NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

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No. 21-2345

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Appellant

v.

FRANCISCO HERRERA-GENAO,

a/k/a Fongi

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of New Jersey

(D. C. No. 3-07-cr-00454-002)

District Judge: Honorable Anne E. Thompson

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Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

on October 20, 2022

Before: GREENAWAY, JR., MATEY and ROTH, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: April 3, 2023)

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OPINION*

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* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.
2

ROTH, Circuit Judge

Twelve years after the District Court of New Jersey sentenced Francisco HerreraGenao to 117 years in prison for a series of violent armed bank robberies, the same court 

granted in part his motion for compassionate release, reducing his term of incarceration to 

22 years. The court’s decision hinged on its conclusion that the 2018 First Step Act, in 

which Congress non-retroactively reduced mandatory sentencing minimums, constituted 

an “extraordinary and compelling reason” for release. On the government’s appeal, the 

parties concede that this conclusion was in error. Because we agree, and because HerreraGenao failed to meet his burden to show that the error was harmless, we will vacate the

judgment of sentence and remand for resentencing.

I. Factual and Procedural Background1

A jury convicted Herrera-Genao of eleven counts related to his participation in a 

series of violent armed bank robberies.

2 On May 11, 2009, the District Court sentenced 

Herrera-Genao to a total of 1407 months’ imprisonment, or approximately 117 years.

3 We

1 Because we write primarily for the parties, we only discuss the facts and proceedings to 

the extent necessary to resolve this case.

2 Herrera-Genao was convicted of one count of conspiring to commit Hobbs Act robbery 

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951; four counts of armed robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

2113(a); five counts of possession of a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); and one count of attempting to commit armed 

robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a).

3 Specifically, Herrera-Genao was sentenced to 87 months on each conspiracy and armed 

robbery count, to run concurrently; 120 months on the first § 924(c) count, to run 

consecutively; and 300 months—or 25 years, the then-applicable mandatory minimum—

on each of the remaining § 924(c) counts, to run consecutively. 
3

affirmed the judgments of conviction and sentence.4 In June 2020, Herrera-Genao filed a 

pro se application for compassionate release with the Bureau of Prisons (BOP). When it

was denied, Herrera-Genao filed a pro se motion for compassionate release under the First 

Step Act.5 The District Court granted Herrera-Genao’s motion in part, reducing his 

sentence to 264 months, or 22 years—two decades below the 42-year sentence mandated 

under current guidelines.6 The government appealed. 

II. Discussion

The District Court had subject-matter jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. §§ 3231 and 

3582(c)(1)(A). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo the 

District Court’s interpretation of statutes and policy statements,7 but review its grant of 

compassionate release for abuse of discretion.8 Under the latter standard, we will not 

disturb the District Court’s determination unless we are left with “a definite and firm 

conviction that [it] committed a clear error of judgment in the conclusion it reached.”9

4 United States v. Herrera-Genao, 419 F. App’x 288 (3d Cir. 2011). Herrera-Genao later 

moved to vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, alleging ineffective assistance of 

counsel. The District Court denied that motion, and we affirmed. See Herrera-Genao v. 

United States, 641 F. App’x 190 (3d Cir. 2016). 

5 The First Step Act created an avenue for prisoners to file their own motions for

compassionate release in federal court, rather than requiring all such motions to be made

by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons. See First Step Act, § 603(b); United States v.

Andrews, 12 F.4th 255, 258 (3d Cir. 2021).

6 Op. 12–13, 18–19. As the government notes, the BOP projects that Herrera-Genao’s 

amended sentence will result in his release in January 2026.

7 Andrews, 12 F.4th at 259 (citing Gibbs v. Cross, 160 F.3d 962, 964 (3d Cir. 1998)).

8

Id. (citing United States v. Pawlowski, 967 F.3d 327, 330 (3d Cir. 2020)).

9 Pawlowski, 967 F.3d at 330 (quoting Oddi v. Ford Motor Co., 234 F.3d 136, 146 (3d Cir.

2000)).
4

To grant compassionate release, a court must first determine whether the movant 

has presented “extraordinary and compelling” grounds on which to reduce the sentence.

10

 

Next, the court must consider the reduced sentence in light of the seven factors set forth in 

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).11 Here, the District Court identified three “extraordinary and

compelling” grounds for release, which it considered “cumulatively”12: (1) the elimination 

of the sentence “stacking” requirement under the First Step Act’s 2018 amendment to 18 

U.S.C. § 924(c), (2) Herrera-Genao’s age—22 years—at the time of the offenses, and (3) 

Herrera-Genao’s subsequent rehabilitation.13 The District Court then found that the § 

3553(a) factors weighed in favor of reducing his sentence, concluding that HerreraGenao’s “draconian” sentence “is far longer than necessary to foster respect for the law, 

punish Defendant’s offenses, and deter criminal conduct.”14

The government correctly asserts—and Herrera-Genao concedes—that the District 

Court erred in finding the First Step Act’s non-retroactive amendments could constitute an 

extraordinary and compelling ground for release. As we discussed at length in 

Andrews, “[t]he nonretroactive changes to the § 924(c) mandatory minimums . . . cannot 

be a basis for compassionate release.”15 Congress specifically decided not to apply this 

10 Id. at 329; 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i)

11 Pawlowski, 967 F.3d at 330 (quoting § 3553(a)(1); § 3553(a)(2)(A)–(B)) (explaining 

factors include “the history and characteristics of the defendant, and the need for the 

sentence imposed . . . to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the 

law, . . . to provide just punishment for the offense[, and] . . . to afford adequate deterrence 

to criminal conduct”). 

12 Op. 11.

13 Op. 11, 13, 15. 

14 Op. 17. 

15 Andrews, 12 F.4th at 261; see First Step Act § 403(b). 
5

change to individuals who, like Herrera-Genao, were sentenced under the previous version

of the statute.

16 We further observe that this approach follows the “ordinary practice” in 

federal sentencing of “apply[ing] new penalties to defendants not yet sentenced, while 

withholding that change from defendants already sentenced.”17

Herrera-Genao argues that the District Court’s error was harmless because the 

court’s conclusions regarding his rehabilitation and age established sufficiently 

extraordinary and compelling grounds. We are not persuaded.18 “For the error to be 

harmless, it must be clear that the error did not affect the district court’s selection of the 

sentence imposed.”19 Here, the District Court explicitly states that the three grounds were 

considered “cumulatively” rather than “in isolation,”20 and thus “[t]aken together” in its 

analysis,21 making it impossible to determine whether the District Court would have ruled 

the same way absent the invalid ground. Even if the District Court had independently 

16 First Step Act, § 403(b) (“This section, and the amendments made by this section, shall 

apply to any offense that was committed before the date of enactment of this Act, if a 

sentence for the offense has not been imposed as of such date of enactment.”). See United

States v. Hodge, 948 F.3d 160, 162 (3d Cir. 2020) (“[T]he new § 924(c) mandatory 

minimum does not apply to defendants initially sentenced before the First Step Act's 

enactment.”). 

17 Andrews, 12 F.4th at 261 (citing Dorsey v. United States, 567 U.S. 260, 280 (2012));

United States v. Wills, 997 F.3d 685, 688 (6th Cir. 2021) (“What the Supreme Court views 

as the ‘ordinary practice’ cannot also be an ‘extraordinary and compelling reason’ to 

deviate from that practice.”).

18 See United States v. Raia, 993 F.3d 185, 195 (3d Cir. 2021) (“The proponent of 

maintaining the sentence . . . has the burden of persuading a court on appeal that the district 

court would have imposed the same sentence.”). 

19United States v. Langford, 516 F.3d 205, 215 (3d Cir. 2008) (citing Williams v. United

States, 503 U.S. 193, 203 (1992)).

20 Op. 11, 13. 

21 Op. 16. 
6

analyzed these factors, we have previously observed that “age and rehabilitation . . . by 

themselves [are] insufficiently compelling to warrant a reduced sentence.”22 Moreover, 

Congress has made clear that “rehabilitation . . . alone shall not be considered an 

extraordinary and compelling reason” for a sentence reduction.”23 

The government also contends that the District Court abused its discretion by 

reducing Herrera-Genao’s sentence to twenty years less than the mandatory sentence that 

would be required under today’s guidelines. Because we conclude that the court erred in 

its threshold analysis of the grounds for sentence reduction, we need not decide whether 

the District Court abused its discretion in determining the size of the reduction. We do, 

however, caution that “[w]hile there is ‘no mathematical formula’ for assessing the 

adequacy of a district court’s explanation for a variance,”

24

 “a major departure should be 

supported by a more significant justification than a minor one.”25 

Our previous decisions illuminate what constitutes an appropriate justification. In 

United States v. Merced, for example, we found that a district court’s explanation of a 

22 Andrews, 12 F. 4th at 262; United States v. Gordon, 585 F. Supp. 3d 716 (E.D. Pa.

2022), aff’d, No. 22-1311, 2022 WL 2582547 (3d Cir. July 8, 2022). The government 

argues that the District Court also erred by finding that Herrera-Genao’s age at the time of 

his sentencing (22 years) constituted an extraordinary and compelling ground on which to 

reduce his sentence. Because the District Court’s error in finding the non-retroactive 

changes to § 924(c) infected the whole analysis, we cannot ascertain whether the court 

would have found his age to constitute an independent basis for compassionate release, nor 

whether such a finding would have been in error. Nevertheless, we note that the District

Court offered questionable support for such a determination. 

23 28 U.S.C. § 994(t); United States v. McNair, 481 F. Supp. 3d 362, 370 (D.N.J. 2020).

24 United States v. Merced, 603 F.3d 203, 216 (3d Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. 

Levinson, 543 F.3d 190, 196 (3d Cir. 2008)).

25 Id. (quotations omitted) (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 50 (2007)). 
7

sentencing variation was inadequate when it failed to explain how the variation would not 

contribute to unwarranted sentencing disparities26—a criticism the government raises here. 

In United States v. Goff, we vacated a sentence reduction in which, like the District Court 

in Herrera-Genao’s case, the sentencing court failed to address meaningfully both

sentencing variation among similarly situated defendants and “the need to deter future 

crimes.”27 Additionally, in United States v. Lychock, we vacated a sentence that, as here,28

“relied, in part, on [the District Court’s] view that imprisonment would neither deter 

criminal conduct nor protect the public from further crimes,” without offering “a reasoned 

explanation for its apparent disagreement with the policy judgments of Congress regarding 

the appropriate sentences.”29 As we advised in Lychock, such a disagreement is 

permissible only if a district court provides “‘sufficiently compelling’ reasons to justify 

it.”30

Here, the District Court provided no compelling rationale to conclude that a 

“twenty-two-year sentence is sufficient, but not greater than necessary, to serve the 

26 Merced, 603 F.3d at 224. 

27 501 F.3d 250, 261 (3d Cir. 2007). 

28 Op. 17. 

29 578 F.3d 214, 219 (3d Cir. 2009). 

30 Id.
8

purposes of sentencing.”31 Moreover, the court’s primary rationale for justifying a 

sentence below current mandatory minimums appears to be Herrera-Genao’s rehabilitation 

and his age at the time of his sentencing32—grounds which, as discussed above, were not 

clearly established in this case. 

Accordingly, we will vacate the District Court’s judgment of reduced sentence and 

remand for restoration of the original judgment of sentence. 

31 The District Court cited four cases to demonstrate the consistency of its reduced 

sentence. All are unavailing. United States v. Randall has since been vacated and remanded

by this Court. No. 21-1794, 2022 WL 1238085 (3d Cir. Mar. 10, 2022). In United States 

v. Pollard, the court reduced the defendant’s sentence to—but not below, as here—the 

mandatory minimum applicable under current guidelines. No. CR 10-633-1, 2020 WL 

4674126 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 12, 2020). In United States v. Clausen, the court provided a far 

more extensive analysis of the factors, notably the specific indicia that the defendant would 

pose no danger to the public. No. CR 00-291-2, 2020 WL 4601247 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 10, 

2020). Finally, United States v. McDonel not only offered a more detailed analysis of the 

factors than the District Court provided here, but also arose in the Eastern District of 

Michigan and relied on the case law of the Sixth Circuit. United States v. McDonel, 513 

F. Supp. 3d 752 (E.D. Mich. 2021). 

32 Op. 18.