# Patent

## Title
Reduced-diameter optical fiber

## Abstract

Disclosed is a reduced-diameter optical fiber that employs a novel coating system. When combined with a bend-insensitive glass fiber, the novel coating system according to the present invention yields an optical fiber having exceptionally low losses. The coating system features (i) a softer primary coating with excellent low-temperature characteristics to protect against microbending in any environment and in the toughest physical situations and, optionally, (ii) a colored secondary coating possessing enhanced color strength and vividness. The secondary coating provides improved ribbon characteristics for structures that are robust, yet easily entered (i.e., separated and stripped). The optional dual coating is specifically balanced for superior heat stripping in fiber ribbons, with virtually no residue left behind on the glass. This facilitates fast splicing and terminations. The improved coating system provides optical fibers that offer significant advantages for deployment in most, if not all, fiber-to-the-premises (FTTx) systems.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO PRIORITY APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/614,011 for a Reduced-Diameter Optical Fiber (filed Nov. 6, 2009, and published May 13, 2010, as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0119202 A1), now U.S. Pat. No. 8,600,206. Parent U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/614,011 further claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/112,595 for a Microbend-Resistant Optical Fiber (filed Nov. 7, 2008), U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/177,996 for a Reduced-Diameter Optical Fiber (filed May 13, 2009), and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/248,319 for a Reduced-Diameter Optical Fiber (filed Oct. 2, 2009). Each foregoing commonly assigned patent application, patent application publication, and patent is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention embraces optical fibers possessing an improved coating system that reduces stress-induced microbending. The present invention further embraces the deployment of such optical fibers in various structures, such as buffer tubes and cables.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Fiber to the premises/business/home (i.e., FTTx) provides broadband data transfer technology to the individual end-user. FTTx installations, which are being increasingly deployed throughout the world, are making use of innovative, reduced-cost system designs to promote the spread of the technology. For example, fiber may be delivered in the last link by way of a microcable. Air-blown fibers provide another efficient model for delivering the link to the end-use terminus. There continues to be industry-wide focus on modes of deployment that overcome economic obstacles that impede fiber-based broadband solutions for data transmission to businesses and residences.
Cost-effectiveness is important, of course, for achieving successful FTTx systems. Reduced size for cables, drops, and structures for blowing are often critical, too. Installation of conduits suitable for traditional cable designs is often prohibitive in existing infrastructure. Thus, existing small ducts or tight pathways have to be used for new fiber installations. Low-cost and reduced-size requirements are driving in a direction that reduces protection for the optical fibers (i.e., away from conventionally robust, more bulky cable designs).
Glass designs are now available that offer reduced sensitivity to small bending radius (i.e., decreased added attenuation due to the phenomenon known as macrobending). These include trench-assisted core design or void-assisted fibers. Glass designs with lower mode field diameter are less sensitive to macrobending effects, but are not compatible with the G.652 SMF standard. Single-mode optical fibers that are compliant with the ITU-T G.652.D requirements are commercially available, for instance, from Draka Comteq (Claremont, N.C.).
Microbending is another phenomenon that induces added loss in fiber signal strength. Microbending is induced when small stresses are applied along the length of an optical fiber, perturbing the optical path through microscopically small deflections in the core.
In this regard, U.S. Pat. No. 7,272,289 (Bickham et al.), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, proposes an optical fiber having low macrobend and microbend losses. U.S. Pat. No. 7,272,289 broadly discloses an optical fiber possessing (i) a primary coating having a Young's modulus of less than 1.0 MPa and a glass transition temperature of less than −25° C. and (ii) a secondary coating having a Young's modulus of greater than 1,200 MPa.
Nonetheless, better protection against microbending is still needed to help ensure successful deployment in more FTTx applications. To this end, it is necessary to discover and implement new coating systems that better address the demands FTTx installations place on fiber and cable structures in a way that is commercially practical (i.e., cost-effective).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an optical fiber having an improved coating system that provides improved protection against stress-induced microbending.
It is another object to provide an improved coating system that can be readily mated with either single-mode optical fiber or multimode optical fiber.
It is yet another object to provide an improved coating system that can be readily mated with bend-insensitive optical fiber.
It is yet another object to provide an improved optical fiber coating system including a primary coating that possesses a low modulus to provide enhanced cushioning against lateral and axial stresses induced by external forces.
It is yet another object to provide an improved optical fiber coating system including a primary coating that possesses an exceptionally low glass transition temperature (Tg) that reduces temperature-induced stresses in unusually cold environments.
It is yet another object to provide an improved optical fiber coating system including a primary coating that possesses an improved curing rate.
It is yet another object to provide an improved optical fiber coating system including an ink-free secondary coating that has improved brightness and visibility.
It is yet another object to provide an improved optical fiber coating system that can be applied at commercial processing speeds (e.g., forming the primary coating at rates of at least about 20 meters per second).
It is yet another object to provide an optical fiber possessing coatings that are readily stripped.
It is yet another object to provide an optical fiber having enhanced performance characteristics for use in FTTx installations in which conventional, robust cable designs are impractical.
It is yet another object to provide an optical fiber that synergistically combines a bend-insensitive glass fiber (e.g., Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBrightXS®) with the coating according to the present invention (e.g., Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system).
It is yet another object to provide an optical fiber that can be advantageously deployed in buffer tubes and/or fiber optic cables.
It is yet another object to provide an optical fiber that requires less external protection (e.g., enclosed within thinner buffer tubes and/or cable jacketing).
It is yet another object to provide a bend-insensitive optical fiber possessing a reduced diameter (e.g., having thinner coating layers and/or a thinner component glass fiber).
It is yet another object to provide a reduced-diameter optical fiber that requires less deployment space (e.g., within a buffer tube and/or fiber optic cable), thereby facilitating increased fiber count and/or reduced cable size.
It is yet another object to provide an optical fiber that can be installed in a way that employs small-radius bends.
It is yet another object to provide an optical fiber that facilitates direct installation onto buildings or other structures (e.g., stapled or otherwise secured to structural surfaces).
It is yet another object to provide a 200-micron single-mode optical fiber that provides significantly better microbending performance than that of a standard single-mode optical fiber (SSMF) that employs conventional primary and secondary coatings (i.e., at an outer diameter of about 235-265 microns).
The foregoing, as well as other objectives and advantages of the invention, and the manner in which the same are accomplished, are further specified within the following detailed description and its accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 depicts microbend testing results demonstrating that exceptionally low microbending losses are achieved, in accordance with the present invention, by pairing a bend-insensitive glass fiber with a low-modulus primary coating.
FIG. 2 schematically depicts the relationship between the in situ modulus of a primary coating and added loss for a multimode optical fiber.
FIG. 3 depicts the dynamic mechanical properties of a typical commercial primary coating (i.e., a conventional primary coating).
FIG. 4 depicts the dynamic mechanical properties of an exemplary primary coating used in producing optical fibers according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 depicts microbend testing results for optical fibers that include a conventional primary coating and for optical fibers that include an exemplary primary coating according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 depicts microbend testing results (under rigorous temperature-cycle testing conditions) for optical fibers that include a conventional primary coating and for optical fibers that include an exemplary primary coating according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 depicts microbend testing results (under modified temperature-cycle testing conditions) for optical fibers that include a conventional primary coating and for optical fibers that include an exemplary primary coating according to the present invention.
FIG. 8 depicts microbend testing results demonstrating that exceptionally low microbending losses are achieved, in accordance with the present invention, by pairing a bend-insensitive glass fiber with a low-modulus primary coating.
FIG. 9 depicts microbend testing results (under rigorous temperature-cycle testing conditions) for conventional optical fibers and for optical fibers that, in accordance with the present invention, combine a bend-insensitive glass fiber with a low-modulus primary coating.
FIG. 10 depicts microbend testing results (under modified temperature-cycle testing conditions) for conventional optical fibers and for optical fibers that, in accordance with the present invention, combine a bend-insensitive glass fiber with a low-modulus primary coating.
FIG. 11 depicts attenuation (added loss) as a function of MAC number (i.e., mode field diameter divided by cutoff wavelength) for various exemplary optical fibers.
FIG. 12 depicts, on a logarithmic scale, microbend sensitivity as a function of MAC number (i.e., mode field diameter divided by cutoff wavelength) for various exemplary optical fibers.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In one aspect, the present invention embraces optical fibers possessing an improved coating system that reduces stress-induced microbending, even in exceptionally cold environments required for FTTx deployments. The coating system according to the present invention includes a primary coating that combines low in situ modulus (e.g., less than about 0.5 MPa as measured on the fiber) and low glass transition temperature (Tg) (e.g., less than about −50° C.) to reduce stresses caused by external force and temperature. In addition, the coating system can be processed at high production speeds (e.g., 15-20 msec or more).
The present invention achieves a microbend-resistant optical fiber, particularly a single-mode optical fiber, by employing as its primary coating a UV-curable, urethane acrylate composition. In this regard, the primary coating includes between about 40 and 80 weight percent of polyether-urethane acrylate oligomer as well as photoinitiator, such as LUCERIN TPO, which is commercially available from BASF. In addition, the primary coating includes one or more oligomers and one or more monomer diluents (e.g., isobornyl acrylate), which may be included, for instance, to reduce viscosity and thereby promote processing. A suitable composition for the primary coating according to the present invention is a UV-curable urethane acrylate product provided by DSM Desotech (Elgin, Ill.) under the trade name DeSolite® DP 1011.
In this regard, this application incorporates entirely by reference the following commonly assigned patent application publications and patent applications: U.S. Patent Application No. 60/986,737 for a Microbend-Resistant Optical Fiber, filed Nov. 9, 2007, (Overton); U.S. Patent Application No. 61/041,484 for a Microbend-Resistant Optical Fiber, filed Apr. 1, 2008, (Overton); U.S. Patent Application No. 61/112,595 for a Microbend-Resistant Optical Fiber, filed Nov. 7, 2008, (Overton); International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2009/062131 A1 for a Microbend-Resistant Optical Fiber, (Overton); and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0175583 A1 and its counterpart U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/267,732 for a Microbend-Resistant Optical Fiber, (Overton).
This application further incorporates entirely by reference the following commonly assigned patents, patent application publications, and patent applications: U.S. Pat. No. 4,838,643 for a Single Mode Bend Insensitive Fiber for Use in Fiber Optic Guidance Applications (Hodges et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2007/0127878 A1 for a Single Mode Optical Fiber (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,587,111 for a Single-Mode Optical Fiber (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,356,234 for a Chromatic Dispersion Compensating Fiber (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,483,613 for a Chromatic Dispersion Compensating Fiber (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,555,186 for an Optical Fiber (Flammer et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/098,804 for a Transmission Optical Fiber Having Large Effective Area (Sillard et al.), filed Apr. 7, 2008; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0252469 A1 for a Dispersion-Shifted Optical Fiber (Sillard et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/436,423 for a Single-Mode Optical Fiber Having Reduced Bending Losses, filed May 6, 2009, (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/436,484 for a Bend-Insensitive Single-Mode Optical Fiber, filed May 6, 2009, (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/489,995 for a Wavelength Multiplexed Optical System with Multimode Optical Fibers, filed Jun. 23, 2009, (Lumineau et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/498,439 for a Multimode Optical Fibers, filed Jul. 7, 2009, (Gholami et al.); U.S. Patent Application No. 61/101,337 for a Bend-Insensitive Optical Fiber, filed Sep. 30, 2008, (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. Patent Application No. 61/112,006 for a Bend-Insensitive Single-Mode Optical Fiber, filed Nov. 6, 2008, (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. Patent Application No. 61/112,374 for a Bend-Insensitive Single-Mode Optical Fiber, filed Nov. 7, 2008, (de Montmorillon et al.).
One exemplary glass fiber, for instance, possesses a step-index core having a refractive index that is between about 0.003 and 0.006 higher than the refractive index of its adjacent silica cladding.
Exemplary single-mode glass fibers for use in the present invention are commercially available from Draka Comteq (Claremont, N.C.) under the trade name BendBright®, which is compliant with the ITU-T G.652.D requirements, and the trade name BendBrightXS®, which is compliant with the ITU-T G.657.A/B and ITU-T G.652.D requirements.
In particular and as set forth herein, it has been unexpectedly discovered that the pairing of a bend-insensitive glass fiber (e.g., Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBrightXS®) and a primary coating having very low modulus (e.g., DSM Desotech's UV-curable urethane acrylate product provided under the trade name DeSolite® DP 1011) achieves optical fibers having exceptionally low losses (e.g., reductions in microbend sensitivity of at least 10× (e.g., 40× to 100× or more) as compared with a single-mode fiber employing a conventional coating system). Draka Comteq's bend-resistant, single-mode glass fiber available under the trade name BendBrightXS® employs a trench-assisted design that reduces microbending losses.
FIG. 1 depicts this outstanding result by comparing the aforementioned exemplary single-mode fiber according to the present invention with various single-mode fibers employing conventional coating systems. In this regard, FIG. 1 presents spectral attenuation data by measuring initial spectral attenuation on the optical fiber on a shipping spool, thereby obtaining the peaks and valleys typical of the attenuation across the full spectrum of wavelengths between the limits shown. The optical fiber is then wound onto a sandpaper-covered, fixed-diameter drum (i.e., measurement spool) as described by the IEC fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test (i.e., IEC TR62221, Method B), and another spectral attenuation curve is obtained.
The IEC fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test (i.e., IEC TR62221, Method B) provides a microbending stress situation that affects single-mode fibers even at room temperature. The sandpaper, of course, provides a rough surface that subjects the optical fiber to thousands, if not millions, of stress points. With respect to the test data presented in FIG. 1, a 300-mm diameter fiber spool was wrapped with adhesive-backed, 40-micron grade sandpaper (i.e., approximately equivalent to 300-grit sandpaper) to create a rough surface. Then, 400-meter fiber samples were wound at about 2,940 mN (i.e., a tension of 300 gf on a 300-mm diameter cylinder), and spectral attenuation was measured at 23° C.
The curves presented in FIG. 1 represent the difference between the initial spectral curve and the curve when the fiber is on the sandpaper drum, thereby providing the added loss due to microbending stresses.
Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize cable designs are now employing smaller diameter buffer tubes and less expensive materials in an effort to reduce costs. Consequently, when deployed in such cable designs, single-mode optical fibers are less protected and thus more susceptible to stress-induced microbending. As noted, the present invention provides an improved coating system that better protects optical fibers against stresses caused by external mechanical deformations and by temperature-induced, mechanical property changes to the coatings.
As noted, conventional solutions for protecting optical fibers involved using large-diameter buffer tubes, buffer tubes made of high-modulus materials that resist deformation and stresses upon the fiber, and stronger, thicker cable jackets to resist deformations that might pinch or otherwise squeeze the optical fibers. These solutions, however, are not only costly, but also fail to address the temperature-induced stresses caused by changes to the protective coatings. In other words, conventional primary coatings possess high modulus at temperatures below their respective glass transition temperatures.
As disclosed herein, the optical fiber according to the present invention includes a primary coating possessing lower modulus and lower glass transition temperature than possessed by conventional single-mode fiber primary coatings. Even so, the improved primary coating formulation nonetheless facilitates commercial production of the present optical fiber at excellent processing speeds (e.g., 1,000 m/min or more). In this regard, the primary coating employed in the optical fibers of the present invention possesses fast curing rates—reaching 50 percent of full cure at a UV dose of about 0.3 J/cm2, 80 percent of full cure at a UV dose of about 0.5 J/cm2, and 90 percent of full cure at a UV dose of about 1.0 J/cm2 as measured on a standard 75-micron film at 20° C. and atmospheric pressure (i.e., 760 ton) (i.e., standard temperature and pressure—STP).
FIG. 2 schematically depicts the observed relationship between the in situ modulus of a primary coating and the attenuation (added loss) of the optical fiber, here a 50-micron graded-index multimode fiber. The primary coating modulus is measured as cured on the glass fiber and the added loss is measured using a fixed-diameter sandpaper drum procedure in accordance with the IEC TR62221 microbending-sensitivity technical report and standard test procedures e.g., IEC TR62221, Method B, Ed. 1), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
As will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art, prior, commercially available single-mode fibers typically include a Young's modulus of 100-150 psi measured in situ (i.e., on the fiber). The optical fiber according to the present invention possesses a primary coating having reduced modulus as compared with such commercially available primary coatings. Employing a lower modulus primary coating provides better cushioning around the glass fiber.
Although lower modulus of the in situ primary coating can be achieved by selectively undercuring, the present invention achieves in situ primary coating having lower modulus even approaching full cure (i.e., near full cure). In this regard, the modulus of the in situ primary coating according to the present invention is less than about 0.65 MPa (e.g., less than about 95 psi), typically less than about 0.5 MPa, and more typically less than 0.4 MPa (e.g., between about 0.3 MPa and 0.4 MPa or between about 40 psi and 60 psi). It has been determined that an in situ primary coating having a modulus of less than about 0.5 MPa significantly reduces bend sensitivity of the glass fiber. On the other hand, the modulus of the in situ primary coating according to the present invention is typically greater than about 0.2 MPa (e.g., 0.25 MPa or more).
To achieve its reduced modulus as compared with conventional optical fiber coatings, the present primary coating possesses a lower crosslink density, specifically a reduced concentration of the reactive acrylate groups. Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that acrylate groups crosslink via free radical polymerization during photoinitiation (e.g., UV-induced curing during drawing operations). The reaction kinetics dictate reduced cure rates during processing. This is commercially undesirable, of course, and so the present invention implements processing modifications to provide satisfactory cure rate for the low-modulus primary coating.
There are at least two components of the curing process that retard the rate of polymerization of the primary coating. First, the combination of (i) high curing temperatures induced by exposure to a high-intensity, UV environment and (ii) the exothermic polymerization reaction slows the observed curing rate of the primary coating. Second, close proximity of stacked UV lamps, in effect, creates rapidly superposed, repeated photoinitiation periods. The reaction rate of acrylate groups under this configuration is likewise retarded—a somewhat counterintuitive result. With respect to the latter, disposing (i.e., positioning) UV lamps to increase the period between consecutive UV exposures significantly increases the degree of coating cure as compared with other conventional processes employing the same draw speed and UV dose. In this way, it is possible to process the reduced-modulus, primary coating according to the present invention in a way that achieves near-complete curing at fast fiber draw speeds, which are required for a commercially viable process. An exemplary method and apparatus for curing a coated fiber is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,322,122, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The temperature dependence of the modulus is an important consideration to ensure that the primary coating provides enhanced microbending protection in FTTx applications. A primary coating having low modulus only at room temperature would be inadequate because deployment in the field will expose the optical fiber to microbend-inducing stresses at extreme environmental temperatures (e.g., −40° C. and below). Therefore, a suitable primary coating according to the present invention possesses an exceptionally low glass transition temperature so that the primary coating remains soft and protective in extremely cold environmental conditions.
Example 1
Comparison of Mechanical Properties
FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively, depict dynamic mechanical properties of a typical commercial primary coating (i.e., the conventional primary coating) and an exemplary primary coating used in making the optical fibers according to the present invention. The conventional primary coating was a UV-curable urethane acrylate provided by DSM Desotech (Elgin, Ill.) under the trade name DeSolite® DP 1007. The exemplary primary coating according to the present invention (i.e., employed to form optical fibers of the present invention) was a UV-curable urethane acrylate provided by DSM Desotech (Elgin, Ill.) under the trade name DeSolite® DP 1011.
The data for the conventional primary coating were obtained on a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) at an oscillatory stress rate of 1 Hz. In doing so, the strain was maintained within the linear region of stress-strain behavior. The sample of conventional primary coating was cured on polyester to form a standard 75-micron film. A UV dose of 1 J/cm2 was applied using a mercury-halide bulb operating at a 300 W/in output. This UV exposure was sufficient to ensure that the coating was on the plateau of the dose-modulus curve.
Referring to FIG. 3, the data show the equilibrium modulus to be approximately 1.5 MPa as measured on a 75-micron film. On a glass fiber (i.e., in situ), this conventional primary coating typically cures well to a modulus of about 0.8 MPa, a level indicative of many single-mode fiber primary coatings in the industry. Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that modulus measurements of softer primary coatings tend to be lower on a glass fiber (i.e., in situ) as compared with on a 75-micron film.
The glass transition temperature of the conventional primary coating is estimated by the peak in tan δ to be approximately −30° C. Thus, the conventional primary coating (and similar formulations) will behave like a glassy polymer at extremely low temperatures (e.g., less than −40° C., particularly less than −50° C.). (Although stress induced by strain is time dependent at low temperatures, estimated glass transition temperature is a useful comparative property.)
A sample of the exemplary primary coating according to the present invention was likewise cured on polyester to form a comparable 75-micron film. As before, a UV dose of 1 J/cm2 was applied to the primary coating using a mercury-halide bulb operating at a 300 W/in output. As noted, FIG. 4 depicts dynamic mechanical properties of the exemplary primary coating according to the present invention.
The exemplary primary coating according to the present invention exhibited an equilibrium modulus at just under 1 MPa in the cured film. The in situ modulus (i.e., measured on the glass fiber), was between about 0.3 MPa and 0.4 MPa. This is significantly lower than the respective modulus measurements for the conventional primary coating.
The glass transition temperature of the exemplary primary coating according to the present invention is estimated by the peak in tan δ at less than about −50° C. (e.g., about −60° C.). This is at least about 20° C. below the glass transition temperature of the comparative, conventional primary coating. Accordingly, primary coatings according to the present invention provide much more rapid stress relaxation during temperature excursions.
As set forth in Examples 2 and 3 (below), two different methods were used to evaluate the respective microbend sensitivities of glass fibers coated with (i) a typical commercial primary coating (i.e., the conventional primary coating) and (ii) an exemplary primary coating according to the present invention. As with Example 1 (above), the conventional primary coating was a UV-curable urethane acrylate provided by DSM Desotech (Elgin, Ill.) under the trade name DeSolite® DP 1007, and the exemplary primary coating according to the present invention (i.e., employed to form optical fibers of the present invention) was a UV-curable urethane acrylate provided by DSM Desotech (Elgin, Ill.) under the trade name DeSolite® DP 1011.
Each test method provided aggravated lateral stress conditions. Moreover, after measuring the effect on attenuation at room temperature, the test structures were temperature cycled to determine the additional loss induced by such temperature excursions.
Example 2
Comparison of Microbending Sensitivity
The first test method employed was a basket-weave, temperature cycling procedure known by those having ordinary skill in the art. According to this test procedure, optical fiber was wound at about 490 mN (i.e., a tension of 50 gf on a 300-mm diameter quartz cylinder with a 9-mm “lay”). Fifty layers were wound on the quartz drum to create numerous fiber-to-fiber crossovers. The testing procedure for Example 2 was an adaptation of IEC TR62221, Method D, which, as noted, is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that, at room temperature, such fiber crossovers can sometimes cause added loss (i.e., if the optical fiber is very sensitive) but that typically little or no added loss is observed. Consequently, the drum (with wound fiber) was temperature cycled twice from about room temperature through (i) −40° C., (ii) −60° C., (iii) +70° C., and (iv) +23° C. (i.e., near room temperature) while making loss measurements at 1550 nanometers. In both temperature cycles, fiber attenuation was measured after one hour at each test temperature.
FIG. 5 depicts exemplary results for single-mode glass fibers coated with, respectively, a conventional primary coating (i.e., DeSolite® DP 1007) and an exemplary primary coating according to the present invention (i.e., DeSolite® DP 1011). The respective fiber specimens were chosen to match the coating geometry, mode field diameter, and cutoff wavelength. Accordingly, the respective optical fibers employed different formulations of colored secondary coatings.
In summary, the conventional primary coating and the exemplary primary coating according to the present invention each provided good protection against microbending stresses at 23° C. Moreover, at −40° C., the optical fiber having the conventional primary coating demonstrated only a small added loss. (It would appear that at −40° C., the conventional primary coating provided adequate protection against microbending by stress relaxing in a reasonable timeframe, even though this was near its glass transition temperature.) By way of comparison, the optical fiber according to the present invention demonstrated essentially no added loss at −40° C. (i.e., better performance).
At −60° C., however, the optical fiber having the conventional primary coating demonstrated significant added loss. (This temperature extreme was well below the glass transition temperature of the conventional primary coating.) By way of comparison, the optical fiber according to the present invention demonstrated essentially no added loss at −60° C., which is close to the glass transition temperature of this embodiment of the primary coating according to the present invention.
Example 3
Comparison of Microbending Sensitivity
The second test method employed more aggressive environments (i.e., conditions) in order to evaluate the respective microbend sensitivities of (i) an optical fiber possessing a typical commercial primary coating (i.e., the conventional primary coating) and (ii) an optical fiber possessing an exemplary primary coating according to the present invention.
In particular, the second method modified the IEC fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test (i.e., IEC TR62221, Method B), which, as noted, is incorporated by reference in its entirety, to provide a microbending stress situation sufficiently harsh to affect single-mode fibers even at room temperature (i.e., a rougher drum surface than that used to measure the data depicted in FIG. 1). To do this, a 300-mm diameter quartz drum was wrapped with adhesive-backed, 220-grit sandpaper (i.e., approximately equivalent to 66-micron-grade sandpaper) to create a rough surface.
In an initial test condition, each of the respective fiber samples was wound in a single layer at about 980 mN (i.e., a tension of 100 gf on a 300-mm diameter quartz cylinder). In a modified test condition, three (3) each of the respective fiber samples was wound in a single layer at about 1,470 mN (i.e., a tension of 150 gf on a 300-mm diameter quartz cylinder). Thus, as compared with the first test condition, the second test condition increased the winding tension by 50 percent.
Using matched fiber samples (as with the basket weave/temperature cycling test of Example 2) fiber attenuation was measured after winding at room temperature (i.e., 23° C.) for each test condition. Then, the drum (with 400 meters of wound fiber) was temperature cycled from about room temperature through (i) −40° C., (ii) −60° C., and (iii) +23° C. (i.e., near room temperature) while making loss measurements at 1550 nanometers using an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR).
The several samples of each kind of optical fiber were initially measured at 23° C. on the original spools (i.e., before winding on the roughened drum surface to establish baseline spectral attenuation) then were subjected to the foregoing rigorous testing conditions for one hour at each temperature. Fiber attenuation was measured after one hour (as in Example 2) at each test temperature.
FIG. 6, a line chart, and FIG. 7, a box plot, depict exemplary results under these more rigorous testing conditions for single-mode optical fibers that include a conventional primary coating (i.e., DeSolite® DP 1007 UV-curable urethane acrylate) and for single-mode optical fibers that include an exemplary primary coating according to the present invention (i.e., DeSolite® DP 1011 UV-curable urethane acrylate).
FIG. 6, for instance, shows that, as compared with conventional optical fibers, exemplary optical fibers according to the present invention possess reduced microbend sensitivity (i.e., a reduction of about 40-60 percent).
Likewise, FIG. 7 shows that, as compared with conventional optical fibers, exemplary optical fibers according to the present invention possess substantially reduced microbend sensitivity at a higher winding tension (i.e., 150 gf on a 300-mm diameter quartz cylinder). FIG. 7 thus illustrates that the exemplary primary coating according to the present invention (i.e., DeSolite® DP 1011 UV-curable urethane acrylate) promotes both significantly reduced and significantly more uniform microbending performance.
In accordance with the foregoing, it has been found that, as compared with a conventional coating system, the present coating system provides significant microbending improvement when used in combination with a conventional single-mode glass fiber.
It has been further found that pairing a bend-insensitive glass fiber (e.g., Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBrightXS®) and a primary coating having very low modulus (e.g., DSM Desotech's UV-curable urethane acrylate product provided under the trade name DeSolite® DP 1011) achieves optical fibers having exceptionally low losses. Additional testing was performed, therefore, to demonstrate the dramatic and unexpected reductions in microbend sensitivity provided in accordance with the present invention.
Example 4
Comparison of Microbending Sensitivity
The respective microbend sensitivities were measured for exemplary optical fibers, including (i) a conventional single-mode glass fiber with a conventional commercial coating, (ii) a bend-insensitive glass fiber with a conventional commercial coating, and (iii) a bend-insensitive glass fiber (e.g., Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBrightXS®) with the coating according to the present invention (e.g., Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system).
FIG. 8 demonstrates that the optical fiber according to the present invention, namely including a bend-insensitive glass fiber (e.g., Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBrightXS®) and a primary coating having very low modulus (e.g., DSM Desotech's UV-curable urethane acrylate product provided under the trade name DeSolite® DP 1011), provides exceptionally low attenuation losses as compared with other optical fibers. Moreover, this bend-resistant optical fiber exhibits small wavelength dependence within the transmission window between 1400 nanometers and 1700 nanometers, and is essentially unaffected by the microbend-inducing test conditions across the test spectrum.
FIG. 8 presents exemplary spectral attenuation data obtained adhering to IEC TR62221, Method B (fixed-diameter drum). In accordance with IEC TR62221, Method B, initial spectral attenuation was measured on a 440-meter sample of optical fiber wound on a shipping spool (i.e., obtaining the peaks and valleys typical of the attenuation across the full spectrum of wavelengths between the limits shown). The optical fiber was then wound at about 3 N onto a 300-mm diameter measurement spool wrapped with adhesive-backed, 40-micron grade sandpaper (i.e., approximately equivalent to 300-grit sandpaper), and another spectral attenuation curve was obtained.
Like the curves presented in FIG. 1, the curves depicted in FIG. 8 represent, at 23° C., the difference between the initial spectral curve and the curve when the fiber is on the sandpaper drum of fixed diameter, thereby providing the added loss due to microbending stresses (i.e., delta-attenuation across the spectral range).
Example 5
Comparison of Microbending Sensitivity
The respective microbend sensitivities were measured under rigorous test conditions for exemplary optical fibers, including (i) a conventional single-mode glass fiber with a conventional commercial coating and (ii) a bend-insensitive glass fiber (e.g., Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBrightXS®) with the coating according to the present invention (e.g., Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system).
FIG. 9 demonstrates that, even under extremely harsh conditions, the optical fiber according to the present invention, namely including a bend-insensitive glass fiber (e.g., Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBrightXS®) and a primary coating having very low modulus (e.g., DSM Desotech's UV-curable urethane acrylate product provided under the trade name DeSolite® DP 1011), provides surprisingly low attenuation losses as compared with other optical fibers.
The testing procedure for Example 5 was an adaptation of IEC TR62221, Method B, which, as noted, is incorporated by reference in its entirety. For this modified IEC fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test, a 300-mm diameter quartz drum was wrapped with adhesive-backed, 180-grit sandpaper (i.e., approximately equivalent to 78-micron-grade sandpaper) to create an even rougher surface than that described in Example 3 (above). Then, 440-meter fiber samples were wound in a single layer at about 1,470 mN (i.e., a controlled back tension of 150 gf on the 300-mm diameter quartz cylinder using a Delachaux optical fiber winding apparatus), and spectral attenuation was measured.
FIG. 9 presents exemplary temperature-cycle data for three specimens of standard single-mode fiber (i.e., a conventional single-mode glass fiber with a conventional commercial coating) and three specimens of optical fiber according to the present invention (i.e., a bend-insensitive glass fiber with improved coating according to the present invention). As noted, 440 meters of optical fiber is wound onto the aforementioned sandpaper-covered, fixed-diameter drum. One hour after winding, fiber attenuation was measured at room temperature (i.e., 23° C.) using an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). Then, the drum (with 440 meters of wound fiber) was temperature cycled from about room temperature through (i) −40° C. and (ii) −60° C. in a temperature-controlled chamber. Fiber attenuation at 1550 nanometers was measured by an OTDR after one hour of equilibration at both −40° C. and −60° C.
Microbending sensitivity (Sm) may be described as αR/T, wherein α is the attenuation increase on the drum (dB/km), R is the radius of the fixed drum (mm), and T is the winding tension applied to the fiber (N). See e.g., IEC TR62221 Technical Report (Microbending Sensitivity). In addition to the parameters α, R, and T, however, the microbending-sensitivity metric obtained from the fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test is dependent on the coarseness of the sandpaper employed on the measurement drum.
Table 1 (below) presents the microbending-sensitivity metric obtained from the attenuation data (at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers) depicted in FIG. 9 (i.e., employing 180-grit sandpaper). Table 1 shows that, as compared with a conventional standard single-mode fiber, the optical fiber according to the present invention provides microbending sensitivity that is about 2×-10× lower at 23° C. and about 2×-5× lower at −40° C.:







TABLE 1







(Microbend Sensitivity)













−60° C.


Optical Fiber
23° C.
−40° C.
(dB/km)/


(Coating Color)
(dB/km)/(N/mm)
(dB/km)/(N/mm)
(N/mm)













Conventional SMF
139.9
220.6
331.8


(blue)





Conventional SMF
261.0
329.7
417.9


(red)





Conventional SMF
104.3
161.9
228.0


(aqua)





BendBrightXS ® w/
35.8
76.5
163.4


ColorLockXS (slate)





BendBrightXS ® w/
30.1
70.6
144.2


ColorLockXS (red)





BendBrightXS ® w/
42.7
84.7
166.4


ColorLockXS (aqua)









Example 6
Comparison of Microbending Sensitivity
The respective microbend sensitivities were further measured for exemplary optical fibers, including (i) a conventional single-mode glass fiber with a conventional commercial coating and (ii) a bend-insensitive glass fiber (e.g., Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBrightXS®) with the coating according to the present invention (e.g., Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system).
The testing procedure for Example 6 was an adaptation of IEC TR62221, Method B, which, as noted, is incorporated by reference in its entirety. For this modified IEC fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test, a 300-mm diameter quartz drum was wrapped with adhesive-backed, 220-grit sandpaper (i.e., approximately equivalent to 66-micron-grade sandpaper) to create a rough surface like that described in Example 3. Each of the fiber samples was wound in a single layer at about 1,470 mN (i.e., a tension of 150 gf on a 300-mm diameter quartz cylinder). As compared with the test conditions of Example 5, the test conditions of Example 6 employed finer grade sandpaper (i.e., 220-grit rather than 180-grit).
As in Example 3, using matched fiber samples, fiber attenuation was measured after winding at room temperature (i.e., 23° C.). Then, the drum (with about 400 meters of wound fiber) was temperature cycled from about room temperature through (i) −40° C., (ii) −60° C., and (iii) +23° C. (i.e., near room temperature) while making loss measurements at 1550 nanometers using an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR).
Three (3) samples of each kind of optical fiber were initially measured at 23° C. on the original spools (i.e., before winding on the roughened drum surface to establish baseline spectral attenuation) and then were subjected to the foregoing rigorous testing conditions for one hour at each temperature. Fiber attenuation was measured after one hour at each temperature.
FIG. 10 depicts exemplary results for single-mode optical fibers that include a conventional primary coating (i.e., DeSolite® DP 1007 UV-curable urethane acrylate) and for bend-insensitive glass fibers (e.g., Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBrightXS®) that include a primary coating having very low modulus (i.e., DSM Desotech's UV-curable urethane acrylate product provided under the trade name DeSolite® DP 1011).
FIG. 10 demonstrates that the optical fiber according to the present invention, namely Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBrightXS® with a primary coating having very low modulus (e.g., DSM Desotech's UV-curable urethane acrylate product provided under the trade name DeSolite® DP 1011), provides exceptionally low attenuation losses as compared with standard single-mode optical fibers (SSMF).
In addition, FIGS. 11 and 12 depict attenuation and microbend sensitivity, respectively, at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers as a function of MAC number (i.e., mode field diameter divided by cutoff wavelength) for various exemplary optical fibers in accordance with the standard IEC fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test (i.e., IEC TR62221, Method B). The respective attenuation data depicted in FIG. 11 (added loss) and FIG. 12 (microbend sensitivity) were obtained at 23° C. under the test conditions previously described with respect to FIG. 1 (i.e., 400-meter fiber samples were wound at about 2,940 mN (i.e., a tension of 300 gf) on a 300-mm diameter fiber spool wrapped with adhesive-backed, 40-micron grade sandpaper).
FIG. 11 shows that Draka Comteq's bend-resistant, single-mode glass fiber available under the trade name BendBrightXS® in combination with Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system provides outstanding performance with respect to added loss.
FIG. 12 shows that Draka Comteq's bend-resistant, single-mode glass fiber available under the trade name BendBrightXS® in combination with Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system provides superior microbend sensitivity (i.e., microbend sensitivity of 0.01 to 0.03 (dB/km)/(gf/mm)).
The optical fibers according to the present invention typically further include a tough secondary coating to protect the primary coating and glass fiber from damage during handling and installation. For example, the secondary coating might have a modulus of between about 800 MPa and 1,000 MPa (e.g., about 900 MPa) as measured on a standard 75-micron film. As disclosed herein, this secondary coating may be inked as a color code or, preferably, may be color-inclusive to provide identification without the need for a separate inking process.
In one embodiment according to the present invention, the secondary coating, which surrounds the primary coating to thereby protect the fiber structure, features an inclusive coloring system (i.e., not requiring an extra layer of ink to be added for color coding). The colors, which conform to Munsell standards for optical fiber color-coding, are enhanced for brightness and visibility under dim lighting (e.g., in deep shade or in confined spaces, such as manholes) and are easily distinguished against both light and dark backgrounds.
Furthermore, the secondary coating features a surface that provides an excellent interface with ribbon matrix material so that the matrix separates easily from the colored fiber in a way that does not sacrifice robustness. The mechanical properties of the colored secondary coating are balanced with those of the primary coating so that, in heat stripping, the coating/matrix composite separates cleanly from the glass fibers.
Employing Draka Comteq's bend-resistant, single-mode glass fiber available under the trade name BendBrightXS® (or the trade name BendBright-EliteTM) with the present dual-coating system, which includes a low-modulus primary coating, has been found to reduce microbending sensitivity by between about one to two orders of magnitude relative to standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) at the key transmission frequencies of 1550 nanometers and 1625 nanometers. As noted, such optical fiber not only provides outstanding resistance to microbending and macrobending, but also complies with the ITU-T G.657.A/B and ITU-T G.652.D requirements.
In particular, Draka Comteq's bend-resistant, single-mode glass fiber available under the trade name BendBrightXS® (e.g., enhanced with Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system) provides resistance to macrobending required for sustained bends having a radius as low as five (5) millimeters with an estimated failure probability of less than two (2) breaks per million full-circle bends (i.e., 360°) over 30 years in a properly protected environment. These bend-resistant optical fibers facilitate the rapid deployment of small, flexible cables for the delivery of fiber to the premises/business/home (i.e., FTTx) by virtue of the optical fiber's ability to sustain a loss-free transmission through small-radius bends. Cables employing such bend-resistant optical fibers may be routed around sharp bends, stapled to building frame, coiled, and otherwise employed in demanding environments while retaining clear and strong signal transmission.
In another aspect, the bend-insensitive optical fibers according to the present invention facilitate the reduction in overall optical-fiber diameter. As will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art, a reduced-diameter optical fiber is cost-effective, requiring less raw material. Moreover, a reduced-diameter optical fiber requires less deployment space (e.g., within a buffer tube and/or fiber optic cable), thereby facilitating increased fiber count and/or reduced cable size.
Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that an optical fiber with a primary coating (and an optional secondary coating and/or ink layer) typically has an outer diameter of between about 235 microns and about 265 microns (μm). The component glass fiber itself (i.e., the glass core and surrounding cladding layers) typically has a diameter of about 125 microns, such that the total coating thickness is typically between about 55 microns and 70 microns.
With respect to the optical fiber according to the present invention, the component glass fiber typically has an outer diameter of about 125 microns. With respect to the optical fiber's surrounding coating layers, the primary coating typically has an outer diameter of between about 175 microns and about 195 microns (i.e., a primary coating thickness of between about 25 microns and 35 microns) and the secondary coating typically has an outer diameter of between about 235 microns and about 265 microns (i.e., a secondary coating thickness of between about 20 microns and 45 microns). Optionally, the optical fiber according to the present invention may include an outermost ink layer, which is typically between two and ten microns in thickness.
In one alternative embodiment, an optical fiber according to the present invention may possess a reduced diameter (e.g., an outermost diameter between about 150 microns and 230 microns). In this alternative optical fiber configuration, the thickness of the primary coating and/or secondary coating is reduced, while the diameter of the component glass fiber is maintained at about 125 microns. (Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that, unless otherwise specified, diameter measurements refer to outer diameters.)
In such exemplary embodiments, the primary coating layer may have an outer diameter of between about 135 microns and about 175 microns (e.g., about 160 microns), typically less than 165 microns (e.g., between about 135 microns and 150 microns), and usually more than 140 microns (e.g., between about 145 microns and 155 microns, such as about 150 microns). Moreover, in such exemplary embodiments, the secondary coating layer may have an outer diameter of between about 150 microns and about 230 microns (e.g., more than about 165 microns, such as 190-210 microns or so), typically between about 180 microns and 200 microns. In other words, the total diameter of the optical fiber is reduced to less than about 230 microns (e.g., between about 195 microns and 205 microns, and especially about 200 microns).
One exemplary optical-fiber embodiment employs a secondary coating of about 197 microns at a tolerance of +/−5 microns (i.e., a secondary-coating outer diameter of between 192 microns and 202 microns). Typically, the secondary coating will retain a thickness of at least about 10 microns (e.g., an optical fiber having a reduced-thickness secondary coating of between 15 microns and 25 microns).
In accordance with the foregoing, a particular reduced-diameter, optical-fiber embodiment having exceptionally low losses employs Draka Comteq's 125-micron single-mode glass fiber available under the trade name BendBrightXS® with a 155-micron-diameter, low-modulus primary coating layer (e.g., Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system) and a secondary coating (e.g., a nominal 200-micron-diameter secondary coating). As noted, BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive optical fiber complies with the ITU-T G.657.A/B and ITU-T G.652.D requirements. In this optical-fiber embodiment, the maximum tolerance with respect to the primary-coating thickness is +/−5 microns (i.e., a primary-coating outer diameter of between 150 microns and 160 microns), more typically about +/−2.5 microns (i.e., a primary-coating outer diameter of between about 152.5 microns and 157.5 microns).
Another particular reduced-diameter, optical-fiber embodiment having exceptionally low losses employs Draka Comteq's 125-micron single-mode glass fiber available under the trade name BendBright-EliteTM with a 155-micron-diameter, low-modulus primary coating layer (e.g., Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system) and a secondary coating (e.g., a nominal 200-micron-diameter secondary coating). Like BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive optical fiber, BendBright-EliteTM bend-insensitive optical fiber complies with the ITU-T G.657.A/B and ITU-T G.652.D requirements. In this optical-fiber embodiment, the maximum tolerance with respect to the primary-coating thickness is +/−5 microns (i.e., a primary-coating outer diameter of between 150 microns and 160 microns), more typically about +/−2.5 microns (i.e., a primary-coating outer diameter of between about 152.5 microns and 157.5 microns).
The synergistic combination of (i) Draka Comteq's BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive single-mode glass fiber (or Draka Comteq's BendBright-EliteTM bend-insensitive glass fiber) and (ii) Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system promotes significant reductions in optical-fiber diameter.
By way of example, Draka Comteq's 125-micron BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive single-mode glass fiber in combination with a 155-micron-diameter, low-modulus primary coating layer (e.g., Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system) and a 200-micron-diameter secondary coating layer provides (i) comparable microbending performance to that of a 125-micron, standard single-mode glass fiber coated with a 185-micron-diameter, low-modulus primary coating layer (e.g., Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system) and a 242-micron-diameter secondary coating layer and (ii) significantly better microbending performance than that of a standard single-mode optical fiber (SSMF) that employs conventional primary and secondary coatings (i.e., at an outer diameter of about 235-265 microns).
As noted previously, one suitable composition for the primary coating is a UV-curable urethane acrylate product provided by DSM Desotech (Elgin, Ill.) under the trade name DeSolite® DP 1011. It is believed that this UV-curable urethane acrylate product includes about 1.0 percent of adhesion promoter. Other suitable compositions for the primary coating include alternative UV-curable urethane acrylate products provided by DSM Desotech under various trade names, including DeSolite® DP 1014, DeSolite® DP 1014XS, and DeSolite® DP 1016. It is believed that these alternative compositions possess essentially the same low-modulus and glass-transition properties as those possessed by the aforementioned DeSolite® DP 1011 UV-curable urethane acrylate product, albeit with some compositional variation (e.g., adhesion promoter concentration increased to 1.25 percent). As will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art, compositional variations may provide particular primary-coating properties that are desirable for particular applications. It appears that the DeSolite® DP 1014XS UV-curable urethane acrylate product, for instance, exhibits favorable processing characteristics and provides improved delamination resistance.
Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each of these exemplary UV-curable urethane acrylate products (i.e., DeSolite® DP 1011, DeSolite® DP 1014, DeSolite® DP 1014XS, and DeSolite® DP 1016) provides better microbending performance than do conventional primary coatings, such as other UV-curable urethane acrylate products provided by DSM Desotech under the respective trade names DeSolite® DP 1004 and DeSolite® DP 1007.
Example 7
Comparison of Microbending Sensitivity
The respective microbend sensitivities were further measured for exemplary optical fibers, including (i) an enhanced single-mode glass fiber (ESMF) with a low-modulus coating, (ii) various bend-insensitive glass fibers (e.g., Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade names BendBrightXS®) with conventional primary coatings, and (iii) various bend-insensitive glass fibers and macrobend-resistant glass fibers (e.g., Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade names BendBrightXS® and BendBright®) with low-modulus primary coatings.
The testing procedure for Example 7 was an adaptation of IEC TR62221, Method B, which, as noted, is incorporated by reference in its entirety. For this modified IEC fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test, a 300-millimeter diameter quartz cylinder was wrapped with adhesive-backed, 320-grit sandpaper (i.e., approximately equivalent to 36-micron-grade sandpaper) to create a rough surface—albeit a finer surface than the surfaces employed in Examples 3-6. Then, each 440-meter fiber sample was wound in a single layer at about 1,470 mN (i.e., a controlled tension of 150 gf on the 300-millimeter diameter quartz drum using a Delachaux optical fiber winding apparatus). For the sake of convenience, this particular modification of the IEC TR62221, Method B, is herein referred to as the “Reduced-Diameter Optical-Fiber Microbend Sensitivity Test.”
Two hours after winding, fiber attenuation was measured at room temperature (i.e., 23° C.) using an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). Then, the drum (with 440 meters of wound fiber) was temperature cycled in a temperature-controlled chamber from about room temperature through (i) −40° C. and (ii) −60° C. Fiber attenuation was measured by an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) after two hours of equilibration at both −40° C. and −60° C.
Absolute fiber attenuation measured at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers is provided (below) in Table 2.







TABLE 2







(Microbend Sensitivity - 1550 nm)












Optical Fiber






glass fiber w/primary coating
23° C.
−40° C.
−60° C.


Ex.
(glass fiber and coating diameters)
(dB/km)
(dB/km)
(dB/km)










200-micron bend-insensitive SMFs with


low-modulus primary coatings











A
BendBrightXS ® w/DP1014XS
1.114
1.019
1.002



(125μ/155μ/199μ)





B
BendBrightXS ® w/DP1014XS
1.786
1.612
1.542



(125μ/150μ/199μ)





C
BendBrightXS ® w/DP1016
1.488
1.367
1.536



(125μ/150μ/199μ)










200-micron bend-insensitive SMFs with


conventional primary coatings











D
BendBrightXS ® w/DSM 950-076
2.726
3.215
3.595



(125μ/160μ/199μ)





E
BendBrightXS ® w/DSM 950-076
4.288
4.766
5.150



(125μ/150μ/199μ)










200-micron macrobend-resistant SMFs with


low-modulus primary coatings











F
BendBright ® w/DP1014XS
4.683
4.348
4.878



(125μ/150μ/199μ)





G
BendBright ® w/DP1016
5.985
5.800
6.399



(125μ/150μ/199μ)










242-micron enhanced SMF with low-modulus primary coatings











H
ESMF w/DP1014
0.705
0.663
0.648



(125μ/190μ/242μ)









Table 2 (above) shows that Draka Comteq's 125-micron BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive single-mode glass fiber facilitates a reduction in total optical-fiber diameter by permitting use of thinner primary and/or secondary coatings. In this regard, a 200-micron optical fiber using Draka Comteq's BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive single-mode glass fiber and relatively thin primary and secondary coatings provides microbending performance that approaches that of a 242-micron optical fiber having an enhanced standard single-mode fiber (ESMF) and thicker layers of comparable low-modulus primary and secondary coatings.
Absolute fiber attenuation measured at a wavelength of 1310 nanometers is provided (below) in Table 3:







TABLE 3







(Microbend Sensitivity - 1310 nm)












Optical Fiber






glass fiber w/primary coating
23° C.
−40° C.
−60° C.


Ex.
(glass fiber and coating diameters)
(dB/km)
(dB/km)
(dB/km)










200-micron bend-insensitive SMFs with


low-modulus primary coatings











A
BendBrightXS ® w/DP1014XS
0.954
0.869
0.758



(125μ/155μ/199μ)





B
BendBrightXS ® w/DP1014XS
1.574
1.426
1.478



(125μ/150μ/199μ)





C
BendBrightXS ® w/DP1016
1.496
1.381
1.509



(125μ/150μ/199μ)










200-micron bend-insensitive SMFs with


conventional primary coatings











D
BendBrightXS ® w/DSM 950-076
2.238
2.683
3.015



(125μ/160μ/199μ)





E
BendBrightXS ® w/DSM 950-076
4.020
4.363
4.671



(125μ/150μ/199μ)










200-micron macrobend-resistant SMFs with


low-modulus primary coatings











F
BendBright ® w/DP1014XS
2.670
2.447
2.761



(125μ/150μ/199μ)





G
BendBright ® w/DP1016
3.725
3.550
3.927



(125μ/150μ/199μ)









The comparative 200-micron optical fiber designated Example D in Tables 2 and 3 (above) employed the secondary coating used in Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system, albeit with a conventional primary coating. The comparative 200-micron optical fiber designated Example E in Tables 2 and 3 (above) employed both a conventional primary coating (i.e., DSM 950-076) and a conventional secondary coating (i.e., DSM 950-044).
Tables 2 and 3 (above) indicate that, all things being equal, the low-modulus primary coatings according to the present invention (e.g., Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system) provide better microbending performance than do conventional coating systems. This superior microbending performance is especially important when employing a primary-coating layer at a significantly reduced thickness on a 125-micron glass fiber in order to achieve a nominal 200-micron optical fiber.
Moreover, Tables 2 and 3 (above) indicate that, all things being equal, Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBrightXS®, which employ a trench-assisted design, provide better microbending performance than do single-mode fibers that do not employ trench-assisted and/or void-assisted design (e.g., Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBright®). This is somewhat unexpected—trench-assisted and other bend-insensitive glass designs are generally understood to have more pronounced effects upon macrobending rather than microbending.
Example 8
Comparison of Microbend Sensitivity
The respective microbend sensitivities were further measured in accordance with the IEC fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test (i.e., IEC TR62221, Method B) for exemplary optical fibers, including (i) enhanced single-mode glass fibers (ESMF) with Draka Comteq's ColorLock brand coating system and (ii) Draka Comteq's single-mode glass fibers available under the trade name BendBrightXS® with Draka Comteq's improved ColorLockXS brand coating system.
As with Example 7 (above), the testing procedure for Example 8 was likewise an adaptation of IEC TR62221, Method B (i.e., the “Reduced-Diameter Optical-Fiber Microbend Sensitivity Test”). For this modified IEC fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test, a 300-millimeter diameter quartz cylinder was wrapped with adhesive-backed, 320-grit sandpaper (i.e., approximately equivalent to 36-micron-grade sandpaper) to create a rough surface. Then, each 440-meter fiber sample was wound in a single layer at about 1,470 mN (i.e., a controlled tension of 150 gf on the 300-millimeter diameter quartz drum using a Delachaux optical fiber winding apparatus). Two hours after winding, fiber attenuation was measured at room temperature (i.e., 23° C.) using an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR).
Absolute fiber attenuation measured at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers is provided (below) in Table 4.







TABLE 4







(Microbend Sensitivity - 1550 nm)










Optical Fiber




glass fiber w/primary coating
23° C.


Ex.
(glass fiber and coating diameters)
(dB/km)










nominal 200-micron bend-insensitive SMFs with


low-modulus primary coatings









A
BendBrightXS ® w/DP1014XS
0.97



(125μ/153μ/194μ)



B
BendBrightXS ® w/DP1014XS
0.98



(125μ/154μ/197μ)



C
BendBrightXS ® w/DP1014XS
1.05



(125μ/154μ/198μ)



D
BendBrightXS ® w/DP1014XS
0.74



(125μ/158μ/200μ)



E
BendBrightXS ® w/DP1014XS
0.70



(125μ/160μ/201μ)








242-micron enhanced SMFs with conventional primary coatings









F
ESMF w/DP1007
2.004



(125μ/190μ/242μ)



G
ESMF w/DP1007
1.661



(125μ/190μ/242μ)



H
ESMF w/DP1007
1.542



(125μ/190μ/242μ)



I
ESMF w/DP1007
1.568



(125μ/190μ/242μ)



J
ESMF w/DP1007
1.973



(125μ/190μ/242μ)









Table 4 (above) shows that, Draka Comteq's 125-micron BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive single-mode glass fiber in combination with (i) a low-modulus primary coating having an outer diameter of between about 150 microns and 160 microns and (ii) a secondary coating having an outer diameter of between about 195 microns and 200 microns provides significantly better microbending performance compared with that of conventional 125-micron enhanced single-mode glass fiber (ESMF) in combination with a 190-micron-diameter, conventional primary coating and a 242-micron-diameter, conventional secondary coating.
Stated otherwise, a nominal 200-micron optical fiber formed from Draka Comteq's 125-micron BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive single-mode glass fiber and Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system provides superior microbending performance to that of a 242-micron, enhanced single-mode optical fiber (ESMF) that employs conventional primary and secondary coatings.
Moreover, a nominal 200-micron optical fiber formed from Draka Comteq's 125-micron BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive single-mode glass fiber and Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system provides similar microbending performance to that of a 242-micron, enhanced single-mode optical fiber (ESMF) that employs a comparable low-modulus primary coating and a comparable secondary coating. By way of example, the 200-micron optical fibers designated Examples A-E in Table 4 (above) provide comparable microbending performance to that of the 242-micron optical fiber designated Example H in Table 2 (above), which, as noted, is a 242-micron optical fiber having an enhanced standard single-mode fiber (ESMF) and thicker layers of comparable low-modulus primary and secondary coatings.
As noted, whereas single-mode glass fibers that are commercially available from Draka Comteq under the trade name BendBright® are compliant with the ITU-T G.652.D requirements, single-mode glass fibers that are commercially available from Draka Comteq under the trade names BendBrightXS® and BendBright-EliteTM are compliant with the ITU-T G.652.D requirements and the ITU-T G.657.A/B requirements. The respective ITU-T G.652 recommendations and the respective ITU-T G.657 recommendations are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Table 5 (below) depicts fiber attributes specified by the ITU-T G.657.A/B recommendations.







TABLE 5







(ITU-T G.657.A/B Fiber Attributes)










Attribute
Detail
G.657.A Value
G.657.B Value













Mode Field Diameter
Wavelength (nm)
1310
1310



Range of Nominal Values
8.6-9.5
6.3-9.5



(μm)



Tolerance (μm)
±0.4
±0.4


Cladding Diameter
Nominal (μm)
125
125



Tolerance (μm)
±0.7
±0.7


Core Concentricity Error
Maximum (μm)
0.5
0.5


Cladding Non-Circularity
Maximum (%)
1.0
1.0


Cable Cut-Off
Maximum (nm)
1260
1260


Wavelength













Macrobending Loss
Radius (mm)
15
10
15
10
7.5



Number of Turns
10
1
10
1
1



Maximum @1550 nm (dB)
0.25
0.75
0.03
0.1
0.5



Maximum @1625 nm (dB)
1.0
1.5
0.1
0.2
1.0










Proof Stress
Minimum (GPa)
0.69
0.69


Chromatic Dispersion
λ0 min (nm)
1300
1300


Coefficient
λ0 max (nm)
1324
1420



S0 max (ps/(nm2 · km))
≦0.092
≦0.10









In this regard, this application incorporates by reference product specifications for the following Draka Comteq single-mode optical fibers: (i) Enhanced Single Mode Fiber (ESMF); (ii) BendBright® single-mode optical fiber; (iii) BendBrightXS® single-mode optical fiber; and (iv) BendBright-EliteTM single-mode optical fiber. This technical information is provided as Appendices 1-4, respectively, in priority U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/248,319 for a Reduced-Diameter Optical Fiber (filed Oct. 2, 2009), which, as noted, is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
It is within the scope of the present invention to achieve reduced-diameter optical fibers by employing other kinds of trench-assisted, bend-insensitive glass fibers. In this regard, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2008/0056654 A1 for a for a Low Bend Loss Single-Mode Optical Fiber (Bickham et al.), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, discloses a glass fiber that includes a cladding region with a depressed refractive index.
Furthermore, it is within the scope of the present invention to achieve reduced-diameter optical fibers by employing bend-insensitive glass fibers that include regular or random holes, whether continuous or discrete, in an annular region (e.g., an inner cladding). In this regard, U.S. Pat. No. 7,444,838 for a Holey Optical Fiber with Random Pattern of Holes and Method for Making the Same (Pickrell et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,567,742 for a Holey Optical Fiber with Random Pattern of Holes and Method for Making Same (Pickrell et al.), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, disclose a glass fiber that includes a holey region (e.g., a cladding) with a random array of holes. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 7,450,806 for Microstructured Optical Fibers and Methods (Bookbinder et al.), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, discloses a microstructured glass fiber that includes voids within the cladding region.
Other trench-assisted and/or void-assisted optical fibers are disclosed in the following patents and patent application publications, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety: U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,968 for an Optical Fiber Comprising a Refractive Index Trench (Reed); U.S. Pat. No. 5,044,724 for a Method of Producing Optical Fiber, and Fiber Produced by the Method (Glodis et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 6,901,197 for a Microstructured Optical Fiber (Hasegawa et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,095,940 for an Optical Fiber, Method for Manufacturing Same and Optical Transmission Channel (Hayami et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,228,040 for a Hole-Assisted Single Mode Optical Fiber (Nakajima et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,239,784 for an Optical Fiber, Method for Manufacturing Same and Optical Transmission Channel (Hayami et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,762 for a Hole-Assisted Holey Fiber and Low Bending Loss Multimode Holey Fiber (Guan et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,433,566 for a Low Bend Loss Optical Fiber with High Modulus Coating (Bookbinder et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,526,166 for a High Numerical Aperture Fiber (Bookbinder et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,526,169 for a Low Bend Loss Quasi-Single-Mode Optical Fiber and Optical Fiber Line (Bickham et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,555,187 for a Large Effective Area Fiber (Bickham et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,450,807 for a Low Bend Loss Optical Fiber with Deep Depressed Ring (Bickham et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,574,088 for an Optical Fiber and Optical Fiber Ribbon, and Optical Interconnection System (Sugizaki et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2008/0166094 A1 for a Bend Resistant Multimode Optical Fiber (Bickham et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2008/0304800 A1 for an Optical Fiber with Large Effective Area (Bickham et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0060437 A1 for Bend Insensitivity in Single Mode Optical Fibers (Fini et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0126407 A1 for Methods for Making Optical Fiber Preforms and Microstructured Optical Fibers (Bookbinder et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0154888 A1 for a Bend Resistant Multimode Optical Fiber (Steele et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0169163 A1 for a Bend Resistant Multimode Optical Fiber (Steele et al.); and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2009/064381 A1 for Methods for Making Optical Fiber Preforms and Microstructured Optical Fibers (Bookbinder et al.).
It is believed that the foregoing glass fibers, as well as other glass fibers disclosed in previously incorporated-by-reference patent documents, might be combined with the low-modulus primary coatings as herein disclosed to achieve satisfactory, reduced-diameter optical fibers. As such, the resulting reduced-diameter optical fibers (e.g., holey fibers with low-modulus primary coatings) are within the scope of the present invention.
That said, it has been preliminarily observed that, with respect to reduced-diameter optical fibers having low-modulus primary coatings, bend-insensitive glass fibers having full-solid designs (e.g., 125-micron BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive single-mode glass fiber) seem to provide better microbending performance than do bend-insensitive glass fibers having hole-assisted designs.
Furthermore, it has been preliminarily observed that, with respect to reduced-diameter optical fibers, bend-insensitive glass fibers having full-solid designs (e.g., 125-micron BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive single-mode glass fiber) also seem to provide better mechanical performance than do bend-insensitive glass fibers having void-assisted designs (e.g., holey fibers). Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that mechanical robustness is an important consideration when employing a bend-insensitive glass fiber within a nominal 200-micron optical fiber.
In this regard, 200-micron optical fibers that are formed from (i) Draka Comteq's 125-micron BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive single-mode glass fiber, which has a full-solid glass design, and (ii) Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system demonstrate comparable mechanical reliability to that of a standard 242-micron optical fiber (e.g., a SSMF).
The 200-micron optical fibers that are formed from Draka Comteq's 125-micron BendBrightXS® bend-insensitive single-mode glass fiber and Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system were tested for tensile strength and dynamic fatigue in accordance with the FOTP-28 standard, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Representative mechanical reliability for these 200-micron optical fibers, which possessed differently colored secondary coatings, is provided (below) in Table 6.







TABLE 6







(Mechanical Reliability)











Tensile Strength
Tensile Strength
Dynamic



50% failure
15% failure
Fatigue


ColorLockXS color
(kpsi)
(kpsi)
(n-value)













Blue
711
539
22.5


Orange
712
626
22.0


Green
705
600
20.4


Brown
675
557
20.8


Slate
721
623
22.8


White
729
577
21.8


Red
708
577
20.9


Black
709
627
22.8


Yellow
715
540
21.4


Violet
713
580
21.6


Rose
723
557
21.9


Aqua
730
580
23.0









As will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art, industry minimum requirements for tensile strength at fiber failure are 550 kpsi at the 50th percentile of the optical-fiber tensile-strength distribution (i.e., the median tensile strength) and 455 kpsi at the 15th percentile of the optical-fiber tensile-strength distribution.
The industry minimum requirement for the dynamic fatigue stress corrosion factor (n-value) is 18. In this regard, dynamic fatigue stress corrosion factor provides an indication of how fast a flaw in the glass fiber's silica structure propagates under strain.
As will be further understood by those having ordinary skill in the art, for both tensile strength and dynamic fatigue stress corrosion factor, an adequate sampling of optical fibers (e.g., n=30) provides a statistical estimate that facilitates characterization the optical-fiber population.
In another alternative embodiment, the outer diameter of the component glass fiber may be reduced to less than 125 microns (e.g., between about 60 microns and 120 microns), perhaps between about 70 microns and 115 microns (e.g., about 80-110 microns). This may be achieved, for instance, by reducing the thickness of one or more cladding layers.
As compared with the prior alternative embodiment, (i) the total diameter of the optical fiber may be reduced (i.e., the thickness of the primary and secondary coatings are maintained in accordance with the prior alternative embodiment) or (ii) the respective thicknesses of the primary and/or secondary coatings may be increased relative to the prior alternative embodiment (e.g., such that the total diameter of the optical fiber might be maintained).
By way of illustration, with respect to the former, a component glass fiber having a diameter of between about 90 and 100 microns might be combined with a primary coating layer having an outer diameter of between about 110 microns and 150 microns (e.g., about 125 microns) and a secondary coating layer having an outer diameter of between about 130 microns and 190 microns (e.g., about 155 microns). With respect to the latter, a component glass fiber having a diameter of between about 90 and 100 microns might be combined with a primary coating layer having an outer diameter of between about 120 microns and 140 microns (e.g., about 130 microns) and a secondary coating layer having an outer diameter of between about 160 microns and 230 microns (e.g., about 195-200 microns).
It seems that reducing the diameter of the component glass fiber might make the resulting optical fiber more susceptible to microbending attenuation. For example, as compared with a component glass fiber having a standard diameter of 125 microns, a component glass fiber having a diameter of 110 microns might be twice as susceptible to microbending losses. That said, the advantages of further reducing optical-fiber diameter may be worthwhile for some optical-fiber applications.
In view of the foregoing, commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application No. 61/177,996 for a Reduced-Diameter Optical Fiber, filed May 13, 2009, (Overton) and U.S. Patent Application No. 61/248,319 for a Reduced-Diameter Optical Fiber, filed Oct. 2, 2009, (Overton) are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
As noted, the optical fiber according to the present invention may include one or more coating layers (e.g., a primary coating and a secondary coating). At least one of the coating layers—typically the secondary coating—may be colored and/or possess other markings to help identify individual fibers. Alternatively, a tertiary ink layer may surround the primary and secondary coatings.
As discussed previously, combining (i) a coating system according to the present invention with (ii) a glass fiber having a refractive index profile that itself provides bend resistance (e.g., low macrobending sensitivity) has been found to provide unexpectedly superior reductions in microbend sensitivity. Indeed, bend-insensitive glass fibers are especially suitable for use with the coating system of the present invention (e.g., Draka Comteq's ColorLockXS brand coating system).
The present optical fiber may be deployed in various structures, such as those exemplary structures disclosed hereinafter.
For example, one or more of the present optical fibers may be enclosed within a buffer tube. For instance, optical fiber may be deployed in either a single-fiber loose buffer tube or a multi-fiber loose buffer tube. With respect to the latter, multiple optical fibers may be bundled or stranded within a buffer tube or other structure. In this regard, within a multi-fiber loose buffer tube, fiber sub-bundles may be separated with binders (e.g., each fiber sub-bundle is enveloped in a binder). Moreover, fan-out tubing may be installed at the termination of such loose buffer tubes to directly terminate loose buffered optical fibers with field-installed connectors.
In other embodiments, the buffer tube may tightly surround the outermost optical fiber coating (i.e., tight buffered fiber) or otherwise surround the outermost optical-fiber coating or ink layer to provide an exemplary radial clearance of between about 50 and 100 microns (i.e., a semi-tight buffered fiber).
With respect to the former tight buffered fiber, the buffering may be formed by coating the optical fiber with a curable composition (e.g., a UV-curable material) or a thermoplastic material. The outer diameter of tight buffer tubes, regardless of whether the buffer tube is formed from a curable or non-curable material, is typically less than about 1,000 microns (e.g., either about 500 microns or about 900 microns).
With respect to the latter semi-tight buffered fiber, a lubricant may be included between the optical fiber and the buffer tube (e.g., to provide a gliding layer).
As will be known by those having ordinary skill in the art, an exemplary buffer tube enclosing optical fibers as disclosed herein may be formed of polyolefins (e.g., polyethylene or polypropylene), including fluorinated polyolefins, polyesters (e.g., polybutylene terephthalate), polyamides (e.g., nylon), as well as other polymeric materials and blends. In general, a buffer tube may be formed of one or more layers. The layers may be homogeneous or include mixtures or blends of various materials within each layer.
In this context, the buffer tube may be extruded (e.g., an extruded polymeric material) or pultruded (e.g., a pultruded, fiber-reinforced plastic). By way of example, the buffer tube may include a material to provide high temperature and chemical resistance (e.g., an aromatic material or polysulfone material).
Although buffer tubes typically have a circular cross section, buffer tubes alternatively may have an irregular or non-circular shape (e.g., an oval or a trapezoidal cross-section).
Alternatively, one or more of the present optical fibers may simply be surrounded by an outer protective sheath or encapsulated within a sealed metal tube. In either structure, no intermediate buffer tube is necessarily required.
Multiple optical fibers as disclosed herein may be sandwiched, encapsulated, and/or edge bonded to form an optical fiber ribbon. Optical fiber ribbons can be divisible into subunits (e.g., a twelve-fiber ribbon that is splittable into six-fiber subunits). Moreover, a plurality of such optical fiber ribbons may be aggregated to form a ribbon stack, which can have various sizes and shapes.
For example, it is possible to form a rectangular ribbon stack or a ribbon stack in which the uppermost and lowermost optical fiber ribbons have fewer optical fibers than those toward the center of the stack. This construction may be useful to increase the density of optical elements (e.g., optical fibers) within the buffer tube and/or cable.
In general, it is desirable to increase the filling of transmission elements in buffer tubes or cables, subject to other constraints (e.g., cable or mid-span attenuation). The optical elements themselves may be designed for increased packing density. For example, the optical fiber may possess modified properties, such as improved refractive-index profile, core or cladding dimensions, or primary-coating thickness and/or modulus, to improve microbending and macrobending characteristics.
By way of example, a rectangular ribbon stack may be formed with or without a central twist (i.e., a “primary twist”). Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a ribbon stack is typically manufactured with rotational twist to allow the tube or cable to bend without placing excessive mechanical stress on the optical fibers during winding, installation, and use. In a structural variation, a twisted (or untwisted) rectangular ribbon stack may be further formed into a coil-like configuration (e.g., a helix) or a wave-like configuration (e.g., a sinusoid). In other words, the ribbon stack may possess regular “secondary” deformations.
As will be known to those having ordinary skill in the art, such optical fiber ribbons may be positioned within a buffer tube or other surrounding structure, such as a buffer-tube-free cable. Subject to certain restraints (e.g., attenuation) it is desirable to increase the density of elements such as optical fibers or optical fiber ribbons within buffer tubes and/or optical fiber cables.
A plurality of buffer tubes containing optical fibers (e.g., loose or ribbonized fibers) may be positioned externally adjacent to and stranded around a central strength member. This stranding can be accomplished in one direction, helically, known as “S” or “Z” stranding, or Reverse Oscillated Lay stranding, known as “S-Z” stranding. Stranding about the central strength member reduces optical fiber strain when cable strain occurs during installation and use.
Those having ordinary skill in the art will understand the benefit of minimizing fiber strain for both tensile cable strain and longitudinal compressive cable strain during installation or operating conditions.
With respect to tensile cable strain, which may occur during installation, the cable will become longer while the optical fibers can migrate closer to the cable's neutral axis to reduce, if not eliminate, the strain being translated to the optical fibers. With respect to longitudinal compressive strain, which may occur at low operating temperatures due to shrinkage of the cable components, the optical fibers will migrate farther away from the cable's neutral axis to reduce, if not eliminate, the compressive strain being translated to the optical fibers.
In a variation, two or more substantially concentric layers of buffer tubes may be positioned around a central strength member. In a further variation, multiple stranding elements (e.g., multiple buffer tubes stranded around a strength member) may themselves be stranded around each other or around a primary central strength member.
Alternatively, a plurality of buffer tubes containing optical fibers (e.g., loose or ribbonized fibers) may be simply placed externally adjacent to the central strength member (i.e., the buffer tubes are not intentionally stranded or arranged around the central strength member in a particular manner and run substantially parallel to the central strength member).
Alternatively still, the present optical fibers may be positioned within a central buffer tube (i.e., the central buffer tube cable has a central buffer tube rather than a central strength member). Such a central buffer tube cable may position strength members elsewhere. For instance, metallic or non-metallic (e.g., GRP) strength members may be positioned within the cable sheath itself, and/or one or more layers of high-strength yarns (e.g., aramid or non-aramid yarns) may be positioned parallel to or wrapped (e.g., contrahelically) around the central buffer tube (i.e., within the cable's interior space). Likewise, strength members can be included within the buffer tube's casing.
In other embodiments, the optical fibers may be placed within a slotted core cable. In a slotted core cable, optical fibers, individually or as a fiber ribbon, may be placed within pre-shaped helical grooves (i.e., channels) on the surface of a central strength member, thereby forming a slotted core unit. The slotted core unit may be enclosed by a buffer tube. One or more of such slotted core units may be placed within a slotted core cable. For example, a plurality of slotted core units may be helically stranded around a central strength member.
Alternatively, the optical fibers may also be stranded in a maxitube cable design, whereby the optical fibers are stranded around themselves within a large multi-fiber loose buffer tube rather than around a central strength member. In other words, the large multi-fiber loose buffer tube is centrally positioned within the maxitube cable. For example, such maxitube cables may be deployed in optical ground wires (OPGW).
In another cabling embodiment, multiple buffer tubes may be stranded around themselves without the presence of a central member. These stranded buffer tubes may be surrounded by a protective tube. The protective tube may serve as the outer casing of the fiber optic cable or may be further surrounded by an outer sheath. The protective tube may tightly or loosely surround the stranded buffer tubes.
As will be known to those having ordinary skill in the art, additional elements may be included within a cable core. For example, copper cables or other active, transmission elements may be stranded or otherwise bundled within the cable sheath. Passive elements may also be placed within the cable core, such as between the interior walls of the buffer tubes and the enclosed optical fibers. Alternatively and by way of example, passive elements may be placed outside the buffer tubes between the respective exterior walls of the buffer tubes and the interior wall of the cable jacket, or, within the interior space of a buffer-tube-free cable.
For example, yarns, nonwovens, fabrics (e.g., tapes), foams, or other materials containing water-swellable material and/or coated with water-swellable materials (e.g., including super absorbent polymers (SAPs), such as SAP powder) may be employed to provide water blocking and/or to couple the optical fibers to the surrounding buffer tube and/or cable jacketing (e.g., via adhesion, friction, and/or compression). Exemplary water-swellable elements are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,515,795 for a Water-Swellable Tape, Adhesive-Backed for Coupling When Used Inside a Buffer Tube (Overton et al.), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Moreover, an adhesive (e.g., a hot-melt adhesive or curable adhesive, such as a silicone acrylate cross-linked by exposure to actinic radiation) may be provided on one or more passive elements (e.g., water-swellable material) to bond the elements to the buffer tube. An adhesive material may also be used to bond the water-swellable element to optical fibers within the buffer tube. Exemplary arrangements of such elements are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,599,589 for a Gel-Free Buffer Tube with Adhesively Coupled Optical Element (Overton et al.), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The buffer tubes (or buffer-tube-free cables) may also contain a thixotropic composition (e.g., grease or grease-like gels) between the optical fibers and the interior walls of the buffer tubes. For example, filling the free space inside a buffer tube with water-blocking, petroleum-based filling grease helps to block the ingress of water. Further, the thixotropic filling grease mechanically (i.e., viscously) couples the optical fibers to the surrounding buffer tube.
Such thixotropic filling greases are relatively heavy and messy, thereby hindering connection and splicing operations. Thus, the present optical fibers may be deployed in dry cable structures (i.e., grease-free buffer tubes).
Exemplary buffer tube structures that are free from thixotropic filling greases are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0003785 A1 for a Coupling Composition for Optical Fiber Cables (Parris et al.), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Such buffer tubes employ coupling compositions formed from a blend of high-molecular weight elastomeric polymers (e.g., about 35 weight percent or less) and oils (e.g., about 65 weight percent or more) that flow at low temperatures. Unlike thixotropic filling greases, the coupling composition (e.g., employed as a cohesive gel or foam) is typically dry and, therefore, less messy during splicing.
As will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art, a cable enclosing optical fibers as disclosed herein may have a sheath formed from various materials in various designs. Cable sheathing may be formed from polymeric materials such as, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamides (e.g., nylon), polyester (e.g., PBT), fluorinated plastics (e.g., perfluoroethylene propylene, polyvinyl fluoride, or polyvinylidene difluoride), and ethylene vinyl acetate. The sheath and/or buffer tube materials may also contain other additives, such as nucleating agents, flame-retardants, smoke-retardants, antioxidants, UV absorbers, and/or plasticizers.
The cable sheathing may be a single jacket formed from a dielectric material (e.g., non-conducting polymers), with or without supplemental structural components that may be used to improve the protection (e.g., from rodents) and strength provided by the cable sheath. For example, one or more layers of metallic (e.g., steel) tape along with one or more dielectric jackets may form the cable sheathing. Metallic or fiberglass reinforcing rods (e.g., GRP) may also be incorporated into the sheath. In addition, aramid, fiberglass, or polyester yarns may be employed under the various sheath materials (e.g., between the cable sheath and the cable core), and/or ripcords may be positioned, for example, within the cable sheath.
Similar to buffer tubes, optical fiber cable sheaths typically have a circular cross section, but cable sheaths alternatively may have an irregular or non-circular shape (e.g., an oval, trapezoidal, or flat cross-section).
By way of example, the present optical fiber may be incorporated into single-fiber drop cables, such as those employed for Multiple Dwelling Unit (MDU) applications. In such deployments, the cable jacketing must exhibit crush resistance, abrasion resistance, puncture resistance, thermal stability, and fire resistance as required by building codes. An exemplary material for such cable jackets is thermally stable, flame-retardant polyurethane (PUR), which mechanically protects the optical fibers yet is sufficiently flexible to facilitate easy MDU installations. Alternatively, a flame-retardant polyolefin or polyvinyl chloride sheath may be used.
In general and as will be known to those having ordinary skill in the art, a strength member is typically in the form of a rod or braided/helically wound wires or fibers, though other configurations will be within the knowledge of those having ordinary skill in the art.
Optical fiber cables containing optical fibers as disclosed may be variously deployed, including as drop cables, distribution cables, feeder cables, trunk cables, and stub cables, each of which may have varying operational requirements (e.g., temperature range, crush resistance, UV resistance, and minimum bend radius).
Such optical fiber cables may be installed within ducts, microducts, plenums, or risers. By way of example, an optical fiber cable may be installed in an existing duct or microduct by pulling or blowing (e.g., using compressed air). An exemplary cable installation method is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,574,095 for a Communication Cable Assembly and Installation Method, (Lock et al.), and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2008/0317410 for a Modified Pre-Ferrulized Communication Cable Assembly and Installation Method, (Griffioen et al.), each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
As noted, buffer tubes containing optical fibers (e.g., loose or ribbonized fibers) may be stranded (e.g., around a central strength member). In such configurations, an optical fiber cable's protective outer sheath may have a textured outer surface that periodically varies lengthwise along the cable in a manner that replicates the stranded shape of the underlying buffer tubes. The textured profile of the protective outer sheath can improve the blowing performance of the optical fiber cable. The textured surface reduces the contact surface between the cable and the duct or microduct and increases the friction between the blowing medium (e.g., air) and the cable. The protective outer sheath may be made of a low coefficient-of-friction material, which can facilitate blown installation. Moreover, the protective outer sheath can be provided with a lubricant to further facilitate blown installation.
In general, to achieve satisfactory long-distance blowing performance (e.g., between about 3,000 to 5,000 feet or more), the outer cable diameter of an optical fiber cable should be no more than about 70 to 80 percent of the duct's or microduct's inner diameter.
Compressed air may also be used to install optical fibers in an air blown fiber system. In an air blown fiber system, a network of unfilled cables or microducts is installed prior to the installation of optical fibers. Optical fibers may subsequently be blown into the installed cables as necessary to support the network's varying requirements.
Moreover, the optical fiber cables may be directly buried in the ground or, as an aerial cable, suspended from a pole or pylon. An aerial cable may be self-supporting, or secured or lashed to a support (e.g., messenger wire or another cable). Exemplary aerial fiber optic cables include overhead ground wires (OPGW), all-dielectric self-supporting cables (ADSS), all dielectric lash cables (AD-Lash), and figure-eight cables, each of which is well understood by those having ordinary skill in the art. (Figure-eight cables and other designs can be directly buried or installed into ducts, and may optionally include a toning element, such as a metallic wire, so that they can be found with a metal detector.
In addition, although the optical fibers may be further protected by an outer cable sheath, the optical fiber itself may be further reinforced so that the optical fiber may be included within a breakout cable, which allows for the individual routing of individual optical fibers.
To effectively employ the present optical fibers in a transmission system, connections are required at various points in the network. Optical fiber connections are typically made by fusion splicing, mechanical splicing, or mechanical connectors.
The mating ends of connectors can be installed to the fiber ends either in the field (e.g., at the network location) or in a factory prior to installation into the network. The ends of the connectors are mated in the field in order to connect the fibers together or connect the fibers to the passive or active components. For example, certain optical fiber cable assemblies (e.g., furcation assemblies) can separate and convey individual optical fibers from a multiple optical fiber cable to connectors in a protective manner.
The deployment of such optical fiber cables may include supplemental equipment, which itself may employ the present optical fiber as previously disclosed. For instance, an amplifier may be included to improve optical signals. Dispersion compensating modules may be installed to reduce the effects of chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. Splice boxes, pedestals, and distribution frames, which may be protected by an enclosure, may likewise be included. Additional elements include, for example, remote terminal switches, optical network units, optical splitters, and central office switches.
A cable containing the present optical fibers may be deployed for use in a communication system (e.g., networking or telecommunications). A communication system may include fiber optic cable architecture such as fiber-to-the-node (FTTN), fiber-to-the-telecommunications enclosure (FTTE), fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC), fiber-to-the-building (FTTB), and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), as well as long-haul or metro architecture. Moreover, an optical module or a storage box that includes a housing may receive a wound portion of the optical fiber disclosed herein. By way of example, the optical fiber may be wound with a bending radius of less than about 15 millimeters (e.g., 10 millimeters or less, such as about 5 millimeters) in the optical module or the storage box.
Moreover, present optical fibers may be used in other applications, including, without limitation, fiber optic sensors or illumination applications (e.g., lighting).
The present optical fibers may include Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG). As will be known by those having ordinary skill in the art, FBG is a periodic or aperiodic variation in the refractive index of an optical fiber core and/or cladding. This variation in the refractive index results in a range of wavelengths (e.g., a narrow range) being reflected rather than transmitted, with maximum reflectivity occurring at the Bragg wavelength.
Fiber Bragg Grating is commonly written into an optical fiber by exposing the optical fiber to an intense source of ultraviolet light (e.g., a UV laser). In this respect, UV photons may have enough energy to break molecular bonds within an optical fiber, which alters the structure of the fiber, thereby increasing the fiber's refractive index. Moreover, dopants (e.g., boron or germanium) and/or hydrogen loading can be employed to increase photosensitivity.
In order to expose a coated glass fiber to UV light for the creation of FBG, the coating may be removed. Alternatively, coatings that are transparent at the particular UV wavelengths (e.g., the UV wavelengths emitted by a UV laser to write FBG) may be employed to render coating removal unnecessary. In addition, silicone, polyimide, acrylate, or PFCB coatings, for instance, may be employed for high-temperature applications.
A particular FBG pattern may be created by employing (i) a photomask placed between the UV light source and the optical fiber, (ii) interference between multiple UV light beams, which interfere with each other in accordance with the desired FBG pattern (e.g., a uniform, chirped, or titled pattern), or (iii) a narrow UV light beam for creating individual variations. The FBG structure may have, for example, a uniform positive-only index change, a Gaussian-apodized index change, a raised-cosine-apodized index change, or a discrete phase shift index change. Multiple FBG patterns may be combined on a single optical fiber.
Optical fibers having FBG may be employed in various sensing applications (e.g., for detecting vibration, temperature, pressure, moisture, or movement). In this respect, changes in the optical fiber (e.g., a change in temperature) result in a shift in the Bragg wavelength, which is measured by a sensor. FBG may be used to identify a particular optical fiber (e.g., if the fiber is broken into pieces).
Fiber Bragg Grating may also be used in various active or passive communication components (e.g., wavelength-selective filters, multiplexers, demultiplexers, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, distributed Bragg reflector lasers, pump/laser stabilizers, and supervisory channels).
This application further incorporates entirely by reference the following commonly assigned patents, patent application publications, and patent applications: U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,816 for Polypropylene-Polyethylene Copolymer Buffer Tubes for Optical Fiber Cables and Method for Making the Same; U.S. Pat. No. 5,717,805 for Stress Concentrations in an Optical Fiber Ribbon to Facilitate Separation of Ribbon Matrix Material; U.S. Pat. No. 5,761,362 for Polypropylene-Polyethylene Copolymer Buffer Tubes for Optical Fiber Cables and Method for Making the Same; U.S. Pat. No. 5,911,023 for Polyolefin Materials Suitable for Optical Fiber Cable Components; U.S. Pat. No. 5,982,968 for Stress Concentrations in an Optical Fiber Ribbon to Facilitate Separation of Ribbon Matrix Material; U.S. Pat. No. 6,035,087 for an Optical Unit for Fiber Optic Cables; U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,397 for Polypropylene Filler Rods for Optical Fiber Communications Cables; U.S. Pat. No. 6,175,677 for an Optical Fiber Multi-Ribbon and Method for Making the Same; U.S. Pat. No. 6,085,009 for Water Blocking Gels Compatible with Polyolefin Optical Fiber Cable Buffer Tubes and Cables Made Therewith; U.S. Pat. No. 6,215,931 for Flexible Thermoplastic Polyolefin Elastomers for Buffering Transmission Elements in a Telecommunications Cable; U.S. Pat. No. 6,134,363 for a Method for Accessing Optical Fibers in the Midspan Region of an Optical Fiber Cable; U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,390 for a Color-Coded Optical Fiber Ribbon and Die for Making the Same; U.S. Pat. No. 6,181,857 for a Method for Accessing Optical Fibers Contained in a Sheath; U.S. Pat. No. 6,314,224 for a Thick-Walled Cable Jacket with Non-Circular Cavity Cross Section; U.S. Pat. No. 6,334,016 for an Optical Fiber Ribbon Matrix Material Having Optimal Handling Characteristics; U.S. Pat. No. 6,321,012 for an Optical Fiber Having Water Swellable Material for Identifying Grouping of Fiber Groups; U.S. Pat. No. 6,321,014 for a Method for Manufacturing Optical Fiber Ribbon; U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,802 for Polypropylene Filler Rods for Optical Fiber Communications Cables; U.S. Pat. No. 6,493,491 for an Optical Drop Cable for Aerial Installation; U.S. Pat. No. 7,346,244 for a Coated Central Strength Member for Fiber Optic Cables with Reduced Shrinkage; U.S. Pat. No. 6,658,184 for a Protective Skin for Optical Fibers; U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,908 for a Buffer Tube that Results in Easy Access to and Low Attenuation of Fibers Disposed Within Buffer Tube; U.S. Pat. No. 7,045,010 for an Applicator for High-Speed Gel Buffering of Flextube Optical Fiber Bundles; U.S. Pat. No. 6,749,446 for an Optical Fiber Cable with Cushion Members Protecting Optical Fiber Ribbon Stack; U.S. Pat. No. 6,922,515 for a Method and Apparatus to Reduce Variation of Excess Fiber Length in Buffer Tubes of Fiber Optic Cables; U.S. Pat. No. 6,618,538 for a Method and Apparatus to Reduce Variation of Excess Fiber Length in Buffer Tubes of Fiber Optic Cables; U.S. Pat. No. 7,322,122 for a Method and Apparatus for Curing a Fiber Having at Least Two Fiber Coating Curing Stages; U.S. Pat. No. 6,912,347 for an Optimized Fiber Optic Cable Suitable for Microduct Blown Installation; U.S. Pat. No. 6,941,049 for a Fiber Optic Cable Having No Rigid Strength Members and a Reduced Coefficient of Thermal Expansion; U.S. Pat. No. 7,162,128 for Use of Buffer Tube Coupling Coil to Prevent Fiber Retraction; U.S. Pat. No. 7,515,795 for a Water-Swellable Tape, Adhesive-Backed for Coupling When Used Inside a Buffer Tube (Overton et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0292262 for a Grease-Free Buffer Optical Fiber Buffer Tube Construction Utilizing a Water-Swellable, Texturized Yarn (Overton et al.); European Patent Application Publication No. 1,921,478 A1, for a Telecommunication Optical Fiber Cable (Tatat et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,570,852 for an Optical Fiber Cable Suited for Blown Installation or Pushing Installation in Microducts of Small Diameter (Nothofer et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2008/0037942 A1 for an Optical Fiber Telecommunications Cable (Tatat); U.S. Pat. No. 7,599,589 for a Gel-Free Buffer Tube with Adhesively Coupled Optical Element (Overton et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,567,739 for a Fiber Optic Cable Having a Water-Swellable Element (Overton); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0041414 A1 for a Method for Accessing Optical Fibers within a Telecommunication Cable (Lavenne et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0003781 A1 for an Optical Fiber Cable Having a Deformable Coupling Element (Parris et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0003779 A1 for an Optical Fiber Cable Having Raised Coupling Supports (Parris); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0003785 A1 for a Coupling Composition for Optical Fiber Cables (Parris et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0214167 A1 for a Buffer Tube with Hollow Channels, (Lookadoo et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/466,965 for an Optical Fiber Telecommunication Cable, filed May 15, 2009, (Tatat); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/506,533 for a Buffer Tube with Adhesively Coupled Optical Fibers and/or Water-Swellable Element, filed Jul. 21, 2009, (Overton et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/557,055 for an Optical Fiber Cable Assembly, filed Sep. 10, 2009, (Barker et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/557,086 for a High-Fiber-Density Optical Fiber Cable, filed Sep. 10, 2009, (Lovie et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/558,390 for a Buffer Tubes for Mid-Span Storage, filed Sep. 11, 2009, (Barker); U.S. Patent Application No. 61/112,845 for Single-Fiber Drop Cables for MDU Deployments, filed Nov. 10, 2008, (Overton); U.S. Patent Application No. 61/112,863 for Bend-Insensitive-Fiber Loose Tube Cables, filed Nov. 10, 2008, (Overton); U.S. Patent Application No. 61/112,912 for a Reduced-Size Flat Drop Cable with Bend-Insensitive Fiber, filed Nov. 10, 2008, (Overton); U.S. Patent Application No. 61/112,926 for ADSS Cables with Bend-Insensitive Fiber, filed Nov. 10, 2008, (Overton); U.S. Patent Application No. 61/112,965 for Reduced-Diameter Ribbon Cables with High-Performance Optical Fiber, filed Nov. 10, 2008, (Overton); U.S. Patent Application No. 61/113,067 for a Reduced-Diameter, Easy-Access Loose Tube Cable, filed Nov. 10, 2008, (Overton).
In the specification and/or figures, typical embodiments of the invention have been disclosed. The present invention is not limited to such exemplary embodiments. The figures are schematic representations and so are not necessarily drawn to scale. Unless otherwise noted, specific terms have been used in a generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation.

## Claims

1. A reduced-diameter optical fiber, consisting essentially of:
a glass fiber;
a substantially cured primary coating surrounding said glass fiber, wherein said primary coating defines a primary coating layer;
a secondary coating surrounding said primary coating, wherein said secondary coating defines a secondary coating layer; and
an optional tertiary layer surrounding said secondary coating, wherein said tertiary layer defines an ink layer;
wherein the optical fiber has an outer diameter of less than about 210 microns; and
wherein, at a wavelength of 1310 nanometers, the optical fiber possesses absolute fiber attenuation of less than 2.0 dB/km as measured at 23° C., −40° C., and/or −60° C. in accordance with a modified IEC TR62221 fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test (“Reduced-Diameter Optical-Fiber Microbend Sensitivity Test”) in which a 440-meter fiber sample is wound in a single layer at about 1,470 mN on a 300-mm diameter quartz drum that is wrapped with 320-grit sandpaper to create a rough surface.

2. The optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein, at a wavelength of 1310 nanometers, the optical fiber possesses absolute fiber attenuation of less than 1.5 dB/km as measured at 23° C., −40° C., and/or −60° C. in accordance with a modified IEC TR62221 fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test (“Reduced-Diameter Optical-Fiber Microbend Sensitivity Test”) in which a 440-meter fiber sample is wound in a single layer at about 1,470 mN on a 300-mm diameter quartz drum that is wrapped with 320-grit sandpaper to create a rough surface.

3. A plurality of optical fibers according to claim 1, wherein, at the 50th percentile of the optical-fiber tensile-strength distribution, the tensile strength at fiber failure is at least 550 kpsi and, at the 15th percentile of the optical-fiber tensile-strength distribution, the tensile strength at fiber failure is at least about 455 kpsi.

4. A plurality of optical fibers according to claim 1, wherein the optical fibers have a dynamic fatigue stress corrosion factor (n-value) of at least 18.

5. The optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein said primary coating layer has an outer diameter between 135 microns and 175 microns.

6. The optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein said primary coating layer has an outer diameter of 160 microns or less.

7. The optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein said substantially cured primary coating possesses an in situ modulus of between 0.2 MPa and 0.5 MPa.

8. The optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein said substantially cured primary coating possesses a glass transition temperature of less than −55° C.

9. A reduced-diameter optical fiber, consisting essentially of:
a glass fiber;
a substantially cured primary coating surrounding said glass fiber, wherein said primary coating defines a primary coating layer;
a secondary coating surrounding said primary coating, wherein said secondary coating defines a secondary coating layer; and
an optional tertiary layer surrounding said secondary coating, wherein said tertiary layer defines an outermost ink layer;
wherein the optical fiber has an outer diameter of less than about 210 microns; and
wherein, at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers, the optical fiber possesses absolute fiber attenuation of less than 2.0 dB/km as measured at 23° C., −40° C., and/or −60° C. in accordance with a modified IEC TR62221 fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test (“Reduced-Diameter Optical-Fiber Microbend Sensitivity Test”) in which a 440-meter fiber sample is wound in a single layer at about 1,470 mN on a 300-mm diameter quartz drum that is wrapped with 320-grit sandpaper to create a rough surface.

10. The optical fiber according to claim 9, wherein, at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers, the optical fiber possesses absolute fiber attenuation of less than 1.5 dB/km as measured at 23° C., −40° C., and/or −60° C. in accordance with a modified IEC TR62221 fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test (“Reduced-Diameter Optical-Fiber Microbend Sensitivity Test”) in which a 440-meter fiber sample is wound in a single layer at about 1,470 mN on a 300-mm diameter quartz drum that is wrapped with 320-grit sandpaper to create a rough surface.

11. A plurality of optical fibers according to claim 9, wherein, at the 50th percentile of the optical-fiber tensile-strength distribution, the tensile strength at fiber failure is at least 550 kpsi and, at the 15th percentile of the optical-fiber tensile-strength distribution, the tensile strength at fiber failure is at least about 455 kpsi.

12. A plurality of optical fibers according to claim 9, wherein the optical fibers have a dynamic fatigue stress corrosion factor (n-value) of at least 18.

13. The optical fiber according to claim 9, wherein said primary coating layer has an outer diameter between 135 microns and 175 microns.

14. The optical fiber according to claim 9, wherein said primary coating layer has an outer diameter of 160 microns or less.

15. The optical fiber according to claim 9, wherein said substantially cured primary coating possesses an in situ modulus of between 0.2 MPa and 0.5 MPa.

16. The optical fiber according to claim 9, wherein said substantially cured primary coating possesses a glass transition temperature of less than −55° C.

17. A reduced-diameter optical fiber, consisting essentially of:
a glass fiber;
a substantially cured primary coating surrounding said glass fiber, wherein said primary coating defines a primary coating layer; and
a secondary coating surrounding said primary coating, wherein said secondary coating defines a secondary coating layer;
wherein the optical fiber has an outer diameter of less than about 210 microns; and
wherein, at a wavelength of 1310 nanometers and at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers, the optical fiber possesses absolute fiber attenuation of less than 1.5 dB/km as measured at 23° C., −40° C., and −60° C. in accordance with a modified IEC TR62221 fixed-diameter sandpaper drum test (“Reduced-Diameter Optical-Fiber Microbend Sensitivity Test”) in which a 440-meter fiber sample is wound in a single layer at about 1,470 mN on a 300-mm diameter quartz drum that is wrapped with 320-grit sandpaper to create a rough surface.

18. The optical fiber according to claim 17, wherein said substantially cured primary coating possesses (i) an in situ modulus of less than 0.50 MPa and (ii) a glass transition temperature of less than −55° C.

19. The optical fiber according to claim 17, wherein:
at a wavelength of 1310 nanometers, the optical fiber has a mode field diameter with nominal values of between 8.6 microns and 9.5 microns and a tolerance of ±0.4 micron;
the optical fiber has a cable cutoff wavelength of no more than 1260 nanometers;
the optical fiber has a zero chromatic dispersion wavelength of at least 1300 nanometers and no more than 1324 nanometers;
at the zero chromatic dispersion wavelength, the optical fiber has a slope of no more than 0.092 ps/(nm2·km);
at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers, the optical fiber has a macrobending loss of (i) no more than 0.25 dB for ten turns around a mandrel radius of 15 millimeters and (ii) no more than 0.75 dB for one turn around a mandrel radius of 10 millimeters; and
at a wavelength of 1625 nanometers, the optical fiber has a macrobending loss of (i) no more than 1.0 dB for ten turns around a mandrel radius of 15 millimeters and (ii) no more than 1.5 dB for one turn around a mandrel radius of 10 millimeters.

20. A plurality of optical fibers according to claim 17, wherein (i) at the 50th percentile of the optical-fiber tensile-strength distribution, the tensile strength at fiber failure is at least 550 kpsi, (ii) at the 15th percentile of the optical-fiber tensile-strength distribution, the tensile strength at fiber failure is at least about 455 kpsi and (iii) the optical fibers have a dynamic fatigue stress corrosion factor (n-value) of at least 18.