### COURT OF APPEALS DECISION DATED AND FILED July 27, 2021

Sheila T. Reiff Clerk of Court of Appeals NOTICE
This opinion is subject to further editing. If published, the official version will appear in the bound volume of the Official Reports. A party may file with the Supreme Court a petition to review an adverse decision by the Court of Appeals. See W IS . S TAT . § 808.10 and R ULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2020AP1166 Cir. Ct. No. 2020ME3 STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT III

I N THE MATTER OF THE MENTAL COMMITMENT OF B. K.:

T REMPEALEAU C OUNTY ,
P ETITIONER - R ESPONDENT ,

V .
B. K.,

R ESPONDENT - A PPELLANT .

APPEAL from orders of the circuit court for Trempealeau County:
RIAN RADTKE , Judge. Affirmed.

¶ 1 SEIDL, J. 1 Brian 2 appeals from an order of commitment and an order for involuntary medication and treatment , entered pursuant to W IS

. S TAT

.

1 This appeal is decided by one judge pursuant to W IS

. S TAT

. § 752.31(2) (2019

- 20). All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019

- 20 version unless otherwise noted.No. 2020AP1166

2 § 51.20 . Brian argues that his due process rights were violated because he was not given particularized notice as to which standard of dangerousness under § 51.20(1)(a)2

. the County intended to pursue at his final commitment hearing. Brian also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence establishing that he was dangerous to himself or others under any of the standards set forth in § 51.20(1)(a)2. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶ 2 In January 2020, law enforcement was dispatched for a welfare
check on Brian , a thirty

- two

- year

- old male with a history of schizo phrenia

. The
officers found Brian walking down the street in seven

- degree weather dressed in
shorts , a cut

- off t

- shirt and a windbreaker jacket , but with no gloves or hat. Brian was carrying a mailbox with him , and the officers responding to the call noted that Brian was not able to answer their questions, but he would “ talk about some very random things that did not make sense. ” Brian could not tell the officers the date
or time , and an officer re ported that during the course of their conversation , Brian
would repeatedly “babble” about experiments that he was doing in his head. An
officer called Northwest C onnections

— Brian’s emergency mental health services provider

— and an agent initially advised the officers that Brian was not a danger to himself and that they would contact his parents to establish a safety plan. Abo ut thirty minutes into their encounter , t he officers noticed that Brian was shivering badly , and the officers recommended they all move inside to get warm

. Brian

2 For ease of reading, we refer to the appellant in this confiden tial matter using a pseudonym, rather than his initials.No. 2020AP1166

3 refused d espite telling the officers at one point that his hands were so cold that he
could n ot move them.

¶ 3 It took the officers an hour to persuade Brian to step inside , but once there, Brian repeatedly stated that he wanted to return outside

. The police again
called Northwest Connections. After learning of Brian’s c ontinued insistence to go back outside , the Northwest Connections agent advised the officers that Brian
met the criteria for a W IS

. S TAT

. c h. 51 commitment under the current circumstances, given t he dangerously cold weather and Brian ’s inadequate clothing. The officers took Brian into custody and delivered him to a hospital , and Brian was subsequently transferred to a different facility.

¶ 4 After a hearing, the circuit court found probable cause to believe that Brian was mentally ill, a proper subject for treatment, and dangerous to h imself or
others. The court entered an order for Brian’s involuntary medication and treatment for the period up to the final hearing, pursuant to W IS

. S TAT

. § 51.61(1)(g) 2

. ¶ 5 A final commitment hearing was held on February 3, 2020. During that hearing, p sychologist Nicholas Starr testified regarding his examination of
Brian. He explained how the examination ended up being unsuccessful , in that it
lasted les s than five minutes because Brian ref used to be examined, telling Starr
that “the courts were fake, that [Starr] was fake, and [Starr] could not produce a stamp that had flakes going in opposite directions proving [Starr] was a doctor.”

¶ 6 Starr testified that he talked to staff at the psychiatric hospital and
reviewed the available records on Brian

. Based on those sources, Starr testified that during the encounter with law enforcement leading to Brian’s commitment, Brian was “ inappropriately dressed for the weather, was disorganized andNo. 2020AP1166

4 psychot ic.” A t the hospital , Brian “continued to be psychotic, hypersexual, he continued to inappropriately disrobe himself, make inappropriate sexual comments
towards staff , so he was difficul t to control.” Furthermore, “[t]here was some
bizarre auditory hallucinations that he was riding a trike somehow and he would
see multi

- col ored snakes that were after him. ” Starr testified t he records revealed
that Brian was not taking medication , which “resu lted in him becoming unstable.”
Starr also testified that there were notations in the records that Brian had been

“ swinging knives at his mother .”

¶ 7 Starr diagnosed Brian with schizoaffective disorder based on the symptoms that had been described by the authorities and were evident throughout
Bri an’s case history, as well as from Starr’s in

- person observation of Brian. Although his examination of Brian was brief , Starr testified that Brian’s behavior
duri ng their encounter supported his diagnosis. Additionally, Starr stated that Brian “continued to display the psychotic and bizarre behavior” during a later

encounter he had with Starr by “making statements about killing a rabbit while spinning the wheel of an exercise bike at the hospital.”

¶ 8 Starr recommended that Brian be stabilized with medication , and he
testified that he believed Brian posed a danger to himself or others as a result of
the incident lead ing to his emergency detention. Starr noted that Brian “ would respond to his psychosis rather than reality. He may not be aware of how cold he is or how to get himself appropriately warm or seek help or support.” A lthough
Starr had discussed the advantages , disadvantages and alternat ives to medication
with Brian , he did not believe Brian was competent to refuse medications because
of his “active psychotic state and his active manic state.” Starr testified that Brian
did not demonstrate any insight into his current mental illness.No. 2020AP1166

5 ¶ 9 The circuit court concluded that Brian was suffering from a mental
illness , that he was a proper subject for treatment, and that his illness was
treatable . The court further concluded that grounds for commitment had been
established base d on the state in which Brian was found : improperly dressed in dangerously cold weather, confused , and carrying a mailbox. The court also relied

on the reports of Brian’s hallucinations and hypersexuality, along with the remainder of Starr’s testimony as to Brian’s schizoaffective disorder

. ¶ 10 The circuit court further determined that Brian was “dangerous as
defined in Wisconsin S tatutes under basic needs

— not being able to meet his basic needs here, as well as harm to others as testif ied, as the doctor testified, which the [ c ] ourt finds credible and uncontroverted.” The court entered an order for involuntary commitment for a period of six months

. ¶ 11 The circuit court also entered an involuntary medication order for a six

- month period, conclud ing that Brian was not competent to refuse medication because he was substantially incapable of understanding his condition or the advantages, disadvantages and alternatives to medication

. Brian now appeals.

DISCUSSION

¶ 12 The C ounty argues that Brian’s appeal is moot because the initial commitment order at issue has expired , such that invalidating it would have no “pra ctical effect” on Brian’s status , as Brian is now subject to a recommitment
order with i dentical collateral consequences

— i.e., a firearm s ban

. We generally
do not consider moot issues. State ex rel. Olson v. Litscher , 2000 WI App 61, ¶ 3,
233 Wis. 2d 685, 608 N.W.2d 425. An issue is moot when its resolution will have no practical effect on the underlying controversy. Id. We need not resolve this
issue , however, because we conclude that even if Brian’s appeal is not moot, thereNo. 2020AP1166

6 is still sufficient evidence to support the circuit court’s finding of dangerousness

. An appellate court need not address every issue raised by the parties when one issue is dispositive. Barrows v. Am erican Fam. Ins. Co. , 2014 WI App 11, ¶ 9,
352 Wis. 2d 436, 842 N.W.2d 508 . Therefore, we assume without deciding that Brian’ s appeal is not moot and elect to address h is arguments on their merits.

¶ 13 Turning to the merits, Brian argues that he was denied procedural due process because he was no t given particularized notice of which standard of dangerousness the County intended to allege at the final commitment hearing. A procedural due process analysis involves a tw o

- part inquiry, asking first “ whether there exists a liberty or property interest which has been interfered with b y the [County]” and , if so, “ whether the p rocedures attendant upon that deprivation were constitutionally sufficient. ” See State v. Stenklyft , 2005 WI 71, ¶64, 281 Wis. 2d 484, 697 N.W.2d 769 (citation omitted)

. Due process determinations are questions of law that we decide de novo

. Waukesha Cnty

. v . S.L.L. , 2019 WI 66, ¶ 10, 387 Wis. 2d 333, 929 N.W.2d 140

. ¶ 14 Brian argues that the dangerousness standard the C ounty intended to pursue was consistently unclear . He cites Lessard v. Schmidt , 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972), vacated and remanded on other grounds , 414 U.S. 473 (1974),
reinstated , 413 F. Supp. 1318 (E.D. Wis. 1976) , for the proposition that Brian must be given notice of “the standard upon which he may be detained .” He then

asserts that in conjunction with W IS

. S TAT

. § 51.20(1)(a)2. a

. - e

. and (am) , this precedent mandates that he be notified of which of the dangerousness standard s the County plans to pursue in the upcoming final hearing.

¶ 15 There is no requirement , however, that one or more of the five standards of dangerousness be explicitly alleged by the County prior to a finalNo. 2020AP1166

7 hearing

— a proposition Brian concedes

. This is rational , given that the County
would not receive reports from evaluating physicians

— a primary focus of W IS

. S TAT

. c h

. 51 commitments

—until shortly before the final hearing

. Procedural due process does not require the County to provide notice of every trial strategy or specific approach it might plan to take, especially when the evidence necessary to evaluate dangerous ness is forthcoming, and when indicating the general dangerousness standards is sufficient. See Milwaukee Cnty. v. T.L.R. , 2019 WI App 5, ¶ 15, 385 Wis. 2d 515, 925 N.W.2d 790 (2018) (holding that no statutory requirement exists that the County must specif y which of the dangerousness
standards is to be alleged at a final commitment hearing, and that a list of potential dangerousness standards is constitutionally sufficient )

. ¶ 16 Brian cites Langlade C ou nty v. D.J.W. , 2020 WI 41, 391 Wis. 2d 231, 942 N.W.2d 277, which was decided after the hearing at issue in this case , for the proposition that particularized notice must b e given to ensure due process.
D.J.W. established the requirement that a circuit court must make its factual findings as to dangerousness with particularity to ensure that there is sufficient evidence to support a dangerousness finding, and to provide a clear record for appellate review. Id. , ¶ ¶42

- 45. DJ.W. does not , however, mandate that an individual subject to a final commitment hearing be given notice in advance of the exact standards of dangerousness the County intends to prove. Both t he notice of final hearing and the statement of emergency detention in Brian’s case cited or listed the standards of dangerousness und er W IS

. S TAT

. § 51.20(1)(a)2.a.

- e. Therefore, Brian had sufficient notice of t he standards under which he was t o be
evaluated , and his right to procedural due process was not violated.

¶ 17 Brian next argu es that there was insufficient ev idence to establish dangerousness under any of the standards set forth in W IS

. S TAT

. § 51.20(1)(a) 2

.No. 2020AP1166

8 In a W IS

. S TAT

. ch

. 51 proceeding, a petitioner has the burden to prove by clear and convincing evidence that a subject individual is mentally ill, a proper subject for treatment, and dangerous. See § 51.20(1)(a), (13)(e). Whether this burden has been met presents a mixed question of fact and law. Waukesha C n ty. v. J.W.J. , 2017 WI 57, ¶15, 375 Wis. 2d 542, 895 N.W.2d 783. We uphold the circuit

court ’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. Whether these findings satisfy the statutory standards is a question of law that we review de

novo. 3 Id.

¶ 18 Brian argues that Starr was not specific during the final hearing as to which standard of dangerousness he believed applied, stating only that Brian posed a danger to himself or others because he was inappropriately clothed

. Starr’s testimony , however, sufficiently outlined that Brian’s hallucinations ,

sc h izoaffective disorder and recent behavior placed him at a serious risk of endangering himself, particularly in another cold

- weather incident. Although Brian argues Starr’s testimony that Brian might “not be aware of how cold he is or how to get himself appropriately w arm” was speculative , Starr’s analysis directly stemmed from the incident that endangered Brian’s safety, and it was not merely

3 The final circuit court decision in this case was issued in December 2018. Our supreme court has since implemented a requirement in Langlade County v. D.J.W. , 2020 WI 41, ¶3, 391 Wis. 2d 231, 942 N.W.2d 277, that “going forward circuit courts in recommitment proceedings are to make specific factual findings with reference to the subdivision paragraph of W IS

. S TAT

. § 51.20(1)(a)2. on which the recommitment is based.” While D.J.W. addressed a recom mitment petition and not, as here, an initial commitment, we assume the court’s ruling regarding the specific reference to a statutory dangerousness standard equally applies to initial commitments. D.J.W. , 391 Wis. 2d 231 , ¶¶42

- 44 ; s ee also Winnebago Cnty. v. A.A.L. , No. 2020AP1511, unpublished slip op. ¶17 n.8 (WI App Mar. 24, 2021).

Because the circuit court was not yet subject to this requirement when it made its factual findings, we will search the record and the court’s decision for specific fact s that apply to the dangerousness determination at issue. See Winnebago Cnty. v. S.H. , 2020 WI App 46, ¶ ¶ 14

- 15 , 393 Wis. 2d 511, 947 N.W.2d 761.No. 2020AP1166

9 an assumption or prediction that Brian might be a danger to himself. The circuit

court also added specificity, finding Brian to be dangerous because he could not “meet his basic needs,” referencing the language in W IS

. S TAT

. § 51.20(1)(a)2. d

. ¶ 19 Brian contends , however , that the County failed to establish dangerousness under W IS

. S TAT

. § 51.20(1)(a)2. d

. , which provides that an individual is dangerous if he or she:

Evidences behavior manifested by recent acts or omissions that, due to mental illness, he or she is unable to satisfy basic needs for nourishment, medical care, shelter or safety without prompt and ade quate treatment so that a substantial probability exists that death, serious physical injury, serious physical debilitation, or serious physical disease will imminently ensue unless the individual receives prompt and adequate treatment for this mental illn ess.

Brian argues that many people choose to wear shorts in the winter, and that the government should not be able to dictate what kinds of clothing are appropriate to
wear outside in cold temperatures

. Brian further argues that although the failure to
dr ess warmly might be a safety issue, it is a “huge leap” to claim that it warrants
commitment.

¶ 20 Brian’s a rguments are unavailing. Brian was found in freezing cold
weathe r carrying a mailbox and wearing shorts , a cut

- off t

- shirt and a w indbreaker jacket , with no gloves or hat. Despite consistently commenting that he was “too cold to feel his arms,” and his making little sense to the responding officers, Brian
refused for over an hour to move his conversation with police inside. Once th ere, Brian continued to insist on returning to the dangerously cold weather outdoors. This incident alone is sufficient to establish dangerous ness under W IS

. S TAT

. § 51.20(1)(a)2.d

. , as it shows that Brian was unable to satisfy his basic needs forNo. 2020AP1166

10 shelter and safety , such that there was a substantial probability that his death or
serious debilitation would ensue absent treatment

. ¶ 21 Beyond the incident leading to his commitment, Brian’s reported
behavior after being committed

— including rep orts that at the hospital he was delusional, confused, and manic

— confirm that the behavior s exhibited by Brian that put him at risk during the initial incident have continued . Starr’s testimony supports the conclusion that these behaviors and Brian’s schi zoaffective disorder
continue to place Brian at risk in such a manner that he is unable to satisfy basic
need s for his own safety , particularly when outdoors in cold weather. The facts
and record therefore show that Brian was dangerous under W IS

. S TAT

. § 51.20(1)(a) 2. d

. Although Brian raises arguments relating to other standards
under § 51.20(1)(a)2

. , we need not address them because we conclude the County met its burden of proving dangerousness under subd. para. 2.d

. W e therefore affirm the involuntary commitment order and the order for involuntary medication
and treatment

.

By the Court.

— Order s affirmed.
This opinion will not be published. See W IS

. S TAT

. R ULE 809.23(1)(b)4.