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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

STARMANIA HITSON, Individually and as Next 

Friend of OTIS CLARK, and DANAS 

STURDIVANT,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

and

DAWUAN SIMMONS,

Plaintiff,

UNPUBLISHED

June 12, 2018

v No. 335762

Macomb Circuit Court

CITY OF EASTPOINTE, EASTPOINTE POLICE 

DEPARTMENT, OFFICER JOHN ARTHURS, 

and TODD MURDOCK,

LC No. 2015-001176-NZ

Defendants-Appellees.

Before: SAWYER, P.J., and CAVANAGH and FORT HOOD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Plaintiff Starmania Hitson, individually and as next friend of Otis Clark, and plaintiff 

Danas Sturdivant, appeal as of right an order granting summary disposition in favor of 

defendants, the city of Eastpointe, the Eastpointe Police Department, and Police Officers John 

Arthurs and Todd Murdock, under MCR 2.116(C)(7), (8), and (10).

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 We affirm.

This police misconduct action arises out of a confrontation between plaintiffs and the 

police officers who were dispatched to plaintiffs’ neighborhood to investigate a report that two 

men, plaintiffs’ neighbors, were fighting in the street. Hitson was living at “23752 Brittany,” a 

duplex, with her adult or nearly adult-aged children: Dawuan Simmons, Shaquirea Simmons, 

 1 All claims on behalf of plaintiff Dawuan Simmons (Dawuan), were dismissed for failure to 

appear at his deposition and failure to comply with other discovery requests. He is not a party to 

this appeal.
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and Danas Sturdivant. Also living in the home was Hitson’s one-year-old ward, Otis Clark. On 

the day at issue, Hitson and the children were in the home; also present were Hitson’s nephews, 

Jameal Hitson and Sinom Page. The parties agree that city of Eastpointe police officers, John 

Arthurs and Todd Murdock, were dispatched to investigate a complaint of a disturbance at 

“23756 Brittany.”

It is also undisputed that after the officers arrived at the scene, at Hitson’s urging, Jameal 

and Dawuan left her duplex to investigate the officers’ arrival. Hitson was concerned because 

the officers were questioning Hitson’s nephew, Sinom. Hitson had not realized that Sinom had 

left her house to catch a bus to his own home. When Jameal and Dawuan disregarded an 

instruction to walk in a different direction, the officers stopped them and requested that they 

produce identification. Dawuan refused this request and, instead, broke into a run back to his 

house. The officers gave chase. When the officers reached the front porch of the Hitson home, 

Hitson physically refused to allow the officers into the house. Hitson testified at her deposition 

that while she was trying to pull the door shut, one of the officers was pulling on her arm in an 

effort to keep the door open. At one point, Hitson left her position at the front door, and her 

daughter, Shaqueria, continued in the effort to keep the officers from entering. Eventually, the 

officers entered the doorway to the home. Shortly thereafter, Officer Murdock deployed his 

Taser and struck then 17-year-old Sturdivant. Plaintiffs claim that in the officers’ haste to enter 

the home, they also knocked over one-year-old, Clark, causing the child to sustain a concussion 

and bruising. After the officers gained entry into the home, Dawuan and Sturdivant were 

arrested for hindering and obstructing an investigation; Hitson was issued a citation for 

disturbing the peace.

Plaintiffs filed this action against the city of Eastpointe, the Eastpointe Police 

Department, and Officers Arthurs and Murdock. Plaintiffs assert several state and federal 

claims, including claims for excessive force, assault and battery, unreasonable seizure, false 

arrest or false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, ethnic intimidation, gross negligence, and 

municipal liability. Defendants filed a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(7), 

(8), and (10). The trial court granted defendants’ motion and dismissed plaintiffs’ complaint in 

its entirety. This appeal followed.

I. STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition. 

Veenstra v Washtenaw Country Club, 466 Mich 155, 159; 645 NW2d 643 (2002). The trial 

court granted defendants’ motion under MCR 2.116(C)(7), (8), and (10). A defendant is entitled 

to summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) if the plaintiff’s claims are barred because of 

immunity granted by law. Odom v Wayne Co, 482 Mich 459, 466; 760 NW2d 217 (2008). The 

moving party may support its motion with affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other 

documentary evidence that would be admissible at trial. Id. A reviewing court must accept the 

content of the plaintiff’s complaint as true, unless contradicted by the documentary evidence. Id.

A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a plaintiff’s claim based 

solely on the pleadings. All well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true and construed 

in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. MCR 2.116(C)(8).
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A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of a plaintiff’s claim. 

Spiek v Dep’t of Transp, 456 Mich 331, 337; 572 NW2d 201 (1998). In reviewing a motion 

under MCR 2.116(C)(10), the court must consider “the pleadings, admissions, affidavits, and 

other relevant documentary evidence of record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 

party to determine whether any genuine issue of material fact exists to warrant a trial.” Walsh v 

Taylor, 263 Mich App 618, 621; 689 NW2d 506 (2004). If reasonable minds could differ on an 

issue, a genuine issue of material exists. Allison v AEW Capital Mgt, LLP, 481 Mich 419, 425; 

751 NW2d 8 (2008).

II. ANALYSIS

A. EXCESSIVE FORCE

Plaintiffs argued below that the defendant police officers used excessive force when they 

pulled on Hitson’s arm while trying to gain access to her house, when they allegedly knocked 

over Clark, and when they tased Sturdivant. The trial court concluded that defendants’ conduct 

was reasonable under the totality of the circumstances and that excessive force was not used. 

The court alternatively found that the evidence established that Officers Murdock and Arthurs 

were entitled to qualified immunity. On appeal, plaintiffs only challenge the trial court’s 

determination that the tasing of Sturdivant did not constitute excessive force. Plaintiffs do not 

address the trial court’s dismissal of Hitson’s and Clark’s excessive force claims. The failure to 

brief the merits of an allegation of error is deemed abandonment of the issue on appeal. 

McIntosh v McIntosh, 282 Mich App 471, 484; 768 NW2d 325 (2009). Therefore, we will not

disturb the trial court’s order granting summary disposition of the excessive force claims brought 

on behalf of Hitson and Clark. With respect to Sturdivant’s claim, we conclude that the trial 

court did not err when it granted summary disposition of this claim.

Sturdivant brings his claim pursuant to 42 USC 1983, alleging that the officers violated 

his constitutional right to be free from excessive force when Murdock tased him. “Any person 

who, under color of state law, deprives another of rights protected by the constitution or laws of 

the United States is liable under 42 USC 1983.” Morden v Grand Traverse Co, 275 Mich App 

325, 332; 738 NW2d 278 (2007). “Section 1983 itself is not the source of substantive rights; it 

merely provides a remedy for the violation of rights guaranteed by the federal constitution or 

federal statutes.” York v Detroit, 438 Mich 744, 757-758; 475 NW2d 346 (1991). The Fourth 

Amendment of the United States Constitution protects a person from being subject to excessive 

physical force by law enforcement officers. Latits v Phillips, 878 F3d 541, 547 (CA 6, 2017). 

“[T]o survive summary [disposition] in a 1983 action, [the plaintiff] must demonstrate a genuine 

issue of material fact as to the following ‘two elements: 1) the deprivation of a right secured by 

the Constitution or law of the United States and 2) the deprivation was caused by a person acting 

under color of state law.’ ” Morden, 275 Mich App at 332 (citation omitted).

“Within reasonable limits, officers enjoy the discretion to determine the amount of force 

required by the circumstances and they are not guilty of wrong unless they arbitrarily abuse the 

power confided in them.” Alexander v Riccinto, 192 Mich App 65, 69; 481 NW2d 6 (1991). 

Excessive force claims are analyzed under an “objective reasonableness” standard. Graham v 

Connor, 490 US 386, 388; 109 S Ct 1865; 104 L Ed 2d 443 (1989). “The ‘reasonableness’

inquiry in an excessive force case is an objective one: the question is whether the officers’
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actions are ‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them, 

without regard to their underlying intent or motivation.” Id. at 397. The conduct must be 

reviewed under the totality of the circumstances confronting the officers. Dunigan v Noble, 390 

F3d 486, 493 (CA 6, 2004). Recognizing that the test of reasonableness under the Fourth 

Amendment is not capable of precise definition, the Supreme Court offered guidance in Graham, 

noting that its application “requires careful attention to the facts and circumstances of each 

particular case, including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an 

immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest 

or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Graham, 490 US at 396. Further, “[t]he calculus of 

reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make 

split-second judgments—in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving—about 

the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation.” Id. at 396-397.

In support of their motion for summary disposition, defendants presented uncontroverted 

evidence that Officers Murdock and Arthurs were dispatched to a home on Brittany in the city of 

Eastpointe to investigate two men fighting. When they arrived at the scene, they began their 

investigation by stopping and speaking to two men in front of the residence to which they were 

dispatched. During these early moments, the officers were distracted by Hitson’s screaming 

from her porch and the intrusion of Jameal and Dawuan who had left the house at Hitson’s 

urging to investigate the police presence. These men disregarded the officer’s directive to stay 

out of the street and not approach Murdock, who was, at the time, speaking with Sinom. Under 

these circumstances, the officers’ investigation necessarily broadened to include Jameal’s and 

Dawuan’s potential involvement in the report of two men fighting. Then, Dawuan’s flight when 

he was asked to present identification, under the circumstances, justified the officers’ pursuit of 

Dawuan to the front door of the home. When they reached the porch, the officers were thwarted 

in their investigatory efforts by Hitson and then later, by her daughter, Shaqueria. That the 

circumstances had become quite chaotic at that point is borne out by a review of the video from 

the officers’ patrol cars. Multiple voices can be heard screaming and yelling.

Sturdivant’s own testimony confirmed that the situation at the front door was tense. 

Sturdivant heard his brother, Dawuan, come back into the house. Sturdivant left his bedroom 

and entered the living room. When Dawuan returned to the house, he was out of breath, he was 

visibly angry, and his voice was loud. Sturdivant heard Dawuan say that the police officers 

could not come into the home. He noticed his sister, Shaquirea, at the front door, which was 

opened just a crack, trying to keep the door shut. Sturdivant also noticed three police officers at 

the front door. He could hear his sister and the officers “having words” as she tried to push the 

front door closed. Sturdivant admitted that he could not hear too much, because everybody was 

yelling. Sturdivant noticed that the police officer’s foot was in the door and the officer was 

trying to push the door open. Defendants presented evidence through their affidavits that 

Sturdivant ran toward the front door and attempted to force it closed. It was at this point that 

Officer Murdock deployed his Taser. Sturdivant testified that Murdock said, “Don’t move,”

when he shot the Taser. It is undisputed that only one of the Taser’s probes hit Sturdivant. 

Moreover, Sturdivant admitted that while he sat down after being tased, the force of the Taser 

did not knock him down. Sturdivant testified that he was burned by the probe and sought 

medical attention the next day, but no medical records were ever produced despite being 

requested by defendants. Sturdivant also acknowledged that photographs existed at one time, but 

were no longer available because his phone was damaged.
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Applying an objective standard, and even accepting as true Sturdivant’s denial that he ran 

toward the door to assist in shutting it, there is no question of material fact that under the totality 

of the circumstances, Murdock’s actions were reasonable. At the time he deployed the Taser, it 

was reasonable for the officers to be concerned for their safety and to take actions to subdue a 

perceived threat to that safety. As indicated, the officer’s actions are to be judged from the 

perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the clarity of 20/20 hindsight. 

See Graham, 490 US at 396. The evidence indicated that Murdock used an objectively 

reasonable amount of force in response to the perceived threat that Sturdivant presented. And 

there was no evidence that would allow reasonable jurors to conclude that Murdock’s actions 

were objectively unreasonable. Consequently, the trial court properly dismissed this claim under 

MCR 2.116(C)(10).

Furthermore, the submitted evidence demonstrates that the officers were entitled to 

qualified immunity. Whether a defendant is entitled to qualified immunity is a question of law 

that this Court reviews de novo. Thomas v McGinnis, 239 Mich App 636, 444; 609 NW2d 222 

(2000). Qualified immunity is a recognized defense against claims for damages under § 1983 for 

alleged violations of federal rights. Morden, 275 Mich App at 340. The doctrine of qualified 

immunity “applies an objective standard to the conduct of defendants, not to their state of mind.” 

Id. “Qualified immunity gives government officials breathing room to make reasonable but 

mistaken judgments, and protects all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly 

violated the law.” Messerschmidt v Millender, 565 US 535, 546; 132 S Ct 1235; 182 L Ed 2d 47 

(2012) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

Determining whether a law enforcement officer is entitled to qualified immunity on an 

excessive force claim requires considering: (1) whether the officer violated the plaintiff’s 

constitutional right under the Fourth Amendment; and (2) whether that constitutional right was 

clearly established at the time of the incident. Kent v Oakland Co, 810 F3d 384, 390 (CA 6 

2016). Qualified immunity applies unless the official’s conduct was in violation of a clearly 

established constitutional right. Lavigne v Forshee, 307 Mich App 530, 542; 861 NW2d 635 

(2014).

In Saucier v Katz, 533 US 194, 201; 121 S Ct 2151; 150 L Ed 2d 272 (2001), overruled in 

part on other grounds in Pearson v Callahan, 555 US 223, 236; 129 S Ct 808; 172 L Ed 2d 565 

(2009), the United States Supreme Court explained the initial inquiry for resolving whether a 

defendant is protected by qualified immunity: “Taken in the light most favorable to the party 

asserting the injury, do the facts alleged show the officer’s conduct violated a constitutional 

right?” If there has been no violation of a constitutional right, no further inquiry is required. Id. 

Alternatively, if a violation could be made out, then the next question must be considered: 

“whether the right was clearly established.” Id.

In light of our analysis regarding the reasonableness of Murdock’s actions, we conclude

that the officers would also be entitled to qualified immunity because Sturdivant’s constitutional 

rights were not violated. That is, Sturdivant was not the victim of excessive force at the hands of 

law enforcement. Accordingly, the trial court correctly held that the officers were shielded by 

qualified immunity and were, therefore, entitled to summary disposition under MCR 

2.116(C)(7).
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B. ASSAULT AND BATTERY

Plaintiffs next argue that the trial court erroneously dismissed their intentional tort claim 

of assault and battery. Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred when it concluded that the 

officers acted in good faith. We disagree.

In Odom, 482 Mich at 461, our Supreme Court held that “governmental employees enjoy 

qualified immunity from intentional torts.” A governmental employee must raise governmental 

immunity as an affirmative defense and, thereafter, “establish that (1) the employee’s challenged 

acts were undertaken during the course of employment and that the employee was acting, or 

reasonably believed he was acting, within the scope of his authority, (2) the acts were undertaken 

in good faith, and (3) the acts were discretionary, rather than ministerial in nature.” Id. Further, 

our Supreme Court has described a lack of good faith as including “malicious intent, capricious 

action or corrupt conduct” and “willful and corrupt misconduct.” Id. at 475, quoting Veldman v 

Grand Rapids, 275 Mich 100, 113; 265 NW 790 (1936).

Plaintiffs do not contest that the officers were acting in the course and scope of their 

employment. Nor do they challenge the discretionary nature of their actions. Instead, plaintiffs 

argue that questions of fact exist with respect to whether the officers’ actions were in good faith. 

We disagree.

The uncontroverted evidence established that Murdock acted in good faith. Murdock’s 

stated reason for deploying his Taser was that he acted in response to Sturdivant rushing toward 

the front door with the intent to force it closed on the officers. “[T]he standard in evaluating the 

governmental immunity question is not whether, when viewing the facts objectively with the 

benefit of hindsight” the use of force was justified. Latits v Phillips, 298 Mich App 109, 116; 

826 NW2d 190 (2012). Rather, the “standard is a subjective one from the perspective of 

defendant with respect to whether he was acting in good faith.” Id. The facts support Murdock’s 

stated intent, and plaintiffs presented no evidence to establish any other motivation.

More specifically, plaintiffs presented no evidence that Murdock acted with malice. 

Plaintiffs assert that had the court “reviewed all of the record evidence, and drawn the many 

inferences from that record evidence,” the court would have been satisfied that there remained an 

issue of material fact regarding the existence of bad faith. However, plaintiffs failed to identify 

what evidence would have supported an inference of malice or bad faith on the part of the 

officers. Plaintiffs rely only on their own opinion, unsupported by objective facts, that the 

officers’ actions were racially motivated. They argue that inferences of racism can be inferred 

from the fact that officers were dispatched to investigate a fight between two white men, and 

they abandoned this investigation to ticket a black man for jaywalking. First, there is no 

evidence in the record that the officers knew or were told that the fight was between two white 

men. Moreover, the record is completely devoid of any evidence that the officers took any 

action on account of plaintiffs’ race. “It is not enough for an appellant in his brief simply to 

announce a position or assert an error and then leave it up to this Court to discover and 

rationalize the basis for his claims, or unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then 

search for authority either to sustain or reject his position.” Yee v Shiawassee Co Bd of 

Comm’rs, 251 Mich App 379, 406; 651 NW2d 756 (2002) (quotation marks and citation 

omitted). In this case, there is no evidence indicating that the officers had any malice toward 
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plaintiffs. Accordingly, the trial court also properly dismissed the assault and battery intentional 

tort claim.

Plaintiffs do not address the liability of a city for the intentional torts of its employees. In 

any event, governmental employers cannot be held vicariously liable for the intentional tortious 

acts of their employees. Payton v Detroit, 211 Mich App 375, 393; 536 NW2d 233 (1995).

C. FALSE ARREST AND FALSE IMPRISONMENT

The trial court did not err in granting defendants’ motion for summary disposition of 

plaintiffs’ false arrest or false imprisonment claims brought both under state law and § 1983. 

Because no genuine issue of material fact existed, summary disposition was proper under MCR 

2.116(C)(10).

Plaintiffs argue that Sturdivant’s arrest was illegal and in violation of his constitutional 

rights because the arrest was effectuated in the absence of probable cause. Plaintiffs assert that 

the trial court, when concluding that probable cause existed, only considered the self-serving 

affidavits of the police officers. Plaintiffs argue that the trial court improperly made credibility 

determinations and failed to view the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiffs. We 

conclude, however, that the trial court did not err when it granted summary disposition to 

defendants on plaintiff’s false arrest or false imprisonment claims.

A false imprisonment claim under state law has been defined by this Court as an unlawful 

restraint on a person’s liberty or freedom of movement. Peterson Novelties, Inc v City of 

Berkley, 259 Mich App 1, 17; 672 NW2d 351 (2003). A false arrest is an illegal or unjustified 

arrest. Id. at 18. “To prevail on a claim of false arrest or false imprisonment, a plaintiff must 

show that the arrest was not legal, i.e., the arrest was not based on probable cause.” Id. 

Moreover, whether the plaintiff could have actually been convicted is immaterial because actual 

innocence is not an element of false arrest. Id. Similarly, with respect to plaintiffs’ claims under 

§ 1983, “an arrest without probable cause violates the Fourth Amendment.” Klein v Long, 275 

F3d 544, 550 (CA 6, 2001).

The trial court dismissed plaintiffs’ false arrest claims based on a finding of probable 

cause. Probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed by an individual “is 

established by a reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong 

in themselves to warrant a cautious person in the belief that the accused is guilty of the offense 

charged.” Peterson Novelties, Inc, 259 Mich App at 19 (citations omitted). Moreover, “probable 

cause is not capable of being precisely defined; rather it is a commonsense concept dealing with 

practical considerations of everyday life that must be viewed from the prospective of reasonable 

and prudent persons, not legal technicians.” Id. Similarly, the United States Court of Appeals 

for the Sixth Circuit has, in the context of a § 1983 claim, held that probable cause to make an 

arrests exists when “the facts and circumstances within [the officers’] knowledge and of which 

they had reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in 

believing that the [arrestee] had committed or was committing an offense.” Klein, 275 F3d at 

550 (citation omitted). Probable cause must be assessed “from the perspective of a reasonable 

officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vison of hindsight.” Id. (citation omitted).
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Sturdivant was charged with, but acquitted of, hindering and obstructing a police 

investigation. To support a conviction for resisting or obstructing a police officer pursuant to 

MCL 750.81d(1), the prosecutor must demonstrate that (1) the defendant assaulted, battered, 

wounded, resisted, obstructed, opposed, or endangered a police officer, (2) the defendant knew 

or had reason to know that the person that the defendant assaulted, battered, wounded, resisted, 

obstructed, opposed, or endangered was a police officer performing his or her duties, and (3) that 

the officer’s actions were lawful. People v Quinn, 305 Mich App 484, 491; 853 NW2d 383 

(2014). Physical obstruction of an officer is unnecessary; hindering an officer in the process of a 

criminal investigation is sufficient. People Pohl, 207 Mich App 332, 333; 523 NW2d 634 

(1994).

Considering the nature of the charged offense and the facts as the officers knew them to 

be at the time of Sturdivant’s arrest, we conclude that the officers had probable cause to arrest 

Sturdivant for hindering and obstruction. The evidence established that just before the arrest, the 

officers had been questioning several individuals on the street. One of these individuals, 

Dawuan, fled from the officers when he was asked to produce identification. He then ran into 

his nearby home, and when the officers attempted to pursue Dawuan into the home into which he 

fled, they were met with active resistance from at least two individuals in the home. Sturdivant 

admitted that he had left the front of the house and positioned himself near the front door. When 

the officers succeeded in entering the home, according to the officers, Sturdivant ran at them in 

an attempt to assist in closing the door and preventing the officers’ entry. These facts indicate 

that there was probable cause to arrest Sturdivant on obstruction charges.

Plaintiffs argue that the trial court ignored the fact that Sturdivant denied charging the 

door in an effort to assist his sister. However, “the fact that a person may actually be innocent of 

a charge does not establish that probable cause did not exist for that person’s arrest.” Peterson 

Novelties, 259 Mich App at 18-19. Contrary to plaintiffs’ assertions, Sturdivant’s testimony to 

the effect that he did not attempt to close the door does not give rise to a question of fact when 

determining the question of probable cause to arrest. Accepting plaintiffs’ position as true, 

probable cause for an arrest could not be challenged merely by asserting lack of culpability.

Even if a question of fact existed with respect to whether there existed probable cause to 

arrest Sturdivant, we would conclude that the officers were entitled to qualified immunity. In 

Odom, 482 Mich at 481, the Supreme Court noted that for purposes of immunity, “[t]he mere 

existence of probable cause is not the proper inquiry.” Id. It then noted that “[a] police officer 

would be entitled to immunity under Ross2 if he acted in good faith and honestly believed that he 

had probable cause to arrest, even if he later learned that he was mistaken.” Id. In this case, 

there was no evidence presented that the officers did not honestly believe that they had probable 

cause to arrest Sturdivant.

Because plaintiffs cannot show that the arrest was illegal, that is, that the arrest was not 

based on probable cause, Sturdivant cannot prevail on a claim of false arrest or false 

 2 Ross v Consumers Power Co (On Rehearing), 420 Mich 567; 363 NW2d 641 (1984).
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imprisonment. Therefore, the trial court did not err when it held that defendants were entitled to 

summary disposition on these claims.

D. MALICIOUS PROSECUTION

Plaintiffs pleaded a claim of malicious prosecution under § 1983 premised on a violation 

of the Fourth Amendment and a similar claim under state law. The trial court found no questions 

of material fact with respect to whether there existed probable cause to arrest Sturdivant and to 

issue a citation to Hitson. It therefore granted summary disposition on the malicious prosecution 

claims pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by dismissing 

Sturdivant’s malicious prosecution claim3 because it improperly made credibility determinations 

and failed to view the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiffs when resolving this claim. 

We disagree.

A claim of malicious prosecution under § 1983 is premised on a violation of the Fourth 

Amendment. Radu v Herndon & Herndon Investigations, Inc, 302 Mich App 363, 389; 838 

NW2d 720 (2013). To sustain a claim of malicious prosecution under § 1983, a plaintiff must 

show that (1) defendant influenced or participated in the decision to prosecute the plaintiff; (2) 

there was a lack of probable cause for the criminal prosecution; (3) as a consequence of the legal 

proceeding, the plaintiff suffered a deprivation of liberty apart from the initial seizure, and (4) 

the criminal proceeding must have been resolved in the plaintiff’s favor. Id. at 389-390, citing 

Sykes v Anderson, 625 F3d 294, 308-309 (CA 6, 2010). 

Similarly, the tort of malicious prosecution under state law requires a showing that (1) the 

defendant initiated a criminal prosecution against the plaintiff, (2) the criminal proceeding was 

resolved in the plaintiff’s favor, (3) the person who maintained the prosecution lacked probable 

cause, and (4) “the action was undertaken with malice or a purpose in instituting the criminal 

claim other than bringing the offender to justice.” Matthews v Blue Cross & Blue Shield of 

Mich, 456 Mich 365, 378; 572 NW2d 603 (1998). Thus, Michigan law includes a malice 

element not included in a malicious prosecution claim under § 1983. Notably, a plaintiff is 

required to present some evidence that the impact of a defendant’s misstatements and falsehood 

in their investigatory material “extended beyond the plaintiffs’ initial arrest and ultimately 

influenced the Plaintiffs’ continued detention.” Sykes, 625 F3d at 316.

At the onset, we note that plaintiffs did not present any evidence relative to the manner in 

which the officers participated in the decision to prosecute plaintiffs. Indeed, Sturdivant and 

Hitson both denied having any knowledge of the manner in which the decision was made. There 

is no evidence to support any assertion that the officers provided false information to the 

prosecutor’s office in an attempt to influence the decision to file criminal charges against 

plaintiffs. Plaintiffs’ failure to come forward with evidence of this nature is fatal to their 

malicious prosecution claims.

 3 Plaintiffs have not addressed this issue with respect to Hitson; consequently, they have 

abandoned any claim that the trial court erred by dismissing any malicious prosecution claim 

brought on her behalf. See McIntosh, 282 Mich App at 484.
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Plaintiffs ignore the foregoing shortcomings in their proofs, and instead focus on the 

issue of probable cause. Because there was probable cause to arrest Sturdivant, however, we 

conclude that the trial court properly dismissed plaintiffs’ malicious prosecution claims.

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E. ETHNIC INTIMIDATION

Plaintiffs’ complaint also alleged a claim for ethnic intimidation, in violation of MCL 

750.147b. This statute provides:

(1) A person is guilty of ethnic intimidation if that person maliciously, and 

with specific intent to intimidate or harass another person because of that person’s 

race, color, religion, gender, or national origin, does any of the following:

(a) Causes physical contact with another person.

(b) Damages, destroys, or defaces any real or personal property of another 

person.

(c) Threatens, by word or act, to do an act described in subdivision (a) or 

(b), if there is reasonable cause to believe that an act described in subdivision (a) 

or (b) will occur.

Plaintiffs contend that the officers’ actions on the day in question were deliberate, malicious, and 

carried out with the specific intent to intimidate and harass plaintiffs because of their race. The 

only “evidence” offered in support of this proposition is Sturdivant’s and Hitson’s unsupported 

opinions that the officers were racist, and the suggestion that racial animus can be inferred from 

the fact that the officers were dispatched to investigate a fight between two white men and they 

abandoned this investigation to “issue a black man a citation for jaywalking.”

First, there is nothing in the record to support the assertion that the officers knew that 

they were dispatched to investigate a fight between two white men. Therefore, plaintiffs begin 

with a faulty premise. Further, despite plaintiffs’ representations to the contrary, the audio 

recordings do not substantiate plaintiffs’ claims that the officers expressed racial epithets. More

significantly, the patrol car videos indisputably confirm that the officers were diverted from 

investigating the neighbor’s altercation because Dawuan and Jameal refused to obey a direct 

order by the officer to not walk in the direction where Murdock was speaking with Sinom. The 

officers did not simply abandon their investigation to harass two men for jaywalking. They 

switched the focus of their investigation because those two men disregarded the officers’ orders. 

Plaintiffs have failed to come forth with any competent evidence that the officers’ conduct was 

racially motivated. Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it granted summary disposition 

of plaintiffs’ ethnic intimidation claims.

 4 With respect to the malicious prosecution claims, we note once again that plaintiffs have only 

addressed this issue with respect to Sturdivant’s claims. Consequently, any challenge to the trial 

court’s order dismissing Hitson’s malicious prosecution claim has been abandoned. See 

McIntosh, 282 Mich App at 484.
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F. MUNICIPAL LIABILITY AND GROSS NEGLIGENCE

The trial court also dismissed plaintiffs’ gross negligence claim and their claim that 

defendant, city of Eastpointe, maintained policies and procedures that violated plaintiffs’

constitutional rights. Plaintiffs have not challenged the trial court’s dismissal of these two claims 

in their brief on appeal. As previously indicated, the failure to brief the merits of an allegation of 

error is deemed abandonment of an issue. See McIntosh, 282 Mich App at 484. In any event, 

neither claim is viable. Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it granted summary 

disposition in this regard.

A municipality may be held liable under § 1983 for maintaining unconstitutional polices 

that result in injury to a plaintiff. Johnson v VanderKooi, 319 Mich App 589, 622; 903 NW2d

843 (2017). “Official municipal policy includes the decisions of a government’s lawmakers, the 

acts of its policymaking official, and practices so persistent and widespread as to practically have 

the force of law.” Connick v Thompson, 563 US 51, 61; 131 S Ct 1350; 179 L Ed 2d 417 (2011). 

Plaintiffs have not identified any policy or practice from which their injuries arose. As the trial 

court recognized, plaintiffs did not even request the training records of the police officers. 

Plaintiffs quite simply failed to present any evidence in support of the municipal liability claim.

The trial court also properly dismissed plaintiffs’ gross negligence claim under MCR 

2.116(C)(8). With regard to negligent torts, pursuant to MCL 691.1407(2), governmental 

employees are not entitled to immunity if their conduct amounts to gross negligence that is the 

proximate cause of injury or damage. Although plaintiffs pleaded gross negligence, all of their 

claims allege intentional conduct, i.e., assault and battery, false imprisonment, malicious 

prosecution. “Elements of intentional torts may not be transformed into gross negligence 

claims.” Norris v Lincoln Park Police Officers, 292 Mich App 574, 582; 808 NW2d 578 (2011). 

Plaintiffs’ cannot “avoid the protection of immunity by artful pleading.” Latits, 298 Mich App at 

120 (quotation marks omitted).

Affirmed. Defendants are entitled to costs as the prevailing parties. See MCR 7.219(A).

/s/ David H. Sawyer

/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh

/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood