In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

______________________________

No. 06-07-00063-CR

______________________________

GREGORY PLATER, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

 

On Appeal from the 241st Judicial District Court

Smith County, Texas

Trial Court No. 241-0603-05

 

Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Carter
This case was transferred to this Court pursuant to the Texas Supreme Court's docket 1

equalization program.

Plater does not challenge his life sentence. 2

2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Gregory Plater was convicted of aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon in Smith County.1

On appeal, he contests the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction; claims that a

photographic lineup shown to the victim was impermissibly suggestive; and argues the trial court

should have granted a directed verdict. On our review of the proceedings in the court below and the

applicable law, we overrule Plater's points of error and affirm the trial court's judgment and

sentence. 

2

I. Factual Background

On December 30, 2004, Eric Taylor drove from his home in Norman, Oklahoma, to play

blackjack at a casino in Bossier City, Louisiana. In about an hour he won $800.00; he cashed out

these winnings, as well as the initial $600.00 in chips he had purchased, and left the casino. Taylor

testified he did not notice anyone following him as he left the casino. He drove west on

Interstate 20 for about an hour; around 11:00 p.m. he saw "blinking" lights behind him. Believing

this to be a law enforcement vehicle, Taylor stopped his vehicle on the side of the road. An

individual in a bright orange sweatshirt approached Taylor's driver's window and asked for

identification. Taylor said the man did not lean over to his window; after taking Taylor's license,

though, the man walked behind Taylor's car and opened the passenger door. He leaned "70, 80 per
3

cent [sic]" of his body in the passenger door, placed a pistol at Taylor's side, and demanded money.

Taylor recognized the man as one who had sat at his blackjack table earlier in the evening and

identified him in court as Plater. During their time at the game table, on three occasions Plater had

asked Taylor for a chip. Each time Taylor refused. After Taylor was stopped on Interstate 20 and

Plater demanded money, Taylor gave Plater $1,100.00, part of the money he had brought with him

on his trip. Plater counted the money, then said he wanted the money from the casino. When Taylor

hesitated, Plater told him, "You’re about to get shot." Taylor then gave Plater the $1,400.00 from

the casino. Plater exited the vehicle, told Taylor to "just drive," and slammed the passenger door.

Taylor drove a few minutes and then called the police. Plater testified that he did indeed play

blackjack at the same casino at the same time as Taylor, but that he left that casino for another. He

stayed a short time there, then left and visited a friend about twenty miles south of the Bossier City

area, returning after midnight to one of the casinos. A security officer for the second casino testified

there was no record of Plater visiting that second casino the night of the robbery. 

II. Legal and Factual Sufficiency

Plater's first two points of error claim, respectively, that the evidence was factually and

legally insufficient to support the jury's verdict. In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence,

we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. King

v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). In reviewing the factual sufficiency of the
4

evidence, we view all the evidence in a neutral light. The evidence is factually insufficient when,

although it is legally sufficient, it is so weak that the verdict appears to be clearly wrong or

manifestly unjust, or the verdict is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.

Castillo v. State, 221 S.W.3d 689, 693 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404,

414–15, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

The indictment alleged that Plater, "while in the course of committing theft of property and

with intent to obtain or maintain control of said property, intentionally and knowingly threaten to

place Eric Taylor in fear of imminent bodily injury or death, and . . . did then use or exhibit a deadly

weapon, to wit: a firearm." 

The State offered evidence as to the elements of the crime. Taylor testified he sat next to

Plater at a blackjack table in a casino earlier the same day of the robbery. He identified Plater as the

man who signaled for him to pull his car over and then threatened him with a pistol and demanded

money. Not content with the first $1,100.00 Taylor handed him, Plater specifically demanded "the

money from the casino." From a photographic lineup, Taylor identified Plater as the robber. This

evidence shows Plater intentionally or knowingly acted to deprive Taylor of his property. 

Taylor also testified he feared for his life when Plater threatened him at gunpoint. According

to Taylor, he could "see the barrel and feel the barrel being placed against me," saw Plater pull the

gun from his pocket or side, the gun was a "pistol-type weapon" with a black barrel, he could not tell

if it was cocked, and he thought it could kill him. Plater told Taylor he was "about to get shot,"
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evidence that Plater intentionally or knowingly threatened or placed Taylor in fear of imminent

bodily injury or death. And, despite the fact that no weapon was ever found, Taylor's description of

the gun and Plater's statements are evidence a firearm was used or exhibited in the commission of

the robbery. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.03 (Vernon 2003); Davis v. State, 180 S.W.3d 277,

287 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, no pet.); Riddick v. State, 624 S.W.2d 709, 710 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1981, no writ) ("Absent any specific indication to the contrary at trial,

the jury may make the reasonable inference, from the victim's testimony, that a gun was used in the

commission of a crime and that the gun was a firearm.").

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that testimony using any of the terms "gun,

pistol or revolver" is sufficient to authorize the jury to find that a deadly weapon was used. Wright

v. State, 591 S.W.2d 458, 459 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). In addition, words spoken by the accused

during the commission of the offense may be considered in determining whether a weapon is a

deadly one. See English v. State, 647 S.W.2d 667, 669 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). Taylor testified

Plater told him that, if he did not give him the money from the casino, "You're about to get shot."

The evidence was sufficient, both legally and factually, to sustain the jury's verdict. We

overrule Plater's first two points of error. 

III. No Error in Admission of Photographic Lineup

Plater's third point of error claims the trial court erred in admitting a photographic lineup law

enforcement showed to Taylor. The lineup is a single page with six pictures of African-American
The lineup should depict persons with sufficient similarity in appearance to give the witness 3

a reasonable opportunity to identify the defendant and to establish that the identification is reliable.

See Ford v. State, 794 S.W.2d 863, 866 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1990, pet. ref'd). The photographs

used in the lineup should depict persons of the same race, general skin color, age, and height as the

suspect. See, e.g., Barley v. State, 906 S.W.2d 27, 33–34 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Rivera v. State,

808 S.W.2d 80, 95 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). 

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men, each appearing to be generally of similar ages and stature. Plater argues the lineup was 3

impermissibly suggestive. We disagree and will overrule this point of error.

A trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed under an abuse of discretion

standard. See Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 101–02 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Montgomery v. State,

810 S.W.2d 372, 390 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh'g). A trial court abuses its discretion if its

decision was arbitrary or unreasonable, Brown v. State, 960 S.W.2d 772, 778 (Tex. App.—Dallas

1997, pet. ref'd), or if, given the record and the law, the decision fell outside the zone of reasonable

disagreement. See Benitez v. State, 5 S.W.3d 915, 918 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1999, pet. ref'd).

We use "a two-step analysis to determine the admissibility of an in-court

identification: 1) whether the out-of-court identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive;

and, if suggestive, 2) whether that suggestive procedure gave rise to a substantial likelihood of

irreparable misidentification." Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 200 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); see

Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384 (1968); Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 302 (1967);

Barley, 906 S.W.2d at 33. "[A] finding that a challenged pretrial identification procedure was not

in fact impermissibly suggestive will obviate the need to assay whether under the circumstances it

created a substantial likelihood of misidentification." Ford v. State, 919 S.W.2d 107, 117 (Tex.
In a recent unpublished decision, the Waco Court of Appeals was presented with a similar 4

argument: the appellant contended the photographic lineup in his case was impermissibly suggestive

where there was a "halo" effect on his picture; reviewing the record in that case, the reviewing court

found the lineup was not impermissibly suggestive. Jackson v. State, No. 10-07-00089-CR, 2008

Tex. App. LEXIS 698 (Tex. App.—Waco Jan. 30, 2008, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for

publication).

7

Crim. App. 1996) (quoting Webb v. State, 760 S.W.2d 263, 269 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)); see

Williams v. State, 675 S.W.2d 754, 757 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).

In determining if a photographic display is impermissibly suggestive, we examine the totality

of the circumstances. Each case must be decided on its own facts. Crawford v. State, 770 S.W.2d

51, 52 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1989, no pet.) (citing Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377 (1968);

Limuel v. State, 568 S.W.2d 309 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978)). In Crawford, we held that,

where the victim had a sufficient opportunity to see the defendant, the victim's observation and

description of Crawford had a sufficient independent origin to support her in-court identification.

Crawford, 770 S.W.2d at 52–53. 

Plater argues that the lineup was suggestive because his picture was placed in the bottom

right corner of the page "where the victim's eyes would naturally fall first" and because Plater's

photograph had the "lightest background." We are not convinced the photographic lineup shown to

Taylor was impermissibly suggestive. Viewing the entire array, we cannot say Plater's picture is

"highlighted" or stressed over the other photographs. Cf. Garcia v. State, 563 S.W.2d 925, 929 4

(Tex. Crim. App. 1978) (in totality of circumstances, that not all subjects of photographs had
8

moustaches or tattoos, and appellant was several inches taller than other subjects, did not render

lineup impermissibly suggestive). 

Even if we found the array impermissibly suggestive, we find no evidence this "suggestive

procedure" gave rise to a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. Factors to be

considered in reviewing identification testimony include: (1) the witness' opportunity to view the

defendant during the commission of the offense; (2) the witness' degree of attention; (3) the accuracy

of the prior description of the accused; (4) the level of certainty of the identification; and (5) the

amount of time between the crime and confrontation. Hill v. State, 692 S.W.2d 716, 721 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1985) (citing Munguia v. State, 603 S.W.2d 876, 878 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980)). Taylor testified

he recognized Plater from the casino. This identification is made more reliable by Taylor's

recollection that on three occasions, at the blackjack table, Plater asked Taylor for a chip. Taylor

said he had nothing to drink at the casino and had played at the table for about an hour. This

indicates he had a good opportunity to observe Plater. He told Deputy Dale Hukill, the night of the

robbery, that the robber was a man Taylor had seen at the casino. When Lieutenant Pamela Dunklin

presented Taylor with the photographic lineup, she told him not to pick anyone unless Taylor was

"a hundred percent sure." Taylor "took about two seconds" to pick Plater out of the photographs.

Although more than two years elapsed between the crime and trial, there is nothing in the record to

impugn Taylor's certainty of his identification. After viewing a lineup, later identification is

admissible as long as the record demonstrates that a witness' prior knowledge of the accused serves
9

as an independent source for the identification. Jackson v. State, 657 S.W.2d 123, 130 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1983). No error is shown. 

IV. Motion for Directed Verdict

Plater's last point of error claims the trial court should have granted Plater's request for a

directed verdict. Specifically, Plater claims there was no evidence of a deadly weapon being used

in the commission of the robbery.

This issue has been discussed in the legal sufficiency discussion, and we will not repeat it.

Suffice it to say that, even though the weapon used was never produced, other evidence was

sufficient to prove the use of a deadly weapon. Taylor testified Plater pulled a gun on him, as

opposed to just using his fingers, because he "could see the barrel and felt the barrel being placed

against me." When Taylor hesitated giving Plater the money, he said Plater told him, "You're about

to get shot." It is not required the State produce the actual weapon used in the offense. See Morales

v. State, 633 S.W.2d 866, 868 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982) (concluding that, although knife

was not produced, testimony established that knife was deadly weapon); Rogers v. State, 795 S.W.2d

300, 303 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, pet. ref'd) (holding that, although gun was not in

evidence, testimony supported finding that appellant carried gun at time of robbery). The trial court
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did not err in denying Plater a directed verdict. We overrule this point and affirm the judgment and

conviction. 

Jack Carter

Justice

Date Submitted: April 30, 2008

Date Decided: June 20, 2008

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