UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

v.

JUAN C. PADUA,

Defendant.

20-CR-191-LJV-MJR-1

DECISION & ORDER

Granting a mistrial with prejudice is an extraordinary remedy that should be 

reserved for only the most extraordinary circumstances. On November 5, 2021, this 

Court granted that remedy because of such truly extraordinary circumstances. Docket 

Item 178. Although the Court gave reasons on the record for its decision, see Docket 

Item 181, it now writes to address the gravity of the issue and the relief provided.

BACKGROUND

On December 9, 2020, Juan Padua and Michael Vasquez were indicted for 

conspiring to possess with intent to distribute, and to distribute, at least 500 grams of 

cocaine and attempting to possess with intent to distribute the same amount of cocaine. 

Docket Item 13. The charges stemmed from the mail delivery of a suspicious package

destined for Padua’s apartment. See Docket Item 184 at 61; Docket Item 185 at 37. 

After postal inspectors obtained a warrant to search the package, they found that it 

indeed included a kilogram of cocaine. See Docket Item 184 at 63; Docket Item 185 at 

159-60. So they replaced the cocaine with sham and, in cooperation with agents from 

the United States Drug Enforcement Administration, set up a delivery of the package 

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equipped with an electronic monitor that would notify them when the package was 

opened. Docket Item 184 at 77-78, 84-85.

Shortly after the package was delivered, a phone number that belonged to Padua 

sent Vasquez a text message in Spanish; translated into English, it read “the food is 

here.” Docket Item 184 at 193-94; Docket Item 186 at 20-22, 42-43. A few minutes 

later, Vasquez arrived at Padua’s apartment, and the agents who surveilled the delivery 

were notified that the package was opened. Docket Item 185 at 68-69, 74-77. Padua 

and Vasquez both were arrested. 

Vasquez eventually pleaded guilty, see No. 20-CR-191-LJV-MJR-2, Docket Item 

123, but Padua proceeded to trial. In his motions in limine, Padua raised several issues 

regarding what he claimed were violations of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16 

and the government’s late disclosure of evidence. See, e.g., Docket Items 83, 96, 133. 

Most relevant here, Padua asked the Court to preclude the government from introducing

evidence recovered from Vasquez’s and his cell phones. Padua first asked the Court to 

preclude the government from presenting evidence recovered from Vasquez’s cell 

phone, including and especially the “food is here” text message sent when the package 

arrived. See Docket Item 83 at 27-32; Docket Item 137 at 35-41. Later, after the 

government unlocked Padua’s cell phone shortly before trial, he asked the Court to 

preclude any evidence recovered from that phone as well. Docket Item 133.

The Court denied the defendant’s motion to preclude evidence recovered from 

Vasquez’s cell phone. The Court acknowledged that it took the government almost a 

year to bypass the cell phone’s security passcode and to access its contents and that 

two months then elapsed before government’s investigating technicians sent the results 

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to the Assistant United States Attorneys who prosecuted the case. See Docket Item 

137 at 81-86. And the Court agreed with defense counsel that there may have been a 

technical violation of the government’s disclosure obligations. Id. at 82-84. But the 

Court noted that the prosecutors sent defense counsel the evidence immediately after 

the prosecutors received it and that there was no prejudice to the defense because of 

the late disclosure. Id. at 82-86. So while the Court was troubled by the government’s 

handling of that cell phone evidence, it declined to preclude it. Id. at 48-49, 85-86.

But the same was not true with respect to the contents of Padua’s cell phone. 

The government had possession of that phone from the day that Padua was arrested—

more than a year before trial. Id. at 35. What is more, the government had the means 

to access the contents of Padua’s phone that entire time: In fact, Padua had given 

them the passcode on the day he was arrested. Docket Item 140 at 16, 25-26. But the 

government apparently did not even try to use that passcode until about a week before 

trial. Id. at 20. After finally unlocking the phone, the government found evidence that it

wanted to use at trial. See Docket Item 131; Docket Item 133. The defendant objected 

to that eleventh-hour disclosure, and the Court agreed; especially because Padua was 

in custody and an adjournment would have meant more time detained pretrial, the Court 

ruled that the contents of his cell phone could not be admitted at trial. Docket Item 140

at 32-33, 36-37.

Unhappy with that ruling, the government asked the Court to reconsider it several 

times. See, e.g., Docket Item 161, Docket Item 183 at 48-49. Indeed, after defense 

counsel’s summation, the government asked the Court to reopen the proof so that it 

could present the cell phone evidence. Docket Item 183 at 48-49. The government 

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passionately argued that defense counsel was using the Court’s ruling as both “a sword 

and a shield” and, for that reason, that it was unfair to preclude use of the phone’s 

contents. See id. at 48-51. 

After the Court denied that motion, counsel for the government asked for five 

minutes to compose himself. Id. at 51. He slammed the doors as he left the courtroom 

and took ten. Id.; Docket Item 181 at 6, 40. He then returned to the courtroom and

delivered the rebuttal summation that resulted in a mistrial with prejudice. Docket Item 

183 at 52-61. 

That rebuttal was riddled with misconduct that would make a first-year law 

student blush. For example, counsel told the jury that testimony presented by the 

defense about a back stairway to Padua’s apartment “flatly[ was] not true” and that no 

such stairway existed. Id. at 53. That statement not only was improper testimony by 

counsel, but it apparently was false as well. See Docket Item 181 at 12-18. 

But that misconduct paled in comparison with what would follow. The prosecutor 

told the jury that defense counsel’s summation was the “kitchen sink approach”— the 

“musings of a . . . team” that was “[d]esperate because they know that their client is 

guilty.” Docket Item 183 at 54. Then, immediately after defense counsel’s objection 

was sustained and the offending statement stricken, the prosecutor said, “I know he’s 

guilty. I know beyond a reasonable doubt he’s guilty.” Id.

After the rebuttal ended and the jury was excused for the day, the Court asked 

the prosecutor whether he thought “it’s appropriate for a [p]rosecutor to tell the jury, I 

know the [d]efendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 61. The prosecutor 

responded, “I think a lot of inappropriate . . . things happened in this trial.” Id. After 

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further questioning about the rebuttal, the prosecutor conceded only that “[the Court] 

sustained the objection[] . . . so it[ was] not appropriate.” Id. at 62. 

The Court then asked defense counsel whether they had a motion for relief; after 

some discussion, defense counsel moved for a mistrial with prejudice. Id. at 65-66. 

The Court noted that it was not inclined to grant a mistrial with prejudice because that 

remedy was so extraordinary but that it would consider all arguments by both sides as 

to whether a remedy was necessary and, if so, what that remedy should be. Id. at 66-

68. The Court requested further briefing and set oral argument for the next day, giving 

both parties time to review the transcript and consider possible remedies. Id. 

Both sides submitted briefing, and the Court heard argument the following

morning. See Docket Items 174, 175, 181. Defense counsel renewed their request for 

a mistrial with prejudice, see Docket Item 175; Docket Item 181 at 4, arguing that given 

the egregiousness of the misconduct, the prosecutor must have “intended to goad the 

defendant into moving for a mistrial,” Docket Item 175 at 3 (internal quotation marks 

omitted) (quoting Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667, 676 (1982)). The government, with 

the prosecutor’s co-counsel arguing, responded that while the prosecutor’s remarks 

were inappropriate, they were not bad enough to require a mistrial, let alone a mistrial 

with prejudice. See Docket Item 181 at 18. Co-counsel explained that “the 

[p]rosecution [was] so upset [] because we don’t think we had a fair trial in this case.” 

Id. at 37. The burden is on the defense to show that the defendant has been “deprive[d] 

. . . of a fair trial,” he argued. Id. at 38. “We submit it’s the opposite. We think we’ve 

been deprived of a fair trial.” Id. 

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The government tried to justify its rebuttal arguments by pointing to a number of 

arguments in the defense summation that it contended were improper. See id. at 19-33.

For example, co-counsel argued that defense counsel’s relating stories from her 

personal life to illustrate arguments she was making constituted commenting on facts 

not in evidence. Id. at 25-26; 32. He argued that referring to a government expert as 

“hired by the [g]overnment” and a “paid gun” was improper. Id. at 33. He argued that 

asking the jury to infer that a government witness would have given an answer helpful to 

the defense to a question that was not asked was improper.1 Id. at 28-29. But the main 

thrust of the government’s argument was that the improper comments were justified or 

should be forgiven because they were in response to its legitimate conclusion that it had 

been denied a fair trial. See id. at 36-38.

At the conclusion of the arguments, the Court took a recess to consider the 

cases cited by both sides and to give the matter additional thought. See id. at 59. The 

Court then addressed the case law that the parties cited, granted the motion for a 

mistrial with prejudice, explained its reasoning, and discharged the jury. Id. at 59-67.

DISCUSSION

Two basic, fundamental, first-year-of-law-school legal principles are at issue in 

this case.

The first is that cases are to be decided on their merits absent truly extraordinary 

circumstances. For that reason, a mistrial based on prosecutorial misconduct should be 

1 The government conceded that it did not object to any of these arguments 

during the defense summation. Docket Item 181 at 36.

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granted with prejudice only when that misconduct is intentional. Kennedy, 456 U.S. at

679. In the words of the Supreme Court, a mistrial with prejudice may be granted only 

when the prosecutor or the court “goad[s] the [defendant] into requesting a mistrial.” 

United States v. Divitz, 424 U.S. 600, 611 (1976); see also Kennedy, 456 U.S. at 673.

The second fundamental principle at issue is that lawyers—and especially 

prosecutors, whose mission should be not to win at any cost but to do justice—may not 

prejudice the jury by offering what they know about what the result of a trial should be or 

vouching for witnesses or the truth of what they say. See, e.g., United States v. Young, 

470 U.S. 1, 18 (1985) (“[S]uch comments can convey the impression that evidence not 

presented to the jury, but known to the prosecutor, supports the charges against the 

defendant . . . .”); United States v. Miller, 116 F.3d 641, 683 (2d Cir. 1997) (“It is a given 

that a prosecutor may not personally vouch for the truth of the government’s 

evidence.”); United States v. Modica, 663 F.2d 1173, 1179 (2d Cir. 1981) (per curiam)

(collecting cases) (“This Court has repeatedly warned prosecutors not to vouch for their 

witnesses’ truthfulness . . . .”). Every first-year prosecutor—indeed, every Criminal Law 

or Criminal Procedure law student—knows that a prosecutor cannot tell the jury that she 

knows the defendant to be guilty. See, e.g., Young, 470 U.S. at 7-8 (“Prosecutors [] 

breach their duty . . . by commenting on the defendant’s guilt and offering unsolicited 

personal views on the evidence.”); Modica, 663 F.2d at 1178 (“It is unprofessional 

conduct for the prosecutor to express his or her personal belief or opinion as to the . . . 

guilt of the defendant.” (quoting ABA Standards for Criminal Justice, Standard 3-5.8(b) 

(1980)).

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The intersection between those principles created a dilemma for this Court. At 

first, even though the violation of the second principle was truly egregious, the Court 

was inclined to favor the first principle and to grant a mistrial without prejudice. See

Docket Item 183 at 66-67. But after further reflection—and after hearing the 

government’s explanation of why the misconduct occurred—the Court concluded that 

the second principle trumped the first under the unique circumstances here. Docket 

Item 181 at 64-65. The egregious misconduct, coupled with the government’s 

explanation for it on the heels of a persuasive defense summation, makes a mistrial with 

prejudice the only appropriate sanction.

The defendant’s motion for a mistrial after the rebuttal summation was not his

first. Early in the trial, after government counsel referenced Vasquez’s plea and both 

government counsel and a government witness referred to Vasquez as a coconspirator, defense counsel moved for a mistrial but limited it to a mistrial with 

prejudice; if the Court would grant a mistrial without prejudice, counsel said, the 

defendant would prefer to continue. See Docket Item 184 at 128-30. Later on, after a 

government witness testified about a previously undisclosed statement by the 

defendant, the defense again moved for a mistrial—this time regardless of whether it 

would be with or without prejudice. See Docket Item 185 at 128-29, 152-53. So

defense counsel was not shy about asking for a mistrial, and the prosecutor knew that. 

And the prosecutor must have known that his rebuttal remarks would trigger 

another mistrial motion. There can be little doubt that he knew that what he said in his 

rebuttal summation was egregiously improper. Indeed, it is fundamental that a 

prosecutor cannot tell the jury that he knows that the defendant is guilty—let alone that 

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he knows the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See Young, 470 U.S. at 

7-8; Modica, 663 F.2d at 1178. Those statements not only usurp the function of the 

jury, but they also put the imprimatur of the government on facts that the jury must 

decide. See United States v. LaMorte, 950 F.2d 80, 83 (2d Cir. 1991) (“The principal 

reason that prosecutors must not make personal observations about the guilt of the 

defendant is that such an observation can create an inference in the mind of the jury 

that the prosecutor has knowledge of extra-record evidence proving that the defendant 

is, in fact, guilty. A prosecutor’s assertion that the defendant is guilty also raises the risk 

that the jury will simply defer to the government’s view of the evidence.” (citing Young, 

470 U.S. at 18-19)); see also Young, 470 U.S. at 18-19 (“The prosecutor’s vouching for 

the credibility of witnesses and expressing his personal opinion concerning the guilt of 

the accused . . . carries with it the imprimatur of the [g]overnment and may induce the 

jury to trust the [g]overnment’s judgment rather than its own view of the evidence.”). 

And telling the jury that defense counsel is desperate because they know that their 

client is guilty may be even more egregious. See United States v. Friedman, 909 F.2d 

705, 709 (2d Cir. 1990) (reasoning that such arguments “invite[] [the jury] to conclude 

that everyone the [g]overnment accuses is guilty, that justice is done only when a 

conviction is obtained, and that defense counsel are impairing this version of justice by 

having the temerity to provide a defense and to try to ‘get’ the guilty ‘off.’”) 

In United States v. Friedman, the Second Circuit addressed remarks far less 

egregious than those here and found them to be “grossly improper.” Id. In that case, as 

in the case at bar, the prosecutor suggested that defense counsel would make any 

argument he could “to get that guy off.” Id. at 708. The Second Circuit reversed the 

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defendant’s conviction, finding that any less was insufficient given an argument that 

“risk[ed] a serious distortion of the jury’s understanding of the roles of prosecutor and 

defense counsel.” Id. at 709. 

Here, the prosecutor did that and more. The prosecutor not only said that 

defense counsel used everything including “the kitchen sink” to get an acquittal but also 

said that counsel did so “because they know that their client is guilty.” Docket Item 183 

at 54. Then, after the Court sustained the defendant’s objection and struck that 

comment, the prosecutor went from bad to worse, brazenly telling the jury that he knew 

that the defendant was guilty—in fact, that he knew that “beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

Id.

Without a doubt, a seasoned prosecutor like the Assistant United States Attorney 

here knew very well that remarks like those would provoke a motion for a mistrial. But if 

there were any doubt, that doubt was dispelled by the prosecution’s attempt to justify—

or at least ameliorate—the misconduct. The government argued that it was denied a 

fair trial by this Court’s rulings. Docket Item 181 at 37-38. According to the 

government, the prosecutors were justifiably upset about this Court’s “default position,” 

which was to “acquiesce to the [d]efense.” Id. And that was the reason for the 

outrageous statements the prosecutor made, see id., after he was given time to 

compose himself and to think about the defense summation and the Court’s denial of 

his motion to reopen the proof, see Docket Item 183 at 51.

In light of that explanation, this Court can see only two possible motives for the 

misconduct. First, given what the Court believed was an excellent and persuasive 

summation by defense counsel, the prosecutor may have been legitimately worried that 

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he was going to lose. After all, the Court had precluded what he believed to be

important evidence because that evidence had been disclosed literally on the eve of 

trial. Why not cut the government’s losses, get a do-over, and hope that after trial is put 

off for a while, the Court will admit the late-disclosed evidence because any harm will 

have been obviated? And maybe next time defense counsel’s summation will not be so 

effective—especially because it might not include those parts that seized on the lack of 

cell phone evidence during the first trial.

Or maybe the prosecutor simply wanted to repay the Court for what it believed to 

be its incorrect rulings. Perhaps the misconduct was designed simply to spite the Court

for the government’s perception that the Court’s “default position . . . has been to 

acquiesce to the [d]efense.” Docket Item 181 at 37-38.

Either way, the prosecutor had to know that defense counsel would move for a 

mistrial as a result of the rebuttal summation. And either way, that constitutes the sort 

of intentional misconduct that warrants a mistrial with prejudice.2 

2 The government cited United States v. Young in support of its argument that a 

mistrial was not warranted. Docket Item 174 at 6. But while the prosecutor in Young

opined that the defendant was guilty, he did so in response to defense counsel’s 

argument that the “[g]overnment did not believe in its own case.” 470 U.S. at 4-5. What 

is more, defense counsel neither objected to the prosecutor’s statement nor asked for 

any relief because of it. Id. at 6. Here, on the other hand, the prosecutor’s remarks 

were more egregious, were not invited by defense counsel, and prompted an objection. 

And the government’s reliance on Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168 (1986), and 

Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637 (1974), see Docket Item 174 at 5-6, was

likewise misplaced. Those cases—brought by petitioners seeking habeas corpus 

relief—involved the rigorous standard of constitutional due process, not the supervisory 

power of a trial court. Indeed, in DeChristoforo, the Court drew that very distinction and 

explicitly noted that “not every trial error or infirmity which might call for [the] application 

of supervisory powers correspondingly constitutes a ‘failure to observe that fundamental 

fairness essential to the very concept of justice.’” 416 U.S. at 642-43 (quoting Lisenba 

v. California, 314 U.S. 219, 236 (1941)). Here, in contrast, this Court exercises its 

supervisory power in granting the relief sought by the defendant.

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CONCLUSION

In United States v. Modica, the Second Circuit lamented that “[t]his appeal—like 

far too many reaching this Court—centers on improper statements made by a 

prosecutor in his summation to a jury.” 663 F.2d at 1174. “Such misconduct has gone 

largely unremedied,” the court observed, because “appellate courts are understandably 

reluctant to reverse convictions merely to discipline prosecutors.” Id. For that reason, 

and because the Circuit’s “warnings alone have proved insufficient,” id. at 1182, the 

court asked district courts to control trials and sanction prosecutors for arguments that 

cross the line, id. at 1184-85. 

But by the same token and for the same reasons, district courts may be reluctant 

to declare mistrials based on arguments that cross the line. Starting over is an 

unattractive alternative after all the trial work has been done and the jury has heard the 

entire case. And the alternative of granting a mistrial with prejudice usually is not 

available when a prosecutor crosses the line.

Here, however, the prosecutor did not merely cross the line, he erased it. If ever 

prosecutorial misconduct warrants a mistrial with prejudice, this is the case. 

Worried that he would lose, or upset with the Court and its rulings, a seasoned 

prosecutor deliberately made remarks that he had to know were egregiously improper 

and would result in a defense motion for a mistrial. That is nothing less than 

intentional—intended to goad the defense into making that motion. And this case 

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therefore presents the extraordinary—indeed, in this Court’s experience, unique—

circumstances that warrant the remedy of a mistrial with prejudice.3

For all the above reasons, the defendant’s motion for a mistrial is GRANTED 

WITH PREJUDICE. The Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment in favor of the 

defendant. 

SO ORDERED.

Dated: December 9, 2021

Buffalo, New York

LAWRENCE J. VILARDO

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

3 This Court recognizes that the Second Circuit has suggested alternative 

sanctions: “If the conduct has occurred on prior occasions, the court may wish to give 

serious consideration to a formal reference to the appropriate local grievance 

committee” and if “persistent,” the court might consider “the appropriateness of a 

suspension.” See Modica, 663 F.2d at 1185. Here, although egregious, the conduct 

was only during one summation. Nevertheless, this Court still considered those 

alternatives suggested by the Second Circuit but decided that the sanction of a mistrial 

with prejudice was more appropriate, and would be more effective, considering the 

unique circumstances here. 

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