Report and Recommendation

Motion for Summary Judgment/Motion to Dismiss

1 Peake v. Martinrea; Case No. 09-10348

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

VANESSA PEAKE, Case No. 09-10348

Plaintiff, Gerald R. Rosen

vs. United States District Judge

MARTINREA FABCO Michael Hluchaniuk

HOT STAMPING, INC., United States Magistrate Judge

Defendant.

 /

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT/MOTION TO DISMISS (Dkt. 23)

I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Plaintiff filed her complaint with the Wayne County Circuit Court in

October, 2009. (Dkt. 1). This matter was timely removed to the federal district

court on January 30, 2009. (Dkt. 1). Plaintiff alleges claims under the Michigan

Whisteblower’s Protection Act (WPA) and also alleges common law public policy

retaliatory discharge. (Dkt. 1). On August 26, 2010, defendant filed a motion for

summary judgment and motion to dismiss. (Dkt. 23). Plaintiff filed a response on

September 28, 2010. (Dkt. 26). Defendant filed a reply on October 15, 2010. 

(Dkt. 30). This matter was referred to the undersigned for all pretrial proceedings

by District Judge Gerald E. Rosen. (Dkt. 4). Pursuant to notice, the Court held a

hearing on this motion on November 17, 2010. (Dkt. 29). At the hearing, plaintiff

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made it clear that she was pursuing only two theories of retaliatory discharge: (1)

under the Michigan Whistleblower’s Protection Act; and (2) for her refusal to

violate the City of Detroit ordinances relating to the filing of falsified reports.

For the reasons set forth below, the undersigned RECOMMENDS that

defendant’s motion for summary judgment and motion to dismiss be DENIED.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

In August, 2007 plaintiff was hired as Health & Safety Coordinator (“HSC”)

for defendant, a metal stamping fabricating company. Plaintiff’s role as HSC was

to ensure defendant’s compliance with local, state and federal regulations relating

to health, safety and the environment and to provide

employees with training. According to plaintiff, the facility was rife with health

and safety violations. (Dkt. 26-3 ¶¶ 3-14;19-35;47-48) (Affidavit of former

Martinrea employee Paul Forster). According to plaintiff, she immediately sought

to implement measures to put the company into compliance, including developing

an appropriate lockout/tagout and confined space protocol. (Dkt. 26-35

Clark-Denson dep, pp. 12-14, 18).

In early 2008, plaintiff asked MIOSHA official Jennifer Clark-Denson to

come to the plant so she could show her the faulty machinery. MRE management

was apprised of the meeting including Johnson, Maintenance Manager Ted Barth,

Production Supervisor Mark Kalfayan and Engineering manager Jack Snazza. 

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(Dkt. 26-17). The meeting was “very long and tense” because managers were

apparently unhappy that Denson was at the plant and the measures she required. 

(Dkt. 26-35, Clark Denson pp. 14-16; 33-35; Exhibit 16; Exhibit 8). On May 16,

2009, defendant was issued a citation for a series of serious safety violations,

penalties totaling $8800, including a violation related to the machines plaintiff

asked Denson to inspect. (Dkt. 26-2).

Although plaintiff immediately outlined the steps which needed to be taken

in order to comply with the citation, managers including Johnson refused to

approve the compliance measures because they would slow down production and

cost too much. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 83-84; 149-150; 172). In the months following

the 5/16/08 citation, plaintiff says she had numerous phone conversations about

defendant’s refusal to approve the steps necessary to abate the citation and

defendant’s unsafe practices with Denson and investigator Earl Parker. (Dkt. 26-

35, pp. 24-28; Dkt. 26-36, p.104, Dkt. 26-28, pp. 24-30; 26-9; Dkt. 26-17, 6/3/08

field report). According to plaintiff, she also reported to MIOSHA officials Ray

Bogle, Earl Parker and George Zagresky that she was running into trouble with

management, in particular supervisor Johnson. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 101-103). 

Defendant has presented the sworn affidavit of Clark-Denson in which she stated

that “Ms. Peake never told me that she had been asked or pressured to falsify any

type of form by anyone at Martinrea...” (Dkt. 23-20, ¶ 9). Similarly, MIOSHA

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Investigator Zagresky stated in his sworn affidavit: “Ms. Peake never told me that

management was resisting her efforts relative to health and safety issues.” (Dkt.

23-16, ¶ 16). 

After the citation was issued, plaintiff says that Johnson pressured her to

make the MIOSHA citation “go away” since MRE would not spend anything more

on compliance. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 84, 89-90; 151-152). According to plaintiff,

Johnson told her to lie to MIOSHA if she wanted to keep her job. (Dkt. 26-36, pp.

69-70, 90, 157-158). Plaintiff testified that, while discussing MRE lockout/tagout

deficiencies, Johnson urged plaintiff to just “take care of it” and then shared a story

about an employee Matt Kulik. According to plaintiff, Johnson explained that

Kulik “knew how to play the game” and “did what was necessary to keep his job.” 

(Dkt. 26-36, pp. 93,188, 158-159). Johnson revealed that Kulik falsified his quality

data as part of an audit in order to keep his job. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 187-188,

157-158). In plaintiff’s view, the only way to “make the citation go away” as

Johnson wanted would be to lie to MIOSHA that corrective measures were being

taken in response to the citation that were not actually taking place. (Dkt. 26-36,

pp. 157-159, 82, 154-157, 89-90, 151-152).

According to plaintiff, this was not the first time that Johnson asked her to

“falsify” records. As early as February, 2008 Johnson instructed plaintiff to falsify

documents for the 14001 audit documents. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 85-86). Since the

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company did not have the proper training documentation to pass the audit, Johnson

instructed Peake to “create” training documentation so they could pass the audit. 

(Dkt. 26-36, pp. 87-88; 171). Peake refused and removed herself from

participating in the ISO 14000 audit. (Dkt. 26-36, p. 88).

In February 2008, plaintiff discovered that MRE was illegally dumping

wastewater into the public sewers. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 162-163; Dkt. 26-34, pp.

51-54, 105). Defendant’s management acknowledges that such dumping of oil and

water is illegal. (Dkt. 26-34. p. 538). Plaintiff informed Johnson that defendant

could either pay a company to remove the wastewater or have it tested and apply

for a permit. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 162-164; Dkt. 26-14, Ordinance 08-05). As per City

of Detroit Ordinance 08-05, unless this strict protocol is followed, it is illegal for

any company to dispose of its wastewater into the sewer. (Dkt. 26-14; Ordinance

08-05: §§ 56-3-59.1(a)(4); 56-3-61.1(a); 56-3-61.1(d)(4)). According to plaintiff,

Johnson denied plaintiff’s requests to comply with the law. (Dkt. 26-36, pp.

164-165; 170-171). 

Plaintiff went to the City of Detroit Water and Sewerage Department and

obtained a copy of the relevant ordinance. During a conversation with City

officials, she reported the improper dumping and asked for guidance. (Dkt. 26-36,

pp. 165-166). Peake provided the ordinance to Johnson and Barth and disclosed

that she reported defendant’s illegal dumping to the City. (Dkt. 26-36, p. 166)

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1

 According to plaintiff, the form was ultimately rejected and a City of

Detroit investigation is ongoing as to defendant’s dumping.

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According to plaintiff, Johnson was furious. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 164-165). Barth told

plaintiff to step aside and that he would try to “make the issue go away.” (Dkt.

26-36, p. 166). On April 25, 2008, Barth handed plaintif a City of Detroit Slug

Prevention Form (SCSPP) ordering her to fill it out. (Dkt. 26-15; Dkt. 26-36, pp.

166-168). The SCSPP is required under Ordinance 08-05 so that employers can

identify the proper mechanism they use to dispose of wastewater. Plaintiff

informed the management group, including Johnson that she would not violate the

law because if the company wished to file this report, she would have to lie

regarding alleged procedures and methods of disposal that defendant had in place

for spill prevention and a description of “discharges”(i.e. releasing wastewater into

the sewer) and “previous spill events.” (Dkt. 26-33, pp. 57-58; Dkt. 26-36, pp.

163-164; Dkt. 26-34, pp. 32-34; Dkt. 26-16, pp. 1, 5, 6; Dkt. 26-14, §§ 56-3-66.1;

56-3-66.1(a)(1)). Management agreed that the dumping was illegal. (Dkt. 26-36,

pp. 167-168; Dkt. 26-33, pp. 53-54). The SCSPP was ultimately filled out by Ted

Barth soon after plaintiff’s termination on July 25, 2008. (Dkt. 26-16).1

According to plaintiff, the illegal dumping continued until June, 2008 when the

new Plant Manager Kevin Stuban overruled Johnson’s refusal to hire a contractor

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to remove the wastewater. (Dkt. 26-18). Johnson instructed plaintiff to tell the

city that the management team was cooperating with abating the MIOSHA

citation and stopping the dumping of the oil/water into the drain. (Dkt. 26-36, pp.

97-98; 143-144, 150). Instead, plaintiff says she told Stuban the truth, including

defendant’s continued MIOSHA violations, failure to abate and the illegal

dumping of wastewater. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 95-96, 144). Plaintiff told Stuban that

she was feeling so threatened by Johnson’s pressure that she was thinking of

resigning. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 95). Stuban asked plaintiff to give him a little time

because he intended on changing the culture at MRE. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 95-96) 

After the June, 2008 conversation with Stuban and approval to hire SafetyKleen, plaintiff says that Johnson’s behavior towards her turned aggressive. (Dkt.

26-36, p. 144). Johnson warned plaintiff that “she was on her own” and Johnson

would no longer vouch for her to the MRE Chairman. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 175-176,

188). During a conversation about defendant’s ongoing safety violations, Johnson

threatened her with termination stating, “you may look good before Kevin

Stuban....but you know what? The plug is going to be pulled on you.” (Dkt.

26-36, pp. 89-90). Then, she stopped speaking to her. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 137; 171). 

At this point, plaintiff felt that her job was in jeopardy. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 172-173).

On July 9, 2008, plaintiff was seated at Martinrea’s front reception desk

covering for the regular receptionist who was on break. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 46-48;

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Dkt. 23-8). According to defendant, plaintiff was identified as a witness to a

conversation in which Stuban allegedly made harassing statements to Conry. (Dkt.

23-5, p. 58; 23-6, pp. 14-15; 23-4, pp. 15-16). Human Resources interviewed

plaintiff as part of its investigation. (Dkt. 23-4, pp. 58, 60; 23-7). Quality Tech

Shannon Conry told plaintiff that Plant Manager Kevin Stuban had made a

comment to her about her butt. (Dkt. 26-36, p. 7; Dkt. 23-8). On July 10, 2008,

plaintiff was summoned to meet with supervisor Brenda Johnson and Mark

Kalfayan, but, according to plaintiff, she was not given any explanation as to why

she was being called to the conference room. Based on Johnson’s recent job

threats, hostile attitude and the pressure she was leveling against plaintiff to make

false assurances to MIOSHA, plaintiff says she assumed that she was being

terminated. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 64, 69-70; 138). According to plaintiff, Johnson was

extremely vague and without explanation or assurances of confidentiality asked

plaintif “what occurred when [she] was at the desk the previous day.” (Dkt. 26-36,

pp. 49, 53-54, 59-60, 67-70, 138). According to plaintiff, there was no preamble

about the fact that there were discussions that a sex harassment complaint or any

kind of context for the question. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 63-64, 66-67; 137-139). Plaintiff

says that she correctly and truthfully, told Johnson “nothing happened.” (Dkt.

26-36, pp. 66-67). Plaintiff says that she only “vague because they offered no

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details as to what specifically they were talking about. They were very vague.” 

(Dkt. 26-36, p. 71).

According to defendant, plaintiff initially denied that she heard the

conversation between the Stuban and Conry. (Dkt. 23-5, pp. 61-62; 23-6, pp.

15-16; 23-7). In a subsequent interview, defendant asserts that plaintiff admitted

that she had previously lied to management and, in fact, heard the conversation. 

(Dkt. 23-8, pp. 65, 183-184; 23-5, p. 136). Defendant maintains that plaintiff’s

employment was terminated because of her dishonesty. (Dkt. 23-5, pp. 111-112,

132; 23-9). 

According to plaintiff, in fact, nothing happened that day at the reception

desk. Plaintiff contends that there is no dispute about what happened and all

witnesses (Stuban, Peake and Conry) confirm that there was a perfectly acceptable

conversation between Conry and Stuban related to whether Conry’s pants were

appropriate from a safety perspective. (Dkt. 26-31, p. 12; 26-29, p. 27). 

According to plaintiff, the conversation was so banal that “it didn’t stick out in my

mind ... it meant nothing to me.” (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 72, 137-139; 26-31, pp. 11-12). 

The next day, July 10, 2008, Stuban explained to plaintiff that there were charges

of sex harassment that might be filed against him relative to the “pants”

conversation at the front desk. Stuban was unsure of the specifics but he thought it

might stem from the discussion about Conroy’s pants. (Dkt. 26-36, p. 141). Now

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understanding, plaintiff told Stuban that she had been very uncomfortable at the

previous day’s meeting and she agreed to relay what she heard about the

conversation. (Dkt. 26-36, pp.141-142; 26-31, pp. 19, 21)

That afternoon, as initiated by Stuban, plaintiff was called into a meeting

where Johnson, Stuban, Conry and union president George Hardy were already

present. Plaintiff described “almost word for word” what Stuban had just

recounted moments earlier about the professional conversation about proper work

attire. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 142-123, 145; 26-31, pp. 17, 18, 21). At her deposition,

Conry confirmed that the conversation at the front desk pertained to whether her

pants were safe on the plant floor. (Dkt. 26-29, p. 27). Plaintiff explained the prior

day that she was not sure why she was there, she had been uncomfortable and then

she made a reference to a prior employee investigation. (Dkt. 26-21, p. 3; Dkt. 26-

36, p. 111). Plaintiff then shared a story about being teased as a young person in

an effort to empathize with Conry’s feeling self-conscious about her body. (Dkt.

26-31, p. 22). At the close of the meeting, the Union represented that it would not

pursue the issue formally. (Dkt. 26-31, pp. 23, 25-27, 74-75). Claiming that she

needed to investigate potential “perjury” further, Johnson immediately suspended

plaintiff. (Dkt. 26-36, pp.73-76). According to plaintiff, Johnson failed to perform

any investigation and merely terminated plaintiff one week later. (Dkt. 26-31, pp.

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77-78). Within 10 days of plaintiff’s termination, Stuban was also mutually

released and Stuban is “not sure” of the reasons. (Dkt. 26- 31, pp. 23-24, 79).

III. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

A. Standard of Review

Summary judgment is appropriate when the record reveals that there are no

genuine issues as to any material fact in dispute and the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Kocak v. Comty. Health Partners

of Ohio, Inc., 400 F.3d 466, 468 (6th Cir. 2005); Thomas v. City of Chattanooga,

398 F.3d 426, 429 (6th Cir. 2005). The standard for determining whether summary

judgment is appropriate is “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement

to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must

prevail as a matter of law.” State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. McGowan, 421 F.3d

433, 436 (6th Cir. 2005), quoting, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,

251-52 (1986); see also Tucker v. Union of Needletrades Indus. & Textile

Employees, 407 F.3d 784, 787 (6th Cir. 2005). The court must consider all

pleadings, depositions, affidavits, and admissions on file, and draw all justifiable

inferences in favor of the party opposing the motion. See Matsushita Elec. Indus.

Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986); Twin City Fire Ins. Co.

v. Adkins, 400 F.3d 293, 296 (6th Cir. 2005).

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Rule 56 limits the materials the Court may consider in deciding a motion

under the rule: “pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions

on file, together with the affidavits.” Copeland v. Machulis, 57 F.3d 476, 478 (6th

Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). Moreover, affidavits must meet certain requirements:

A supporting or opposing affidavit must be made on

personal knowledge, set out facts that would be

admissible in evidence, and show that the affiant is

competent to testify on the matters stated. If a paper or

part of a paper is referred to in an affidavit, a sworn or

certified copy must be attached to or served with the

affidavit. The court may permit an affidavit to be

supplemented or opposed by depositions, answers to

interrogatories, or additional affidavits.

Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)(1). In accordance with Rule 56(e), the Sixth Circuit has held

“that documents submitted in support of a motion for summary judgment must

satisfy the requirements of Rule 56(e); otherwise, they must be disregarded.”

Moore v. Holbrook, 2 F.3d 697, 699 (6th Cir. 1993). Thus, in resolving a Rule 56

motion, the Court should not consider unsworn or uncertified documents, id.,

unsworn statements, Dole v. Elliott Travel & Tours, Inc., 942 F.2d 962, 968-969

(6th Cir. 1991), inadmissible expert testimony, North American Specialty Ins. Co.

v. Myers, 111 F.3d 1273, 1280 (6th Cir. 1997), or hearsay evidence, Hartsel v.

Keys, 87 F.3d 795, 799 (6th Cir. 1996); Wiley v. United States, 20 F.3d 222,

225-226 (6th Cir. 1994). Thus, “[a] party opposing a motion for summary

judgment cannot use hearsay or other inadmissible evidence to create a genuine

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issue of material fact.” Id., quoting, Sperle v. Michigan Dept. of Corrections, 297

F.3d 483, 495 (6th Cir. 2002) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

B. Michigan Whistleblower’s Protection Act

Actions under the WPA are analyzed using the “shifting burdens”

framework utilized in retaliatory discharge actions under Michigan’s Elliott-Larsen

Civil Rights Act. Roulston v. Tendercare (Michigan), Inc., 239 Mich.App. 270,

280-81, 608 N.W.2d 525 (2000). Under that framework, the plaintiff bears the

initial burden of establishing a prima facie case. Id. If the plaintiff establishes a

prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate

nondiscriminatory reason for the challenged action. If the defendant produces

evidence establishing the existence of a legitimate reason for the discharge, the

plaintiff then has the opportunity to prove that the legitimate reason offered by the

defendant was not the true reason, but was only pretext. Id.

To establish a prima facie case under the WPA, plaintiff must show that: (1)

she was engaged in protected activity; (2) she was subsequently discharged,

threatened, or otherwise discriminated against; and (3) a causal connection exists

between the protected activity and the adverse action. Chandler v. Dowell

Schlumberger, Inc., 456 Mich. 395, 399, 572 N.W.2d 210 (1998). An employee is

engaged in a protected activity under the WPA if he has reported, or is about to

report, a suspected violation of law to a “public body.” Shallal v. Catholic Social

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Svs. of Wayne Co., 455 Mich. 604, 610, 566 N.W.2d 571 (1997). A plaintiff may

establish a causal connection through direct evidence, which, if believed, requires

the conclusion that the plaintiff's protected activity was at least a motivating factor

in the employer’s actions. Shaw v. Ecorse, 283 Mich.App. 1, 14-15, 770 N.W.2d

31 (2009). The evidence presented will be sufficient to create a triable issue of fact

if the jury could reasonably infer from the evidence that the employer’s actions

were motivated by retaliation. Shaw, 283 Mich.App. at 15. However, it is not

required that plaintiff show that the protected trait or activity is the exclusive

reason for discharge. Silberstein v. Pro-Golf of America, Inc., 278 Mich.App. 446,

454, 750 N.W.2d 615 (2008). A plaintiff can prove pretext directly by persuading

the court that a retaliatory reason more likely motivated the employer. Taylor v.

Modern Engineering, Inc., 252 Mich.App. 655, 660, 653 N.W.2d 625 (2002). 

C. Protected Activity

The parties spent considerable time debating whether plaintiff’s actions,

which involved reporting activity to various governmental agencies regarding

defendant’s compliance with environmental regulations, constitutes “protected

activity” because she was doing so pursuant to her job duties. Michigan law on

this issue is quite clear that there is no such requirement in the WPA:

[T]here is also no language in the statute that limits the

protection of the WPA to employees who report

violations or suspected violations only if this reporting is

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outside the employee’s job duties. The statute provides

that an employee is protected if he reports a “violation or

a suspected violation of a law or regulation or rule....”

MCL 15.362. There is no limiting language that requires

that the employee be acting outside the regular scope of

his employment. The WPA protects an employee who

reports or is about to report a violation or suspected

violation of a law or regulation to a public body. The

statutory language renders irrelevant whether the

reporting is part of the employee’s assigned or regular

job duties.

Brown v. Mayor of Detroit, 478 Mich. 589, 596; 734 N.W.2d 514 (2007).

Defendant’s argument to the contrary are unavailing in light of this clear authority. 

Given that this is the only argument defendant makes regarding whether plaintiff’s

actions constitute “protected activity,” the undersigned concludes that summary

judgment in defendant’s favor on this issue is not warranted.

D. Causation

Defendant also argues that plaintiff has not established causation. For

purposes of establishing a prima facie case of retaliation under the WPA, a plaintiff

must show that her participation in the protected activity was a “significant factor”

in the adverse employment action in question, and not merely that there was a

causal link between the two. Barrett v. Kirkland Community College, 245

Mich.App. 306, 315; 628 N.W.2d 63 (2001). According to defendant, the “record

is undisputed that plaintiff lied to management during an internal sexual

harassment investigation” and plaintiff relying solely on the proximity in time

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between her protected activity and her discharge is not sufficient to establish

causation. Plaintiff testified at her deposition that a person named Ron Shiver, the

“head boss,” as plaintiff described him, directed that plaintiff be terminated

“because of cost.” (Dkt. 23-8, pp. 82-83). In order to prove causation under the

WPA, according to defendant, plaintiff must show that Mr. Shiver had objective

notice of plaintiff’s claimed protected activity and that her protected activity

caused him to order her firing. Jennings v. County of Washtenaw, 475 F. Supp. 2d

692, 713 (E.D. Mich. 2007); Roberson v. Occupational Health Centers of America,

Inc., 220 Mich.App. 322, 559 N.W.2d 86, 88 (1996). According to defendant,

plaintiff has not offered any admissible evidence that Mr. Shiver was aware of any

of plaintiff’s protected activity, let alone that her protected activity was the reason

that he allegedly ordered that she be fired. Thus, defendant concludes, plaintiff

cannot establish causation.

Plaintiff, of course, disagrees. “In order to prove causation, plaintiff must

show that a decision-maker or a person who influenced the decision knew of

plaintiffs’ protected activity. Knowledge may be shown by direct evidence or

circumstantial evidence such as timing of the decision, conduct, or other evidence

from which knowledge can be inferred.” MI.Civ.JI 107.03 (Whistleblowers’

Protection Act - Causation). Plaintiff contends that she has offered direct evidence

of causation. According to plaintiff, in June, “following months of unrelenting

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pressure on Peake after her reports to make false claims to MIOSHA and the City,

Johnson’s behavior became overtly hostile. Johnson threatened Peake’s job and

validated Peake’s concerns that she would be terminated because of her protected

activities stating ‘you may look good before Kevin Stuban....but you know what? 

The plug is going to be pulled on you.’” (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 89-90). Then, according

to plaintiff, Johnson stopped speaking to her. (Dkt. 26-36, pp. 137; 171). Plaintiff

was terminated one month later. According to plaintiff, Johnson’s statement is

sufficient to establish the causal connection. Plaintiff also argues that her claim is

supported by the following evidence of causation: (1) Johnson had knowledge of

plaintiff’s protected activity; (2) defendant’s managers were aware of plaintiff’s

protected activity; (3) close temporal proximity between plaintiff’s protected

activity and her termination; (4) Johnson’s threats to plaintiff’s job following the

protected activity; (5) Johnson’s animus and history of retaliation towards

employees who made safety complaints; and (6) plaintiff was not provided with

any warning or progressive discipline short of termination despite her record as an

excellent employee.

In the view of the undersigned, plaintiff’s testimony, if believed, and

drawing all reasonable inferences in her favor, would allow a reasonable jury to

conclude that retaliation was at least a substantial factor motivating her

termination. Henry v. Detroit, 234 Mich.App. 405, 414, 594 N.W.2d 107, 112-13

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(1999) (holding that there was sufficient evidence to establish a causal connection

where plaintiff presented both a temporal connection and plaintiff’s unblemished

record of service prior to his sudden demotion). While defendant contends that

plaintiff’s deposition testimony is inconsistent with her admissions that she was

“vague” during the interview, this is essentially a credibility determination for the

jury to make. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986)

(“Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of

legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge,

whether he is ruling on a motion for summary judgment or for a directed verdict.”).

E. Pretext

According to defendant, it has provided evidence of a legitimate nonretaliatory reason for plaintiff’s termination (dishonesty during a sexual harassment

investigation). In order to rebut this reason and establish pretext, plaintiff must

produce sufficient evidence from which a trier of fact may reasonably reject

defendant’s explanation. Robinson v. Radian, Inc., 624 F. Supp. 2d 617, 638 (E.D.

Mich. 2008). In addition, plaintiff must show that retaliation was an actual

motivating factor in her termination. Hazle v. Ford Motor Co., 464 Mich. 456,

465; 628 N.W.2d 515 (2001). As with causation, temporal proximity by itself is

not sufficient to establish pretext. Taylor v. Modern Engineering, Inc., 252

Mich.App. 655, 662; 653 N.W.2d 625 (2002) (“The short time between plaintiff’s

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participation in protected activity and the termination of plaintiff’s employment,

without more, is insufficient to establish that the stated reason was a mere

pretext.”). Plaintiff argues that she has sufficient evidence to show that the stated

reason for her termination was mere pretext. 

To raise a question of fact on the issue of pretext, a plaintiff must show, 1)

that the proffered reasons had no basis in fact, 2) that the proffered reasons did not

actually motivate the discharge, or 3) that they were insufficient to motivate

discharge. Manzer v. Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company, 29 F.3d 1078, 1084

(6th Cir. 1994). According to defendant, regardless of the label (vague, perjury, or

lying) there can be no dispute that plaintiff was dishonest during the investigation

given her admissions that “she was vague about what she overheard.” (Dkt. 1, ¶

35). Defendant also points to plaintiff’s testimony under oath at the MIOSHA

hearing, she admitted that she was “vague” with Kalfayan and Johnson. (Dkt. 23-

29). Defendant points to a document in which plaintiff purportedly explained to

OSHA that she did not cooperate with the investigation because she thought it was

“stupid.” (Dkt. 23-30). 

Plaintiff appears to be proceeding under the first two theories of pretext

only. According to plaintiff’s deposition testimony, she did not understand during

the initial meeting with Jackson and Kalfayan that any alleged sexual harassment

complaint was being discussed. Rather, she testified that they were being vague in

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their questions about what happened at the front desk with Conroy and Stuban,

which, based on what she overheard, had no sexual overtones. Instead, according

to Stuban and plaintiff, Stuban had merely commented that he still thought

Conroy’s pants were a safety issue, which did not strike plaintiff as unusual or

notable, prompting her statement that “nothing happened.” According to plaintiff,

she truthfully answered the questions posed and no one explained what she was

being questioned about. Thus, plaintiff has offered evidence from which a

reasonable jury could infer that she was not dishonest during the initial interview. 

Plaintiff has also offered testimony that Johnson became increasingly angry with

her over the course of several months and had threatened her job on several

occasions as it relates to plaintiff’s efforts to get defendant to comply with health

and safety regulations. As with the causation issue, plaintiff has offered evidence

from which a reasonable jury could infer that her protected conduct was a

substantial factor motivating the termination. A jury may well find plaintiff’s

version of events to be not credible in light of all the evidence ultimately admitted

at trial. However, this will be a credibility determination for the jury to make.

IV. PUBLIC POLICY CLAIMS

 Defendant argues that plaintiff’s common law public policy retaliatory

discharge claims are preempted by the WPA and other statutes containing express

anti-retaliatory discharge provisions. (Dkt. 23, pp. 27-28) (A public policy claim is

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sustainable “only where there also is not an applicable statutory prohibition against

discharge in retaliation for the conduct at issue.” Dudewicz v. Norris-Scmid, Inc.,

443 Mich. 68, 503 N.W.2d 645, 650 (1993), overruled in part on other grounds by

Brown v. Detroit Mayor, 478 Mich. 589, 734 N.W.2d 514, 517 n. 2 (2007)). As set

forth above, plaintiff made it clear at the hearing that the only public policy

retaliatory discharge claim she is pursuing is the claim that she refused to violate

City of Detroit ordinances by refusing to file falsified paperwork. To the extent

that plaintiff’s complaint contains any other public policy retaliatory discharge

claim, those claims have been expressly abandoned. Defendant did not move to

dismiss the claim based on the refusal to violate the City of Detroit ordinances. 

Thus, defendant’s motion to dismiss should be denied.

V. RECOMMENDATION

For the reasons set forth above, the undersigned RECOMMENDS that

defendant’s motion to dismiss and for summary judgment be DENIED.

The parties to this action may object to and seek review of this Report and

Recommendation, but are required to file any objections within 14 days of service,

as provided for in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 72(b)(2) and Local Rule

72.1(d). Failure to file specific objections constitutes a waiver of any further right

of appeal. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140 (1985); Howard v. Sec’y of Health and

Human Servs., 932 F.2d 505 (6th Cir. 1981). Filing objections that raise some

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issues but fail to raise others with specificity will not preserve all the objections a

party might have to this Report and Recommendation. Willis v. Sec’y of Health

and Human Servs., 931 F.2d 390, 401 (6th Cir. 1991); Smith v. Detroit Fed’n of

Teachers Local 231, 829 F.2d 1370, 1373 (6th Cir. 1987). Pursuant to Local Rule

72.1(d)(2), any objections must be served on this Magistrate Judge.

Any objections must be labeled as “Objection No. 1,” “Objection No. 2,”

etc. Any objection must recite precisely the provision of this Report and

Recommendation to which it pertains. Not later than 14 days after service of an

objection, the opposing party may file a concise response proportionate to the

objections in length and complexity. Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b)(2), Local Rule 72.1(d). 

The response must specifically address each issue raised in the objections, in the

same order, and labeled as “Response to Objection No. 1,” “Response to Objection

No. 2,” etc. If the Court determines that any objections are without merit, it may

rule without awaiting the response.

Date: February 28, 2011 s/Michael Hluchaniuk 

Michael Hluchaniuk

United States Magistrate Judge

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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I certify that on February 28, 2011, I electronically filed the foregoing paper

with the Clerk of the Court using the ECF system which will send electronic

notification to the following: Megan Bonanni, Brian A. Kreucher, and Jennifer D.

Rupert.

s/Tammy Hallwood 

Case Manager

(810) 341-7887

tammy_hallwood@mied.uscourts.gov

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