IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 17-0447

Filed May 2, 2018

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

MARY ELIZABETH HAGLIN,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Kevin McKeever, 

Judge.

Mary Haglin appeals from her conviction for sexual exploitation by a school 

employee. AFFIRMED.

Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Sheryl A. Soich, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee.

Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ.
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DANILSON, Chief Judge.

Mary Haglin appeals from her conviction for sexual exploitation by a school 

employee, in violation of Iowa Code section 709.15(2), (3)(a)(2), and (5)(b) (2016). 

Haglin maintains the district court erred in finding in favor of the State on Haglin’s 

motion to adjudicate law points on the issue of whether Haglin met the definition 

of a “school employee” under section 709.15. Finding no error, we affirm.

Haglin, a long-term substitute teacher at Washington High School in Cedar 

Rapids, was charged by trial information on September 2, 2016, for sexual 

exploitation by a school employee, in violation of Iowa Code section 709.15(1), 

(3)(a)(2), (5)(b) after it was discovered she engaged in a sexual relationship with 

a seventeen-year-old student for a number of months. Both Haglin and the student 

confirmed they had a sexual relationship. 

Haglin filed a motion to adjudicate law points on October 17, 2016, arguing, 

in part, that she did not fall under the definition of a “school employee” for purposes 

of section 709.15. A hearing was held on the motion to adjudicate law points on 

November 10. At a November 16 hearing on additional pre-trial motions, the court 

orally ruled on the motion to adjudicate law points. The court held, “I have reviewed 

the submissions by the State and by the defendant; I have looked at the statutes 

and the case law; and it is my conclusion that Ms. Haglin does fit the definition of 

a school employee under the code.”

Haglin stipulated to a bench trial on the minutes of evidence. At the start of 

the November 28 bench trial, the court further clarified its ruling on the applicability 

of the definition of a “school employee” to Haglin:
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The second thing I wanted to recap for the record was we had 

a number of motions, and one of them was a motion to adjudicate 

law points. I want to make sure that the record accurately reflects 

that my finding was specifically that—with regard to the law point that 

involved the definition of school employee as it pertained to Ms. 

Haglin, that if at the trial the State was successful in providing the 

things that they alleged in the minutes, it was my determination that 

they would be able to prove that under Iowa Code section 272.1(7)

[(defining “Practitioner”)], that Ms. Haglin fit the definition of that 

subsection and therefore would be determined to be a school 

employee. Specifically 272.1(7) includes a licensed professional that 

provides educational assistance to students.

Upon its review of the evidence, the court found Haglin guilty of sexual 

exploitation by a school employee, an aggravated misdemeanor, in violation of 

sections 709.15(2), (3)(a)(2), (5)(b). Haglin now appeals, arguing the court erred 

in finding she—a substitute teacher—was a “school employee” for purposes of 

section 709.15.

“This court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion to adjudicate law points 

for correction of legal error.” State v. Muhlenbruch, 728 N.W.2d 212, 214 (Iowa 

2007). “The appropriateness of the district court’s action turns on the correctness 

of its interpretation of the relevant statutes, which are reviewable for correction of 

errors at law as well.” Id.

The applicable code section during these proceedings stated a “school 

employee” “means a practitioner as defined in section 272.1.” Iowa Code 

§ 709.15(1)(f).1 Section 272.1(7) further provides, “‘Practitioner’ means an 

 

1 Section 709.15(1)(f) was amended, effective July 1, 2017, to define “school employee” 

as any of the following (with exceptions not pertinent here):

(a) A person who holds a license, certificate, or statement of

professional recognition issued under chapter 272.

(b) A person who holds an authorization issued under chapter 272.

(c) A person employed by a school district full-time, part-time, or as 

a substitute.
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administrator, teacher, or other licensed professional, including an individual who 

holds a statement of professional recognition, who provides educational 

assistance to students.” 

Haglin does not dispute that she engaged in a sexual relationship with a 

seventeen-year-old student. Instead, she argues that as a substitute teacher, she 

is neither a “teacher” nor an “other licensed professional” under section 272.1.2 

When we are asked to interpret the language of a statute, we apply 

well-settled principles of statutory interpretation:

The purpose of statutory interpretation is to determine 

the legislature’s intent. We give words their ordinary 

and common meaning by considering the context 

within which they are used, absent a statutory definition 

or an established meaning in the law. We also 

consider the legislative history of a statute, including 

prior enactments, when ascertaining legislative intent. 

When we interpret a statute, we assess the statute in 

 

(d) A person who performs services as a volunteer for a school 

district and who has direct supervisory authority over the student with 

whom the person engages in conduct prohibited under subsection 3, 

paragraph “a.”

(e) A person who provides services under a contract for such 

services to a school district and who has direct supervisory authority over 

the student with whom the person engages in conduct prohibited under 

subsection 3, paragraph “a.”

(Emphasis added.)

2 Haglin argues because House File 6—seeking to expand the applicability for sexual 

exploitation by a school employee to include all school district employees—expressly 

sought to include substitute teachers as individuals to which the crime is applicable but 

was not enacted, it indicates section 709.15 as it is stood at the time of her offense did not 

consider substitute teachers to be “school employees.” However, “[I]t is not the province 

of this court to speculate about probable legislative intent without regard to the wording of 

the statute, and any determination must be based upon what the legislature actually said 

rather than on what it might have said or should have said.” State v. Nicoletto, 845 N.W.2d 

421, 431 (Iowa 2014), superseded by statute, Iowa Code § 709.15(f)(1)(b). “As we have 

traditionally and repeatedly stated, ‘We do not inquire what the legislature meant; we ask 

only what the statute means.’” Id. (citation omitted). We cannot discern from the 

legislature’s past efforts to amend section 709.15 and the actual amendment of the statute 

resulting in its current form, which expressly includes substitute teachers, whether 

substitute teachers were clearly not included in the previous applicable version of the 

statute or whether the legislature merely intended to clarify that substitute teachers have 

always been contemplated by section 709.15. We must look to the actual language and 

legislative intent of the statute to determine its meaning.
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its entirety, not just isolated words or phrases. We may 

not extend, enlarge, or otherwise change the meaning 

of a statute under the guise of construction.

State v. Howse, 875 N.W.2d 684, 691 (Iowa 2016) (citation omitted). “We construe 

a statute ‘liberally with a view to promoting its objects and assisting the parties in 

obtaining justice.’” Willard v. State, 893 N.W.2d 52, 61 (Iowa 2017) (citation 

omitted).

We find Haglin meets the definition of a “school employee” under sections 

709.15(1)(f) and 272.1(7). Haglin has a teaching license to instruct students in 

grades five through twelve. And Haglin taught at the high school as a long-term 

substitute teacher every day during the duration of her relationship with the 

student. As such, we find Haglin was a “teacher” under section 272.1.3

Haglin maintains she could not be a teacher because she did not have an 

obligation to diagnose, prescribe, evaluate, or direct student learning; share 

responsibility for the development of coordinating activities; or evaluate and assess 

student progress. Even if Haglin could not be considered a “teacher” as she 

contends, she clearly falls under the definition of an “other licensed professional

. . . who provides educational assistance to students.” Iowa Code § 272.1(7). 

Haglin was thus a “practitioner” under section 272.1(7) and a “school employee” 

under section 709.15 at the time she engaged in a relationship with the minor 

 

3 See Iowa Code § 272.1(16), defining a “teacher” as:

a licensed member of a school’s instructional staff who diagnoses, 

prescribes, evaluates, and directs student learning in a manner which is 

consistent with professional practice and school objectives, shares 

responsibility for development of an instructional program and any 

coordinating activities, evaluates or assesses student progress before and 

after instruction, and who uses the student evaluation or assessment 

information to promote additional student learning.
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student. See State v. Romer, 832 N.W.2d 169, 177 (2013) (“‘School employee’ 

includes professionals who are not teachers. In drafting the statute, the legislature 

defined ‘school employee’ much more broadly than Romer acknowledges. The 

legislature did not intend to criminalize actions only by teachers, but by the much 

broader category of ‘school employee,’ which it defines as ‘an administrator, 

teacher, or other licensed professional, including an individual who holds a 

statement of professional recognition, who provides educational assistance to 

students.’” (citation omitted)). 

In Romer, the supreme court discussed the legislative intent of section 

709.15, which was to avoid the exploitation of a power relationship by individuals 

covered in the statute. 832 N.W.2d at 177. The supreme opined that a substituteteacher position is one that may give rise to exploitation through a power 

relationship. Id. at 178 (“We believe the legislature intended to protect students 

from being exploited by the teacher in the next classroom, the former middle school 

principal the student respected and admired, or the substitute teacher the student 

had in elementary school, for example.” (emphasis added)). As a long-term

substitute teacher who worked full-time teaching students at the high school every 

day, Haglin was in the precise position of power subject to potential exploitation as 

contemplated by section 709.15.

We find the district court did not err in finding Haglin was a “school 

employee” under section 709.15. We therefore affirm.

AFFIRMED.