UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

WESLEY RAMBUS,

Petitioner,

v. Case No. 08-13888

Honorable Lawrence P. Zatkoff

THOMAS K. BELL,

Respondent.

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OPINION AND ORDER (1) DISMISSING PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS

CORPUS AND (2) DENYING A CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY AND LEAVE TO

PROCEED ON APPEAL IN FORMA PAUPERIS

I.

Wesley Rambus (“Petitioner”), a state inmate, who is presently confined at the Parr Highway

Correctional Facility in Adrian, Michigan, has filed a pro se petition for writ of habeas corpus

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254 and 2241, challenging the Michigan Parole Board’s decision to deny

him parole. In 1998, Petitioner was convicted of (1) criminal sexual conduct, second degree,

MICH.COMP.LAWS § 750.520(C)(1)(A), and (2) possession of a firearm by a felon,

MICH.COMP.LAWS § 750.224(F), in the Oakland County, Michigan, Circuit Court and was sentenced

to (1) five-to-twenty-years imprisonment for the second degree criminal sexual conduct conviction,

and, (2) three-to-fifteen-years imprisonment for the possession of a firearm by a felon conviction.

The Michigan Parole Board denied him parole on January 23, 2007, stating that it “lacks reasonable

assurance that the prisoner will not become a menace to [s]ociety or to the [p]ublic [s]afety.”

(Petitioner’s Petition, p. 3.) In his pleadings, Petitioner asserts that the Michigan Parole Board’s

decision violated due process because he was entitled to parole absent “substantial and compelling”
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reasons. (Petitioner’s Petition, p. 2.) For the reasons stated below, the Court dismisses Petitioner’s

petition. 

II.

Promptly after the filing of a petition for habeas corpus, the Court must undertake a

preliminary review of the petition to determine whether “it plainly appears from the face of the

petition and any exhibits annexed to it that the petitioner is not entitled to relief in the district court.”

Rule 4, RULES GOVERNING § 2254 CASES; see also 28 U.S.C. § 2243. If, after preliminary

consideration, the Court determines that the petitioner is not entitled to relief, the Court must

summarily dismiss the petition. See id., Allen v. Perini, 424 F.2d 134, 141 (6th Cir. 1970) (district

court has the duty to “screen out” petitions that lack merit on their face). A dismissal under Rule

4 includes those petitions which raise legally frivolous claims, as well as those containing factual

allegations that are palpably incredible or false. See Carson v. Burke, 178 F.3d 434, 436-37 (6th Cir.

1999). In this case, after undertaking the review required by Rule 4, the Court concludes that the

petition must be dismissed.

III.

In order to demonstrate that he is entitled to habeas corpus relief, Petitioner must show that

he “is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254. Petitioner alleges a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to

the United States Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment provides in part: “nor shall any State

deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. CONST. amend.

XIV. As the United States Supreme Court has explained, the Fourteenth Amendment protects “the

individual against arbitrary action of government.” Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 558 (1974).
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The Supreme Court has definitively held that there is no right under the United States

Constitution of a lawfully convicted person to be conditionally released before the expiration of a

valid sentence. See Greenholtz v. Inmates of Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex, 442 U.S.

1, 7 (1979); see also Kentucky Dep’t. of Corr. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 (1989). Simply

stated, there is no federal constitutional right to parole. See Gavin v. Wells, 914 F.2d 97, 98 (6th Cir.

1990). While there is no federal constitutional right to parole, the Supreme Court has held that a

convicted person may have a liberty interest created by a State’s laws, a liberty interest which is

subject to constitutional protection. See Thompson, 490 U.S. at 460 (citing Hewitt v. Helms, 459

U.S. 460, 466 (1983)).

In deciding whether a liberty interest arises under the laws of a State, the Supreme Court

closely examines the language of the State’s relevant statutes and regulations. Id. at 461. “Stated

simply,” the Court explained, “‘a State creates a protected liberty interest by placing substantive

limitations on official discretion.’” Id. at 462 (quoting Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 249

(1983)). As the Supreme Court further advised:

“A state may do this in a number of ways . . . the most common

manner in which a State creates a liberty interest is by establishing

“substantive predicates” to govern official decision-making . . . and,

further, by mandating the outcome to be reached upon a finding that

the relevant criteria have been met.

Id. (citing Hewitt, 459 U.S. at 472). In order to find that a liberty interest arises under a State’s laws,

the Supreme Court has required “that the regulations contain ‘explicitly mandatory language,’ i.e.,

specific directives to the decisionmaker that if the regulations’ substantive predicates are present,

a particular outcome must follow.” Id. (quoting Hewitt, 459 U.S. at 471-72.

Applying these standards, the Michigan Court of Appeals and the courts within the Sixth
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Circuit have concluded that a liberty interest in parole does not arise under Michigan law. See Hurst

v. Dep’t. of Corr. Parole Bd., 119 Mich. App. 25, 29, 325 N.W.2d 615, 617 (1982); Juarez v.

Renico, 149 F. Supp. 2d 319, 322 (E.D. Mich. 2001); Lee v. Withrow, 76 F. Supp. 2d 789, 792 (E.D.

Mich. 1999). The Hurst court found that Michigan’s parole statute provides that a prisoner shall not

be released until his minimum term of imprisonment has been served, but that it allows an early

parole as an exception to the minimum term provision. Hurst, 119 Mich. App. at 29, 325 N.W.2d

at 617. While the statute provides factors for the Parole Board to consider, it does not mandate

parole if certain criteria are met. Id. The Michigan Court of Appeals concluded that the State’s

statute “creates only a hope of early release,” rather than a right to release. Id. As Petitioner has no

protected liberty interest in parole, his claim is not cognizable on federal habeas review. Petitioner

has also not shown that he is being held beyond the expiration of his sentence. Habeas relief is

therefore not warranted in this case.

IV.

For the reasons stated, this Court concludes that Petitioner is not entitled to federal habeas

relief on the claims in his habeas petition and that the petition must be dismissed.

Before Petitioner may appeal this Court’s dispositive decision, a certificate of appealability

must issue. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(a); Fed. R. App. P. 22(b). A certificate of appealability may

issue “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.”

28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2).

When a federal district court rejects a habeas claim on the merits, the substantial showing

threshold is met if the petitioner demonstrates that reasonable jurists would find the district court’s

assessment of the constitutional claim debatable or wrong. See Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473,
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484-85 (2000). “A petitioner satisfies this standard by demonstrating that . . . jurists could conclude

the issues presented are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Miller-El v.

Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 327 (2003). In applying this standard, a district court may not conduct a full

merits review, but must limit its examination to a threshold inquiry into the underlying merit of the

petitioner’s claims. Id. at 336-37.

When a federal district court denies a habeas claim on procedural grounds without addressing

the claim’s merits, a certificate of appealability should issue if it is shown that jurists of reason

would find it debatable whether the petitioner states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional

right, and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its

procedural ruling. See Slack, 529 U.S. at 484-85.

Having considered the matter, the Court concludes that Petitioner has failed to make a

substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right such that a certificate of appealability is

not warranted in this case. The Court further concludes that Petitioner should not be granted leave

to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis, as any appeal would be frivolous. See Fed. R. App. P.

24(a).

Accordingly;

IT IS ORDERED that the petition for writ of habeas corpus is DISMISSED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that a certificate of appealability and leave to proceed on

appeal in forma pauperis are DENIED.

S/Lawrence P. Zatkoff 

LAWRENCE P. ZATKOFF

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Dated: September 26, 2008
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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

The undersigned certifies that a copy of this Order was served upon the attorneys of record

by electronic or U.S. mail on September 26, 2008.

S/Marie E. Verlinde 

Case Manager

(810) 984-3290