Petitions for Writ of Mandamus Conditionally Granted and Memorandum

Opinion filed March 9, 2021.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals 

NO. 14-20-00703-CV

IN RE T.M., Relator

NO. 14-20-00706-CV

IN RE M.D.M., Relator

ORIGINAL PROCEEDING

WRIT OF MANDAMUS

328th District Court

Fort Bend County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 20-DCV-273857

MEMORANDUM OPINION

On October 16, 2020 and October 19, 2020, relators T.M. (“Mother”) and 

M.D.M. (“Father”), respectively, filed a petition for writ of mandamus in this court.

See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 22.221; see also Tex. R. App. P. 52. In the petitions, 
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Mother and Father ask this court to compel the Honorable John Millard, associate

judge of the 328th District Court of Fort Bend County, to vacate his July 30, 2021

temporary order following adversary hearing and order the child returned to them. 

We conditionally grant the petitions. 

BACKGROUND

Mother and Father are married and the parents of the child, who was born in 

March 2020. Father, who is a firefighter, was on leave from the child’s birth until 

April 17, 2020. Mother, who is a nurse, was on leave until she returned to work on 

May 1, 2020. During the time Mother and Father were on leave, they were the 

primary caregivers for the child. Maternal Grandparents and Paternal Grandparents 

also cared for the child.

On March 16, 2020, the child saw the pediatrician, Dr. Pamela Sanders, who 

had no concerns about the child’s appetite or weight at that time. Mother became 

concerned about the child’s appetite and reflux and she was not sure if the child was 

gaining enough weight and scheduled a video appointment with Dr. Sanders for 

April 22, 2020. Dr. Sanders addressed the issues Mother raised during that visit. 

Mother was again concerned about the child’s appetite and reflux and 

scheduled another video appointment with Dr. Sanders for April 29, 2020. The 

child’s next visit with Dr. Sanders was on May 6, 2020, for a checkup and 

vaccinations. The child had a bruise on her cheek. Dr. Sanders asked Mother what 

caused that bruise. Mother thought that Father might have used his fingers on the 

child’s cheeks to push her lips open when he was feeding the child with a bottle. 

Mother could think of no other explanation. 
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On May 18, 2020, Mother and Father noticed that the child’s appetite was 

poor and messaged Dr. Sanders, who said to make an appointment. They made an 

appointment for May 20, 2020. On the evening on May 19, 2020, Maternal 

Grandmother noticed that the child’s belly was distended and pointed it out to 

Mother. Father took the child to the May 20, 2020 appointment with Dr. Sanders 

because Mother was working. Dr. Sanders told Father to take the child to the 

hospital. 

Father took the child to Texas Children’s Hospital in Katy. The child 

presented to the hospital for abdominal distension, failure to thrive, and vomiting. 

The hospital did an ultrasound and found fluid in the child’s belly. The hospital then 

performed a “small bowel follow-through study” to learn the source of the fluid. 

During that procedure, the hospital discovered that the child had fractured ribs. 

On May 22, 2020, the child was transferred from Texas Children’s Hospital 

in Katy to Texas Children’s Hospital in the Texas Medical Center to be seen by a 

trauma team. That same day, the Texas Department of Family and Protective 

Services (the “Department’) received a report alleging the physical abuse of the child 

by Mother and Father. Detective Stephanie Rutland and the Department’s 

investigator, Tamera Kiser, and its special investigator, Deborah Sublett, met with 

Father at the hospital. Father could not explain how the child had received her 

injuries, and he did not know who had injured the child. Rutland and Sublett 

informed Father that they believed he had intentionally caused the child’s injuries. 

On May 23, 2020, Kiser, Sublett, and Rutland met with Mother, who signed 

a safety plan after speaking to her attorney. The safety plan provided in part:
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The agency is concerned that [Father] and [Mother] has [sic] physically 

abused their baby . . . and has [sic] no explanation on how the injuries 

occurred.

* * *

[Father] and [Mother] cannot be alone with their baby . . . . They must 

be supervised at all time when caring for their baby. The parents have 

been notified that they cannot be alone with their child.

Kiser also presented the safety plan to Father, who also signed it after speaking to 

his attorney. 

While the child was in the intensive care unit, Kiser did not believe a safety 

plan was necessary because the hospital was monitoring the child 24 hours a day. 

However, Kiser felt that the safety plan became necessary when the child was moved 

to a regular room because she would no longer be monitored. The Department was 

not able to provide someone to monitor Mother and Father because only one person 

was allowed in the hospital room at the time pursuant to hospital policy due to the 

COVID-19 pandemic. 

On June 4, 2020, the Department filed an original petition for protection of a 

child, for conservatorship, and for termination in a suit affecting the parent-child 

relationship. The Department asked the trial court (1) for permission to take custody 

of the child in an emergency; (2) to be appointed temporary sole managing 

conservator of the child; and (3) for temporary orders. Furthermore, if the child 

could not be safely reunified with the parents, the Department stated that it would 

seek termination of Mother’s and Father’s parental rights. The trial court signed 

temporary orders appointing the Department temporary sole managing conservator 
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of the child and ordering that the child be placed with Paternal Grandfather and 

Paternal Step-grandmother. 

The trial court held the statutory adversary hearing on June 30 to July 2, 2020. 

At the hearing, Mother testified that the child had a complicated birth. Mother 

explained that the child was stuck in the birth canal for four hours, which “could 

have caused something to affect her,” but she did not bring this up with the 

pediatrician. Mother also testified that she does not believe that the child had rib 

fractures but more testing such as imaging and blood work needed to be done. Nor 

does Mother know how the kidney injury occurred. Mother could not provide any 

explanation regarding how the injuries could have occurred but believes that the 

injuries might have been caused by accident or a medical condition. 

Father testified that he does not know if the ribs were fractured, but he also 

explained that they were trying to determine from other doctors what caused the 

child’s rib fractures. Father expressed concerned about the fractured ribs because 

the child may have “medical problems that we don’t know about.” Father did not 

believe that the child had suffered any abdominal injuries prior to May 20, 2020. 

Father understands that the Department is accusing him of having intentionally 

injured the child by squeezing her. 

Dr. Angela Bachim, the child abuse pediatrician at Baylor College of 

Medicine at Texas Children’s Hospital, stated that the child’s injuries were 

concerning in an infant who cannot move herself enough to cause an injury. Dr. 

Bachim explained that a child’s rib fractures could have been caused by “violently 

squeezing” the child or “compressing her chest.” Dr. Bachim testified that the only 

way the child could have received the injury to her uteropelvic junction was from 
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“blunt force trauma to the abdomen,” “blunt force trauma from the back,” or “some 

sort of acceleration-deceleration injuries to the kidney area” and she was unaware of 

anything that would support a claim that the injury was accidental.

Paternal Grandfather took the child to Dr. Gary Brock, a specialist in pediatric 

orthopedic surgery, for a second opinion. Dr. Brock testified that the difficult birth 

“would be at the top of my differential diagnosis” as a cause for the child’s rib 

fractures rather than “some blunt force trauma.” Dr. Bachim, on the other hand, 

opined that the child’s rib fractures could not have been due to the child being the 

birth canal for an extended period of time because of the healing stages of the 

fractures. Dr. Brock further observed that there was “no appropriate work-up to 

make an assessment of metabolic bone disease,” which can cause rib and other 

fractures. 

At the end of the hearing, the trial court announced that it had found sufficient 

evidence to support the appointment of the Department temporary managing 

conservatorship of the child. The trial court also approved the placement of the child 

with Paternal Grandfather and Paternal Step-grandmother. The trial court signed the 

written temporary order on July 30, 2020, consistent with its July 2, 2020 oral ruling. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Generally, to be entitled to mandamus relief, a relator must demonstrate (1) 

the trial court clearly abused its discretion; and (2) the relator has no adequate 

remedy by appeal. In re Nat’l Lloyds Ins. Co., 507 S.W.3d 219, 226 (Tex. 2106) 

(orig. proceeding) (per curiam). A trial court clearly abuses its discretion if it reaches 

a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and prejudicial error 
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of law, or if it clearly fails to analyze the law correctly or apply the law correctly to 

the facts. In re H.E.B. Grocery Co., L.P., 492 S.W.3d 300, 302 (Tex. 2016) (orig. 

proceeding) (per curiam); In re Cerberus Capital Mgmt., L.P., 164 S.W.3d 379, 382 

(Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam). Temporary orders are not subject to 

interlocutory appeal. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 6.507. Therefore, mandamus is the 

appropriate remedy in this case. See Dancy v. Daggett, 815 S.W.2d 548, 549 (Tex. 

1991) (orig. proceeding) (per curaim).

ANALYSIS

Chapter 262 of the family code sets forth the procedures and substantive 

requirements by which the Department may take possession of a child when 

necessary to protect that child’s health and safety. The Department is granted 

authority in urgent circumstances to remove a child from his or her home without 

prior notice. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 262.101. A full adversary hearing must be 

“held not later than the 14th day after the date the child was taken into possession” 

by the Department. Id. § 262.201(a). At the conclusion of the adversary hearing, 

the trial court must return the child to the parents, conservators, guardians, caretakers 

or custodians entitled to possession unless the trial court finds sufficient evidence to 

satisfy a person of ordinary prudence and caution that: 

(1) there was a danger to the physical health or safety of the child, 

including a danger that the child would be a victim of trafficking under 

Section 20A.02 or 20A.03, Penal Code, which was caused by an act or 

failure to act of the person entitled to possession and for the child to 

remain in the home is contrary to the welfare of the child; 

(2) the urgent need for protection required the immediate removal of 

the child and reasonable efforts, consistent with the circumstances and 
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providing for the safety of the child, were made to eliminate or prevent 

the child’s removal; and 

(3) reasonable efforts have been made to enable the child to return 

home, but there is a substantial risk of a continuing danger if the child 

is returned home. 

Id. § 262.201(g). Unless the evidence reflects the existence of each requirement set 

forth in section 262.201(g), the trial court is required to return the child to the 

parent’s custody pending litigation. In re K.L.M., No. 14-19-00713-CV, 2019 WL 

6001170, at *4 (Tex. App.―Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 14, 2019, orig. proceeding) 

(mem. op.). 

The trial court found that there was sufficient evidence to support each of the 

elements of section 262.201(g). Mother and Father maintain that the evidence does 

not support the trial court’s findings under section 262.201(g) and the trial court was 

required to return the child to them. 

After reviewing the record of the adversary hearing, we conclude that the 

evidence does not support the trial court’s finding that “reasonable efforts have been 

made to enable [the child] to return” to Mother and Father’s home under section 

262.201(g)(3).

Kiser testified with regard to returning the child to her home:

Q. And since that time when you removed [the child] prior to us 

starting this hearing on the 29th, in that 25-day window, what efforts 

did you make to return [the child] to her home?

A. None.
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Father confirmed at the adversary hearing that the Department (1) did not 

make any suggestions or recommendations for the child to return home safely; (2) 

did not offer any services to allow the child to return home; and (3) had not contacted 

him about what it would do to try to return the child. Mother similarly testified that 

the Department made no effort to return the child to her home. 

Kiser believed that the child will always be in danger with Mother and Father 

as long as they are unable to provide an explanation for the child’s injuries but “[i]f 

they can tell me what happened, then yes, that can change my mind.” Consistent 

with Kiser’s testimony, the Department argues that efforts by it to enable the child’s 

return were unsuccessful because the child had suffered injuries while in the care of 

Mother and Father, who did not acknowledge that the child was injured. 

There is nothing in the record to show that the Department made any 

reasonable efforts to enable the child to return to her home. The Department failed 

to take any steps such as implementing a family service plan, which is considered a 

reasonable effort to enable a child to return home. See In re R.P.D., No. 05-09-

00258-CV, 2019 WL 1578274, at *2 (Tex. App.―Dallas Apr. 12, 2019, orig. 

proceeding) (mem. op.); In re N.R.T., 338 S.W.3d 667, 674 (Tex. App.―Amarillo 

2011, no pet.); In re J.J.S., 272 S.W.3d 74, 83–84 (Tex. App.―Waco 2008, pet. 

struck); In re S.S., No. 11-05-00083-CV, 2006 WL 1285125, at *3 (Tex. 

App.―Eastland May 11, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.). Moreover, although Rutland 

and Sublett believed that Father intentionally injured the child, the Department did 

not ask Father to move out of the child’s home so that she could return home. 

Subsection (3) affords the trial court discretion to determine what efforts are 

“reasonable” to enable the child to return home. In re Pate, 407 S.W.3d 416, 419 
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(Tex. App.―Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, orig. proceeding). However, in this case, 

there is no evidence that the Department made any effort to enable the chile to return 

home. In the absence of such evidence, the Department did not meet its burden 

under section 262.201(g) and the trial court was required to return the child to 

Mother and Father. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 262.201. Therefore, we hold that 

the trial court abused its discretion by not ordering the child returned to Mother and 

Father. See Pate, 407 S.W.3d at 420 (conditionally granting petition because 

department failed to provide evidence that it had made reasonable efforts to enable 

child to return home). 

Accordingly, we conditionally grant relators’ petitions for writ of mandamus 

and direct the trial court to vacate its July 30, 2020 temporary order following 

adversary hearing and order the return of the child to Mother and Father. The writ 

will issue only if the trial court fails to comply with this opinion. The motion for 

expedited consideration is dismissed as moot.

PER CURIAM

Panel consists of Justices Wise, Bourliot, and Wilson.