UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff,

v.

D-18 LEONARD "DAD" MOORE,

Defendant.

 /

Case No. 06-20465

Honorable Nancy G. Edmunds

OPINION AND ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT'S 28 U.S.C. § 2255 MOTION TO

VACATE, SET ASIDE, OR CORRECT HIS SENTENCE [2866]

Now before the Court is Defendant-Petitioner Leonard "Dad" Moore's1

 motion to

vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. (Dkt. 2819.)

Defendant contends that he is entitled to relief because he received ineffective assistance

of counsel from two of his attorneys: John Brusstar, who represented him during pretrial,

trial, sentencing, and direct appeal; and Paul Croushore, who represented him during his

appeal of resentencing proceedings. Defendant also seeks to join certain arguments raised

in the 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion filed by his co-defendant, Gary Ball including: (1) the

Government allegedly failed to disclose that Aref Nagi, a co-defendant at trial, was a

government informant and cooperating witness; (2) alleged witness tampering by Officer

Benito Mendoza; (3) alleged presentation of false testimony before the grand jury and

during the trial; and (4) alleged prosecutorial misconduct resulting in the trial of unsupported

conspiracy to murder charges. (Dkt. 2821, at 2-4.) After reviewing the briefing of the

 1 Leonard "Dad" Moore is the father of another defendant indicted in the same

underlying criminal matter, Leonard "Bo" Moore.
parties, the Court finds that an evidentiary hearing is not needed. For the reasons stated

below, Defendant's motion is DENIED. 

I. Background

Following an almost two-month-long trial, a jury convicted Defendant of Conspiracy

to Commit Racketeering. (Dkt. 1470.) Defendant then filed a motion under Federal Rule

of Criminal Procedure 29 for a judgment of acquittal, which the Court denied. (Dkt. 1584.) 

On February 16, 2011, the Court sentenced Defendant to life in prison. (Dkt. 1814.) 

On September 30, 2013, on direct appeal, the Sixth Circuit affirmed Defendant's

conviction for RICO conspiracy, but remanded the matter for resentencing because

Defendant's life sentence was beyond the statutory maximum allowable sentence of 20

years. United States v. Nagi, 541 F.App'x 556, 576-77 (6th Cir. 2013). In the Nagi opinion,

the Sixth Circuit addressed the sufficiency of the evidence against Defendant, the issues

of alleged variance and burden shifting, the alleged prosecutorial misconduct, and issues

raised concerning the Defendant's sentence. Id., at 566-69; 573-75.

At resentencing, the Court sentenced Defendant to the statutory maximum term of

20 years. (Second Amended Judg., Dkt. 2574.) Defendant again appealed, and the Sixth

Circuit affirmed the new sentence. (Dkt. 2676.) On December 7, 2015, the Supreme Court

denied Defendant's petition for a writ of certiorari and his sentence became final. (Dkt. 

2756.)

Now Defendant moves for relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 asserting ineffective

assistance of counsel as the primary basis for relief. (Dkt. 2819.) Defendant also joins

certain arguments raised in the § 2255 motion filed by his co-defendant, Gary Ball. (Dkt.

2
2821.) The Government responded to Defendant's motion. (Dkt. 2866.) Defendant's

attorney filed a reply (Dkt. 2869) and Defendant filed a separate pro se reply (Dkt. 2873). 

II. Applicable Standard

Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, "[a] prisoner in custody under sentence of a [federal] court

. . . claiming the right to be released . . . may move the court which imposed the sentence

to vacate, set aside or correct the sentence." To prevail on the motion, Defendant must

show "(1) an error of constitutional magnitude; (2) a sentence imposed outside the statutory

limits; or (3) an error of fact or law that was so fundamental as to render the entire

proceeding invalid." McPhearson v. United States, 675 F.3d 553, 559 (6th Cir. 2012)

(quoting Mallett v. United States, 334 F.3d 491, 496-97 (6th Cir. 2003)). 

“It is well-established that a § 2255 motion 'is not a substitute for direct appeal.'" Ray

v. United States, 721 F.3d 758, 761 (6th Cir. 2013) (citations omitted). "[C]laims that could

have been raised on direct appeal, but were not, will not be entertained via a motion under

§ 2255 unless the petitioner shows: (1) cause and actual prejudice to excuse his failure to

raise the claims previously; or (2) that he is 'actually innocent' of the crime." Id. (citing

Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 622 (1998)). And "it is equally well settled that a

§ 2255 motion may not be employed to relitigate an issue that was raised and considered

on direct appeal absent highly exceptional circumstances, such as an intervening change

in the law." Jones v. United States, 178 F.3d 790, 796 (6th Cir. 1999).

3
III. Analysis

A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

The Sixth Amendment provides, in pertinent part, "in all criminal prosecutions, the

accused shall enjoy the right. . . .to have the assistance of counsel for his defense." U.S.

Const. Amend. VI. A defendant has a Sixth Amendment right not just to counsel, but to

"reasonably effective assistance" of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687

(1984).

To succeed on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Defendant must show that

his counsel’s performance was both deficient and prejudicial to his defense. Id. To

demonstrate deficient performance, Defendant must “show[] that counsel made errors so

serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the

Sixth Amendment.” Id. Phrased differently, Defendant must demonstrate that his counsel’s

representation “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 688. The

standard is “highly deferential, and there is a ‘strong presumption that counsel’s conduct

falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.’” Mallett, 334 F.3d at 497

(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). 

To demonstrate prejudice, Defendant must show “a reasonable probability that, but

for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to

undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. The inquiry requires eliminating “the distorting

effects of hindsight ... [in order] to evaluate the conduct from counsel's perspective at the

time.” Kelly v. Lazaroff, 846 F.3d 819, 829–30 (6th Cir. 2017) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S.

4
at 689). The goal is not to ensure that a criminal defendant be afforded perfect counsel,

but rather “to ensure that the adversarial testing process works to produce a just result

under the standards governing decision.” Kelly, 846 F.3d at 830 (quoting Strickland, 466

U.S. at 687). The fundamental question is whether the proceeding was “fundamentally

unfair or unreliable; a court should not focus the analysis on the outcome.” Kinnard v.

United States, 313 F.3d 933, 935 (6th Cir. 2002).

1. Pretrial Ineffective Assistance Claims

Defendant claims trial counsel (1) failed to interview potential defense witnesses, (2)

failed to consult with Defendant to review and discuss discovery, and (3) did not prepare

him for trial or consider information available for counsel to conduct further investigations.

The Sixth Circuit "has been quite rigorous in demanding more than omission of a

hypothetical or 'potential' defense to establish adverse effect." McFarland v. Yukins, 356

F.3d 688, 706 (6th Cir. 2004). It requires proof "that the choice was not part of a legitimate

strategy, judged under the deferential review of counsel's performance prescribed in

Strickland." Id. 

Here, Defendant claims his counsel failed to contact other potential witnesses,

Kenneth Smith and Phillip Painter, who were longstanding members of the HMC.

Defendant asserts these witnesses would have provided testimony contradicting the

government's theory and the testimony of several government witnesses concerning the

Defendant's substantial decision making authority over other elected club officers, and his

role as the "Godfather" within the HMC. These potential witnesses, who offer affidavits in

support of Defendant's motion, claim they were prepared to testify that there was no

5
"godfather" position, but rather only respect for Defendant "because of the number of years

[Defendant] had been a member of the club." (Dkt. 2819, at 55.) 

These witnesses, however, are HMC members, knew Defendant approximately 40

years each, and had close ties to Defendant. A jury would have had to weigh these facts

in assessing their credibility. Furthermore, the government would have had the opportunity

cross-examine these witnesses and to ask why Defendant was so well respected "within

a club that was as violent and law-breaking as the Highwaymen." (Govt. Resp., Dkt. 2866,

at 12; PgID 20849.) The government would have been able to cross examine these

potential witnesses about the particulars, or what they knew about the particulars, of the

petitioner's prior conviction for interstate travel in aid of racketeering in 1988 as a member

of the Highwaymen; their own observations about the drug dealing or violence committed

by club members; and their own respective criminal histories." (Id.)

These were not neutral witnesses, but long-time associates of Defendant. It is likely

that the Government's cross-examination could have hurt Defendant rather than helped. 

"An attorney need not pursue an investigation that would be fruitless, much less one that

might be harmful to the defense." Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 108 (2011). Given

the possible reasoning for keeping these witnesses from testifying, Defendant has not

overcome the highly deferential standard applied to counsel's conduct, nor the strong

presumption that counsel provided reasonable professional assistance. Mallett, 334 F.3d

at 497. 

In addition, Defendant claims his counsel did not discuss the sentencing

consequences of convictions on the various counts. Defendant specifically states he could

6
not make an intelligent decision on whether to consider the offered plea bargain or risk

proceeding to trial. He also claims his counsel, in advance of trial, failed to provide

substantive information about the details of his case, about the strength of the

government's evidence, or how best to contest the Government's case. These are selfserving assertions. Defendant, nonetheless, admits his counsel "met with [Defendant] and

his wife, Joy Moore on several occasions prior to trial." (D. § 2255 Mot., Dkt. 2819, at 15;

PgID 20545.) 

When evaluating a claim under Strickland, the Court may begin with the prejudice

prong when it is dispositive. See Baze v. Parker, 371 F.3d 310, 321 (6th Cir. 2004) ("We

do not need to address the question of competence, however: '[I]f it is easier to dispose of

an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice. . . .that course should

be followed." (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697)). Defendant identifies no actions he

would have taken differently. Defendant does not suggest he might have chosen to take

a plea. Instead, he reargues that the Government's case against him was weak and

unsupported by the evidence. He reargues that the prosecution misapplied the "godfather"

title to him. His continued belief that the government's case lacks merit suggests even

now, after having seen all the evidence against him, Defendant would still have risked

proceeding to trial. The Court rejects Defendant's ineffectiveness claim for his failure to

argue a reasonable probability that "the result of the proceeding would have been different." 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Defendant additionally fails to demonstrate deficient

performance by counsel. Defendant admits he met with counsel often. He has not "shown

7
that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the 'counsel'

guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.

2. Trial Ineffective Assistance Claims

Defendant recognizes that his counsel attempted to sever his trial from that of his codefendants in order to prevent spillover. Here, Defendant argues that when the attempt

failed, it was "incumbent upon trial counsel to do something to separate his client from

those who were alleged to have actually committed the serious substantive crimes." (D.

§2255 Mot., Dkt. 2819, at 24; PgID 20554.) Defendant also claims his counsel should have

"humanized" him and failed to do so. 

Defendant's claim is without merit. Defendant's counsel confronted these exact

issues several times from the beginning of trial. In counsel's opening statement he stated

the "Government has talked about a lot of the Highwaymen not having legitimate jobs,

doing these crimes, selling all of this cocaine. Not Leonard Moore." (Trial Tr. Vol. 3 at 61-

63.) He additionally stated "[w]ho calls him Godfather? No one ever called him the

Godfather." (Id.) "Leonard Moore has been married for 42 years to Joy. . . .has a family;

two daughters, one son. . . .worked for the last 19 years at New Center Stamping, he's held

a salary job there as a foreman." (Id.) His counsel also offers an affidavit stating "my trial

strategy was to attempt to minimize Leonard's involvement and leadership within the

Highwaymen." (Govt. Resp., Dkt. 2866, Ex. 2, Affidavit at ¶ 4.)

Defendant also criticizes counsel's cross-examinations. Defendant asserts his

counsel engaged in minimal cross-examination of witnesses and failed to clarify that

Defendant did not act as a "godfather" and was unconnected to the crimes of others. 

8
According to Defendant, his counsel's strategy was "to defer completely to codefendant's

counsel to carry the load of cross-examination of the government witnesses." (D. § 2255

Mot., Dkt. 2819, at 27; PgID 20557.) Defendant additionally criticizes those crossexamination questions his counsel did ask, his preparedness, and his execution. (Id. at 28;

PgID 20558.) 

Again, Defendant's contention is not supported by the record. Counsel did conduct

several cross-examinations clarifying that incidents involving Defendant were not in fact

criminal. He also repeatedly sought clarifications in cross-examinations that Defendant was

not the leader as the Government alleged. (Trial Tr. Vol. 9 at 75-76; Vol. 14 at 6-12; Vol.

16 at 13-17; and Vol. 17 at 62-65.) The decision to coordinate efforts among the codefendants' counsel, so as not to repeat each other during cross-examination, was a valid

and practical strategy. Despite Defendant's claims, Defense counsel's actions during

cross-examinations, where and when to intervene, or else coordinating with the other

defense counsel, falls within the area of trial tactics and strategy. Defendant fails to

establish that his counsel's actions or omissions were outside the wide range of

professionally competent assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. From the record,

Defendant's attorney was consistent and persistent in his representation of Defendant. 

Additionally, Defendant again argues that his counsel should have called as

witnesses, during the trial, the older HMC members, Kenneth Smith and Phillip Painter. 

The Court rejected this argument when addressing Defendant's pre-trial allegations. They

were insufficient there and remain so here. 

9
3. Ineffective Assistance Claims Due to Failure to Prepare

Defendant asserts his counsel failed to request funds to obtain a necessary

handwriting expert in order to properly dispute Exhibit 214F, which Defendant describes as

"the most, if not only, incriminating piece of documentary evidence introduced against him

at trial." (D. § 2255 Mot., Dkt. 2819, at 36; PgID 20566.) Defendant's claim fails for lack

of prejudice. 

With or without the handwriting specialist, the Government found Exhibit 214F in

Defendant's home. The handwriting on the document was secondary. "The fact that

[Defendant] had the paperwork now, regardless of who made the notations, was the

circumstantial evidence demonstrating that the enterprise existed and its nature." (Govt.

Resp., Dkt. 2866, at 16, PgID 20853.) During the trial, Defendant's counsel worked to

explain to the jury an alternate reason the document may have been in Defendant's home. 

Since this was an appropriate focus of the counsel's attention Defendant's argument fails. 

Moreover, the failure to provide expert testimony about the handwriting on a document

found in Defendant's home is not prejudicial. There remained significant connection

between the document and Defendant. 

4. Ineffective Assistance Claim for Failure to Challenge Advisory Guidelines

Calculations or to Request a Downward Variance at Sentencing.

Defendant asserts that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the following

during sentencing: (1) only generally challenging the Guidelines scoring to "every predicate 

count that is counted in the RICO conspiracy" (Tr. Sentencing, PgID 12674), (2) never

specifically asking for a downward variance from the life in prison guidelines range, and (3)

10
failure to make specific arguments against inclusion of groups 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 in the

scoring. 

Defendant however fails to establish these instances fall below the standard of

objective reasonableness, where counsel did submit a sentencing memorandum on

Defendant's behalf. Defendant also fails to establish prejudice since the Court applied the

proper legal standard in scoring the relevant conduct. Had Defendant's counsel made

these specific objections, in addition to his many others, they would have failed. In the

absence of some indication that his argument would have succeeded, Defendant's

argument fails. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.

5. Ineffective Assistance Claims Related to Appellate Counsel's Failure to

Communicate and Failure to Raise Viable Sentencing Issues

Defendant claims that he received ineffective assistance of counsel on both his direct

appeal and his resentencing appeal. Defendant's claims are without merit. 

Defendant asserts that he received ineffective assistance of counsel from his

appellate counsel on direct appeal because: (1) counsel did not raise specific issues

concerning the Court's calculation of the sentencing guidelines on appeal; and (2) counsel

failed to challenge "the lack of a specific finding of fact on the racketeering acts

characterized as relevant conduct." (D. § 2255 Mot., Dkt. 2819, at 42; PgID 20572.) 

Neither of these arguments is supported by the record. Defendant's counsel did challenge

the Court's calculation of the guidelines on direct appeal. (See, e.g., Govt. Resp., Dkt.

2866, Ex 1, Defendant's Appellate Brief.) And the Court did make specific findings of fact

on the record concerning the racketeering acts and conduct forming the basis for the

11
sentence. (See, e.g., Tr. Sentencing, Dkt 1970, 6-8, 12-15). Defendant fails to

demonstrate that his appellate counsel's conduct on direct appeal falls below the objective

standard of reasonableness or that he was prejudiced by such conduct. 

With respect to his re-sentencing appeal, Defendant contends that his second

appellate counsel was ineffective because he failed to challenge the reasonableness of

Defendant's sentence. As an initial matter, and as both parties acknowledge, Defendant's

sentence is within the guideline range and therefore carries the presumption of

reasonableness. United States v. Epps, 598 F. App'x 435 (6th Cir. 2015); United States

v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 389 (6th Cir.2008) (en banc). Furthermore, the record

demonstrates that the Court did conduct the "individualized, specific, fact finding" that

Defendant contends is necessary to support the sentence. (Tr. Re-sentencing, Dkt. 2624,

9-11.) The record also reflects that the Court did consider the mitigating factors the

Defendant now argues should have been considered in determining his sentence. (Id.)

Defendant was not prejudiced by his appellate's counsel failure to raise an issue on appeal

that was not supported by the record and had no merit. 

Finally, Defendant argues that his appellate counsel was ineffective because both

lawyers did not sufficiently communicate with Defendant about his appeals. Defendant's

allegations concerning these communication issues and the record before the Court do not

reflect conduct that falls below the objective standard of reasonableness imposed by

Strickland. Moreover, Defendant fails to demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the

allegedly insufficient communication provided by his counsel in connection with pursuing

his appeals. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.

12
B. Joinder In Issues and Claims Alleged by Co-Defednant

In addition to Defendant's own § 2255 motion (Dkt. 2819), Defendant also filed a

Notice of Joinder in Issues and Claims Alleged by Co-Defendant Gary Ball Jr. ("Ball") in

Ball's 28 U.S.C. § 2255 Motion (Dkt.2821). Defendant seeks to join only certain arguments

raised in Ball's 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion including: (1) the Government allegedly failed to

disclose that Aref Nagi, a co-defendant at trial, was a government informant and

cooperating witness; (2) non-disclosure of Brady material; (3) alleged witness tampering

by Officer Benito Mendoza; (4) alleged present of false testimony before the grand jury and

during the trial; (5) alleged prosecutorial misconduct resulting in the trial of unsupported

conspiracy to murder charges; and (6) failure to present all the charged crimes to the grand

jury. (Dkt. 2821, at 2-4.) Defendant offers only minimal explanation beyond the description

of the issues provided by Ball. 

1. Aref Nagi's Alleged Work as a "Spy in the Camp"

Defendant joins Ball's argument that he was unconstitutionally confined because

co-defendant Aref Nagi may have acted as a "spy in the camp" during the pretrial and trial

phases of the case. (Dkt. 2713, at 48.) As this Court noted in its order on Ball's motion for

discovery, this argument appears to contemplate two potential legal theories. First, the codefendants may be arguing that the Government's failure to disclose Nagi's alleged role as

an informant entitles them to relief under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). "Under

Brady, [the defendant] must show that the Government failed to share evidence favorable

to the accused, and that the suppression of evidence prejudiced the defendant." Thomas

13
v. United States, 849 F.3d 669, 680 (6th Cir. 2017) (citing Montgomery v. Bobby, 654 F.3d

668, 678 (6th Cir. 2011)).

Alternatively, the co-defendants may be arguing that the Government violated their

Sixth Amendment right to a fair adversarial criminal process. See United States v. Cronic,

466 U.S. 648, 656 (1984). "[I]n order to establish a violation of the Sixth Amendment right

to counsel ensuing from government surveillance, a claimant must not only show that

conversations with an attorney were surreptitiously monitored, but must also show that the

information gained was used to prejudice the claimant's defense in his criminal trial." 

United States v. Collins, 799 F.3d 554, 591 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Sinclair v. Schriber, 916

F.2d 1109, 1112 (6th Cir. 1990)).

As embodied in the Government's responses to Ball's discovery requests, the record

before the Court forecloses both theories. First, "there are no records of Nagi being signed

up as a federal source of information or used in a federal prosecution," and neither the FBI

nor the DEA has a record of Nagi working as a "cooperating witness, source of information,

or informant for the federal government." (Dkt. 2886 at ¶ 31.) Further, "[n]either Nagi nor

his counsel attempted to cooperate with the U.S. Attorney's Office or Federal Bureau of

Investigation in connection with or immediately prior to or during the pendency of the

underlying criminal matter." (Id. at ¶ 32.) Finally, "[t]here was no cooperation agreement

between Nagi and any Assistant United States Attorney in the underlying criminal matter,"

and a search of multiple databases returned "no record of a cooperation agreement

between Nagi and the U.S. Attorney's Office -- Eastern District [of Michigan] . . . for any

time period." (Id. at ¶ 34.)

14
Given the overwhelming evidence that Nagi did not work as a "spy in the camp," the

Court concludes that Defendant, in relying on Ball's claims, has failed to show that the

Government violated his Sixth Amendment right based on government surveillance. 

Neither Ball, nor Defendant, have shown that their conversations were surreptitiously

monitored, let alone that any information gained was used to prejudice their defenses

during trial. Collins, 799 F.3d at 591. For similar reasons, this Court concludes that

Defendant has not demonstrated that he is entitled to relief under Brady. Defendant, and

Ball before him, have not shown that the Government failed to share evidence favorable

to him, let alone that the suppression of such evidence caused prejudice. Thomas v.

United States, 849 F.3d at 680.

2. Non-disclosure of Brady Materials

Defendant without support, joins Ball's non-disclosure of Brady materials argument. 

Defendant asserts, separate from his Aref Nagi complaint, that he and his co-defendants

were denied fundamental fairness in the proceedings because prosecutors withheld

unnamed exculpatory and impeachment material as well as used unnamed evidence

and/or failed to correct evidence the government knew or should have known was false.

(Dkt. 2821, at 2; PgID 20592.) Near the end of his brief, Ball similarly baldly asserted that

the Government "failed to provide [Ball] with discovery to which he was entitled, including,

but not limited to, Brady, Giglio, and other material, including material concerning the

investigation in the case, to which he constitutionally was entitled and was entitled under

Rule 16 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure." (Dkt. 2713, at 47.) For relief under

Brady, Defendant "must show that the Government failed to share evidence favorable to

15
the accused, and that the suppression of evidence prejudiced the defendant." Thomas,

849 F.3d at 680. As was the case for Ball also, Defendant's bald assertion does not make

the requisite showing.

3. Witness Tampering

Defendant joins Ball's argument that "[t]he government engaged in misconduct where 

[Detroit Police Officer Benito Mendoza] has been identified as a corrupt law enforcement

officer who is believed to have discussed witnesses' testimony with them while transporting

them, getting them to color testimony to protect some people on whose behalf he was

working or in whose interest he was acting." (Dkt. 2821, at 3; PgID 20593.) Ball's motion

states that Ball "believes that [Detroit Police Officer Benito Mendoza] was discussing

witnesses' testimony with them while transporting them, getting them to color testimony to

protect some people on whose behalf he was working or in whose interests he was acting,

while getting them to implicate others who he did not know or did not wish to favor." (Dkt.

2713, at 42.) However neither Ball nor Defendant substantiated their beliefs with any

evidence of witness tampering. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this ground.

4. Improper Remarks to Grand Jury

Defendant seeks to join Ball's arguments that the prosecutors encouraged false grand

jury and trial testimony. Ball argued that various remarks by the prosecution denied him

due process. For this claim to succeed, Defendant and Ball had to demonstrate that the

prosecution's comments "so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting

conviction a denial of due process." Bryan v. Bobby, 843 F.3d 1099, 1113 (6th Cir. 2016)

(quoting Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 (1986)). In the Sixth Circuit, courts apply

16
a two-step approach for determining if prosecutorial remarks violated a defendant's due

process rights. Gumm v. Mitchell, 775 F.3d 345, 380 (6th Cir. 2014) (citing Christini v.

McKee, 526 F.3d 888, 899 (6th Cir. 2008)). First, the court must consider whether the

prosecution's remarks were improper. Id. (citing Boyle v. Million, 201 F.3d 711, 717 (6th

Cir. 2000)). Then, if the court concludes that the remarks were improper, it must determine

if they were sufficiently flagrant to warrant reversal by looking to four factors: (1) the

likelihood that the remarks would mislead the jury or prejudice the accused; (2) whether the

remarks were isolated or extensive; (3) whether the remarks were deliberately or

accidentally presented to the jury; and (4) whether other evidence against the defendant

was substantial. Id. (citing United States v. Francis, 170 F.3d 546, 549-50 (6th Cir. 1999)). 

In making this assessment, the court must consider the totality of the circumstances. Id.

(citation omitted); see also United States v. Beverly, 369 F.3d 516, 543 (6th Cir. 2004) ("In

examining prosecutorial misconduct, it is necessary to view the conduct at issue within the

context of the trial as a whole.").

The first set of allegedly improper remarks relate to Doug Burnett's decision to serve

as a cooperating witness. Defendant argues, as Ball had previously, that the Agent

Brzezinski falsely testified before the grand jury and at trial that "Burnett simply came in and

decided to tell the government what he knew." (Dkt. 2713, at 48.) The reality, Defendant

and Ball insist, was that "Burnett already was under surveillance by the government for his

role in storing kilos of narcotics in his father's house and, indeed, Burnett had contact with

the agents who had the house under surveillance." (Id.) Neither Defendant nor Ball, cite

any evidence supporting these claims. As a result, there is no basis for determining that

17
Agent Brzezinski's remarks were improper. Furthermore, it is unlikely that the remarks

either misled the jury or prejudiced the accused because (1) both Defendant and Ball had

ample opportunity to cross-examine Burnett about his decision to cooperate at trial; and (2)

as discussed above, the evidence against Defendant was overwhelming.

Defendant and Ball also claim that the Government "used information from 302s from

another investigation (involving Alexander Aceval) to get the indictment that was returned

in this case," even though it knew that the case "had nothing to do with the Highwaymen"

and that "the law enforcement officers and prosecutors involved had been corrupt." (Dkt.

2821, at 4; PgID 20594.) Neither Defendant, nor Ball, substantiated this claim regarding

the Government's knowledge, so Defendant has failed to show that its conduct was

improper, let alone prejudicial.

For the reasons discussed above, the aforementioned remarks do not supply grounds

for relief in isolation, and considering them together does not compel a different conclusion. 

Whether examined alone or collectively, these remarks did not so infect the proceedings

"with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process." Bryan, 843

F.3d at 1113 (citations omitted).

5. Murder Conspiracy Charges

Defendant attempts to join Ball's argument regarding the conspiracy to murder

charges. Ball claimed that the Government committed prosecutorial misconduct with

regard to Count Thirteen (conspiracy to murder). As this Court stated in its discovery order,

the Sixth Circuit already rejected this argument on direct appeal, and it is "well-settled that

a § 2255 motion may not be employed to re-litigate an issue that was raised and

18
considered on direct appeal absent highly exceptional circumstances, such as an

intervening change in the law." Jones, 178 F.3d at 796. Given that the Court cannot

identify any "highly exceptional circumstances" for reconsidering this issue, Ball was not

entitled to relief on this ground and neither is Defendant.

Additionally, even if reconsideration were warranted, the claim would still fail because

Defendant was not prejudiced. The jury considered these charges against Defendant and

acquitted him. The jury weighed the evidence and credited its own determinations over that

of the supposed damage of association with these crimes. 

6. Failure to Present the Grand Jury with All of the Charged Crimes

Defendant joins Ball's argument that the Government never presented the grand jury

with all of the crimes charged in the Second Superseding Indictment. Because this is a

claim that should have been raised on direct appeal, it is procedurally barred unless

Defendant shows "(1) cause and actual prejudice to excuse his failure to raise the claims

previously; or (2) that he is 'actually innocent' of the crime." Ray , 721 F.3d at 761 (citing

Bousley, 523 U.S. at 614). Neither Defendant, nor Ball, have made the requisite showing,

so the claim will not be entertained

IV. Certificate of Appealability

The Court may issue a Certificate of Appealability when the § 2255 movant has made

a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right. 28 U.S.C. §2253(c)(2); Welch

v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1263, 194 L. Ed. 2d 387 (2016). The standard is met

when “reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition

should have been resolved in a different manner.” Id. (quoting Slack v. MacDaniel, 529 U.S.

19
473, 484 (2000)). The Court believes that no reasonable jurist would find that Defendant's

claims have merit, so the Court will not issue a certificate of appealability. See Slack, 529

U.S. at 483-84. 

V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, Defendant's 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion is DENIED, and the

Court DECLINES TO ISSUE a Certificate of Appealability.

SO ORDERED.

s/ Nancy G. Edmunds 

Nancy G. Edmunds

United States District Judge

Dated: September 27, 2018

I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was served upon counsel of

record on September 27, 2018, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.

s/Lisa Bartlett 

Case Manager

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