36790 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Mine Safety and Health Administration

30 CFR Parts 56 and 57

RIN 1219–AA84

Safety Standards for Explosives at

Metal and Nonmetal Mines

AGENCY: Mine Safety and Health

Administration, Labor.

ACTION: Final rule.

SUMMARY: This final rule revises certain

provisions of the Mine Safety and

Health Administration’s (MSHA) safety

standards for explosives at metal and

nonmetal mines. The final rule revises

existing standards for separation of

detonators from other explosives or

blasting agents during storage in powder

chests and during transportation.

Additionally, it revises existing

provisions related to loading and

blasting of explosive materials. The final

rule also expands the application of

existing provisions concerning the

protection of explosive materials from

impact and exposure to high

temperatures, and it revises and clarifies

the existing provisions addressing static

electricity dissipation during loading.

The rule revises the existing preamble

discussion for vehicles containing

explosive material, and incorporates

existing blast site security provisions

into the loading and blasting standards.

For the convenience of the mining

community, MSHA has published the

full text of the explosives standards for

metal and nonmetal mines in this

Federal Register document.

EFFECTIVE DATES: This final rule is

effective September 10, 1996. The

incorporation by reference listed in the

regulations is effective September 10,

1996.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Patricia W. Silvey, Director, Office of

Standards, Regulations, and Variances,

MSHA, 703–235–1910.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Paperwork Reduction Act

Under final §§ 56/57.6306(a),

operators must either attend; barricade

and post the blast site with warning

signs, such as ‘‘Danger,’’ ‘‘Explosives,’’

or ‘‘Keep Out;’’ or flag the blast site

against unauthorized entry. These final

requirements for use of warning signs,

such as ‘‘Danger,’’ ‘‘Explosives,’’ or

‘‘Keep Out,’’ are not considered

information collection under the

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA

95) and are not subject to approval by

the Office of Management and Budget

(OMB).

Final §§ 56/57.6306(d) requires that

operators conduct loading and blasting

in a manner to facilitate a continuous

process so that the blast is fired as soon

as possible. The final standard does not

retain the concept of ‘‘undue delay’’, but

retains the existing requirement to

notify MSHA of blasting delays beyond

72 hours. MSHA estimates that these

provisions affect fewer than 10

respondents annually, all large mines.

Although notification is considered an

information collection burden under

PRA 95, this provision is not subject to

OMB approval because it affects fewer

than 10 respondents annually.

II. Rulemaking Background

MSHA published comprehensive

revisions to its explosives safety

standards for metal and nonmetal mines

in January 1991 (56 FR 2070). Prior to

the effective date of the rule, MSHA

stayed several provisions due to

compliance issues raised by the mining

community and explosives

manufacturers. The provisions involved

were subsequently reproposed on

October 16, 1992 (57 FR 47524) for

revision and clarification. On December

30, 1993, MSHA published the existing

final rule which became effective on

January 31, 1994 (58 FR 69596).

In February 1994, the American

Mining Congress (AMC) and the

Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME)

each filed a petition for review of the

final rule with the United States Court

of Appeals for the District of Columbia

Circuit, in American Mining Congress v.

MSHA, Docket No. 91–1124 and 91–

1568, consolidated cases, and in IME v.

MSHA, Docket No. 94–1144. AMC

requested that MSHA reconsider

evidence in the rulemaking record

regarding the continuous loading

requirements of §§ 56/57.6306(c),

Loading and blasting. In addition, AMC

requested that the Agency clarify the

preamble discussion to §§ 56/

57.6202(a)(1), concerning vehicles

containing explosive materials.

IME suggested revision of §§ 56/

57.6000, the definition of ‘‘laminated

partition,’’ and corresponding changes

in §§ 56/57.6133(b), Powder chests, and

§§ 56/57.6201(a)(2) and (b)(2),

Separation of transported explosive

material. Also, IME requested that

MSHA reconsider information in the

rulemaking record regarding the

requirements of §§ 56/57.6602, Static

electricity dissipation during loading.

In response to the issues raised by the

mining industry and explosive

manufacturers, MSHA issued Program

Policy Letter No. P94–IV–3 on

September 30, 1994. This Program

Policy Letter provided information to

the mining community regarding the

proper usage of the IME–22 Container as

a ‘‘laminated partition’’ under §§ 56/

57.6000, §§ 56/57.6133, and §§ 56/

57.6201. The Agency also interpreted

the ‘‘continuous loading’’ requirements

of §§ 56/57.6306; clarified the meaning

of the term ‘‘good condition’’ as it

applies to vehicles used in §§ 56/

57.6202; clarified the application of

§§ 56/57.6501 regarding double

trunklines or loop systems when using

low energy detonating cord with inhole

delays; and interpreted §§ 56/57.6602(e)

on static electricity dissipation during

loading as it applies to the use of plastic

hole liners. This final regulation

addresses these regulatory issues except

for §§ 56/57.6501 regarding double

trunklines or loop systems. Therefore,

Program Policy Letter No. P94–IV–3 will

expire on the effective date of this final

regulation.

On January 5, 1995, MSHA published

a proposed rule in the Federal Register

(60 FR 1866) which would have revised

the provisions discussed above. Public

hearings were held in Cleveland, Ohio,

and Elko, Nevada in July 1995. The

rulemaking record closed on August 18,

1995. MSHA received and reviewed

written and oral statements on the

proposed rule from all segments of the

mining community. These final

standards for explosives at metal and

nonmetal mines are based on

consideration of the entire rulemaking

record, including all written comments

and exhibits received related to the

January 1991 and the December 1993

final regulations, as well as the January

5, 1995, proposal and the public hearing

record.

To serve the interests of the mining

community, MSHA has republished the

full text of subpart E of 30 CFR parts 56

and 57 as they will read effective

September 10, 1996. This final rule,

however, addresses revisions only to the

following sections. Sections republished

here and not on the list below are

unchanged.

Parts 56 and 57

§§ 56/57.6000 Definitions.

§§ 56/57.6133 owder chests.

§§ 56/57.6201 Separation of

transported explosive material.

§§ 56/57.6202 Vehicles.

§§ 56/57.6302 Separation of explosive

material.

§§ 56/57.6306 Loading, blasting, and

security.

§§ 56/57.6313 Blast site security.

§§ 56/57.6602 Static electricity

dissipation during loading.
Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations 36791

§§ 56/57.6905 Protection of explosive

material.

III. Discussion and Summary of the

Final Rule

A. General Discussion

Historically, hazards associated with

the storage, transportation, and use of

explosive materials have caused or

contributed to serious injuries and

fatalities in metal and nonmetal mines.

Precautions to safeguard against these

hazards are an essential part of any

effective mine safety program. The

standards in 30 CFR parts 56 and 57,

subpart E, focus on hazards associated

with using or working near explosive

materials at metal and nonmetal mines.

The standards in this final rule clarify

and address certain precautions

necessary to prevent the hazards

common to storing, transporting, and

handling explosive materials. These

standards also address the issues raised

in the rule challenges noted above.

B. Organizational Changes

Paragraph (b) of existing §§ 56/

57.6302 is moved to §§ 56/57.6905 of

this subpart. Paragraph (a) of existing

§§ 56/57.6302 requires that explosives

and blasting agents be kept separate

from detonators until loading begins.

This provision remains unchanged. The

section heading of §§ 56/57.6302 is

revised in the final rule to read

‘‘Separation of explosive material.’’

Paragraph (b) of existing §§ 56/

57.6302 requires that explosive material

be protected from impact and

temperatures in excess of 150 degrees

Fahrenheit when taken to the blast site.

In 1993, MSHA promulgated §§ 56/

57.6302 under the ‘‘Use’’ portion of the

explosives regulation, thereby

inadvertently creating confusion as to

whether explosives also must be

protected from impact during

transportation and storage. MSHA’s

intent was to require protection of

explosive material from impact and high

temperatures generally, not just during

use. This final rule moves existing

paragraph (b) of §§ 56/57.6302 to

‘‘General Requirements’’ and ‘‘General

Requirements-Surface and

Underground.’’ The provision is

codified as §§ 56/57.6905, with the

section heading ‘‘Protection of explosive

material.’’

C. Deletions

Existing §§ 56/57.6313, which require

that areas where loading is suspended

or loaded holes are awaiting firing be

attended, barricaded and posted, or

flagged against unauthorized entry are

deleted, and these requirements are

incorporated into final §§ 56/57.6306(a)

for loading and blasting.

D. Incorporations by Reference

Existing §§ 56/57.6000, §§ 56/57.6133,

and §§ 56/57.6201 incorporate by

reference the definition of ‘‘laminated

partition’’ and recommendations found

in the IME Safety Library Publication

No. 22, ‘‘Recommendations for the Safe

Transportation of Detonators in a

Vehicle with other Explosive

Materials,’’ (May 1993), and ‘‘The

Generic Loading Guide for the IME–22

Container,’’ (October 1993). Whenever a

laminated partition is used under the

final rule, IME’s recommendations

contained in these two publications

must be followed. As discussed below,

MSHA will make these IME

publications available to the mining

community.

E. Section-by-Section Analysis

The following section-by-section

analysis explains the final rule and its

effect on existing standards. The

standards in part 56 apply to all surface

metal and nonmetal mines; those in part

57 apply to underground and surface

areas of underground metal and

nonmetal mines.

§§ 56/57.6000 Definitions.

§§ 56/57.6133 Powder chests.

§§ 56/57.6201 Separation of

transported explosive material.

Sections 56/57.6133 and 56/57.6201

address the hazards of unplanned

detonation of explosives when stored

and transported. The separation

requirements are intended to impede

propagation should detonators be

initiated.

The existing definition of ‘‘laminated

partition’’ in 30 CFR §§ 56/57.6000

includes the combinations of materials

which must be used in a partition if

operators choose to store or transport

certain detonators with explosives or

blasting agents. These dimensions are

based on IME Safety Library Publication

No. 22, ‘‘Recommendations for the Safe

Transportation of Detonators in a

Vehicle with other Explosive

Materials,’’ (May 1993), and the

‘‘Generic Loading Guide for the IME–22

Container,’’ (October 1993). The term

‘‘laminated partition’’ appears in

existing §§ 56/57.6133, Powder chests,

and in §§ 56/57.6201, Separation of

transported explosive material.

Existing standards §§ 56/57.6133

require that detonators stored at surface

operations and at surface areas of

underground operations must be kept in

chests separate from other explosives or

blasting agents, unless the detonators

and explosives or blasting agents are

separated by 4 inches of hardwood or

equivalent, or a laminated partition.

Similarly, existing §§ 56/57.6201(a)(2)

require detonators and other explosives

or blasting agents to be transported on

separate vehicles or conveyances,

except detonators in quantities of more

than 1,000 may be transported on the

same vehicle or conveyance if

maintained in the manufacturer’s

original packaging, and if separated

from explosives or blasting agents by 4

inches of hardwood or equivalent, or a

laminated partition. The 4 inches of

hardwood or equivalent must be

fastened to the vehicle or conveyance.

Paragraph (b)(2) of §§ 56/57.6201 allows

detonators in quantities of 1,000 or

fewer to be transported with explosives

or blasting agents when kept in closed

containers and separated by 4 inches of

hardwood or equivalent, or a laminated

partition. The 4 inches of hardwood or

equivalent must be fastened to the

vehicle or conveyance.

The Institute of Makers of Explosives

(IME) raised objections to these existing

regulations since the IME safety

guidelines warn against hazards

associated with use of the IME–22

container when transporting detonators

with other explosives and blasting

agents on the same vehicle.

Proposed §§ 56/57.6000 included

language similar to that of the existing

regulation. Proposed §§ 56/57.6133(b)

would have allowed operators the

flexibility to continue storing detonators

with other explosives and blasting

agents in a powder chest (day box)

when separated by 4 inches of

hardwood or equivalent. Likewise,

proposed §§ 56/57.6201 (a)(2) and (b)(2)

would have allowed operators to

continue transporting detonators with

explosives and blasting agents on the

same vehicle or conveyance if they are

separated by 4 inches of hardwood or

equivalent. In response to IME’s

comments, both proposed standards

also would have allowed use of a

laminated partition to separate

detonators from explosive materials,

provided operators followed guidelines

included in the IME Safety Library

Publication No. 22, ‘‘Recommendations

for the Safe Transportation of

Detonators in a Vehicle with other

Explosive Materials,’’ (May 1993), and

the ‘‘Generic Loading Guide for the

IME–22 Container’’ (October 1993)

when using a laminated partition.

Final regulations for §§ 56/57.6000 are

the same as the proposed rule. The final

regulations for both §§ 56/57.6133(b)

and §§ 56/57.6201 (a)(2) and (b)(2)

parallel the proposed rules in that they

permit the longstanding practice of

using 4 inches of hardwood or
36792 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations

equivalent, or a laminated partition

(which includes the IME–22 Container

or box) to separate detonators from other

explosives or blasting agents, provided

that the provisions of the IME Safety

Library Publication No. 22,

‘‘Recommendations for the Safe

Transportation of Detonators in a

Vehicle with other Explosive

Materials,’’ (May 1993), and the

‘‘Generic Loading Guide for the IME–22

Container’’ (October 1993) are followed.

Copies of these IME publications are

available to the mining industry at

MSHA headquarters in Arlington, VA,

and at all Metal and Nonmetal Mine

Safety and Health district offices.

MSHA did not receive any comments

relative to the Agency’s definition of the

term ‘‘laminated partition’’ as described

in the proposed rule.

One commenter objected to MSHA

incorporating by reference IME

publications stating that such

incorporation would interfere with the

opportunity to comment on the content

of these publications. MSHA has

historically relied upon manufacturers’

design specifications and

recommendations for the proper use of

specific mining equipment and

machinery where unintended use of

such equipment and machinery poses a

serious safety hazard to miners.

Therefore, if operators use a laminated

partition for compliance with standards

§§ 56/57.6133 and §§ 56/57.6201, they

must follow the guidelines prescribed in

IME’s accompanying documentation,

including updated revisions where

applicable. MSHA expects that the IME

will periodically update this

documentation, and MSHA intends to

give mine operators adequate notice

should compliance changes become

necessary.

Some commenters sought clarification

of the phrase ‘‘4 inches of hardwood, or

equivalent,’’ as used in proposed §§ 56/

57.6133 and §§ 56/57.6201, while other

commenters requested that MSHA

define the term ‘‘equivalent’’ in the final

regulation to specify the types of or

combinations of materials that would be

accepted. ‘‘Equivalent’’ under the final

rule refers to any barrier, other than a

laminated partition, that provides at

least the same degree of protection for

explosives or blasting agents as 4 inches

of hardwood should detonators be

initiated by outside forces. Presently,

MSHA has no equivalency data to

convert the degree of protection

provided by hardwood to another

material. However, the final standard

preserves the flexibility to recognize

such future developments.

One commenter requested that MSHA

clarify whether ‘‘4 inches of hardwood’’

refers to a partition separating two

containers or to the construction of the

detonator box itself. The 4 inches of

hardwood or its equivalent refers to the

partition used to separate explosives

and blasting agents from detonators. The

purpose of separation is to impede

propagation should detonators be

initiated by outside forces. The 4 inches

of hardwood or equivalent separator

must be fastened inside the cargo area

of the vehicle or conveyance containing

explosive materials.

At commenters’ suggestions, mine

operators are reminded that MSHA

standards are applicable only to mining

property, including transporting of

explosive materials. Any transportation

of explosive material over public

highways is subject to the requirements

of the United States Department of

Transportation in Title 49 of the Code

of Federal Regulations.

Sections 56/57.6202 Vehicles

Sections 56/57.6202 address the

hazard of an unplanned detonation of

explosive material during

transportation. Detonation can result

from vehicle fires, vehicle accidents or

construction of an explosive container

with inappropriate material.

The existing regulations at §§ 56/

57.6202(a)(1) require that vehicles used

to transport explosives be maintained in

‘‘good condition.’’ MSHA indicated in

the preamble discussion to this

regulation that for compliance purposes,

vehicles must be road-worthy and

capable of passing Federal, state, and

local licensing requirements for overthe-road use.

MSHA received a number of

objections to this interpretation of ‘‘good

condition.’’ In response to these

commenters, MSHA clarifies in this

final regulation preamble that for

vehicles to be in ‘‘good condition’’ that

they comply with the applicable MSHA

standards contained in subpart MMachinery and Equipment, which

address requirements for all selfpropelled mobile equipment used on

mine property. Commenters agreed with

this interpretation and MSHA adopts

this approach in the final rule.

‘‘USE’’

Sections 56/57.6302 Separation of

Explosive Material and Sections 56/

57.6905 Protection of Explosive

Material

Sections 56/57.6302 address the

hazard of unplanned detonation of

explosive material and protection for

explosive material during use,

transportation, and prior to loading.

Existing paragraph (a) of §§ 56/

57.6302 requires that explosives and

blasting agents be kept separate from

detonators until loading begins. Existing

paragraph (b) requires that explosive

material be protected from impact and

temperatures in excess of 150 degrees

Fahrenheit when taken to the blast site.

When MSHA promulgated existing

§§ 56/57.6302, the standards appeared

in the ‘‘USE’’ portion of the explosives

regulations, although the same hazards

also exist during the transportation and

storage processes. Therefore, the final

rule revises and expands application of

existing paragraph (b) of §§ 56/57.6302

to ‘‘GENERAL REQUIREMENTS’’ for

both surface and underground, and

moves this existing paragraph to newly

numbered standards §§ 56/57.6905. Like

the proposed regulation, final paragraph

(a) requires that operators protect

explosive materials against temperatures

in excess of 150 degrees Fahrenheit.

This temperature threshold is based

upon the 1992 Bureau of Mines

Information Circular No. 9335, Blasting

Hazards of Gold Mining in SulfideBearing Ore Bodies; MSHA’s

Investigation Report No. D7431–S949,

Investigation of Premature Detonations,

Paradise Peak Mine, (December 10,

1991); and the IME Safety Library

Publication No. 4, ‘‘Warnings and

Instructions for Consumers in

Transporting, Storing, Handling and

Using Explosive Materials,’’ (March

1992), all of which suggest a hazardous

change in stability of explosives once

temperatures reach this level.

Final paragraph (b) of §§ 56/57.6905,

as proposed, requires that explosive

material be protected from impact

except for tamping and dropping during

loading, so long as operators comply

with existing requirements of §§ 56/

57.6304 for primer protection. For

example, large equipment used during

the loading process may be capable of

exerting forcible impact onto detonating

or initiating systems. Also, the

proximity of other mining activity may

allow equipment to come in contact

with explosive loading equipment and

explosive containers, thereby exerting

impact.

In the proposal, MSHA would have

added a new requirement for

underground mines to address the

hazard of freeing hang-ups in raises,

chutes and ore passes. To allow for this

type of blasting, the proposal would

have permitted only detonating cord to

initiate explosives placed in raises,

chutes, and ore passes to free hang-ups.

Commenters objected to the proposal

as being too restrictive in that it would

limit commonly accepted methods of

blasting and prohibit application of new

technological developments. These

commenters stated that the use of
Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations 36793

detonating cord as proposed by MSHA

may introduce inherent hazards such as

fire from the ignition of timber,

loosening timber, or other supports,

contributing to flyrock, and loosening

rib and back. Although MSHA’s

experience with detonating cord has not

resulted in these hazards, the

rulemaking record does not contain

sufficient support to finalize the

proposal. Therefore, the final rule does

not adopt the proposal and will

continue to permit current conventional

practices for freeing hang-ups, provided

applicable MSHA safety standards for

explosives are followed. These

standards, including the requirements of

the final rule, provide reasonable

protection against unplanned

detonation of explosives during hang-up

blasting.

Sections 56/57.6313 Blast Site Security

and Sections 56/57.6306 Loading,

Blasting, and Security

The final regulations address the

hazard of unplanned detonation of

explosives and the presence of

unauthorized persons within the blast

site, as well as moving vehicles or

electrically-powered equipment which

could contact and detonate explosive

material. The final rule also protects

persons working in the blast site from

other mining activities unrelated to

loading explosives, which can interfere

with the loading process and increase

the likelihood of an accident.

Existing paragraph (a) of §§ 56/

57.6306 prohibits vehicles and other

equipment from being driven over

explosive material or initiating systems.

Existing paragraph (b) allows haulage

activity near the base of the highwall

being loaded, if no other haulage access

exists. MSHA has incorporated existing

requirements of §§ 56/57.6313 on blast

site security into final §§ 56/57.6306(a).

Existing §§ 56/57.6313 require that areas

in which loading is suspended or

loaded holes are awaiting firing must be

attended, barricaded and posted, or

flagged against unauthorized entry. The

proposal would have revised and

expanded application of existing §§ 56/

57.6313 by requiring that when

explosive materials or initiating systems

are brought to the blast site, operators

must either barricade and post, or flag

the blast site so that unauthorized or

inadvertent entry is prevented. Most

commenters agreed with the proposal.

One commenter objected, however,

suggesting that MSHA require

identification of the blast site only when

the blast site is not attended.

Final §§ 56/57.6306(a) adopts the

proposal and includes one revision

consistent with existing §§ 56/57.6313

regarding attending the blast site. Under

the final standard, operators must either

attend; barricade and post the blast site

with warning signs; or flag the blast site

against unauthorized entry. MSHA has

included in the final standard some

common examples of the content of

warning signs used in the mining

industry. In no way does the Agency

intend for these examples to be an

exclusive list. Operators may use other

warning signs for compliance with this

provision provided these signs

adequately convey to persons that they

are entering a hazardous area. MSHA’s

experience is that these warning signs

are universally accepted and are

consistent with DOT placards for

explosive materials. Once explosives or

initiating systems are brought to the

blast site, good safety practices dictate

that precautions be taken to prevent

accidental damage to explosive

materials, which can lead to a misfire or

accidental detonation. Key among these

precautions is delineating the blast site

to warn unauthorized persons of the

presence of explosives. The provisions

of §§ 56/57.6313 were intended to

require mine operators to alert other

persons working at the mine during

loading and blasting operations of the

blast site parameters to prevent

unauthorized or inadvertent entry onto

the blast site. Particularly on a large

blast site, persons performing blastrelated tasks, such as loading

explosives, would not be readily able to

warn persons to keep out of the blast

site.

One commenter stated that the

proposal would result in additional

costs to purchase warning signs to

barricade, post or flag the blast site.

MSHA anticipates that the final rule

will result in only nominal cost

increases to the mining industry

because the posting requirement of final

paragraph (a) is an incorporation of

existing §§ 56/57.6313, as explained

above. Moreover, the final regulation

gives operators compliance flexibility by

providing alternative methods on how

to demarcate the blast site. Under this

final regulation, once initiation systems

are brought to the blast site, mine

operators must either: (1) attend the

blast site; (2) barricade and post the

blast site with warning signs, such as

‘‘Danger,’’ ‘‘Explosives,’’ or ‘‘Keep

Out;’’; or (3) flag the blast site, to be in

compliance with paragraph (a).

In the final rule, existing paragraph (a)

of §§ 56/57.6306 becomes paragraph (b)

with no substantive change.

Paragraph (c) of final §§ 56/57.6306

restates the existing rule and restricts

persons from entering the blast site

except those engaged in surveying,

stemming, sampling of geology, and

reopening of holes. The final rule, like

the proposal, clarifies that haulage

activity is permitted near the base of

surface highwalls or underground bench

faces being loaded or awaiting firing,

where no other haulage access exists.

Final paragraph (d) of §§ 56/57.6306

protects against the hazard of periods in

which the process of loading and firing

explosives is interrupted. In the

proposal, MSHA would have added new

requirements for all mines to address

the potential hazards posed by

unauthorized personnel entering a blast

site where explosive materials are

present. The preamble discussion to the

proposed rule stated that persons

unfamiliar with the blast site may throw

lighted smoking materials into a blast

hole, disturb the initiation system, or

kick material into a hole—any one of

which could contribute to a premature

detonation.

Existing paragraph (c) requires that

loading be continuous except where

adverse circumstances beyond the

operator’s control necessitate an

interruption in loading. Existing

paragraph (e) requires that when loading

is completed and circuits are connected,

operators must blast without undue

delay, unless adverse circumstances

exist which are beyond the operator’s

control. The existing standard also

requires that operators notify MSHA if

such delay could exceed 72-hours.

Existing paragraphs (c) and (e) of §§ 56/

57.6306 are deleted by the final rule.

Hazards addressed under these existing

provisions are covered under the final

rule in paragraph (d).

Proposed paragraph (d)(1) would have

required mine operators to continue the

loading and firing process without

interruption or undue delay. MSHA

gave examples of ‘‘undue delay’’ in the

preamble discussion to the proposed

standard which included emergencies,

unfavorable atmospheric conditions,

shift changes and large equipment

failures. Also, the proposal would have

required operators to attend the mine to

prevent unauthorized entry into the

blast site.

Commenters indicated that the

proposed ‘‘attended’’ requirement was

confusing because it could be read to

suggest that the physical presence of an

individual at the blast site is necessary,

contrary to MSHA’s definition of the

term ‘‘attended.’’ Commenters also

requested that MSHA clarify the

meaning of ‘‘undue delay’’ with a list of

circumstances. Other commenters

suggested that MSHA clarify that

examples listed in the preamble to the

proposed standard are not the only

justifications for an interruption in the
36794 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations

loading process. In addition,

commenters objected to the proposal

and to the preamble discussion by

stating that past practices in the mining

industry have successfully provided

protection when loading was

interrupted or blasting was delayed, and

that no injuries or deaths have been

attributed to unattended explosives.

MSHA agrees that there have been no

known deaths caused by loaded

explosives awaiting blasting. However,

explosives technology literature and

experience confirm that caution,

including reasonable security measures,

are appropriate. The final rule therefore

adopts an updated version of a previous

explosives safety regulation, and

continues to permit longstanding

practices at larger mining operations

which take several days to complete the

loading and blasting process.

Final paragraph (d) requires that

operators conduct loading and blasting

in a manner to facilitate a continuous

process so that the blast is fired as soon

as possible. The final standard does not

retain the concept of ‘‘undue delay,’’ but

retains the existing requirement to

notify MSHA of blasting delays beyond

72 hours. The final standard does not

include the proposed requirement that

the mine be attended when loading is

interrupted or blasting is delayed.

MSHA believes that requiring mine

operators to load and blast as soon as

practicable provides the measure of

protection needed for miners by

minimizing the loading and blasting

exposure time.

Paragraph (d)(2) of §§ 56/57.6306 of

the proposed standard would have

required that persons securing a blast

site at a surface mine or at the surface

area of an underground mine withdraw

from the blast site during the approach

and progress of an electrical storm. The

proposal also would have required that

persons securing an underground blast

site using an electrical blasting system

that is capable of being initiated by

lightning be withdrawn to a safe

location.

Commenters objected to this proposal

by stating that it was duplicative of

existing §§ 56/57.6604, which provides

for the suspension of blasting operations

and the withdrawal of persons from the

blast area to a safe location during the

approach and progress of an electrical

storm. MSHA agrees that §§ 56/57.6604

sufficiently addresses the precautions

necessary to protect miners from the

danger of accidental detonation caused

by an electrical storm. Therefore, the

final rule does not adopt proposed

§§ 56/57.6306.

Paragraphs (f) and (g) of the final rule

are unchanged from the existing

regulations. These final rules continue

to require that operators institute

specific safety measures immediately

prior to and after the blasting process.

Final paragraph (f) requires, among

other things, ample warning, clear

escape routes from the blast area, and all

access to the blast area to be guarded or

barricaded to prevent the passage of

persons or vehicles. Numerous

accidents have occurred from the failure

to clear or prevent unauthorized entry to

the blast area. Final paragraph (g)

requires post-blast examinations to

minimize hazards to persons who will

perform subsequent work in the area.

‘‘EXTRANEOUS ELECTRICITY’’

Sections 56/57.6602 Static Electricity

Dissipation During Loading

This standard addresses the hazard

resulting from a buildup of static

electricity generated by pneumatic

loading, which could cause premature

detonation of explosives.

Existing §§ 56/57.6602 require that

when explosive material is loaded

pneumatically or dropped into a

blasthole in a manner that could

generate static electricity, an evaluation

must be made of potential static

electricity hazards and the hazard must

be eliminated before loading begins. The

standard prohibits the use of wirecountered hoses and plastic tube hole

liners where their use could generate

static electricity in an amount sufficient

to initiate a detonator.

Following publication of the existing

rule, MSHA received technical

information from commenters

suggesting that the scope of the standard

is too broad. The term ‘‘dropping’’

encompasses dropping, pouring, or

augering explosive materials into

blastholes, activities which are

performed at a low velocity. As a result,

insufficient static electricity is generated

to initiate a detonator, and therefore,

does not pose a serious hazard. In the

proposal, MSHA narrowed the

application of this standard by deleting

the term ‘‘dropping’’ from the text of

existing §§ 56/57.6602.

In response to the proposed revision,

a number of commenters indicated that

the rule would still include activities

which would not generate sufficient

static electricity to initiate a detonator.

These commenters indicated that the

amount of energy required to initiate a

detonator should be well-known by the

blaster in charge and that blaster is in

the best position to make the

determination as to when precautions

are necessary.

The final rule adopts this approach

and requires that certain precautions be

taken only when there is a static

electricity hazard.

IV. Executive Order 12866 and the

Regulatory Flexibility Act

Executive Order 12866 requires that

regulatory agencies assess both the costs

and benefits of intended regulations.

MSHA has determined that this

rulemaking is not a significant

regulatory action and, therefore, has not

prepared a separate analysis of costs and

benefits. The Regulatory Flexibility Act

requires regulatory agencies to consider

a rule’s impact on small entities. For the

purpose of the Regulatory Flexibility

Analysis, MSHA defines a small entity

as an operation employing fewer than

20 employees. This final rule would not

have a significant economic impact on

a substantial number of small entities.

The analysis contained in this preamble

meets MSHA’s responsibilities under

Executive Order 12866 and the

Regulatory Flexibility Act.

Under the January 5, 1995, proposed

rule (60 FR 1866), MSHA estimated that

the total annual recurring cost impact

would have been about $70,000. All of

these costs were attributable to

proposed §§ 56/57.6306(d)(1) which

would have required the blast site to be

attended if loading was interrupted or

firing of the blast was delayed for any

reason. MSHA recognizes that it is a safe

practice to continuously load explosives

and fire them promptly; however,

interruptions in loading and delays in

firing do occur, particularly in large

mining operations. This final rule,

therefore, will retain the existing

requirements that permit reasonable

interruptions in the loading process and

require notification to MSHA if blasting

of a loaded round will be delayed for

more than 72 hours. MSHA estimates

that this provision affects fewer than 10

mines annually, but that the mining

industry will not incur any additional

costs resulting from MSHA’s retention

of the existing requirements.

The final rule eliminates existing

§§ 56/57.6313 and incorporates these

requirements for blast site security as

§§ 56/57.6306(a) which require that the

blast site be attended; barricaded and

posted with warning signs, such as

‘‘Danger,’’ ‘‘Explosives,’’ or ‘‘Keep Out;’’

or flagged against unauthorized entry,

when explosives or initiating systems

are present. MSHA estimates that final

§§ 56/57.6306(a) would affect about 15

small and 60 large mines annually.

MSHA anticipates that these provisions

primarily would affect quarries; open

pit mines, except for certain operations

which do not use explosives, such as

clay mines and phosphate mines; and

large underground mines. MSHA does
Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations 36795

not expect small underground mines to

be affected as these operations would

rarely, if ever, experience the need to

leave the blast site unattended when

explosive materials or initiating systems

are present. Sand and gravel operations

and mills rarely blast, and then the blast

site is likely to be a single charge, such

as that needed to break a large boulder.

Although the scope of this

requirement is expanded from when

loading is suspended or firing is delayed

to apply whenever explosive materials

or initiating systems are present at the

blast site, MSHA experience is that it is

common industry practice to have the

blast site attended when explosive

materials or initiating systems are

delivered and while loading is in

progress. Final §§ 56/57.6306(a) address

blast site security when explosives are

being used. When explosive materials or

initiating systems are not being used,

other MSHA standards require that they

be secured in magazines or other

appropriate explosive materials storage

facilities. On occasion, however,

circumstances, such as delays in loading

or firing, may require the blast site to be

left unattended when explosive

materials are present. In such situations,

MSHA expects that mine operators

would choose to barricade and post

with warning signs, such as ‘‘Danger,’’

‘‘Explosives,’’ or ‘‘Keep Out,’’ or flag the

blast site against unauthorized entry,

rather than attend the blast site. One

commenter stated that the proposal

would result in additional costs to

purchase warning signs to barricade,

post, or flag the blast site. As this is

required under existing §§ 56/57.6313,

no new costs are required for

compliance with the final rule. MSHA,

therefore, has not included an

additional cost for this provision in the

Regulatory Flexibility Analysis.

V. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

Title II of the Unfunded Mandates

Reform Act of 1995, Pub. L. 104–4,

requires each Federal agency to assess

the effects of Federal regulatory actions

on state, local, and tribal governments

and the private sector, other than to the

extent such actions merely incorporate

requirements specifically set forth in a

statute. The Agency has determined that

this final rule does not impose an

unfunded mandate on state and local

governments or tribal entities.

List of Subjects in 30 CFR Parts 56 and

57

Explosives, Incorporation by

reference, Mine safety and health,

Reporting and recordkeeping

requirements.

Dated: June 26, 1996.

J. Davitt McAteer,

Assistant Secretary for Mine Safety and

Health.

Parts 56 and 57, subchapter N,

chapter I, title 30 of the Code of Federal

Regulations are amended as follows:

PART 56—[AMENDED]

1. The authority citation for part 56 is

revised to read as follows:

Authority: 30 U.S.C. 811.

2. Effective September 10, 1996,

subpart E of part 56 is revised to read

as follows:

Subpart E—Explosives

Sec.

56.6000 Definitions.

STORAGE

56.6100 Separation of stored explosive

material.

56.6101 Areas around explosive material

storage facilities.

56.6102 Explosive material storage

practices.

56.6130 Explosive material storage

facilities.

56.6131 Location of explosive material

storage facilities.

56.6132 Magazine requirements.

56.6133 Powder chests.

TRANSPORTATION

56.6200 Delivery to storage or blast site

areas.

56.6201 Separation of transported explosive

material.

56.6202 Vehicles.

56.6203 Locomotives.

56.6204 Hoists.

56.6205 Conveying explosives by hand.

USE

56.6300 Control of blasting operations.

56.6301 Blasthole obstruction check.

56.6302 Separation of explosive material.

56.6303 Initiation preparation.

56.6304 Primer protection.

56.6305 Unused explosive material.

56.6306 Loading, blasting, and security.

56.6307 Drill stem loading.

56.6308 Initiation systems.

56.6309 Fuel oil requirements for ANFO.

56.6310 Misfire waiting period.

56.6311 Handling of misfires.

56.6312 Secondary blasting.

ELECTRIC BLASTING

56.6400 Compatibility of electric

detonators.

56.6401 Shunting.

56.6402 Deenergized circuits near

detonators.

56.6403 Branch circuits.

56.6404 Separation of blasting circuits from

power source.

56.6405 Firing devices.

56.6406 Duration of current flow.

56.6407 Circuit testing.

NONELECTRIC BLASTING

56.6500 Damaged initiating material.

56.6501 Nonelectric initiation systems.

56.6502 Safety fuse.

EXTRANEOUS ELECTRICITY

56.6600 Loading practices.

56.6601 Grounding.

56.6602 Static electricity dissipation during

loading.

56.6603 Air gap.

56.6604 Precautions during storms.

56.6605 Isolation of blasting circuits.

EQUIPMENT/TOOLS

56.6700 Nonsparking tools.

56.6701 Tamping and loading pole

requirements.

MAINTENANCE

56.6800 Storage facilities.

56.6801 Vehicle repair.

56.6802 Bulk delivery vehicles.

56.6803 Blasting lines.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

56.6900 Damaged or deteriorated explosive

material.

56.6901 Black powder.

56.6902 Excessive temperatures.

56.6903 Burning explosive material.

56.6904 Smoking and open flames.

57.6905 Protection of explosive material.

Subpart E—Explosives

§ 56.6000 Definitions.

The following definitions apply in

this subpart.

Attended. Presence of an individual

or continuous monitoring to prevent

unauthorized entry or access.

Barrier. A material object, or objects

that separates, keeps apart, or

demarcates in a conspicuous manner

such as cones, a warning sign, or tape.

Blast area. The area in which

concussion (shock wave), flying

material, or gases from an explosion

may cause injury to persons. In

determining the blast area, the following

factors shall be considered:

(1) Geology or material to be blasted.

(2) Blast pattern.

(3) Burden, depth, diameter, and

angle of the holes.

(4) Blasting experience of the mine.

(5) Delay system, powder factor, and

pounds per delay.

(6) Type and amount of explosive

material.

(7) Type and amount of stemming.

Blast site. The area where explosive

material is handled during loading,

including the perimeter formed by the

loaded blastholes and 50 feet (15.2

meters) in all directions from loaded

holes. A minimum distance of 30 feet

(9.1 meters) may replace the 50-foot

(15.2-meter) requirement if the

perimeter of loaded holes is demarcated

with a barrier. The 50-foot (15.2-meter)

and alternative 30-foot (9.1-meter)
36796 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations

requirements also apply in all directions

along the full depth of the hole.

Blasting agent. Any substance

classified as a blasting agent by the

Department of Transportation in 49 CFR

173.114a(a). This document is available

at any MSHA Metal and Nonmetal

Safety and Health district office.

Detonating cord. A flexible cord

containing a center core of high

explosives which may be used to

initiate other explosives.

Detonator. Any device containing a

detonating charge used to initiate an

explosive. These devices include

electric or nonelectric instantaneous or

delay blasting caps and delay

connectors. The term ‘‘detonator’’ does

not include detonating cord. Detonators

may be either ‘‘Class A’’ detonators or

‘‘Class C’’ detonators, as classified by

the Department of Transportation in 49

CFR 173.53, and 173.100. This

document is available at any MSHA

Metal and Nonmetal Safety and Health

district office.

Emulsion. An explosive material

containing substantial amounts of

oxidizers dissolved in water droplets,

surrounded by an immiscible fuel.

Explosive. Any substance classified as

an explosive by the Department of

Transportation in 49 CFR 173.53,

173.88, and 173.100. This document is

available at any MSHA Metal and

Nonmetal Safety and Health district

office.

Explosive material. Explosives,

blasting agents, and detonators.

Flash point. The minimum

temperature at which sufficient vapor is

released by a liquid to form a flammable

vapor-air mixture near the surface of the

liquid.

Igniter cord. A fuse that burns

progressively along its length with an

external flame at the zone of burning,

used for lighting a series of safety fuses

in a desired sequence.

Laminated partition. A partition

composed of the following material and

minimum nominal dimensions: 1⁄2-inchthick plywood, 1⁄2-inch-thick gypsum

wallboard, 1⁄8-inch-thick low carbon

steel, and 1⁄4-inch-thick plywood,

bonded together in that order (IME–22

Box). A laminated partition also

includes alternative construction

materials described in the Institute of

Makers of Explosives (IME) Safety

Library Publication No. 22,

‘‘Recommendations for the Safe

Transportation of Detonators in a

Vehicle with other Explosive

Materials,’’ (May 1993), and the

‘‘Generic Loading Guide for the IME–22

Container,’’ (October 1993). This

incorporation by reference has been

approved by the Director of the Federal

Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C.

552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies are

available at MSHA, 4015 Wilson

Boulevard, Room 728, Arlington, VA

22203, and at all Metal and Nonmetal

Mine Safety and Health district offices,

or available for inspection at the Office

of the Federal Register, 800 North

Capitol Street, NW., 7th Floor, suite 700,

Washington, DC.

Loading. Placing explosive material

either in a blasthole or against the

material to be blasted.

Magazine. A bullet-resistant, theftresistant, fire-resistant, weatherresistant, ventilated facility for the

storage of explosives and detonators

(BATF Type 1 or Type 2 facility).

Misfire. The complete or partial

failure of explosive material to detonate

as planned. The term also is used to

describe the explosive material itself

that has failed to detonate.

Multipurpose dry-chemical fire

extinguisher. An extinguisher having a

rating of at least 2–A:10–B:C and

containing a nominal 4.5 pounds or

more of dry-chemical agent.

Primer. A unit, package, or cartridge

of explosives which contains a

detonator and is used to initiate other

explosives or blasting agents.

Safety switch. A switch that provides

shunt protection in blasting circuits

between the blast site and the switch

used to connect a power source to the

blasting circuit.

Slurry. An explosive material

containing substantial portions of a

liquid, oxidizers, and fuel, plus a

thickener.

Storage facility. The entire class of

structures used to store explosive

materials. A ‘‘storage facility’’ used to

store blasting agents corresponds to a

BATF Type 4 or 5 storage facility.

Water gel. An explosive material

containing substantial portions of water,

oxidizers, and fuel, plus a cross-linking

agent.

STORAGE

§ 56.6100 Separation of stored explosive

material.

(a) Detonators shall not be stored in

the same magazine with other explosive

material.

(b) When stored in the same

magazine, blasting agents shall be

separated from explosives, safety fuse,

and detonating cord to prevent

contamination.

§ 56.6101 Areas around explosive material

storage facilities.

(a) Areas surrounding storage

facilities for explosive material shall be

clear of rubbish, brush, dry grass, and

trees for 25 feet in all directions, except

that live trees 10 feet or taller need not

be removed.

(b) Other combustibles shall not be

stored or allowed to accumulate within

50 feet of explosive material.

Combustible liquids shall be stored in a

manner that ensures drainage will occur

away from the explosive material

storage facility in case of tank rupture.

§ 56.6102 Explosive material storage

practices.

(a) Explosive material shall be—

(1) Stored in a manner to facilitate use

of oldest stocks first;

(2) Stored according to brand and

grade in such a manner as to facilitate

identification; and

(3) Stacked in a stable manner but not

more than 8 feet high.

(b) Explosives and detonators shall be

stored in closed nonconductive

containers except that nonelectric

detonating devices may be stored on

nonconductive racks provided the caseinsert instructions and the date-plantshift code are maintained with the

product.

§ 56.6130 Explosive material storage

facilities.

(a) Detonators and explosives shall be

stored in magazines.

(b) Packaged blasting agents shall be

stored in a magazine or other facility

which is ventilated to prevent dampness

and excessive heating, weatherresistant, and locked or attended. Drop

trailers do not have to be ventilated if

they are currently licensed by the

Federal, State, or local authorities for

over-the-road use. Facilities other than

magazines used to store blasting agents

shall contain only blasting agents.

(c) Bulk blasting agents shall be stored

in weather-resistant bins or tanks which

are locked, attended, or otherwise

inaccessible to unauthorized entry.

(d) Facilities, bins or tanks shall be

posted with the appropriate United

States Department of Transportation

placards or other appropriate warning

signs that indicate the contents and are

visible from each approach.

§ 56.6131 Location of explosive material

storage facilities.

(a) Storage facilities for any explosive

material shall be—

(1) Located so that the forces

generated by a storage facility explosion

will not create a hazard to occupants in

mine buildings and will not damage

dams or electric substations; and

(2) Detached structures located

outside the blast area and a sufficient

distance from powerlines so that the

powerlines, if damaged, would not

contact the magazines.
Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations 36797

(b) Operators should also be aware of

regulations affecting storage facilities in

27 CFR part 55, in particular, 27 CFR

55.218 and 55.220. This document is

available at any MSHA Metal and

Nonmetal Safety and Health district

office.

§ 56.6132 Magazine requirements.

(a) Magazines shall be—

(1) Structurally sound;

(2) Noncombustible or the exterior

covered with fire-resistant material;

(3) Bullet resistant;

(4) Made of nonsparking material on

the inside;

(5) Ventilated to control dampness

and excessive heating within the

magazine;

(6) Posted with the appropriate

United States Department of

Transportation placards or other

appropriate warning signs that indicate

the contents and are visible from each

approach, so located that a bullet

passing through any of the signs will not

strike the magazine;

(7) Kept clean and dry inside;

(8) Unlighted or lighted by devices

that are specifically designed for use in

magazines and which do not create a

fire or explosion hazard;

(9) Unheated or heated only with

devices that do not create a fire or

explosion hazard;

(10) Locked when unattended; and

(11) Used exclusively for the storage

of explosive material except for

essential nonsparking equipment used

for the operation of the magazine.

(b) Metal magazines shall be equipped

with electrical bonding connections

between all conductive portions so the

entire structure is at the same electrical

potential. Suitable electrical bonding

methods include welding, riveting, or

the use of securely tightened bolts

where individual metal portions are

joined. Conductive portions of nonmetal

magazines shall be grounded.

(c) Electrical switches and outlets

shall be located on the outside of the

magazine.

§ 56.6133 Powder chests.

(a) Powder chests (day boxes) shall

be—

(1) Structurally sound, weatherresistant, equipped with a lid or cover,

and with only nonsparking material on

the inside;

(2) Posted with the appropriate

United States Department of

Transportation placards or other

appropriate warning signs that indicate

the contents and are visible from each

approach;

(3) Located out of the blast area once

loading has been completed;

(4) Locked or attended when

containing explosive material; and

(5) Emptied at the end of each shift

with the contents returned to a

magazine or other storage facility, or

attended.

(b) Detonators shall be kept in chests

separate from explosives or blasting

agents, unless separated by 4-inches of

hardwood or equivalent, or a laminated

partition. When a laminated partition is

used, operators must follow the

provisions of the Institute of Makers of

Explosives (IME) Safety Library

Publication No. 22, ‘‘Recommendations

for the Safe Transportation of

Detonators in a Vehicle with other

Explosive Materials,’’ (May 1993), and

the ‘‘Generic Loading Guide for the

IME–22 Container,’’ (October 1993).

This incorporation by reference has

been approved by the Director of the

Federal Register in accordance with 5

U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies

are available at MSHA, 4015 Wilson

Boulevard, Room 728, Arlington, VA

22203, and at all Metal and Nonmetal

Mine Safety and Health district offices,

or available for inspection at the Office

of the Federal Register, 800 North

Capitol Street, NW., 7th Floor, suite 700,

Washington, DC.

TRANSPORTATION

§ 56.6200 Delivery to storage or blast site

areas.

Explosive material shall be

transported without undue delay to the

storage area or blast site.

§ 56.6201 Separation of transported

explosive material.

Detonators shall not be transported on

the same vehicle or conveyance with

other explosives except as follows:

(a) Detonators in quantities of more

than 1000 may be transported in a

vehicle or conveyance with explosives

or blasting agents provided the

detonators are—

(1) Maintained in the original

packaging as shipped from the

manufacturer; and

(2) Separated from explosives or

blasting agents by 4-inches of hardwood

or equivalent, or a laminated partition.

The hardwood or equivalent shall be

fastened to the vehicle or conveyance.

When a laminated partition is used,

operators must follow the provisions of

the Institute of Makers of Explosives

(IME) Safety Library Publication No.22,

‘‘Recommendations for the Safe

Transportation of Detonators in a

Vehicle with other Explosive

Materials,’’ (May 1993), and the

‘‘Generic Loading Guide for the IME–22

Container,’’ (October 1993). This

incorporation by reference has been

approved by the Director of the Federal

Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C.

552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies are

available at MSHA, 4015 Wilson

Boulevard, Room 728, Arlington, VA

22203, and at all Metal and Nonmetal

Mine Safety and Health district offices,

or available for inspection at the Office

of the Federal Register, 800 North

Capitol Street, NW., 7th Floor, suite 700,

Washington, DC.

(b) Detonators in quantities of 1000 or

fewer may be transported with

explosives or blasting agents provided

the detonators are—

(1) Kept in closed containers; and

(2) Separated from explosives or

blasting agents by 4-inches of hardwood

or equivalent, or a laminated partition.

The hardwood or equivalent shall be

fastened to the vehicle or conveyance.

When a laminated partition is used,

operators must follow the provisions of

IME Safety Library Publication No. 22,

‘‘Recommendations for the Safe

Transportation of Detonators in a

Vehicle with other Explosive

Materials,’’ (May 1993), and the

‘‘Generic Loading Guide for the IME–22

Container,’’ (October 1993). This

incorporation by reference has been

approved by the Director of the Federal

Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C.

552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies are

available at MSHA, 4015 Wilson

Boulevard, Room 728, Arlington, VA

22203, and at all Metal and Nonmetal

Mine Safety and Health district offices,

or available for inspection at the Office

of the Federal Register, 800 North

Capitol Street, NW., 7th Floor, suite 700,

Washington, DC.

§ 56.6202 Vehicles.

(a) Vehicles containing explosive

material shall be—

(1) Maintained in good condition and

shall comply with the requirements of

subpart M of this part;

(2) Equipped with sides and

enclosures higher than the explosive

material being transported or have the

explosive material secured to a

nonconductive pallet;

(3) Equipped with a cargo space that

shall contain the explosive material

(passenger areas shall not be considered

cargo space);

(4) Equipped with at least two

multipurpose dry-chemical fire

extinguishers or one such extinguisher

and an automatic fire suppression

system;

(5) Posted with warning signs that

indicate the contents and are visible

from each approach;

(6) Occupied only by persons

necessary for handling the explosive

material;
36798 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations

(7) Attended or the cargo

compartment locked, except when

parked at the blast site and loading is in

progress; and

(8) Secured while parked by having—

(i) The brakes set;

(ii) The wheels chocked if movement

could occur; and

(iii) The engine shut off unless

powering a device being used in the

loading operation.

(b) Vehicles containing explosives

shall have—

(1) No sparking material exposed in

the cargo space; and

(2) Only properly secured

nonsparking equipment in the cargo

space with the explosives.

(c) Vehicles used for dispensing bulk

explosive material shall—

(1) Have no zinc or copper exposed in

the cargo space; and

(2) Provide any enclosed screw-type

conveyors with protection against

internal pressure and frictional heat.

§ 56.6203 Locomotives.

Explosive material shall not be

transported on a locomotive. When

explosive material is hauled by trolley

locomotive, covered, electrically

insulated cars shall be used.

§ 56.6204 Hoists.

(a) Before explosive material is

transported in hoist conveyances, the

hoist operator shall be notified.

(b) Explosive material transported in

hoist conveyances shall be placed

within a container which prevents

shifting of the cargo that could cause

detonation of the container by impact or

by sparks. The manufacturer’s container

may be used if secured to a

nonconductive pallet. When explosives

are transported, they shall be secured so

as not to contact any sparking material.

(c) No explosive material shall be

transported during a mantrip.

§ 56.6205 Conveying explosives by hand.

Closed, nonconductive containers

shall be used to carry explosives and

detonators to and from blast sites.

Separate containers shall be used for

explosives and detonators.

USE

§ 56.6300 Control of blasting operations.

(a) Only persons trained and

experienced in the handling and use of

explosive material shall direct blasting

operations and related activities.

(b) Trainees and inexperienced

persons shall work only in the

immediate presence of persons trained

and experienced in the handling and

use of explosive material.

§ 56.6301 Blasthole obstruction check.

Before loading, blastholes shall be

checked and, wherever possible, cleared

of obstructions.

§ 56.6302 Separation of explosive material.

Explosives and blasting agents shall

be kept separated from detonators until

loading begins.

§ 56.6303 Initiation preparation.

(a) Primers shall be made up only at

the time of use and as close to the blast

site as conditions allow.

(b) Primers shall be prepared with the

detonator contained securely and

completely within the explosive or

contained securely and appropriately

for its design in the tunnel or cap well.

(c) When using detonating cord to

initiate another explosive, a connection

shall be prepared with the detonating

cord threaded through, attached

securely to, or otherwise in contact with

the explosive.

§ 56.6304 Primer protection.

(a) Tamping shall not be done directly

on a primer.

(b) Rigid cartridges of explosives or

blasting agents that are 4 inches (100

millimeters) in diameter or larger shall

not be dropped on the primer except

where the blasthole contains sufficient

depth of water to protect the primer

from impact. Slit packages of prill,

water gel, or emulsions are not

considered rigid cartridges and may be

drop loaded.

§ 56.6305 Unused explosive material.

Unused explosive material shall be

moved to a protected location as soon as

practical after loading operations are

completed.

§ 56.6306 Loading, blasting, and security.

(a) When explosive materials or

initiating systems are brought to the

blast site, the blast site shall be

attended; barricaded and posted with

warning signs, such as ‘‘Danger,’’

‘‘Explosives,’’ or ‘‘Keep Out;’’ or flagged

against unauthorized entry.

(b) Vehicles and equipment shall not

be driven over explosive material or

initiating systems in a manner which

could contact the material or systems, or

create other hazards.

(c) Once loading begins, the only

activities permitted within the blast site

shall be those activities directly related

to the blasting operation and the

activities of surveying, stemming,

sampling of geology, and reopening of

holes, provided that reasonable care is

exercised. Haulage activity is permitted

near the base of a highwall being loaded

or awaiting firing, provided no other

haulage access exists.

(d) Loading and blasting shall be

conducted in a manner designed to

facilitate a continuous process, with the

blast fired as soon as possible following

the completion of loading. If blasting a

loaded round may be delayed for more

than 72 hours, the operator shall notify

the appropriate MSHA district office.

(e) In electric blasting prior to

connecting to the power source, and in

nonelectric blasting prior to attaching an

initiating device, all persons shall leave

the blast area except persons in a

blasting shelter or other location that

protects them from concussion (shock

wave), flying material, and gases.

(f) Before firing a blast—

(1) Ample warning shall be given to

allow all persons to be evacuated;

(2) Clear exit routes shall be provided

for persons firing the round; and

(3) All access routes to the blast area

shall be guarded or barricaded to

prevent the passage of persons or

vehicles.

(g) Work shall not resume in the blast

area until a post-blast examination

addressing potential blast-related

hazards has been conducted by a person

with the ability and experience to

perform the examination.

§ 56.6307 Drill stem loading.

Explosive material shall not be loaded

into blastholes with drill stem

equipment or other devices that could

be extracted while containing explosive

material. The use of loading hose, collar

sleeves, or collar pipes is permitted.

§ 56.6308 Initiation systems.

Initiation systems shall be used in

accordance with the manufacturer’s

instructions.

§ 56.6309 Fuel oil requirements for ANFO.

(a) Liquid hydrocarbon fuels with

flash points lower than that of No. 2

diesel oil (125 °F) shall not be used to

prepare ammonium nitrate-fuel oil,

except that diesel fuels with flash points

no lower than 100 °F may be used at

ambient air temperatures below 45 °F.

(b) Waste oil, including crankcase oil,

shall not be used to prepare ammonium

nitrate-fuel oil.

§ 56.6310 Misfire waiting period.

When a misfire is suspected, persons

shall not enter the blast area—

(a) For 30 minutes if safety fuse and

blasting caps are used; or

(b) For 15 minutes if any other type

detonators are used.

§ 56.6311 Handling of misfires.

(a) Faces and muck piles shall be

examined for misfires after each blasting

operation.
Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations 36799

(b) Only work necessary to remove a

misfire and protect the safety of miners

engaged in the removal shall be

permitted in the affected area until the

misfire is disposed of in a safe manner.

(c) When a misfire cannot be disposed

of safely, each approach to the area

affected by the misfire shall be posted

with a warning sign at a conspicuous

location to prohibit entry, and the

condition shall be reported immediately

to mine management.

(d) Misfires occurring during the shift

shall be reported to mine management

not later than the end of the shift.

§ 56.6312 Secondary blasting.

Secondary blasts fired at the same

time in the same work area shall be

initiated from one source.

ELECTRIC BLASTING

§ 56.6400 Compatibility of electric

detonators.

All electric detonators to be fired in

a round shall be from the same

manufacturer and shall have similar

electrical firing characteristics.

§ 56.6401 Shunting.

Except during testing—

(a) Electric detonators shall be kept

shunted until connected to the blasting

line or wired into a blasting round;

(b) Wired rounds shall be kept

shunted until connected to the blasting

line; and

(c) Blasting lines shall be kept

shunted until immediately before

blasting.

§ 56.6402 Deenergized circuits near

detonators.

Electrical distribution circuits within

50 feet of electric detonators at the blast

site shall be deenergized. Such circuits

need not be deenergized between 25 to

50 feet of the electric detonators if stray

current tests, conducted as frequently as

necessary, indicate a maximum stray

current of less than 0.05 amperes

through a 1-ohm resistor as measured at

the blast site.

§ 56.6403 Branch circuits.

(a) If electric blasting includes the use

of branch circuits, each branch shall be

equipped with a safety switch or

equivalent method to isolate the circuits

to be used.

(b) At least one safety switch or

equivalent method of protection shall be

located outside the blast area and shall

be in the open position until persons are

withdrawn.

§ 56.6404 Separation of blasting circuits

from power source.

(a) Switches used to connect the

power source to a blasting circuit shall

be locked in the open position except

when closed to fire the blast.

(b) Lead wires shall not be connected

to the blasting switch until the shot is

ready to be fired.

§ 56.6405 Firing devices.

(a) Power sources shall be capable of

delivering sufficient current to energize

all electric detonators to be fired with

the type of circuits used. Storage or dry

cell batteries are not permitted as power

sources.

(b) Blasting machines shall be tested,

repaired, and maintained in accordance

with manufacturer’s instructions.

(c) Only the blaster shall have the key

or other control to an electrical firing

device.

§ 56.6406 Duration of current flow.

If any part of a blast is connected in

parallel and is to be initiated from

powerlines or lighting circuits, the time

of current flow shall be limited to a

maximum of 25 milliseconds. This can

be accomplished by incorporating an

arcing control device in the blasting

circuit or by interrupting the circuit

with an explosive device attached to

one or both lead lines and initiated by

a 25-millisecond delay electric

detonator.

§ 56.6407 Circuit testing.

A blasting galvanometer or other

instrument designed for testing blasting

circuits shall be used to test each of the

following:

(a) Continuity of each electric

detonator in the blasthole prior to

stemming and connection to the blasting

line.

(b) Resistance of individual series or

the resistance of multiple balanced

series to be connected in parallel prior

to their connection to the blasting line.

(c) Continuity of blasting lines prior to

the connection of electric detonator

series.

(d) Total blasting circuit resistance

prior to connection to the power source.

NONELECTRIC BLASTING

§ 56.6500 Damaged initiating material.

A visual check of the completed

circuit shall be made to ensure that the

components are properly aligned and

connected. Safety fuse, igniter cord,

detonating cord, shock or gas tubing,

and similar material which is kinked,

bent sharply, or damaged shall not be

used.

§ 56.6501 Nonelectric initiation systems.

(a) When the nonelectric initiation

system uses shock tube—

(1) Connections with other initiation

devices shall be secured in a manner

which provides for uninterrupted

propagation;

(2) Factory-made units shall be used

as assembled and shall not be cut except

that a single splice is permitted on the

lead-in trunkline during dry conditions;

and

(3) Connections between blastholes

shall not be made until immediately

prior to clearing the blast site when

surface delay detonators are used.

(b) When the nonelectric initiation

system uses detonating cord—

(1) The line of detonating cord

extending out of a blasthole shall be cut

from the supply spool immediately after

the attached explosive is correctly

positioned in the hole;

(2) In multiple row blasts, the

trunkline layout shall be designed so

that the detonation can reach each

blasthole from at least two directions;

(3) Connections shall be tight and

kept at right angles to the trunkline;

(4) Detonators shall be attached

securely to the side of the detonating

cord and pointed in the direction in

which detonation is to proceed;

(5) Connections between blastholes

shall not be made until immediately

prior to clearing the blast site when

surface delay detonators are used; and

(6) Lead-in lines shall be manually

unreeled if connected to the trunklines

at the blast site.

(c) When the nonelectric initiation

system uses gas tube, continuity of the

circuit shall be tested prior to blasting.

§ 56.6502 Safety fuse.

(a) The burning rate of each spool of

safety fuse to be used shall be measured,

posted in locations which will be

conspicuous to safety fuse users, and

brought to the attention of all persons

involved with the blasting operation.

(b) When firing with safety fuse

ignited individually using handheld

lighters, the safety fuse shall be of

lengths which provide at least the

minimum burning time for a particular

size round, as specified in the following

table:

TABLE E–1.—SAFETY FUSE—MINIMUM

BURNING TIME

Number of holes in a round Minimum

burning time

1 ......................................... 2 min.1

2–5 ..................................... 2 min. 40 sec.

6–10 ................................... 3 min. 20 sec.

11 to 15 .............................. 5 min.

1For example, at least a 36-inch length of

40-second-per-foot safety fuse or at least a

48-inch length of 30-second-per-foot safety

fuse would have to be used to allow sufficient

time to evacuate the area.
36800 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations

(c) Where flyrock might damage

exposed safety fuse, the blast shall be

timed so that all safety fuses are burning

within the blastholes before any

blasthole detonates.

(d) Fuse shall be cut and capped in

dry locations.

(e) Blasting caps shall be crimped to

fuse only with implements designed for

that purpose.

(f) Safety fuse shall be ignited only

after the primer and the explosive

material are securely in place.

(g) Safety fuse shall be ignited only

with devices designed for that purpose.

Carbide lights, liquefied petroleum gas

torches, and cigarette lighters shall not

be used to light safety fuse.

(h) At least two persons shall be

present when lighting safety fuse, and

no one shall light more than 15

individual fuses. If more than 15 holes

per person are to be fired, electric

initiation systems, igniter cord and

connectors, or other nonelectric

initiation systems shall be used.

EXTRANEOUS ELECTRICITY

§ 56.6600 Loading practices.

If extraneous electricity is suspected

in an area where electric detonators are

used, loading shall be suspended until

tests determine that stray current does

not exceed 0.05 amperes through a 1-

ohm resister when measured at the

location of the electric detonators. If

greater levels of extraneous electricity

are found, the source shall be

determined and no loading shall take

place until the condition is corrected.

§ 56.6601 Grounding.

Electric blasting circuits, including

powerline sources when used, shall not

be grounded.

§ 56.6602 Static electricity dissipation

during loading.

When explosive material is loaded

pneumatically into a blasthole in a

manner that generates a static electricity

hazard—

(a) An evaluation of the potential

static electricity hazard shall be made

and any hazard shall be eliminated

before loading begins;

(b) The loading hose shall be of a

semiconductive type, have a total of not

more than 2 megohms of resistance over

its entire length and not less than 1000

ohms of resistance per foot;

(c) Wire-countered hoses shall not be

used;

(d) Conductive parts of the loading

equipment shall be bonded and

grounded and grounds shall not be

made to other potential sources of

extraneous electricity; and

(e) Plastic tubes shall not be used as

hole liners if the hole contains an

electric detonator.

§ 56.6603 Air gap.

At least a 15-foot air gap shall be

provided between the blasting circuit

and the electric power source.

§ 56.6604 Precautions during storms.

During the approach and progress of

an electrical storm, blasting operations

shall be suspended and persons

withdrawn from the blast area or to a

safe location.

§ 56.6605 Isolation of blasting circuits.

Lead wires and blasting lines shall be

isolated and insulated from power

conductors, pipelines, and railroad

tracks, and shall be protected from

sources of stray or static electricity.

Blasting circuits shall be protected from

any contact between firing lines and

overhead powerlines which could result

from the force of a blast.

EQUIPMENT/TOOLS

§ 56.6700 Nonsparking tools.

Only nonsparking tools shall be used

to open containers of explosive material

or to punch holes in explosive

cartridges.

§ 56.6701 Tamping and loading pole

requirements.

Tamping and loading poles shall be of

wood or other nonconductive,

nonsparking material. Couplings for

poles shall be nonsparking.

MAINTENANCE

§ 56.6800 Storage facilities.

When repair work which could

produce a spark or flame is to be

performed on a storage facility—

(a) The explosive material shall be

moved to another facility, or moved at

least 50 feet from the repair activity and

monitored; and

(b) The facility shall be cleaned to

prevent accidental detonation.

§ 56.6801 Vehicle repair.

Vehicles containing explosive

material and oxidizers shall not be taken

into a repair garage or shop.

§ 56.6802 Bulk delivery vehicles.

No welding or cutting shall be

performed on a bulk delivery vehicle

until the vehicle has been washed down

and all explosive material has been

removed. Before welding or cutting on

a hollow shaft, the shaft shall be

thoroughly cleaned inside and out and

vented with a minimum 1⁄2-inch

diameter opening to allow for sufficient

ventilation.

§ 56.6803 Blasting lines.

Permanent blasting lines shall be

properly supported. All blasting lines

shall be insulated and kept in good

repair.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

§ 56.6900 Damaged or deteriorated

explosive material.

Damaged or deteriorated explosive

material shall be disposed of in a safe

manner in accordance with the

instructions of the manufacturer.

§ 56.6901 Black powder.

(a) Black powder shall be used for

blasting only when a desired result

cannot be obtained with another type of

explosive, such as in quarrying certain

types of dimension stone.

(b) Containers of black powder shall

be—

(1) Nonsparking;

(2) Kept in a totally enclosed cargo

space while being transported by a

vehicle;

(3) Securely closed at all times

when—

(i) Within 50 feet of any magazine or

open flame;

(ii) Within any building in which a

fuel-fired or exposed-element electric

heater is operating; or

(iii) In an area where electrical or

incandescent-particle sparks could

result in powder ignition; and

(4) Opened only when the powder is

being transferred to a blasthole or

another container and only in locations

not listed in paragraph (b)(3) of this

section.

(c) Black powder shall be transferred

from containers only by pouring.

(d) Spills shall be cleaned up

promptly with nonsparking equipment.

Contaminated powder shall be put into

a container of water and shall be

disposed of promptly after the granules

have disintegrated, or the spill area shall

be flushed promptly with water until

the granules have disintegrated

completely.

(e) Misfires shall be disposed of by

washing the stemming and powder

charge from the blasthole, and removing

and disposing of the initiator in

accordance with the requirement for

damaged explosives.

(f) Holes shall not be reloaded for at

least 12 hours when the blastholes have

failed to break as planned.

§ 56.6902 Excessive temperatures.

(a) Where heat could cause premature

detonation, explosive material shall not

be loaded into hot areas, such as kilns

or sprung holes.

(b) When blasting sulfide ores where

hot holes occur that may react with
Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations 36801

explosive material in blastholes,

operators shall—

(1) Measure an appropriate number of

blasthole temperatures in order to assess

the specific mine conditions prior to the

introduction of explosive material;

(2) Limit the time between the

completion of loading and the initiation

of the blast to no more than 12 hours;

and

(3) Take other special precautions to

address the specific conditions at the

mine to prevent premature detonation.

§ 56.6903 Burning explosive material.

If explosive material is suspected of

burning at the blast site, persons shall

be evacuated from the endangered area

and shall not return for at least one hour

after the burning or suspected burning

has stopped.

§ 56.6904 Smoking and open flames.

Smoking and use of open flames shall

not be permitted within 50 feet of

explosive material except when

separated by permanent noncombustible

barriers. This standard does not apply to

devices designed to ignite safety fuse or

to heating devices which do not create

a fire or explosion hazard.

§ 56.6905 Protection of explosive material.

(a) Explosive material shall be

protected from temperatures in excess of

150 degrees Fahrenheit.

(b) Explosive material shall be

protected from impact, except for

tamping and dropping during loading.

PART 57—[AMENDED]

1. The authority citation for part 57 is

revised to read as follows:

Authority: 30 U.S.C. 811.

2. Effective September 10, 1996,

subpart E of part 57 is revised to read

as follows:

Subpart E—Explosives

Sec.

57.6000 Definitions.

STORAGE—SURFACE AND

UNDERGROUND

57.6100 Separation of stored explosive

material.

57.6101 Areas around explosive material

storage facilities.

57.6102 Explosive material storage

practices.

STORAGE—SURFACE ONLY

57.6130 Explosive material storage

facilities.

57.6131 Location of explosive material

storage facilities.

57.6132 Magazine requirements.

57.6133 Powder chests.

STORAGE—UNDERGROUND ONLY

57.6160 Main facilities.

57.6161 Auxiliary facilities.

TRANSPORTATION—SURFACE AND

UNDERGROUND

57.6200 Delivery to storage or blast site

areas.

57.6201 Separation of transported explosive

material.

57.6202 Vehicles.

57.6203 Locomotives.

57.6204 Hoists.

57.6205 Conveying explosives by hand.

USE—SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND

57.6300 Control of blasting operations.

57.6301 Blasthole obstruction check.

57.6302 Separation of explosive material.

57.6303 Initiation preparation.

57.6304 Primer protection.

57.6305 Unused explosive material.

57.6306 Loading, blasting, and security.

57.6307 Drill stem loading.

57.6308 Initiation systems.

57.6309 Fuel oil requirements for ANFO.

57.6310 Misfire waiting period.

57.6311 Handling of misfires.

57.6312 Secondary blasting.

ELECTRIC BLASTING—SURFACE AND

UNDERGROUND

57.6400 Compatibility of electric

detonators.

57.6401 Shunting.

57.6402 Deenergized circuits near

detonators.

57.6403 Branch circuits.

57.6404 Separation of blasting circuits from

power source.

57.6405 Firing devices.

57.6406 Duration of current flow.

57.6407 Circuit testing.

NONELECTRIC BLASTING—SURFACE AND

UNDERGROUND

57.6500 Damaged initiating material.

57.6501 Nonelectric initiation systems.

57.6502 Safety fuse.

EXTRANEOUS ELECTRICITY—SURFACE

AND UNDERGROUND

57.6600 Loading practices.

57.6601 Grounding.

57.6602 Static electricity dissipation during

loading.

57.6603 Air gap.

57.6604 Precautions during storms.

57.6605 Isolation of blasting circuits.

EQUIPMENT/TOOLS—SURFACE AND

UNDERGROUND

57.6700 Nonsparking tools.

57.6701 Tamping and loading pole

requirements.

MAINTENANCE—SURFACE AND

UNDERGROUND

57.6800 Storage facilities.

57.6801 Vehicle repair.

57.6802 Bulk delivery vehicles.

57.6803 Blasting lines.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS—SURFACE

AND UNDERGROUND

57.6900 Damaged or deteriorated explosive

material.

57.6901 Black powder.

57.6902 Excessive temperatures.

57.6903 Burning explosive material.

57.6904 Smoking and open flames.

57.6905 Protection of explosive material.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS—

UNDERGROUND ONLY

57.6960 Mixing of explosive material.

Subpart E—Explosives

§ 57.6000 Definitions.

The following definitions apply in

this subpart.

Attended. Presence of an individual

or continuous monitoring to prevent

unauthorized entry or access. In

addition, areas containing explosive

material at underground areas of a mine

can be considered attended when all

access to the underground areas of the

mine is secured from unauthorized

entry. Vertical shafts shall be considered

secure. Inclined shafts or adits shall be

considered secure when locked at the

surface.

Barrier. A material object, or objects

that separates, keeps apart, or

demarcates in a conspicuous manner

such as cones, a warning sign, or tape.

Blast area. The area in which

concussion (shock wave), flying

material, or gases from an explosion

may cause injury to persons. In

determining the blast area, the following

factors shall be considered:

(1) Geology or material to be blasted.

(2) Blast pattern.

(3) Burden, depth, diameter, and

angle of the holes.

(4) Blasting experience of the mine.

(5) Delay system, powder factor, and

pounds per delay.

(6) Type and amount of explosive

material.

(7) Type and amount of stemming.

Blast site. The area where explosive

material is handled during loading,

including the perimeter formed by the

loaded blastholes and 50 feet (15.2

meters) in all directions from loaded

holes. A minimum distance of 30 feet

(9.1 meters) may replace the 50-foot

(15.2-meter) requirement if the

perimeter of loaded holes is demarcated

with a barrier. The 50-foot (15.2-meter)

and alternative 30-foot (9.1-meter)

requirements also apply in all directions

along the full depth of the hole. In

underground mines, at least 15 feet (4.6

meters) of solid rib, pillar, or broken

rock can be substituted for the 50-foot

(15.2-meter) distance. In underground

mines utilizing a block-caving system or

similar system, at least 6 feet (1.8

meters) of solid rib or pillar, including

concrete reinforcement of at least 10

inches (254 millimeters), with overall

dimensions of not less than 6 feet (1.8

meters), may be substituted for the 50-

foot (15.2-meter) distance requirement.

Blasting agent. Any substance

classified as a blasting agent by the

Department of Transportation in 49 CFR
36802 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations

173.114a(a). This document is available

at any MSHA Metal and Nonmetal

Safety and Health district office.

Detonating cord. A flexible cord

containing a center core of high

explosives which may be used to

initiate other explosives.

Detonator. Any device containing a

detonating charge used to initiate an

explosive. These devices include

electric or nonelectric instantaneous or

delay blasting caps, and delay

connectors. The term ‘‘detonator’’ does

not include detonating cord. Detonators

may be either ‘‘Class A’’ detonators or

‘‘Class C’’ detonators, as classified by

the Department of Transportation in 49

CFR 173.53, and 173.100. This

document is available at any MSHA

Metal and Nonmetal Safety and Health

district office.

Emulsion. An explosive material

containing substantial amounts of

oxidizers dissolved in water droplets,

surrounded by an immiscible fuel.

Explosive. Any substance classified as

an explosive by the Department of

Transportation in 49 CFR 173.53,

173.88, and 173.100. This document is

available at any MSHA Metal and

Nonmetal Safety and Health district

office.

Explosive material. Explosives,

blasting agents, and detonators.

Flash point. The minimum

temperature at which sufficient vapor is

released by a liquid to form a flammable

vapor-air mixture near the surface of the

liquid.

Igniter cord. A fuse that burns

progressively along its length with an

external flame at the zone of burning,

used for lighting a series of safety fuses

in a desired sequence.

Laminated partition. A partition

composed of the following material and

minimum nominal dimensions: 1⁄2-inchthick plywood, 1⁄2-inch-thick gypsum

wallboard, 1⁄8-inch-thick low carbon

steel, and 1⁄4-inch-thick plywood,

bonded together in that order (IME–22

Box). A laminated partition also

includes alternative construction

materials described in the Institute of

Makers of Explosives (IME) Safety

Library Publication No. 22,

‘‘Recommendations for the Safe

Transportation of Detonators in a

Vehicle with other Explosive

Materials.’’ (May 1993), and the

‘‘Generic Loading Guide for the IME–22

Container,’’ (October 1993). This

incorporation by reference has been

approved by the Director of the Federal

Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C.

552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies are

available at MSHA, 4015 Wilson

Boulevard, Room 728, Arlington, VA

22203, and at all Metal and Nonmetal

Mine Safety and Health district offices,

or available for inspection at the Office

of the Federal Register, 800 North

Capitol Street NW., 7th Floor, suite 700,

Washington, DC.

Loading. Placing explosive material

either in a blasthole or against the

material to be blasted.

Magazine. A bullet-resistant, theftresistant, fire-resistant, weatherresistant, ventilated facility for the

storage of explosives and detonators

(BATF Type 1 or Type 2 facility).

Misfire. The complete or partial

failure of explosive material to detonate

as planned. The term also is used to

describe the explosive material itself

that has failed to detonate.

Multipurpose dry-chemical fire

extinguisher. An extinguisher having a

rating of at least 2–A:10–B:C and

containing a nominal 4.5 pounds or

more of dry-chemical agent.

Primer. A unit, package, or cartridge

of explosives which contains a

detonator and is used to initiate other

explosives or blasting agents.

Safety switch. A switch that provides

shunt protection in blasting circuits

between the blast site and the switch

used to connect a power source to the

blasting circuit.

Slurry. An explosive material

containing substantial portions of a

liquid, oxidizers, and fuel, plus a

thickener.

Storage facility. The entire class of

structures used to store explosive

materials. A ‘‘storage facility’’ used to

store blasting agents corresponds to a

BATF Type 4 or 5 storage facility.

Water gel. An explosive material

containing substantial portions of water,

oxidizers, and fuel, plus a cross-linking

agent.

STORAGE—SURFACE AND

UNDERGROUND

§ 57.6100 Separation of stored explosive

material.

(a) Detonators shall not be stored in

the same magazine with other explosive

material.

(b) When stored in the same

magazine, blasting agents shall be

separated from explosives, safety fuse,

and detonating cord to prevent

contamination.

§ 57.6101 Areas around explosive material

storage facilities.

(a) Areas surrounding storage

facilities for explosive material shall be

clear of rubbish, brush, dry grass, and

trees for 25 feet in all directions, except

that live trees 10 feet or taller need not

be removed.

(b) Other combustibles shall not be

stored or allowed to accumulate within

50 feet of explosive material.

Combustible liquids shall be stored in a

manner that ensures drainage will occur

away from the explosive material

storage facility in case of tank rupture.

§ 57.6102 Explosive material storage

practices.

(a) Explosive material shall be—

(1) Stored in a manner to facilitate use

of oldest stocks first;

(2) Stored according to brand and

grade in such a manner as to facilitate

identification; and

(3) Stacked in a stable manner but not

more than 8 feet high.

(b) Explosives and detonators shall be

stored in closed nonconductive

containers except that nonelectric

detonating devices may be stored on

nonconductive racks provided the caseinsert instructions and the date-plantshift code are maintained with the

product.

STORAGE—SURFACE ONLY

§ 57.6130 Explosive material storage

facilities.

(a) Detonators and explosives shall be

stored in magazines.

(b) Packaged blasting agents shall be

stored in a magazine or other facility

which is ventilated to prevent dampness

and excessive heating, weatherresistant, and locked or attended. Drop

trailers do not have to be ventilated if

they are currently licensed by the

Federal, State, or local authorities for

over-the-road use. Facilities other than

magazines used to store blasting agents

shall contain only blasting agents.

(c) Bulk blasting agents shall be stored

in weather-resistant bins or tanks which

are locked, attended, or otherwise

inaccessible to unauthorized entry.

(d) Facilities, bins or tanks shall be

posted with the appropriate United

States Department of Transportation

placards or other appropriate warning

signs that indicate the contents and are

visible from each approach.

§ 57.6131 Location of explosive material

storage facilities.

(a) Storage facilities for any explosive

material shall be—

(1) Located so that the forces

generated by a storage facility explosion

will not create a hazard to occupants in

mine buildings and will not damage

dams or electric substations; and

(2) Detached structures located

outside the blast area and a sufficient

distance from powerlines so that the

powerlines, if damaged, would not

contact the magazines.

(b) Operators should also be aware of

regulations affecting storage facilities in

27 CFR part 55, in particular, 27 CFR
Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations 36803

55.218 and 55.220. This document is

available at any MSHA Metal and

Nonmetal Safety and Health district

office.

§ 57.6132 Magazine requirements.

(a) Magazines shall be—

(1) Structurally sound;

(2) Noncombustible or the exterior

covered with fire-resistant material;

(3) Bullet resistant;

(4) Made of nonsparking material on

the inside;

(5) Ventilated to control dampness

and excessive heating within the

magazine;

(6) Posted with the appropriate

United States Department of

Transportation placards or other

appropriate warning signs that indicate

the contents and are visible from each

approach, so located that a bullet

passing through any of the signs will not

strike the magazine;

(7) Kept clean and dry inside;

(8) Unlighted or lighted by devices

that are specifically designed for use in

magazines and which do not create a

fire or explosion hazard;

(9) Unheated or heated only with

devices that do not create a fire or

explosion hazard;

(10) Locked when unattended; and

(11) Used exclusively for the storage

of explosive material except for

essential nonsparking equipment used

for the operation of the magazine.

(b) Metal magazines shall be equipped

with electrical bonding connections

between all conductive portions so the

entire structure is at the same electrical

potential. Suitable electrical bonding

methods include welding, riveting, or

the use of securely tightened bolts

where individual metal portions are

joined. Conductive portions of nonmetal

magazines shall be grounded.

(c) Electrical switches and outlets

shall be located on the outside of the

magazine.

§ 57.6133 Powder chests.

(a) Powder chests (day boxes) shall

be—

(1) Structurally sound, weatherresistant, equipped with a lid or cover,

and with only nonsparking material on

the inside;

(2) Posted with the appropriate

United States Department of

Transportation placards or other

appropriate warning signs that indicate

the contents and are visible from each

approach;

(3) Located out of the blast area once

loading has been completed;

(4) Locked or attended when

containing explosive material; and

(5) Emptied at the end of each shift

with the contents returned to a

magazine or other storage facility, or

attended.

(b) Detonators shall be kept in chests

separate from explosives or blasting

agents, unless separated by 4-inches of

hardwood or equivalent, or a laminated

partition. When a laminated partition is

used, operators must follow the

provisions of the Institute of Makers of

Explosives (IME) Safety Library

Publication No. 22, (May 1993),

‘‘Recommendations for the Safe

Transportation of Detonators in a

Vehicle with other Explosive

Materials,’’ (May 1993), and the

‘‘Generic Loading Guide for the IME–22

Container,’’ (October 1993). This

incorporation by reference has been

approved by the Director of the Federal

Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C.

552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies are

available at MSHA, 4015 Wilson

Boulevard, Room 728, Arlington, VA

22203, and at all Metal and Nonmetal

Mine Safety and Health district offices,

or available for inspection at the Office

of the Federal Register, 800 North

Capitol Street NW., 7th Floor, suite 700,

Washington, DC.

STORAGE—UNDERGROUND ONLY

§ 57.6160 Main facilities.

(a) Main facilities used to store

explosive material underground shall be

located—

(1) In stable or supported ground;

(2) So that a fire or explosion in the

storage facilities will not prevent escape

from the mine, or cause detonation of

the contents of another storage facility;

(3) Out of the line of blasts, and

protected from vehicular traffic, except

that accessing the facility;

(4) At least 200 feet from work places

or shafts;

(5) At least 50 feet from electric

substations;

(6) A safe distance from trolley wires;

and

(7) At least 25 feet from detonator

storage facilities.

(b) Main facilities used to store

explosive material underground shall

be—

(1) Posted with warning signs that

indicate the contents and are visible

from any approach;

(2) Used exclusively for the storage of

explosive material and necessary

equipment associated with explosive

material storage and delivery:

(i) Portions of the facility used for the

storage of explosives shall only contain

nonsparking material or equipment.

(ii) The blasting agent portion of the

facility may be used for the storage of

other necessary equipment;

(3) Kept clean, suitably dry, and

orderly;

(4) Provided with unobstructed

ventilation openings;

(5) Kept securely locked unless all

access to the mine is either locked or

attended; and

(6) Unlighted or lighted only with

devices that do not create a fire or

explosion hazard and which are

specifically designed for use in

magazines.

(c) Electrical switches and outlets

shall be located outside the facility.

§ 57.6161 Auxiliary facilities.

(a) Auxiliary facilities used to store

explosive material near work places

shall be wooden, box-type containers

equipped with covers or doors, or

facilities constructed or mined-out to

provide equivalent impact resistance

and confinement.

(b) The auxiliary facilities shall be—

(1) Constructed of nonsparking

material on the inside when used for the

storage of explosives;

(2) Kept clean, suitably dry, and

orderly;

(3) Kept in repair;

(4) Located out of the line of blasts so

they will not be subjected to damaging

shock or flyrock;

(5) Identified with warning signs or

coded to indicate the contents with

markings visible from any approach;

(6) Located at least 15 feet from all

haulageways and electrical equipment,

or placed entirely within a mined-out

recess in the rib used exclusively for

explosive material;

(7) Filled with no more than a oneweek supply of explosive material;

(8) Separated by at least 25 feet from

other facilities used to store detonators;

and

(9) Kept securely locked unless all

access to the mine is either locked or

attended.

TRANSPORTATION—SURFACE AND

UNDERGROUND

§ 57.6200 Delivery to storage or blast site

areas.

Explosive material shall be

transported without undue delay to the

storage area or blast site.

§ 57.6201 Separation of transported

explosive material.

Detonators shall not be transported on

the same vehicle or conveyance with

other explosives except as follows:

(a) Detonators in quantities of more

than 1,000 may be transported in a

vehicle or conveyance with explosives

or blasting agents provided the

detonators are—

(1) Maintained in the original

packaging as shipped from the

manufacturer; and
36804 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations

(2) Separated from explosives or

blasting agents by 4 inches of hardwood

or equivalent, or a laminated partition.

The hardwood or equivalent shall be

fastened to the vehicle or conveyance.

When a laminated partition is used,

operators must follow the provisions of

the Institute of Makers of Explosives

(IME) Safety Library Publication No. 22,

‘‘Recommendations for the Safe

Transportation of Detonators in a

Vehicle with other Explosive Materials’’

(May 1993), and the ‘‘Generic Loading

Guide for the IME–22 Container’’

(October 1993). This incorporation by

reference has been approved by the

Director of the Federal Register in

accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1

CFR part 51. Copies are available at

MSHA, 4015 Wilson Boulevard, Room

728, Arlington, VA 22203, and at all

Metal and Nonmetal Mine Safety and

Health district offices, or available for

examination at the Office of the Federal

Register, 800 North Capitol Street NW.,

7th Floor, suite 700, Washington, DC.

(b) Detonators in quantities of 1,000 or

fewer may be transported with

explosives or blasting agents provided

the detonators are—

(1) Kept in closed containers; and

(2) Separated from explosives or

blasting agents by 4 inches of hardwood

or equivalent, or a laminated partition.

The hardwood or equivalent shall be

fastened to the vehicle or conveyance.

When a laminated partition is used,

operators must follow the provisions of

IME Safety Library Publication No. 22,

‘‘Recommendations for the Safe

Transportation of Detonators in a

Vehicle with other Explosive Materials’’

(May 1993), and the ‘‘Generic Loading

Guide for the IME–22 Container’’

(October 1993). This incorporation by

reference has been approved by the

Director of the Federal Register in

accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1

CFR part 51. Copies are available at

MSHA, 4015 Wilson Boulevard, Room

728, Arlington, VA 22203, and at all

Metal and Nonmetal Mine Safety and

Health district offices, or available for

examination at the Office of the Federal

Register, 800 North Capitol Street NW.,

7th Floor, suite 700, Washington, DC.

§ 57.6202 Vehicles.

(a) Vehicles containing explosive

material shall be—

(1) Maintained in good condition and

shall comply with the requirements of

subpart M of this part;

(2) Equipped with sides and

enclosures higher than the explosive

material being transported or have the

explosive material secured to a

nonconductive pallet;

(3) Equipped with a cargo space that

shall contain the explosive material

(passenger areas shall not be considered

cargo space);

(4) Equipped with at least two

multipurpose dry-chemical fire

extinguishers or one such extinguisher

and an automatic fire suppression

system;

(5) Posted with warning signs that

indicate the contents and are visible

from each approach;

(6) Occupied only by persons

necessary for handling the explosive

material;

(7) Attended or the cargo

compartment locked at surface areas of

underground mines, except when

parked at the blast site and loading is in

progress; and

(8) Secured while parked by having—

(i) The brakes set;

(ii) The wheels chocked if movement

could occur; and

(iii) The engine shut off unless

powering a device being used in the

loading operation.

(b) Vehicles containing explosives

shall have—

(1) No sparking material exposed in

the cargo space; and

(2) Only properly secured

nonsparking equipment in the cargo

space with the explosives.

(c) Vehicles used for dispensing bulk

explosive material shall—

(1) Have no zinc or copper exposed in

the cargo space; and

(2) Provide any enclosed screw-type

conveyors with protection against

internal pressure and frictional heat.

§ 57.6203 Locomotives.

Explosive material shall not be

transported on a locomotive. When

explosive material is hauled by trolley

locomotive, covered, electrically

insulated cars shall be used.

§ 57.6204 Hoists.

(a) Before explosive material is

transported in hoist conveyances—

(1) The hoist operator shall be

notified; and

(2) Hoisting in adjacent shaft

compartments, except for empty

conveyances or counterweights, shall be

stopped until transportation of the

explosive material is completed.

(b) Explosive material transported in

hoist conveyances shall be placed

within a container which prevents

shifting of the cargo that could cause

detonation of the container by impact or

by sparks. The manufacturer’s container

may be used if secured to a

nonconductive pallet. When explosives

are transported, they shall be secured so

as not to contact any sparking material.

(c) No explosive material shall be

transported during a mantrip.

§ 57.6205 Conveying explosives by hand.

Closed, nonconductive containers

shall be used to carry explosives and

detonators to and from blast sites.

Separate containers shall be used for

explosives and detonators.

USE—SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND

§ 57.6300 Control of blasting operations.

(a) Only persons trained and

experienced in the handling and use of

explosive material shall direct blasting

operations and related activities.

(b) Trainees and inexperienced

persons shall work only in the

immediate presence of persons trained

and experienced in the handling and

use of explosive material.

§ 57.6301 Blasthole obstruction check.

Before loading, blastholes shall be

checked and, wherever possible, cleared

of obstructions.

§ 57.6302 Separation of explosive material.

Explosives and blasting agents shall

be kept separated from detonators until

loading begins.

§ 57.6303 Initiation preparation.

(a) Primers shall be made up only at

the time of use and as close to the blast

site as conditions allow.

(b) Primers shall be prepared with the

detonator contained securely and

completely within the explosive or

contained securely and appropriately

for its design in the tunnel or cap well.

(c) When using detonating cord to

initiate another explosive, a connection

shall be prepared with the detonating

cord threaded through, attached

securely to, or otherwise in contact with

the explosive.

§ 57.6304 Primer protection.

(a) Tamping shall not be done directly

on a primer.

(b) Rigid cartridges of explosives or

blasting agents that are 4 inches (100

millimeters) in diameter or larger shall

not be dropped on the primer except

where the blasthole contains sufficient

depth of water to protect the primer

from impact. Slit packages of prill,

water gel, or emulsions are not

considered rigid cartridges and may be

drop loaded.

§ 57.6305 Unused explosive material.

Unused explosive material shall be

moved to a protected location as soon as

practical after loading operations are

completed.
Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations 36805

§ 57.6306 Loading, blasting, and security.

(a) When explosive materials or

initiating systems are brought to the

blast site, the blast site shall be

attended; barricaded and posted with

warning signs, such as ‘‘Danger,’’

‘‘Explosives,’’ or ‘‘Keep Out;’’ or flagged

against unauthorized entry.

(b) Vehicles and equipment shall not

be driven over explosive material or

initiating systems in a manner which

could contact the material or system, or

create other hazards.

(c) Once loading begins, the only

activities permitted within the blast site

shall be those activities directly related

to the blasting operation and the

activities of surveying, stemming,

sampling of geology, and reopening of

holes, provided that reasonable care is

exercised. Haulage activity is permitted

near the base of bench faces being

loaded or awaiting firing, provided no

other haulage access exists.

(d) Loading and blasting shall be

conducted in a manner designed to

facilitate a continuous process, with the

blast fired as soon as possible following

the completion of loading. If blasting a

loaded round may be delayed for more

than 72 hours, the operator shall notify

the appropriate MSHA district office.

(e) In electric blasting prior to

connecting to the power source, and in

nonelectric blasting prior to attaching an

initiating device, all persons shall leave

the blast area except persons in a

blasting shelter or other location that

protects them from concussion (shock

wave), flying material, and gases.

(f) Before firing a blast—

(1) Ample warning shall be given to

allow all persons to be evacuated;

(2) Clear exit routes shall be provided

for persons firing the round; and

(3) All access routes to the blast area

shall be guarded or barricaded to

prevent the passage of persons or

vehicles.

(g) Work shall not be resumed in the

blast area until a post-blast examination

addressing potential blast-related

hazards has been conducted by a person

with the ability and experience to

perform the examination.

§ 57.6307 Drill stem loading.

Explosive material shall not be loaded

into blastholes with drill stem

equipment or other devices that could

be extracted while containing explosive

material. The use of loading hose, collar

sleeves, or collar pipes is permitted.

§ 57.6308 Initiation systems.

Initiation systems shall be used in

accordance with the manufacturer’s

instructions.

§ 57.6309 Fuel oil requirements for ANFO.

(a) Liquid hydrocarbon fuels with

flash points lower than that of No. 2

diesel oil (125 °F) shall not be used to

prepare ammonium nitrate-fuel oil,

except that diesel fuels with flash points

no lower than 100 °F may be used at

ambient air temperatures below 45 °F.

(b) Waste oil, including crankcase oil,

shall not be used to prepare ammonium

nitrate-fuel oil.

§ 57.6310 Misfire waiting period.

When a misfire is suspected, persons

shall not enter the blast area—

(a) For 30 minutes if safety fuse and

blasting caps are used; or

(b) For 15 minutes if any other type

detonators are used.

§ 57.6311 Handling of misfires.

(a) Faces and muck piles shall be

examined for misfires after each blasting

operation.

(b) Only work necessary to remove a

misfire and protect the safety of miners

engaged in the removal shall be

permitted in the affected area until the

misfire is disposed of in a safe manner.

(c) When a misfire cannot be disposed

of safely, each approach to the area

affected by the misfire shall be posted

with a warning sign at a conspicuous

location to prohibit entry, and the

condition shall be reported immediately

to mine management.

(d) Misfires occurring during the shift

shall be reported to mine management

not later than the end of the shift.

§ 57.6312 Secondary blasting.

Secondary blasts fired at the same

time in the same work area shall be

initiated from one source.

ELECTRIC BLASTING—SURFACE AND

UNDERGROUND

§ 57.6400 Compatibility of electric

detonators.

All electric detonators to be fired in

a round shall be from the same

manufacturer and shall have similar

electrical firing characteristics.

§ 57.6401 Shunting.

Except during testing—

(a) Electric detonators shall be kept

shunted until connected to the blasting

line or wired into a blasting round;

(b) Wired rounds shall be kept

shunted until connected to the blasting

line; and

(c) Blasting lines shall be kept

shunted until immediately before

blasting.

§ 57.6402 Deenergized circuits near

detonators.

Electrical distribution circuits within

50 feet of electric detonators at the blast

site shall be deenergized. Such circuits

need not be deenergized between 25 to

50 feet of the electric detonators if stray

current tests, conducted as frequently as

necessary, indicate a maximum stray

current of less than 0.05 ampere through

a 1-ohm resistor as measured at the blast

site.

§ 57.6403 Branch circuits.

(a) If electric blasting includes the use

of branch circuits, each branch shall be

equipped with a safety switch or

equivalent method to isolate the circuits

to be used.

(b) At least one safety switch or

equivalent method of protection shall be

located outside the blast area and shall

be in the open position until persons are

withdrawn.

§ 57.6404 Separation of blasting circuits

from power source.

(a) Switches used to connect the

power source to a blasting circuit shall

be locked in the open position except

when closed to fire the blast.

(b) Lead wires shall not be connected

to the blasting switch until the shot is

ready to be fired.

§ 57.6405 Firing devices.

(a) Power sources shall be capable of

delivering sufficient current to energize

all electric detonators to be fired with

the type of circuits used. Storage or dry

cell batteries are not permitted as power

sources.

(b) Blasting machines shall be tested,

repaired, and maintained in accordance

with manufacturer’s instructions.

(c) Only the blaster shall have the key

or other control to an electrical firing

device.

§ 57.6406 Duration of current flow.

If any part of a blast is connected in

parallel and is to be initiated from

powerlines or lighting circuits, the time

of current flow shall be limited to a

maximum of 25 milliseconds. This can

be accomplished by incorporating an

arcing control device in the blasting

circuit or by interrupting the circuit

with an explosive device attached to

one or both lead lines and initiated by

a 25-millisecond delay electric

detonator.

§ 57.6407 Circuit testing.

A blasting galvanometer or other

instrument designed for testing blasting

circuits shall be used to test the

following:

(a) In surface operations—

(1) Continuity of each electric

detonator in the blasthole prior to

stemming and connection to the blasting

line;
36806 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations

(2) Resistance of individual series or

the resistance of multiple balanced

series to be connected in parallel prior

to their connection to the blasting line;

(3) Continuity of blasting lines prior

to the connection of electric detonator

series; and

(4) Total blasting circuit resistance

prior to connection to the power source.

(b) In underground operations—

(1) Continuity of each electric

detonator series; and

(2) Continuity of blasting lines prior

to the connection of electric detonators.

NONELECTRIC BLASTING—SURFACE

AND UNDERGROUND

§ 57.6500 Damaged initiating material.

A visual check of the completed

circuit shall be made to ensure that the

components are properly aligned and

connected. Safety fuse, igniter cord,

detonating cord, shock or gas tubing,

and similar material which is kinked,

bent sharply, or damaged shall not be

used.

§ 57.6501 Nonelectric initiation systems.

(a) When the nonelectric initiation

system uses shock tube—

(1) Connections with other initiation

devices shall be secured in a manner

which provides for uninterrupted

propagation;

(2) Factory-made units shall be used

as assembled and shall not be cut except

that a single splice is permitted on the

lead-in trunkline during dry conditions;

and

(3) Connections between blastholes

shall not be made until immediately

prior to clearing the blast site when

surface delay detonators are used.

(b) When the nonelectric initiation

system uses detonating cord—

(1) The line of detonating cord

extending out of a blasthole shall be cut

from the supply spool immediately after

the attached explosive is correctly

positioned in the hole;

(2) In multiple row blasts, the

trunkline layout shall be designed so

that the detonation can reach each

blasthole from at least two directions;

(3) Connections shall be tight and

kept at right angles to the trunkline;

(4) Detonators shall be attached

securely to the side of the detonating

cord and pointed in the direction in

which detonation is to proceed;

(5) Connections between blastholes

shall not be made until immediately

prior to clearing the blast site when

surface delay detonators are used; and

(6) Lead-in lines shall be manually

unreeled if connected to the trunklines

at the blast site.

(c) When nonelectric initiation

systems use gas tube, continuity of the

circuit shall be tested prior to blasting.

§ 57.6502 Safety fuse.

(a) The burning rate of each spool of

safety fuse to be used shall be measured,

posted in locations which will be

conspicuous to safety fuse users, and

brought to the attention of all persons

involved with the blasting operation.

(b) When firing with safety fuse

ignited individually using handheld

lighters, the safety fuse shall be of

lengths which provide at least the

minimum burning time for a particular

size round, as specified in the following

table:

TABLE E–1.—SAFETY FUSE—MINIMUM

BURNING TIME

Number of holes in a round Minimum

burning time

1 ......................................... 2 min.1

2–5 ..................................... 2 min. 40 sec.

6–10 ................................... 3 min. 20 sec.

11 to 15 .............................. 5 min.

1For example, at least a 36-inch length of

40-second-per-foot safety fuse or at least a

48-inch length of 30-second-per-foot safety

fuse would have to be used to allow sufficient

time to evacuate the area.

(c) Where flyrock might damage

exposed safety fuse, the blast shall be

timed so that all safety fuses are burning

within the blastholes before any

blasthole detonates.

(d) Fuse shall be cut and capped in

dry locations.

(e) Blasting caps shall be crimped to

fuse only with implements designed for

that purpose.

(f) Safety fuse shall be ignited only

after the primer and the explosive

material are securely in place.

(g) Safety fuse shall be ignited only

with devices designed for that purpose.

Carbide lights, liquefied petroleum gas

torches, and cigarette lighters shall not

be used to light safety fuse.

(h) At least two persons shall be

present when lighting safety fuse, and

no one shall light more than 15

individual fuses. If more than 15 holes

per person are to be fired, electric

initiation systems, igniter cord and

connectors, or other nonelectric

initiation systems shall be used.

EXTRANEOUS ELECTRICITY—

SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND

§ 57.6600 Loading practices.

If extraneous electricity is suspected

in an area where electric detonators are

used, loading shall be suspended until

tests determine that stray current does

not exceed 0.05 amperes through a 1-

ohm resister when measured at the

location of the electric detonators. If

greater levels of extraneous electricity

are found, the source shall be

determined and no loading shall take

place until the condition is corrected.

§ 57.6601 Grounding.

Electric blasting circuits, including

powerline sources when used, shall not

be grounded.

§ 57.6602 Static electricity dissipation

during loading.

When explosive material is loaded

pneumatically into a blasthole in a

manner that generates a static electricity

hazard—

(a) An evaluation of the potential

static electricity hazard shall be made

and any hazard shall be eliminated

before loading begins;

(b) The loading hose shall be of a

semiconductive type, have a total of not

more than 2 megohms of resistance over

its entire length and not less than 1000

ohms of resistance per foot;

(c) Wire-countered hoses shall not be

used;

(d) Conductive parts of the loading

equipment shall be bonded and

grounded and grounds shall not be

made to other potential sources of

extraneous electricity; and

(e) Plastic tubes shall not be used as

hole liners if the hole contains an

electric detonator.

§ 57.6603 Air gap.

At least a 15-foot air gap shall be

provided between the blasting circuit

and the electric power source.

§ 57.6604 Precautions during storms.

During the approach and progress of

an electrical storm—

(a) Surface blasting operations shall

be suspended and persons withdrawn

from the blast area or to a safe location;

or

(b) Underground electrical blasting

operations that are capable of being

initiated by lightning shall be

suspended and all persons withdrawn

from the blast area or to a safe location.

§ 57.6605 Isolation of blasting circuits.

Lead wires and blasting lines shall be

isolated and insulated from power

conductors, pipelines, and railroad

tracks, and shall be protected from

sources of stray or static electricity.

Blasting circuits shall be protected from

any contact between firing lines and

overhead powerlines which could result

from the force of a blast.

EQUIPMENT/TOOLS—SURFACE AND

UNDERGROUND

§ 57.6700 Nonsparking tools.

Only nonsparking tools shall be used

to open containers of explosive material

or to punch holes in explosive

cartridges.
Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 135 / July 12, 1996 / Rules and Regulations 36807

§ 57.6701 Tamping and loading pole

requirements.

Tamping and loading poles shall be of

wood or other nonconductive,

nonsparking material. Couplings for

poles shall be nonsparking.

MAINTENANCE—SURFACE AND

UNDERGROUND

§ 57.6800 Storage facilities.

When repair work which could

produce a spark or flame is to be

performed on a storage facility—

(a) The explosive material shall be

moved to another facility, or moved at

least 50 feet from the repair activity and

monitored; and

(b) The facility shall be cleaned to

prevent accidental detonation.

§ 57.6801 Vehicle repair.

Vehicles containing explosive

material and oxidizers shall not be taken

into a repair garage or shop.

§ 57.6802 Bulk delivery vehicles.

No welding or cutting shall be

performed on a bulk delivery vehicle

until the vehicle has been washed down

and all explosive material has been

removed. Before welding or cutting on

a hollow shaft, the shaft shall be

thoroughly cleaned inside and out and

vented with a minimum 1⁄2-inch

diameter opening to allow for sufficient

ventilation.

§ 57.6803 Blasting lines.

Permanent blasting lines shall be

properly supported. All blasting lines

shall be insulated and kept in good

repair.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS—

SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND

§ 57.6900 Damaged or deteriorated

explosive material.

Damaged or deteriorated explosive

material shall be disposed of in a safe

manner in accordance with the

instructions of the manufacturer.

§ 57.6901 Black powder.

(a) Black powder shall be used for

blasting only when a desired result

cannot be obtained with another type of

explosive, such as in quarrying certain

types of dimension stone.

(b) Containers of black powder shall

be—

(1) Nonsparking;

(2) Kept in a totally enclosed cargo

space while being transported by a

vehicle;

(3) Securely closed at all times

when—

(i) Within 50 feet of any magazine or

open flame;

(ii) Within any building in which a

fuel-fired or exposed-element electric

heater is operating; or

(iii) In an area where electrical or

incandescent-particle sparks could

result in powder ignition; and

(4) Opened only when the powder is

being transferred to a blasthole or

another container and only in locations

not listed in paragraph (b)(3) of this

section.

(c) Black powder shall be transferred

from containers only by pouring.

(d) Spills shall be cleaned up

promptly with nonsparking equipment.

Contaminated powder shall be put into

a container of water and shall be

disposed of promptly after the granules

have disintegrated, or the spill area shall

be flushed promptly with water until

the granules have disintegrated

completely.

(e) Misfires shall be disposed of by

washing the stemming and powder

charge from the blasthole, and removing

and disposing of the initiator in

accordance with the requirement for

damaged explosives.

(f) Holes shall not be reloaded for at

least 12 hours when the blastholes have

failed to break as planned.

§ 57.6902 Excessive temperatures.

(a) Where heat could cause premature

detonation, explosive material shall not

be loaded into hot areas, such as kilns

or sprung holes.

(b) When blasting sulfide ores where

hot holes occur that may react with

explosive material in blastholes,

operators shall—

(1) Measure an appropriate number of

blasthole temperatures in order to assess

the specific mine conditions prior to the

introduction of explosive material;

(2) Limit the time between the

completion of loading and the initiation

of the blast to no more than 12 hours;

and

(3) Take other special precautions to

address the specific conditions at the

mine to prevent premature detonation.

§ 57.6903 Burning explosive material.

If explosive material is suspected of

burning at the blast site, persons shall

be evacuated from the endangered area

and shall not return for at least one hour

after the burning or suspected burning

has stopped.

§ 57.6904 Smoking and open flames.

Smoking and use of open flames shall

not be permitted within 50 feet of

explosive material except when

separated by permanent noncombustible

barriers. This standard does not apply to

devices designed to ignite safety fuse or

to heating devices which do not create

a fire or explosion hazard.

§ 57.6905 Protection of explosive material.

(a) Explosive material shall be

protected from temperatures in excess of

150 degrees Fahrenheit.

(b) Explosive material shall be

protected from impact, except for

tamping and dropping during loading.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS—

UNDERGROUND ONLY

§ 57.6960 Mixing of explosive material.

(a) The mixing of ingredients to

produce explosive material shall not be

conducted underground unless prior

approval of the MSHA district manager

is obtained. In granting or withholding

approval, the district manager shall

consider the potential hazards created

by—

(1) The location of the stored material

and the storage practices used;

(2) The transportation and use of the

explosive material;

(3) The nature of the explosive

material, including its sensitivity;

(4) Any other factor deemed relevant

to the safety of miners potentially

exposed to the hazards associated with

the mixing of the bulk explosive

material underground.

(b) Storage facilities for the

ingredients to be mixed shall provide

drainage away from the facilities for

leaks and spills.

[FR Doc. 96–16861 Filed 7–11–96; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 4510–43–P