UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

COLLENE K. CORCORAN, CHAPTER 7

TRUSTEE,

Appellant,

v.

JASON AND SARAH PUBLOW,

Appellees.

 /

Case No. 09-12180

Honorable Nancy G. Edmunds

OPINION AND ORDER AFFIRMING BANKRUPTCY JUDGE’S MAY 20, 2009 ORDER

OVERRULING THE TRUSTEE’S OBJECTION TO DEBTORS’ AMENDED

EXEMPTIONS

This is an appeal from a May 20, 2009 order issued by the Bankruptcy Court in a

Chapter 7 bankruptcy adversary proceeding brought by Appellant Collene K. Corcoran,

Chapter 7 Trustee (“Trustee”), against Jason and Sarah Publow (“Debtors”). The

Bankruptcy Court's order overruled the Trustee's objections to the Debtors' amended

exemptions, ordered that the Debtors' amended exemptions for their 2008 tax refunds

pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(5) be allowed, and further ordered that the Trustee release

and pay over to the Debtors the $8,286 in tax refunds that she had received from the

United States Treasury/Internal Revenue Service and/or the State of Michigan. The

Bankruptcy Court found that the Debtors did not act in bad faith or intentionally conceal

their anticipated 2008 tax refunds. The Trustee appeals, arguing that the Bankruptcy Court

erred. For the reasons stated below, this Court concludes that the Bankruptcy Court did

not err, and AFFIRMS its May 20, 2009 order.

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I. Jurisdiction

Appellate jurisdiction is conferred on this Court by 11 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1) which states,

"[t]he district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to hear appeals (1) from final

judgments, orders, and decrees; . . . of bankruptcy judges entered in cases and

proceedings referred to bankruptcy judges under section 157 of this title. An appeal under

this subsection shall be taken only to the district court for the judicial district in which the

bankruptcy judge is serving." 

II. Appellate Standard of Review

This Court reviews the Bankruptcy Court's findings of fact for clear error and its

conclusions of law de novo. Westbanco Bank Barnesville v. Rafoth (In re Baker & Getty

Fin. Servs., Inc.), 106 F.3d 1255, 1259 (6th Cir. 1997). "De novo means that the appellate

court determines the law independently of the trial court's determination." Meyers v. IRS

(In re Meyers), 216 B.R. 402, 403 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted). "A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when although there is evidence to

support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with a definite and firm

conviction that a mistake has been committed." United States v. Mathews (In re Mathews),

209 B.R. 218, 219 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

III. Facts

Facing foreclosure, the Debtors first consulted with their attorney regarding bankruptcy

on October 6, 2008. On October 14, 2008, Debtors' Chapter 7 Petition was filed. Because

Debtors and their counsel were still unsure whether Debtors would have to surrender their

home, their counsel filed a minimal Petition under Chapter 7. During this same time period,

Debtors' counsel's former firm announced that it was closing. On October 9, 2008, the

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former managing partner announced that the firm's doors would be shut in seven business

days; October 17, 2008. Debtors' counsel was laid off as of October 17, 2008, and despite

unexpectedly and involuntarily being forced to establish a solo practice with no support

staff, he continued to serve as counsel for Debtors. On October 29, 2008, Debtors' counsel

completed the Debtors' Petition, filing the initial schedules and other supporting

documentation. Debtors' schedules, as originally filed, did not indicate that a 2008 tax

refund was anticipated.

The Debtors' first meeting of creditors was initially scheduled for November 17, 2008,

but was adjourned to December 15, 2008, so that one of the Debtors, Mr. Publow, could

obtain medical treatment at the Mayo Clinic.

On December 8, 2008, Debtors' counsel provided the Trustee with documents,

including the Debtors' 2006 and 2007 tax returns. 

On December 15, 2008, the first meeting of creditors was held. The Trustee did not

ask about anticipated tax refunds for 2008, and the Debtors did not disclose any at that

time. 

On January 16, 2009, the Trustee filed an interim report with the Court indicating that

there was a 2008 tax refund that was not scheduled.

After reviewing the Debtors' 2007 tax return and observing that Debtors had received

a $8,442 tax refund that year from the federal government, the Trustee sent a request to

the Internal Revenue Service to submit Debtors' 2008 tax refund to the bankruptcy estate

because it was not listed or exempted by the Debtors. As a result, the IRS placed a hold

on the refund and did not send it to the Debtors after they filed their 2008 tax return. 

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On April 1, 2009, when the Debtors learned about the Trustee's actions, they filed their

amended Schedules B and C, disclosing and exempting their 2008 tax refunds. Debtors

also sent copies of their 2008 tax returns to the Trustee on April 2, 2009.

On April 7, 2009, the Trustee filed an objection to the Debtors' amended exemptions.

On April 20, 2009, the Trustee received the Debtors' 2008 federal tax refund from the

United States Treasury in the amount of $8,286. 

On April 27, 2009, the Trustee filed a notice of receipt of those tax refund assets and

a notice to Creditors to file claims. 

On May 20, 2009, the Trustee's objection came before the Bankruptcy Court. The

Bankruptcy Court determined that the matter was governed by Lucias v. McLemore, 741

F.2d 125 (6th Cir. 1984), which observed that, absent bad faith or intentional concealment,

amendments to bankruptcy schedules are freely granted because this advances a policy

goal of encouraging debtors to disclose assets when they learn of them. The Bankruptcy

Court further observed that the asset at issue here is a tax refund and many debtors are

unaware that an anticipated tax refund is an asset that must be listed. (5/20/09 Hrg. Tr. at

12.) It then made the following factual findings. There was no showing of bad faith or that

the Debtors intended to conceal their 2008 anticipated tax refund assets. (Id. at 13.)

Rather, unusual circumstances existed that contributed to the Debtors' delayed amendment

disclosing and listing their 2008 tax refunds. The Debtors had retained a firm that closed

its doors shortly after retention. Their counsel, a former attorney at the now-defunct firm,

decided to represent them as best as he could amidst the confusion of being thrust into the

position of establishing a solo practice with no support staff. The Debtors' counsel

accepted responsibility for not listing the 2008 tax refunds earlier. Applying the law to these

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facts, the Bankruptcy Court overruled the Trustee's objection and let the Debtors'

exemption of the 2008 tax refunds stand. (Id.)

On May 20, 2009, after the hearing on the Trustee's objection to the Debtors'

amendment of exemptions, the Trustee filed a "Trustee's Report of Undisclosed Asset"

listing the 2008 tax refunds. 

The Trustee then filed a timely appeal. 

IV. Analysis

On appeal, the Trustee argues that the Debtors' bad faith or intentional concealment

of their anticipated 2008 tax refunds can be inferred under the facts presented here. This

Court disagrees. The Bankruptcy Court's findings of fact were not clearly erroneous, and

it did not err in its application of the law to those facts. 

The leading Sixth Circuit decision addressing the issue central to this appeal is the

one identified by the Bankruptcy Court; Lucius v. McLemore, 741 F.2d 125 (6th Cir. 1984).

In Lucius, the Sixth Circuit reversed a district court decision rejecting as untimely a debtor's

proposed amendment of a schedule of exemptions to add two vehicles. The court

observed that "Rule 110 of the old Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, in effect when

[the Lucius] case was heard, provided, 'A voluntary petition, schedule, or statement of

affairs may be amended as a matter of course at any time before the case is closed.'"

Lucius, 741 F.2d at 126 (quoting Fed. R. Bankr. P. 110) (emphasis added). It then

observed that "Rule 110 has been adopted without substantive change as Rule 1009 of the

(new) Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, effective August 1, 1983." From this

readoption and the Advisory Committee Note to Rule 1009, the Lucius court reasoned that

"Rule 1009 reaffirms the legislative intent to allow amendment as a matter of course for

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schedules, including lists of exempt property." Id. at 126-27. The Sixth Circuit

acknowledged that "[t]his 'permissive approach,' allowing amendment at any time before

the case is closed and denying courts discretion to reject amendments, has been endorsed

in several circuits." Id. at 127 (citing cases from the Third, Fourth, Ninth and Eleventh

Circuit Courts of Appeal). Finally, it observed that, although the Rule liberally allows

amendments any time before the case closes, "Courts may still refuse to allow an

amendment where the debtor has acted in bad faith or where the property has been

concealed." Id. at 127. Thus, the prevailing rule in the Sixth Circuit is that "a debtor may

amend his or her petition schedules at any time before the case is closed, . . . unless the

debtor has acted in bad faith or where the property has been concealed." In re Iwasko, No.

05-83036, 2006 WL 2855040, *2 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. Oct. 4, 2006). Accord, In re Larouche,

409 B.R. 862, 864 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2009) (making the same observation and allowing

amendment exempting a tax refund); In re Thomasma, 399 B.R. 20, 22-24 (Bankr. W.D.

Mich. 2008) (making the same observation and rejecting an argument by the Trustee that

an amendment exempting a tax refund should be disallowed solely for being untimely). 

Following Lucius, the Bankruptcy Court here properly considered whether the Debtors'

amendment should be disallowed because they had acted in bad faith or had intentionally

concealed their anticipated 2008 tax refunds. "[B]ad faith is determined by an examination

of the totality of the circumstances. Mere allegations of bad faith will not suffice; the

objecting party must demonstrate the bad faith of the debtor by specific evidence." In re

Colvin, 288 B.R. 477, 481-82 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2003) (citations omitted). Examining the

unusual and chaotic circumstances surrounding the Debtors' Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing,

the Bankruptcy Court found that the Trustee had not provided evidence that the Debtors'

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delay in amending their schedules and listing their anticipated 2008 tax refunds as exempt

was the result of their bad faith or their intent to conceal the anticipated 2008 tax refunds.

Unlike the circumstances present in In re Opra, 365 B.R. 728 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2007),

where the Trustee established, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the debtor

intentionally concealed her personal injury claim arising out of an earlier motorcycle

accident, there was no evidence presented here that the Debtors intentionally concealed

their anticipated 2008 tax refunds. Accordingly, this Court concludes that the Bankruptcy

Court's factual findings that there was an absence of bad faith or intentional concealment

on the part of Debtors were not clearly erroneous. 

Furthermore, this Court rejects the Trustee's argument that it and the Creditors were

unfairly prejudiced by the Debtors' amendment. As permitted under the Bankruptcy Rules

and Lucius, the Debtors amended their schedules to include their anticipated 2008 tax

refunds before the Trustee collected any tax refunds and before the Trustee filed a notice

of those assets and notified the creditors to file claims. Accordingly, under these facts,

neither the Trustee nor the Creditors were prejudiced by the Debtors' amendment of their

schedules listing anticipated 2008 tax refunds as exempt; assets that are exempt in the first

instance. 

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V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Bankruptcy Court's May 20, 2009 order is AFFIRMED,

and the Appellant's appeal is DISMISSED. 

 

s/Nancy G. Edmunds 

Nancy G. Edmunds

United States District Judge

Dated: October 15, 2009

I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was served upon counsel of record

on October 15, 2009, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.

s/Carol A. Hemeyer 

Case Manager

 

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