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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 46272

JACQUELINE MARIE RAYMOND, 

individually as an heir, and as Personal 

Representative of the ESTATE OF BARRY 

JOHNSON,

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

IDAHO STATE POLICE, an Idaho State 

agency;

 Defendant-Respondent,

and

PAYETTE COUNTY, a political subdivision 

of the State of Idaho; SCOTT SLOAN, and 

JOHN and JANE DOES I-X,

 Defendants.

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Boise, August 2019 Term

Opinion Filed: October 18, 2019

Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk

Appeal from the District Court of the Third Judicial District of the State of 

Idaho, Payette County. Christopher S. Nye, District Judge.

The District Court’s dismissal of Appellant’s complaint for tortious interference 

with a prospective civil action is reversed and the judgment is vacated. No 

attorney fees are awarded to Respondent Idaho State Police. Costs on appeal 

are awarded to Appellant.

Peterson Moss Hall & Olsen, Idaho Falls, attorneys for Appellant. Nathan 

M. Olsen argued.

Moore, Elia, Kraft & Hall, Boise, attorneys for Respondent. Michael J. Elia 

argued.

_________________________________

BEVAN, Justice

I. NATURE OF THE CASE

This appeal concerns whether Idaho recognizes tortious interference with a prospective 

civil action. This case was brought by the Plaintiff, Jackie Raymond, alleging, among other 
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things,

1 that Idaho State Police (“ISP”), Payette County, and Deputy Sloan (collectively “the 

defendants”) tortiously interfered with a prospective civil action. The defendants moved for 

dismissal of this claim, arguing Idaho does not recognize the tort, and even if it did, Raymond 

lacked standing and her claims were too speculative to establish causation.

2 The district court 

agreed with the defendants, holding that (1) Idaho had not recognized the tort as an independent 

cause of action (2) it would not acknowledge the tort, and (3) the facts were too speculative to 

establish such a claim. Thus, the district court dismissed the claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of 

the Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure. Raymond now appeals and requests this Court formally 

adopt a new tort for intentional interference with a prospective civil action by spoliation of 

evidence by a third party. We conclude that Idaho courts have already recognized the cause of 

action, but we take this opportunity to state this conclusion explicitly. We therefore reverse.

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In late 2011, Barry Johnson was killed in a vehicular accident while driving on Idaho 

State Highway 30. The accident occurred when a Payette County deputy sheriff, Deputy Scott 

Sloan, tried to pass Johnson while driving at a very high speed in the left lane while Johnson was 

making a lawful left turn into his private driveway. ISP was charged with investigating the 

accident and Deputy Sloan. Pursuant to that investigation, felony criminal charges were filed 

against Deputy Sloan for vehicular manslaughter. Deputy Sloan was bound over to district court 

but the charges were ultimately dismissed. 

Raymond, Johnson’s daughter and personal representative for Johnson’s estate, filed a 

complaint against the defendants, alleging wrongful death against the County and the Deputy, 

and adding claims for tortious interference with a prospective civil action, and in the alternative, 

tortious interference with a prospective economic advantage against the County, the Deputy, and 

ISP. Raymond’s tortious interference with a prospective civil action alleged the following: 1) the 

defendants were negligent per se; 2) the defendants’ violation of the applicable statutes 

constituted wrongful conduct; 3) the defendants knew litigation was likely to occur; 4) despite 

knowing litigation was imminent, the defendants willfully destroyed or concealed evidence 

disrupting Raymond’s case; and 5) Raymond suffered damages from the increase in the cost of 

 1 A claim for tortious interference with economic advantage was also the subject of the defendants’ motion to 

dismiss. The district court dismissed that claim as well; however, that dismissal has not been appealed and is 

therefore not part of this appeal. 2 Payette County and Deputy Sloan initially moved for dismissal of the tortious interference claim and ISP joined 

the motion. After the district court ruled for the defendants, the County and Deputy Sloan settled any remaining 

claims against them, leaving ISP as the only defendant here.
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pursuing liability, the decrease in value of a potential award, interest accrued from the delay of 

the claim being resolved, and general damages. Raymond described the defendants’ wrongful 

conduct:

17. During ISP’s investigation of the misconduct of defendant Sloan as 

alleged, and prosecution of Sloan therefor, the defendants conspired and 

attempted to, and did, cover up Sloan’s misconduct and/or unduly influence[d] the 

investigation, evidence, and witnesses accordingly, in order to shield defendants 

Sloan and Payette County from liability and responsibility for Sloan’s aforesaid 

misconduct.

18. The defendants engaged in an enterprise or conspiracy with Sloan to, and 

did in fact, willfully and with full knowledge of Sloan’s unlawful conduct, 

conceal evidence, harbor and protect Sloan from criminal and civil liability, and 

intimidate, influence, impede, deter, threaten, harass and obstruct witnesses and/or 

potential witnesses, all in violation of state and federal law but in favor of a 

corrupt policy and effort to protect fellow Idaho law enforcement officers from 

the consequences of their unlawful conduct.

Payette County filed a motion for partial dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Idaho 

Rules of Civil Procedure requesting that the district court dismiss Raymond’s tortious 

interference claims. ISP joined Payette County’s motion for partial dismissal. In its 

memorandum order and decision, the district court granted Payette County’s motion to dismiss 

both tortious interference claims. Raymond appealed only the district court’s dismissal of the 

tortious interference with a prospective civil action claim. 

III. ISSUES ON APPEAL

1. Whether Idaho should formally adopt a new tort for intentional interference with a 

prospective civil action by spoliation of evidence by a third party.

2. Whether the district court erred in dismissing Raymond’s tortious interference with a 

prospective civil action by spoliation of evidence claim.

3. Whether ISP is entitled to attorney fees and costs on appeal. 

IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“This Court reviews de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint under I.R.C.P. 

12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim.” Idaho Wool Growers Ass’n, Inc. v. State, 154 Idaho 716, 

720, 302 P.3d 341, 345 (2012) (quoting Hoffer v. City of Boise, 151 Idaho 400, 402, 257 P.3d 

1226, 1228 (2011)). “A 12(b)(6) motion looks only at the pleadings to determine whether a claim 

for relief has been stated.” Hammer v. Ribi, 162 Idaho 570, 573, 401 P.3d 148, 151 (2017)

(quoting Young v. City of Ketchum, 137 Idaho 102, 104, 44 P.3d 1157, 1159 (2001)). On review, 

this Court “determines whether the non-movant has alleged sufficient facts in support of his 
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claim, which if true, would entitle him to relief.” Id. (quoting Wool Growers, 154 Idaho at 720, 

302 P.3d at 345). In doing so, this Court “draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Savage v. Scandit Inc., 163 Idaho 637, 640, 417 P.3d 234, 237 (2018) (quoting 

Hammer, 162 Idaho at 573, 401 P.3d at 151).

V. ANALYSIS

A. We formally adopt the tort of intentional interference with a prospective civil action 

by spoliation of evidence by a third party. 

Raymond requests this Court formally adopt a “newly recognized or fashioned” tort for 

intentional interference with a prospective civil action by spoliation of evidence by a third party. 

Raymond correctly notes that Idaho has endorsed the viability of such a claim but has yet to 

“adopt” the tort. Raymond also argues Idaho should follow several jurisdictions that recognize 

the tort to protect plaintiffs from third party misconduct because existing nontort remedies are 

insufficient and do not serve as adequate deterrents. On the other hand, ISP argues this Court 

should not adopt a new tort because adoption would lead to endless and burdensome litigation, 

other remedies are available to deter the destruction of evidence, and the facts, as alleged by 

Raymond, do not merit the tort’s adoption. 

We view the posture of this case differently than the parties. This case continues the line 

of cases where Idaho has recognized a cause of action for intentional interference with a 

prospective civil action by spoliation of evidence by a third party. We simply take this 

opportunity to state expressly what has been referenced in passing before. 

Although this Court has never officially adopted this tort,

3 we first recognized that an 

independent cause of action for intentional interference with a prospective civil action by 

spoliation of evidence by a third party can be a valid cause of action in Yoakum v. Hartford Fire 

Insurance Company, 129 Idaho 171, 923 P.2d 416 (1996). The plaintiffs in Yoakum, parents of a 

minor child killed while riding in a golf cart owned by the city of McCall, filed a wrongful death 

lawsuit against the City. Id. at 174, 923 P.2d at 419. The parents later filed a claim against the 

City’s insurance company alleging, among other things, tortious spoliation of evidence. Id. 

Based on the factual circumstances presented, this Court found that an element of the tort was 

not present to establish liability against the City’s insurer. Id. at 178, 923 P.2d at 423. Even so,

 3 But see O’Neal v. Remington Arms Co., LLC, 2012 WL 3834842, at *3 (D.S.D. 2012) (categorizing Idaho as one 

jurisdiction that has recognized intentional spoliation of evidence as an independent, cognizable tort claim).
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we noted that “[t]he Court’s opinion does not recognize or reject the tort of spoliation of 

evidence,” but we did provide “guidance” for “future litigation” over such a claim:

[F]or guidance in future litigation we take this opportunity to opine on a possible 

cause of action for conduct more egregious than that presented here. The 

guidelines offered by the authors of the Restatement and the cases which have 

defined the intentional spoliation of evidence cause of action provide a framework 

for another cause of action based upon intentional conduct that unreasonably 

interferes with a party’s prospective cause of action. The tort of intentional 

spoliation of evidence has been alternatively identified by the courts as the 

“intentional interference with prospective civil action by spoliation of evidence.”

Id. at 178, 923 P.2d at 423. 

We then explained that (A) “a claim for intentional interference with a prospective civil 

action must nonetheless allege and prove conduct that amounts to an ‘unreasonable interference’ 

by the defendant,” id. at 179, 923 P.2d at 424; and (B) the interference must be “wrongful.” In 

cases involving intentional interference with a prospective economic advantage, wrongful 

interference “may be shown by proof that either: (1) the defendant had an improper motive to 

harm the plaintiff; or (2) the defendant used a wrongful means to cause injury to the prospective 

advantage.” Id. 

Whether adopting an independent tort for spoliation of evidence was warranted arose 

again before this Court in Cook v. State Department of Transportation, 133 Idaho 288, 985 P.2d 

1150 (1999). We explained “[e]ven though this Court has not expressly adopted spoliation of 

evidence in Idaho, it has recognized that spoliation of evidence is a tort.” Id. at 298, 985 P.2d at 

1160. Even so, this Court affirmed the district court’s dismissal of the claim because the plaintiff 

failed to file a notice of tort claim in accordance with the Idaho Tort Claims Act. Id. 

More recently, this Court reiterated its position on tortious spoliation of evidence. See

Ricketts v. E. Idaho Equip., Co., Inc., 137 Idaho 578, 581–82, 51 P.3d at 395–96 (2002). In 

Ricketts, this Court explained “[t]he concept of spoliation requires a state of mind that shows a 

plan or premeditation. . . .” Id. at 582, 51 P.3d at 396. Finding no plan or premeditation, this 

Court affirmed the district court’s refusal to provide the jury instructions on spoliation. Id. 

These cases show that this Court has ostensibly recognized interference with a 

prospective civil action by spoliation of evidence as a valid independent tort when the facts 

presented support its application. That said, to avoid confusion, we now formally adopt the tort 

of intentional interference with a prospective civil action by spoliation of evidence by a third 

party. 
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In adopting this tort we note the following axiomatic principles. First, this is an 

intentional tort, requiring proof of either improper motive or improper means in accomplishing 

the act(s) complained of. Second, it is a tort committed by a third party. Idaho has recognized 

that first-party spoliation of evidence “is a general principle of civil litigation which provides that 

upon a showing of intentional destruction of evidence by an opposing party, an inference arises 

that the missing evidence was adverse to the party’s position.” Waters v. All Phase Const., 156 

Idaho 259, 263, 322 P.3d 992, 996 (2014) (quoting Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816, 907 P.2d 

783, 793 (1995)). The remedy for such first-party misdeeds is not an independent cause of 

action. Rather, it results in the remedy of instructing the jury that it may “reasonably infer that 

evidence deliberately or negligently destroyed by a party was unfavorable to th[at] party’s 

position. . . .” Id. The tort we reaffirm today is different. It provides an aggrieved plaintiff a 

cause of action against a third party for intentional, egregious conduct that adversely impacts the 

plaintiff’s cause of action against another. 

There are two basic policy justifications that support formal adoption of this tort, “first, to 

provide a remedy for spoliation victims who would otherwise be unable to recover in their 

underlying lawsuits; and second, to deter future spoliation of evidence.” Hills v. United Parcel 

Serv., Inc., 232 P.3d 1049, 1055 (Utah 2010). We agree with the sentiments expressed by the 

Utah Supreme Court:

[T]he preference for a third-party spoliation tort is even more defensible. Like 

most courts, [we] agree that traditional nontort remedies adequately deter firstparty spoliation and fairly compensate victims. Third-party spoliation, however, 

paints a different picture. Almost all states—including those that have refused to 

adopt a tort of spoliation—acknowledge that when dealing with third-party 

spoliators, traditional nontort remedies such as evidentiary inferences, discovery 

sanctions, and attorney disciplinary measures are unavailable or largely 

ineffectual. . . . 

The fact that all jurisdictions conceded that traditional nontort remedies 

will be unavailing as against third-party spoliators also highlights the basic 

“philosophical divide” between the courts that choose to adopt a third-party 

spoliation tort and those that reject the tort. On one side of the divide are courts 

that place a higher value on judicial efficiency and finality of judgments; on the 

other side are courts that value the need to provide a remedy to victims of 

spoliation and to deter future evidence spoliation.

Id. at 1056–67. Thus, in formally adopting this tort, we are inclined to follow the jurisdictions 

who value remedying victims of third-party spoliation and deterring future spoliation by third 

parties.
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To provide guidance to Idaho’s trial courts and to counsel for future cases of this type, we 

set forth the elements a plaintiff must prove to establish this cause of action: 

(1) a pending or probable lawsuit involving the plaintiff;

(2) the defendant’s knowledge of the potential or probable lawsuit;

(3) the wrongful destruction, mutilation, alteration, or concealment of 

evidence by the defendant designed to disrupt or defeat the potential 

lawsuit;

(4) disruption of the potential lawsuit;

(5) a causal relationship between the act of spoliation and the disruption to the 

lawsuit; and

(6) damages proximately caused by defendant’s acts.

These elements resemble those stated by the Montana Supreme Court in Oliver v. 

Stimson Lumber Company, 993 P.2d 11, 22 (Mont. 1999), but they also incorporate the language 

from this Court in Yoakum, which requires that the destruction be “wrongful,” i.e., “(1) the 

defendant had an improper motive to harm the plaintiff; or (2) the defendant used a wrongful 

means to cause injury to the prospective advantage.” 129 Idaho at 178, 923 P.2d at 423. 

As for damages, it is well established that damages are to be proven with reasonable 

certainty. Griffith v. Clear Lakes Trout Co., Inc., 146 Idaho 613, 618, 200 P.3d 1162, 1167 

(2009) (“Reasonable certainty requires neither absolute assurance nor mathematical exactitude; 

rather, the evidence need only be sufficient to remove the existence of damages from the realm 

of speculation.”). We fully recognize that the requirement of reasonable certainty in proving 

damages potentially conflicts with the inherently speculative nature of damages that may arise in 

a claim for intentional interference with a prospective civil action by spoliation of evidence. See 

Oliver, 993 P.2d at 21 (“The speculative nature of damages is inherent in the uncertainties of 

proof relevant to the tort of spoliation of evidence.”). Thus, as often happens in civil damage 

claims, this will be an evidentiary issue that may need to be addressed by the trial court prior to 

or during trial, or ultimately resolved at trial by the jury.

Even so, for cases of this type we follow the logic of the United States Supreme Court, 

which held in an antitrust case that the speculative nature of damages should not bar recovery:

Where the tort itself is of such a nature as to preclude the ascertainment of the 

amount of damages with certainty, it would be a perversion of fundamental 

principles of justice to deny all relief to the injured person, and thereby relieve the 

wrongdoer from making any amend for his acts. In such case, while the damages 

may not be determined by mere speculation or guess, it will be enough if the 

evidence show [sic] the extent of the damages as a matter of just and reasonable 

inference, although the result be only approximate. The wrongdoer is not entitled 

to complain that they cannot be measured with the exactness and precision that 
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would be possible if the case, which he alone is responsible for making, were 

otherwise. 

Story Parchment Co. v. Paterson Parchment Paper, 282 U.S. 555, 563 (1931). The U.S. 

Supreme Court further explained:

Juries are allowed to act upon probable and inferential as well as direct and 

positive proof. And when, from the nature of the case, the amount of damages 

cannot be estimated with certainty, or only a part of them can be so estimated, we 

can see no objection to placing before the jury all the facts and circumstances of 

the case, having any tendency to show damages, or their probable amount, so as 

to enable them to make the most intelligible and probable estimate which the 

nature of the case will permit.

Id. at 564. 

This rationale applies equally to cases such as the one before us. Thus, while damages 

cannot be “determined by mere speculation or guess,” id., an approximation of the damages with 

reasonable certainty will suffice. Stated another way, we hold the indeterminate nature of 

damages in these cases does not bar a plaintiff’s right to recover, so long as the plaintiff can 

show the extent of the damage as a matter of just and reasonable inference. See id. at 563. 

By adopting this tort we recognize that other courts have criticized or directly rejected it. 

See, e.g., Superior Boiler Works, Inc. v. Kimball, 259 P.3d 676, 690 (Kan. 2011) (listing several 

policy concerns, including “endless litigation,” for refusing to recognize intentional spoliation of 

evidence); Teel v. Meredith, 774 N.W.2d 527 (Mich. App. 2009) (Michigan does not recognize 

the tort of spoliation of evidence that interferes with a prospective civil action against a third 

party); Temple Cmty. Hosp. v. Superior Court, 976 P.2d 223 (Cal. 1999) (California does not 

recognize spoliation by a third party). Often these courts view this cause of action as unnecessary 

on policy grounds, or based on the speculation inherent in proving such cases. For example, in 

Temple, the California Supreme Court expressed its concerns with maintaining this tort for thirdparty spoliation explaining California’s policy against creating derivative tort remedies for 

litigation-related misconduct, emphasizing the strength of existing nontort remedies for 

spoliation, and cautioning others of the uncertainty of damages in spoliation cases. Id. at 231–32 

(citing Cedars-Sinai Med. Ctr. v. Superior Court, 954 P.2d 511, 513 (Cal. 1998)). The Temple

court also expressed that the prospective costs, the potential for jury confusion and 

inconsistency, the perceived lack of deterrence, and the possibility of an expanded class of 

potential plaintiffs and defendants were equally troubling. Id. 
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Despite these concerns, many jurisdictions have recognized an independent tort for 

intentional interference with a prospective civil action by spoliation of evidence by a third party.4

In the final analysis, we conclude that the scale should tip in favor of the potential victims of 

spoliation, by providing a cause of action for which there is otherwise no remedy against a thirdparty spoliator. In so doing, we are also mindful that such torts, when established by a 

preponderance of the evidence, not only harm the victims, but are ultimately an affront to the 

judicial process as a whole. We also conclude that by restricting these claims to circumstances 

where the facts establish willful interference, the remedy provided can also serve as a deterrent,

as noted by those courts which have adopted the tort. However, we decline Raymond’s invitation 

to go as far as the Montana Supreme Court in Oliver and recognize negligent spoliation of 

evidence as a viable cause of action. Cf. Oliver, 993 p.2d at 345 (expanding the tort to include 

negligent spoliation of evidence by a third party). There is some question whether Raymond 

even raised the negligence basis for her claim before the district court and the district court’s 

opinion did not address a negligence spoliation theory. Thus, we will not to address it. Bach v. 

Bagley, 148 Idaho 784, 790, 229 P.3d 1146, 1152 (2010).

B. The district court erred in dismissing Raymond’s tortious interference with a 

prospective civil action claim.

Raymond maintains the district court took too narrow a view of the alleged tortious 

interference with a prospective civil action claim, rather than focusing on whether Raymond’s 

complaint put ISP on notice of the material facts supporting their claim. Raymond argues the 

district court erred in finding Idaho does not recognize tortious interference with a prospective 

civil action. Conversely, ISP argues the district court did not err in dismissing the tortious 

interference with a prospective civil action claim because the tort has not been formally adopted

in Idaho. ISP also argued that Raymond’s alleged injury is based on pure speculation. As a 

result, Raymond lacks standing to pursue her claims. Finally, ISP raised policy concerns as 

stated by those courts that reject the tort. For the reasons below, this Court reverses the district 

court’s dismissal.

 4 E.g., Hannah v. Heeter, 584 S.E.2d 560, 573–74 (W. Va. 2003) (recognizing a cause of action for intentional 

spoliation by a third party); Oliver v. Stimson Lumber Co., 993 P.2d 11 (Mont. 1999) (recognizing a cause of action 

for both negligent and intentional spoliation of evidence by a third party); Coleman v. Eddy Potash, Inc., 905 P.2d 

185 (N.M. 1995), overruled on other grounds by Delgado v. Phelps Dodge Chino, Inc., 34 P.3d 1148 (N.M. 2001) 

(recognizing a cause of action for intentional spoliation of evidence by a third party); Smith v. Howard Johnson Co., 

Inc., 615 N.E.2d 1037 (Ohio 1993) (recognizing a cause of action for both negligent and intentional spoliation of 

evidence by a third party); Hazen v. Mun. of Anchorage, 718 P.2d 456, 463 (Alaska 1986) (recognizing a cause of 

action for intentional spoliation of evidence by a third party).
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To state a claim for relief, the pleading must contain “a short and plain statement of the 

claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief. . . .” I.R.C.P. 8(a)(2). In Navo v. Bingham 

Mem’l Hosp., 160 Idaho 363, 373 P.3d 681 (2016), this Court explained:

[T]he technical rules of pleading have long been abandoned in Idaho, and the 

general policy behind the current rules of civil procedure is to provide every 

litigant with his or her day in court. Accordingly, when reviewing a pleading, this 

Court should focus on ensuring that a just result is accomplished, rather than 

requiring strict adherence to rigid forms of pleading. The purpose of a complaint 

is to inform the defendant of the material facts upon which the plaintiff rests the 

action. Accordingly, the key issue in determining the validity of a complaint is 

whether the adverse party is put on notice of the claims brought against it. 

160 Idaho at 374–75, 373 P.3d at 692–93 (internal citations and quotations omitted). A

complaint, even with glaring deficiencies, may nevertheless put a defendant on notice if the 

defendant’s answer offers defenses to the claims against it. See Seiniger Law Off., P.A. v. N. Pac. 

Ins. Co., 145 Idaho 241, 247, 178 P.3d 606, 612 (2008). “[A]s a practical matter, a dismissal 

under Rule 12(b)(6) is likely to be granted only in the unusual case in which the plaintiff 

includes allegations showing on the face of the complaint that there is some insurmountable bar 

to relief.” Emp’rs Resource Mgmt. Co. v. Ronk, 162 Idaho 774, 777, 405 P.3d 33, 36 (2017).

Since we have concluded that the tort alleged by Raymond may be brought under Idaho 

law, we must now determine whether Raymond’s complaint stated sufficient facts, when 

construed in her favor, to survive a motion for judgment on the pleadings. Under Idaho’s relaxed 

notice pleading standard, Raymond’s complaint sufficiently notified ISP of Raymond’s tortious 

interference with a prospective civil action claim. See Navo, 160 Idaho at 375, 373 P.3d at 693. 

The complaint alleged ISP engaged in misconduct that interfered with potential litigation, the 

misconduct was wrongful beyond the interference itself, that ISP knew litigation would likely 

occur and the misconduct would disrupt the litigation, and that the result of the interference

caused damage. These allegations, construed against ISP as the moving party, meet each of the 

above-stated elements sufficiently to establish the right to proceed with the claim. 

In Payette County’s memorandum in support of its motion for partial dismissal, which 

ISP joined, defendants conceded “[t]here is enough in the [c]omplaint, though not well stated, to 

imply a spoliation claim in the context of the current civil action.” Therefore, Raymond’s 

complaint, coupled with ISP’s concessions, is sufficient to withstand a 12(b)(6) motion. 

The district court dismissed the complaint finding that Raymond could not prove that 

“but for [ISP]’s alleged misconduct, [Deputy] Sloan would have been convicted of 
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manslaughter.” Thus, the district court held that Raymond’s inability to prove Deputy Sloan 

would have been convicted was an insurmountable bar to relief. See Emp’rs Resource Mgmt. 

Co., 162 Idaho at 777, 405 P.3d at 36. This finding was flawed. The district court, on a 12(b)(6) 

motion to dismiss, must construe all reasonable inferences from the facts alleged in the pleadings 

in favor of Raymond, the non-moving party. See Savage v. Scandit Inc., 163 Idaho 637, 642, 417 

P.3d 234, 239 (2018). When all inferences from the facts alleged are drawn in Raymond’s favor

and considered true, a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that but for ISP’s alleged 

misconduct, Officer Sloan would have been convicted of manslaughter. See id. (holding 

dismissal pursuant to 12(b)(6) improper because non-moving party established a claim when all 

inferences were drawn in its favor despite moving party being able to show later that there was 

some bar to relief). Indeed, Raymond had not yet produced any evidence in support of her claim

at this preliminary stage of the litigation. While ISP may be able to later show that Raymond’s 

evidence does not satisfy the elements of the tort adopted today, for purposes of a motion to 

dismiss pursuant to Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), Raymond has stated a sufficient 

claim. Therefore, we hold the district court erred in dismissing Raymond’s claim for tortious 

interference with a prospective civil action for failure to state a claim.

C. Attorney Fees and Costs on Appeal.

ISP requests attorney fees and costs on appeal under Idaho Appellate Rule 41, Idaho Rule 

of Civil Procedure 54 and Idaho Code section 12-121. Such fees are only awardable to the 

prevailing party on appeal if the Court “finds that the case was brought, pursued or defended 

frivolously, unreasonably or without foundation.” Based on the above discussion, ISP has no 

right to attorney fees on appeal because (1) ISP is not the prevailing party and (2) Raymond did 

not bring this case frivolously, unreasonably or without foundation. 

VI. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, this Court explicitly adopts the tort of intentional interference with a 

prospective civil action by spoliation of evidence by a third party. We thus reverse the district 

court’s dismissal of Raymond’s complaint for tortious interference with a prospective civil action

and vacate the judgment in favor of ISP. We further hold that ISP has no right to attorney fees on 

appeal, but costs are awarded to Raymond as the prevailing party.

Chief Justice BURDICK, Justices BRODY, STEGNER and MOELLER, CONCUR.