc riminat io n, h e d idno t be li ev e th atth e g ov ern m en t wo ul d p ro te cthi m fro m ha rm by nat iv e g an gs . Nev erthe le ss , he a ckno wled ge d t ha t h is m ot he r ha d n otbe enha rm edin th e 1 99 7 an d 1 99 8 ri ot s ag ai ns t t he eth ni c Ch in es e, an d h e sa idth athi s fa m il y ha d o wne d a 5su cces sf

ul bu si ne ss si nc e 1 97 4, fo r whi ch th ey ha d b eenab le to ob ta in th e ne ces sa ry pe rm it s. The Im m ig rat io n J ud ge (“ IJ ”) d en ie d a ll of Ko rn iawan ’s reque st s fo r rel ie f an d o rd eredhi m

rem ov edto Ind on es ia . He fou ndKorn ia wan ’s tes ti m on y to be cred ib le , bu t co nc lu de d t ha t Ko rn ia wanha d g en eral ly com pl ai ne d o f on ly ha ras sm en t an d i nt im id at io n. Th e tr eat m en t h e h adex pe rie nc eddi d n otris e to th e le ve l o f pe rs ecu ti on , andhe fear edexpe rie nc in g o nl y ha ras sm en t an d di sc riminat io n i n t he futur e, whi ch fai le d t o e st ab li sh a well -fo un de d fe ar o f fu tu re pe rs ecu ti on . As Korni awan ha d n otm etth e st an da rdforasylu m , he a ls o h adno t m etth e h ig he r st an dardforwithh ol di ng of r em ov al . Fin al ly, th e ev id en ce d idno t es tabl is h e li gi bi li ty for CAT rel ie f. Korni awan ap pe al edto th e BIA, wh ic h d is m is se d h is ap pe al . It fo un d t ha t he ha d t es ti fie d t o m is tre at m en t o n ali m it ednu m be r of oc cas io ns m an y

y ears ag o, no ne of wh ic h i nv ol ve d s eri ou s i nju ry or alas ti ng im

pa ct , andhe ha d n otrep orte d th em to po li ce b ecau se th e p ol ic e wou ldaskform on ey . As pe rs ecu ti on do es no t in cl ud e al l fo rm s o f m is tre at m en t an d h aras sm en t, Ko rn ia wanha d n otsh own pa st pe rs ecu ti on . Con se qu en tl y , he a ls o h adfai le d t o e st ab li sh eli gi bi li ty for wit hh ol di ng of r em ov al . Fin al ly, Korni awan ha d n otsh own go ve rn m en ta l acqui es cen ce i n t he m is tre at m en t h e h adex pe rie nc ed , andhe ha d n otsubm it te d 6an y

ev id en ce s ho win g t ha t h e was m or e li ke ly tha n n otto be subjec t t o t ortu re t o whi chth e g ov ern m en t wo ul d a cqui es ce. Thu s, h e was in el ig ib le forCAT rel ie f. II. W e rev ie w th e BIA’s d eci si on , exc ep t t o t he ex te ntth atitex pr es sl y ad op ts th e IJ ’s op in io n o r rel ie s upo n i ts reas on in g. Al Na jj ar v. Ash cr of

t , 25 7 F .3d12 62 , 12 84 (11 th Cir . 20 01 ). Here, the BIA wro te a se pa rat e, br ie f op in io n t ha t in de pe nd en tl y

an al y zedKorn ia wan ’s cla im s, an d, t hu s, we re vi ew on ly tha t op in io n. “ W e wil l n otrev ers e u nl es s t he reco rdco m pe ls a co nt rary con cl us io n.” De Sa nt ama ri a v . U.S. Att or ne y Gen . , 52 5 F .3d99 9, 1 00 6 (1 1t h C ir. 2 00 8) . Factua l d et erm in at io ns are re vi ewedun de r th e subs ta nt ia l ev id en ce t es t, wh ic h requi res us to “ vi ew th e rec or d e vi de nc e in th e li gh t m os t fa vo rab le to th e ag en cy ’s de ci si on an d d raw al l re as on ab le in fere nc es in fav orof t ha t d eci si on .” Ade fe mi v. Ash cr of t , 38 6 F .3d10 22 , 10 26 -2 7 (1 1th C ir. 2 00 4) ( en ba nc ). “ W e m us t af firm th e BIA’s d eci si on if i t i s s up po rte d b y reas on ab le , subs ta nt ia l, an d p ro ba ti ve ev id en ce o n t he reco rdco ns id eredas awho le .” Id. at 1 02 7 (quo ta ti on m ark s om it te d) . III. To es tabl is h e li gi bi li ty for as y lu m ba se d o n p as t p ers ecu ti on , th e ap pl ic an t m us t p ro ve (1) th athe was p ers ecu te d, an d (2 ) th atth e p ers ecu ti onwas o n a cco un t 7of

a pr ot ect edgro un d. De Sa nt ama ri a , 52 5 F .3dat 1 00 7. To m eetth e m or e st rin ge ntst an da rdforwithh ol di ng of r em ov al un de r th e INA, th e al ie n m us t s ho w th athi s “ li fe o r free do m

wou ldbe th reat en ed ” in th e co un try of rem ov al on th e ba si s o f a p ro te ct edgro un d. Se pu lv ed a v . U.S. Att or ne

y Gen . , 40 1 F .3d12 26 , 12 32 (20 05 ). Thu s, “ [t]he ali enbe ars th e b ur de n o f de m on st rat in g tha t i t i s m or e li ke ly tha n n ot[he ] wil l b e p ers ecu te d o r to rtu redup on be in g re tu rn edto [hi s] co un try.” Id. (qu ot at io n m ark s o m it te d) . An al ie n wh o c an no t m eetth e st an da rd fo r as y lu m

ge ne ral ly cann otsat is fy

th e h ig he r m or e-l ik el y -th an -n otst an da rdfor wit hh ol di ng of r em ov al . Id . at 1 23 2- 33 .

“ [P]erse cu ti on is anex tre m e co nc ep t, re qu iri ng m or e th ana few i so la te d in ci de nt s o f ve rb al ha ras sm en t o r in ti m id at io n, an d . . . m ere h aras sm en t d oe s n ot am ou ntto pe rs ecu ti on .” De Sa nt ama ri a , 52 5 F .3dat 1 00 8 (q uo ta ti on m ark s om it te d) . Alth ou gh we do no t ri gi dl y requi re p hysic al in

jury, id. , “ m in orph y si cal ab us e an d b rie f de te nt io ns do no t am ou ntto pe rs ecu ti on ,” Kaze mza de h v . U.S. Att or ne y Gen . , 57 7 F .3d13 41 , 13 53 (11 th Cir . 20 09 ). Korni awan tes ti fie d t o fo urin ci de nt s t ha t o ccu rredov er a s ix -y ear p eri od . Dur in g t he walk -a-t ho n, s om e n at iv e In do ne si an s s pa t o n h im an d u se d ra ci al sl ur s, o th ers th rew s m al l ro ck s an d wat er b al lo on s athi m , on e p ers on sm ack edhi s he ad , andsev eral adul ts to uc he d h is bu tt oc ks an d g en it al area . Duri ng th e fi rs t 8ro bb ery, th e m ot or cy cl e g an g u se d araci al sl ur , on e m em be r swu ng a ba t athi m whe n h e sa idth athe di d n otha ve an y m on ey to gi ve th em , andth ey

ch as edhi m whe n h e sp edaway . Duri ng th e se co ndrob be ry , th e m enus edraci al sl ur s an d o ne th reat en edhi m

with asm al l s ic kl e. Whe n h e g av e th em on ly a sm al l am ou ntof m on ey , th ey

th reat en edto co m e to hi s b oa rd in g h ou se in ord er t o k il l h im an d ha rm hi s fr ie nd s, b utKorn ia wandi d n ottes ti fy th athe ex pe rie nc edan y

furth er pr ob le m s wi th th e m en . Duri ng th e fi na l i nc id en t, a b ecakdri ve r us eda raci al sl ur an d a no th er p un ch edKorn ia wanwhen Korn ia wanan d h is fri en ds de ci de d t o t ak e a b us rathe r th anhi re the m . Korn ia wanwas n otph y si cal ly harm edby any of t he in ci de nt s. Onth e who le , subs ta nt ia l ev id en ce s up po rts th e BIA’s co nc lu si onth at th es e in ci de nt s co ns ti tu te d h aras sm en t an d d is cri m in at io n, b utno t p ers ecu ti on . Se e De S an ta mar ia , 52 5 F .3dat 1 00 8; Ade fe mi , 38 6 F .3dat 1 02 6- 27 . Acco rd in gl y , Korn ia wanfai le d t o e st ab li sh eli gi bi li ty for as y lu m or wi th ho ld in g o f rem ov al . Se e De S

an ta mar ia , 52 5 F .3dat 1 00 7; Se pu lv ed a , 40 1 F .3dat 1 23 2- 33 . IV.

“ Inord er t o p rev ai l o n acla im for CAT rel ie f, anali enm

us t d em on st rat e it is m or e li ke ly tha n n otth at[]he wil l b e subjec te d t o p ai n a ndsu ffer in g a t t he ha nd s oracqui es cen ce o f th e g ov ern m en t.” La pa ixv. U.S. Att or ne

y Gen . , 60 5 F .3d11 38 , 11 45 (11 th Cir . 20 10 ). “ Gov ern m en t ac qu ie sc en ce i s t he ke y di st in gu is hi ng fact or 9be twee n” a CAT cla im an d a n a sylum

cla im . Id

. Korn iawantes ti fie d t ha t h e ne ve r rep orte d a ny of th e fo urin ci de nt s t o t he po li ce, an d h e d idno t i nd ic at e th at he kn ew an y

go ve rn m en t o ffi ci al s t o h av e b eenin vo lv edin th e in ci de nt s. He reca ll edon ly tha t s om e o f th e h aras sm en t dur in g t he walk -a-t ho n o ccu rredne ar the ch eckpo in ts wher e p ol ic e o ffi cers were s ta ti on ed , andth athe an d asch oo lm at e ha d s pe cu la te d t ha t o ne of t he m enin vo lv edin th e se co ndrob be ry m ig htha ve be eninth e m il it ary. The fa ctth atth e In do ne si ango ve rn m en t en ga ge s i n l eg al di sc riminat io n a ga in stth e ethn ic Ch in es e d oe s n otde m on st rat e th atitwou ld supp ort o r en ga ge in to rtu re o f th os e in di vi du al s. Onth e who le , subs ta nt ia l ev id en ce s up po rts th e BIA’s co nc lu si onth atKorn ia wanfai le d t o p ro ve th atth e In do ne si ango ve rn m en t wo ul d p art ic ip at e in or a cqui es ce t o a ny acts of t ortu re t o whi chhe m ig htbe subjec te d. Se e La pa ix , 60 5 F .3dat 1 14 5; Ade fe mi , 38 6 F .3dat 10 26 -2 7. Fo r th e fo reg oi ng reas on s, we d en y th e p et it io n fo r rev ie w. PETI TI ON DENI ED.

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