ALD-204 & ALD-205 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

Nos. 19-3609 & 19-3610

___________

MARK DOWNEY,

Appellant

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Delaware

(D.C. Civil Action Nos. 1:19-cv-01212 & 1:19-cv-01258)

District Judge: Honorable Colm F. Connolly

____________________________________

Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) or 

Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6

May 21, 2020

Before: MCKEE, SHWARTZ and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: June 11, 2020)

_________

OPINION*

_________

PER CURIAM

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.
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Mark Downey, proceeding pro se, appeals from an order of the United States 

District Court for the District of Delaware dismissing his qui tam action as frivolous 

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). For the following reasons, we will affirm.

In June and July 2019, Downey filed largely identical pro se complaints which he 

identified as qui tam actions under the False Claims Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street 

Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Proclaiming that he “represents the Federal 

Government,” Downey asserted that he sought to “recover numerous massive costoverruns, excessive spending, delinquent accounts, fraud and undiscovered revenue 

recovery with the goal to eliminate the mounting $21 Trillion Federal Budget Deficit for 

our Children's Children.” His complaints also invoked the Federal Tort Claims Act, the 

Fair Labor Standards Act, and various federal criminal statutes. 

The cases proceeded along similar tracks. The District Court granted Downey’s motions 

to proceed in forma pauperis and, on October 30, 2019, issued separate but similar 

opinions dismissing the complaints as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). In 

particular, the District Court held that a pro se litigant may not pursue a qui tam action on 

behalf of the Government. The District Court also concluded that “the Complaint[s] do[] 

not state a claim under the Dodd-Frank Act.” Furthermore, the District Court held that 

Downey lacked standing to raise criminal claims and that, even under the relaxed 

pleading standard afforded to pro se litigants, Downey failed to “identify what provisions 

of the numerous statutes he invokes were violated.” The District Court further noted that 

the complaints did not “request any feasible relief or state a basis for [Downey’s] 
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entitlement to such relief.” Finally, the District Court stated in its orders that 

“[a]mendment is futile.” Downey appealed.1

The False Claims Act enables private parties, known as relators, to bring 

enforcement actions on behalf of the United States to recover funds which were 

fraudulently obtained, and to share in any resulting damages award. 31 U.S.C. § 3729, et 

seq.; see also U.S. ex rel. Wilkins v. United Health Grp., Inc., 659 F.3d 295, 304-05 (3d 

Cir. 2011). When a relator files a qui tam suit, the action is deemed to be brought “for 

the person and for the United States Government.” 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1). Indeed, 

“while the False Claims Act permits relators to control the False Claims Act litigation, 

the claim itself belongs to the United States.” U.S. ex rel. Mergent Servs. v. Flaherty, 

540 F.3d 89, 93 (2d Cir. 2008). We have held, however, that an individual proceeding 

pro se may not represent third parties in federal court. See Lazaridis v. Wehmer, 591 

F.3d 666, 672 (3d Cir. 2010); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1654 (providing that in federal court, 

“parties may plead and conduct their own cases personally or by counsel ....”). 

Therefore, a pro se litigant may not pursue a qui tam action on behalf of the Government. 

See Wojcicki v. SCANA/SCE&G, 947 F.3d 240, 245 (4th Cir. 2020) (recognizing that 

“[t]his stance is in accord with the decisions of our sister circuits that have addressed this 

issue”). Downey did not allege that he had a personal interest in the qui tam portion of 

this action; rather, he emphasized that his goal is to help the federal government eliminate 

1 We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and exercise plenary review over the 

District Court’s sua sponte dismissal of Downey’s claims as frivolous under § 1915(e). 

See Allah v. Seiverling, 229 F.3d 220, 223 (3d Cir.2000).
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the budget deficit. Accordingly, the District Court properly held that Downey, a pro se 

relator, could not puruse the qui tam action.

The District Court also properly rejected Downey’s attempt to raise claims under 

the Dodd-Frank Act. The Dodd-Frank Act created a private cause of action in federal 

court for whistleblowers who believe that they have been retaliated against for taking 

specified protected actions. See Khazin v. TD Ameritrade Holding Corp., 773 F.3d 488, 

491 (3d Cir. 2014) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 78u–6(h)(1)(B)(i)). The Supreme Court has held 

that the anti-retaliation provision of the Dodd-Frank Act does not extend to an individual 

who has not reported a violation of the securities laws to the Securities and Exchange 

Commission. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. v. Somers, 138 S. Ct. 767, 772-73 (2018) 

(quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(a)(6)). Although both of Downey’ complaints made passing 

reference the Securities and Exchange Commission, he did not allege that he provided 

information relating to a violation of the securities laws to the SEC. Accordingly, he 

cannot maintain whistleblower protection claim under the Dodd-Frank Act.

Downey also appeared to seek relief under various federal statutes, including the 

Federal Tort Claims Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act, but his mere citation to those 

statutes is insufficient to state plausible claims for relief. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 

662, 678 (2009) (“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content 

that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 

misconduct alleged.”). In addition, the various federal criminal statutes that Downey 

cited do not give rise to a private cause of action. See Cent. Bank of Denver v. First 

Interstate Bank of Denver, 511 U.S. 164, 190 (1994) (refusing to infer a private right of 
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action from a “bare criminal statute”); Leeke v. Timmerman, 454 U.S. 83, 85-86 (1981) 

(holding that a private party has no right to compel enforcement of criminal laws). 

Finally, we agree with the District Court that any amendment to the complaint would be 

futile, and thus see no abuse of discretion in the dismissal without leave to amend. See

Winer Family Tr. v. Queen, 503 F.3d 319, 330-31 (3d Cir. 2007) (stating that a district 

court may deny leave to amend where amendment would be futile); see also Wakeen v. 

Hoffman House, Inc., 724 F.2d 1238, 1244 (7th Cir. 1983) (holding that futile pleadings 

include those that reassert claims previously determined).

For the foregoing reasons, no substantial question is presented by these appeals. 

Accordingly, we will summarily affirm the judgments of the District Court. See 3d Cir. 

LAR 27.4; I.O.P. 10.6.