No. 05-610 

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 

 

2007 MT 35 

LARRY DEWAYNE ADAMS, 

 Petitioner and Appellant, 

 v. 

STATE OF MONTANA, 

 Respondent and Respondent. 

APPEAL FROM: The District Court of the Twenty-First Judicial District, 

In and For the County of Ravalli, Cause No. DC-98-144, 

Honorable Jeffrey H. Langton, Presiding Judge 

COUNSEL OF RECORD: 

For Appellant: 

 Sasha K. Brownlee, Brownlee Law Office PLLC, Hamilton, Montana 

 

For Respondent: 

 Honorable Mike McGrath, Attorney General; Pamela P. Collins, 

 Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana 

 George Corn, County Attorney, Hamilton, Montana 

 

 Submitted on Briefs: November 22, 2006 

 Decided: February 13, 2007 

Filed: 

__________________________________________ 

Clerk 
Justice W. William Leaphart delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Larry DeWayne Adams appeals from the Twenty-First Judicial District Court’s 

denial of his amended petition for postconviction relief. We affirm. 

¶2 Adams raises the following issues on appeal: 

¶3 1. Did the District Court err in denying Adams’ amended petition for 

postconviction relief alleging Adams received ineffective assistance of counsel when his 

attorneys failed to file a motion to dismiss for lack of speedy trial? 

¶4 2. Did the District Court err in denying Adams’ amended petition for 

postconviction relief alleging Adams received ineffective assistance of counsel when his 

attorney failed to object to a jury instruction on aggravated assault as a lesser included 

offense of the attempted deliberate homicide charge? 

¶5 3. Did the District Court err in denying Adams’ amended petition for 

postconviction relief alleging Adams received ineffective assistance of counsel when his 

attorney failed to move for a directed verdict regarding aggravated assault? 

¶6 4. Did the District Court legally sentence Adams when it imposed a ten-year 

weapon enhancement? 

BACKGROUND 

¶7 On October 2, 1998, the State charged Adams by information with attempted 

deliberate homicide, obscuring the identity of a machine, possession of a switchblade 

knife, criminal possession of dangerous drugs, and criminal possession of drug 

paraphernalia. The information included a notice that, pursuant to § 46-18-221, MCA 

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(1997), Adams could receive an enhanced sentence for the attempted deliberate homicide 

offense because he used a weapon in the commission of the offense. 

¶8 Adams was tried by a jury on September 20 and 21, 1999. The jury found Adams 

guilty of aggravated assault, a lesser included offense of attempted deliberate homicide, 

not guilty of obscuring the identity of a machine, guilty of possession of a switchblade 

knife, guilty of criminal possession of dangerous drugs, and guilty of criminal possession 

of drug paraphernalia. 

¶9 Adams’ charges arose out of an altercation between Adams and his girlfriend, 

Jackie Wright, on September 14, 1998. Early that morning, Adams returned to the home 

he and Wright shared in Victor, Montana, after several hours of drinking at a nearby bar. 

Adams and Wright started to argue. Adams began throwing things, including loose 

change, boots, lamps, and a coffee table. He picked up a .9 millimeter pistol and started 

waving it around, then fired it into the wall a couple feet to Wright’s left and a few inches 

above her head. He then knelt down in front of Wright, yelled at her, and put the gun to 

her chest. Wright looked Adams in the face, thinking he was going to kill her. She heard 

the gun click, then saw a look of surprise on Adams’ face, as if he was shocked the gun 

did not fire. 

¶10 After the gun failed to fire, Adams went down a hallway then came back without 

the gun. According to Wright, he then threw another lamp toward her. She picked up the 

lamp and tried to defend herself with it as Adams came at her. Adams grabbed Wright 

and started hitting her on the head and chest with his fists. They fell to the floor and 

Adams straddled her, grabbing her hair and hitting her head on the floor. Wright looked 

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up and saw Adams with the coffee table over his head as he brought it down on her. She 

put up her left arm to protect herself, but was hit on the head with the table. She felt 

herself losing consciousness and realized that she had wet herself. She came around 

when she felt warmth on her neck. Adams was walking down the hall again and Wright 

thought he was going to retrieve the gun. She got up and ran out of the house toward the 

neighbor’s house. She got to the neighbor’s door and saw Adams following her. She 

started slamming the screen door to try to wake up the neighbors. She then tried the door 

knob, found it was unlocked, and entered the house and locked the door behind her.

¶11 The neighbors in the house testified they woke up to the sound of Wright 

slamming the screen door. They found Wright in their living room. She was telling 

them to help her, her boyfriend was trying to kill her. The neighbors called the police 

and tried to calm Wright down. She refused to sit on their furniture because she had lost 

control of her bladder. The neighbors said she appeared to have been beaten and her ear 

was bleeding. 

¶12 After law enforcement arrived and secured the area, Wright was transported to the 

hospital by ambulance. The emergency room doctor stitched up a tear in her ear and 

admitted her to the hospital overnight to observe her because of her head injury. The 

doctor diagnosed Wright as having a concussion, which meant that Wright had either 

been knocked unconscious or hit hard enough on the head to be dazed. Wright also had a 

laceration of her ear and multiple contusions and abrasions. The doctor testified Wright’s 

injuries were consistent with being beaten by a fist and hit by the edge of a table. Wright 

testified that as a result of the incident, she had pain in her ribs that lasted for about six 

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months, and still bothered her when driving long distances. She also testified that the 

pain in her head from the concussion lasted for a month or two.

¶13 Adams testified on his own behalf at trial, asserting that the gun was sitting on the 

kitchen counter, already cocked. When he picked it up to unload it, Wright started to 

grab for it, and it went off and hit the wall. He said he then ejected the magazine and 

threw the gun and the magazine against the wall. He said Wright then started to swing at 

him, so he laid her on the floor and she pulled her earring out of her own ear. When he 

went to get her a washcloth from the bathroom down the hall, Wright ran out the door 

and down the driveway toward the neighbors’ house. He ran after her because he did not 

want her to make a fool of herself in the little red and black, lacy, waist-length nighty he 

said she was wearing that night. He testified that when he saw her banging the 

neighbors’ screen door against her own head, he gave up and went home and went to bed.

¶14 Law enforcement officers testified that when they searched the home later, they 

found the gun laying against a wall with the magazine still in it. They also testified that 

Wright was wearing a white nightshirt when they found her at the neighbors’ house, and 

it was stained yellow on the bottom. At Adams’ house, the officers found the coffee table 

upright in the middle of the living room with Adams’ wallet lying on it. They saw 

several lamps had been broken. They also saw a bullet hole in the wall. They recovered 

a bullet casing in the living room and a fired .9 millimeter bullet in a hall closet.

¶15 Adams’ defense counsel hired a ballistics expert that testified that the gun did not 

fire every time the trigger was pulled, and that it was not predictable when it would or 

would not fire. The expert testified that in order for Wright to hear a clicking sound 

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coming from the gun, one of two things would have happened: either the trigger was 

pulled and the hammer fell, causing a round to fire, or the trigger was pulled and the 

hammer fell, and the gun did not fire, but in that case, the round in the chamber would be 

marked. He said the round found in the chamber that night was not marked. He also 

stated, however, that when the trigger of that particular gun is pulled quickly, the hammer 

does not fall, and thus the round is not marked, but it can make a mechanical noise that 

might sound like a click.

¶16 On December 1, 1999, the District Court sentenced Adams to twenty years in the 

Montana State Prison for the aggravated assault conviction, five years for the criminal 

possession of dangerous drugs conviction, six months for the possession of a switchblade 

knife conviction, and six months for the possession of drug paraphernalia conviction, all 

to run consecutively. Pursuant to § 46-18-221, MCA (1997), the court sentenced Adams 

to an additional ten years in prison for using a dangerous weapon during the commission 

of the aggravated assault. Following sentencing, Adams’ attorney withdrew as counsel 

and told Adams he needed to contact the public appellate defenders’ office if he wanted 

to pursue an appeal.

¶17 On October 16, 2000, Adams, acting pro se, filed a petition for postconviction 

relief in the District Court. His petition alleged ineffective assistance of his original 

attorney to file a motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial. He also alleged ineffective 

assistance of his subsequently appointed trial attorney for offering a lesser included 

offense instruction on aggravated assault, and for failing to file an appeal to this Court 

following Adams’ convictions. Finally, Adams’ petition alleged that the District Court 

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imposed the sentence enhancement for use of a dangerous weapon in violation of his 

constitutional rights. The District Court denied Adams’ petition for postconviction relief 

and Adams appealed to this Court. On September 5, 2002, in State v. Adams, 2002 MT 

202, 311 Mont. 202, 54 P.3d 50, this Court reversed the District Court, finding that 

Adams was denied effective assistance of counsel when his trial attorney withdrew 

following trial and failed to file an appeal to this Court. We stated that Adams could file 

an amended petition for postconviction relief and raise: (1) those issues that could have 

been raised in direct appeal but for counsel’s abandonment of his appeal; and (2) those 

issues properly raised in a petition for postconviction relief that have not already been 

raised. Adams, ¶ 22. Adams now raises the above issues on appeal.

STANDARD OF REVIEW 

¶18 The standard of review of a trial court’s denial of a petition for postconviction 

relief is whether the court’s findings of fact are clearly erroneous and whether its 

conclusions of law are correct. Hope v. State, 2003 MT 191, ¶ 13, 316 Mont. 497, ¶ 13, 

74 P.3d 1039, ¶ 13. A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is reviewed de novo. 

Hope, ¶ 13. 

¶19 It is a question of law whether a defendant has been denied the right to a speedy 

trial, and we review a district court’s determination of a question of law for correctness. 

State v. Keyes, 2000 MT 337, ¶ 7, 303 Mont. 147, ¶ 7, 15 P.3d 443, ¶ 7. 

¶20 This Court reviews jury instructions to determine whether the instructions as a 

whole fully and fairly instruct the jury on the law applicable to the case. State v. Martin, 

2001 MT 83, ¶ 23, 305 Mont. 123, ¶ 23, 23 P.3d 216, ¶ 23. We give broad discretion to a 

 7 
district court in formulating jury instructions. State v. Beavers, 1999 MT 260, ¶ 20, 296 

Mont. 340, ¶ 20, 987 P.2d 371, ¶ 20. 

¶21 We review a sentence for legality only. State v. Garrymore, 2006 MT 245, ¶ 9, 

334 Mont. 1, ¶ 9, 145 P.3d 946, ¶ 9. 

DISCUSSION

¶22 Adams argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel when his first and 

subsequent attorneys failed to file a motion to dismiss for lack of speedy trial, when his 

trial attorney failed to object to a jury instruction on aggravated assault as a lesser 

included offense of the attempted deliberate homicide charge, and when his trial attorney 

failed to move for a directed verdict regarding aggravated assault. To prove an 

ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the defendant must meet both prongs of the twopart test this Court adopted from Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 

(1984). Under the Strickland test, the defendant must show his counsel’s performance 

was deficient and the deficient performance prejudiced him. Hans v. State, 283 Mont. 

379, 391-92, 942 P.2d 674, 681-82 (1997). A defendant must satisfy both prongs of the 

test; if an insufficient showing is made regarding one prong, there is no need to address 

the other. Dawson v. State, 2000 MT 219, ¶ 21, 301 Mont. 135, ¶ 21, 10 P.3d 49, ¶ 21 

(citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S. Ct. at 2069). 

¶23 The defendant must overcome the “strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls 

within the wide range of reasonable professional conduct,” and that, “under the 

circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’” State v. 

Jefferson, 2003 MT 90, ¶ 48, 315 Mont. 146, ¶ 48, 69 P.3d 641, ¶ 48 (citing Strickland, 

 8 
466 U.S. at 688-89, 104 S. Ct. at 2064-65). This Court will review the acts or omissions 

that the defendant alleges were outside the range of reasonable professional judgment, 

taking into consideration all the circumstances of the case. Jefferson, ¶ 48 (citing 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 690, 104 S. Ct. at 2065-66). 

¶24 ISSUE 1: Did the District Court err in denying Adams’ amended petition for 

postconviction relief alleging Adams received ineffective assistance of counsel when 

his attorneys failed to file a motion to dismiss for lack of speedy trial? 

¶25 Adams was arrested on September 14, 1998. He was appointed an attorney, 

Donald Spadone, who filed a motion to continue the initial appearance set for October 14, 

1998, to October 28, 1998, because Spadone planned to be out of town. Spadone hired a 

ballistics expert in November 1998. The parties were ordered to have a face-to-face 

settlement conference on January 7, 1999. The parties did not resolve the case at the 

face-to-face conference and requested another conference be set in thirty days. Another 

conference was scheduled for February 4, 1999. Spadone requested that this conference 

be moved back another month to March 4, 1999, because he was waiting for the report 

from the ballistics expert. The court granted this motion. Spadone again requested that 

the conference be moved to April 8, 1999, because the gun had been sent to the wrong 

address so the ballistics expert had not yet had a chance to examine it and write his 

report. The conference was held on this date, but the parties did not resolve the case. 

The court then set the trial to start on June 7, 1999. 

¶26 On May 20, 1999, just days before trial was to start, Spadone filed a motion to 

withdraw as Adams’ attorney. Spadone based his motion on the fact that Adams had 

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written a letter to the Ravalli County commissioners which accused Spadone of “wild and 

unsubstantiated charges as to [Spadone’s] contact with the victim of the crime.” The 

letter further alleged Adams had a case against Spadone for ineffective assistance of 

counsel and that Spadone had violated Adams’ constitutional rights. Spadone stated that 

the defendant did not have confidence in Spadone’s representation of him. The court 

held a hearing on the motion and subsequently ordered that Spadone be allowed to 

withdraw as Adams’ counsel. The court advised Adams that a change in attorney would 

delay his trial. Adams agreed to waive his speedy trial rights in order to be appointed a 

new attorney. He objected to the court’s appointment of another public defender. 

Nonetheless, the court appointed a public defender, David Stenerson, over Adams’ 

objections. The trial was reset to start September 20, 1999, in order to give new counsel 

time to prepare. On August 5, 1999, Stenerson was relieved as Adams’ counsel and 

Mark McLaverty was appointed instead because the county changed public defender 

contracts. McLaverty represented Adams at his trial starting on September 20, 1999. 

¶27 Adams argues that his constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated by the 

delay between his arrest and his trial. He asserts that he asked Spadone to file a motion 

to dismiss based on lack of speedy trial, but no such motion was filed. He also argues 

that McLaverty should have filed a motion to dismiss on this basis as well. He argues 

that had a motion been filed, the outcome would have been different because his charges 

would have been dismissed. Adams must show that his counsel’s failure to file such a 

motion fell below reasonable professional judgment, and that the failure prejudiced him. 

 10 
¶28 A criminal defendant’s right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by both the Sixth 

Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article II, Section 24 of the Montana 

Constitution. State v. Price, 2001 MT 212, ¶ 11, 306 Mont. 381, ¶ 11, 34 P.3d 112, ¶ 11. 

The United States Supreme Court established four factors to consider when analyzing a 

claimed denial of speedy trial: length of delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant’s 

timely assertion of his right to a speedy trial, and the prejudice to the defense caused by 

the delay. Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 92 S. Ct. 2182, 2192 (1972). This Court 

adopted these factors for analyzing such claims. See City of Billings v. Bruce, 1998 MT 

186, ¶ 19, 290 Mont. 148, ¶ 19, 965 P.2d 866, ¶ 19. 

a. Length of Delay

¶29 The time between Adams’ arrest and the beginning of the first trial date amounts 

to 267 days, and from his arrest to actual trial amounts to 372 days. A delay of 200 or 

more days triggers further speedy trial analysis. Bruce, ¶ 55. Both the 267-day delay and 

the 372-day delay render further speedy trial analysis necessary. 

b. Reason for Delay

¶30 This factor requires us to determine which party is responsible for specific periods 

of delay and allocate the total time of delay between the parties. Price, ¶ 14. If 275 or 

more days of delay are attributable to the State, the initial burden is on the State to show 

that the defendant suffered no prejudice from the delay. Bruce, ¶ 56. If fewer than 275 

days are attributable to the State, the defendant retains the burden to demonstrate 

prejudice. Bruce, ¶ 56. 

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¶31 Adams requested continuances from February 4 to April 8, 1999, to move back the 

face-to-face conference so that he could have the benefit of the ballistics expert’s report, 

causing a delay of 64 days. Institutional delays are those that are caused by overcrowded 

court dockets and other similar events, and are attributable to the State. State v. Small, 

279 Mont. 113, 118-19, 926 P.2d 1376, 1379 (1996). In this case, there is no evidence 

the delay was caused by any conduct on the part of the State, nor was it institutional 

delay; therefore, the delay is attributable to the defendant. State v. Mooney, 248 Mont. 

115, 119, 809 P.2d 591, 594 (1991) (overruled in part on other grounds by Bruce, 1998 

MT 186, 290 Mont. 148, 965 P.2d 866). 

¶32 The additional 105-day delay between the first trial setting and the second trial 

setting resulted from Spadone’s motion to withdraw as counsel, which was prompted by 

Adams’ accusations of ineffective assistance of counsel. This delay is attributable to 

Adams. State v. Dess, 184 Mont. 116, 119, 123-24, 602 P.2d 142, 144, 146 (1979) (delay 

caused by defendant’s motion for continuance when public defender retired and asked for 

time for defendant’s new attorney to get caught up on case attributed to defendant). 

¶33 In total, of the 372 days of delay, at most, 203 days are attributable to the State, 

and 169 days are attributable to Adams. Since fewer than 275 days of the delay are 

attributable to the State, the burden is on Adams to demonstrate prejudice from the delay. 

c. Assertion of Right

¶34 To satisfy this factor, the defendant must either demand a speedy trial or file a 

motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial prior to the commencement of trial. Bruce, 

¶ 57. Adams asserts that he requested Spadone to file a motion to dismiss for denial of a 

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speedy trial in the spring of 1999, before the first trial setting. Although he states he 

made note of this in daily logs he kept in jail, he failed to produce such logs in any court 

proceedings. Adams also asserts that he requested McLaverty to file a motion to dismiss 

on the same basis. McLaverty testified that he and Adams had discussed speedy trial 

rights, but that Adams had already made a limited waiver of those rights so that 

McLaverty could prepare for trial. McLaverty testified that Adams did not ask him to file 

a motion to dismiss for lack of speedy trial. However, because this is an ineffective 

assistance of counsel claim, we will give Adams the benefit of the doubt and assume, 

arguendo, that he asked McLaverty to file a motion to dismiss for denial of speedy trial. 

d. Prejudice

¶35 The speedy trial guarantee is designed to minimize delay and the prejudice 

resulting from pretrial incarceration, anxiety and concern, and impairment of defense. 

Bruce, ¶ 68. As we previously explained, the burden is on Adams to demonstrate 

prejudice from the delay. 

¶36 In this case, Adams does not allege prejudice from pretrial incarceration except to 

the extent it impaired his ability to help defend himself. He states that he was prejudiced 

by the delay “because he was incarcerated for approximately nine months and was unable 

to effectively assist in his defense.” At the hearing on this issue, Adams claimed had he 

not been in jail, he would have inspected the premises, reviewed the evidence, made 

phone calls, and interviewed witnesses. Adams does not demonstrate how his inability to 

do these things (all of which his attorneys did in preparation for trial) impaired his ability 

 13 
to defend himself. Adams does not allege that the delay caused him anxiety or concern. 

Thus, Adams has not carried the burden of demonstrating prejudice. 

¶37 Since Adams has failed to demonstrate any prejudice from the delay in his trial, he 

has failed to establish that the outcome of the proceedings would have been different had 

his attorneys filed a motion to dismiss as he requested. We affirm the District Court’s 

conclusion that Adams was not denied effective assistance of counsel for his attorneys’ 

failure to file a motion to dismiss for lack of speedy trial.

¶38 ISSUE 2: Did the District Court err in denying Adams’ amended petition for 

postconviction relief alleging Adams received ineffective assistance of counsel when 

his attorney failed to object to a jury instruction on aggravated assault as a lesser 

included offense of the attempted deliberate homicide charge?

¶39 Adams was charged with attempted deliberate homicide. At the close of trial, the 

court instructed the jury on attempted deliberate homicide, as well as aggravated assault 

and felony assault as lesser included offenses. Adams alleges that McLaverty should 

have objected to the jury instruction that allowed the jury to consider aggravated assault 

as a lesser included offense. He states there was no basis for the jury to convict him for 

aggravated assault because he did not cause Wright serious bodily injury. 

¶40 As provided in § 45-5-202, MCA, a person commits the offense of aggravated 

assault if the person purposely or knowingly causes serious bodily injury to another. 

Serious bodily injury is defined as bodily injury that: 

(i) creates a substantial risk of death; 

(ii) causes serious permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or 

impairment of the function or process of a bodily member or organ; or 

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(iii) at the time of injury, can reasonably be expected to result in serious 

permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function or 

process of a bodily member or organ. 

Section 45-2-101, MCA. 

 

¶41 Contrary to his assertions, the record contains evidence from which the jury could 

conclude that Adams inflicted serious bodily injury on Wright. The doctor, the 

neighbors, and law enforcement officers testified that Wright was injured, and that the 

tear in her ear left a scar. The jury heard testimony that Adams caused a concussion 

when he brought the table down on Wright’s head, and that the pain from that lasted for a 

month or two. They also heard Wright testify that she continued to have occasional pain 

in her ribs. 

¶42 McLaverty testified at the hearing on the amended petition that in discussing trial 

strategy with Adams, Adams’ biggest concern was that he did not want to be convicted of 

attempted deliberate homicide. To that end, McLaverty did not object to any lesser 

included offenses. Part of the defense strategy in closing was to argue that, if anything, 

Adams’ conduct constituted felony assault with a weapon. The jury was instructed it 

could consider either of these lesser included offenses. 

¶43 A criminal defendant is entitled to jury instructions that cover an issue or theory if 

there is evidence to support such an instruction. Beavers, ¶ 23. It is fundamental under 

Montana law that “a defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on a lesser included offense 

when one of the parties requests it and the record contains evidence from which the jury 

could rationally find the defendant guilty of the lesser offense and acquit of the greater.” 

Beavers, ¶ 23. An attorney’s failure to object does not constitute ineffective assistance of 

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counsel if the objection lacked merit and would have been properly overruled. State v. 

Hildreth, 267 Mont. 423, 432-33, 884 P.2d 771, 777 (1994) (citing State v. Rodgers, 257 

Mont. 413, 421, 849 P.2d 1028, 1033 (1993)). An objection to the introduction of the 

jury instruction on aggravated assault would not have been properly sustained in this case 

because the record contained evidence from which the jury could rationally find the 

defendant guilty of aggravated assault and acquit of attempted deliberate homicide. 

¶44 We affirm the District Court’s conclusion that Adams was not denied effective 

assistance of counsel for his attorney’s failure to object to a jury instruction on 

aggravated assault. 

¶45 ISSUE 3: Did the District Court err in denying Adams’ amended petition for 

postconviction relief alleging Adams received ineffective assistance of counsel when 

his attorney failed to move for a directed verdict regarding aggravated assault?

¶46 Adams argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because 

McLaverty failed to move for a directed verdict at the close of evidence on the 

aggravated assault charge because there was no evidence to support a finding of serious 

bodily injury. A district court will grant a motion for a directed verdict “only when there 

is a complete absence of any evidence which would justify submitting an issue to a jury.” 

State v. Smith, 2005 MT 325, ¶ 25, 329 Mont. 526, ¶ 25, 127 P.3d 353, ¶ 25. When the 

evidence provided by the parties conflicts, “the court should not invade the province of 

the jury by directing a verdict.” Smith, ¶ 25. Given that Adams and the State provided 

conflicting evidence on the issue of serious bodily injury, a directed verdict would not 

have been granted. 

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¶47 We affirm the District Court’s conclusion that Adams was not denied effective 

assistance of counsel for his attorney’s failure to move for a directed verdict. 

¶48 ISSUE 4: Did the District Court legally sentence Adams when it imposed a 

ten-year weapon enhancement? 

¶49 Adams provides two arguments to support his contention that the court imposed an 

illegal sentence when it sentenced him to an additional ten years in prison pursuant to 

§ 46-18-221, MCA (1997). First, he asserts there was not enough evidence to support a 

finding that a weapon was used in the commission of the aggravated assault, and 

secondly, that the enhanced sentence violated his right to due process of law. 

¶50 The weapons enhancement statute in effect at the time of the offense and Adams’ 

sentencing provided: 

A person who has been found guilty of any offense and who, while engaged 

in the commission of the offense, knowingly displayed, brandished, or 

otherwise used a firearm, destructive device, as defined in 45-8-332(1), or 

other dangerous weapon shall, in addition to the punishment provided for 

the commission of such offense, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment in 

the state prison of not less than 2 years or more than 10 years except as 

provided in 46-18-222. 

Section 46-18-221, MCA (1997). A weapon is defined as “an instrument, article, or 

substance that, regardless of its primary function, is readily capable of being used to 

produce death or serious bodily injury.” Section 45-2-101, MCA. 

¶51 In his first argument, Adams contends that the evidence does not support a 

conclusion that he used the table as a weapon since he demonstrated that he could not lift 

the table over his head as alleged by Wright. Adams overlooks the fact that the weapons 

enhancement can be based on the display, brandishment, or use of a firearm or weapon. 

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He also overlooks the fact that, in addition to the testimony that he used a coffee table to 

hit Wright in the head, there was testimony that he brandished and pointed a .9 millimeter 

pistol at Wright’s chest. The record clearly supports the conclusion that Adams used or 

displayed a weapon in the commission of the offense. 

¶52 In his second argument, Adams relies on Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 

120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000), to support his contention that he was denied his right to due 

process, as provided by the United States and Montana Constitutions, when the court 

enhanced his sentence without a finding by the jury that he had used a weapon. The 

United States Supreme Court, in Apprendi, held that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior 

conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory 

maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, 120 S. Ct. at 2362-63. 

¶53 In 2001, in accordance with the Apprendi decision, the Montana Legislature 

amended § 46-18-221, MCA, so that in order to enhance a sentence for an offense 

committed with a dangerous weapon, the provisions of § 46-1-401, MCA, must be 

complied with. With regard to jury trials, § 46-1-401, MCA, now requires that the jury 

unanimously make a separate finding that the enhancing act (i.e., the use of a weapon) 

occurred beyond a reasonable doubt. 

¶54 Adams argues that the 1997 version of § 46-1-401, MCA, which applied to him 

and did not require a separate finding, was unconstitutional. He contends that the fact the 

legislature amended the statute in 2001 “show[s] an acknowledgement that there was a 

 18 
significant issue with the previous Statute.” In essence, Adams argues that Apprendi be 

applied retroactively. 

¶55 In response, the State argues that Adams failed to preserve this issue on appeal and 

it should be dismissed pursuant to State v. Courville, 2002 MT 330, 313 Mont. 218, 61 

P.3d 749 (citations omitted). In Courville, we relied on the general rule that “issues not 

raised before the trial court and new legal theories are not considered by this Court on 

appeal because it is unfair to fault the trial court on an issue it was never given an 

opportunity to consider.” Courville, ¶ 5. However, the issue presented here is similar to 

the issue in our recent Garrymore decision. Garrymore, ¶ 3. In Garrymore, the 

defendant did not object at sentencing when the court imposed a parole eligibility 

restriction pursuant to statute, but then later relied on Apprendi and argued on appeal that 

this parole restriction violated his statutory and constitutional due process rights. 

Garrymore, ¶¶ 7-8. The State asserted that Garrymore’s failure to object at sentencing 

precluded him from raising the issue on direct appeal. Garrymore, ¶ 10. We determined 

that this was the type of illegal sentence issue that falls under the Lenihan exception. 

Garrymore, ¶ 5. In Lenihan, we stated: “It appears to be the better rule to allow an 

appellate court to review any sentence imposed in a criminal case, if it is alleged that 

such sentence is illegal or exceeds statutory mandates, even if no objection is made at the 

time of sentencing.” Garrymore, ¶ 11 (quoting State v. Lenihan, 184 Mont. 338, 343, 

602 P.2d 997, 1000 (1979)). Since Adams could have raised this issue on direct appeal, 

and since we remanded allowing him to address any issues he could have raised on direct 

appeal, we will undertake appellate review of the sentencing issue raised herein. 

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¶56 Because the events giving rise to the charges and Adams’ conviction occurred 

before the Apprendi decision was made, we must determine if Apprendi applies 

retroactively. In Gratzer v. Mahoney, 2006 MT 282, ¶ 11, 334 Mont. 297, ¶ 11, __ P.3d 

__, ¶ 11, this Court held that Apprendi does not apply retroactively to cases on collateral 

review. However, we have never determined whether Apprendi applies retroactively to 

cases on direct appeal. This Court has adopted the United States Supreme Court’s 

conclusion that “a new rule for the conduct of criminal prosecutions is to be applied 

retroactively to all cases, state or federal, pending on direct review or not yet final.” State 

v. Egelhoff, 272 Mont. 114, 125, 900 P.2d 260, 267 (1995) (overruled on other grounds 

by Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37, 116 S. Ct. 2013 (1996)) (quoting Griffith v. 

Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 328, 107 S. Ct. 708, 716 (1987)); see also State v. Waters, 1999 

MT 229, ¶ 21, 296 Mont. 101, ¶ 21, 987 P.2d 1142, ¶ 21. A new rule is one which 

“breaks new ground or imposes a new obligation on the States or the Federal 

Government.” Egelhoff, 272 Mont. at 126, 900 P.2d at 267 (citing Teague v. Lane, 489 

U.S. 288, 301, 109 S. Ct. 1060, 1070 (1989)). The rule stated in Apprendi is one which 

imposed a new obligation on the State, and therefore is a new rule which applies 

retroactively to cases pending on direct review or not final at the time the new decision 

was issued. 

¶57 As stated, Adams argues his sentence was unconstitutional because the statute he 

was sentenced under does not follow the procedures required under Apprendi. Although 

the State gave notice in the information that his sentence could be enhanced for use of a 

weapon, that issue was not submitted to the jury, and thus, the jury did not make a 

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unanimous finding of use of a weapon beyond a reasonable doubt. This, Adams 

contends, constitutes error under Apprendi. 

¶58 The State argues that any error here was harmless because the finding that Adams 

displayed, brandished, or used a firearm or other dangerous weapon was implicit in the 

jury’s verdict finding Adams guilty of aggravated assault. We agree with the State that 

Apprendi error is subject to harmless error review, and although we find the error here 

harmless, we reject the State’s contention that Adams’ use of a weapon was implicit in 

the jury’s verdict of aggravated assault. Our conclusion is based on the following 

analysis. 

¶59 A defendant’s right to a jury trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment of the 

United States Constitution. The Due Process Clause of the Constitution “protects the 

accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact 

necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.” In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 

364, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 1073 (1970). In the case of Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8, 

119 S. Ct. 1827, 1833 (1999), the trial court failed to instruct the jury to make a finding 

of materiality, an element of the fraud crimes with which the defendant was charged. 

The United States Supreme Court determined that the failure to submit an element of a 

crime to a jury as required by the Constitution does not rise to the level of structural error 

which would require automatic reversal. Neder, 527 U.S. at 8-9, 119 S. Ct. at 1833-34. 

Thus, failure to submit an element of a crime to a jury is subject to the harmless error test. 

Neder, 527 U.S. at 15, 119 S. Ct. at 1837. The test for determining whether such a 

constitutional error is harmless is “whether it appears ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the 

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error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” Neder, 527 U.S. at 15, 

119 S. Ct. at 1837 (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S. Ct. 824, 828 

(1967)). After applying the harmless error test, the Court stated: 

In this situation, where a reviewing court concludes beyond a reasonable 

doubt that the omitted element was uncontested and supported by 

overwhelming evidence, such that the jury verdict would have been the 

same absent the error, the erroneous instruction is properly found to be 

harmless. 

Neder, 527 U.S. at 17, 119 S. Ct. at 1837. Since Neder did not and could not bring forth 

facts contesting the omitted element, the result would have been the same had the court 

instructed the jury to make a finding of materiality. Neder, 527 U.S. at 19, 119 S. Ct. at 

1838. The United States Supreme Court instructed reviewing courts that in cases such as 

this one, the reviewing court must examine the record to determine if the result would 

have been the same absent the error; if the reviewing court cannot conclude beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the jury verdict would have been the same, it cannot conclude that 

harmless error occurred. Neder, 527 U.S. at 19, 119 S. Ct. at 1838. The error will not be 

harmless if the record shows that the defendant contested the omitted element and raised 

sufficient evidence to support a contrary finding. Neder, 527 U.S. at 19, 119 S. Ct. at 

1838. 

¶60 After Neder was decided, the United States Supreme Court decided Apprendi. 

The issue in Apprendi was whether a defendant’s sentence could be enhanced beyond the 

statutory maximum based on a fact found by the sentencing judge, rather than the jury 

which determined the verdict. Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 469, 120 S. Ct. at 2351. The Court 

stated that sentencing factors, like elements to a crime, implicate a defendant’s due 

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process rights because liberty is at stake. Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 476-78, 120 S. Ct. at 

2355-56. Thus, the Court held that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact 

that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be 

submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, 

120 S. Ct. at 2362-63. 

¶61 The standard of review applicable to Apprendi error was not addressed until the 

recent decision of Washington v. Recuenco, __ U.S. __, 126 S. Ct. 2546 (2006). The 

alleged error in Recuenco was that the trial court subjected the defendant to a firearm

enhancement at sentencing based only on the jury’s finding that he was armed with a 

“deadly weapon,” which the State of Washington conceded was an error under Blakely v. 

Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004). Recuenco, ___ U.S. at ___, 126 

S. Ct. at 2549. Blakely error, like Apprendi error, occurs when the judge enhances a 

sentence beyond the statutory maximum based on aggravating facts not found by a jury 

or admitted by the defendant. Blakely, 542 U.S. at 303-04, 124 S. Ct. at 2537-38; 

Cunningham v. California, 2007 WL 135687, *11 (U.S. Jan. 22, 2007). The State of 

Washington argued Blakely error was harmless error, but the Washington Supreme Court 

determined that this type of error was structural error which will always invalidate the 

conviction. Recuenco, ___ U.S. at ___, 126 S. Ct. at 2550. The United States Supreme 

Court reversed the Washington Supreme Court, relying on the Neder holding that 

harmless error analysis applies to errors where the trial court failed to submit an element 

of an offense to a jury. Recuenco, __ U.S. at __, 126 S. Ct. at 2552. The Supreme Court 

stated that “an instruction that omits an element of an offense does not necessarily render 

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a criminal trial fundamentally unfair or an unreliable vehicle for determining guilt or 

innocence.” Recuenco, __ U.S. at __, 126 S. Ct. at 2551 (quoting Neder, 527 U.S. at 9, 

119 S. Ct. at 1833). Taking the analysis one step further, the United States Supreme 

Court noted its recognition in Apprendi “that elements and sentencing factors must be 

treated the same for Sixth Amendment purposes,” and thus, it held that “[f]ailure to 

submit a sentencing factor to the jury, like failure to submit an element to the jury, is not 

structural error.” Recuenco, __ U.S. at __, 126 S. Ct. at 2552-53. The case was 

remanded for a harmless error analysis. Recuenco, __ U.S. at __, 126 S. Ct. at 2553. 

¶62 Following Recuenco, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals applied the harmless 

error test formulated in Neder in a case alleging Apprendi error. United States v. ZepedaMartinez, 470 F.3d 909, 910 (9th Cir. 2006). The appropriate harmless error test is 

whether the “court finds beyond a reasonable doubt that the result ‘would have been the 

same absent the error.’” Zepeda-Martinez, 470 F.3d at 913 (quoting Neder, 527 U.S. at 

19, 119 S. Ct. at 1838). The error is harmless if the record contains overwhelming and 

uncontroverted evidence supporting the sentencing factor. Zepeda-Martinez, 470 F.3d at 

913. The error is not harmless if “the defendant contested the omitted element and raised 

evidence sufficient to support a contrary finding.” Zepeda-Martinez, 470 F.3d at 913 

(quoting Neder, 527 U.S. at 19, 119 S. Ct. at 1838). 

¶63 Thus, the inquiry in this case is whether, beyond a reasonable doubt, Adams would 

have received an enhanced sentence based on the display or use of a weapon had the 

question been presented to the jury. The evidence presented at trial was that Adams used 

a coffee table and a gun as weapons. The doctor presented evidence that Wright’s 

 24 
injuries were consistent with being hit by a coffee table. She had bruising on her arm 

consistent with trying to protect herself from a blow, and a tear in her ear that could have 

been caused by the edge of a coffee table. Adams contested his alleged use of the coffee 

table by demonstrating that he could not pick it up. However, in his appeal brief on the 

“weapon” issue, he does not contest that a gun was used. He fails to mention the gun at 

all. Further, during closing argument, Adams actually argued that this assault, if 

anything, amounted to felony assault with a weapon, thus acknowledging the use of a 

weapon. The evidence that Adams used a gun while committing aggravated assault is 

uncontroverted. Having reviewed the record, we conclude that the result would have 

been the same. That is, Adams would have received an enhanced sentence based on use 

of a weapon had the jury been asked to make a finding on that issue. Thus, the error in 

this case is harmless. 

¶64 A defendant’s right to a jury trial is also guaranteed by Article II, Section 26 of the 

Montana Constitution. This Court has adopted its own two-step analysis to determine 

whether an alleged error prejudiced a defendant’s right to a fair trial and is therefore 

reversible. State v. Van Kirk, 2001 MT 184, ¶ 37, 306 Mont. 215, ¶ 37, 32 P.3d 735, 

¶ 37. We must first determine whether the claimed error is structural error or trial error. 

Van Kirk, ¶ 37. “‘Structural’ error is that type of error that ‘[a]ffects the framework 

within which the trial proceeds, rather than simply an error in the trial process itself.’” 

Van Kirk, ¶ 38 (quoting Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 310, 111 S. Ct. 1246, 1265, 

(1991)). Following the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in Recuenco, __ U.S. at __, 

126 S. Ct. at 2552-53, failure to submit a sentencing factor to the jury is not structural 

 25 
error. Thus, in this case, the trial court’s failure to submit the sentencing factor (Adams’ 

use of a weapon) to the jury was trial error. Van Kirk, ¶ 40 (trial error is “that type of 

error that typically occurs during the presentation of a case to the jury”). Trial error is 

subject to review under our harmless error statute, § 46-20-701, MCA. Van Kirk, ¶ 40. 

A cause may not be reversed unless the record shows the error is prejudicial. Section 46-

20-701, MCA. 

¶65 Because the error is trial error, we proceed to our second step—determining 

whether the error was harmless under the circumstances. Van Kirk, ¶ 41. In determining 

whether it was harmless error for a court to enhance a defendant’s sentence on facts not 

specifically found by a jury, we adopt the United States Supreme Court’s analysis set 

forth above. We must determine whether Adams would have received an enhanced 

sentence based on the display or use of a weapon had the question been presented to the 

jury. Because the evidence that Adams used a gun while committing aggravated assault 

is uncontroverted, we conclude that the result would be the same; that Adams would have 

received an enhanced sentence based on use of a weapon had the jury been asked to make 

a finding on that issue. The error in this case is harmless. 

¶66 We affirm the District Court. 

 /S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART 

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We concur: 

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY 

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON 

/S/ JOHN WARNER 

/S/ BRIAN MORRIS 

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