COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Humphreys, Russell and AtLee 

Argued by teleconference 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 0535-15-4 JUDGE WESLEY G. RUSSELL, JR. 

 SEPTEMBER 8, 2015 

THOMAS J. SPINOLA, S/K/A 

 THOMAS P. SPINOLA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF STAFFORD COUNTY 

Victoria A. B. Willis, Judge 

 Elizabeth C. Kiernan, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, 

Attorney General, on briefs), for appellant. 

 Mark S. Gardner (Gardner & Haney, P.C., on brief), for appellee. 

 Pursuant to Code § 19.2-398, the Commonwealth appealed from the circuit court’s March 

26, 2015 order granting appellee’s motion to suppress the evidence. Appellee moved to dismiss 

the appeal, arguing that the notice of filing transcript and the petition for appeal were untimely 

filed. For the reasons that follow, we agree with appellee and dismiss the Commonwealth’s 

appeal. 

BACKGROUND 

Thomas J. Spinola, s/k/a Thomas P. Spinola (“appellee”) was charged with possession 

with the intent to distribute methamphetamine in violation of Code § 18.2-248, conspiracy to 

violate the Drug Control Act in contravention of Code § 18.2-256, and transportation of a 

controlled substance into the Commonwealth in violation of Code § 18.2-248.01. The charges 

arose from the search of a vehicle that had been stopped for speeding and in which appellee had 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

UNPUBLISHED 
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been a passenger. In the course of the search, officers discovered the illicit substances giving 

rise to the charges. 

Appellee moved to suppress the substances found as a result of the search of the vehicle.1 

The circuit court heard the motion to suppress on March 18, 2015, and, from the bench, 

announced it was granting the motion. After the circuit court’s announcement, the 

Commonwealth stated its intention to appeal. The court reporter, at the request of the 

Commonwealth, prepared the original transcript of the suppression hearing. The court reporter 

then sent the transcript to the circuit court clerk’s office for filing on March 23, 2015. The court 

reporter included a cover letter indicating that copies of the letter and transcript had been 

transmitted to counsel for the parties. The court reporter’s letter indicated that the package 

included the transcript, which was “to be filed this day . . . in the above styled case . . . .” 

(Emphasis added). The original transcript was date-stamped and filed in the circuit court clerk’s 

office on March 24, 2015. The Commonwealth acknowledged in its pleadings before us that it 

received a copy of the transcript from the court reporter on the same day, March 24, 2015. 

 On March 26, 2015, after both parties already had received copies of the transcript from 

the court reporter,2

 the circuit court entered its written order granting the motion to suppress the 

evidence. The Commonwealth filed its notice of appeal in the circuit court on March 30, 2015. 

On April 14, 2015, the Commonwealth filed both a copy of the suppression hearing transcript 

and a notice of filing transcript in the circuit court. There is no dispute that the copy of the 

transcript filed by the Commonwealth was a duplicate of the copy previously filed by the court 

 1

 Having determined that the Commonwealth’s appeal must be dismissed, the facts 

surrounding the traffic stop and the subsequent search are immaterial to our resolution of this 

case, and thus, we do not detail them here. Accordingly, we offer no opinion on the propriety of 

the search or the substance of the trial court’s resolution of the motion to suppress. 

2

 In its reply brief, the Commonwealth acknowledges this fact, writing “To be sure, both 

parties had the transcript in advance of the circuit court’s order . . . .” 
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reporter. The Commonwealth mailed, by certified mail, its petition for appeal to this Court and 

to appellee on April 24, 2015. 

 On May 6, 2015, appellee filed in this Court a motion to dismiss the appeal, arguing that 

neither the notice of filing transcript nor the petition for appeal were timely filed. On May 11, 

2015, the Commonwealth filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss. For the following 

reasons, we grant the motion and dismiss the Commonwealth’s appeal. 

ANALYSIS3

 The motion to dismiss poses questions of statutory construction. When considering such 

questions, “our primary objective is ‘to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent,’ as 

expressed by the language used in the statute.” Cuccinelli v. Rector & Visitors of the Univ. of 

Virginia, 283 Va. 420, 425, 722 S.E.2d 626, 629 (2012) (quoting Commonwealth v. Amerson, 

281 Va. 414, 418, 706 S.E.2d 879, 882 (2011)) (further citation and internal quotation marks 

omitted). In doing so, we “give statutory language its plain meaning . . . ,” Davenport v. LittleBowser, 269 Va. 546, 555, 611 S.E.2d 366, 371 (2005) (citing Jackson v. Fidelity & Deposit Co., 

269 Va. 303, 313, 608 S.E.2d 901, 904 (2005)), recognizing that we are to view the words of the 

statute in “‘the context in which they are used,’” City of Virginia Beach v. Bd. of Supervisors, 

246 Va. 233, 236, 435 S.E.2d 382, 384 (1993) (quoting Grant v. Commonwealth, 223 Va. 680, 

684, 292 S.E.2d 348, 350 (1982)). Because the Commonwealth’s statutory right to appeal is in 

derogation of the general prohibition against appeals by the Commonwealth, the statutory 

requirements “must be strictly construed against the state and limited in application to cases 

falling clearly within the language of the statute.” Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 10 Va. App. 41, 

44, 390 S.E.2d 3, 5 (1990) (citations omitted). 

 3

 The motion to dismiss the Commonwealth’s appeal filed in this Court was not part of 

the proceedings below, and thus, there is no ruling of the circuit court regarding the motion for 

us to “review.” Rather, we address the motion to dismiss in the first instance. 
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 Code § 19.2-398(A)(2) grants the Commonwealth the right to appeal a circuit court’s 

granting of a motion to suppress and exclusion of evidence that “was obtained in violation of the 

provisions of the Fourth . . . Amendment[] to the Constitution of the United States or Article I, 

Section . . . 10 . . . of the Constitution of Virginia prohibiting illegal searches and seizures . . . .”4

 In addition to granting the Commonwealth the right to appeal an adverse ruling on a 

motion to suppress, the General Assembly specified by statute the manner in which the 

Commonwealth is required to perfect such an appeal. Code § 19.2-402(B) provides in pertinent 

part: 

The provisions of this subsection apply only to pretrial appeals. 

The petition for a pretrial appeal shall be filed with the clerk of the 

Court of Appeals not more than 14 days after the notice of 

transcript or written statement of facts required by § 19.2-405 is 

filed or, if there are objections thereto, within 14 days after the 

judge signs the transcript or written statement of facts. 

Thus, the due date for filing the petition for appeal is triggered by the filing of the notice of filing 

transcript in compliance with Code § 19.2-405, which provides: 

The transcript or written statement of facts shall be filed with the 

clerk of the circuit court from which the appeal is being taken, no 

later than 25 days following entry of the order of the circuit court. 

Upon motion of the Commonwealth, the Court of Appeals may 

grant an extension of up to 45 days for filing the transcript or 

written statement of facts for good cause shown. If a transcript or 

written statement of facts is filed, the Commonwealth shall file 

with the clerk of the circuit court a notice, signed by the attorney 

for the Commonwealth, who is counsel for the appellant, 

identifying the transcript or written statement of facts and reciting 

its filing with the clerk. There shall be appended to the notice a 

certificate by the attorney for the Commonwealth that a copy of the 

notice has been mailed or delivered to opposing counsel. The 

notice of filing of the transcript or written statement of facts shall 

be filed within three days of the filing of the transcript or written 

 4

 Code § 19.2-398(A)(2) also requires the Commonwealth to certify “that the appeal is 

not taken for purpose of delay and that the evidence is substantial proof of a fact material in the 

proceeding.” The Commonwealth so certified in this case. 
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statement of facts or within 14 days of the order of the circuit 

court, whichever is later. 

(Emphasis added). 

 Appellee contends that the Commonwealth’s appeal must be dismissed because the 

hearing transcript that is the subject of the Commonwealth’s appeal was filed on March 24, 

2015, when the clerk of the circuit court accepted and date-stamped the transcript that had been 

provided by the court reporter for the explicitly stated purpose of filing. Appellee argues that the 

filing of the transcript on that date resulted in the notice of filing transcript being due on April 9, 

2015, fourteen days after the order of the circuit court.5

 Thus, according to appellee, the 

Commonwealth’s notice of filing transcript, filed on April 14, 2015, and therefore, the 

subsequently filed petition for appeal, filed on April 24, 2015, were untimely. 

The Commonwealth argues that the court reporter’s transmission of the transcript to the 

circuit court clerk is of no moment because “the Commonwealth chose not to rely on a third 

party filing the transcript . . . .” The Commonwealth asserts that, pursuant to Code § 19.2-405, a 

transcript may be filed up to twenty-five days after a circuit court enters its order. Thus, 

according to the Commonwealth, the copy of the transcript and the simultaneously filed notice of 

filing transcript that the Commonwealth filed on April 14, 2015, and the subsequently filed 

petition for appeal were timely. 

In resolving the motion, we first hold that the transcript was filed for the purposes of 

Code § 19.2-405 on March 24, 2015, when the clerk of the circuit court received and 

 5

 If one accepts that the transcript was filed before the circuit court entered the order, 

Code § 19.2-405 dictates that the deadline for filing the notice of filing transcript is timed from 

the entry of the order as opposed to the filing of the transcript because the deadline tied to the 

entry of the order, by necessity, ran after the deadline tied to the filing of the transcript. 
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date-stamped the copy transmitted by the court reporter.6

 To hold otherwise would be to ignore 

the common understanding of “filed” in this context and our own precedent. 

The transcript was provided to the clerk of the circuit court for the express purpose of 

being filed, and all parties were given notice that the transcript had been delivered to the clerk 

“to be filed this day . . . in the above styled case . . . .” (Emphasis added). The clerk accepted it 

and marked it filed. Furthermore, we previously have held that “‘[a] document is considered 

filed when delivered to the clerk for filing.’” Waller v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 71, 75, 497 

S.E.2d 508, 510 (1998) (quoting Rhem v. State, 820 S.W.2d 946, 947 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). 

In short, there can be no serious question that the transcript was filed on March 24, 2015.7 

By the express terms of the statute, once a transcript is filed, regardless of who files it, the 

deadline for the filing of the notice of filing transcript begins to run and will expire three days 

after the filing of the transcript or fourteen days after “the order of the circuit court, whichever is 

later.” Code § 19.2-405. Accordingly, the notice of filing transcript was due within fourteen 

days of the circuit court’s March 26, 2015 order, and thus, was untimely when filed by the 

Commonwealth on April 14, 2015. 

The Commonwealth’s reliance on the portion of Code § 19.2-405 that provides that a 

transcript must be filed with the clerk “no later than 25 days following entry of the order of the 

circuit court” is misplaced.8

 This portion of the statute sets the outer limit for when a transcript 

 6

 In its written opposition to the motion, the Commonwealth, when represented by the 

Office of the Commonwealth’s Attorney, see Code § 19.2-402(A), conceded that, if, for purposes 

of Code § 19.2-405, we find that the transcript was filed on March 24, 2015, “the petition for 

appeal in this case has not been timely filed.” At oral argument, the Commonwealth, now 

represented by the Office of the Attorney General, repudiated the concession. 

7

 Although finding it to be immaterial for the purposes of appellate deadlines, even the 

dissent characterizes the court reporter’s actions as “filing” the transcript. 

 8

 The statute provides that the twenty-five-day period may be extended by this Court for 

“up to 45 days . . . for good cause shown.” 
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may be filed; it does not trigger the deadline for the filing of the notice of filing transcript. 

Contrary to the Commonwealth’s position, the statute does not allow the Commonwealth to reset 

the clock by filing yet another copy of the exact same transcript after the circuit court enters its 

order. 

Although our conclusion is amply supported by the plain language of Code § 19.2-405, it 

is further supported by the legislative changes to Code §§ 19.2-402 and 19.2-405 unanimously 

adopted by the General Assembly in 2014. Prior to 2014, the deadline for filing the petition for 

appeal was not tied to the filing of the notice of filing transcript, but rather, was triggered by the 

filing of the actual transcript. 2014 Va. Acts ch. 33. Furthermore, the statute specified that the 

transcript was to be filed “by the Commonwealth.” Id. In the 2014 amendments, the General 

Assembly struck the language “by the Commonwealth” from the statute, making clear that the 

filing of the transcript could be accomplished by a person or entity other than the 

Commonwealth. 

The 2014 amendments appear to have resulted from the issues this Court faced in 

Commonwealth v. Mitchell, No. 0741-13-3, 2013 Va. App. LEXIS 251 (Va. Ct. App. Sept. 10, 

2013).9 See generally Washington v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 276, 281, 616 S.E.2d 774, 

777 (2005) (“[W]e assume legislative familiarity with Virginia case law when the legislature 

enacts a statute which might impact upon that law.”). In Mitchell, the transcript was filed by a 

party other than the Commonwealth while the circuit court had the matter under advisement.10 

The circuit court issued its order more than a month after the transcript was filed. 2013 Va. App. 

 9

 Although they have no precedential value, unpublished opinions of this Court are 

nevertheless persuasive authority. Otey v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 346, 351 n.3, 735 

S.E.2d 255, 258 n.3 (2012). 

10 The opinion does not indicate whether it was filed by the defendant, the court reporter, 

or a different person altogether. 
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LEXIS 251, at *2. The Commonwealth timely filed a notice of filing transcript, but did not refile 

the transcript that was already in the circuit court file. Id. at *3. A divided panel of this Court 

held that, despite the statute’s language that the transcript be filed “by the Commonwealth,” it 

did not require the Commonwealth to refile the same transcript that already had been filed. Id. at 

*4-5. Further, the majority noted that the petition for appeal was timely even though it had been 

filed more than fourteen days after the transcript was filed, reasoning that a literal reading of the 

statute was absurd because it would have meant that the Commonwealth’s petition for appeal 

would have been due before the circuit court had ruled. Id. at *4. 

A judge on the panel dissented, concluding that the statute required the transcript to be 

filed by the Commonwealth, and therefore, the Commonwealth could have extended the deadline 

by filing a copy of the exact same transcript within twenty-five days of the entry of the circuit 

court’s order. Id. at *11-12. The legislative changes adopted by the General Assembly 

effectively reject the position of the dissent in Mitchell (and the Commonwealth in this case) by 

striking the language “by the Commonwealth” from Code § 19.2-402. Furthermore, the changes 

addressed the potential absurdity noted by the majority by now tying the filing of the petition for 

appeal to the notice of filing transcript, which is now due three days after the filing of the 

transcript or within “14 days of the order of the circuit court, whichever is later.” Code 

§ 19.2-405. 

 Accordingly, we reject the Commonwealth’s argument that its subsequent filing of the 

transcript is the operative event under the statute and that such filing rendered the court 

reporter’s filing of the same transcript a nullity. 

The dissent essentially adopts the Commonwealth’s view, noting that our appellate 

procedures place the burden on an appellant to make sure the record before us is sufficient to 

address the appellate issue raised. The statement is unquestionably true; however, it is 
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immaterial to the issue before us: determining when the transcript was filed. Although the 

Commonwealth would have suffered the consequences of there being no transcript, that does not 

change the fact that the transcript of the hearing on which the Commonwealth based its appeal 

was filed in this case by the court reporter, and thus, the record the Commonwealth deemed 

necessary for us to reach the appellate issue was complete prior to the Commonwealth’s filing of 

a duplicate of that transcript. 

We are aware of no currently applicable case, statute or rule of appellate procedure that 

even suggests that an appellant can rely only on transcripts that it, as opposed to another party, 

has filed, and the dissent does not identify one. Ironically, prior to the 2014 amendments to 

Code §§ 19.2-402 and 19.2-405, the statutory language suggested that might be the case in a 

Commonwealth’s appeal by requiring that the transcript was to be filed “by the Commonwealth.” 

The fact that the General Assembly struck this language is at least a tacit rejection of the 

dissent’s position. 

Faced with the General Assembly’s decision to strike “by the Commonwealth” from the 

statute, the dissent posits that the amendment was intended to benefit the Commonwealth alone, 

allowing it the sole discretion to either adopt the filing of a transcript by another party or to 

extend the period of time to perfect the appeal by waiting up to twenty-five days to file a 

duplicate of a transcript that has already been filed. 

Such an interpretation fails for two reasons. First, the language employed by the General 

Assembly is neutral, neither favoring nor disfavoring the Commonwealth. To achieve its 

meaning, the dissent must graft onto the statute a favoritism for the Commonwealth that simply 
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cannot be found in the words used.11 Second, it allows the Commonwealth to unnecessarily 

delay perfecting an appeal in contravention of the purpose of the statutory scheme, which we 

have recognized is to facilitate a “prompt determination of whether a prosecution can effectively 

move forward or whether a defendant should be released.” Mitchell, 2013 Va. App. LEXIS 251, 

at *8. 

 Having found that the notice of filing transcript was not timely filed, we address the 

impact of the failure to timely file. Failure to timely file a notice of filing transcript is ordinarily 

governed by Rule 5A:8(b)(4). Rule 5A:8(b)(4) provides that the failure to timely file a notice of 

filing transcript 

that materially prejudices an appellee will result in the affected 

transcripts being stricken from the record on appeal. For purposes 

of this Rule, material prejudice includes preventing the appellee 

from raising legitimate objections to the contents of the transcript 

or misleading the appellee about the contents of the record. The 

appellee shall have the burden of establishing such prejudice in the 

brief in opposition or, if no brief in opposition is filed, in a written 

statement filed with the clerk of this Court within twenty-one days 

after the record is received by the clerk. 

 

In a Commonwealth’s appeal, however, the filing of the notice of filing transcript takes 

on additional significance because the Commonwealth’s petition for appeal is due in this Court 

“not more than 14 days after the notice of transcript or written statement of facts required by 

§ 19.2-405 is filed . . . .” Code § 19.2-402.12 Thus, the petition for appeal had to be filed in this 

Court by April 23, 2015, fourteen days after the notice of filing transcript was actually due. 

 11 It also flies in the face of our precedents, which dictate that the statutory language 

“must be strictly construed against” the Commonwealth. Hawkins, 10 Va. App. at 44, 390 

S.E.2d at 5. 

12 The statute provides an extended deadline if an objection to the transcript or written 

statement of facts has been filed. No such objection was filed in this case. 
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The Commonwealth argues that, even if the notice of filing transcript was untimely, the 

petition for appeal was timely filed because, consistent with Code § 19.2-402(B), the petition for 

appeal was filed within fourteen days of when the Commonwealth belatedly filed the notice of 

filing transcript. We reject such an interpretation of the statutory scheme because it would allow 

the Commonwealth to postpone pursuing an appeal indefinitely by choosing to delay the filing of 

the notice of filing transcript. As noted above, this would frustrate the statutory scheme’s 

purpose, which is to facilitate a “prompt determination of whether a prosecution can effectively 

move forward or whether a defendant should be released.” Mitchell, 2013 Va. App. LEXIS 251, 

at *8. 

The dissent raises two hypothetical scenarios regarding attempts by a litigant to “game” 

the system and place the Commonwealth at a disadvantage. Both are easily distinguishable from 

this case. 

The first posits that a litigant surreptitiously will lodge a transcript with the circuit court 

clerk without providing notice to the Commonwealth, causing the deadlines in Code § 19.2-405 

to begin to run without the Commonwealth’s knowledge. There is no dispute in this case that the 

Commonwealth was given notice of the filing of the transcript (and had, in fact, received the 

prepared transcript as of March 24, 2015), and thus, this scenario is not before us; however, if it 

were to occur, a reviewing court would be free to recognize that the secret lodging of the 

transcript represented an impermissible ex parte contact and give such an attempt at filing the 

respect it is due. 

The second posits that a litigant will attempt to trigger the deadlines by filing a portion of 

the relevant transcript. In this case, there is no dispute that the entire transcript was filed by the 

court reporter and that the Commonwealth was seeking to file an exact duplicate of what had 

already been filed. Thus, this scenario is not before us; however, if it were to occur, a reviewing 
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court would be free to find that the deadlines began to run once the Commonwealth filed the 

entire transcript that it deemed necessary for resolution of its appeal. 

Even if a reviewing court were to conclude that these hypotheticals are not 

distinguishable from this case, the Commonwealth’s right to appeal is still protected. The 

Commonwealth, contrary to the dissent, would not be faced with a defaulted appeal because the 

deadline for filing a notice of filing transcript pursuant to Code § 19.2-405 is either “within three 

days of the filing of the transcript or written statement of facts or within 14 days of the order of 

the circuit court, whichever is later. . . .” (Emphasis added). The Commonwealth easily can 

avoid default in these circumstances by filing the notice of filing transcript within fourteen days 

of the circuit court’s order. By doing so, the Commonwealth will always be insulated from the 

hypothetical threats to our jurisdiction posited by the dissent. 

Returning to the facts of this case, the Commonwealth did not file its petition for appeal 

by the April 23, 2015 deadline. Because the deadlines in the statute “must be strictly construed 

against” the Commonwealth, Hawkins, 10 Va. App. at 44, 390 S.E.2d at 5, we grant appellee’s 

motion and dismiss the Commonwealth’s appeal. Commonwealth v. Square, No. 2526-11-2, 

2012 Va. App. LEXIS 202 (Va. Ct. App. June 12, 2012) (holding that, if the Commonwealth’s 

petition for appeal is “not timely filed, we are without jurisdiction . . .”). See also Haywood v. 

Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 297, 298-99, 423 S.E.2d 202, 203 (1992) (en banc) (dismissing 

appellant’s appeal when petition for appeal was not timely filed); Long v. Commonwealth, 7 

Va. App. 503, 506, 375 S.E.2d 368, 369 (1988) (en banc) (same). 

CONCLUSION 

 For the reasons stated above, we find that both the Commonwealth’s notice of filing 

transcript and petition for appeal were not timely filed. Accordingly, we grant appellee’s motion 
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to dismiss and dismiss the Commonwealth’s appeal. The matter is remanded to the circuit court 

for such further proceedings as the Commonwealth deems appropriate. 

Dismissed. 
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Humphreys, J., dissenting. 

 I write separately because I respectfully disagree with the analysis of my colleagues and 

with the judgment they reach dismissing this appeal by the Commonwealth. Instead, I would 

deny appellee’s motion to dismiss the appeal, address the merits of the issues raised in the two 

assignments of error, and affirm the judgment of the circuit court for the reasons stated below. 

APPELLEE’S MOTION TO DISMISS

With respect to appellee’s motion to dismiss this appeal, I believe that the majority’s 

reading of Code §§ 19.2-402 and 19.2-405 is overbroad and will provide others, including a 

criminal defendant, with the ability to effectively limit or completely deprive the Commonwealth 

of its statutory right to an interlocutory appeal in criminal cases. The analysis and holding of the 

majority allows any person to trigger the time clock for when the Commonwealth must file its 

petition for appeal through the filing of a transcript without the knowledge, direction or approval 

of the attorney for the Commonwealth. This construction of the statute by my colleagues in the 

majority conflicts with well-established appellate principles and, in my view, leads to absurd 

results. 

 Appellee’s motion to dismiss this appeal presents this Court with a narrow issue of first 

impression: whether the initial filing of the transcript by the court reporter on March 24, 2015, 

prior to the entry of the final order by the circuit court suppressing the evidence, activated the 

running of the time period for filing the notice of filing of the transcript pursuant to Code 

§ 19.2-405 and derivatively, and thereby also triggering the running of the time limit for filing 

the petition for appeal. 

 The majority opinion concludes that the 2014 legislative amendments to Code 

§ 19.2-405 were prompted by this Court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. Mitchell, No. 

0741-13-3, 2013 Va. App. LEXIS 251 (Va. Ct. App. Sept. 10, 2013). In analyzing Mitchell, the 
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majority acknowledges that in that case, “[t]he record [did] not reveal who filed this transcript.” 

Id. at *3. Still, the record in Mitchell did support the fact that the Commonwealth, at the very 

least, adopted or ratified the filing of the transcript filed prior to the final order thereby meeting 

the statutory requirements. Id. at *8. Conversely, in this case, there is no evidence in the record 

that the court reporter filed the transcript pursuant to instructions from the Commonwealth or on 

its behalf. Nor is there any evidence that the Commonwealth sought to rely on or adopt the filing 

of the transcript by the court reporter to satisfy the filing requirements under the statute. At 

most, the record indicates that the Commonwealth simply requested a transcript be prepared by 

the court reporter. 

As the basis for the majority’s conclusion that the 2014 amendments to Code § 19.2-405 

were intended to allow parties other than the Commonwealth to control its ability to exercise its 

statutory right to appeal, the majority notes that the legislative amendments struck the language 

“by the Commonwealth” with regard to the transcript filing from Code § 19.2-405. Accordingly, 

the tension between the analysis of the majority and my own necessarily involves the differences 

in our respective exercises in statutory interpretation. 

 The basic objective of statutory construction “is to ascertain and give effect to legislative 

intent.” Turner v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 456, 459, 309 S.E.2d 337, 338 (1983). Because the 

Commonwealth’s right to appeal is in derogation of the general prohibition against such appeals, 

this right “must be strictly construed against the state and limited in application to cases falling 

clearly within the language of the statute.” Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 10 Va. App. 41, 44, 390 

S.E.2d 3, 5 (1990) (citations omitted). However, this Court is precluded from construing “a 

statute . . . so that it leads to absurd results.” Auer v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 637, 651, 621 

S.E.2d 140, 147 (2005). Thus, “where a particular construction of a statute will result in an 
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absurdity, some other reasonable construction which will not produce the absurdity will be 

found.” Miller v. Commonwealth, 180 Va. 36, 41, 21 S.E.2d 721, 723 (1942). 

 In my view, the statutory amendment following this Court’s decision in Mitchell was 

intended to address any concern suggested by the dissent in Mitchell, although unfounded in my 

view, that the statute as previously drafted provided that only the attorney for the 

Commonwealth could file the transcript for an appeal by the Commonwealth and not an agent 

acting on the Commonwealth’s behalf such as the court reporter. This view is supported by the 

context of Code § 19.2-405 when read as a whole. Even when considered in context with our 

decision in Mitchell, it seems obvious to me that the intent of the 2014 amendment was to clarify 

Code § 19.2-405 to permit the practice utilized in many jurisdictions allowing others, usually 

court reporters or employees of the Commonwealth’s Attorney, to act as agents of the 

Commonwealth’s Attorney for the purpose of filing a transcript with the circuit court, as was the 

case in Mitchell. Code § 19.2-405 ought not be read so broadly to allow any third party the 

ability to execute such a filing irrespective of any direction, ratification or approval by the 

Commonwealth. To hold such, as the majority does, is inapposite to established appellate 

principles and leads to the absurd result of allowing anyone the opportunity to deprive the 

Commonwealth of its already limited right to appeal. 

 Specifically, the majority’s construction of the statute disregards the well-settled 

principle that an 

appellant who seeks the reversal of a decree on the ground that it is 

contrary to the law and the evidence has the primary responsibility 

of presenting to this court, as a part of the printed record, the 

evidence introduced in the lower court, or so much thereof as is 

necessary and sufficient for us to give full consideration to the 

assignment of error. 

Lawrence v. Nelson, 200 Va. 597, 598-99, 106 S.E.2d 618, 620 (1959) (citations omitted). 

Although the Commonwealth may rely on a third party, such as a court reporter, to execute filing 
- 17 - 

duties under the statute as its agent, doing so does not remove the responsibility from the 

attorney for the Commonwealth to ensure that the record is accurate and that all deadlines and 

statutory requirements are met. In fact, Code § 19.2-405 specifically directs: 

The Commonwealth shall file with the clerk of the circuit court a 

notice, signed by the attorney for the Commonwealth . . . 

identifying the transcript or written statement of facts and reciting 

its filing with the clerk. There shall be appended to the notice a 

certificate by the attorney for the Commonwealth that a copy of the 

notice has been mailed or delivered to opposing counsel. 

(Emphasis added). The language of this statute indicates that the General Assembly has not 

altered the established legal principle that the Commonwealth, as the appellant, has the 

affirmative duty to satisfy the statutory requirements of Code §§ 19.2-402 and 19.2-405. 

 Moreover, under the majority’s analysis, construing the third sentence of Code 

§ 19.2-405 which, as amended, omits the words “by the Commonwealth” after the word “filed” 

with the remainder of the paragraph that requires the Commonwealth to provide notice and a 

certification of notice of such filing, the Commonwealth is now required to file notice of the 

filing of a transcript that anyone may have filed at any time, with or without the actual 

knowledge or consent of the attorney for the Commonwealth. I conclude that this result is 

absurd and clearly not intended by the General Assembly in its 2014 amendment to Code 

§ 19.2-405. 

 Further, if the Commonwealth is bound on appeal by the filing of a transcript 

unknowingly filed by a third party, it would be forced to begin to perfect the appeal, even if the 

final order had not yet been entered by the circuit court. In such a scenario, as is the case here, 

the Commonwealth is now expected to comply with the statutory deadlines that began to run 

prior to the entry of a final order, even when the Commonwealth had not yet taken steps to 

exercise its right to appeal. Moreover, under the majority’s reasoning, any person has the 

authority to prematurely trigger the appellate process on behalf of the Commonwealth by filing a 
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full or partial transcript, whether it be a well-meaning court reporter or a defense attorney who 

strategically seeks an advantage for his client by limiting or eliminating the opportunity for the 

Commonwealth to appeal those issues permitted by statute. Such a scenario would not only 

frustrate the legislative and constitutional purpose of providing the Commonwealth with the right 

to pursue certain pre-trial appeals, but would also compromise the Commonwealth’s ability to 

perfect such appeals under Code §§ 19.2-402 and 19.2-405. 

 This is not to say that the 2014 amendment was a nullity and the transcript may only be 

filed by the attorney for the Commonwealth; rather, as I construe Code § 19.2-405 as amended, 

if the transcript is filed by someone other than the prosecutor, the Commonwealth must either 

authorize the third party to execute the filing, or the Commonwealth must subsequently approve 

or adopt such filing, as was the case in Mitchell. Although neither Mitchell nor our decision here 

is binding precedent, I agree with and adopt the conclusion by the majority in Mitchell that, “the 

General Assembly has chosen to provide those who represent the people of the Commonwealth 

with a limited right to appeal. We decline to read the Code in a way that pointlessly frustrates 

this policy objective.” Mitchell, 2013 Va. App. LEXIS 251, at *8. 

 Therefore, unless the Commonwealth authorizes, ratifies or subsequently adopts the 

initial transcript filing by the court reporter or other third party, I would hold that a court reporter 

or anyone else’s sua sponte filing of the transcript should be disregarded for purposes of 

calculating the deadlines contained in Code §§ 19.2-402 and 19.2-405. 

 Based upon this construction of the statutory scheme, I conclude that because the final 

order was entered on March 26, 2015, the deadline for filing the transcript was twenty-five days 

later on April 20, 2015. The only transcript filed by or on behalf of the Commonwealth occurred 

on April 14, 2015, well before the statutory deadline. Further, because the Commonwealth filed 

its notice of filing of the transcript on the same day it filed the transcript, it also complied with 
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the requirement that the notice of filing of the transcript be filed within three days of the date the 

transcript was filed. Finally, the Commonwealth filed its petition for appeal on April 24, 2015, 

within fourteen days of the notice of filing of the transcript on April 14, 2015. Because I would 

find that the Commonwealth’s appeal was properly perfected, I would deny appellee’s motion to 

dismiss the appeal and reach the merits of the assignments of error. 

MERITS OF THE APPEAL

 “In an appeal by the Commonwealth of an order of the trial court suppressing evidence, 

the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant and findings of fact are 

entitled to a presumption of correctness unless they are plainly wrong or without evidence to 

support them.” Commonwealth v. Peterson, 15 Va. App. 486, 487, 424 S.E.2d 722, 723 (1992). 

Therefore, in this case, I view the evidence in the light most favorable to appellee because the 

circuit court sustained his motion to suppress the evidence. However, this Court “review[s] de 

novo the trial court’s application of defined legal standards such as probable cause and 

reasonable suspicion to the particular facts of the case.” Cherry v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 

347, 356, 605 S.E.2d 297, 301 (2004). 

 So viewed, the record established that on May 19, 2014, appellee was a passenger in a 

GMC Yukon with New York plates, driven by his co-defendant, Matthew Guagliardo 

(“Guagliardo”). As the vehicle passed Trooper Brandon Burns of the Virginia State Police 

(“Trooper Burns”), who was in an unmarked police cruiser, Guagliardo looked over at him, then 

“stared at [him] for a quick second and then very, very, slowly, panned back.” Because Trooper 

Burns believed this behavior to be unusual, he moved into the left-hand lane and paced the 

vehicle for four-tenths of a mile and determined the vehicle was traveling seventy-two miles per 

hour in a sixty-five mile-per-hour zone. Trooper Burns then initiated a traffic stop for speeding. 

Nothing else about the vehicle or its operation attracted Trooper Burns’s attention. 
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 Trooper Burns approached the Yukon, explained the reason for the stop, and requested 

driver’s licenses from both occupants and the vehicle registration. Appellee provided a rental car 

agreement in lieu of the vehicle registration. Trooper Burns directed Guagliardo to sit in the 

police cruiser while he checked both men’s licenses for any outstanding warrants, with negative 

results. Trooper Burns asked Guagliardo about his trip. Guagliardo explained the two men were 

coming from Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, where they had visited Guagliardo’s daughter. 

Trooper Burns left Guagliardo in the police cruiser and went back to the Yukon to speak with 

appellee. 

 Trooper Burns asked appellee where he was coming from, to which appellee answered 

that the two men were coming from visiting a friend named “Unc” somewhere near Atlanta, 

Georgia. Trooper Burns advised that the rental agreement provided that appellee was the only 

authorized driver and that the vehicle could not be driven outside New York, New Jersey, and 

Pennsylvania. Trooper Burns confirmed there was no complaint from the vehicle’s owner and 

that the date of the stop was within the rental period. Trooper Burns acknowledged that he had 

never arrested anyone for unauthorized use of a vehicle under these circumstances and did not 

charge appellee with that offense. 

Trooper Burns then returned to his cruiser where Guagliardo had remained and sent a 

message on the computer to his partners, one of which had a K-9 unit, asking them to meet him 

at his location. Guagliardo then volunteered to Trooper Burns that he had also been in Georgia, 

as well as Myrtle Beach. Less than twelve minutes into the traffic stop, Trooper Burns issued a 

warning for the speeding violation to Guagliardo and returned his documents. As Guagliardo 

exited the police cruiser, Trooper Burns directed him to stand at the front of the cruiser and asked 

him if he had any contraband or drugs in the car. Guagliardo responded in the negative. Trooper 
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Burns then asked for his permission to search the vehicle. Guagliardo responded that the vehicle 

was not his and that appellee would need to give permission for the search. 

Trooper Burns again approached the Yukon and asked appellee to step out of the vehicle 

because he would need to drive in accordance with the rental agreement. Trooper Burns then 

returned appellee’s driver’s license. As appellee turned to walk back to the car, Trooper Burns 

asked about contraband in the vehicle and then requested appellee’s consent to search the 

vehicle. Appellee did not consent to a search and then asked Trooper Burns if he was free to 

leave. Trooper Burns responded “no, you can’t go” and directed both men to stand on the 

shoulder of the road and wait for the drug-sniffing dog to arrive. Trooper Burns then asked 

appellee’s permission to run the dog around the vehicle to which appellee responded, “yeah, 

yeah.” Approximately two minutes later, Trooper Burns’s partner arrived with the dog. The dog 

alerted and a subsequent search uncovered 120 grams of crystal methamphetamine. After an 

evidentiary hearing, the circuit court granted appellee’s motion to suppress, holding “the [c]ourt 

is unable to find reasonable, articulable suspicion of further criminal activity that would justify 

the continued detention and use of the K-9.”13 

A. Continued Detention 

 It is uncontested that the initial seizure of appellee during the traffic stop for speeding 

was reasonable. However, “[a] seizure that is lawful at its inception can violate the Fourth 

Amendment if its manner of execution unreasonably infringes interests protected by the 

Constitution.” Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 407 (2005). In April 2015, the Supreme Court 

of the United States held in Rodriguez v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 1609 (2015), that a police 

 13 While the circuit court did not address the Commonwealth’s probable cause argument 

from the bench, the final order finds “there was not probable cause of any further criminal 

activity to warrant the defendant being detained after the conclusion of the traffic stop.” I also 

note that the final order does not memorialize the circuit court’s holding from the bench that the 

evidence presented did not support reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot. 
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officer “may conduct certain unrelated checks during an otherwise lawful traffic stop,” but “may 

not do so in a way that prolongs the stop, absent the reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to 

justify detaining an individual.” Id. at 1615. “Authority for the seizure thus ends when tasks tied 

to the traffic infraction are—or reasonably should have been—completed.” Id. at 1614. Thus, “a 

traffic stop ‘can become unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to 

complete th[e] mission’ of issuing a warning ticket,” and officers may not conduct unrelated 

investigations to prolong the traffic stop, absent independent reasonable suspicion ordinarily 

required to detain the individual. Id. at 1614-15. Accordingly, the continued seizure of appellee 

was improper unless the subsequent detention can be supported by reasonable suspicion or 

probable cause. 

B. Probable Cause 

The Commonwealth first argues appellee’s continued detention did not violate the Fourth 

Amendment because Trooper Burns had probable cause to believe appellee had committed a 

felony by using the rental vehicle contrary to the express limitations contained in his rental 

agreement. 

“Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances within the arresting officer’s 

knowledge and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient in themselves 

to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been or is being 

committed.” Mazza v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 907, 911, 434 S.E.2d 339, 342 (1993) 

(citations omitted). “In determining whether probable cause exists courts will test what the 

totality of the circumstances meant to police officers trained in analyzing the observed conduct 

for purposes of crime control.” Hollis v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 874, 877, 223 S.E.2d 887, 

889 (1976) (citation omitted). 
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Code § 18.2-102 provides: 

Any person who shall take, drive or use any animal, aircraft, 

vehicle, boat or vessel, not his own, without the consent of the 

owner thereof and in the absence of the owner, and with intent 

temporarily to deprive the owner thereof of his possession thereof, 

without intent to steal the same, shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony. 

. . . Any person who assists in, or is a party or accessory to, or an 

accomplice in, any such unauthorized taking, driving or using shall 

be subject to the same punishment as if he were the principal 

offender. 

The Commonwealth argues that because Guagliardo was not an authorized user under the 

rental agreement and the vehicle was being driven outside the permitted geographic area, 

Trooper Burns had probable cause to believe both men were violating Code § 18.2-102. The 

Commonwealth specifically relies on Overstreet v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 234, 435 

S.E.2d 906 (1993), which held “that where an act violates the specific scope or duration of 

consent to use a vehicle, a trespassory taking contemplated by Code § 18.2-102 occurs.” Id. at 

238, 435 S.E.2d at 908. 

During his investigation, Trooper Burns reviewed the rental agreement and discussed the 

discrepancies with appellee, specifically advising him that he was the only authorized driver and 

that the vehicle could not be driven outside New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Trooper 

Burns also confirmed there was no complaint from the vehicle’s owner and that the date of the 

stop was within the rental period. After concluding the traffic stop by issuing Guagliardo a 

written warning for speeding and returning his documents, Trooper Burns asked appellee to step 

out of the passenger seat because he would need to drive in accordance with the rental agreement 

and then returned appellee’s driver’s license. 

Trooper Burns clearly had concluded his investigation into any unauthorized use of a 

vehicle offense and ultimately decided not to make any arrest based upon the probable cause the 

Commonwealth now argues existed. Given that Trooper Burns instructed appellee to drive in 
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accordance with the rental agreement, electing not to issue a citation, any investigation into the 

unauthorized use of a vehicle was clearly concluded without an arrest at the time Trooper Burns 

requested appellee’s consent to search the vehicle and subsequently detained him until the drug 

dog arrived. Likewise, the circuit court made a finding of fact that at the time Trooper Burns 

issued the warning for speeding and told appellee to drive pursuant to the rental agreement, 

Trooper Burns indicated that he was “not going to take any more action on [the unlawful use of a 

vehicle]. [Trooper Burns] indicate[d] that he ha[d] completed everything.” 

Nevertheless, as appellee turned to walk back to the car, Trooper Burns asked about 

contraband in the vehicle and then requested appellee’s consent to search the vehicle. Appellee 

did not consent and then asked Trooper Burns if he was free to leave. Trooper Burns responded 

that appellee was not free to leave and directed both men to stand on the shoulder of the road and 

wait for the drug-sniffing dog to arrive. 

Whether probable cause to arrest appellee may have existed at any earlier point is 

immaterial to whether appellee could be further detained and the vehicle searched after he 

refused to consent to such a search. Even assuming probable cause existed to charge appellee 

with the unauthorized use of a vehicle, probable cause to arrest appellee does not automatically 

translate into probable cause to search the vehicle, especially when no arrest has actually taken 

place and there is no probable cause to believe the vehicle contained evidence of the 

unauthorized use of a vehicle offense. See Cunningham v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 605, 

613, 643 S.E.2d 514, 518 (2007) (holding “the existence of probable cause to arrest an individual 

does not ipso facto give rise to probable cause to search”). Simply put, there is no “search 

incident to probable cause to arrest” exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement. 
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C. Reasonable Suspicion 

 The Commonwealth alternatively asserts that the continued detention of appellee was 

justified because Trooper Burns developed reasonable suspicion that appellee was involved in 

criminal activity, based upon Trooper Burns’s observations before the traffic stop and the 

additional information he learned during the course of the stop. I disagree. 

 Pursuant to Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), “[i]f a police officer has reasonable, 

articulable suspicion that a person is engaging in, or is about to engage in, criminal activity, the 

officer may detain the suspect to conduct a brief investigation without violating the person’s 

Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.” McGee v. 

Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 202, 487 S.E.2d 259, 263 (1997) (en banc). The justification 

for detaining the individual need not rise to the level of probable cause, but must be more than an 

“inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch.’” Terry, 392 U.S. at 27. 

Reasonable suspicion is a less demanding standard than probable 

cause not only in the sense that reasonable suspicion can be 

established with information that is different in quantity or content 

than that required to establish probable cause, but also in the sense 

that reasonable suspicion can arise from information that is less 

reliable than that required to show probable cause. 

Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330 (1990). 

 When making a determination of whether reasonable suspicion existed, “the totality of 

the circumstances — the whole picture — must be taken into account. Based upon that whole 

picture the detaining officers must have a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the 

particular person stopped of criminal activity.” United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417-18 

(1981). When a court reviews whether an officer had reasonable suspicion, it must view the 

totality of the circumstances and view those facts objectively through the eyes of a reasonable 

police officer with the knowledge, training, and experience of the investigating officer. Murphy 

v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 139, 144, 384 S.E.2d 125, 128 (1989). If, however, after 
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considering these factors, the court concludes that the officer’s concern was “more an inchoate 

and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch,’ than a fair inference in the light of [the officer’s] 

experience, [it] is simply too slender a reed to support [a search or seizure].” Reid v. Georgia, 

448 U.S. 438, 441 (1980) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

 Based upon his training and experience, Trooper Burns testified that he looks for certain 

indicators during a traffic stop to determine whether criminal activity is afoot including: the 

behavior of the subjects such as nervousness and conflicting stories, the presence of an excessive 

number of air fresheners and masking agents, multiple cell phones, fast-food wrappers, 

packaging indicating traveling great distances without stopping, and the use of a rental car. In 

the present case, the Commonwealth claims that the men’s nervous behavior, the conflicting 

itineraries, and the unauthorized use of the rental car provided Trooper Burns with reasonable 

suspicion the men were involved in criminal activity. 

 However, because we view the evidence in a light most favorable to appellee as the 

prevailing party, we must grant all reasonable inferences fairly deducible from that evidence. 

See Commonwealth v. Holloway, 9 Va. App. 11, 20, 384 S.E.2d 99, 104 (1989). Viewed in such 

a light, the record indicates that the circuit court rejected Trooper Burns’s description of the 

men’s behavior as “excessively nervous,” after viewing the police car’s dashboard camera video, 

concluding that Guagliardo looked “possibly tired.” The record also establishes that although 

Guagliardo initially told Trooper Burns that the men had come from Myrtle Beach, South 

Carolina while appellee stated they had been near Atlanta, Georgia, Guagliardo later volunteered 

to Trooper Burns that the men had also been in Georgia. Therefore, aside from the fact that 

appellee exercised his right to refuse to consent to a search, the Commonwealth is left merely 

with the fact that Guagliardo was not an authorized driver pursuant to the rental agreement and 

the men were driving the rental car outside the permitted geographic area. 
- 27 - 

 As already noted, Trooper Burns had completed his investigation into that offense. 

Trooper Burns testified that he had never arrested anyone for unauthorized use of a motor 

vehicle based solely on a violation of a rental agreement and had no plan to do so on this 

occasion. Moreover, as the Commonwealth conceded at oral argument, the use of a drug dog 

would neither confirm nor dispel any suspicion regarding any unauthorized use of the vehicle. 

Accordingly, I conclude, as the circuit court did, that these facts alone, at most, constitute a 

“hunch” that appellee and his companion may be involved in criminal activity and simply do not 

rise to the level of reasonable, articulable suspicion to justify detaining appellee beyond the 

completion of the traffic infraction investigation. 

 For all of the foregoing reasons, I conclude that the Commonwealth has properly 

perfected this appeal. However, I also conclude that the continued detention of appellee was not 

justified by either probable cause that he had committed a crime or reasonable suspicion to 

believe that appellee was engaged in criminal activity. Therefore, I would affirm the circuit 

court’s decision to suppress the evidence in this case and remand it to that court for further 

proceedings consistent with this analysis.