1

Gail Pretzer’s only claim is for loss of consortium, a derivative of her husband’s claims. 

“Plaintiff” will therefore refer only to Gary Pretzer.

2 Plaintiff’s complaint could be construed as also alleging a number of exclusively product

liability claims, such as design defect, and Defendant devotes a significant portion of its brief to this

point. However, Plaintiff asserts he is bringing no such product liability claims, thus the Court will not

discuss whether the CPM Chair was defective under Michigan product liability law.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN 

NORTHERN DIVISION 

GARY L. PRETZER and GAIL PRETZER,

Plaintiffs,

Case Number 09-11894-BC

v. Honorable Thomas L. Ludington

OTTO BOCK HEALTHCARE LP,

a foreign limited partnership 

Defendant.

__________________________________/ 

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

On April 8, 2009, Plaintiffs Gary and Gail Pretzer filed a complaint alleging that he was

injured while using a continuous passive motion chair (“CPM Chair”) as part of a home

rehabilitation program following rotator cuff surgery.1 He alleged that the arm of the CPM Chair,

with his arm still strapped to it, detached and fell forward toward the ground. Another portion of

the chair, he explains, hit his shoulder as the arm of the CPM chair fell. Plaintiff’s complaint alleges

causes of action for negligence, breach of implied warranty of merchantability, and failure to warn

against Defendant Otto Bock Healthcare, LP (“Defendant”), who leased the CPM Chair to him and

delivered it to Plaintiff’s home.2

 Plaintiff filed his complaint in Saginaw County Circuit Court, but

Defendant removed the case to this Court on May 18, 2009. 

Now before the Court is Defendant’s motion for summary judgment [Dkt. # 11] pursuant to
-2-

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, filed November 6, 2009. Plaintiff filed a response [Dkt. # 14]

on February 2, 2010. Defendant filed a reply on February 3, 2010. [Dkt. # 16]. On February 8,

2010, the Court held a hearing on Defendant’s motion. 

Defendant asserts that Michigan’s product liability statute is a plaintiff’s only means of

redress where a product allegedly causes injury, and as a result, it is entitled to summary judgment

because Plaintiff cannot prove the CPM Chair was defective and that Defendant knew or should

have known about the defect. See Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2947(6). Defendant also contends that

Plaintiff cannot prove causation because the accident could not have occurred as Plaintiff alleges

and Plaintiff’s sole expert can only speculate about causation. In response, Plaintiff asserts that his

cause of action is not stated as a products liability claim. He contends, simply, that Defendant did

not use reasonable care when delivering, installing or setting-up, and repairing the CPM Chair in

the performance of the lease agreement where the arm actuator unit of the CPM Chair was attached

to the chair frame by only one of the two standard hand-twist bolts. Plaintiff also contends that

whether and how the accident occurred are fact issues which preclude summary judgment.

The parties have not extensively addressed the issue of whether Michigan product liability

law applies where a plaintiff alleges that the defendant did not use reasonable care in delivering,

installing or setting-up, and repairing a product. However, Defendant is not a seller, but a lessor.

Moreover, a significant aspect of Defendant’s relationship with Plaintiff was based on service, not

the sale of a product. Consequently, the Michigan product liability statute will not prevent Plaintiff

from recovering in a negligence action against Defendant. 

Beyond its contentions about the applicability of Michigan product liability law, Defendant’s

only substantive argument is that Plaintiff cannot establish causation. As discussed below, Plaintiff
-3-

has raised a genuine issue of material fact regarding causation and demonstrated an ability to

establish a prima facie case. The Court recognizes that the party bringing a summary judgment

motion has the initial burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion and identifying

portions of the record which demonstrate the absence of dispute over material facts. Mt. Lebanon

Pers. Care Home, Inc. v. Hoover Universal, Inc., 276 F.3d 845, 848 (6th Cir. 2002). As Defendant

has not met its burden, the Court will deny Defendant’s motion for summary judgment. 

I

On February 21, 2007, Plaintiff underwent surgery to repair his left rotator cuff. His

orthopedic surgeon, Anthony deBari, M.D. (“Dr. deBari”), prescribed the CPM Chair for Plaintiff’s

use at his home to rehabilitate the left shoulder. Tiffany Kliza (“Kliza”), a patient service

representative for Defendant, delivered the CPM Chair on February 20, 2007, pursuant to Dr.

deBari’s request. Kliza required Plaintiff to sit in the chair while she demonstrated how to operate

the CPM Chair. Pl. Dep. Tr. 72:25-73:1; [Dkt. # 11-7]. 

Also on February 20, 2007, both Plaintiff and Kliza signed a Patient Agreement

(“Agreement”), which detailed the necessary controller settings for the chair, as well as frequency

of use, among other things. Patient Agreement; [Dkt. # 4]. The Agreement indicates that Plaintiff

understood, inter alia, the operation of the device, the settings, when to contact a physician, and

safety concerns. The Agreement also indicates that Kliza verified Plaintiff’s demonstrated

competency in using the device and that the device was securely placed in the home. 

The CPM Chair did not function properly and within a few days of Plaintiff’s surgery, Kliza

returned to Plaintiff’s home to check on the machinery. Plaintiff believed Kliza put a new arm on

the chair. Id. at 76-77. Although she could not recall whether she replaced the controllers, the arm
-4-

actuator unit, or the whole CPM Chair, Kliza acknowledged that she altered the chair in some

manner when she returned to Plaintiff’s home on February 27, 2007, to check on the CPM Chair.

Kliza Dep. Tr. 29:25-30:5, 32:8-21; [Dkt. # 11-9]. The CPM Chair functioned properly after Kliza’s

visit and Plaintiff continued to use it for one to two hours each day for approximately two weeks.

Pl. Dep. Tr. 78. At his deposition, Plaintiff affirmed that he did not do anything to the arm of the

CPM Chair. Id. at 80.

Plaintiff was using the CPM Chair on or about March 11, 2007, when the incident giving rise

to this action occurred. Plaintiff testified that as he began to remove the final of the three velcro

straps that bound his left arm to the arm actuator unit portion of the chair, the arm actuator detached

from the chair frame and fell forward. Id. at 80-85. Plaintiff testified that because his arm was still

strapped to the arm actuator, his arm fell forward, and his body was pulled down with the actuator.

Id. at 85. He also testified that some portion of the CPM Chair struck him in the left shoulder. Id.

at 85-88. Because she was in another part of the residence, Plaintiff’s wife did not witness the

accident; but she immediately went to check on him after she heard Plaintiff exclaim “Oh my God!”

Gail Pretzer Dep. Tr. 37; [Dkt. # 11-8]. She found Plaintiff slumped over, partially off the CPM

Chair. Id. Plaintiff testified that his shoulder began swelling immediately and there was an

indentation in the skin of his shoulder for a month or two.

Kliza picked up the CPM Chair on March 13, 2007. She drafted an incident report, logging

Plaintiff’s description of the incident. Kliza Dep. Tr. 33, 38; [Dkt. # 11-9]. While Kliza did not

make any determination as to how the incident occurred, she did record in an incident report that to

prevent the incident, “[she] could have checked the entire machine to make sure nothing was loose

or broken.” Id. at 39.
-5-

Kelly Sulkey (“Sulkey”), Regional Operations Manager for Defendant, determined that the

CPM Chair was missing one of the two standard hand-twist bolts and that the bolt holes themselves

did not have inside threads. Sulkey Dep. Tr. 6, 25; [Dkt. # 11-10]. Sulkey testified that even if a bolt

problem were to arise, there was no way for the incident to have occurred as Plaintiff described,

because a metal piece on the CPM Chair prevents the arm actuator unit from falling in any direction

but to the side. Id. at 40-41. She also testified that there was no other part of the chair that would

have struck Plaintiff even if the arm actuator unit fell as described. Id. at 42-43. 

Plaintiff alleges he “sustained a new, additional tear injury to his left rotator cuff and/or an

aggravation of his prior rotator cuff injury in his left shoulder” as a result of the CPM Chair

accident. Def. Br. Ex. A, Compl. ¶ 17; [Dkt. # 11-A]. At his deposition, Plaintiff testified that he

“cannot” have surgery to repair the damage because he believes that his health insurance provider,

Health Plus, is unwilling to reimburse him for another surgery under these circumstances and he

does not have the means to afford the medical bills if his health insurance is unwilling to pay. Pl.

Dep. Tr. 96-97. 

Although patient records indicate that within days of the incident, Plaintiff’s shoulder was

red and swollen, Dr. deBari initially opined that he did not believe Plaintiff had done any substantial

damage to the repair. Def. Br. Ex. G; [Dkt. # 11-12]. Dr. deBari now believes Plaintiff requires a

second surgery. Def. Br. Ex. J; [Dkt. # 11-15]. However, Dr. deBari has noted that since reporting

that the “CPM unit came crashing down on the top portion of [Plaintiff’s] left shoulder,” Plaintiff

has persistently reported experiencing considerable left shoulder pain “that had not gotten better.”

Def. Br. Ex. J at 1; [Dkt. # 11-15]. A January 7, 2008, MRI revealed a new tear in Plaintiff’s rotator

cuff. Dr. deBari Aff. ¶ 9; [Dkt. # 14-C]. Dr. deBari has consistently indicated that the new tear is
-6-

most likely related to the CPM Chair failing. Def. Br. Ex. G; [Dkt. # 11-12]; Dr. deBari Aff. ¶ 10;

[Dkt. # 14-C].

II

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), a court must review “pleadings, the discovery

and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits.” The Court must view the evidence and draw

all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party to determine “whether the evidence

presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that

one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52

(1986). “No genuine issue of material fact exists when the record taken as a whole could not lead

a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party.” Mich. Paytel Joint Venture v. City of Detroit,

287 F.3d 527, 534 (6th Cir. 2002) (internal quotations omitted). 

The party bringing the summary judgment motion has the initial burden of informing the

district court of the basis for its motion and identifying portions of the record which demonstrate the

absence of a genuine dispute over material facts. Mt. Lebanon Pers. Care Home, Inc., 276 F.3d at

848. The party opposing the motion then may not “rely on the hope that the trier of fact will

disbelieve the movant’s denial of a disputed fact,” but must make an affirmative showing with

proper evidence in order to defeat the motion. Street v. J.C. Bradford & Co., 886 F.2d 1472, 1479

(6th Cir. 1989). This affirmative showing must designate specific facts in affidavits, depositions,

or other factual material showing “evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the

plaintiff.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. The party who bears the burden of proof must present a jury

question as to each element of the claim, Davis v. McCourt, 226 F.3d 506, 511 (6th Cir. 2000),

rather than raise only “metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Highland Capital, Inc. v.
3

At oral argument, Plaintiff’s counsel stated that he believed Michigan State Court Rules applied,

requiring him only to ensure that the response was filed and served 7 days before the scheduled hearing. 

While Plaintiff’s counsel properly cites Michigan Court Rule 2.116(G)(1)(a)(ii), he is advised to review

federal court rules for future practice in federal court.

-7-

Franklin Nat’l Bank, 350 F.3d 558, 564 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v.

Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986)). Failure to prove an essential element of a claim

renders all other facts immaterial for summary judgment purposes. Elvis Presley Enters., Inc. v.

Elvisly Yours, Inc., 936 F.2d 889, 895 (6th Cir. 1991). 

III

As a preliminary matter, Defendant’s Reply Brief contends the Plaintiff’s response should

be stricken as untimely. [Dkt. # 16]. The response was filed almost a full three months after

Defendant filed the present motion for summary judgment, well beyond the twenty-one day deadline

set forth in Local Rule 7.1(d)(1)(B) and the Court’s Scheduling Order [Dkt. # 8].3

 Plaintiff did not

seek to extend the time to file the response. Defendant’s Reply Brief and oral argument specifically

argued that Dr. deBari’s supporting affidavit was new evidence that is inconsistent with his

previously disclosed expert report. As will be addressed herein, the affidavit serves only to clarify

the previous report and the relevant language in both documents is the same: Dr. deBari states that

the tear is “most likely related to the CPM device failing.” Therefore, the response will remain a

part of the record because it does not advance substantially new evidence and striking the response

would not change the result of the motion. 

Plaintiff’s complaint appears to advance multiple claims, including negligence and products

liability claims like breach of implied warranty of merchantability and design defect. Def. Br. Ex.
4

 Plaintiff’s complaint states that Defendant had a duty to:

(a) Provide a shoulder CPM chair that was reasonably safe and fit for its

intended purpose;

(b) safely and carefully deliver and properly set up the shoulder CPM chair

provided for the customer’s use;

(c) warn the user of any latent or hidden dangers associated with the use of a

should [sic] CPM chair it provided;

(d) attach the two motor arm actuator unit to the CPM chair frame with two or

more hand-twist bolts through closed-sided holes in the attachment bracket,

in order to insure that the arm actuator unit of the CPM chair could not and

would not detach, separate and fall from the chair frame while being used,

as a result of foreseeable movement and vibration occurring during use;

(e) otherwise provide only shoulder CPM chairs designed, set up, assembled,

and deployed so as to not cause injury to user.

Def. Br. Ex. A, ¶ 15.

-8-

A, Complaint ¶ 15; [Dkt. # 11-A].4

 Defendant contends that Michigan product liability law is

Plaintiff’s only avenue of redress because this incident involves a product, but Plaintiff asserts that

his only claim is one for ordinary negligence that does not depend on any defect under product

liability law. Pl. Resp. 9, 10; [Dkt. # 14]. That is, Plaintiff is not suing Defendant because it sold

a defective product, but instead because it did not use reasonable care in leasing the CPM Chair to

him at the inspection, delivery, set-up, or repair stage. 

Defendant asserts that as a nonmanufacturing seller, its liability under Michigan Compiled

Laws § 600.2947(6) is extremely limited, such that if Plaintiff’s claim fell within Mich. Comp. Laws

§ 600.2947(6), Plaintiff must satisfy one of the following to hold Defendant liable:

(a) The seller failed to exercise reasonable care, including breach of any implied

warranty, with respect to the product and that failure was a proximate cause

of the person’s injuries.

(b) The seller made an express warranty as to the product, the product failed to

conform to the warranty, and the failure to conform to the warranty was a

proximate cause of the person’s harm.

Pursuant to Michigan Compiled Laws § 600.2945(h), a product liability action “means an

action based on a legal or equitable theory brought . . . for injury to a person . . caused by or
-9-

resulting from the production of a product.” The term “product” includes “any and all component

parts of a product.” Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2945(g). Production means the manufacture, design,

assembly, inspection, warning, and instructing of a product. Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2945(i).

Plaintiff has alleged that a CPM Chair and its component, the arm actuator unit, caused a tear in his

rotator cuff because Defendant negligently inspected, installed in his home, and repaired the Chair.

Thus the statute, as an initial matter, appears to encompass Plaintiff’s claim, even though Plaintiff

labels it negligence, because failure to use reasonable care to inspect, install, or repair a product is

a legal theory of liability brought for damage to person as under Michigan Compiled Laws §

600.2945(h),(i). 

As a further threshold matter, however, whether Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2947 governs also

depends on the defendant’s status; if a defendant is neither a manufacturer, nor a nonmanufacturing

seller, Michigan’s product liability statute cannot apply. Defendant asserts, without citing authority,

that it qualifies as a “nonmanufacturing seller” under Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2947(6). However,

Plaintiff did not purchase the CPM Chair from Defendant; it was temporarily supplied to him under

a rental agreement, for post-operative therapy pursuant to Dr. deBari’s prescription. The Patient

Agreement consistently used the terms “rent,” “rental,” and “service plan.” The Agreement also

clearly indicates that Defendant was doing more than simply delivering a product to Plaintiff’s

home. Defendant delivered, installed, set-up, instructed Plaintiff on the proper operation of, and

repaired specialized medical equipment for Plaintiff’s temporary use in rehabilitative therapy.

Defendant has advanced no evidence to rebut what appears to be its status as a temporary supplier

of medical equipment, to whom the equipment is returned when no longer required by doctor’s

orders or recommendations. 
-10-

Moreover, Michigan courts have long recognized at common law that each person engaged

in performing any service or undertaking is obligated to use due care “so as not to unreasonably

endanger the person or property of others.” Clark v. Dalman, 150 N.W.2d 755 (1967). As recently

as October, 2009, Heaton v. Benton Const. Co., No. 06-003972, 2009 WL 3455391 (Mich. Ct. App.

Oct. 27, 2009), the Michigan Court of Appeals reasoned that where a claim involving a product is

based on Clark, the claim is broader than a simple product liability claim. Plaintiff therefore can

bring a negligence action notwithstanding the statute.

Although Defendant has not specifically challenged a negligence claim, because Defendant

asserts Plaintiff has a fundamental inability to establish causation, discussion of Plaintiff’s

negligence claim is warranted at this juncture. To establish a prima facie case of negligence, a

plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) that the defendant owed him a duty of care, (2) that the defendant

breached that duty, (3) that the plaintiff was injured, and (4) that the defendant’s breach caused the

plaintiff’s injuries. See Henry v. Dow Chem. Co., 701 N.W. 2d 684 (Mich. 2005). It is undisputed

that Plaintiff continues to suffer from a rotator cuff tear, is unemployed, and requires a second

surgery; thus the injury element of his negligence claim is met for purposes of review of Defendant’s

motion for summary judgment. 

A

The threshold inquiry in negligence actions is whether a defendant owed the plaintiff a duty.

Brown v. Brown, 739 N.W.2d 313 (2007). Whether a duty exists is a question of law for the court

and it is determined by considering whether the relationship between the parties imposes upon the

defendant a legal obligation for the benefit of the plaintiff. Moning v. Alfono, 254 N.W.2d 759

(Mich. 1977). 
-11-

It is undisputed that Defendant’s service representative, Kliza, delivered and installed the

CPM Chair at Plaintiff’s home and instructed Plaintiff on proper use of the unit. It is also

undisputed that Kliza returned on February 27, 2007, to repair the malfunctioning CPM Chair.

Thus, Defendant incurred an obligation to use due care when performing the services of delivering,

installing, and repairing the CPM Chair, as well as instructing Plaintiff on the unit’s use and

operation. See Clark, 150 N.W.2d 755.

B

Plaintiff must also establish that Defendant breached its duty of due care. When read in the

light most favorable to the Plaintiff, his allegations are that Defendant negligently delivered,

installed, or repaired the CPM Chair, because the chair that he utilized for post-operative therapy

in his home was missing a standard hand-twist bolt to keep the arm actuator unit attached to the

chair frame. 

During Sulkey’s deposition, she stated that although there was only one bolt attaching the

arm bracket to the CPM Chair frame that Plaintiff was using, two are typically required. She then

expounded on this requirement:

Q. Where does that standard or requirement come from?

A. In the training.

Q. Is that something that a service representative would be made aware of, that

there should be two attachment bolts between the arm bracket and the chair

frame?

A. Yes.

Q. And is that something that the service representative would be responsible

for looking at, checking or knowing about when they make the delivery of

the unit?

A. Yes

Sulkey Tr. 26-27, Oct. 2, 2009.
-12-

The evidence advanced by the parties supports the conclusion that a genuine issue of material

fact exists as to whether Defendant breached its duty of due care to Plaintiff. Plaintiff testified that

Defendant delivered, installed, instructed, and returned to inspect and repair the CPM Chair. Both

Sulkey and Kliza acknowledged that one of the standard attachment bolts was missing. Sulkey’s

testimony demonstrates that service representatives like Kliza are responsible for inspecting the

chairs before delivery and are aware that the chair frame should be attached to the arm actuator unit

with two bolts. Kliza herself determined, in writing, that she “could have checked the entire

machine to make sure nothing was loose or broken.” One logical inference that could be drawn from

these facts is that Defendant either delivered and installed a CPM Chair without a standard

attachment bolt, or inspected and repaired the CPM Chair without noticing that one was missing.

The facts thus demonstrate that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the Defendant,

through its service representative Kliza, breached a duty of due care where the CPM Chair that

Defendant delivered, installed and repaired in Plaintiff’s home was missing a standard attachment

bolt. 

C

To establish causation, Michigan law requires proof of both cause in fact and proximate

cause. Case v. Consumers Power Co., 615 N.W.2d 17 (Mich. 2000). Defendant challenges

Plaintiff’s proofs on cause in fact. “[A]t a minimum, a causation theory must have some basis in

established fact.” Skinner v. Square D Co., 516 N.W.2d 475, 480 (1994). To establish cause in fact,

a plaintiff must “present substantial evidence from which a jury may conclude that more likely than

not, but for the defendant’s conduct, the plaintiff’s injuries would not have occurred.” Id. “A prima

facie case may be established by use of legitimate inferences as long as sufficient evidence is
-13-

introduced to take the inferences out of the realm of conjecture.” Berryman v. Kmart Corp., 483

N.W.2d 642, 645 (Mich. Ct. App. 1992) (internal citations omitted). As will be explained below,

Defendant is not entitled to summary judgment on the causation element of Plaintiff’s negligence

claim.

1

Defendant first contends that Plaintiff’s evidence of causation, if any, is speculative. To

support this contention, however, Defendant cites authorities that involve fatal injuries allegedly

resulting from a defective product, where no one was available to relate what transpired or preceded

the injury. In Skinner, for example, plaintiff’s decedent was electrocuted while operating homemade

tumbling machine on which he had installed the manufacturer’s switch. In Howe v. Michigan

Central Railroad Co., 211 N.W. 111 (Mich. 1926), plaintiff’s decedent fell from a bridge while

working as a rear brakeman on a freight train. Finally, Defendant cites Karbel v. Muer, 635 N.W.2d

69 (Mich. Ct. App. 2001), which involved a forty-foot sailboat that, along with all its occupants, was

lost at sea. As there were no witnesses to the fatal incidents in each of these cases, the courts

deemed all of the plaintiffs’ theories mere conjecture and equal in probability and, thus, insufficient

to survive summary judgment, even when backed by extensive technical data and expert opinions.

Here, however, Plaintiff has advanced his own recollection of the events leading up to and

during the accident, under oath. That is, Plaintiff’s evidence is his own testimony. Assessing the

weight to give such evidence is a task for the jury, not the court on motion for summary judgment.

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255 (“Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the

drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge . . . . The
-14-

evidence of the nonmovant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his

favor.”) (quoting Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 158-59 (1970)). 

Defendant also argues that Plaintiff’s expert on causation has advanced no more than

speculation and thus Plaintiff cannot meet the causation standard. Plaintiff’s discovery responses

demonstrate that he is relying solely on Dr. deBari as an expert witness in this case. Def. Br. Ex.

K 1; [Dkt. # 11-16]. Dr. deBari’s letter does not, as Defendant so boldly claims, “opine that nobody

would be able to determine whether [Plaintiff’s] recurrent tear was caused by injury or nonhealing.”

Def. Br. at 15; [Dkt. # 11] (emphasis in original). Dr. deBari’s findings on the possible cause of this

recurrent rotator cuff tear are as follows:

This is the first time that I have had any experience with a CPM unit malfunction.

It is possible that the new tear could have occurred with an injury to the left shoulder

such as the patient describes. There is also a possibility that this represents

nonhealing of the previous repair. It would be difficult for me to clearly differentiate

between the two mechanisms causing his recurrent tear. If indeed this injury did

occur, it would be most likely related to the CPM device failing. 

Def. Br. Ex. G (emphasis added); [Dkt. # 11-12]; Def. Reply 4; [Dkt. #16]. Dr. deBari has

concluded similarly in his recent affidavit, furnished with Plaintiff’s response:

While it is possible that this new rotator cuff tear could have resulted from nonhealing of the previous tear, upon further review of this file, and on the basis of the

history provided and my clinical findings, it is my opinion that it is more likely that

this new tear resulted from trauma. Since there is no history of any other injury to

Mr. Pretzer’s left shoulder from the date of the surgery to the date of the repeat MRI,

it is my opinion that the new rotator cuff tear in Mr. Pretzer’s left shoulder is most

likely related to the CPM device failing.

Dr. deBari Aff. ¶ 10; [Dkt. # 14-C] (emphasis added).

The factual basis of Dr. deBari’s opinion is his medical judgment and Plaintiff’s account of

the incident. Mere “weaknesses in the factual basis of an expert witness’ opinion . . . bear on the

weight of the evidence rather than on its admissibility.” United States v. L.E. Cooke Co., 991 F.2d
-15-

336, 342 (6th Cir. 1993). That is, as the credibility of Plaintiff’s testimony rises and falls, so too

does Dr. deBari’s corroboration of the events giving rise to the injury. For those reasons, summary

judgment, on the grounds that Plaintiff’s evidence is speculative, would be inappropriate.

2

Finally, Defendant asserts that Sulkey’s testimony is dispositive on the matter of causation

because she is very familiar with the CPM Chairs and has testified to and demonstrated the

impossibility of such an accident occurring at all, let alone in the manner Plaintiff describes.

Defendant labels Sulkey’s testimony “unrebutted evidence.” 

However, Sulkey admittedly was not present when the accident occurred. Nor did she testify

as to the potential effect on the arm actuator unit if it became detached from the chair frame while

Plaintiff’s arm was still strapped onto it. Moreover, Sulkey also testified that:

[J]ust from what [Plaintiff] had stated [about] the arm falling off, the obvious thing

that you would realize is that there must not have been both screws in that needed to

be and that’s the first place I looked.

Sulkey Dep. Tr. 25:20-24. A logical inference from this testimony, viewing it in the light most

favorable to Plaintiff, is that the chair and arm unit not only could have separated, but Sulkey

understood precisely how and why it would fall.

Plaintiff has offered more than conjecture: he has testified about his first-hand experience

during the event, as well as his observation that a bolt was missing and that there were no inside

threads to keep the hand twist bolts in place. This contradiction between Plaintiff’s testimony and

Sulkey’s testimony and demonstration constitutes a genuine issue of material fact. Such a

determination is yet another credibility assessment that the court must not engage in on motion for

summary judgment. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.
-16-

IV

Accordingly, it is ORDERED that Defendant’s motion for summary judgment [Dkt. # 11]

is DENIED.

s/Thomas L. Ludington 

THOMAS L. LUDINGTON

United States District Judge

Dated: February 24, 2010

PROOF OF SERVICE

The undersigned certifies that a copy of the foregoing order was served

upon each attorney or party of record herein by electronic means or first

class U.S. mail on February 24, 2010.

s/Tracy A. Jacobs 

TRACY A. JACOBS