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Filed 11/21/13 P. v. Dunson CA4/2 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION TWO 

THE PEOPLE, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

v. 

RUBEN WILEY DUNSON, JR., 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 E056631 

 (Super.Ct.No. INF1200316) 

 OPINION 

 APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. B. J. Bjork, Judge. 

(Retired judge of the Riverside Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to 

art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed as modified with directions. 

 Jesse W.J. Male and Arthur B. Martin, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, 

for Defendant and Appellant. 

 Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Christine Levingston Bergman 

and A. Natasha Cortina, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. 
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Defendant and appellant Ruben Wiley Dunson, Jr., was initially charged by felony 

complaint with the unlawful taking of a vehicle (Veh. Code, § 10851, subd. (a), count 1) 

and receiving a stolen vehicle (Pen. Code, § 496d, count 2).1 He was subsequently 

charged by information with vehicle theft with a prior vehicle theft conviction (Pen. 

Code, § 666.5, subd. (a), count 1) and receiving a stolen vehicle (Pen. Code, § 496d, 

count 2). It was also alleged that defendant had four prior prison convictions. (Pen. 

Code, § 667.5, subd. (b).) A jury found defendant guilty of both counts. In a bifurcated 

proceeding, a trial court found true the allegations of the prison priors and prior vehicle 

theft conviction. The court sentenced defendant to a total term of seven years. Pursuant 

to Penal Code section 1170, subdivision (h), the court ordered him to serve four years in 

county jail and then three years on supervised release, in accordance with conditions 

applicable to persons on probation. (Pen. Code, § 1170, subd. (h)(5)(B)(i).) 

On appeal, defendant challenges two of the conditions of his future supervised 

release as unconstitutionally vague and overbroad. He also argues that the court 

improperly imposed a probation revocation restitution fine, and that the judgment should 

be corrected to accurately reflect that he was convicted of violating Vehicle Code section 

10851, subdivision (a), in count 1, and was sentenced pursuant to Penal Code section 

666.5, subdivision (a). The People concede, and we agree, that the judgment should be 

modified to reflect a conviction of Vehicle Code section 10851, subdivision (a), in 

 1 All further statutory references will be to the Penal Code, unless otherwise 

noted. 
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count 1. We also agree that the supervised release conditions should be modified. 

Otherwise, we affirm the judgment. 

FACTUAL BACKGROUND 

A police officer responded to a stolen vehicle report, in which it was reported that 

a 1998 white Jeep Cherokee belonging to the Verizon company was missing. The 

vehicle was taken from a Verizon company yard. The vehicle had two Verizon logos on 

the driver’s door and the front passenger’s door. Later that day, while on patrol, the 

officer spotted a white Jeep Cherokee parked on the street. The officer ran the license 

plate as he passed by. The license plate came back for a car that was not a Jeep. The 

officer was dispatched on another call, and when he returned to check on the Jeep, it was 

no longer parked where he last saw it. The officer saw the Jeep in a nearby alley, and he 

saw defendant opening the front passenger door. The officer pulled his car over and 

approached defendant. The officer checked the vehicle identification number and 

discovered that it matched that of the Jeep reported stolen. He noticed that the Verizon 

logos had been spray-painted over with white paint and that underneath the license plate 

on the vehicle was the actual license plate that belonged to the Jeep. In his pocket, 

defendant had a tool which had sockets that fit the bolts on the license plate. He also had 

what appeared to be white paint on his fingers. 
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ANALYSIS 

I. The Trial Court Properly Imposed a Restitution Revocation Fine 

Pursuant to Section 1202.44 

 Defendant contends that the trial court erred in imposing a $240 “supervised 

release” revocation restitution fine pursuant to section 1202.44 because supervised 

release under section 1170, subdivision (h), does not qualify under section 1202.44 as a 

“conditional sentence.” We conclude that the court correctly imposed a restitution fine 

that would become effective should defendant be reincarcerated for violating the 

conditions upon which he had been granted a period of supervised release. 

 A. Relevant Proceedings Below

 At the sentencing hearing, the court sentenced defendant to seven years in state 

prison, but, pursuant to section 1170, subdivision (h), ordered defendant to serve four 

years in county jail and then three years on supervised release.2 The court asked 

defendant if he had reviewed and agreed to all of the conditions of supervised release, 

including the fines, fees, and costs, and defendant said yes. His counsel confirmed that 

he had gone over all the terms with defendant. The court explained that, like probation 

conditions, if defendant failed to comply with the terms of supervised release, he would 

be subject to revocation and incarceration for the balance of the unserved supervised 

release. The court confirmed for the record that defendant accepted the conditions of 

 2 Under the terms of the recent realignment legislation, the courts are permitted to 

sentence certain nonviolent felons to county jail, rather than state prison. The courts also 

have discretion to have the convicted person serve part of the sentence under supervised 

release. (See § 1170, subd. (h)(5)(B).) 
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supervised release, and then imposed a restitution fine as follows: “Pay restitution fine of 

$240. Pay $240. That should be ‘supervised release revocation restitution.’ [¶] Said 

restitution fine is stayed, and the stay shall be lifted upon the revocation of supervised 

release. [¶] I see they’re still not changing all the necessary language. [¶] Defendant is 

sentenced to prison or county jail without probation or conditional sentence imposed. No 

he actually is. There is a condition, a condition of supervised release. They’re still 

changing these things around. So he will be remanded.” 

 B. Supervised Release Is a Conditional Sentence Under Section 1202.44

Defendant contends that supervised release is not a conditional sentence for 

purposes of the Penal Code. We disagree. We reach this conclusion via a joint reading 

of sections 1170, 1202.4, and 1202.44, keeping in mind the rule that, when scrutinizing 

the words of a statute, courts give the words their usual, ordinary, and commonsense 

meaning. (People v. Valladoli (1996) 13 Cal.4th 590, 597.) The Oxford English 

Dictionary defines the word “conditional” as follows: “Subject to, depending on, or 

limited by, one or more conditions; not absolute; made or granted on certain terms or 

stipulations.”3 In the legal setting, the meaning of the words of a statute must also be 

derived from the context in which the words are used and with reference to the entire 

statutory scheme so that the whole may be harmonized and retain effectiveness. (People 

v. Pieters (1991) 52 Cal.3d 894, 899.) 

 3 That Web site can be found at <http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/38552.> 
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The relevant provision of section 1170 states that the trial court may commit a 

defendant to county jail and suspend execution of a concluding portion of the applicable 

term “. . . during which time the defendant shall be supervised by the county probation 

officer in accordance with the terms, conditions, and procedures generally applicable to 

persons placed on probation, for the remaining unserved portion of the sentence imposed 

by the court.” (§ 1170, subd. (h)(5)(B)(i).) Terms and conditions generally applicable to 

persons placed on probation or given “conditional sentences” include revocation 

restitution fines. To wit: “In every case in which a person is convicted of a crime and a 

conditional sentence or a sentence that includes a period of probation is imposed, the 

court shall, at the time of imposing the restitution fine pursuant to subdivision (b) of 

Section 1202.4, assess an additional probation revocation restitution fine in the same 

amount as that imposed pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 1202.4. This additional 

probation revocation restitution fine shall become effective upon the revocation of 

probation or of a conditional sentence, and shall not be waived or reduced by the court, 

absent compelling and extraordinary reasons stated on record.” (§ 1202.44, italics 

added.) 

Here, the probation-officer-supervised-release portion of defendant’s sentence was 

dependent on his accepting and agreeing to terms and conditions that are virtually 

identical to standard terms of probation. Defendant reviewed and agreed to those terms, 

and for the last three years of his seven-year sentence, he will have to abide by them if he 

wishes to stay out of jail. (§ 3455, subds. (a) & (b).) Accordingly, pursuant to section 

1202.44, defendant is subject to a supervised release revocation restitution fine in the 
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same amount as the mandatory fine imposed under section 1202.4, subdivision (b), $240. 

If he fails to abide by those conditions and causes his (conditional) supervised release to 

be revoked, the fine which is currently stayed will become effective.4 (§ 1202.44.) 

In sum, defendant was given a sentence that included a conditional release 

segment. Under section 1202.44, he was subject to a supervised release restitution 

revocation fine should he fail to abide by the terms and conditions of that conditional 

release.5

 4 Although section 1202.45, subdivision (b), was not yet in effect at the time 

defendant was sentenced, any confusion that may have existed as to the fines to which a 

person on supervised release—conditioned upon abiding by terms and conditions 

generally applicable to persons placed on probation—is subject, has been clarified by its 

addition to the Penal Code. The language of the provision is virtually identical to that of 

section 1202.44 except for the substitution of the words “postrelease community 

supervision” or “mandatory supervision” for the word “probation” wherever it appears. 

It provides: “In every case where a person is convicted of a crime and is subject to either 

postrelease community supervision under Section 3451 or mandatory supervision under 

subparagraph (B) of paragraph (5) of subdivision (h) of Section 1170, the court shall, at 

the time of imposing the restitution fine pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 1202.4, 

assess an additional postrelease community supervision revocation restitution fine or 

mandatory supervision revocation restitution fine in the same amount as that imposed 

pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 1202.4 . . . .” (§ 1202.45, subd. (b).) 

5 We note defendant’s contention in his reply brief, that under this interpretation 

of section 1202.44, individuals who receive a realigned sentence, as of January 1, 2013, 

“should receive: 1) a probation revocation fine because Penal Code section 1202.44 

should be harmonized so that supervised release constitutes probation; and 2) a 

mandatory supervision revocation fine under Penal Code section 1202.45, subdivision 

(b).” (Italics added.) However, as the court remarked when it imposed the fine, the 

Legislature at that time had “still not chang[ed] all the necessary language.” Now that the 

Legislature has added section 1202.45, a court would not order both a probation 

revocation fine under section 1202.44, and a mandatory supervision revocation fine 

under section 1202.45, subdivision (b). As defendant suggests, such order would be 

“duplicative absurdity,” especially in light of the nearly identical language of sections 

1202.44 and 1202.45, subdivision (b). 
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II. The Conditions of Supervised Release Should Be Modified 

Defendant challenges two of the terms of his supervised release as being 

unconstitutionally vague and overbroad. The People concede that one of the terms 

should be modified, but not the other. We conclude that both conditions should be 

modified. 

As an initial matter, defendant asserts, and the People agree, that the validity and 

constitutionality of a condition of supervised release should be evaluated in the same 

manner as the validity and constitutionality of conditions of probation. Supervised 

release is to be monitored by county probation officers “in accordance with the terms, 

conditions, and procedures generally applicable to persons placed on probation . . . .” 

(§ 1170, subd. (h)(5)(B)(i).) We thus agree that the constitutional validity of the terms of 

supervised release should be analyzed under standards analogous or parallel to those 

applied to terms of probation. 

A. Standard of Review 

 In general, the courts are given broad discretion in fashioning terms of probation 

or supervised release, in order to foster the reformation and rehabilitation of the offender, 

while protecting public safety. (People v. Carbajal (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1114, 1120; People 

v. Urke (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 766, 774.) Thus, the imposition of a particular condition 

of probation is subject to review for abuse of that discretion. “As with any exercise of 

discretion, the court violates this standard when it imposes a condition of probation that is 

arbitrary, capricious or exceeds the bounds of reason under the circumstances. 

[Citation.]” (People v. Jungers (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 698, 702.) However, 
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constitutional challenges are reviewed under a different standard. Whether a term of 

probation or supervised release is unconstitutionally vague or overbroad presents a 

question of law, which we review de novo. (In re J.H. (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 174, 183; 

In re Shaun R. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1129, 1143.) We agree with defendant’s 

contention that the failure to object below that a condition of supervised release is 

unconstitutionally overbroad does not forfeit review of the issue on appeal, as it is a pure 

issue of law. (See In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 888-889 (Sheena K.); People v. 

Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 235.) 

B. Condition No. 3 Should Be Modified

Defendant asserts that condition No. 3 uses the word “gang,” without providing a 

definition of that word. It reads as follows: “Do not associate with any unrelated person 

you know to be a possessor, user, or trafficker of controlled substances, or any unrelated 

person you know to be on probation or parole or a gang member.” Defendant requests 

that this condition be modified to include a reference to section 186.22, subdivision (f), 

which defines a “criminal street gang.” We agree and will modify the condition to 

include the following: For purposes of this paragraph, the word “gang” means a 

“criminal street gang” as defined in Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (f). 

 Defendant further contends that condition No. 3 is overbroad because the portion 

that prohibits him from associating with “a possessor, user, or trafficker of controlled 

substances” prohibits association with sellers and users of commonly prescribed 

medications. The People concede that the term “controlled substances” is very broad. 

Controlled substances are defined and listed in Health and Safety Code sections 11054-
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11058. The lists include not only illegal substances, like heroin and marijuana (Health & 

Saf. Code, § 11054, subds. (c)(11), (d)(13)), but many commonly prescribed medications. 

Thus, the probation condition, as written, may prohibit defendant from associating with 

persons using or selling prescription medication. We ascertain no rehabilitative purpose 

in such restriction. “‘California Courts have traditionally been wary of using the 

probation system for any nonrehabilitative purpose, no matter how superficially rational.’ 

[Citation.]” (People v. Tilehkooh (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 1433, 1444, superseded by 

statute on other grounds, as stated in People v. Moret (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 839, 853, 

fn. 12.) We conclude that condition No. 3 should be modified to include the concept of 

the illegality of the controlled substances. 

 C. Condition No. 10 Should Be Modified

 Condition No. 10 reads as follows: “Inform the Probation Officer of your place of 

residence and reside at a residence approved by the Probation Officer; give written notice 

to the Probation Officer 24 hours before changing your residence and do not move 

without the approval of the Probation Officer.” Defendant contends that the portion of 

the condition requiring him to “reside at a residence approved by the Probation Officer” 

is vague and overbroad, as it restricts his right to travel and to freely associate with 

others. We agree that it is overbroad. 

Courts have broad discretion to impose conditions of probation that foster 

rehabilitation or protect public safety. (§ 1203.1.) The California Supreme Court has 

clarified the review of probation conditions on appeal. It held, “We review conditions of 

probation for abuse of discretion. [Citations.] Generally ‘[a] condition of probation will 
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not be held invalid unless it “(1) has no relationship to the crime of which the offender 

was convicted, (2) relates to conduct which is not in itself criminal, and (3) requires or 

forbids conduct which is not reasonably related to future criminality . . . .” [Citation.]’ 

[Citation.] This test is conjunctive—all three prongs must be satisfied before a reviewing 

court will invalidate a probation term.” (People v. Olguin (2008) 45 Cal.4th 375, 379 

(Olguin).) The test of the validity of a condition of probation “may be supplemented by a 

second level of scrutiny: where an otherwise valid condition of probation impinges on 

constitutional rights, such conditions must be carefully tailored, ‘“reasonably related to 

the compelling state interest in reformation and rehabilitation . . . .”’ [Citations.]” 

(People v. Bauer (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 937, 942 (Bauer).) 

In Bauer, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d 937, the defendant was found guilty of false 

imprisonment and assault. He was placed on probation with a condition that he “obtain 

his probation officer’s approval of his residence . . . .” (Id. at p. 940.) Bauer held this 

condition failed the requirements for probation conditions, as it was not related to the 

defendant’s crime and was not related to future criminality. (Id. at p. 944.) The Bauer

court went on to hold that the probation condition was “all the more disturbing” because 

it impermissibly impinged on the defendant’s constitutional rights to travel and of 

freedom of association. (Ibid.) The condition was not narrowly tailored to interfere as 

little as possible with these important rights, but rather gave the probation officer broad 

power over the defendant’s living situation. (Id. at pp. 944-945.) 

Here, there is nothing in the record referring to defendant’s living situation. 

Defendant was convicted of vehicle theft with a prior vehicle theft conviction and 
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receiving a stolen vehicle. There is no indication that his home life contributed to these 

offenses. Thus, the condition was not in any way related to defendant’s offenses. Like 

the court in Bauer, we do not find that the condition itself is inappropriate in all 

circumstances (see Bauer, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d at p. 944 [finding residence approval 

condition not related to the defendant and his crimes in the case, but not invalidating the 

condition in every case]), but that such approval was not related to defendant’s crimes 

and living situation in this case. 

Furthermore, the condition is not reasonably related to defendant’s future 

criminality. There is no indication that he was living or planned to live with individuals 

that might impede his rehabilitation. It is mere speculation to believe he might move to 

an undesirable location or live in a residence or community which “might be ‘a source of 

temptation to continue to pursue a criminal lifestyle,’” as the People assert. Imposing the 

residence approval portion of the condition was unreasonable. 

The People contend that Bauer does not control here because that case “involved 

an objection to the residence-approval condition as it applied to the defendant [Citation], 

whereas [defendant here] raises a facial constitutional challenge.” However, the court in 

Bauer also held that the condition impinged on the right to travel and freedom of 

association. (Bauer, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d at p. 944.) The People here claim that the 

condition is “narrowly tailored to achieve the state’s compelling interest in 

rehabilitation.” However, as the court in Bauer held, “[r]ather than being narrowly 

tailored to interfere as little as possible with [the rights to travel and freedom of 

association], the restriction is extremely broad.” (Ibid.) 
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We do not find the condition to be unconstitutionally vague, however. It is 

“‘“sufficiently precise for the probationer to know what is required of him, and for the 

court to determine whether the condition has been violated.”’ [Citations.]” (In re E.O.

(2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1149, 1153.) If defendant wants or needs to move, he must 

simply inform the probation officer of his potential residence and obtain approval to live 

there. 

In any event, because we find the residence approval portion of the condition to be 

overbroad, we will strike that portion of it. We do see the benefit of the probation officer 

being informed if defendant’s residence has changed. Thus, condition No. 10 should be 

modified to read as follows: Keep the probation officer informed of your place of 

residence and give written notice to the probation officer twenty-four (24) hours prior to a 

change in residence. 

III. The Judgment Should Be Corrected to Accurately Reflect the Conviction in Count 1 

 Defendant argues, and the People concede, that the judgment should be corrected 

to reflect that he was convicted of violating Vehicle Code section 10851, subdivision (a), 

in count 1 and was sentenced pursuant to Penal Code section 666.5, subdivision (a). We 

agree. 

 The pleadings, instructions, and verdict forms all describe defendant’s offense as a 

violation of Penal Code section 666.5. However, Penal Code section 666.5, subdivision 

(a), provides for increased punishment for repeat violators of Vehicle Code section 

10851. In other words, it “creates only enhanced punishment for repeat offenders, not a 

new substantive offense.” (People v. Young (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 111, 115.) 
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 The parties understood that defendant was charged in count 1 with vehicle theft 

and, as a repeat offender, he was subject to increased punishment. At the hearing on the 

prior convictions, the prosecutor moved to interlineate the information to refer to the 

vehicle theft offense as a violation of Vehicle Code section 10851, instead of Penal Code 

section 666.5. The court granted the motion. Nonetheless, at the outset of the sentencing 

hearing, the court stated that defendant was convicted in count 1 of a violation of Penal 

Code section 666.5, subdivision (a). When the court actually sentenced defendant, it 

stated, “[a]s to Count 1, . . .” and did not refer to a code section. The sentencing minute 

order similarly states, “As to Count 1, the Court imposes the MID term of 3 years . . . .” 

 In the interest of clarity, we direct the superior court to prepare an amended 

sentencing minute order to clearly reflect that defendant was convicted of violating 

Vehicle Code section 10851, subdivision (a), in count 1, and sentenced pursuant to Penal 

Code section 666.5, subdivision (a).6 We will further direct the superior court to forward 

a copy of the amended sentencing minute order to local custody officials. (§ 1213.) 

DISPOSITION 

We hereby modify defendant’s supervised release conditions as follows: 

Condition No. 3 is modified to read: Do not associate with any unrelated person 

you know to be a possessor, user, or trafficker of illegal controlled substances, or any 

unrelated person you know to be on probation or parole or a gang member. For purposes 

 6 There was apparently no abstract of judgment prepared below since defendant 

was not sentenced to state prison. 
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of this paragraph, the word “gang” means a “criminal street gang” as defined in Penal 

Code section 186.22, subdivision (f). 

Condition No. 10 should be modified to read: Keep the probation officer informed 

of your place of residence and give written notice to the probation officer twenty-four 

(24) hours prior to a change in residence. 

Furthermore, the superior court clerk is directed to prepare an amended sentencing 

minute order clearly reflecting that, in count 1, defendant was convicted of violating 

Vehicle Code section 10851, subdivision (a), and sentenced pursuant to Penal Code 

section 666.5, subdivision (a). We also direct the superior court to forward a copy of the 

amended sentencing minute order to local custody officials. 

In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed. 

 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS 

HOLLENHORST 

 Acting P. J. 

We concur: 

KING 

 J. 

MILLER 

 J.