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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

REGINALD WORTHY,

Case No. 09-11614

Plaintiff,

HON. SEAN F. COX

v. United States District Judge

MICHIGAN BELL TELEPHONE CO.

d/b/a AT&T MICHIGAN,

Defendant.

_________________________________/

OPINION & ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S 

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT [Doc. No. 18] 

Plaintiff Reginald Worthy (“Worthy”) filed this employment discrimination claim on

November 13, 2008 against Defendant Michigan Bell Telephone Co. d/b/a AT&T Michigan

(“AT&T”) in the Wayne County, Michigan Circuit Court. AT&T removed the matter on April

29, 2009 [See Doc. No. 1]. The matter is currently before the Court on AT&T’s Motion for

Summary Judgment [Doc. No. 18]. The parties have fully briefed the issues, and the Court

declined to hear oral argument pursuant to E.D. MICH. L.R. 7.1(f)(2). For the reasons that

follow, the Court GRANTS AT&T’s Motion [Doc. No. 18].

BACKGROUND

Consistent with the requirements of FED. R. CIV. P. 56, the following are the relevant

facts of this matter, taken in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, Mr. Worthy

Worthy, an African-American male, began working at AT&T in 1993. [Worthy Dep.,

Def.’s Ex. S, Doc. No. 17, p.91]. During his employment, Worthy was a service technician for

AT&T, and was a bargaining unit employee of the CWA, Local 4100. Id. at 28, 96. 
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 Worthy acknowledged that both of these supervisors were African-American. [Worthy Dep.,

pp.97-99]. 

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On several occasions, Worthy acknowledged that he received AT&T manuals on job

responsibilities and codes of conduct - such as the AT&T “Code of Business Conduct” [Def.’s

Ex. B, Doc. No. 17] and the AT&T “Technician Expectations” [Def.’s Ex. C, Doc. No. 17]. 

During his deposition, Mr. Worthy admitted that he knew the “Technician Expectations”

included requirements that technicians arrive at their first job within fifteen minutes of shift start

time, that they should be ready to work at that time, and that they should remain at their assigned

locations unless they were on break, lunch, or conducting work-related functions in a different

area. [Worthy Dep., pp.107-08]. 

Worthy was the subject of numerous disciplinary actions during his employment with

AT&T. Specifically, Worthy was written up in 1996 when his supervisor indicated that Worthy

was not on the job, could not be located, and that the customer said Worthy had been gone for at

least an hour. [See Def.’s Ex. D, Doc. No. 17]. Worthy was also written up by another

supervisor in 2000 for insubordination, stating that Worthy had refused to perform his assigned

tasks. [See Def.’s Ex. E, Doc. No. 17].1

 

In the summer of 2005, Worthy began reporting to Michael Lustig (“Lustig”), AT&T’s

Network Manager, who had supervisory authority over the air pressure group for AT&T. 

[Worthy Dep., p.97; Lustig Aff., Def.’s Ex. F, Doc. No. 17, ¶6]. In the 2005-2008 time frame,

Lustig, who was white, supervised approximately seventeen employees. Of those seventeen

employees, twelve - including Worthy - worked out of the Linwood Garage in Detroit, Michigan. 

Approximately eighty percent of the Linwood Garage employees were African-American. [See
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Lustig Aff., ¶¶4-5]. 

As a service technician, Worthy’s primary job responsibility was to check and repair air

pressure leaks around the Detroit area in order to keep AT&T’s telephone services running. Id.

at ¶7. Worthy’s overall job rating for the year 2006 was “below expectations,” largely due to his

documented issues of insubordination during that time. [Def.’s Ex. G, Doc. No. 17, p.4]. He

was twice disciplined - in September of 2006 and again in January of 2007 - for sleeping on the

job. [See Def.’s Ex. H, Doc. No. 17]. Further, on August 13, 2007, Worthy received a 2.6 day

disciplinary suspension - his third such for insubordination - when he refused to work with the

repair group to which Lustig assigned him that day. [See Def.’s Ex. I, Doc. No. 17]. 

On February 14, 2008, Lustig assigned Worthy and his partner, Greg Coleman

(“Coleman”) to work on a manhole located at Pembroke Avenue and Livernois in Detroit.

[Lustig Aff., Def.’s Ex. F, Doc. No. 17, ¶16]. Worthy and Coleman each drove separate trucks

that day, and should have arrived at the job site approximately at 8:30 a.m. Id. at ¶17. When

Lustig arrived at the site at 10:40 a.m. to check in on their progress - as he often did with his

direct reports - Coleman was the only one at the site. Id. at ¶¶18-19. When asked, Coleman told

Lustig that he did not know where Worthy was. Id. at ¶20. Lustig waited at the site until 11:11

a.m. that day, when Worthy finally arrived. Id. at ¶21. 

In a written statement dated March 5, 2008, Worthy explained his absence from the site

on February 14, 2008 as follows. Instead of reporting to the Pembroke/Livernois site as he was

instructed to do that morning, Worthy went to the St. Martins/Livernois site. [See Def.’s Ex. K,

Doc. No. 17; Worthy Dep., pp.210-12]. Worthy alleges that Coleman drove up in his truck

looking for Worthy at 10:00 a.m., when Coleman found Worthy at the St. Martins/Livernois site
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and told Worthy that he was supposed to be at Pembroke/Livernois. Id. At that time, instead of

reporting to the correct job site, Worthy went to the Coney Island restaurant across the street to

get something to eat, and then sat in his truck eating the food before reporting to the

Pembroke/Livernois site. Id. 

This explanation, however, is contradicted by Coleman, who stated that he never drove to

St. Martins/Livernois that day, but instead tried calling Worthy numerous times on his cell

phone. [See Def.’s Ex. L, Doc. No. 17]. Further, the GPS on Coleman’s truck corroborates that

the truck was stationary at the Pembroke/Livernois site from 9:12 a.m. until 1:13 p.m. that day. 

[See Def.’s Ex. M, Doc. No. 17]. 

Worthy’s employment with AT&T was terminated on or about March 13, 2008 for

violating AT&T’s “Code of Business Conduct” and “Technician Expectation Work Rules”

[Def.’s Ex. N, Doc. No. 17]. The decision to terminate Worthy was made by Lustig, his

manager, Larry Ricci, and the AT&T Human Resources department. [See Def.’s Exs. F, O, Doc.

No. 17]. Though Worthy’s local union filed a grievance against AT&T related to his

termination, the national union declined to pursue an appeal of the grievance - citing Worthy’s

own conflicting versions of what happened on February 14, 2008. [See Def.’s Exs. P, Q, Doc.

No. 17].

Worthy filed this lawsuit against Lustig and AT&T in the Wayne County, Michigan,

Circuit Court on November 13, 2008, alleging race discrimination and retaliatory discharge in

violation of Michigan’s Elliott Larsen Civil Rights Act (“ELCRA”), M.C.L. § 37.2101 et seq. 

On April 13, 2009, Worthy filed an amended complaint, alleging a cause of action against the

CWA under § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185 et seq. Citing this
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Court’s federal question jurisdiction, the Defendants then removed the action to this Court on

April 29, 2009. [See Doc. No. 1]. 

Since that time, the Court has dismissed the actions against all defendants except AT&T. 

On November 23, 2009, Worthy stipulated to the dismissal of his claims against Lustig due to

Worthy’s failure to adequately serve Lustig with process. [See Doc. No. 15]. Worthy’s claims

against the Union were also dismissed. [See Doc. No. 11]. Thus, the only remaining claims in

this action are Worthy’s race discrimination and retaliatory discharge claims against AT&T

under the ELCRA. 

In his deposition, Worthy stated that his race discrimination claim is based upon an

interaction he had with Lustig on November 29, 2005 - more than two years prior to his

discharge. At first, Worthy alleged that Lustig said “Boy, when I tell you to do something. . . .”

[Worthy Dep., pp.10-11]. Later, Worthy changed his story and alleged the statement was really

“Boy, bring your ass back here.” Id. at 33. Regardless, Worthy himself stated in his deposition

that he attributed the comment not to his race, but to Lustig not treating him like an adult. 

“That’s when I told him don’t - I’m a grown man, you know, don’t call me boy, you know.” Id. 

Though Worthy claims that he filed a grievance against Lustig and against AT&T over

this incident, neither Worthy nor the union can find a copy of the grievance Worthy claims he

filed. AT&T management has no record of a grievance either, and Lustig denies that the

comments were even made in the first place. [See Def.’s Ex. F, Doc. No. 17, ¶11].

Aside from this single, isolated incident, Worthy admits that Lustig did not make any

further comments to him that Worthy perceived as racial in nature. [Worthy Dep., pp.73-73,

101, 161-62]. Worthy alleges, however, that Lustig treated the other African-American
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employees better than he was treated - but at the same time contradicts this assertion in alleging

that Lustig’s treatment in general of him was indicative of a personal vendetta Lustig did not

exhibit to other African-American employees. Id. at pp.76, 101, 156. Worthy further testified

that no one at AT&T, other than Lustig, ever discriminated against him or retaliated against him. 

Id. at 100. AT&T filed its instant motion on April 9, 2010 [Doc. No. 18], seeking dismissal

of Worthy’s claims in their entirety. Worthy opposes AT&T’s motion [see Pl.’s Br., Doc. No.

26]. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment “shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgement as a

matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). The party seeking summary judgment has the initial

burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion and identifying those portions of the

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file together with the

affidavits which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex

v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party who “must

set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986) (quoting FED. R. CIV. P. 56(e)). 

ANALYSIS

 In his amended complaint [Doc. No. 1], Worthy alleges that AT&T discriminated against

him because of his race, and terminated him in retaliation for his filing a union grievance

regarding this alleged discrimination. AT&T argues that summary judgment on both of these
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claims is proper, and the Court agrees. 

I. Exhibits to Worthy’s Brief in Opposition to AT&T’s Motion. 

A preliminary note. In opposing AT&T’s motion for summary judgment, Worthy -

through his counsel - relies upon several exhibits which purport to establish discriminatory intent

in Lustig’s dealings with the Worthy. Specifically, Worthy attaches the following exhibits to his

motion [Doc. No. 26] relevant to this issue: 

Exhibit A - A “statement of facts” purportedly signed by Worthy, which is

undated, unsworn, and not notarized;

Exhibit C - A “statement of facts” purportedly signed by Worthy, dated

February 18, 2008, which is unsworn and not notarized;

Exhibit D - A writing purportedly signed by Greg Coleman, which is

undated, unsworn, and not notarized; 

Exhibit F - A “statement of facts” purportedly signed by Worthy, which is

undated, unsworn, and not notarized;

Exhibit G - A “statement of facts” purportedly from Worthy, which is

unsigned, undated, unsworn, and not notarized; and

Exhibit H - A collection of five documents: 

1) A letter purportedly from “the union members of the Linwood

Air Pressure crew,” bearing nine unidentified signatures,

dated January 4, 2008, which is unsworn and not notarized;

2) A letter purportedly from Kenji Lemon, which is unsigned,

undated, unsworn, and not notarized;

3) A letter purportedly signed by Erick Adams, which is undated,

unsworn, and not notarized;

4) A letter purportedly signed by Oliver Boyd, which is undated,

unsworn, and not notarized; and 

5) A letter purportedly signed by Tee-Huan Harvey, dated June 23,

2008, which is unsworn and not notarized. 

Again, when considering the merits of a summary judgment motion, FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c)

instructs federal courts to consider the “pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and

admissions on file, together with the affidavits” brought forth by the parties or witnesses. An

affidavit is: 

a voluntary declaration of facts written down and sworn to by the declarant before
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an officer authorized to administer oaths, such as a notary public; a great deal of

evidence is submitted by affidavit, especially in pretrial matters such as summary

judgment motions.

BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (8th Ed., 2004). The ten documents described supra, offered by

Worthy for the truth of their contents, are, at best, imperfect attempts at provided evidence by

affidavit for the Court’s consideration. 

Sixth Circuit case law is clear that “unsigned affidavits do not comply with FED. R. CIV.

P. 56(e).” Nassif Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Civic Prop. & Cas. Co., 2005 WL 712578, *3 (6th Cir.

Mar. 30, 2005); see also Wright v. Asset Acceptance Corp., 2000 WL 33216031, *5 (S.D. Ohio

Jan. 3, 2000) (“it is axiomatic that an ‘affidavit’ which is unsigned and not notarized cannot

qualify as proper Rule 56 evidence”). In this case, none of the ten documents described supra

are notorized - indeed, many of these documents are also unsigned, undated, or both. 

While 28 U.S.C. § 1746 does allow for unsworn declarations to be considered by the

Court under some circumstances, that statute does not assist Worthy here. “[U]nsworn

declarations are permitted to be used as evidence,” but “only if subscribed. . . as true under

penalty of perjury and dated.” Bonds v. Cox, 20 F.3d 697, 702 (6th Cir. 1994), quoting 28

U.S.C. § 1746 (emphasis in original). In this case, none of the documents described supra are

attested to under the penalty of perjury - using either the language, or its equivalent, required in

the statute. Further, many of the documents are also undated. 

As the ten documents discussed supra are not proper affidavits, nor can they properly be

considered unsworn declarations under 28 U.S.C. § 1746, the Court will disregard them as

evidence for consideration in this motion. 

II. Worthy’s Racial Discrimination Claim Under the ELCRA. 
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In Count IV of his Amended Complaint [Doc. No. 1], Worthy alleges a cause of action

against AT&T for race discrimination in violation of Michigan’s Eliot Larsen Civil Rights Act

(“ELCRA”), M.C.L. § 37.2101 et seq. In its motion, AT&T argues that Worthy’s discrimination

claim fails as a matter of law. [See Def.’s Br., Doc. No. 18, pp.3-8]. The Court agrees. 

Worthy, an African-American male, brings his discrimination claim claim under

Michigan’s Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, M.C.L. § 37.201 et seq. That statute provides, in

relevant part: 

An employer shall not do any of the following:

(a) Fail or refuse to hire or recruit, discharge, or otherwise discriminate

against an individual with respect to employment, compensation, or a

term, condition, or privilege of employment, because or religion, race,

color, national origin, age, sex, height, weight, or marital status. 

M.C.L. § 37.2202(1)(a). 

Michigan courts “have used the prima facie test articulated by the Supreme Court in

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green[, 411 U.S. 792 (1973)] as a framework for evaluating

[ELCRA] claims.” Town v. Mich. Bell Telephone Co., 455 Mich. 688, 695 (1997). First, the

employee has the burden to bring forth a prima facie showing of discrimination. Id. If the

plaintiff meets their prima facie burden, the burden of production shifts to the employer, who

must proffer a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s discharge. Id. Upon

satisfaction of the employer’s burden of production, the burden shifts back to the employee,

who:

. . . must submit admissible evidence to prove that the employer’s

nondiscriminatory reason was not the true reason for the discharge and that the

plaintiff’s [protected status - here, race] was a motivating factor in the employer’s

decision. Thus, the employer must prove that the employer’s explanation was a

pretext for discrimination. 
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Id. at 697 (emphasis added).

In this case, AT&T argues that Worthy can not meet his burden to proffer a prima facie

showing of discrimination, nor can he show that the legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons given

by AT&T for his termination were pretextual. While the Court disagrees with the first of these

arguments, Mr. Worthy still has not met his burden to show pretext. Summary judgment in

AT&T’s favor is therefore proper. 

A. Mr. Worthy’s Prima Facie Discrimination Claim. 

 AT&T argues that Worthy is incapable of establishing a prima facie claim under the

ELCRA. [See Def.’s Br., Doc. No. 18, p.3]. The Court disagrees. 

To proffer a prima facie claim of race discrimination under the ELCRA, Worthy must

establish: 1) that he was a member of a protected group - not disputed here; 2) that he was

qualified for the job; 3) that he was subjected to an adverse employment action; and 4) that he

was treated differently than similarly situated employees who were outside the protected group

for the same or similar conduct. See Hazle v. Ford Motor Co., 464 Mich 456, 467 (2001). The

Michigan Court of Appeals, in Mich. Civil Rights Comm’n ex rel Boyd v. Chrysler Corp.

elaborated upon this prima facie requirement as follows: 

[T]he prima facie showing of discrimination which [the plaintiff] is responsible

for making is not merely presentation of enough evidence to avoid a directed

verdict, as if this were a jury trial, but rather, presentation of enough evidence to

entitle him to a judgment if a nondiscriminatory reason for the discharge is not

shown. 

Second, all the evidence must be considered, there is no need to ignore opposing

evidence to determine if [the plaintiff] has made a prima facie case. If the

company can refute a claim of disparate treatment, it need not shoulder the burden

of proving a valid non-discriminatory reason for the discharge. 

Boyd, 80 Mich. App. 368, 375 (1977) (internal citations and quotations omitted). “Bare
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assertion[s]” of discrimination are insufficient to satisfy a plaintiff’s prima facie requirement. 

Bouwman v. Chrysler Corp., 114 Mich. App. 670, 682 (1982). Further, a plaintiff’s “subjective

beliefs. . . are wholly insufficient to establish a claim of discrimination as a matter of law.” 

Mitchell v. Toledo Hospital, 964 F.2d 577, 585 (6th Cir. 1992). 

In this case, AT&T makes several arguments why it believes Worthy fails to meet the

“qualified” element of his prima facie case. Citing Bouwman v. Chrysler Corp., 114 Mich. App.

670, 679 (1982), AT&T argues that Worthy was not “performing his. . . job at a level which met

his employer’s legitimate expectations.” [Def.’s Br., Doc. No. 18, p.5]. That standard discussed

in Bouwman, however, relates to a requirement for a prima facie showing under the federal Age

Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq., not the “qualified” element of an

ELCRA claim. 

The Sixth Circuit has recognized that “[c]ases bought pursuant to the ELCRA are

analyzed under the same evidentiary framework utilized in Title VII [i.e., federal employment

discrimination] cases.” Ford v. Securitas Sec. Services USA, Inc., 338 Fed. Appx. 483, 486 (6th

Cir. July 14, 2009). Applying Title VII standards, the Sixth Circuit has also held that a

plaintiff’s burden to proffer a prima facie showing of discrimination “is not onerous, and poses a

burden easily met.” Kiluk v. Med. Imaging Resources, Inc., 325 Fed. Appx. 413, 414 (6th Cir.

Apr. 28, 2009) (internal citations and quotations omitted). Specific to the “qualified” prong of

Title VII claims - and therefore also with respect to ELCRA claims, “we consider [the

plaintiff’s] qualifications, such as [his or her] education, experience in the relevant industry, and

possession of the general skills required for this position.” Id. Thus, under the ELCRA - and

contrary to AT&T’s arguments here - while Worthy’s job performance may be relevant under an
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ADEA claim, it is not relevant to his status as “qualified” for purposes of this action. 

Similarly, AT&T’s argument that Worthy did not suffer an adverse employment action is

also without merit. [See Def.’s Br., Doc. No. 18, pp.5-6]. While AT&T is correct in arguing that

“[w]rite-ups, criticism by a supervisor, and performance improvement plans” do not satisfy the

requirement for an adverse employment action, Id., citing Pena v. Ingham County Rd. Comm’n,

255 Mich. App. 299, 312 (2003)], Pena also emphatically states that having one’s employment

terminated - as was the case with Worthy - does satisfy that requirement: 

Although there is no exhaustive list of adverse employment actions, typically it

takes the form of an ultimate decision, such as a termination in employment, a

demotion evidenced by a decrease in wage of salary, a less distinguished title, a

material loss in benefits, significantly diminished material responsibilities, or

other indices that might be unique to a particular situation. 

Pena, 255 Mich. App. at 312 (internal citations and quotations omitted) (emphasis added).

In this case, it is undisputed that Worthy’s employment with AT&T was terminated,

which he alleges was due, in part, to the discriminatory treatment he suffered at the hands of Mr.

Lustig, his supervisor. Such is the very definition of an averse employment action.

AT&T also argues that the lack of temporal proximity between Lustig’s alleged “boy”

comment and Worthy’s termination is relevant to his prima facie case. The Court disagrees. 

While temporal proximity is relevant to Worthy’s retaliation claim, discussed infra, the cases

cited by AT&T in their brief either relate to other state’s discrimination statutes, or are otherwise

not on point. 

Again, the burden on plaintiffs to proffer a prima facie showing of discrimination is not

onerous. Here, Worthy, an African-American male, alleges that he was qualified for his position

as a service technician with AT&T, that he was terminated from that position, and that other,
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non-minority employees were treated differently than he was by his supervisor. Nothing more is

required of Worthy to set forth a prima facie case of discrimination. 

B. Mr. Worthy’s Failure to Show Pretext. 

AT&T has offered a legitimate, non-discriminatory rationale for its decision to terminate

Worthy’s employment - i.e., that Worthy had a long history of insubordination and failure to

complete assigned tasks, culminating in the events of February 14, 2008. In his brief in

opposition to AT&T’s motion [Doc. No. 26], Worthy makes no argument disputing AT&T’s

reasons for terminating him. The Court therefore holds that AT&T has met its required burden

under the second McDonnell-Douglas prong. 

Again, to successfully prove that AT&Ts explanation for his discharge was a pretext for

racial discrimination, Worthy “must submit admissible evidence to prove that the employer’s

nondiscriminatory reason was not the true reason for the discharge and that the plaintiff’s

[protected status - in this case, race] was a motivating factor in the employer’s decision.” Town

v. Mich. Bell Telephone Co., 455 Mich. 688, 697 (1997). 

Further, it is not enough for Worthy to simply raise a genuine issue of material fact

regarding the pretextual nature of AT&T’s proffered reasons. Instead, Worthy “must not merely

raise a triable issue that the employer’s proffered reason was pretextual, but that it was a pretext

for [race]. . . discrimination.” Lytle v. Malady, 458 Mich. 153, 176 (1998) (emphasis added). 

The Lytle Court elaborated as follows: 

[A] plaintiff must prove discrimination with admissible evidence, either direct or

circumstantial, sufficient to permit a reasonable trier of fact to conclude that

discrimination was a motivating factor for the adverse action taken by the

employer toward the plaintiff.

Id. (emphasis added). Michigan courts recognize three separate avenues by which a plaintiff can
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show pretext: 

A plaintiff can establish that a defendant’s articulated legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reasons are pretexts (1) by showing that the reasons have no

basis in fact, (2) if they have a basis in fact, by showing that they were not the

actual factors motivating the decision, or (3) if they were factors, by showing that

they were jointly insufficient to justify the decision. 

Feick v. County of Monroe, 229 Mich. App. 335, 343 (1998).

In this case, Worthy has not come forward with evidence proving that AT&T’s rationale

for terminating him was pretextual. Though Worthy asserts that “Lustig was unreasonable in

reprimanding the Plaintiff,” and that AT&T “had no basis in fact” for doing so [see Pl.’s Br.,

Doc. No. 26, p.13], Worthy has come forward with no admissible evidence to support his

assertions. This evidentiary deficiency is fatal to Worthy’s claim for discrimination under the

ELCRA, and the Court therefore GRANTS AT&T’s motion for summary judgment on Count IV

of Worthy’s complaint. 

 III. Worthy’s Retaliation Claim Under the ELCRA. 

In Count V of his Amended Complaint [Doc. No. 1], Worthy alleges a cause of action

against AT&T for retaliation in violation of Michigan’s Eliot Larsen Civil Rights Act

(“ELCRA”), M.C.L. § 37.2101 et seq. In its motion, AT&T argues that Worthy’s discrimination

claim fails as a matter of law. [See Def.’s Br., Doc. No. 18, pp.8-11]. The Court agrees. 

A prima facie case of unlawful retaliation under the ELCRA is established where a

plaintiff: 1) engages in a protected activity; 2) that is known by the defendant; 3) suffers an

adverse employment action, and 4) shows a causal connection between the protected activity and

the adverse employment action. See, e.g., Lee v. City of Detroit, 2008 WL 5101950, *6 (Mich.

App. Dec. 4, 2008); Pena, 255 Mich, App. at 311. In this case, though Worthy satisfies the third
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of these requirements - i.e., that his employment with AT&T was terminated - Worthy has failed

to establish any of the other three requirements. 

In his brief in opposition to AT&T’s motion [Doc. No. 26], Worthy alleges that he was

retaliated against by Lustig - and therefore by AT&T - due to his filing a union grievance

regarding Lustig’s “boy” comment in 2005:

Plaintiff testified that, following the incident where Mr. Lustig had called Plaintiff

“boy,” it was at that point that Mr. Lustig tried to be proactive and attempt to

reprimand the Plaintiff, which Plaintiff did, in fact, file a grievance for that

incident. Since then, Plaintiff’s filing of a grievance in August of 2007 and also

in November of 2005 led to a series of unjustified citations for wrongful

misconduct on the job by Mr. Lustig. . . . had Plaintiff not filed the grievance in

November of 2005 for the statement that Mr. Lustig made referring to the Plaintiff

as “boy,” all of these subsequent unjustified accusations would lead one to

believe that Mr. Lustig, by way of circumstantial evidence, terminated the

Plaintiff. 

[Pl.’s Br., Doc. No. 26, p.13]. 

This argument is without merit for several reasons. First, and most importantly, besides

Worthy’s own self-serving assertion, there is absolutely no evidence to support his claim that he

filed a union grievance regarding Lustig’s alleged 2005 “boy” comment. Worthy’s union has

absolutely no record of any such grievance being filed with them, nor does AT&T. Without

being able to prove that the “protected activity” Worthy alleges he was engaged in - i.e, the filing

of a union grievance to protest his supervisor’s allegedly racist comments - ever actually

happened, Worthy cannot satisfy the first prong of a valid ELCRA retaliation claim. Further, if

the grievance never happened, then logically Worthy also cannot satisfy the second prong of an

ELCRA retaliation claim: that AT&T knew about the protected activity. 

Finally, even assuming arguendo that a protected activity had been shown by Mr.

Worthy, Worthy cannot satisfy the fourth and final requirement for a valid ELCRA retaliation
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claim: a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action. 

Other than his own speculation that Lustig - and therefore AT&T - retaliated against him in

response to his union grievance, Worthy has proffered no evidence suggesting a causal link

between the supposed grievance and his termination. 

Where an adverse employment action occurs very close in time after an employer learns

that an employee has engaged in protected behavior, such temporal proximity may be sufficient

to evidence a causal connection. See, e.g., Clark County Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268

(2001). However, other circuits have held that, even after a relatively short period of time,

lapses between a protected activity and the alleged retaliation have been held insufficient to

evidence a causal connection. See, e.g., LeBoon v. Lancaster Jewish Cmth. Ctr. Ass’n, 503 F.3d

217, 232 (3d Cir. 2007) (three month lag insufficient to show causation); O’Neal v. Ferguson,

237 F.3d 1248, 1253 (10th Cir. 2001) (two months insufficient). Here, by contrast, Worthy’s

employment with AT&T was terminated on March 13, 2008 - well over two years after the

alleged “boy” comment was made by Lustig. Temporal proximity alone is an insufficient basis

for Worthy to allege causation. Worthy alleges no further argument in his brief in support of

such a causal connection. 

As Worthy has failed to make out a prima facie showing of retaliation under the ELCRA,

the Court GRANTS AT&T’s motion for summary judgment on Count V of Worthy’s complaint.

CONCLUSION 

For the reasons explained above, the Court GRANTS AT&T’s Motion [Doc. No. 18],

and DISMISSES this case in its entirety.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/Sean F. Cox 
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SEAN F. COX

Dated: July 21, 2010 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE