1The following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

 

AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR PREVENTIVE

MEDICINE, INC.,

Plaintiff/Counterclaim Defendant,

v. Case No. 09-11195

OAKSTONE PUBLISHING, LLC,

Defendant/Counterclaim Plaintiff.

/

OPINION AND ORDER (1) GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART

PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON DEFENDANT’S

COUNTERCLAIM; (2) DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY

JUDGMENT ON COUNT I OF THE COMPLAINT; AND (3) DENYING DEFENDANT’S

MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON COUNTS II-IV OF ITS

COUNTERCLAIM

Pending before the court are three motions for summary judgment. Plaintiff has

moved summary judgment on all five of Defendant’s counterclaim. Defendant has filed

two motions: one for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim, Count I

of the complaint; and another for summary judgment on Counts II-IV of its counterclaim. 

The court will grant in part and deny in part Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on

Defendant’s counterclaim, and it will deny both of Defendant’s motions. 

I. BACKGROUND1

This dispute centers on a distributor agreement entered into by the parties. 

Plaintiff and Defendant are corporations in the business of providing healthcare related

publications and products to corporations and other organizations trying to improve the
2

“wellness” of their individual employees and members. Defendant, through its operating

division, Personal Best, sells health related calendars and newsletters to corporate

wellness programs. Plaintiff develops and markets health promotion programs and

publications. Don Powell is Plaintiff’s founder and current CEO. For the period relevant

to this motion, Cori Whitaker was Defendant’s vice president and a key representative in

Defendant’s dealings with Plaintiff. 

One of the litigants’ largest customer bases is the Veterans Administration (“VA”). 

The VA is a large group of entities that provide services to veterans and includes

particular hospitals as well as large federal organizations. Entities in the VA are

organized into networks, called Veterans Integrated Service Networks (“VISNs”). The

VISNs are usually broken down by geographic regions. For example, VISN 20 includes

many states from the Northwest region of the country. Plaintiff began developing the

VA market in the early 2000s. Amy Cohen was Plaintiff’s employee in charge of sales

to VA customers. The parties eventually entered into a distributor agreement controlling

Plaintiff’s distribution and promotion of Defendant’s calendars to VA customers and all

of Defendant’s products to non-VA customers. 

In 2003, Plaintiff was in the process of selling a product to a large VA customer,

Bay Pines, when it learned that Bay Pines was interested in purchasing calendars. 

(Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl. ¶ 18.) Eventually, Plaintiff recommended

Defendant as a source of calendars to Bay Pines. (Id. ¶ 20.) Because Plaintiff and

Defendant were, in some sense, competitors in the marketplace, Plaintiff was

concerned about opening the VA market to Defendant by giving the Bay Pines lead to

Defendant. The parties dispute the extent to which the negotiation of the distributor
3

agreement was related to the Bay Pines transaction. Plaintiff suggests that the

distributor agreement partially settled a dispute over what Defendant owed Plaintiff for

recommending it to Bay Pines. (Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Count I at 4.) 

Defendant maintains that negotiating the distributor agreement was separate and

distinct from the Bay Pines transaction. (Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on

Def.’s Countercl. ¶ 22.)

During negotiations, Plaintiff made representations about the nature of its VA

contacts. The parties dispute the nature of these statements. Powell, Whitaker, and

Susan Jackson, Plaintiff’s vice president, were the primary individuals involved in the

discussions and negotiations surrounding the distributor agreement. (Def.’s Resp. to

Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl., Ex. 3, Whitaker Dep. at 87-89.) Plaintiff

maintains that it made no statements concerning the number of contacts that it had or

the amount of business that the contacts would yield. But Whitaker’s testimony, the

evidence cited by Plaintiff, suggests that Plaintiff described its contacts being able to

yield “a lot,” “large volumes” of sales, and “high volumes of VA potential.” (Id. at 55-56.) 

The parties also dispute the nature of the Plaintiff’s representations concerning

whether it would market Defendant’s products to the exclusion of other products,

including Plaintiff’s. Plaintiff maintains that it never made any representations of

exclusivity during negotiations. But Defendant, again, points to Whitaker’s testimony to

support its contention that Plaintiff made statements that it would exclusively promote

Defendant’s calendar to Plaintiff’s VA contacts. Also, according to Whitaker, the day

before the agreement was signed, she asked Powell whether Plaintiff had agreed to

exclusively promote Defendant’s calendars to its VA contacts. Powell did not respond. 
4

The next day, Whitaker signed the distributor agreement. The day following the

agreement’s execution, Jackson emailed Whitaker and stated that Plaintiff would

exclusively promote Defendant’s products to VA-customers, and give Defendant

“preferred vendor” status concerning non-VA customers. 

The distributor agreement is a single page and sets forth various commissions to

be paid by Defendant to Plaintiff. (Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s

Countercl. Ex. 4, Distributor Agreement.) The agreement contains no terms concerning

exclusivity and assigns no duties to Plaintiff. (Distributor Agreement.) Defendant

terminated the distributor agreement in April 2009, claiming that it had a right to do so

because of Plaintiff’s material breach. 

The parties dispute the extent to which Plaintiff promoted Defendant’s calendars

to the VA customers, as well as the extent to which it marketed and sold other

calendars while the distributor agreement was in place. In 2006, Plaintiff began selling

newsletters to VA customers. (Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl. ¶ 14.) As

early as February 2009, Plaintiff considered selling calenders to VA customers. And in

March 2009, it prepared surveys for VA customers to assist in creating a calendar. 

(Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl. ¶ 15.) The record does not

contain any evidence of Plaintiff actually selling its calendars to VA customers before

the contract was terminated in April 2009. 

II. STANDARD
5

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, summary judgment is proper when

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). “In deciding a motion for summary

judgment, the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, drawing all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor.” Sagan v. United

States, 342 F.3d 493, 497 (6th Cir. 2003). “Where the moving party has carried its

burden of showing that the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories,

admissions and affidavits in the record, construed favorably to the non-moving party, do

not raise a genuine issue of material fact for trial, entry of summary judgment is

appropriate.” Gutierrez v. Lynch, 826 F.2d 1534, 1536 (6th Cir. 1987) (citing Celotex

Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986)).

The court does not weigh the evidence to determine the truth of the matter, but

rather, to determine if the evidence produced creates a genuine issue for trial. Sagan,

342 F.3d at 497 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986)). 

The moving party discharges its burden by “‘showing’ –that is, pointing out to the district

court– that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.”

Horton v. Potter, 369 F.3d 906, 909 (2004) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325). The

burden then shifts to the nonmoving party, who “must do more than simply show that

there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co.

v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). The non-moving party must put forth

enough evidence to show that there exists “a genuine issue for trial.” Horton, 369 F.3d

at 909 (citing Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (1986). Summary judgment is not
6

appropriate when “the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require

submission to a jury.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251-52 (1986).

The existence of a factual dispute alone does not, however, defeat a properly

supported motion for summary judgment—the disputed factual issue must be material. 

See id. at 252 (“The judge’s inquiry, therefore, unavoidably asks whether reasonable

jurors could find by a preponderance of the evidence that the plaintiff is entitled to a

verdict – ‘whether there is [evidence] upon which a jury can properly proceed to find a

verdict for the party producing it, upon whom the onus of proof is imposed.’” (alteration

in original) (citation omitted)). A fact is “material” for purposes of summary judgment

when proof of that fact would establish or refute an essential element of the claim or a

defense advanced by either party. Kendall v. Hoover Co., 751 F.2d 171, 174 (6th Cir.

1984) (citation omitted).

III. DISCUSSION

A. Defendant’s Counterclaim

1. Count I: Breach of Contract

Defendant alleges that Plaintiff breached the distributor agreement by failing to

use good faith and best efforts and by breaching its duty to represent Defendant’s

calendar exclusively to VA customers and as a “preferred vendor” to non-VA clients. 

(Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl. 1, 4.) Only Plaintiff has

moved for summary judgment on this count. Because Defendant has produced

sufficient evidence to allow a finding of an implied covenant of good faith and a breach

of that covenant, the court will not grant summary judgment on this count. 
7

Plaintiff argues that none of these duties are part of the distributor agreement. In

fact, both parties agree that the distributor agreement contains no explicit mention of

these duties. (Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl. 4.) Instead,

Defendant maintains that the exclusivity and “preferred vendor” duties were agreed on

orally during negotiations and are “implicit” in the distributor agreement’s provisions. 

Defendant further argues that the distributor agreement contains an implied covenant of

good faith and a duty to use best efforts to promote Defendant’s products. The essence

of Plaintiff’s argument is that the contract is unambiguous, so the terms of the written

contract must be applied. Accordingly, no duties concerning exclusivity, “preferred

vendor” status, or good faith should be imputed. 

When “contractual language is unambiguous, courts must interpret and enforce

the contract as written because an unambiguous contract reflects the parties’ intent as a

matter of law.” In re Smith Trust, 745 N.W.2d 754 (Mich. 2008). Nevertheless, parties

may have agreements and duties ancillary to a written agreement. Although the parties

do not discuss the issue, an examination of the parol evidence rule is instructive. The

Michigan Court of Appeals explains the parol evidence rule as follows: “[p]arol evidence

of contract negotiations, or of prior or contemporaneous agreements that contradict or

vary the written contract, is not admissible to vary the terms of a contract which is clear

and unambiguous.” Schmude Oil Co. v. Omar Operating Co., 458 N.W.2d 659, 663

(Mich. Ct. App. 1990) (emphasis added). The corollary of the parol evidence rule is: if

the rule does not apply, parol evidence may be admitted to “vary the terms of a contract

which is clear and unambiguous.” Id. (emphasis added). Defendant’s argument

therefore reduces to an assertion that the parol evidence rule does not apply to the
8

distributor agreement, and the court should consider whether a contemporaneous

agreement between the parties exists concerning exclusivity and “preferred vendor”

status exists. If the parol evidence rule applies then Plaintiff’s argument that the

unambiguous language of the contract controls is correct. 

Although the parol evidence rule often operates to bar extrinsic evidence when

considering a written contract, the rule applies only where the parties intended the

written instrument to be integrated—a complete expression of their agreement with

regard to the matters covered. “Extrinsic evidence of prior or contemporaneous

agreements or negotiations is admissible as it bears on this threshold question of

whether the written instrument is such an ‘integrated’ agreement.” NAG Enterprises,

Inc. v. All State Indus., Inc., 285 N.W.2d 770, 771 (Mich. 1979). In spite of this rule, if a

contract contains a merger clause, the merger clause is conclusive and parol evidence

is inadmissible to show that the agreement is not integrated except in cases of fraud

that invalidate the integration clause or where an agreement is obviously incomplete “on

its face.” Dominion Midwest Energy, Inc. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Com’n, No. 280391, 2009

WL 3465470, *4-5 (Mich. Ct. App. Oct. 27, 2009). 

Here, neither party argues that the distributor agreement is integrated. 

Moreover, there is sufficient evidence in the record to support a finding that the contract

was not integrated. The agreement contains no merger clause, is confined to one page,

and assigns duties only to Defendant. Also, Whitaker’s questions via email suggest that

Defendant did not consider the distributor agreement to be the complete expression of

the parties’ agreement. Before the distributor agreement was signed, Whitaker asked

about exclusivity: “It was my understanding from our conference call that AIPL would
9

recommend Personal Best exclusively.” (Powell Dep., Ex. 1 at 137 (emphasis added).) 

Whitaker attached the actual distributor agreement to the email. Accordingly,

Whitaker’s questioning can indicate that she thought there were commitments and

agreements outside the terms of the written distributor agreement. When asked,

Plaintiff did not correct this assumption before the contract was signed; it did not

suggest the addition of a merger clause, and, after the contract was signed, it confirmed

Defendant’s expectation of exclusivity. This evidence corroborates Defendant’s stated

understanding that agreements outside of the written instrument existed. Evidence

exists that could support a conclusion that neither party considered the contract to be

the complete expression of the parties’ agreements and obligations. 

Defendant has supported its claim of exclusivity and “preferred vendor” contract

terms with sufficient evidence to survive summary judgment. To determine whether

there was mutual assent to a contract or a particular contract term, Michigan courts “use

an objective test, ‘looking to the expressed words of the parties and their visible acts’”

and ask whether a reasonable person could have interpreted the words or conduct in

the manner that is alleged. Rowe v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 473 N.W.2d 268, 273

(Mich. 1991). Defendant maintains that the parties assented to exclusivity and

preferred-vendor terms based on: (1) an argument that those terms are implied by the

distributor agreement’s perpetual commission term; (2) Whitaker’s deposition testimony

about the contract discussions leading to the execution of the distributor agreement;

and (3) Plaintiff’s confirmation of such terms after the agreement was signed. Viewed in

the light most favorable to Defendant, this is enough to allow a reasonable jury to find

that Plaintiff assented to the exclusivity and preferred vendor terms. Whitaker’s
10

deposition testimony suggests that the Plaintiff’s statements during the negotiation

“discussions” would suggest to a reasonable person that Plaintiff manifested assent to

the exclusivity and preferred vendor terms. Plaintiff is correct that much of Whitaker’s

testimony is vague and based on assumptions about what Plaintiff intended. Indeed,

Defendant’s argument that Plaintiff’s statement that it would “partner” with Defendant

somehow implies exclusivity is unconvincing. Nevertheless, Whitaker testified that the

“whole discussion” was about exclusivity. (Whitaker Dep. 89.) Further, Plaintiff’s email

to Defendant, sent the day after the distributor agreement was signed, could be

interpreted by a jury as Plaintiff’s admission that it understood that the parties had

assented to exclusivity and preferred vendor terms. And while Plaintiff is correct that

the email was sent after contract formation, it is probative of what Plaintiff thought the

parties had assented to, and, therefore, what a reasonable person would have thought

the parties assented to. 

But, Plaintiff argues, even if there are exclusivity and preferred vendor terms,

Defendant “concedes that it is not aware of any instances where [Plaintiff] sold another

company’s calendar to a VA entity or where [Plaintiff] sold its own calendar to a VA until

after termination of the Agreement.” (Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl. 14-

15.) The parties do not dispute that the distributor agreement was terminated on April

1, 2009, and that Plaintiff began selling calendars to VA-customers in April 2009. In its

brief, Defendant cites Powell’s deposition to support its contention that Plaintiff violated

the alleged exclusivity term by “competing with Oakstone in the calendar business.” 

(Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl. 4.) But Powell said only

that, in March 2009, Plaintiff sent a survey to VM customers to inquire as to their
11

calendar preferences. (Powell Dep. 70.) This does not support Defendant’s contention

that Plaintiff violated an exclusivity agreement. In its statement of facts, Defendant also

alleges that Plaintiff “stopped promoting [Defendant’s] calendar . . . after May 2006.” 

(Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl. ¶ 61.) But the testimony

cited by Defendant to support this contention explicitly states that the reason Plaintiff

stopped promoting Defendant’s calendar was because Defendant asked Plaintiff to stop

doing so. (Powell Dep. 98-99; Cohen Dep., Ex. 4 at 34.) Defendant has therefore failed

to point to any evidence suggesting that Plaintiff breached the alleged exclusivity term.

Defendant argues that Plaintiff breached the alleged “preferred vendor” term

because Plaintiff did not ask non-VA customers to renew their subscriptions to

Defendant’s newsletter, but, instead, promoted Plaintiff’s own newsletter by telling a

non-VA customer that “[m]ost of our clients have decided to switch to [Plaintiff’s]

version, as it’s less expensive, interesting and very attractive.” (Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s

Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl. Ex. 9.) Defendant does not allege or offer any

evidence suggesting that Plaintiff’s comment was inaccurate. And other than a bare

assertion that Plaintiff’s promotion of the newsletter was not “preferred,” Defendant does

not explain why Plaintiff’s representation to the non-VA customer was a breach of a

preferred vendor term. Indeed, Defendant makes no argument and cites no evidence

explaining exactly what the parties intended “preferred vendor” status to mean. In the

absence of such argument and evidence, the court cannot find that Defendant has

produced enough evidence to survive summary judgment as to whether the Plaintiff

breached the alleged preferred vendor term. 

Nevertheless, summary judgment on Defendant’s breach of contract

counterclaim is inappropriate, because of a potential implied covenants of good faith
2 “While the phrase ‘best efforts’ is often used to describe the extent of the

implied undertaking, this has properly been termed an ‘extravagant’ phrase. A more

accurate description of the obligation owed would be the exercise of ‘due diligence’ or

‘reasonable efforts.’” Permanence Corp. v. Kennametal, Inc., 908 F.2d 98, 100 n.2 (6th

Cir. 1990).

12

and best efforts. Plaintiff argues that such terms cannot, as a matter of law, be imputed

to it. Defendant argues that summary judgment for Plaintiff on the breach of contract

counterclaim is not appropriate because of potential “best efforts” and “good faith”

duties which may be implied in the contract. “Best efforts” and “good faith” duties are

legally distinct concepts. 

A party to a contract may have a duty to use “best efforts”2

 to perform a particular

task if no such duty would leave the contract void for want of consideration. See

ParaData Computer Networks, Inc. v. Telebit Corp., 830 F.Supp. 1001, 1006 (E.D.

Mich. 1993); see also Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, 118 N.E. 214 (N.Y. 1917). 

Here, the implication of Defendant’s exclusivity theory is that Plaintiff provided

consideration—it promised to refrain from doing something that it could otherwise do,

viz. sell other vendors’ calendars to VA customers. So, if Defendant prevails on its

exclusivity argument, then Plaintiff provided consideration and there can be no implied

best efforts term. If, on the other hand, Defendant’s theory of exclusivity ultimately fails,

Plaintiff still provided consideration. Plaintiff has produced evidence sufficient to

support a finding that it agreed to accept a 10% commission on the Bay Pines

transaction rather than the 20% that Plaintiff argued it was due. (Whitaker Dep. 48, 55.) 

Agreeing to accept a lower payment in lieu of one due (or arguably due) is a valid form

of consideration. So regardless of the merits of Defendant’s exclusivity argument, there
13

is evidence sufficient to allow a jury to conclude that the distributor agreement is

supported by consideration. Nevertheless, if the jury rejects the evidence supporting

these theories of consideration, then a duty to employ best efforts may be implied by

law. Michigan courts have also recognized an implied duty of good faith where “a party

to a contract makes the manner of its performance a matter of its own discretion.”

Burkhardt v. City Nat’l Bank of Detroit, 226 N.W.2d 678, 680 (Mich. 1975). As

discussed above, Defendant has produced sufficient evidence to allow a jury to

conclude that Plaintiff agreed to sell and promote Defendant’s calendar, exclusive of

other calendars, to its VA customers. The evidence likewise allows a conclusion that

the nature of this promotion was left to Plaintiff’s discretion. Accordingly, Defendant’s

position that Plaintiff had an implied covenant of good faith must likewise survive

Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment. 

2. Count II: Fraudulent Inducement

Defendant second counterclaim alleges fraudulent inducement based on 

Plaintiff’s representations of the nature of its VA contacts. The court will grant summary

judgment for Plaintiff on this count. Both Plaintiff and Defendant have moved for

summary judgment on this count. In Defendant’s brief in support of summary judgment

on this count, however, Defendant also argues that its fraudulent inducement claim is

supported by Plaintiff’s alleged exclusivity representations. But, as Plaintiff points out,

the fraudulent inducement claim in Plaintiff’s amended answer cites only the

representations concerning Plaintiff’s VA contacts. Accordingly, Defendant has not

pleaded a fraudulent inducement claim based on representations of exclusivity, and it

cannot support its motion for summary judgment or defend against Plaintiff’s motion for
3 http://www.mied.uscourts.gov/Judges/guidelines/index.cfm?judgeID=12.

14

summary judgment with the alleged exclusivity representations. In a reply brief,

Defendant asks the court permission to amend its fraudulent inducement counterclaim

to add the representations about exclusivity. Such a motion is not appropriately raised

in a responsive pleading. The local rules and the court’s practice guidelines require that

motions and responses be accompanied by a separate brief. E.D. Mich. LR 7.1(b);

Practice Guidelines for Judge Robert H. Cleland.3

 Under no circumstances may a

motion be included within or tacked onto a response or a reply. See E.D. Mich. LR

7.1(b).

Plaintiff argues that the representations concerning the nature of Plaintiff’s VA

contacts may not serve as the basis for a fraudulent inducement claim because the

representations were opinion rather the fact. The court agrees. “Fraud in the

inducement occurs where a party materially misrepresents future conduct under

circumstances in which the assertions may reasonably be expected to be relied upon

and are relied upon. Fraud in the inducement to enter a contract renders the contract

voidable at the option of the defrauded party.” Samuel D. Begola Servs. Inc. v. Wild

Bros., 534 N.W.2d 217, 219 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995). The expression of a mere opinion or

a salesperson’s “puffing” is not actionable as the basis for fraudulent inducement. See

Johnson v. Botsford Gen. Hosp., 748 N.W.2d 907, 911 n.1 (Mich. Ct. App. 2008). 

“Whether a specific representation is classified as an expression of opinion or an

actionable statement of fact is contingent upon the circumstances of each case.” 

Foreman v. Foreman, 701 N.W.2d 167, 175 (Mich. Ct. App. 2005). “While expressions
15

of opinion in good faith cannot be made the basis of recovery in a fraud action,

statements of opinion made in bad faith by one who is possessed of superior knowledge

respecting such matters, with a design to deceive and mislead, the party making them

must respond.” Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). 

Defendant supports its contention that Plaintiff misrepresented the nature of its

VA contacts with Whitaker’s deposition testimony:

[AIPM] assured us that there was a lot more business to be had that they

could bring to the table. And in our business, as long as we are creating a

certain kind of product, the whole idea is to grow that product. And so we

knew we were starting a VA calendar with Diana Akins [Bay Pines], and

our goal was going to be to grow it by getting other VA calendar buyers. 

And AIPM said that they could deliver a lot more volume to that print run.

. . . 

. . . [W]e were led to believe that there were other large volumes that could

be achieved by AIPM prospects in their database of folks.

(Whitaker Depo., Appdx Ex. 3 at 55:12-25; 56:1-18).

Q. What led you to believe that the other potential purchasers, VA

purchasers, of calendars would be at the same size or volume as the

purchase that had been made by Diana Akins [Bay Pines]?

A. Through verbal conversations and the e-mail conversations, it—it was

expressed that there were high volumes of VA potential through

their—through their contacts in their database.

Id. 

When examined, however, the statements attributed to Plaintiff by Defendant are

nothing more than the expression of an opinion and sales “puffery.” In essence, Plaintiff

represented that its contacts could bring “a lot more” business to the table, and would

yield “large volumes” of sales and “high volumes of VA potential.” Such statements are

insufficiently concrete to rise beyond conjecture about future events. They are simply
16

Plaintiff’s opinion as to the quality of its contacts. Without more concrete statements

about the nature of the contacts, e.g., the particular number or identities of the contacts,

Defendant cannot base its fraud claim on these representations concerning VA

contacts. 

Defendant cites ParaData to support its assertion that Plaintiff’s comments about

the nature of its VA contacts went beyond opinion and puffery. In ParaData, the

defendant represented that it had resellers in its distribution network that could deal in

the plaintiff’s “high-end” products. ParaData, 830 F. Supp. at 1002. The ParaData

court held that the plaintiff’s fraud claims survived summary judgment. There are two

critical differences between ParaData and this case. First, the representations in

ParaData concerned whether the defendant had any contacts that would be capable of

dealing in plaintiff’s products, i.e., whether the defendant had any contacts at all. If

Plaintiff had represented to Defendant that it had contacts with customers interested in

calendars when in fact it had none, then ParaData would be on point with this case. 

Instead, Plaintiff’s representations concern the quality of their contacts, not the

existence of them. Second, the representation cited by Defendant was only one of eight

representations cited by the district court to support the plaintiff’s fraud claim. 

Accordingly, it is not clear whether the defendant’s representation about its distributor

network would have been sufficient standing alone to withstand summary judgment. 

ParaData is distinguishable from this case.

Michigan’s common law of fraud yields several cases that bear on whether

Plaintiff’s statements concerning its VA contacts rise above opinion and puffery. For

example, statements that a franchise location was a “goldmine,” that the franchise had
17

an “excellent product,” and that there were “no bad [franchise] locations” were sales

puffery and could not serve as the basis for a fraud cause of action. Van Tassel v.

McDonald Corp., 407 N.W.2d 6, 9 (Mich. Ct. App. 1987). Also, estimates as to the

value and salability of a car dealership’s inventory were “statements of opinion, not

fact.” Schuler v. Am. Motors Sales Corp., 197 N.W.2d 493, 495 (Mich. Ct. App. 1972). 

The court finds that the statements in this case are along the lines of those is Van

Tassel and Schuler. Without evidence of intent to deceive or bad faith, such

statements, even if made by Plaintiff, cannot be the basis for a fraudulent

misrepresentation. The court will grant summary judgment for Plaintiff on this count.

3. Count III: Fraudulent Misrepresentation

Both parties have moved for summary judgment on Defendant’s fraud

counterclaim. Because Defendant has failed to produce evidence sufficient to allow a

jury to find that Defendant suffered an injury from any alleged fraud, the court will grant

Plaintiff’s motion on this count. Under Michigan law, an intentional fraudulent

misrepresentation claim requires the following elements: “(1) that defendant made a

material misrepresentation; (2) that the representation was false; (3) when defendant

made the representation, defendant knew that it was false, or made it recklessly without

knowledge of its truth or falsity; (4) that defendant made it with the intent that plaintiff

would act upon it; (5) that plaintiff acted in reliance upon it; and (6) that plaintiff suffered

injury.” Baker v. Arbor Drugs, Inc., 544 N.W.2d 727, 732 (1996). A negligently-made

misrepresentation may also be actionable given “a business or professional duty of care

to provide accurate information.” See Mickam v. Joseph Louis Palace Trust, 849 F.

Supp. 516, 521 (E.D. Mich.1993) (citing Williams v. Polgar, 391 Mich. 6, 215 N.W.2d
18

149 (1974)); see generally Erickson’s Flooring & Supply Co., Inc. v. Tembec, Inc., 212

F. App’x 558, 562-63 (6th Cir. 2007). 

Defendant cites two representations to support its fraud claim: (1) Plaintiff’s

statements concerning the nature of its VA contacts; and (2) Plaintiff’s statements

concerning exclusivity and preferred vendor status. As discussed in the previous

subsection, Plaintiff’s statements about the nature of its VA contacts cannot form the

basis for a fraud claim. Also, as discussed in section III.A.1, Defendant has introduced

sufficient evidence to allow a jury to find that Plaintiff made representations that it would

exclusively promote Defendant’s products to VA customers, and give Defendant

preferred vendor status regarding non-VA customers. 

Plaintiff maintains, however, that these statements cannot support a fraud claim

because they are statements of intent to perform a future actions. “To establish fraud,

the allegedly false statements must relate to past or existing facts, not to future

promises or expectations.” Cook v. Little Caesar Enters., Inc., 210 F.3d 653, 658 (6th

Cir. 2000). “[A]n action for fraudulent misrepresentation must be predicated upon a

statement relating to a past or an existing fact. Future promises are contractual and do

not constitute fraud.” Id. (citing Hi-Way Motor Co. v. Int’l Harvester Co., 247 N.W.2d 813

(Mich. 1976)). But an exception to this requirement exists where “a fraudulent

misrepresentation may be based upon a promise made in bad faith without intention of

performance.” Id. (citing Hi-Way Motor Co.). Defendant argues that it has produced

sufficient evidence to allow a jury to find that the bad faith exception applies; the court

agrees. Jackson’s email is a plain statement of an intent to abide by exclusivity and

preferred vendor terms. Powell, Plaintiff’s founder and CEO, testified that Plaintiff never
19

had any intention to represent Defendant exclusively. Accordingly, Defendant has

produced evidence sufficient to survive summary judgment on the issue of whether the

bad faith exception applies.

Plaintiff also argues that Defendant’s fraud counterclaim fails because it was

unreasonable to rely on Jackson’s email. Plaintiff points out that Whitaker, the recipient

of Jackson’s email, did not know what position Jackson had with Plaintiff or what her job

responsibilities were. (Whitaker Dep. at 87-89.) Defendant, however, highlights

Whitaker’s testimony that she considered Jackson to be Powell’s “right hand,” and that

Jackson was present during the negotiations and discussions concerning the distributor

agreement. (Id. 90.) Given this conflicting evidence as to whether Defendant’s reliance

was reasonable, summary judgment on this issue is not appropriate.

The parties also dispute whether Defendant has produced sufficient evidence to

allow a jury to find that it was injured by relying on Plaintiff’s alleged misrepresentations. 

Defendant argues that it suffered injury because it paid commissions to Plaintiff and

shared confidential and sensitive information concerning its pricing of products. Plaintiff

argues these allegations do not support injury because the information cited by

Defendant was not confidential. 

But Defendant’s injury argument suffers from an even more fundamental flaw:

Defendant has not produced sufficient evidence to allow a jury to conclude that it

suffered injury from relying on Plaintiff’s representations, because it has not produced

sufficient evidence to allow a conclusion that Plaintiff violated the alleged promise of

exclusivity or preferred vendor status. See, supra, § III.A.1. Quite simply, without first

showing that the promise was broken, Defendant cannot show that injury flowed from
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relying on the promise. Defendant has failed to meet its burden on the injury element of

its fraud claim, and Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment must therefore be granted

on this counterclaim. 

4. Count IV: Silent Fraud

Defendant’s silent fraud counterclaim is based on Plaintiff’s alleged failure to

inform Defendant that it had no intention to promote its calendars exclusively or give

Defendant preferred vendor status. To establish a silent fraud claim, just as with a

standard fraud claim, the claimant must show that injury resulted from the silent fraud. 

Int’l Fidelity Ins. Co. v. Rich ex rel. Samuel Rich Trust, No. 198234, 1998 WL 1997670,

*3 (Mich. Ct. App. Mar. 13, 1998) (citing Clement-Rowe v. Mich. Health Care Corp., 538

N.W.2d 20 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995)). Because Defendant failed to produce evidence

establishing that it was injured, see section III.A.3, it has likewise failed to do so

concerning its silent fraud count. Accordingly, summary judgment on this counterclaim

should be granted to Plaintiff. 

5. Count V: Tortious Interference

Plaintiff has moved for summary judgment on Defendant’s tortious interference

counterclaim. Defendant claims that Plaintiff tortiously interfered with its business

relationships with both VA and non-VA customers. Plaintiff argues that Defendant’s

tortious interference claim regarding the VA customers should be rejected because it

did not tortiously interfere. Plaintiff also argues that the claim regarding the non-VA

customers should be rejected because Defendant failed to produce, after proper notice,

a 30(b)(6) deponent who was knowledgeable of the claim. The court agrees with
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Plaintiff regarding the VA-customer interference claim, but rejects Plaintiff’s argument

regarding the non-VA-customer interference claim. 

To establish a prima facie case of tortious interference with a

business relationship, plaintiffs must show: (1) the existence of a valid

business relation (not necessarily evidenced by an enforceable contract)

or expectancy; (2) knowledge of the relationship or expectancy on the part

of the defendant interferer; (3) an intentional interference inducing or

causing a breach or termination of the relationship or expectancy; and (4)

resultant damage to the party whose relationship or expectancy has been

disrupted. Trepel v. Pontiac Osteopathic Hospital, 354 N.W.2d 341 (1984). 

In Formall, Inc. v. Community Nat’l Bank of Pontiac, 421 N.W.2d 289

(1988), this Court further explained the third element:

[O]ne who alleges tortious interference with a contractual or

business relationship must allege the intentional doing of a

per se wrongful act or the doing of a lawful act with malice

and unjustified in law for the purpose of invading the

contractual rights or business relationship of another.

[Feldman v. Green, 360 N.W.2d 881 (1984).]

Michigan Podiatric Med. Ass’n v. Nat’l Foot Care Program, Inc., 438 N.W.2d 349, 354-

55 (Mich. Ct. App. 1989). 

“‘A wrongful act per se is an act that is inherently wrongful or an act that can

never be justified under any circumstances.’” Badiee v. Brighton Area Schs., 695

N.W.2d 521, 539 (Mich. Ct. App. 2005) (quoting Prysak v. R L Polk Co., 483 N.W.2d

629 (1992)). Whereas, “[t]o establish that a lawful act was done with malice and without

justification, the plaintiff must demonstrate, with specificity, affirmative acts by the

defendant that corroborate the improper motive of the interference.” BPS Clinical Labs.

v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Mich., 552 N.W.2d 919, 925 (Mich. Ct. App. 1996). 

Those acts motivated by reasonably legitimate business reasons do not constitute

improper motive or interference. Id. at 924-25. Accordingly, evidence of “improper
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motive,” and thus evidence of malice, must lie somewhere beyond the realm of

legitimate business purposes. Because Plaintiff produces no evidence of any actions

other than lawful ones motivated by legitimate business reasons, Plaintiff cannot meet

its burden on its tortious interference claim.

Plaintiff maintains that Defendant’s tortious interference claim regarding the VA

customers fails because Defendant has not produced evidence sufficient to allow a jury

to find the intentional doing of a per se wrongful act or the doing of a lawful act with

malice. Defendant describes tortious acts as follows: 

AIPM used per se wrongful means to interfere with Oakstone’s

clients, including threatening the VA’s and intentionally confusing the

marketplace. For example, Joyce Seltzer (VISN 10) complained that

AIPM was “threatening [in 2008] when [it] didn’t select them. They could

make ‘trouble’ based on government bidding.” (Appdx Ex. 6-A (Cantrell

Depo.)). AIPM also threatened the Milwaukee VA (VISN 12) that if the bid

was not awarded to AIPM, AIPM would challenge the bid and cause them

not to receive any VA calendars. (Cantrell Depo., Appdx Ex. 6 at

145:5-14). AIPM’s interference with the bidding process for these VA

calendars is per se wrongful. 801 F. Supp. at 1459-60. 

In addition, AIPM circulated false information to certain VAs in order

to boost its credibility in the marketplace. (Cantrell Depo. Appdx Ex. 6 at

117:8-19). AIPM also intentionally confused the marketplace by creating a

cover for its 2010 calendar that used the same graphic from Oakstone’s

2008 VA calendar. (Id. at 124:3-10). In fact, one VA entity, VISN 19, was

under the impression that it had purchased the Oakstone 2010 calendar,

but had actually purchased AIPM’s calendar. (Id. at 127:23-25, 128:1-5). 

AIPM also represented to one VA entity, Dallas (VISN 17), that it had done

calendars in the past, implying that it was the VA calendar. (Id. at

131:2-13). AIPM’s actions establish a genuine issue of material fact as to

whether AIPM tortiously interfered with the Oakstone’s business

relationships. 

(Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl. 15-16.) Essentially,

Defendant bases its allegation of tortious interference on three categories of actions: (1)
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threatening to challenge the bidding process; (2) causing confusion in the marketplace;

and (3) “circulating false information.” None of the evidence cited by Defendant is

sufficient to allow a jury to conclude that Plaintiff’s alleged actions were per se wrongful

or lawful acts done with malice. First, Defendant points to no evidence suggesting that

challenging the bidding process was not within Plaintiff’s rights. Because threatening to

do a lawful act cannot be per se wrongful, and because Defendant has produced no

corroborating evidence suggesting that the threats were made with malice, this action

cannot form the basis for a tortious interference claim. The case cited by Defendant,

Advanced Power Sys. v. Hi-Tech Sys., 801 F. Supp. 1450 (E.D. Pa. 1992), to support

its argument that Plaintiff’s threats to challenge the bidding process were tortious is

inapposite. In Advanced Power, the defendant allegedly rigged a bidding process. 

Since there is no evidence of rigging a bidding process, Advanced Power is not

relevant. Second, Defendant points to no law suggesting that causing confusion in the

marketplace is per se wrongful. Assuming that there are no trademark infringement

issues, it seems well within the realm of healthy competition for businesses to seek to

blur the lines between their products and those produced by competitors. Defendant

complains that Plaintiff committed a per se wrongful act by using the same graphic on

its calendar that Defendant had used on its own calendar. But this graphic was a

common stock photo. (Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl., Ex.

31, Cantrell Dep. 124.) Accordingly, Defendant has produced no evidence suggesting

that using the graphic was wrongful. Finally, Defendant’s allegations that Plaintiff

“circulated false information” are not supported by sufficient evidence to allow a jury to

find that Plaintiff committed per se wrongful acts. Defendant cites two pieces of
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evidence supporting its contention that Plaintiff circulated false information: hearsay

evidence that Plaintiff represented, to a VA customer, that a calendar was “national”

when it was not; and an email from Plaintiff informing a customer that it had produced

and sold calendars before, which led the customer to mistakenly believe that Plaintiff

had produced and sold VA calendars. One statement that a calendar was “national,”

without any showing that the statement was made with intent to defraud, and another

truthful statement that potentially led to a misunderstanding, are simply not enough to

support a claim of tortious interference. There is no evidence that these statements

were made with intent to deceive or with malice. Because Defendant has not produced

evidence of the intentional doing of a per se wrongful act or the doing of a lawful act

with malice, its tortious interference claim regarding the VA customers must be rejected. 

Plaintiff’s only argument against Defendant’s tortious interference claims

regarding the non-VA clients is based on an alleged failure to produce a knowledgeable

30(b)(6) deponent. Defendant produced Saddie Cantrell as a 30(b)(6) deponent for the

topic of Defendant’s tortious interference claims involving the non-VA customers. 

Plaintiff argues that Cantrell had “no information” on this topic. (Pl.’s Reply to Def.’s

Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s Countercl. 5.) Plaintiff bases this conclusion

on a series of questions posed to Cantrell. “If Cantrell did not have personal knowledge

regarding this issue, and she admitted that she did not have any conversations with Juls

Owensby or Jodi Costello regarding the issue to educate herself, logic dictates that

Cantrell would have had no information . . . .” (Id.) As Defendant points out, logic does

not dictate such a conclusion. Cantrell testified that she was not personally involved

with the non-VA clients and that she had not spoken with those most knowledgeable on
25

the subject, i.e., Owensby and Costello. Neither of these statements suggest that

Cantrell did not educate herself on the subject by some other means. Plaintiff failed to

followup with critical questions to determine what, if anything, Cantrell knew about the

tortious interference claim involving the non-VA clients. Because Plaintiff failed to

establish that Cantrell possessed insufficient knowledge on the subject to serve as a

proper 30(b)(6) deponent, the court will not grant summary judgment on Defendant’s

tortious interference claim insofar as it relates to the non-VA customers. 

B. Plaintiff’s Breach of Contract Claim

Defendant has moved for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s breach of contract

claim. Defendant’s first argument is the distributor agreement is not a binding contract

for want of consideration and mutuality of obligation. As discussed above, however,

there is an issue of material fact as to whether Plaintiff agreed to the exclusivity and

preferred vendor terms. Such a term would be an agreement to refrain from something

that Plaintiff had a right to do, namely, to market and promote calendars other than

those produced by Defendant. And, as such, it is a legal detriment to Plaintiff and would

provide sufficient consideration. Also, as stated above, Plaintiff has produced sufficient

evidence to allow a finding that agreeing to accept a 10% commission on the Bay Pines

transaction rather than the 20% that it thought it was due likewise would provide

sufficient consideration. 

Defendant also argues that summary judgment on this count is appropriate

because Plaintiff has not met its burden to produce evidence sufficient to allow a jury to

find that it was damaged by any alleged breach. Plaintiff argues that it was damaged by

Defendant’s alleged breach based on several arguments: Defendant’s failure to make
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timely commission payments; Defendant’s incorrect calculation of commissions;

Defendant’s failure to provide verifying documents; and Defendant’s termination of the

distributor agreement without notice. Because the court concludes that Plaintiff has

produced sufficient evidence to allow a finding that Defendant incorrectly calculated

commissions, it need not address Plaintiff’s other claims of damages. According to the

distributor agreement the commissions for VA sales were to be based on “gross sale

amount and excludes shipping and handling.” (Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Def.’s

Countercl. Ex. 4.) The commissions for non-VA sales, on the other hand, were to be

based on “gross sales amount excluding shipping and handling, customization,

translation, purchased photos/original illustrations not already in [Defendant’s] archives

and other special services.” (Id.) Since “customization” was listed as excluded from

non-VA sales but not listed as excluded from VA sales, the clear implication, expressio

unius est exclusio alterius, is that customization was to be included in VA sales. 

Defendant admits that it included “standard customization” in its VA sales but excluded

“additional customization.” (Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. on Count I at 14.) The distributor

agreement, however, makes no distinction between “standard” and “additional”

customization. Accordingly, Plaintiff has produced evidence sufficient to allow a finding

that Defendant breached the distributor agreement by excluding “additional

customization” charges when it calculated commissions. The court will therefore deny

Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim, Count

I of the complaint. 

IV. CONCLUSION
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IT IS ORDERED that “Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Defendant’s

Counterclaim” [Dkt. # 22] is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. It is granted

as to Counts II, III, and IV in all respects, and it is granted as to Count V as it relates to

VA customers. It is denied in all other respects.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that “Defendant/Counterclaim Plaintiff Oakstone

Publishing, LLC’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment as to Count I” [Dkt. # 24] is

DENIED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that “Defendant/Counterclaim Plaintiff Oakstone

Publishing, LLC’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment as to its Counterclaim” [Dkt. #

25] is DENIED.

Thus, after disposing of the parties’ motions for summary judgment, the following

survives: the entirety of Count I of Defendant’s Counterclaim; County V of Defendant’s

Counterclaim, insofar as it relates to non-VA customers; and Plaintiff’s complaint in its

entirety. 

S/Robert H. Cleland 

ROBERT H. CLELAND

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Dated: March 5, 2010
S:\Cleland\JUDGE'S DESK\C2 ORDERS\09-11195.AIPM.SJ.Breachk.FraudCC.bsc.2.wpd

28

I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was mailed to counsel of record

on this date, March 5, 2010, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.

 S/Lisa G. Wagner 

Case Manager and Deputy Clerk

(313) 234-5522