COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Frank, Humphreys and Kelsey

Argued at Richmond, Virginia

KYLE CORNELIA LEFTWICH, A/K/A 

 KYLE L. BANNING

OPINION BY

v. Record No. 2349-11-2 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK

FEBRUARY 5, 2013

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HENRICO COUNTY

L. A. Harris, Jr., Judge

Craig S. Cooley (Law Office of Craig S. Cooley, on brief), for 

appellant.

David M. Uberman, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T. 

Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Kyle Cornelia Leftwich, a/k/a Kyle L. Banning, appellant, was convicted, in a bench trial, 

of eight counts of embezzlement, in violation of Code § 18.2-111. On appeal, she contends the 

evidence was insufficient to prove her guilt. Specifically, she argues the checks she deposited 

into her personal account were not “entrusted” to her by the Social Security Administration for 

the benefit of her employer. Finding no error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

BACKGROUND

The facts are not controverted. Appellant was an attorney employed by the law firm of 

Marks & Harrison (M&H) from 1994 to 2010. Her practice focused on social security disability 

law. In 1997, 2001, and 2009, appellant signed employment agreements with M&H. The 

agreements stated that all legal fees or similar forms of compensation earned by appellant in the 

capacity of her employment were the exclusive property of M&H and that appellant would 

PUBLISHED
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“render full-time professional legal services on behalf of employer . . . .” Appellant relied on the 

firm’s resources for marketing, claim investigation, and recordkeeping.

In the course of her employment with M&H, appellant represented clients before the 

Social Security Administration. To compensate appellant for the representation of claimants 

before the Social Security Administration, the United States Department of the Treasury mailed 

checks payable to her (and not the firm) at the firm’s business address.

In June of 2010, the law firm became aware of a discrepancy in its accounting records. 

The records indicated that checks received by appellant as compensation for her representation 

of social security disability claims had not been deposited into the firm’s account. The firm

further discovered that approximately 103 checks, valued at more than $430,000, were missing. 

When confronted with the discrepancy, appellant agreed that someone had tampered with the 

books and forged her signatures on receipts, but she denied having any involvement. She 

accused several paralegals of the misappropriation.

Ultimately, appellant confessed. At the time of her confession, appellant claimed that she 

had taken approximately $50,000. A subsequent investigation by the firm revealed the amount 

to be nearly half a million dollars. 

In August of 2010, appellant and the law firm entered into a settlement agreement, 

admitted at trial, in which appellant agreed to pay the firm $450,000. The agreement further 

provided that the stolen checks were the property of the law firm and, accordingly, appellant was 

required to remit the fees to the firm. The agreement stated:

Leftwich has acknowledged that, during the course of her 

employment with M&H, Leftwich diverted legal fees paid by 

United States Treasury checks in connection with Social Security 

Disability cases handled by Leftwich for clients of M&H. Under 

the terms of the Employment Agreement between Leftwich and 

M&H, such legal fees were the property of M&H, and Leftwich 

was required to remit such United States Treasury checks to M&H. 
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Instead, Leftwich diverted some of these checks and deposited 

them to her own personal account.

This appeal follows.

ANALYSIS

Appellant does not contest the fact that she diverted funds belonging to the law firm to 

her personal account. However, she argues that the checks from the U. S. Treasury were not

entrusted to her by the Social Security Administration for the benefit of her employer. While 

appellant breached the employment agreement between her and the firm, she argues, none of the 

checks was “entrusted” to her by the Social Security Administration. They were direct payments 

to her for her professional services. Appellant further maintains that the checks were not payable 

to the firm, nor did the Social Security Administration intend for any of the checks to benefit the 

firm. 

The thrust of appellant’s argument is that the Social Security Administration never 

delivered the checks for the benefit of the employer.1 This argument may be appropriate in an 

entrustment analysis, which would examine the portion of the statute stating “which shall have 

been entrusted or delivered to him by another.” However, the first prong of the statute, “which 

he shall have received for another,” addresses the recipient’s use or disposition of the money or 

property. That prong of the statute focuses on the receipt of the money, rather than the delivery.

When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial, we 

“presume the judgment of the trial court to be correct” and reverse only if the trial court’s 

decision is “plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Davis v. Commonwealth, 39 

Va. App. 96, 99, 570 S.E.2d 875, 876-77 (2002). Even if our opinion were to differ, we do not 

“substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact.” Wactor v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 

 1 The trial court found that appellant “converted these funds that she received that were, 

in fact, the property of Marks & Harrison to her own use.”
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375, 380, 564 S.E.2d 160, 162 (2002). “Instead, the relevant question is whether, after viewing 

the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have 

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 

U.S. 307, 319 (1979). “This familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of 

fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable 

inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Id.

However, in this case, the sufficiency of the evidence is controlled by an interpretation of 

Code § 18.2-111. 

Code § 18.2-111 provides, in relevant part:

If any person wrongfully and fraudulently use, dispose of, conceal 

or embezzle any money, . . . check, . . . or any other personal 

property, tangible or intangible, which he shall have received for 

another or for his employer . . . or by virtue of his office, trust, or 

employment, or which shall have been entrusted or delivered to 

him by another or by any court, corporation or company, he shall 

be guilty of embezzlement.

“‘Statutory construction is a question of law which we review de novo on appeal.’” 

Lynchburg Div. of Soc. Servs. v. Cook, 276 Va. 465, 480, 666 S.E.2d 361, 368 (2008) (quoting 

Parker v. Warren, 273 Va. 20, 23, 639 S.E.2d 179, 181 (2007)). In accordance with 

well-established principles, we will “‘apply the plain language of a statute unless the terms are 

ambiguous.’” Id. (quoting Boynton v. Kilgore, 271 Va. 220, 227, 623 S.E.2d 922, 926 (2006)). 

The primary object of interpreting a statute “‘is to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent.’” 

Commonwealth v. Amerson, 281 Va. 414, 418, 706 S.E.2d 879, 882 (2011) (quoting Conger v. 

Barrett, 280 Va. 627, 630, 701 S.E.2d 117, 118 (2010)); see also B.P. v. Commonwealth, 38 

Va. App. 735, 739, 568 S.E.2d 412, 413 (2002) (“We will not place a construction upon a statute 

which leads to an absurd result or one plainly contrary to the expressed intent of the General 

Assembly . . . .”).
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Furthermore, “‘[w]e . . . presume that the legislature chose, with care, the words it used 

when it enacted the relevant statute.’” Seabolt v. Cnty. of Albemarle, 283 Va. 717, 720, 724 

S.E.2d 715, 717 (2012) (alteration in original) (quoting Addison v. Jurgelsky, 281 Va. 205, 208, 

704 S.E.2d 402, 404 (2011)).

A plain reading of Code § 18.2-111 provides three separate and distinct scenarios in 

which a person may be convicted of embezzlement: when a person misappropriates property 

1) “received for another or for [her] employer,” or 2) “by virtue of [her] office, trust, or 

employment,” or 3) “which shall have been entrusted or delivered to [her] by another.”2 Proof of 

either one satisfies the statutory requirement. Thus, the Commonwealth need only prove that 

appellant wrongfully and fraudulently used or disposed of the firm’s property which she had 

received for the firm. Alternatively the Commonwealth may prove appellant wrongfully and 

fraudulently used or disposed of the firm’s property which she received by virtue of her 

employment or which was entrusted or delivered to her by another.

Appellant contends that her conviction is erroneous because the Social Security 

Administration did not entrust the checks to her for the benefit of the firm. However, her 

argument fails, because it ignores the first part of the embezzlement statute. The uncontroverted 

evidence is that appellant wrongfully and fraudulently used or disposed of the firm’s property

(checks) which she received for the firm. That evidence, in itself, is sufficient for a conviction. 

Thus, we need not address the remaining parts of the statute. See Evans & Smith v. 

Commonwealth, 226 Va. 292, 296, 308 S.E.2d 126, 128 (1983) (where defendants were 

convicted under the first section of Code § 18.2-111). See also Challenor v. Commonwealth, 

209 Va. 789, 790, 167 S.E.2d 116, 117 (1969) (where a cashier was convicted of embezzlement 

 2 The statute is written in the disjunctive, using the word “or.” See Bunch v. 

Commonwealth, 225 Va. 423, 442, 304 S.E.2d 271, 282 (1983) (“[t]he use of the disjunctive 

word ‘or,’ rather than the conjunctive ‘and,’ signifies the availability of alternative choices”).
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when he diverted over-the-counter payments for his employer’s use and benefit to his personal 

use).

It is immaterial whether or not the Social Security Administration entrusted the checks to 

appellant for the benefit of the firm. To be convicted of embezzlement, appellant needed only to 

receive the checks and use or dispose of the checks which, under the terms of the employment 

agreement, were the firm’s property. This is because, as we have previously stated, 

embezzlement is established simply by “the wrongful and fraudulent taking of any money . . . 

which [the accused] shall have received for another or for [her] employer . . . .” Code 

§ 18.2-111. 

In Gwaltney v. Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 468, 475, 452 S.E.2d 687, 691 (1995), this 

Court affirmed a conviction based on the first part of the statute. The appellant in that case was a 

bank teller who took money from another teller’s bank drawer. It was clear from the evidence 

that Gwaltney received that money by virtue of her employment. It was not necessary or 

relevant to determine the intention of the other bank teller. In affirming Gwaltney’s conviction, 

this Court held that appellant’s theft of the money, made possible by her position of trust, met the 

statutory definition of embezzlement. Id. at 475, 452 S.E.2d at 691-92.

Appellant correctly states the general proposition that to establish the statutory crime of 

embezzlement under Code § 18.2-111, it is necessary to prove that the accused wrongfully 

appropriated to her use or benefit, with the intent to deprive the owner thereof, the property 

entrusted to her by virtue of her employment or office. See Lee v. Commonwealth, 200 Va. 233, 

235-36, 105 S.E.2d 152, 154 (1958). However, as stated above, “entrustment” need not be 

proved under the first part of the statute. 
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Accordingly, the evidence established the wrongful taking of the checks received by 

appellant for her employer, according to the terms of her employment with M&H, in violation of 

Code § 18.2-111.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the trial court’s determination of guilt. The 

evidence was sufficient to convict appellant of embezzlement. As such, we affirm.

Affirmed.