UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

THOMAS C. JOHNSON-RICHARDSON,

Plaintiff,

v.

UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX et al.,

Defendants.

Civil Action No. 18-3016 (RDM)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This case is before the Court on Defendants’ motion to dismiss for insufficient service of 

process. Although Plaintiff has attempted to serve his amended complaint on Defendants 

repeatedly, each of those efforts has suffered from one defect or another, and there is no reason 

to believe that further attempts will prove any more successful. The Court will, accordingly, 

dismiss Plaintiff’s complaint without prejudice pursuant to Rule 4(m). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m).

I. BACKGROUND

The factual allegations underlying Plaintiff’s complaint are relayed in the Court’s prior 

opinion. Johnson-Richardson v. Univ. of Phoenix, 334 F.R.D. 349, 351 (D.D.C. 2020)

(“Johnson-Richardson I”). For the purposes of Defendants’ current motion, which seeks 

dismissal solely on the ground that Plaintiff has failed to effect service, it is sufficient to explain 

the procedural history of the case. Suffice it to say, the Court has given Plaintiff ample 

opportunity to effect service.

Plaintiff originally filed this lawsuit on December 11, 2018, see Dkt. 1 (Compl.), but the 

Court sua sponte dismissed his complaint without prejudice because it failed to comply with 

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8, 10, and 11, see Minute Order (Feb. 4, 2019). On February 
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26, 2019, Plaintiff filed an amended complaint, Dkt. 4, along with an “affidavit of mailing” 

attesting that he mailed a copy of the summons and complaint to Defendants by certified mail on 

February 2, 2019, Dkt. 5. On June 3, 2019, Defendants moved to dismiss Plaintiff’s complaint 

on several grounds, including that Plaintiff had not properly served his complaint on Defendants 

in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4. Dkt. 18-1 at 6–8.

On February 4, 2020, the Court denied Defendants’ motion to dismiss. JohnsonRichardson I, 334 F.R.D. at 359. But in its opinion, the Court agreed with Defendants that 

Plaintiff had failed to effect service. Id. at 352–57. Specifically, the Court held that “Rule 

4(c)(2)’s restriction on who may effect service,” which prohibits a party to a suit from serving a

summons and complaint, “applies to every method of service provided for in the Rule, including 

Rule 4(e)(1),” which allows service in accordance with the laws of the state where the federal 

district court is located. Id. at 357. The Court therefore concluded “that Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 4 does not permit a party, like Plaintiff, to personally serve a summons and complaint, 

even if the party is permitted to do so under the relevant state law.” Id. Because pro se litigants 

are allowed more leeway to correct defects in service of process, however, the Court declined to 

dismiss Plaintiff’s complaint and instead gave him 45 additional days to effect service. Id. The 

Court admonished Plaintiff that if he failed to effect service within that time limit, his case would 

be dismissed without prejudice. Id.

Plaintiff failed to take advantage of this second chance. On March 4, 2020, he filed an 

updated proof of service, Dkt. 27, and, on March 25, 2020, Defendants responded with another 

motion to dismiss, again alleging that service was improper, Dkt. 28. The Court agreed with 

Defendants that Plaintiff’s renewed effort at service was once again flawed. Minute Order 

(March 27, 2020). Plaintiff’s “Affidavit of Mailing” showed that an adult who is not a party to 
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this litigation, Jason M. Hines, mailed a copy of the amended complaint and a summons to 

Defendants’ counsel of record. Dkt. 27 at 1. Plaintiff thus eliminated any problem with respect 

to who effected service, but he had now failed with respect to on whom the complaint and 

summons was to be served. Plaintiff had not complied with Rule 4 “because there is no evidence 

that Defendants have authorized counsel to accept service on their behalf.” Minute Order 

(March 27, 2020). But “because (1) Plaintiff ha[d] made diligent and repeated efforts to effect 

service without the assistance of counsel, and (2) Defendants have clearly received actual notice 

of Plaintiff’s complaint,” the Court gave Plaintiff a third chance by extending his deadline to 

effect service until April 27, 2020, and denied Defendants’ second motion to dismiss as moot. 

Id.

Plaintiff then made his third and most recent attempt at service. On April 15, 2020, he 

filed another “Affidavit of Mailing.” Dkt. 29. In that document, Jason Hines declares under the 

penalty of perjury that on April 11, 2020, he sent the summons and complaint by certified mail to 

“University of Phoenix, et al.” Dkt. 29 at 1. Although the “Affidavit of Mailing” includes a 

tracking number, it does not indicate where the summons and complaint were sent or include a 

receipt or any other substantiation. Id. Six days later, on April 21, 2020, Plaintiff filed another 

proof of service, in the form of an email from Plaintiff claiming that he had effected service. 

Dkt. 30. Plaintiff attached seven exhibits, including (1) a postal receipt dated April 14, 2020, for 

a mailing to the Washington, D.C., office of Defendants’ counsel, Dkt. 30-1; (2) what appears to 

be the same postal receipt photographed from a different angle, Dkt. 30-2; (3) a certified mail 

receipt dated February 29, 2020, also for a mailing to Defendants’ counsel, Dkt. 30-3; (4) three 

certified mail receipts dated April 11, 2020, two of which are for mailings to Defendants’ 

counsel and one of which is for a mailing to the Court, Dkt. 30-4; (5) a copy of the Court’s 
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minute order of March 27, 2020, Dkt. 30-5; (6) a USPS Tracking page showing an unspecified 

delivery to an unspecified post office box in Washington, D.C. on March 4, 2020, Dkt. 30-6; and 

(7) another “Affidavit of Mailing” from Jason Hines, also attesting that he mailed the complaint 

and summons to the University of Phoenix, this time on February 29, 2020, which would seem to 

correspond to the postal receipt in the third exhibit showing a mailing to Defendants’ counsel,

rather than to the University of Phoenix directly, Dkt. 30-7.

Defendants again move to dismiss Plaintiff’s complaint for failure to effect service. Dkt. 

31. Plaintiff filed a response, Dkt. 33, and Defendants replied, Dkt. 35. Defendants’ motion to 

dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(5) for failure to effect service is now ripe for decision.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Rule 12(b)(5) governs motions to dismiss for insufficient service of process. Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 12(b)(5). In responding to a motion to dismiss brought under Rule 12(b)(5), the plaintiff bears 

the burden of proving that he effected service. Hilska v. Jones, 217 F.R.D. 16, 20 (D.D.C. 2003). 

“[U]nless the procedural requirements for effective service of process are satisfied, a court lacks 

authority to exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendant.” Candido v. District of Columbia, 

242 F.R.D. 151, 160 (D.D.C. 2007) (citing Gorman v. Ameritrade Holding Corp., 293 F.3d 506, 

514 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). Failure to effect service is grounds for dismissal. See id. at 164 (citing 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m)). The Court can, however, “in its sound discretion,” also “direct that service 

be effected within a particular period of time.” Wilson v. Prudential Fin., 332 F. Supp. 2d 83, 89 

(D.D.C. 2004) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m)).

III. ANALYSIS

Defendants move to dismiss solely on the ground that Plaintiff has failed to effect 

service. Dkt. 31. Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s latest attempt was ineffectual because he, 
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once again, served the summons and complaint on Defendants’ counsel, who is not authorized to 

accept service on Defendants’ behalf. Dkt. 31-1 at 4–5.

For individuals, like Defendant Jessica Choi-Segert, Rule 4 permits service by 

“delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personally,” by 

“leaving a copy of each at the individual’s dwelling or usual place of abode with someone of 

suitable age and discretion who resides there,” or by “delivering a copy of each to an agent 

authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e). For 

corporations, like the University of Phoenix, Rule 4 permits service on “an officer, a managing 

or general agent, or any other agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of 

process.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h). With respect to either individuals or corporations, service on 

counsel is proper only when counsel is an agent authorized to receive service.

Multiple decisions in this district have recognized that counsel of record is not an 

authorized agent simply by virtue of representing the defendant in the lawsuit. See, e.g., Brodie 

v. Worthington, No. 09-cv-1828, 2011 WL 4402783, at *1 (D.D.C. Sept. 21, 2011); Dalal v. 

Goldman Sachs & Co., No. 06-cv-1061, 2007 WL 1334972, at *3 (D.D.C. May 7, 2007); 

Wilson, 332 F. Supp. 2d at 88–89. Rather, some indication that the defendant has authorized 

counsel to receive service in the given case is required. Wilson, 332 F. Supp. 2d at 88–89. Here, 

there is no such evidence, and Defendants have explicitly disclaimed that counsel is authorized 

to receive service on their behalf. Dkt. 31-1 at 5; Dkt. 28-2 at 2 (Branciforte Decl. ¶ 4). Indeed, 

the Court has already held that service on counsel is improper in this case. See Minute Order 

(March 27, 2020) (“[Plaintiff] has yet to comply with Rule 4 because there is no evidence that 

Defendants have authorized counsel to accept service on their behalf.”). Plaintiff should have 

known, after the Court held that his previous attempt to serve the summons and complaint on 
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Defendants’ counsel was ineffectual, that he could not cure service by simply serving the 

documents on counsel again. The Court finds that Plaintiff has not shown that counsel was

authorized to accept service on Defendants’ behalf and that service on counsel was therefore 

insufficient to satisfy the requirements of Rule 4.

In his opposition brief, Plaintiff argues that Defendants “were served via certified return 

receipts in Arlington Virginia, and Phoenix AZ legal department” in addition to service on 

counsel. Dkt. 33 at 8. Perhaps Plaintiff here is referring to his first attempt to serve the amended 

complaint, when he served the documents on the correct parties but nevertheless missed the mark 

because he mailed the documents himself. There is no indication, however, from the various 

postal receipts that Plaintiff attached to his proof of service that his more recent attempts at 

service, sent by Mr. Hines, were delivered to anyone other than Defendants’ counsel. Plaintiff’s 

argument is therefore unavailing.

Defendants argue that dismissal should be with prejudice. They assert that the “Court has 

given [Plaintiff] ample opportunity” to comply with the federal rules and that “[e]nough is 

enough.” Dkt. 31-1 at 7. But the case Defendants cite in support of their argument is inapposite. 

See Powers v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 646 F. Supp. 2d 153, 155 (D.D.C. 2009). In that case, a pro 

se plaintiff failed to comply with Rule 8’s requirement that a complaint contain “a short and 

plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2),

such that the complaint in the case was “rambling and largely incomprehensible,” Powers, 646 F. 

Supp. 2d at 155. That is not the situation here. Rule 4(m) is clear that when a Plaintiff fails to 

effect service within the allotted time, the Court “must dismiss the action without prejudice.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). In accordance with Rule 4(m), dismissal here will be without prejudice.
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CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court will GRANT Defendants’ motion to dismiss and 

will DISMISS the case without prejudice, pursuant to Rule 4(m). 

A separate order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will issue.

 /s/ Randolph D. Moss 

 RANDOLPH D. MOSS 

 United States District Judge 

Date: December 11, 2020