1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Case No. 09-20215

Plaintiff, HONORABLE SEAN F. COX

United States District Judge

v.

D-2 JOSE CASTRO-RAMIREZ,

Defendant.

___________________________________/

OPINION & ORDER GRANTING THE GOVERNMENT’S MOTION IN LIMINE 

TO PREVENT THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVICTIONS TO IMPEACH [Doc. No. 245]

Dr. Jose Castro-Ramirez is charged with one count of conspiracy to commit health care

fraud, eleven counts of health care fraud, and one count of conspiracy to commit money

laundering. [See Doc. No. 4]. Jury trial in this matter began on February 16, 2010. The case is

before the Court on the Government’s “Motion in Limine to Prevent the Use of Certain

Convictions to Impeach” [Doc. No. 245]. The Court heard oral argument on the motion on

February 23, 2010. For the reasons that follow, the Court GRANTS the Government’s motion

[Doc. No. 245]. 

BACKGROUND

On June 24, 2009, the grand jury returned an indictment charging Dr. Castro-Ramirez

with one count of conspiracy to commit health care fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349,

eleven counts of health care fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1347, and one count of conspiracy

to commit money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h). [See June 24, 2009 Indictment,

Doc. No. 4]. 

Case 2:09-cr-20215-SFC-MKM ECF No. 248, PageID.1188 Filed 02/23/10 Page 1 of 6
2

On February 22, 2010, the Government filed the instant motion, seeking to prevent Dr.

Castro-Ramirez from using convictions that are time-barred under FED. R. EVID. 609(b) for the

purpose of impeaching government witnesses. “Defendant Jose Castro-Ramirez has expressed

his intent to impeach government witnesses Ira Dickerson and Cora Bynum using convictions

that date back more than ten years.” [Government’s Br., Doc. No. 245, p.1]. Specifically, the

Government states that these witnesses have the following criminal history: 

Government witness Ira Dickerson has a 1971 conviction for obstructing the U.S.

Mail. She was also convicted in 1993 of misdemeanor retail fraud, for which she

was sentenced to 1 year of probation. Government witness Cora Bynum was

convicted of embezzlement and carrying a concealed weapon in 1995. She was

sentenced to 183 days imprisonment for her convictions. 

Id. at 2. As “[d]efendant has not made any showing that would support a finding that the crimes

involved in the convictions have any relationship to the facts and circumstances of the instant

case,” the Government argues that “any reference to them should be excluded at trial.” Id. at 3.

Dr. Castro-Ramirez opposes the Government’s motion, arguing as follows:

In this case, credibility is a central issue. The Government’s case has been and

will be based on the testimony of liars, thieves and cheaters. The jury is entitled

to know that. The impeachment value of prior convictions involving dishonesty

by the Government’s witnesses cannot be overstated where credibility is a central

issue and crimes of dishonesty can be “particularly probative.” [United States v.]

Cox[,159 Fed. Appx. 654 (6th Cir. 2005)], supra. 

[Def.’s Br., Doc. No. 246, p.5]. 

ANALYSIS

The Government’s motion seeks an order from the Court precluding the use of timebarred convictions to impeach Ms. Dickerson and Ms. Bynum at trial. For the reasons that

follow, the Court GRANTS the Government’s motion [Doc. No. 245], and will preclude the use

of Ms. Dickerson’s and Ms. Bynum’s time-barred convictions from being used to impeach their

Case 2:09-cr-20215-SFC-MKM ECF No. 248, PageID.1189 Filed 02/23/10 Page 2 of 6
3

testimony at trial. 

The use of a prior conviction to impeach the testimony of a trial witness is generally

governed by Rule 609 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, which states as follows: 

(a) General Rule - For the purpose of attacking the character for truthfulness of a

witness,

(1) evidence that a witness other than the accused has been convicted of a

crime shall be admitted, subject to Rule 403, if the crime was

punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year. . . shall

be admitted if the court determines that the probative value of

admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to the

accused; and 

(2) evidence that any witness has been convicted of a crime shall be

admitted regardless of the punishment, if it readily can be

determined that establishing the elements of the crime required

proof or admission of an act of dishonesty or false statement by the

witness. 

FED. R. EVID. 609(a). 

In this case, the Defendant has made no argument that any of the convictions against Ms.

Dickerson or Ms. Bynum satisfy the requirements of Rule 609(a)(1) - rather, Defendant seeks to

impeach both witnesses by questioning them about their crimes subject to Rule 609(a)(2): Ms.

Dickerson’s 1993 conviction for retail fraud, and Ms. Bynum’s 1995 conviction for

embezzlement. Both crimes have been held to satisfy the “act of dishonesty or false statement”

requirement of Rule 609(a)(2). See United States v. Rogers, 1992 WL 107066, *5 (6th Cir. May

15, 1992) (retail fraud conviction satisfies Rule 609(a)(2) requirement); F.D.I.C. v. Stables, 573

F.3d 289, 295 (6thCir. 2009) (embezzlement conviction satisfies Rule 609(a)(2) requirement).

Rule 609, however, requires that convictions satisfying Rule 609(a)(2)’s “dishonesty or

false statement” standard not be too remote in time. Rule 609(b) states, in pertinent part: 

Evidence of a conviction under this rule is not admissible if a period of more than

ten years has elapsed since the date of the conviction or of the release or the

Case 2:09-cr-20215-SFC-MKM ECF No. 248, PageID.1190 Filed 02/23/10 Page 3 of 6
4

witness from confinement imposed for that conviction, whichever is the later date,

unless the court determines, in the interests of justice, that the probative value of

the conviction supported by specific facts and circumstances substantially

outweighs its prejudicial effect. 

FED. R. EVID. 609(b) (emphasis added). Each of these relevant convictions - Ms. Dickerson’s

retail fraud conviction and Ms. Bynum’s embezzlement conviction - were more than ten years

ago, and thus are subject to Rule 609(b). As the proponent of this impeachment evidence, Dr.

Castro-Ramirez bears the burden of coming forward with “specific facts and circumstances”

demonstrating that the prejudicial effect of these convictions is substantially outweighed by their

probative value. See United States v. Sims, 588 F.2d 1145, 1149 (6th Cir. 1978).

Dr. Castro-Ramirez, however, has failed to come forward with “specific facts and

circumstances,” as required by FED. R. EVID. 609(b), regarding the convictions of Ms. Dickerson

and Ms. Bynum. As such, Dr. Castro-Ramirez has failed to meet his burden under Rule 609(b),

which in and of itself warrants preclusion of these convictions from being used at trial to

impeach these witnesses. 

Despite this, Dr. Castro-Ramirez argues that the credibility of these witnesses is “a

central issue” in this trial. [Def.’s Br., Doc. No. 246, p.6]. This argument alludes to one of five

factors which the Sixth Circuit has instructed district courts to consider when determining

whether the probative value of such a conviction substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect:

Some of the factors which the judge should take into account in making his

determination. . . [are]: 

(1) The impeachment value of the prior crime.

(2) The point in time of the conviction and the witness’ subsequent

history.

(3) The similarity between the past crime and the challenged crime.

(4) The importance of the defendant’s testimony.

(5) The centrality of the credibility issue. 

Case 2:09-cr-20215-SFC-MKM ECF No. 248, PageID.1191 Filed 02/23/10 Page 4 of 6
5

Sims, 588 F.2d at 1149 (emphasis added). Citing the Sixth Circuit’s holding in United States v.

Cox, 159 Fed. Appx. 654 (6th Cir. 2005), Dr. Castro-Ramirez argues that “[t]he impeachment

value of prior convictions. . . cannot be overstated where credibility is a central issue and crimes

of dishonesty can be particularly probative.” [Def.’s Br., Doc. No. 246, p.6 (internal quotation

omitted)]. 

Dr. Castro-Ramirez’ reliance upon Cox is misplaced. In Cox, the defendant’s credibility

“was a central issue at trial, the main question for the jury being whether Cox knew the firearms

and cocaine [he was charged with possessing] were in his possession.” Cox, 159 Fed. Appx. at

657. Dr. Castro-Ramirez has failed to direct the Court to any cases - from the Sixth Circuit or

otherwise - where a witness who was not also the defendant had their credibility as a “central

issue” in a judicial proceeding. Furthermore, Dr. Castro-Ramirez has failed to provide the Court

with any reason why the credibility of either Ms. Dickerson or Ms. Bynum be a “central issue”

in the criminal case against Dr. Castro-Ramirez. 

CONCLUSION 

The Court HOLDS that Dr. Castro-Ramirez has failed to show that the probative value of

these convictions, supported by specific facts and circumstances, substantially outweighs their

prejudicial effect under FED. R. EVID. 609(b). For this reason, the Court GRANTS the

Government’s motion [Doc. No. 245], and precludes the use of Ms. Dickerson’s and Ms. 

Case 2:09-cr-20215-SFC-MKM ECF No. 248, PageID.1192 Filed 02/23/10 Page 5 of 6
6

Bynum’s time-barred convictions from being used to impeach their testimony at trial. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

S/Sean F. Cox 

Sean F. Cox

United States District Judge

Dated: February 23, 2010

I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was served upon counsel of record on

February 23, 2010, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.

S/Jennifer Hernandez 

Case Manager

Case 2:09-cr-20215-SFC-MKM ECF No. 248, PageID.1193 Filed 02/23/10 Page 6 of 6