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### STATE OF MICHIGAN

COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee, UNPUBLISHED May 26, 2016

v No. 325641 Wayne Circuit Court JOSEPH HENRY MANCILL, LC No. 12-006036-FC

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: O WENS , P.J., and B ORRELLO and S TEPHENS , JJ.

P ER C URIAM

. Defendant appeals by right his b ench trial conviction of secon d-degree murder, MCL 750.317. Defendant was acquitted of first-degree premeditated murder. MCL 750.316(1)(a). The trial court sentenced defendant to 30 to 50 years’ imprison ment. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm.

I. FACTS

Defendant’s conviction arises out of the stabbing death of Daw n Williams on the evening of May 1, 2012 or early morning hours of May 2, 2012. Timmy Ma ncill, defendant’s brother, testified that he went to defendant’s house on the evening of M ay 1, 2012, and defendant and Williams were at the home. Timmy testified that Williams told him that defendant had “been through fights out there because he was jealous of her and some other men or whatever she had going on, some other friends.” Defendant and Williams bragged about “beating somebody else down” earlier and Williams “wanted to go back out there and party” or fight, but defendant did not want her to.

Timmy testified that he was sitting at a table. His cell phon e was on the table and he had his wallet out to check how much money he had. Defendant began “snatching things from me” and they started arguing. Defenda nt said, “I’m a have to use s omething more than just what I got on me” and went into the kitchen. When he returned, he opened his robe, pulled two knives from his underwear, and started swinging or jabbing them at Timmy, scratching the back of his right shoulder. Timmy ran out of the house. While standing onthe porch, Timmy saw defendant hit Williams in the face, drawing blood. Defendant “slammed th e door” in Timmy’s face and Timmy went home.-2- Defendant called Timmy around 6:30 a.m. on May 2, 2012, and as ked Timmy to come over because someone had broken into his house and beat him up. Timmy went to defendant’s house. When he arrived, the front entry door was standing open , but the outer steel security door was closed. Defendant came to the door and was crying. He had blood on his face and hands, and was using a wash cloth to wipe blood from his chest. Defen dant let Timmy in. Timmy asked defendant what happened. Defendant did not really answer , but said that if he were to call the police or to turn himself in, “it would make him have two b odies found dead at that house” and he would go back to prison. He wanted to clean up and hide or dispose of the body. Timmy asked defendant about Williams, and defendant said, “Oh, she ra n, she gone.”

Timmy saw “a thick trail” of bl ood leading from the living roo m to the bedroom and bathroom. While Timmy was fo llowing the blood trail, defendantwent to the bathroom and then told Timmy, “[C]ome on back here. This is where I found her la ying.” Standing in the bathroom doorway, Timmy saw a w oman’s body lying on its back be tween the tub and the toilet. It was partially wrapped in a sheet. Either the face was only partially covered or defendant pulled the sheet back from the face and Timmy saw enough to ide ntify the body as that of Williams. According to Timmy, defendant told him that if the p olice questioned him about Williams’s death, “he would say she stabbed herself.” After se eing the body, Timmy ran out of the house. Once he was a few blocks away, he called 911 to rep ort “a body at Cliff Street.” Then he went home.

Louis Mueller, a Detroit police officer, testified that he and his partner were dispatched to defendant’s house for “a possibl e homicide” concerning a “lady in the bathroom lying down with blood.” Defendant came to the door wearing nothing but boxer s horts. He had a rag in one hand and a spray bottle in the other . Upon entering, Mueller found a body in the bathroom. It was covered by a sheet from the neck to the ankles and there was a pool of blood around the head. Defendant identified the vi ctim as his friend “Dawn.”

Mueller testified that he found a blood trail between the bath room and the adjoining bedroom. Looking inside the bedroom, Mueller saw blood on the floor and a bed with no sheets on it. He did not see any blood in the living room or dining r oom. In the kitchen, Mueller found a broken steak knife on the counter. Most of the blade was mis sing and there was blood on the wooden handle. A bloody paper towel was also on the counter. In the basement, Mueller found some bloody sheets and some socks next to the washing machine a nd some pillows covered with detergent in the washing machine.

Officer Marcellus Inman arrived at the scene and testified reg arding a statement defendant made to him at the scen e. Because defendant was in c ustody and had notbeen advised of his rights, the testimony was s tricken from the record.

Office Javier Chapa responded to the scene and testified to se eing Williams’s body in the bathroom with a lot of blood by the head. Williams had blood o n her face and what appeared to be defensive cut marks on her fi ngers and hands. There was a t rail of blood between the bathroom and the bed in the adjoining bedroom. The bed did not have any sheets on it and there were two pools of blood on either side of the mattress. In the kitchen, Chapa saw a bloody filet knife with a broken blade wrapped in a bloody paper towel. Cha pa further testified that he saw “cleaning products throughout the house” and smelled the odor o f an orange-scented cleanser.-3- There was some kind of product by the front door and other prod ucts and sponges in the bathroom, along with a pail of water. Chapa saw spots within t he house “where the blood had been smeared in an attempt to clean it.” Chapa also testified to seeing “bloody socks and blankets or something” by the washing machine and “some pillows or some blankets” inside the washing machine. There were also drops of blood in the basemen t that had dripped from the bathroom through a vent or something.

Carl Schmidt, a forensic pathologist, performed an autopsy on Williams’ body on May 3, 2012. An external examination showed multiple cuts. Williams had stab wounds to the right and left chest, which punctured both lungs, causing them to col lapse. She had defensive cuts to the front of the left thumb and back of the left index finger. She had multiple bruises on the chest and arms. Schmidt concluded that Williams died from “mul tiple incised stab wounds” and classified the death as a homicide. A toxicology screen showed that Williams had a blood alcohol level of 0.248.

Schmidt testified that it was unlikely that the chest wounds w ere self-inflicted. He explained that self-inflicted wounds usually appear at a single site and have a particular pattern not seen here. In addition, the other cuts and bruises were in dicative of a struggle in which Williams tried to defend herself.

Monica Barylski, a forensic scien tist, tested certain evidence in the case. In October 2012, she did serology testing, examining items for biological material. Numerous items were positive for the possible presence of blood. These included a broken knife blade, a knife handle with a broken blade, a paper towel wrapped around the knife han dle and blade, a knife sheath, a pair of jeans, a piece of fabric from a mattress, and a wash cl oth. Barylski also swabbed the inside waistband of the jeans and the knife sheath for skin cel ls. The serology samples were forwarded to Amy Altesleben for DNA testing.

Altesleben, a forensic biologist, testified that she performed DNA testing. The skin sample collected from the knife sheath contained material from two donors. The DNA matched Williams’ profile at 12 of the 16 locations and it matched defe ndant’s DNA profile at 15 of the 16 locations. The swab from the waistband of the jeans contain ed material from three donors. Williams was the major donor and the sample matched her profile at 14 of 16 locations. Defendant was a minor donor and the sample matched his profile at all 16 locations. Neither could be excluded as a donor. The blood sample from the wash c loth contained material from two donors. Williams was the major donor and the sample matche d her profile at all 16 locations. Defendant was excluded as the minor donor.

In February 2013, Barylski did a comparison of Timmy’s DNA to Altesleben’s DNA profiles obtained from the serology samples. Timmy was exclude d as a donor to the DNA obtained from all of the samples.

Defendant was arrested on May 2, 2012 and was in terrogated at the police department. A waiver form was admitted into evidence showing that defendant w as advised of and waived his Miranda rights at 10:47 a.m. The form was admitted into evidence. Po lice then proceeded to interrogate defendant and the interrogation was recorded and pl ayed for the court at trial. In the middle of the recording, defendant objected to the admission of a written statement he made-4- during the interrogation and part of the recording itself. The video showed that defendant was questioned by Officer Brannock after being advised of and waivi ng his rights. That interview began around 11:00 a.m. Then, at about 1:00 p.m., Officer Adri an Lawrence entered and questioned defendant and took a written statement. Lawrence as ked defendant, “you’ve been advised of your rights, are you clear on all that?” Defendant responded, “yes” and proceeded to answer the questions.

Defendant proceeded to draft a written statement. In the stat ement, defendant denied that he argued with Williams, but stated that Williams was “suicidal , because she was afraid of me putting her out.” Defendant denied seeing what happened to Wil liams, but stated that he “saw her in the bathroom on the floor.” When asked how he got marks on his face, defendant stated that he received the cuts when he and Williams were “attacked.” Defendant also stated that his clothes were bloody because he moved Williams’ clothes and shee ts after she “cut herself.” Defendant stated that he did not call police because another in dividual had died in the same house on a previous occasion. The pr osecution entered the writ ten statement into evidence.

After defendant moved to suppress part of the recording and hi s written statement, the trial court held a Walker 1 hearing. At the hearing, Lawrence testified that he was not p resent when Brannock questioned defendant. However, Brannock told him that he advised defendant of his rights, so Lawrence did not go through them a second tim e. Instead, he asked defendant if he had been advised of his rights and defendant said “yes.” De fendant also said “yes” when asked if he was clear on or unde rstood his rights. Lawrence di d not ask defendant if he had any questions about his rights. Lawre nce testified that defendant did not ask for an attorney, decline to make a statement, or ask to stop the interview.

Lawrence testified that defendant gave his date of birth as Au gust 10, 1953, making him 58 years old at the time of the i nterview. Defendant “was kind of slumped over” in his seat and coughed “briefly.” Lawrence was not aware that defendant had “ asked about medications” when talking to Brannock. Defendant di d ask Lawrence about them “at the end.”

Lawrence asked defendant about “some bloody clothes at the sce ne[.]” Lawrence admitted that he had seen bloody sheets and socks in the baseme nt, but did not remember seeing any other clothing. Lawrence denied using the term “bloody clo thes” to “coerce Mr. Mancill into admitting something.” He used the term because he had bee n advised by anothe r officer that defendant “was wearing clothes that had blood on them” at the s cene.
Apparently in reference to defe ndant’s written statement, Lawr ence testified that defendant appeared to read it, a lthough he said “he had trouble reading without his glasses[.]” Lawrence also read the questions and answers back to defendant and defendant initialed them.

Following additional argument, the court denied the motion to suppress; the court explained:

1 People v Walker (On Rehearing) , 374 Mich 331; 132 NW2d 87 (1965).-5- This Court finds that . . . there’s really no grounds to suppr ess the statement or the portion of the video which reflects the interv iew that was conducted by Officer Lawrence.

This Court finds that . . . this second conversation that bega n with Officer Lawrence took place on maybe two hours, two hours or so after [ defendant] had been given his Miranda rights. It’s clear from the video that this Court has viewed that he had acknowledged after a question being raised b y Officer Lawrence that he had . . . been a dvised previously of his right s. It’s true that he . . . was not asked whether he had any questions about the rights t hat he had been previously been given, but that, to this Court, does not at all mean that the statements that he made during the interview with Officer Lawre nce should be rendered inadmissible just because of that one particular facto r.
[] [T]he Court is required to look at the totality of the circ umstances. And [defendant] was a very active participant during the interview with Officer Lawrence, which is the interview that was . . . at question. H e read statements, he had questions about the statements, he refuted or asserted his innocence as . . . it relates to his involvement in the death of the victim, Ms. Dawn [sic] here in this matter. And . . . this Court finds that there was nothing thatwas placed or nothing that was viewed in this interview that would indicate that the statement should be . . . suppressed.

[] I didn’t hear any significant differences in the statement that he made to Officer Lawrence as compared to those that he made to Officer B rannock. And I think that’s a significant piece of information to be reviewed as well.

This Court has viewed a reasonable number of confessions that have been made in the past, not dealing certainly with Mr. Mancill, but j ust other confessions. And I compare them in those instances where one, we’re dealing with perhaps, coercion, and this Court has found previously that there’s been coercion in other cases. I’m not afraid to do it. I think I r ecognize it when I see it, and I did not see it he re in this situation.

Also, the situation of asking for assistance medically. I did n’t sense from those statements that were made, Mr. Mancill takes care of hims elf, took care of himself, in this Court’s view, through that interview, and note d that he needed medication, that he was on medication, but I didn’t sense that there was any type of a medical emergency that he himself felt that he was in some type of distress and that he needed something immediately.

Trial proceeded and defendant testified that Williams stayed a t his house from time to time and had come to stay with him again on May 1, 2012. Defen dant testified that he did not kill Williams. He believed that her boyfriend named Roger or T immy killed her. Defendant told the police that Williams had killed herself, explaining that sh e had been threatening to hurt herself with a knife because she thought defendant was going to kick her out, something she had done in the past. Defendant said he was “trying to solve the c ase by speculating.” Defendant did-6- not implicate Timmy because “I knew that they was going to lock me up and I didn’t want two brothers locked up at one time.” Defendant went on to say that much of what he told the police was true in that the events related had happened, but at the sa me time was not true in that the events related “didn’t happen that night.” Defendant implied t hat he inadvertently misled the police because he was “under a demented mind just to get it ove r with so I can get my medications and get some sleep.”

Defendant also introduced the t estimony of his cousin Larry. Larry testified that defendant arrived at his home at about 2:00 a.m. on May 2, 2012 , spent the night there, and then left at 8:00 a.m. that morning.

Defendant was convicted and sen tenced as set forth above. Thi s appeal ensued.

II. SPEEDY TRIAL

Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in denying h is motion to dismiss due to a violation of his right to a speedy trial.

Whether a defendant was denied his constitutional right to a s peedy trial is a mixed question of law and fact. People v Waclawski , 286 Mich App 634, 664; 780 NW2d 321 (2009). We review factual findings for c lear error and constitutional q uestions de novo. People v Gilmore , 222 Mich App 442, 459; 564 NW2d 158 (1997).

“Both the United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to a speedy trial.” People v Williams , 475 Mich 245, 261-262; 716 NW2d 208 (2006). This Court applies the framework set forth in Barker v Wingo , 407 US 514; 92 S Ct 2182; 33 L Ed 2d 101 (1972), to determine whether a defendant h as been denied his or her right to a speedy trial. Williams , 475 Mich at 261-262. This inquiry involves balancing the fol lowing four factors: “(1) the length of delay, (2) the reason for delay, (3) the defendant’s assertion of the right, and (4) the prejudice to the defendant.” Id . “Following a delay of eighteen months or more, prejudice is presumed, and the burden shifts to the prose cution to show that there was no injury.” Id . at 262. “[A] presumptively prej udicial delay triggers an inquiry into the other factors to be considered in the balancing of the competing inte rests to determine whether a defendant has been deprived of t he right to a speedy trial.” Id . In contrast, where the delay is less than 18 months, “the burden is on the defendant to show ac tual prejudice.” People v Holtzer , 255 Mich App 478, 492; 660 NW2d 405 (2003).

In this case, defendant was a rrested on May 2, 2012. The tria l commenced on June 7, 2013; thus, the delay in this case was approximately 13 months. See Waclawski , 286 Mich App at 665 (the time for determining whether a defendant was denied the right to a speedy trial runs from the date of defendant’s arrest until the date the trial be gins). Because the length of the delay was less than 18 months, prejudice is not presumed and de fendant had the burden of showing actual prejudice. Holtzer , 255 Mich App at 492. A review of the record indicates that defendant has faile d to show prejudice.

Here, a large portion of the delay was necessary to complete D NA testing on multiple pieces of evidence. While the first DNA testing was completed in December 2012, both parties indicated that additional testi ng was required and the addition al testing was not completed until-7- February 2013. Defendant argues that the prosecution failed to timely submit the evidence for DNA testing. However, while the prosecutor was uncertain when the evidence was submitted for testing nothing in the reco rd supports that the prosecutor acted in bad faith in submitting the evidence and defendant did not rai se the speedy trial issue unt il January 28, 2013.

Moreover, defendant cannot show he was actually prejudiced by the delay. The right to a speedy trial protects “three inte rests of the defendant: (1) pr evention of oppressive pretrial incarceration; (2) minimization of anxiety and concern of the a ccused; (3) limitation of the possibility that the defense will be impaired.” People v White , 54 Mich App 342, 351; 220 NW2d 789 (1974). “In considering the prejudice to the defendan t, the most serious inquiry is whether the delay has impaired the defendant’s defense.” People v Simpson
, 207 Mich App 560, 564; 526 NW2d 33 (1994).

Here, defendant was incarcerated for nearly a year, which caus ed him anxiety. However, “the prejudice prong . . . may pr operly weigh against a defendant incarcerated for an even longer period if his defense is not prejudiced.” Williams , 475 Mich at 264. Defendant contends that his defense was prejudiced by “the loss of his witness’s memory.” However, the only defense witness apart from defendant himself was his cousin Larry, who never claimed a lack of memory concerning defendant’s whereabout s between 2:00 and 8:00 a.m. o n the morning of the murder. Thus, the delay did not cause the defense to lose any evidence and the pretrial incarceration did not hinder defendant’s ability to prepare a defense. While def endant claims that the pretrial incarceration caused him “anxiety and concern,” the anxiety did not diminish his defense and “anxiety, alone, is insufficient to establish a violation of [a ] defendant’s right to a speedy trial.” Gilmore , 222 Mich App at 462.

In sum, the delay in this case was approximately 13 months, th e delay was due primarily to both parties’ need for the DNA test results, and defendant h as not shown that his defense was prejudiced by the delay. Accord ingly, the trial court did not err in concluding that defendant was not denied the right t o a speedy trial. Waclawski , 286 Mich App at 664.

III. STATEMENTS TO POLICE

Defendant argues that his Fifthand Fourteenth Amendment right s were violated when the prosecution introduced (1) the pre- Miranda statement he made to Officer Inman at the crime scene, (2) the post- Miranda statement that defendant made wherein he repeated what he said to Officer Inman, and (3) the writt en statement he gave to Officer Lawrence.

We review de novo a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppre ss evidence. People v Henry (After Remand) , 305 Mich App 127, 137; 854 NW2d 114 (2014). A trial court’s factual findings, if any, are reviewed for clear error, while underlyin g constitutional issues are reviewed de novo. Id. To the extent we find that a constitutional error occurred, “ [w]e review preserved issues of constitutional error to determine whether they are harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v Dendel (On Second Remand) , 289 Mich App 445, 475; 797 NW2d 645 (2010). “A constitutional error is harmle ss if [it is] clear beyond a reas onable doubt that a rational jury would have found the defendant guilty absent the error.” Id . (quotation marks and citations omitted).-8- “In Miranda, the Supreme Court of the United States determined that the coe rcive nature of custodial interrogations implic ated a defendant’s Fifth Amen dment right to be free from compelled self-incrimination.” People v Vaughn , 291 Mich App 183, 188–189; 804 NW2d 764 (2010) aff’d in part, vacated in part on other grounds, 491 Mic h 642 (2012), citing Miranda v Arizona , 384 US 436, 458; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). To saf eguard against coercion, the Miranda court held that “the prosecution may not use statements, wheth er exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from cust odial interrogation of the defen dant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards eff ective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination.” Miranda , 384 US at 444. “Accordingly, before conducting a custodial i nterrogation, the interrogating officer must advise the suspect of [his or her co nstitutional] rights.” Vaughn , 291 Mich App at 189. “[U]nless and unt il such warnings and waiver are demonstrated by the prosecution at trial, no evidence obtained as a result of interrogation can be used against him.” Miranda , 384 U.S. at 479.

A. STATEMENT TO OFFICER INMAN

Inman testified that he responded to the scene and was standin g next to defendant while other officers searched the house. He asked defendant “what ha ppened” and defendant said “she stabbed herself.” That evidence was stricken from the record o n Fifth Amendment grounds. Defendant contends that the trial court, as the trier of fact, heard the evidence and therefore he was prejudiced. However, this was a bench trial. The trial co urt was aware that the evidence was inadmissible and the court did not consider the evidence in making its factual findings. In the absence of proof to the contrary, the court is presumed to follow the law, People v Farmer
, 30 Mich App 707, 711; 186 NW2d 779 (1971), and to have predicat ed its verdict only “upon evidence properly offered and no t upon . . . inadmissible testi mony.” People v Payne , 37 Mich App 442, 445; 194 NW2d 906 (1971). As is apparent from the fin dings that the court articulated on the record, the court considered the statements defendant ma de during the recorded interview and his trial testimony, but not the statement to Inman. Thus, defendant has not shown prejudice and is not entitled to relief on this issue.

B. RECORDED STATEMEN TS TO OFFICERS BRANNOCK AND LAWRENCE

Defendant argues that the improper statement to Officer Inman tainted the statements he made to Officers Brannock and Law rence two hours later after he waived his Miranda rights.

In Oregon v Elstad , 470 US 298, 314; 105 S Ct 1285; 84 L Ed 2d 222 (1985), the Co urt held that where police do not use “deliberately coercive or imp roper tactics” while questioning a defendant, but fail to advise him of his Miranda rights, the “subseque nt administration of Miranda warnings . . . ordinarily should suffice to remove the conditi ons that precluded admission of the earlier statement.” In other words, “if the p rewarning statement was voluntary, then the postwarning confession is admissible unless it was inv oluntarily made despite the Miranda warning.” United States v Carter , 489 F3d 528, 534 (CA 2, 2007). If, however, the police deliberately refrain from advising a defendant of his ri ghts in order to obtain a confession and, having once obtained the confession, then advise the defen dant of his rights and obtain the same confession, the Miranda warning is ineffective and the postwarning statement is inadmissible. Missouri v Seibert , 542 US 600, 616-618, 620-621; 124 S Ct 2601; 159 L Ed 2d 643 (2004). The Seibert Court explained:-9- relevant facts that bear on whether Miranda warnings delivered midstream could be effective enough to accomplish their object: the completenes s and detail of the questions and answers in the first round of interrogation, the overlapping content of the two statements, the timing and setting of the first and the second, the continuity of police personnel, and the degree to which the int errogator’s questions treated the second r ound as continuous with the first . [ Id . at 615.]

In this case, Inman asked a single isolated question at the sc ene. Although Inman did not advise defendant of his rights, it does not appear that Inman i ntentionally failed to apprise defendant of his rights in order to obtain a confession. In ad dition, defendant has not cited any other relevant factors that would mandate a finding that the st atement was involuntary under the totality of the circumstances. See People v Cipriano , 431 Mich 315, 333-334; 429 NW2d 781 (1988) (discussed in more detail below).

Shortly after Inman questioned defendant, defendant was brough t to the police department and questioned by Bran nock and Lawrence. Defendant claims that he was brought to the police department about two hours after Inman questioned hi m. The record shows that the police were called to the scene at 8:14 a.m., that Brannock adv ised defendant of his rights at 10:47 a.m., and that Lawrence spok e to defendant 2-1/2 hours af ter that, at 1:10 p.m. There was obviously no continuity of police personnel and no indication t hat either Brannock or Lawrence was aware of defendant’s statement to Inman. It is clear from the record that defendant again said nothing incriminating. He said he was at home with Willia ms, who was upset and threatening to harm herself with a knife, and that she apparent ly stabbed herself. There is no record evidence from which we can glean that Inman’s questionin g of defendant was done with the intent to circumvent Miranda . Also, the statement made to Inman did not implicate defendant, rather he stated that the victim had committed suici de. Thus, “there is no concern here that police gave [defendant] Miranda warnings and then led him to repeat an earlier murder confession, because there was no earlier confession to repeat.” Bobby v Dixon , __ US __: 132 S Ct 26, 31; 181 L Ed 2d 328 (2011).

C. WRITTEN STATEMENT

Defendant argues that his writt en statement was inadmissible b ecause Lawrence did not first re-advise him of his right s. While Lawrence did not advi se defendant of his rights, the record shows that defendant was advised of and waived his right s approximately 2-1/2 hours earlier when questioned by Brannock. “[T]he Miranda rights are not a liturgy which must be read each time a defendant is questioned.” People v Godboldo , 158 Mich App 603, 605; 405 NW2d 114 (1986). “[T]he failure to reread a defendant’s Miranda rights prior to each interrogation does not render the subsequent statements inadmis sible as evidence against him. Rather, a factual question is raised as to whether the statemen ts were voluntary.” Id . at 607. We find this aspect of defendant ’s claim without merit.

D. VOLUNTARINESS

Defendant lastly argues that his statements to Lawrence were i nvoluntary. A statement is voluntary if the totality of all the surrounding circumstances show that it is the product of an-10- essentially free and unconstrained choice and not the result of an overborne will. Cipriano , 431 Mich at 333-334. Our Supreme Court has explained:

In determining whether a statem ent is voluntary, the trial cou rt should consider, among other things, the following factors: the age of the accused; his lack of education or his intelligence level; the extent of his previous experience with the police; the repeated and prolonged nature of the quest ioning; the length of the detention of the accused before he gave the statement in question; the lack of any advice to the accused of his constitutional rights; whether there was an unnecessary delay in bringing him before a magistrate before he gave the confession; whether the accused was injured, intoxicated or dru gged, or in ill health when he gave the statement; whether the accused was depr ived of food, sleep, or medical attention; whether the accused was physically abused; and whether the suspect was t hreatened with abuse. [ Id . at 334.]

“The absence or presence of any one of these factors is not nec essarily conclusive on the issue of voluntariness,” Cipriano , 431 Mich at 334, and no single factor is determinative. People v Tierney , 266 Mich App 687, 708; 703 NW2d 204 (2005). The ultimate tes t of admissibility is whether the totality of the circumstances indicates that the st atement was freely and voluntarily made. Cipriano
, 431 Mich at 334.

The primary focus of defendant’s motion in the trial court was Lawrence’s failure to reread his rights. Defendant was 58 years old. He was able to read. Defendant had extensive prior experience with the police. Defendant was interviewed tw ice on the same day and the two interviews together lasted about three hours. It appears that the second interview with Lawrence began a short time after the f irst interview with Brannock ende d. Defendant was advised of his rights at the beginning of the f irst interview and acknowledged at the beginning of the second interview that he had been advi sed of his rights and understood them. The trial court found that the second interview occurred “two hours or so” after defendantwas advised of his right and that a two-hour gap did not render th e second statement involuntary. See Godboldo , 158 Mich App at 605-606.

While defendant relies on his trial testimony regarding his il lnesses and the medications used to treat them, review is limited to the information made k nown to the trial court at the time it ruled on the motion to suppress. People v Farrow , 461 Mich 202, 209; 600 NW2d 634 (1999). Lawrence testified that defendant was slumped over in his seat, but did not attribute defendant’s posture to fatigue, illness, or injury. Lawrence testified that defendant coughed briefly and, toward the end of the interview, said something about the fact that he took medication. The trial court found that the statement was not made in the context of a medical emergency such that defendant “needed something imme diately.” There is nothing in the record to indicate that defendant was seriously ill, abused or threatened with abuse. The trial court found that defendant’s statement was not coe rced. The only suggestion of “coercion” was Lawrence’s reference to “bloody clothes,” which was accurate in that blood y socks were found in the basement. In any event, that re ference did not induce defendan t to made an incriminating statement; the trial court found that there were no “significan t differences in the statement that he made to Officer Lawrence as compa red to those that he made to O fficer Brannock.” Considering the totality of the circumstances, the trial court did not err in finding that defendant’s statement-11- was voluntary. Cipriano , 431 Mich at 333-334. Accordingly, we assign no error and def endant is not entitled to relief.

Affirmed.

/s/ Donald S. Owens /s/ Stephen L. Borrello /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens