In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-15-00056-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF A.R., A CHILD

On Appeal from the 71st District Court

Harrison County, Texas

Trial Court No. 14-0648

Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.

Opinion by Justice Burgess
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O P I N I O N

The Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the Department) filed suit 

seeking to terminate J.M.’s parental rights to A.R., alleging that by virtue of his imprisonment on 

a three-year sentence, J.M. was unable to care for A.R. The trial court granted the Department’s 

petition and terminated J.M.’s parental rights under Section 161.001(b)(1)(Q) of the Texas Family 

Code. J.M. filed this appeal alleging that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a 

continuance and that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the judgment. 

Because we agree that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the trial court’s judgment, we 

do not reach J.M.’s other points of error. We reverse the trial court’s judgment terminating J.M.’s 

parental rights to A.R. and render a judgment denying the Department’s petition to terminate 

J.M.’s parental rights. 

I. Factual and Procedural Background

Although very little testimony or evidence was presented at the final hearing to terminate 

J.M.’s parental rights, the Department’s pleadings and status reports alleged that A.R. was the 

subject of an emergency removal by the Department on the day of his birth, August 24, 2014, 

because his mother admitted she had used methamphetamine that day. The Department also 

alleged that A.R. later tested positive for methamphetamine. J.M. did not object to or otherwise 

controvert those allegations.

Regarding the substance of the State’s case against J.M., the record is devoid of meaningful 

evidence establishing the details of J.M.’s conviction and sentence. The Department introduced

no exhibits on this subject, not even a judgment of conviction or order of revocation. The 
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Department’s caseworker, Tara Allen, testified that J.M. had been convicted of driving while 

intoxicated (DWI), third or more, and that he was incarcerated at that time as a result. Allen further 

testified that J.M. received a three-year sentence and that his expected release date is October 15, 

2016. Finally, Allen testified that J.M. was sentenced on April 26, 2014, and that the Department 

filed its case against J.M. in August 2014.

J.M.’s mother, A.M., testified that she agreed with Allen’s testimony, but clarified,

“[A]ctually, he had his parole revoked -- I mean he was sentenced actually in 2002 and so it was 

a parole revocation.” When asked if it could have been a community supervision revocation, A.M. 

testified that she did not know the difference between a parole and a community supervision 

revocation. But she testified that J.M.’s sentence was assessed in April 2014 and that he was 

convicted of DWI. Allen’s and A.M.’s testimony summarized herein constitutes the entirety of 

the evidence presented regarding J.M.’s conviction and sentence. Upon completion of the 

testimony, the trial court ruled as follows: 

[The] Court will find that [J.M.] by clear and convincing evidence knowingly 

engaged in criminal conduct that resulted in the father’s conviction of an offense 

and confinement or imprisonment and an inability to care for the child for not less 

than two years from the date of filing [of the] petition pursuant to Section 

[161.001(b)(1)(Q)] of the Family Code. The Court finds it is in the best interest of 

the child that the parental rights of [J.M.] be terminated. 

That will be the order of the Court today.

J.M. timely filed his appeal of the trial court’s judgment.

II. Standard of Review

“The natural right existing between parents and their children is of constitutional 

dimensions.” Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). “Because the termination of 
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parental rights implicates fundamental interests, a higher standard of proof—clear and convincing 

evidence—is required at trial.” In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 502 (Tex. 2014); see also Santosky v. 

Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982). An appellate court is therefore “required to engage in an exacting 

review of the entire record to determine if the evidence is factually sufficient to support the 

termination of parental rights. A.B., 437 S.W.3d at 500. “‘[I]nvoluntary termination statutes are 

strictly construed in favor of the parent.’” In re S.K.A., 236 S.W.3d 875, 900 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2007, pet. denied) (quoting Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20).

“In order to terminate parental rights, the trial court must find, by clear and convincing 

evidence, that the parent has engaged in at least one statutory ground for termination and that 

termination is in the child’s best interest.” In re L.E.S., No. 06-15-00015-CV, 2015 WL 4914743,

at *1 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Aug. 18, 2015, no pet. h.) (citing TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001 

(West 2014)); In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 798 (Tex. 2012). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’

is that ‘degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction 

as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.’” Id. (quoting TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 

§ 101.007 (West 2014)) (citing In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. 2009)). 

“In our legal sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the findings to determine whether the fact-finder reasonably could have formed a firm belief or 

conviction that the grounds for termination were proven.” L.E.S., 2015 WL 4914743, *2 (citing

In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam); In re J.L.B., 349 S.W.3d 836, 846 

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.)). “We assume the trial court, acting as fact-finder, resolved 

disputed facts in favor of the finding, if a reasonable fact-finder could do so, and disregarded 
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evidence that the fact-finder could have reasonably disbelieved or the credibility of which 

reasonably could be doubted.” Id. (citing J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573). 

III. Analysis

In his second point of error, J.M. argues that the evidence is legally insufficient to support 

the trial court’s decision to terminate his parental rights. J.M. contends that the Department failed 

to present clear and convincing evidence that he knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that 

resulted in his confinement and inability to care for A.R. for not less than two years from the date 

the Department filed its petition. Section 161.001(b)(1)(Q) of the Texas Family Code provides 

that a parent’s rights may be terminated when the parent “knowingly engaged in criminal conduct 

that has resulted in the parent’s: (i) conviction of an offense; and (ii) confinement or imprisonment 

and inability to care for the child for not less than two years from the date of filing the petition.” 

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(Q). Focusing on a parent’s future confinement and 

inability to care for the child, subsection (Q) is to be read prospectively because it is meant to 

protect children whose parent or parents will be incarcerated for a period exceeding two years 

following the beginning of the termination proceedings. In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 360–61 (Tex. 

2003). “Thus, if the parent is convicted and sentenced to serve at least two years and will be unable 

to provide for his or her child during that time, the State may use subsection (Q) to ensure that the 

child will not be neglected.” Id. at 360.

Yet, in order to satisfy the elements of subsection (Q), the Department must present 

evidence that J.M. knowingly engaged in the conduct that resulted in his conviction. In re C.D.E., 

391 S.W.3d 287, 298 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, no pet.). In C.D.E., the court of appeals held 
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that because DWI is a strict-liability offense for which proof of mental culpability is not required,

then the father’s “mere conviction for the strict-liability offense of intoxication manslaughter 

cannot automatically supply the knowing element required by subsection (Q).” Id. at 299. Both 

intoxication manslaughter and DWI, third or more, are found in Chapter 49 of the Texas Penal 

Code. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.08 (West 2011), § 49.09 (West Supp. 2015). Section 

49.11(a) of the Penal Code provides, “[P]roof of a culpable mental state is not required for 

conviction of an offense under this chapter.” See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.11(a) (West 2011). 

Thus, the holding in C.D.E. is applicable here, and the Department could not establish that J.M. 

knowingly engaged in the conduct that resulted in his conviction of the offense of DWI, third or 

more, by merely introducing evidence of the conviction. See C.D.E., 391 S.W.3d at 299. Instead, 

the Department was required to present proof of the facts surrounding the conviction to show that 

the father knowingly engaged in the conduct resulting in that conviction. 

In C.D.E., the court of appeals noted that the evidence was insufficient to prove that the 

father in that case acted knowingly in committing the offense of intoxication manslaughter as 

required by subsection (Q). The Fort Worth Court of Appeals stated:

Father testified that, prior to the date of the car accident forming the basis of the 

intoxication manslaughter charges against him, he did not drink hard liquor and did 

not drink on a regular basis. Father said that on the day of the accident, he 

consumed a full bottle of Seagrams 7. Father testified that he was not intoxicated 

at the time of the accident and that his conduct was accidental; “[i]t was not 

premeditated[,] and it wasn’t foreseen.” This is the only evidence in the record 

bearing on the issue of whether Father “knowingly engaged in criminal conduct” 

as required to support a termination finding under section 161.002(b)(1)(Q). 
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Id. at 300 (alterations in original).

1

 The court of appeals implied that, at best, the evidence only 

established that the father’s conviction resulted from negligence. Id. at 301 (“[T]he record contains 

no evidence from which the trial court could have formed a firm conviction or belief that Father 

‘knowingly [as opposed to negligently] engaged in criminal conduct . . . .’”) (alteration in original) 

(quoting TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(Q)).

The record in this case contains even less evidence than that in C.D.E. Here, the record 

merely discloses that J.M. was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment in April 2014 for a 

conviction of DWI, third or more. The Department called only one witness, its caseworker Allen, 

who summarized J.M.’s sentence, his release date, and his parole history based on information she 

observed on the Texas Department of Criminal Justice website. J.M. called his mother, but her 

testimony interjected confusion over whether the sentence resulted from a community supervision 

or parole revocation. The Department introduced no offense reports, officer testimony, dashboard 

camera recordings, witness testimony, or other evidence of any kind concerning the facts 

 

1The court of appeals also identified what the Department failed to prove, stating:

No evidence exists concerning the size of the bottle of Seagrams 7 that Father drank—an airplane 

mini bottle or a one gallon bottle. No evidence exists regarding the period of time over which Father 

consumed the Seagrams 7 on the day of the accident or how long before the accident he consumed 

it. No evidence exists concerning whether Father vomited or slept after drinking the Seagrams 7 

and before the accident. No evidence exists concerning the time of day or night that the accident 

occurred. No evidence exists as to whether Father was speeding, ran a red light, drove the wrong 

way on a one-way street, or committed any type of traffic offense in connection with the accident. 

No evidence exists of Father’s driving conduct at all. No evidence exists of Father’s blood-alcohol 

level. In short, . . . the record contains no evidence from which the trial court could have formed a 

firm conviction or belief that Father “knowingly [as opposed to negligently] engaged in criminal 

conduct”—the strict-liability offense of intoxication manslaughter—that resulted in his conviction. 

C.D.E., 391 S.W.3d at 300–01. 
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surrounding the offense or the conduct leading to J.M.’s charge and conviction. Assuming, as we 

must, that the trial court, acting as fact-finder, resolved disputed facts in favor of the finding, if a 

reasonable fact-finder could do so, and disregarded evidence that the fact-finder could have 

reasonably disbelieved or the credibility of which reasonably could be doubted, there is no 

evidence in the record upon which the trial court could reasonably conclude that J.M. knowingly 

engaged in the conduct resulting in his conviction of DWI, third or more, as is required by 

subsection (Q). Consequently, the evidence is legally insufficient to support the trial court’s 

finding that termination of J.M.’s parental rights was justified under subsection (Q).

IV. Conclusion

In its petition for removal, the Department alleged all of the subsections of Section 

161.001(b)(1) as grounds for terminating J.M.’s parental rights. But at the final hearing, the 

Department informed the trial court, “On the father, we are only proceeding on Subsection (Q).” 

Because the Department only asserted Section 161.001(b)(1)(Q) as a basis for terminating J.M.’s 

parental rights and because the evidence is legally insufficient to support termination on that basis, 

the evidence is legally insufficient to support the trial court’s judgment terminating J.M.’s parental 

rights to A.R. 
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Accordingly, we sustain J.M.’s second point of error, and as a result, do not reach J.M.’s 

first point of error. We reverse the trial court’s judgment terminating J.M.’s parental rights to A.R. 

and render a judgment denying the Department’s petition to terminate J.M.’s parental rights to 

A.R. 

Ralph K. Burgess

Justice

Date Submitted: October 19, 2015

Date Decided November 9, 2015