IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

April 20, 2016 Session

IN RE: ADDISON P.

Appeal from the Chancery Court for McMinn County

No. 2015-CV-38 Jerri Bryant, Chancellor

________________________________

No. E2015-02102-COA-R3-PT

FILED-MAY 20, 2016

_________________________________

Mother appeals the termination of her parental rights on grounds of abandonment by 

willful failure to visit and wanton disregard. Because the trial court entered an order 

during the proceedings that excluded wanton disregard as a ground and this ground was 

not tried by implied consent, we reverse the trial court‟s finding of wanton disregard. In 

addition, the trial court failed to make any finding that Mother‟s failure to visit the child 

was willful. Accordingly, we vacate this ground and remand to the trial court for further 

proceedings. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Reversed 

in Part; Vacated in Part; and Remanded

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J.,W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D.

MICHAEL SWINEY, C.J., and JOHN D. MCCLARTY, J., joined.

Rachel Fisher, Cohutta, Georgia, for the appellant, Marquita P.

Matthew C. Rogers, Athens, Tennessee, for the appellees, Randall P. and Jamie P.

OPINION

Background
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The child was born in February 2013, to married parents Marquita P. (“Mother”) 

and Randall P. (“Father”).1Parents soon divorced and Father married Jamie P. (“Stepmother,” and together with Father, “Petitioners”). On September 30, 2014, Petitioners 

filed a petition in the McMinn County Circuit Court to terminate Mother‟s parental rights 

on grounds of abandonment by willful failure to visit, failure to seek reasonable visitation 

with the child, and failure to manifest an ability and willingness to assume legal and 

physical custody of the child. 

The circuit court eventually appointed counsel for Mother and a guardian ad litem 

for the child.2 Mother, through her counsel, filed an answer to the termination petition on 

December 12, 2014 generally denying the allegations contained in the petition. On 

December 12, 2014, Mother filed a motion to disqualify Petitioners‟ counsel on the 

ground that their attorney had served as mediator in the parents‟ divorce. On December 

29, 2014, Mother filed a motion to dismiss the termination petition arguing that because 

the McMinn County Chancery Court heard the parties‟ divorce, it was “more familiar” 

with the parties and the underlying facts. In addition, Mother contended in her motion to 

dismiss that the termination petition failed to state a claim upon which relief could be 

granted.

On January 20, 2015, the circuit court entered an agreed order substituting 

Petitioners‟ counsel. On February 11, 2015, the circuit court entered an order transferring 

this matter to the McMinn County Chancery Court (“the trial court”). 

Mother next filed a motion for supervised visitation on March 30, 2015. In her 

motion, Mother admitted that pursuant to the parties‟ divorce decree, she was required to 

pass a “(90) day extended opiates hair follicle drug screen” before she could have 

supervised visitation with the child. Mother alleged that she had provided a copy of her 

clean drug screen to Father and his counsel on January 23, 2015. Mother further admitted 

that she was served with the termination petition on September 30, 2014, while Mother 

was incarcerated due to a probation violation “resulting from a relapse.” Mother alleged 

that she “did not have sufficient time to provide a clean drug screen from her relapse . . . 

before Father filed to terminate her parental rights.” Mother attached her negative drug 

screen as an exhibit to her motion. Finally, Mother indicated that she intended to take a 

second drug screen on February 15, 2015, despite the fact that her visitation motion was 

filed over one month after this date. Mother did not include any documents concerning 

the alleged second drug screening.

 

1

In cases involving termination of parental rights, it is the policy of this Court to remove the 

names of minor children and other parties in order to protect their identities.

2 The initial guardian ad litem appointed for the child moved to be relieved from the appointment. 

A different guardian ad litem was eventually appointed for the child. 
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On April 20, 2015, Father responded in opposition to Mother‟s motion for 

supervised visitation, arguing that the negative drug screen provided by Mother “did not 

fulfill the requirements” of the parties‟ divorce decree. Father also stated that he had not 

received any documents concerning Mother‟s purported February 2015 drug screen, 

which Mother indicated was to take place nearly two months prior to the filing of 

Father‟s response. Father suggested that Mother‟s failure to follow through with her 

promise to take a second drug screen resulted from another drug relapse. 

On April 21, 2015, Mother renewed her motion to dismiss for failure to state a 

claim. Like her original motion, the renewed motion included absolutely no indication as 

to why the termination petition failed to state claim for which relief may be granted. On 

April 23, 2015, Mother also filed an amended answer to the termination petition. In her 

amended answer, Mother raised, for the first time, that she was not properly served with 

the termination petition under Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(f)3and 

 

3

Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(f) provides:

Before terminating the rights of any parent or guardian who is 

incarcerated or who was incarcerated at the time of an action or 

proceeding is initiated, it must be affirmatively shown to the court that 

such incarcerated parent or guardian received actual notice of the 

following:

(1) The time and place of the hearing to terminate parental 

rights;

(2) That the hearing will determine whether the rights of the 

incarcerated parent or guardian should be terminated;

(3) That the incarcerated parent or guardian has the right to 

participate in the hearing and contest the allegation that the rights of the 

incarcerated parent or guardian should be terminated, and, at the 

discretion of the court, such participation may be achieved through 

personal appearance, teleconference, telecommunication or other means 

deemed by the court to be appropriate under the circumstances;

(4) That if the incarcerated parent or guardian wishes to 

participate in the hearing and contest the allegation, such parent or 

guardian:

(A) If indigent, will be provided with a court-appointed 

attorney to assist the parent or guardian in contesting the 

allegation; and

(B) Shall have the right to perpetuate such person's 

testimony or that of any witness by means of depositions or 

interrogatories as provided by the Tennessee Rules of Civil 

Procedure; and

(5) If, by means of a signed waiver, the court determines that the 

incarcerated parent or guardian has voluntarily waived the right to 

participate in the hearing and contest the allegation, or if such parent or 

guardian takes no action after receiving notice of such rights, the court 
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Tennessee Rule of Juvenile Procedure 39,4that the termination petition “fails to confirm 

with the requirements for the grounds to terminate the rights of legal parents,” that the 

termination petition “fails to conform to the statutory requirements . . . [regarding 

Father‟s] parental consent for the adoption of the child,” and that Father lacked standing 

to pursue the petition. In addition, Mother contended that her failure to visit should not be 

considered willful because Father frustrated her attempts to visit.

 

may proceed with such action without the parent‟s or guardian‟s 

participation.

4

Similarly to Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(f), Rule 39(b) of the Tennessee Rules 

of Juvenile Procedure provides:

(1) Upon the filing of the petition, the court shall cause the 

necessary parties as provided in T.C.A. § 36-1-117 to be summoned in 

accordance with the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure.

(2) Prior to terminating the rights of any parent who is 

incarcerated it must be affirmatively shown to the court that the 

incarcerated parent or guardian received notice of the following:

(A) The time and place of the hearing to terminate 

parental rights;

(B) That the hearing will determine whether the rights of 

the incarcerated parent or guardian should be terminated;

(C) That the incarcerated parent or guardian has the right 

to participate in the hearing and contest the allegation that the 

rights of the incarcerated parent or guardian should be 

terminated, and, at the discretion of the court, such participation 

may be achieved through personal appearance, teleconference, 

telecommunication or other means deemed by the court to be 

appropriate under the circumstances; and

(D) That if the incarcerated parent or guardian wishes to 

participate in the hearing and contest the allegation, such parent 

or guardian:

(i) If indigent, will be provided with a court 

appointed attorney to assist the parent or guardian in 

contesting the allegation, and

(ii) Shall have the right to perpetuate such 

person's testimony or that of any witness by means of 

depositions or interrogatories as provided by the 

Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure.

(E) If the incarcerated parent or guardian voluntarily 

signs a waiver or if said person takes no action after receiving 

notice of such rights, the court may proceed with the termination 

proceedings without the presence of the incarcerated parent or 

guardian.
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Father filed a reply to Mother‟s response, denying that Tennessee Code Annotated 

Section 36-1-113(f) was in any way applicable because Mother was no longer 

incarcerated and has fully participated through counsel in the termination proceedings. 

Father also denied that Mother‟s affirmative defenses were relevant to the current 

proceedings. Finally, Father contended that any issue of Mother‟s willful failure to visit 

was an issue of fact that could not be resolved through a motion to dismiss. 

The trial court entered an order denying Mother‟s motion to dismiss on June 2, 

2015, nunc pro tunc to April 23, 2015 (“the June 2, 2015 order”). In its order, the trial 

court ruled that “the grounds to be proved in this matter . . . are failure to pay support and 

failure to visit.” The trial court also continued Mother‟s motion for supervised visitation. 

At a hearing on May 7, 2015, however, Mother withdrew her visitation motion. The trial 

court entered an order on June 2, 2015, allowing Mother to have two phone calls per 

week with the child. 

On August 6, 2015, Mother filed a motion in limine seeking to exclude any 

testimony from her current husband Shelby B. (“Husband”). In her motion, Mother 

admitted that Husband had a prior criminal conviction, but contended that his testimony 

was not relevant because she was not seeking unsupervised visitation with the child. 

Mother also contended that Husband‟s testimony was more prejudicial than probative and 

that his testimony would include confidential marital communications.5

The trial occurred on August 10 and 26, 2015. Much of the testimony at trial 

concerned Mother‟s drug use and criminal activity. According to Father, he initiated the 

parties‟ divorce shortly after the child‟s birth when he learned that Mother abused drugs 

during her pregnancy. Fortunately, the child tested negative for drug dependency after her 

birth. On February 14, 2013, Father obtained an ex parte order from the trial court 

presiding over the parties‟ divorce (“divorce court”) naming him temporary custodian of 

the child and limiting Mother to only supervised visitation. Initially, Father was required 

to supervise the visits. On April 9, 2013, the divorce court entered an order finding that 

Mother has a “substantial problem with substance abuse,” but noted that her enrollment 

in a drug treatment program was “a step in the right direction.” Because Mother admitted 

she would fail, the trial court did not require Mother to submit to a hair follicle drug 

screen. However, the divorce court ruled that Mother was only entitled to supervised 

visitation by Father or another agreed upon individual unless and until Mother “show[ed] 

proof that she is clear for 45 days . . . with proof of two separate drug screens paid for at 

[Mother‟s] expense, then [Mother‟s] father can be the supervisor for her co-parenting 

time.” If, however, Mother “fail[ed] three drug screen at any time, then her co-parenting 

time will be automatically suspended.” Mother was also allowed to attend all of the 

 

5 The trial court ultimately allowed Husband to testify after it was determined that no confidential 

marital communications would be discussed.
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child‟s doctor‟s appointments. The parties eventually agreed to allow Tim Hyde, the 

executive director of Family Court Services, to supervise Mother‟s visitation. 

The divorce court ultimately entered a final decree of divorce on October 16, 

2013. The divorce court found that Mother had not provided any negative drug screens to 

the court or Father. Indeed, Mother admitted that she made no effort to comply with the 

trial court‟s previous orders concerning drug screenings, even refusing to participate in a 

drug screening set up and paid for by Father. Accordingly, the divorce court ruled that 

Mother “could take a ninety day extended opiates hair follicle drug screen and then her 

father could be the supervisor as long as the same was clean for all substances.” Further, 

once Mother passes “two (2) consecutive extended opiate hair follicle drug screens, at 

least one hundred and eighty (180) days apart, then she shall be allowed to exercise her 

co-parenting time unsupervised.” The divorce court ruled that Mother will be solely 

responsible for obtaining testing and providing information to Father and his counsel. In 

the meantime, Mother was permitted supervised visitation “as the parties have grown 

accustomed to.” 

On October 15, 2013, one day before the entry of the final divorce decree, 

however, Mother was arrested for stealing drugs from Father‟s police car, when he 

worked in the canine drug unit. As a result of this arrest, Family Court Services 

terminated Mother‟s supervised visitation. Mother testified at trial that although she 

called around town to find another service to supervise visitation, none were available in 

the immediate area. Because Father would not agree to any other supervisor, Mother‟s 

visitation with the child stopped and never resumed. Mother eventually posted a 

$50,000.00 bond on the theft charge, but testified that she received the funds to do so 

from family members. 

On April 7, 2014, Mother pleaded guilty to theft between $500.00 and $1,000.00 

and was sentenced to two years supervised probation. On July 11, 2014, however, Mother 

tested positive for amphetamines/methamphetamines in violation of her probation and 

was, therefore, arrested. Mother remained incarcerated when Father and Step-mother 

filed their termination petition and Mother was served with the petition while in jail. 

Mother‟s probation was subsequently revoked by order of October 3, 2014. Because 

Mother was only sentenced to time served, she was released from jail on October 3, 2014, 

with the remainder of her sentence to be served again on probation. 

Mother admitted at trial, that prior to her incarceration in July 2014, she could not 

have passed two consecutive 90 day extended hair follicle drug screenings. Indeed, 

Mother testified that she has been diagnosed as an addict. Mother contended, however, 

that she would have been able to pass one 90 day drug screening in February 2014. 

Mother also testified that she has been free of drugs since her July 2014 incarceration. 

The record on appeal contains three negative drug screenings provided by Mother: (1) a 

November 8, 2014 hair follicle screening; (2) a February 24, 2015 expanded hair follicle 
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screening; and (3) a May 27, 2015 expanded hair follicle drug screening, all of which 

indicated that that Mother was negative for all illegal substances tested.

Mother testified at trial that Mr. Hyde informed her that she would have to return 

to the divorce court before he would allow her to resume visitation under his supervision. 

Mother never returned to court seeking visitation, conceding that the reason she never 

petitioned the court for visitation after it was terminated by Family Court Services was 

that she could not pass a hair follicle screening. Indeed, Mother admitted that she never 

even attempted to take a drug screening during this time or when she was purportedly 

clean from drugs. 

Mother testified that she made at least one attempt to regain visitation prior to the 

filing of the termination petition. According to Mother, she called Father in February 

2014 to request visitation with the child. Mother offered that her own father could 

supervise the visitation. According to Mother, Father replied that he would only allow 

visitation as had previously been agreed, under the supervision of Family Court Services. 

Other than another phone call in June 2014, Mother made no other effort to reinstate 

visitation until her March 2015 motion, which was eventually withdrawn. After the trial 

court allowed Mother to make phone calls to the child, Mother admitted that she only 

made one phone call in May 2015. Mother testified that it was difficult to speak with the

child, who is largely pre-verbal, and that Father did not properly facilitate the phone call. 

Mother‟s current counselor, Aaron Brown, a licensed clinical social worker with 

Hiwassee Mental Health Center, testified about Mother‟s recent treatment and progress. 

According to Mr. Brown, Mother has passed all administered hair follicle and urine drug 

screens since she entered treatment and for several months before. Mr. Brown further 

testified that Mother has implemented strategies to prevent drug abuse relapse, including

continued treatment and removal from unhealthy relationships. Mr. Brown testified that

because Mother believed that her drug use was tied to over-work at her factory job, after 

her June/July 2014 relapse, Mother decided not to return to work. According to Mr. 

Brown, he and Mother decided that it would be better for Mother not to be employed

because Mother earning income could lead to her buying drugs. Mr. Brown testified, 

however, that Mother had recently decided to work part-time in a retail setting. Mr. 

Brown admitted on cross-examination, however, that he does not administer drug screens

to Mother and the only evidence he has of her allegedly clean drug screens since July 

2014 is Mother‟s statements. Mr. Brown testified that he should have been informed by 

Mother‟s probation officer if she had failed any drug screens.

Mother‟s current probation officer, Jim Creech, also testified. Mr. Creech testified 

that in his time with Mother since October 2014, he has administered two urinalysis drug 

screens to Mother, both of which showed no drug use in the prior four days. Mr. Creech 

testified that he had not administered any hair follicle drug screenings to Mother. Mr. 

Creech also testified that there was a period in February and March 2015 in which 
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Mother failed to meet with him and did not attend drug counseling. Mother informed Mr. 

Creech that she did not like to meet at the county courthouse because Father and Stepmother both worked there and that she could not attend drug counseling due to insurance 

issues. After the meetings were moved to another location, Mother attended all required 

meetings. Mr. Creech testified that Mother is behind in paying the court costs and fees 

required by her probation, but that it was difficult to discern whether these issues would 

lead to a future violation of probation. 

Mother‟s current husband also testified. Mother and Husband married in 2014. 

Husbband admitted that he was convicted in 2008 of conspiracy to distribute and possess 

500 grams or more of methamphetamines. Husband was sentenced to nine years in 

federal prison, with part to be served in rehabilitation and on probation. The sentence was 

later reduced to 87 months (a little over seven years). At the time of trial, Husband was 

serving his sentence on probation, but testified without dispute that his probation may 

terminate early. Husband admitted his involvement in the crime and that he had used 

methamphetamines. Husband testified, however, that he had never used 

methamphetamines with Mother and that he is regularly drug screened due to his 

probation. 

Husband further testified that Mother is capable of working. According to Mother, 

however, she has been unable to find work due to her felony record. Documents included 

in the record show that Mother joined a staffing agency in an effort to find work. Mother 

testified that all of her expenses are paid by Husband, who has gainful employment, or 

other family members. In addition, Mother testified that her car is owned by Husband and 

that Husband and her father paid for her various attorneys in her criminal and unrelated 

family law case.6 Mother also testified that she declined to apply for any government 

assistance because all of her needs were being met by others, including hair appointments 

and cigarettes. 

Father testified that Mother has had no visitation with this child since October 

2013 when visitation was terminated by Family Court Services. Father admitted that 

Mother texted him to ask for visitation in February and May 2014, but that he indicated 

that he would only allow supervised visitation at the visitation center because of the

divorce court order. Father testified that throughout their estrangement, Mother had never 

offered any support or gifts for the child, which Mother denied. Father admitted that 

during the parties‟ divorce, he asked Mother not to text him anymore because of 

threatening messages that she was sending. Father even went so far as to file a police 

report regarding the threats. Father testified, however, that Mother continued to text him 

and that he continued to see her at the supervised visitations until those eventually 

terminated. 

 

6 Mother has an older child. The older child‟s father is the primary residential parent of the child, 

but Mother has some visitation. 
- 9 -

Father and Step-mother both testified as to their stable home life and the care they 

provide the child. Step-mother testified that she has a loving and close bond with the

child and that the child knows her as her mother. Step-mother also testified that the child 

has a close bond with Step-mother‟s extended family. 

At the conclusion of trial, the trial court took the matter under advisement and 

issued a written order on September 29, 2015. In its order, the trial court ruled that 

Petitioners failed to prove abandonment by willful failure to support, but concluded that 

“there is clear and convincing evidence of grounds to terminate Mother‟s parental rights” 

for willful failure to visit and wanton disregard. The trial court further ruled that 

termination was in the child‟s best interest. Thereafter, Mother filed a timely notice of 

appeal to this Court. 

Issues Presented

Mother presents the following issues on appeal, as we have restated them:

1. Whether the trial court erred in finding, by clear and 

convincing evidence, the existence of grounds for terminating 

Mother‟s parental rights.

2. Whether the trial court erred in finding, by clear and 

convincing evidence, that termination of Mother‟s parental 

rights would be in the child‟s best interest.

Discussion

As recently explained by the Tennessee Supreme Court:

A parent‟s right to the care and custody of her child is 

among the oldest of the judicially recognized fundamental 

liberty interests protected by the Due Process Clauses of the 

federal and state constitutions. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 

57, 65 (2000); Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972); 

In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tenn. 2010); In re 

Adoption of Female Child, 896 S.W.2d 546, 547–48 (Tenn. 

1995); Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 578-79 (Tenn. 

1993). But parental rights, although fundamental and 

constitutionally protected, are not absolute. In re Angela E., 

303 S.W.3d at 250. “„[T]he [S]tate as parens patriae has a 

special duty to protect minors . . . .‟ Tennessee law, thus, 

upholds the [S]tate‟s authority as parens patriae when 

interference with parenting is necessary to prevent serious 
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harm to a child.” Hawk, 855 S.W.2d at 580 (quoting In re 

Hamilton, 657 S.W.2d 425, 429 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983)); see 

also Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747 (1982); In re 

Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 250.

Carrington, 2016 WL 819593, at *10 (footnote omitted). 

Our termination statutes identify “those situations in which the state‟s interest in 

the welfare of a child justifies interference with a parent‟s constitutional rights by setting 

forth grounds on which termination proceedings can be brought.” In re Jacobe M.J., 434 

S.W.3d 565, 568 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013) (quoting In re W.B., Nos. M2004-00999-COAR3-PT, M2004-01572-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 

2005)). A person seeking to terminate parental rights must prove both the existence of 

one of the statutory grounds for termination and that termination is in the child‟s best 

interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn. 

2003); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

Because of the fundamental nature of the parent‟s rights and the grave 

consequences of the termination of those rights, courts must require a higher standard of 

proof in deciding termination cases. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769. Consequently, both the 

grounds for termination and the best interest inquiry must be established by clear and 

convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-113(c)(1); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 

546. Clear and convincing evidence “establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is 

highly probable . . . and eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness 

of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. 2004). Such evidence “produces in a fact-finder‟s mind a firm belief or 

conviction regarding the truth of the facts sought to be established.” Id. at 653.

“The trial court‟s ruling that the evidence sufficiently supports termination of 

parental rights is a conclusion of law, which appellate courts review de novo with no 

presumption of correctness.” Carrington, 2016 WL 819593, at *12 (citing In re M.L.P., 

281 S.W.3d 387, 393 (Tenn. 2009)). In addition, “all other questions of law in parental 

termination appeals, as in other appeals, are reviewed de novo with no presumption of 

correctness.” Carrington, 2016 WL 819593, at *12 (citing In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 

at 246).

When the resolution of an issue in a case depends upon the truthfulness of 

witnesses, the trial judge, who has had the opportunity to observe the witnesses and their 

manner and demeanor while testifying, is in a far better position than this Court to decide 

those issues. See McCaleb v. Saturn Corp., 910 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tenn. 1995); 

Whitaker v. Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). The weight, faith, 

and credit to be given to any witness‟s testimony lies in the first instance with the trier of 
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fact, and the credibility accorded will be given great weight by the appellate court.

Walton v. Young, 950 S.W.2d 956, 959 (Tenn. 1997).

A party seeking termination of parental rights must prove two elements by clear 

and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c). First, the party must prove one 

of the statutory grounds for termination enumerated in Tennessee Code Annotated 

Section 36-1-113(g). Id.; In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tenn. 2006). Second, 

the party must show that termination is in the best interests of the child. Tenn. Code Ann. 

§ 36-1-113(c)(2); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002). Consequently, we 

begin with the grounds for termination. 

I.

The first issue raised in this case concerns what grounds for termination were 

appropriately raised by the petition and tried by the parties. The termination petition in 

this case contained the following allegations with regard to grounds: 

15. Petitioners would assert as grounds for termination of 

[Mother‟s] parental rights that the [Mother] has not seen or 

visited with the child for at least four (4) months prior to the 

filing of this petition; and therefore, for purposes of this 

petition for adoption has abandoned the child as defined in 

T.C.A. §36-1-102(5)(g)(1).

16. Pursuant to T.C.A. §36-1-113(9)(A)(iii) that [Mother] has 

failed to seek reasonable visitation with the child, and if 

visitation has been granted, has failed to visit altogether, or 

has engaged in only token visitation as defined in T.C.A. §36-

1-102(1)(C);

17. Pursuant to T.C.A. § 36-1-113(9)(A)(iv) that [Mother] has 

failed to manifest an ability and willingness to assume legal 

and physical custody of the child and for purposes of this 

adoption she has abandoned the minor child.

The trial court noted in its final order that this petition was “inartfully” drafted. We must 

agree. Indeed, Tennessee Code Annotated Sections 36-1-102(5)(g)(1)7and 36-1-

113(9)(A)(iii),(iv) 8simply do not exist. Only the reference to Tennessee Code Annotated 

Sections 36-1-102(1)(C) properly references the statute. 

 

7 We assume that Petitioners are referring to Tennessee Code Annotated Sections 36-1-113(g)(1), 

which indicates that abandonment is a ground for termination. 

8 Again, we assume that Petitioners are referring to Tennessee Code Annotated Sections 36-1-

113(g)(9)(A)(iii),(iv). We note, however, that the grounds under Section 113(g)(9)(a) cannot be applied to 

legal parents. Under Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-102(28)(A), however, a “legal parent” is 

defined as: “The biological mother of a child[.]” Because there is no dispute that Mother is the biological 
- 12 -

In light of the confusion engendered by the petition, the trial court entered an order 

on June 2, 2015, providing that “the grounds to be proved in this matter are failure to pay 

support and failure to visit.” Respectfully, the trial court‟s order does little to stymy the 

confusion in this case. Although the trial court fails to reference any code sections in its 

order, the trial court clearly references the ground of abandonment contained in 

Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(1). Abandonment, however, involves 

several definitions, two of which could be applicable in this case: 

(i) For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately 

preceding the filing of a proceeding or pleading to terminate 

the parental rights of the parent or parents or the guardian or 

guardians of the child who is the subject of the petition for 

termination of parental rights or adoption, that the parent or 

parents or the guardian or guardians either have willfully 

failed to visit or have willfully failed to support or have 

willfully failed to make reasonable payments toward the 

support of the child; . . . 

* * *

(iv) A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the 

institution of an action or proceeding to declare a child to be 

an abandoned child, or the parent or guardian has been 

incarcerated during all or part of the four (4) months 

immediately preceding the institution of such action or 

proceeding, and either has willfully failed to visit or has 

willfully failed to support or has willfully failed to make 

reasonable payments toward the support of the child for four 

(4) consecutive months immediately preceding such parent‟s 

or guardian‟s incarceration, or the parent or guardian has 

engaged in conduct prior to incarceration that exhibits a 

wanton disregard for the welfare of the child; . . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A); see also In Re Jayden B.T., No. E2014-00715-

COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 3876573, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 23, 2015), perm. app. 

denied (Tenn. Sept. 25, 2015) (noting that the “statutory definition of abandonment 

contains several distinct grounds”). Because there is no dispute that Mother was 

incarcerated at the time of the filing of the termination petition, either the definition 

contained in Section 102(1)(A)(i) or (iv) could apply in this case. As noted above, 

 

mother of the child, she is a legal parent for purposes of termination of her parental rights and Section 

113(g)(9)(a) cannot apply to her. 
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however, Sections 102(1)(A)(i) and (iv) contain different four months periods for 

determining the parent‟s failure to visit. The termination petition in this case only 

references the “four (4) months prior to the filing of this petition,” leading this Court to 

conclude that Section 102(1)(A)(i) is the only ground pled in the termination petition. 

Despite this fact, in its final order, the trial court references the “four (4) consecutive 

months immediately preceding the filing of the termination proceeding,” but ultimately 

concludes that the appropriate period is the four months preceding Mother‟s 

incarceration. 

A trial court cannot terminate parental rights based on a ground that is not alleged 

in the complaint. See M.D. v. R.L.H., No. E2005-00324-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 

3115874, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov.22, 2005). Nevertheless, a ground for termination 

not included in the petition properly can be found if the ground was tried by implied 

consent. In re: Anthony R., No. M2012-01412-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL 500829, at *4 n.5

(Tenn. Ct. App. Feb.8, 2013). Here, the parties discussed at length Mother‟s visitation or 

lack thereof in the trial court for the four months prior to Mother‟s July 2014 

incarceration. Neither party objected to this evidence. Furthermore, in her appellate brief, 

Mother focuses only on the four month period preceding her incarceration. Under these 

unique circumstances, we will consider whether Mother willfully failed to visit in the 

four months prior to her incarceration under Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-

102((1)(A)(iv). 

This decision does not end our inquiry into the appropriate grounds to be 

considered in this appeal, however. As previously discussed, in addition to abandonment 

by an incarcerated parent for willful failure to visit, the trial court also found 

abandonment by an incarcerated parent through wanton disregard, also under Tennessee 

Code Annotated Section 36-1-102((1)(A)(iv). Mother argues that the trial court was not 

entitled to terminate her parental rights on this ground because the termination petition 

did not sufficiently allege this ground, it was not referenced in the trial court‟s June 2, 

2015 order, and it was not tried by implied consent. We agree. First, we note that while 

the termination petition did indicate that Mother‟s “continued drug use and criminal 

activity reflect her disregard for the child,” the trial court‟s June 3, 2015 order 

specifically limited the termination grounds to abandonment by willful failure to visit or 

support. Additionally, when the guardian ad litem indicated his belief that “[o]ne of the 

grounds is . . . wanton disregard,” counsel for Mother objected based upon the trial 

court‟s prior order. The trial court sustained the objection and no other mention of 

wanton disregard is contained in the trial transcript. Under these circumstances, we 

conclude it would be inappropriate to include the ground of wanton disregard where the 

trial court did not include such a ground in its order determining the grounds and where 

the ground was not tried by implied consent. See In re W.B., IV, No. M2004-00999-

COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2005) (holding that to 

consider a ground not pleaded or tried by consent “would place the parent at a 

disadvantage in preparing a defense”) (citing In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 651 (Tenn. 
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Ct. App. 2004) (holding that because of the fundamental nature of parental rights, courts 

must take a very strict view of procedural omissions that could put a parent at a 

disadvantage in preparing for trial)). As such, we reverse the trial court‟s finding that the 

ground of wanton disregard was proven against Mother. The only ground for termination 

of Mother‟s parental rights properly before this Court is, therefore, abandonment by an 

incarcerated parent through willful failure to visit pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated 

Section 36-1-102(a)(1)(iv).

II.

In order to establish abandonment by an incarcerated parent through willful failure 

to visit, Petitioners must prove that: (1) Mother was “incarcerated at the time of the 

institution of an action or proceeding to declare a child to be an abandoned child, or the 

parent or guardian has been incarcerated during all or part of the four (4) months 

immediately preceding the institution of such action or proceeding”; (2) Mother failed to 

visit the child in the “four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding such parent‟s or 

guardian‟s incarceration”; and (3) such failure to visit was willful. See Tenn. Code Ann. 

36-1-102((1)(A)(iv). 

This Court explained the General Assembly‟s decision to provide additional 

grounds for termination applicable only to incarcerated parents in In re Audrey S., 182 

S.W.3d 838, 865 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). As the Audrey Court explained: 

The General Assembly‟s decision to provide . . . 

additional tests for abandonment for incarcerated or recently 

incarcerated parents reflects, in part, the difficulties inherent 

in proving that a parent has willfully failed to visit or support 

a child for four consecutive months when the parent was 

incarcerated during all or part of that time. Incarceration 

necessarily restricts a prisoner‟s freedom of movement, and 

many prisoners have no resources with which to continue 

paying child support once their crimes and resulting 

imprisonment have forced them to forfeit their regular jobs. 

Thus, the parent‟s incarceration provides a ready-made 

excuse for his or her failure to visit or support the child 

during the four-month period made relevant by the first 

statutory definition of abandonment. However, the strong 

public interest in providing procedures for terminating the 

parental rights of unfit parents does not dissipate simply 

because a parent‟s irresponsible conduct has reached the level 

of criminal behavior and incarceration. Tenn. Code Ann. § 

36-1-102(1)(A)(iv)‟s first test for abandonment prevents a 

parent from relying on his or her own criminal behavior and 
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resulting imprisonment as a defense to the termination of his 

or her parental rights by allowing the court to examine the 

record of visitation and support during the most recent fourmonth period for which the excuse of incarceration is 

unavailable. 

Audrey, 182 S.W.3d at 865–66 (footnotes omitted) (going on to also consider the policy 

behind the ground of wanton disregard). 

Here, there is no dispute that Mother was incarcerated when the termination 

petition was filed. Furthermore, there is no dispute that Mother had no visitation with the 

child in the four consecutive months prior to her incarceration, March 11, 2014 through 

July 10, 2014. Mother argues, however, that her failure to visit was not willful because 

her efforts were frustrated by Father. As we explained in Audrey:

The concept of “willfulness” is at the core of the 

statutory definition of abandonment. A parent cannot be 

found to have abandoned a child under Tenn. Code Ann. § 

36–1–102(1)(A)(i[v]) unless the parent has either “willfully” 

failed to visit or “willfully” failed to support the child for a 

period of four consecutive months. . . . 

. . . .Willful conduct consists of acts or failures to act that are 

intentional or voluntary rather than accidental or inadvertent. 

In re Mazzeo, 131 F.3d 295, 299 (2d Cir.1997); United States 

v. Phillips, 19 F.3d 1565, 1576 (11th Cir.1994); In re 

Adoption of Earhart, 117 Ohio App. 73, 190 N.E.2d 468, 

470 (1961); Meyer v. Skyline Mobile Homes, 99 Idaho 754, 

589 P.2d 89, 97 (1979). Conduct is “willful” if it is the 

product of free will rather than coercion. Thus, a person acts 

“willfully” if he or she is a free agent, knows what he or she 

is doing, and intends to do what he or she is doing. 

Failure to visit or support a child is “willful” when a 

person is aware of his or her duty to visit or support, has the 

capacity to do so, makes no attempt to do so, and has no 

justifiable excuse for not doing so. In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 

at 654; . . . . Failure to visit or to support is not excused by 

another person‟s conduct unless the conduct actually prevents 

the person with the obligation from performing his or her 

duty, In re Adoption of Lybrand, 329 Ark. 163, 946 S.W.2d 

946, 950 (1997), or amounts to a significant restraint of or 

interference with the parent‟s efforts to support or develop a 

relationship with the child, In re Serre, 77 Ohio Misc.2d 29, 

665 N.E.2d 1185, 1189 (1996); Panter v. Ash, 177 Or.App. 

589, 33 P.3d 1028, 1031 (2001). . . . . 
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The willfulness of particular conduct depends upon the 

actor‟s intent. Intent is seldom capable of direct proof, and 

triers-of-fact lack the ability to peer into a person‟s mind to 

assess intentions or motivations. In re Adoption of S.M.F., 

No. M2004-00876-COA-R9-PT, 2004 WL 2804892, at *8 

(Tenn. Ct. App. Dec.6, 2004) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 

application filed). Accordingly, triers-of-fact must infer intent 

from the circumstantial evidence, including a person‟s actions 

or conduct. See Johnson City v. Wolfe, 103 Tenn. 277, 282, 

52 S.W. 991, 992 (1899); Absar v. Jones, 833 S.W.2d 86, 

89–90 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); State v. Washington, 658 

S.W.2d 144, 146 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1983); see also In re 

K.L.C., 9 S.W.3d 768, 773 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000).

Audrey, 182 S.W.3d at 863–64.

In her brief, Mother asserts that Father‟s actions and her own indigence prevented 

her from having visitation with the child. The trial court made the following findings on 

this issue: 

The courts have previously held that even though a parent has 

certain prerequisites in order to obtain co-parenting time such 

as alcohol and drug testing, when a parent refuses to take that 

action then the failure to visit is willful. . . . Mother has 

known since before October 2013 of her need to pass drug 

tests and get treatment in order to have unsupervised coparenting time. The court is troubled by the fact that Family 

Court Services failed to continue to supervise the coparenting time without court approval. However, Mother did 

not come back to court to request a change of supervisors. 

The court here is also mindful of In Re: Joseph D.N[.], 2010 

Tenn.App. Lexis 164 (Tenn. Ct. App., March 3, 2010) where 

the courts have held that failure to sue to enforce visitation is 

not grounds for termination.

* * *

[Mother] testified she did not have the money to enforce 

visitation and felt that it would be fruitless since she knew she 

could not pass a drug test. She testified she requested coparenting time or visitation in February before the statutory 

period for termination and again during the statutory period in 

terminations cases . . . . These were admitted by Father. . . . 

Mother testified that since she was unable to pass drug tests, 

she was not to get co-parenting time.
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. . . . Per the divorce decree, Mother was allowed co-parenting 

time daily as long as she paid for the supervision at the 

Visiting Center. Once Mother passed a hair follicle drug test 

that indicated that she was drug free for ninety days, her 

father could provide the supervision. Once she passed a 

subsequent drug screen that indicated an additional ninety 

(90) days of being drug fee, she could have unsupervised coparenting time. Mother did not pass the initial ninety day drug 

screen and within days of having the court hearing in August 

of 2013 and the court Order going down in October of 2013, 

Mother was arrested for theft. When Family Court Services 

then refused to supervise her co-parenting time, she did not 

file anything to ask the court to change this now impossible 

schedule. She objected to the limitation. She testified she 

lacked the funds to file something in court to change this 

Order. She testified she was further told she could not visit 

the child. [Mother] testified she was not working in 2014. She 

was found to be indigent in Criminal Court in 2013 and 2014.

Father has given some conflicting statements. . . . 

Father [] testified he did not block his phone number but 

admitted he did text Mother and told her never to text him 

again. On the other hand, Mother was given several chances 

during the divorce case to get clean drug screens, to go to 

parenting class, and pay child support. At first, Father was 

ordered to pay for the drug test, and he was very unhappy 

about this. . . . 

This is a very sad case of addiction whereby Mother of 

a newborn child has been unable to become drug free until 

her incarceration some eighteen months after the birth of her 

child. Father was in a new relationship at the time of the 

divorce and subsequent to that time he had had no incentive 

to help Mother become drug free and was under no legal 

obligation to do so. He is of the opinion that it is not in the 

best interest of the child to have any kind of relationship with 

her Mother. Mother‟s conduct of failing a drug screen while 

out on probation is wanton disregard for the welfare of the 

child prior to her incarceration. She has been given many 

opportunities to rehabilitate herself and because of all of the 

above, the court finds that there is clear and convincing 

evidence of grounds to terminate Mother‟s parental rights. 

She did not manifest an ability and willingness to assume 

physical and legal custody of the child. She did not visit the 

child. In addition, the court finds it is in the best interest of 
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the child to be adopted. The child at this time is in a home 

that is stable with two parents who are asking for the 

unfettered right to care for her. There is no proof in the file 

that that Petitioners are anything but good parents and have 

taken care of this child since a time close to the birth of the 

child.

A thorough review of the trial court‟s order reveals that while the trial court did 

find that Mother did not visit the child, there is simply no finding that Mother‟s failure to 

do so was willful. Indeed, although the trial court makes several references to Mother‟s 

argument that her failure to support was not willful, the trial court failed to actually rule 

upon this issue in its final order. As we recently noted, however:

The Supreme Court has explicitly held that “the trial court is 

the proper court to make a determination of willfulness.” In 

re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn. 2003) (emphasis 

added); see also In re Angela T., No. W2011-01588-COAR3-PT, 2012 WL 586864 at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. W.S., filed 

Feb. 23, 2012), rev’d in part on other grounds; In re 

Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d 636 (“Because testimony 

may be critical to the determination of whether a parent‟s 

conduct was willful, trial courts are the proper courts to make 

a determination of willfulness”).

In re K.M.K., No. E2014-00471-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 866730, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

Feb. 27, 2015). In K.M.K., this Court held that the trial court‟s determination that father 

failed to pay support during the relevant period was “insufficient” where the trial court 

made no explicit finding that such failure was willful. Id. As such, the K.M.K. Court 

indicated that the “normal[]” course of action was to remand “with directions to the trial 

court to address the issue of „willfulness,‟” unless other grounds were present to support 

termination. Id. at *5. Because no other grounds were found by the trial court and 

sustained by this Court, we must remand to the trial court in order for the trial court to 

address the question of whether Mother‟s failure to visit was willful. 

This Court will only consider the child‟s best interest where at least one ground for 

termination has been established. See State Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. D.W.J., No. 

E2004-02586-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1528367, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 29, 2005) 

(“Based upon our holding that none of the grounds for termination of Mother‟s parental 

rights were proven by DCS, we need not address whether there was sufficient proof 

regarding whether the termination was in the best interest of the children[.]”); State v. 

C.H.K., 154 S.W.3d 586, 593 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004) (noting that it would be “premature” 

to consider the child‟s best interest absent the establishment of grounds). Because we are 
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vacating and remanding as to the single ground remaining, we do not proceed to consider 

whether the child‟s best interest is served by the termination of Mother‟s parental rights. 

Conclusion

The judgment of the Chancery Court of McMinn County is reversed in part and 

vacated in part. This cause is remanded to the trial court for all further proceedings as are 

necessary and are consistent with this Opinion. Costs of this appeal are assessed to 

Appellees Randall P. and Jamie P., for which execution may issue if necessary. 

_________________________________

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE