2005 D e c i sion s O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit 11-22-2005 

# U SA v . J ones P r e c e de nt i al or N on-P r e c e de nt i al : N on-P r e c e de nt i al D ocke t N o . 04-3129

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Thi s de c i sion i s br ou ght t o you for f r e e and ope n a c c e s s b y the O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit at V i ll anova U nive r sity S choo l of L a

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. F or mor e inform at ion, p le as e c ont a ct Be n j amin . C arl s on@l a

w . vi ll anova . e du . Re c omme nde d C it at ion " U SA v . J one s " (2005). 2005 D e cisio n s . P ape r 210. http://d i git alc ommon s .l a

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____________ N o. 04- 3129

____________ UNI TE D ST ATE S OF AM ERI CA

v. J A RE LL JON ES, a/k/a Ja rrell K o g er, A ppel l ant

____________ O n A p p ea l from the U n it ed S tat es D istri ct C o u rt f o r th e E a ste rn D istric t o f P e n n sy lv a n ia ( D . C . N o. 03- cr - 00243) D i s t r i ctJ udge: H onor abl e M i chae l M . B ay l s on

____________ A r gued Sept ember22, 2005 B e f o re : R O T H , M c K E E a n d F IS H E R , C i r cui tJudges .

( Fi l ed N ovember22, 2005) D enni s J . C ogan ( A r gued) C ogan, Pet r one & A s s oci at es 2000 M arketSt r eet , Sui t e 2925 Phi l adel phi a, PA 19103 A t t or ney f

orAppel l ant A ndr ea B. G r ace ( A r gued) O ffi ce of U ni t ed St at es A t t or ney 615 C hes t nutSt r eet Phi l adel phi a, PA 19106 A t t or ney f

orAppel l ee2 ____________ OPI NI ON O F THE COURT

____________ F IS H E R , C i r cui tJudge . D efe ndantJ arr el l J ones ( “J ones ”) appea l s fr om the D i s t r i ctC our t ’ s j udgm entof c o n v ictio n a n d se n ten c e . T h e b a sis f o r Jo n e s’s a p p e a l is th e D istric t C o u rt’s d e n ial o f h is m o tio n to su p p re ss c e rta in e v id e n c e se ize d f ro m h is a p a rtm e n t at 5 3 3 D ick in so n S tre e t, P h il ad elph ia. W e b eli ev e tha t exig en t ci rcu m stan ce s justi fied the s ea rch o f Jo n es’s a p a rt m e n t, a n d th a t th e D is tr ic t C o u rt p ro p e rl yd e n ie d J o n e s ’s m o tio n to s u p p re s s . T her efor e, w e w i l l aff

i r m t he D i s t r i ctC our t ’ s j udgm entof convi ct i on and s ent ence .

I. A s w e w r i t e onl yfort he part i es , w e s etfort h onl ythos e fa ct s nece s s aryt o our anal y s i s . O n A ugus t19, 2001, offi cer s of the Phi l adel phi a Pol i ce D epart m entobt ai ned an a rre st w a rra n t f

o r F e lix S u m m e rs. S u m m e rs w a s th e lea d su sp e c t in se v e ra l m u rd e rs in t he Sout h Phi l adel phi a ar ea. O ne of the vi ct i m s w as a w i t nes s agai ns tSum m er s i n a p en d ing h o m ici d e c ase . A s a re su lto f th eir aw are n ess o f th ese m u rde rs, the o ff icers bel i eved thatSum m er s w as extr emel yvi ol ent , had ac ces s t o fi r earm s , and had e xper i ence i n the use of f

i rearm s. P rio r to A u g u st 2 2 , 2 0 0 1 , P h ilad e lp h ia p o lice o f f ice rs h a d u n su c c e ss f

u lly at t em pted t o ex ecute the arr estw arr ant for Sum m ers attw o k no w n ad dress es. T heseT he Phi l adel phi a Pol i ce D epart m entpubl i s hed the fa ctthatSum m er s w as w ant ed 1 i n pr i ntand t el evi s i on m edi a. B as ed on thes e publ i cat i ons and bas ed on pr evi ous at t empt s t o l ocat e hi m , t he off i cer s bel i eved thatSum m er s w oul d know he w as w ant ed for m u rde r. 3 addr es s es w er e i n t he i m m edi at e vi ci ni t yof 533 D i cki ns on St r eet . Pol i ce ha d i nform at i on t hatSum m er s w as deal i ng drugs i n thats ame ar ea. A tappr oxi m at el y6: 00 p. m . on A ugus t22, 2001, D et ect i ve M i chae l G r os s of the P h ila d e lp h ia P o lic e D e p a rt m e n t a n s w e re d a te le p h o n e c a ll f ro m a n a n o n ym o u s f

e m a le . T he ca l l erdi al ed the numberr el eas ed t o t he pr es s as a hot l i ne fort i ps r egar di ng the w her eabout s of Sum m er s . T he w om an s t at ed thatSum m er s w as i ns i de 533 D i cki ns on 1 S tre e t, se c o n d f

lo o r, at th e tim e o f

th e c a ll. W h e n D e tec tiv e G ro ss a ttem p ted to o b tain m or e i nform at i on fr om t he ca l l er , s he hung up. D et ect i ve G r os s then not i fi ed D et ect i ve G er al d L ynch, w ho w as i nves t i gat i ng t he murde r s i n w hi ch Sum m er s w as a s us pect . T he o f f ice rs d id n o t o b tain a se a rc h w a rra n t f o r 5 3 3 D ick in so n , b u t in ste a d p ro c e e d e d w ith onl yt he arr es tw arr antforSum m er s . T he off i cer s had a f

earforthei row n s afe t yand the saf etyo f th e n eigh b o rho o d d u e to th e v iolen t natu re o f th e m u rde rs i n w h ich S u m m ers w a s a su sp e c t. U pon t hei rarr i val at533 D i cki ns on, the off i cer s r ang the doorbel l of the fi r s tfl oor apart m ent . A m al e and a femal e ans w er ed the door , and off i cer s ques t i oned them re g a rd in g S u m m e rs. T h e a n sw e rs to th e se q u e stio n s a n d g e stu re s f ro m th e re sid e n ts c o n f irm e d th a t itw a s lik e lyth a t S u m m e rs w a s p re se n t in th e u p sta irs a p a rtm e n t.T he off i cer s l at erdi s cover ed thatthi s noi s e w as the t el evi s i on, w hi ch w as on even 2 th o u g h n o o n e w a s in sid e th e a p a rtm e n t. 4 B a s e d o n th is in f

o rm a tio n , th e o f

f ic e rs p ro c e e d e d to th e s e c o n d f lo o r a p a rt m e n t. U pon r eac hi ng t he doorof the apa r t m ent , the off i cer s hear d a s l i ghtnoi s e comi ng fr om in sid e . T h e o f

f ice rs th e n k n o c k e d a n d a n n o u n c e d th e m se lv e s a s p o lice o f f ice rs. W ith in 2 a b o u t th irtyse c o n d s, th e o f f ice rs h e a rd so m e o n e ru n n in g . T h e o f f ice rs b e liev e d th a t th is runni ng came fr om i ns i de the s econd f l oorapart m ent . A ppr oxi m at el yone ortw o m i nut es l at er , t he off

i cer s w er e abl e t o ent erthe apa r t m entfor ci bl ybyus i ng a fi r e ext i ngui s heras a b a t t e r i n g r a m. W h ile s e a rc h in g th e a p a rt m e n t f o r S u m m e rs , th e o f

f ic e rs s a w d ru g s in p la in v ie w . T he off i cer s l eftand obt ai ned a s ear ch w arr antforthe pr emi s es . D ur i ng the s ear ch, t he offi cer s found coc ai ne, handguns , and curr ency . T he t ot al w ei ghtof the s ei zed c ocai ne w a s o v e r 2 0 0 g ra m s. T h e o f f ice rs a lso f

o u n d a lea se a g re e m e n t an d in su ra n c e p o licie s in t he name of J arr el l J ones . T he off i cer s di d notfi nd anyt hi ng dur i ng the s ear ch thatl i nked t he ap artm ent t o S um m ers . B ased up on this evidence, the p oli ce secured an arr est w arr ant for J on es. A l m os tni ne mont hs l at er , on J une 4, 2002, offi cer s of the Phi l adel phi a Pol i ce D epart m entw er e enga ged i n s ur vei l l ance of a hi gh drug tr aff i cki ng ar ea ne ar533 D ick in so n S tre e t. T h e o f f ice rs te stif

ied a t th e su p p re ss io n h e a rin g th a t d ru g s a re typ ica lly s ol d i n Sout h Phi l adel phi a us i ng w hatar e know n as “del i verys ervi ces . ” B uy er s have5

c e rt a in c e ll p h o n e n u m b e rs th a t th e yc a ll to te ll s u p p lie rs w h a t th e yw a n t to p u rc h a s e . A sh o rt tim e late r, th e su p p lier p u lls in to a p re v io u slyd isc u ss e d lo c a tio n , an d th e b u y e r g e ts i nt o t he s uppl i er ’ s vehi cl e. T he s uppl i erand buy erthen make t he exc hange. T he off i cer s w er e tr avel i ng on 11t h St r eeti n Sout h Phi l adel phi a w hen they ob served an u nk no w n fem al e m ake a c al l from a payph on e. T he o ffi cers had on atl east t hr ee t o fi ve pr evi ous occa s i ons w i t nes s ed drug buy er s us e thatpayphone t o cal l the d eli v eryserv ices. A sh o rtti m e later, a L ex u s p icke d u p the w o m an an d d rov e a sh o rt di s t ance . O ffi cer s pul l ed thei runm arked ca ri n fr ontof the Lexus, bl ocki ng the l ane of t r avel . T he unmar ked pol i ce c arw as appr oxi m at el yfor t yt o fi ftyfee ti n fr ontof the L exus . A tt hi s t i m e, one off i cerbegan a ppr oachi ng the vehi cl e. T he dr i verthen exi t ed th e v e h icle , d ro p p in g a c lea r p las tic b a g g ie. T h e b a g g ie c o n tain e d f o rty -e ig h t sm a ll packe t s of cr ack c ocai ne and tw o l ar gerchunks of cr ack c ocai ne. T he t ot al w ei ghtof the crack w as ni neteen gram s. Pr i ort o t he fe m al e gett i ng i nt o t he vehi cl e, the off i cer s had i dent i fi ed the dr i verof t he Lexus a s J arr el l J ones . T he off i cer s knew thatther e w er e s ever al bench w arr ant s for t he arr es tof J ones , and i nt ended t o s t op J ones bas ed on thes e benc h w arr ant s . T he offi cer s t es t i fi ed, how ever , t hatt heyhad notdet ai ned J ones pr i ort o t he t i m e he dr opped t he b ag co ntai ning t he n arcot i cs. O n A p ril 9 , 2 0 0 3 , a g ra n d ju rysittin g in th e E a ste rn D istric t o f P e n n sy lv a n ia re tu rn e d a se v e n -c o u n t in d ictm e n t ch a rg in g Jo n e s w ith p o ss e ss io n w ith th e in ten t toA l t hough J ones i ni t i al l ys oughtt o s uppr es s the evi dence s ei zed on J une 4, 2002, 3 as w el l , he l at erw i t hdr ew hi s chal l enge t o t hats ei zur e. 6 di s t r i but e more t han 50 gr ams of coc ai ne bas e i n vi ol at i on of 21 U . S. C . §§ 841( a) ( 1) and 841( b) ( 1) ( A ) [C ount1] ; pos s es s i on w i t h t he i nt entt o di s t r i but e more than 50 gr ams of co ca ine b ase w ith in 1 0 0 0 fe et of a sc h o o l i n v iolati o n o f 2 1 U . S . C . § 8 6 0 [C o u n t 2]; pos s es s i on w i t h t he i nt entt o di s t r i but e coc ai ne i n vi ol at i on of 21 U . S. C . § 841( a) ( 1) and § 841( b) ( 1) ( C ) [C ount3] ; pos s es s i on w i t h t he i nt entt o di s t r i but e coc ai ne w i t hi n 1, 000 f e e t o f a sc h o o l in v io latio n o f 2 1 U .S .C . § 8 6 0 [ C o u n t 4 ]; p o ss e ss io n o f a f ire a rm in f u rth e ra n c e o f

a d ru g tra f

f ick in g c rim e [ C o u n t 5 ]; p o ss e ss io n w ith th e in ten t to d istrib u te m or e than 5 gr ams of coc ai ne bas e i n vi ol at i on of 21 U . S. C . §§ 841( a) ( 1) and 841( b) ( 1) ( B ) [C ount6] ; and pos s es s i on w i t h t he i nt entt o di s t r i but e more than 5 gr ams of co ca ine b ase w ith in 1 0 0 0 fe et of a sc h o o l i n v iolati o n o f 2 1 U . S . C . § 8 6 0 [C o u n t 7]. C ount s one thr ough fi ve of the i ndi ctm entw er e bas ed upon the evi dence di s cover ed dur i ng t he A ugus t22, 2001 s ear ch of de fenda nt ’ s apart m ent . C ount s s i x and s even a r os e outof the i nci dentt hatoccurr ed on J une 4, 2002. Jo n e s f iled a m o tio n to su p p re ss th e e v id e n c e d isc o v e re d d u rin g th e se a rc h o f h is apart m ent . T he D i s t r i ctC our tdeni ed the mot i on on O ct ober9, 2003, concl udi ng thatt he

3 o f f ice rs h a d : (1 ) a re a so n a b le b e lief th a t S u m m e rs w a s o c c u p y in g 5 3 3 D ick in so n S tre e t; and ( 2) a r eas onabl e bel i ef thathe w as pr es entatthe t i m e of the entr y . T he courtfur ther con cl ud ed thatt he search w as j ust i fi ed b yexigentci rcum st ances.T he j ur ydeadl ocked on c ount s one thr ough fi ve. A tthe t i m e of s ent enci ng, 4 cou nts on e t hroug h five w ere di sm i ssed upo n m oti on of the U nit ed S t at es. 7 O n J anuary16, 2004, a j ur yconvi ct ed J ones on count s s i x and s even. A tthe 4 s ent enci ng hear i ng, J ones w as s ent ence d t o 115 m ont hs i m pr i s onm ent , 120 m onths s upervi s ed r el eas e, a $200 s peci al as s es s m ent , and a $1, 000 fi ne. T hi s t i m el yappea l fol l ow ed. II. W e r evi ew a D i s t r i ctC our t ’ s deni al of a mot i on t o s uppr es s forcl earerr oras t o t he under l y i ng fac t s , and exe r ci s e pl enaryr evi ew of the D i s t r i ctC our t ’ s appl i cat i on of the la w to th o s e f

a c ts . U ni t ed Stat es v. P er ez , 280 F. 3d 318, 336 ( 3d C i r . 2002) . A fac tual f in d in g is c le a r e rr o r i f

it is n o t s u p p o rt e d b yth e re c o rd . C oo per v. T ard , 855 F. 2d 125, 126 ( 3d C i r . 1988) . W e mayaff i r m the deni al of a s uppr es s i on m ot i on on anygr ound s u p p o rt e d b yth e re c o rd . U ni t ed Stat es v. A gnew , 4 0 7 F . 3 d 1 9 3 , 1 9 6 (3d C ir . 2 0 0 5 ).

III . T he p oli ce did no tob t ai n a search w arr ant i n thi s case. H ow ever, a w arr antl ess entr yi nt o a per s on’ s hom e w i l l notvi ol at e the Four t h A m endmenti f i ti s s uppor t ed by e x ig e n t c ir c u m s ta n c e s . See Estat e of Sm i th v. Mar as co , 318 F. 3d 497, 518 ( 3d C i r . 2003) ( ci t i ng P ayton v. N

ew Y ork , 4 4 5 U . S . 5 7 3 , 5 9 0 (19 8 0 )). In d e ter m in in g w h e th e r e x ig e n t circ u m sta n c e s e x iste d , w e m u st re v iew “ th e f a c ts and r eas onabl ydi s cover abl e i nform at i on avai l abl e t o t he off i cer s atthe t i m e theyt ook8

t hei ract i ons and i n m aki ng t hi s det erm i nat i on cons i derthe t ot al i t yof the ci r cumst ance s fac i ng t hem. ” Es tat e of Sm i th v. M

ar as co , 3 1 8 F .3 d a t 5 1 8 . W e h a v e id e n tifie d c e rta in f a c to rs a s re lev a n t to a n a n a ly sis o f e x ig e n t circ u m sta n c e s. A m o n g th e se f a c to rs a re : (1 ) th a t a g ra v e o f

f e n se h a s b e e n c o m m itt e d ; (2 ) th a t th e su sp e c t so u g h t is re a so n a b ly bel i eved a r m ed; ( 3) t hata s t r ong r eas on exi s t s t o bel i eve thatthe s us pecti s on t he p re m is e s ; a n d (4 ) a lik e lih o o d th a t th e s u s p e c t m ig h t e s c a p e if n o t c a u g h t q u ic k ly. G overnm ent

of V i r gi n I s l ands v. G er eau , 5 0 2 F . 2 d 9 1 4 , 9 2 8 (3d C ir . 1 9 7 4 ). A r evi ew of the evi dence pr es ent ed t o t he D i s t r i ctC our tdemonstr at es thatthe D i s t r i ctC our tdi d noterri n fi ndi ng thatthe A ugus t22, 2001 s ear ch w as s uppor t ed by ex igen t ci rcu m stan ce s. F ir st, the D istri ct C o u rtm ad e a fa ctua l fi n d ing that the o ff icers i nvol ved i n t he s ear ch of J ones ’ s r es i dence w er e aw ar e thatSum m er s w as the l ead s us pect i n a s er i es of grues om e murde r s i n the Phi l adel phi a ar ea. T he court ’ s fi ndi ng i s s uppor t ed b yth e d e tec tiv e s’ le n g th ytes tim o n yth a t th e yw e re a w a re o f th e c rim e s a lleg e d ly comm i t t ed bySum m er s . Second, t her e i s evi dence i n t he r ecor d t o s uppor tthe D i s t r i ct Co u r t ’ s f i n d i n g t h a t“ S u mme r s wa s a l s o b e l i e v e d t o b e e x p e r i e n c e d i n th e u s e o f f i r e a r ms and had a cce s s t o fi r earm s . ” Thi r d, the D i s t r i ctC our tfound thatthe pol i ce ha d a s t r ong b e lie f th a t F e lix S u m m e rs w a s in s id e th e s e c o n d f lo o r a p a rt m e n t a t 5 3 3 D ic k in s o n S tr e e t. T he D i s t r i ctC our tbas ed thi s fi ndi ng upon t he anonym ous t i p r ece i ved bythe pol i ce that Sum m er s w as att he apa r t m ent , t he conf i r m at i on fr om the r es i dent s of the fi r s tfl oor apart m ent , t he fa ctt hatt he off i cer s had pr evi ous l yat t empt ed t o arr es tSum m er s i n t he9

ar ea, and the noi s es comi ng fr om i ns i de the apa rt m ent . Fi nal l y , the D i s t r i ctC our tfound t hatt he off

i cer s r eas onabl ybel i eved thatSum m er s w oul d es cape i f notappr ehende d qui ckl y . Sum m er s had a r eput at i on forevadi ng arr es t , and he w as aw ar e thathe w as w ant ed form ur der . T he off i cer s w er e aw ar e thatfugi t i ves i n s er i ous cas es w oul d not r emai n i ndefi ni t el yatanyone l ocat i on. T he off i cer s hear d foot s t eps thattheybel i eved c a m e f ro m in sid e th e a p a rtm e n t. T h e se so u n d s w e re c o n sis ten t w ith so m e o n e try in g to flee . B ase d u p o n the e v iden ce p rese n ted a t th e su p p ression h ea ri n g , the D istri ct C o u rt ’s fi nd i ng s r el evan tt o ex i gen tci rcum st ances are not cl earl yerr on eou s. I n addi t i on t o t he above fi ndi ngs , the D i s t r i ctC our tdet erm i ned thatthe pol i ce ha d a r eas onabl e fe arfort hei row n s afe t yand the s afe t yof the nei ghborhood i n w hi ch they w oul d m ake a nyat t empt t o arr es tFel i x Sum m er s . T he D i s t r i ctC our ts t at ed thati tw as “hi ghl ypl aus i bl e thatt he i nves t i gat i ng offi cer s , cons i der i ng the grues om e cr i m es of w hi ch Sum m er s s t ood acc us ed, r eas onabl y , y eti ncorr ect l y , deduce d t hatSum m er s w as pr epar i ng t o defe nd hi m s el f vi ol ent l yatw hat evercos t . ” D angert o ei t herl aw enfor cementort he gene r al publ i c i s hi ghl yr el evanti n det erm i ni ng i f ther e w er e exi gent c ir c u m s ta n c e s . W

ar den v. H

ayden , 3 8 7 U . S . 2 9 4 , 2 9 8 -29 9 (19 6 7 ). T he fa ctual s cena r i o i n t hi s cas e i s r emar kabl ys i m i l art o G o v e rn m e n t o f V irg in I s l ands v. G er eau . I n G er eau , the p o lice re c e iv e d a tip f ro m a re liab le in f

o rm a n t th a t a cr i m i nal s us pectw as ata part i cul arpl ace . T he s us pectw as w ant ed fors uch s er i ous cr i m es as m ur der , as s aul t , and r obbery . T he pol i ce ha d a bel i ef thatthe s us pectw oul d not10

t arr yl ong i n anypl ace acc es s i bl e t o pol i ce, a bel i ef thathe had c om m i t t ed thes e s er i ous o f f e n s e s , a n d a b e lie f

th a t th e s u s p e c t w a s h e a v ily a rm e d a n d re a d yto re s is t a rr e s t. G er eau , 502 F. 2d at928, 929. B as ed on thes e fa ct s , i tw as i m per at i ve thatthe pol i ce m o v e q u ickly , w ith o u t w ait ing fo r a se arc h w arran t, to arres t th e su sp ec t. W e the ref o re f o u n d th a t e x ig e n t c ir c u m s ta n c e s w e re p re s e n t. I d. J ones ar gues t hatt her e coul d notpos s i bl yhave be en exi gentci r cumst ance s beca us e no one w as i n fac ti ns i de the apa r t m ent . T hi s ar gum enti gnor es al l r el evant F o u rth A m e n d m e n t p re c e d e n t. In d e ter m in in g w h e th e r th e re a re e x ig e n t circ u m sta n c e s in a part i cul arcas e, w e mustr evi ew “the fa ct s and r eas onabl ydi s cover abl e i nform at i on a v a ilab le to th e o f

f ice rs a t th e tim e th e yto o k th e ir a c tio n s a n d in m a k in g th is det erm i nat i on cons i dert he t ot al i t yof the ci r cumst ance s fac i ng them. ” M ar as co , 318 F. 3d a t 5 1 8 . See a l

so Mar yland v. G ar r is on , 4 8 0 U .S . 7 9 , 8 5 (1 9 8 7 ); Hill v . C a lif o rn ia , 401 U . S. 797 ( 1971) . T he fa ctt hatno one w as i n fac ti ns i de the apa r t m enti s notdi s pos i t i ve i n ourdet erm i nat i on. V i ew i ng t he t ot al i t yof the fa ct s know n t o and fa ci ng the off i cer s on A ugus t22, 2001, i ti s cl eart hatt her e w er e exi gentci r cumst ance s thatj us t i fi ed the w a rra n tles s s e a rc h o f

5 3 3 D ick in so n S tre e t. T he s ear ch of J ones ’ s r es i dence w as j us t i fi ed bythe exi s t ence of exi gent c irc u m sta n c e s, a n d th e D istric t C o u rt, th e re f o re , p ro p e rlyd e n ied Jo n e s’s m o tio n toB a se d o n th is h o ld in g , w e n e e d n o t d isc u ss w h e th e r th e o f f ice rs h a d a re a so n a b le 5 bel i ef thatSum m er s r es i ded at533 D i cki ns on St r eetand a r eas onabl e bel i ef thathe w as pr es entatt he t i m e of the s ear ch s o as t o j us t i fythe entr yunderthe P ayton e x c e p tio n to th e s e a rc h w a rr a n t r e q u ir e m e n t. See U ni t ed Stat es v. A gnew , 407 F. 3d at196 ( “W e may af firm the d en ial o f a su p p ression m o ti o n o n an yg rou n d su p p o rt ed b ythe re co rd.”). 11 s uppr es s . A ccor di ngl y , w e w i l l aff i r m the D i s t r i ctC our t ’ s j udgm entof convi ct i on and 5 s ent ence .