IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

KENNETH HERBERT ABERNATHY v. KELLIE MICHELLE

ABERNATHY

Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Wilson County

No. 1654 Clara Byrd, Judge

No. M1999-00891-COA-R3-CV - Decided June 27, 2000

In this divorce action, Kenneth Herbert Abernathy (Father) appeals the trial court’s final judgment

awarding Kellie Michelle Abernathy (Mother) custody of the parties’ five-year-old son, imposing

certain conditions on the Father’s visitation with the child, ordering the Father to pay $8819 to the

Mother for her portion of the equity in the marital home, and ordering the Father to pay $5064 of the

Mother’s attorney’s fees. We decline to address the Father’s issues regarding the conditions placed

on his visitation with the child because, at oral argument, the Father’s counsel conceded that these

issues were resolved by a subsequent order of the trial court removing the visitation conditions. In

all other respects, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed; and

Remanded

FARMER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HIGHERS, J., and LILLARD, J., joined.

Jon S. Jablonski, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Kenneth Herbert Abernathy.

Jessica Dawn Dugger and Gregory S. Gill, Lebanon, Tennessee, for the appellee, Kellie Michelle

Abernathy.

OPINION

The Father initiated this action in January 1998 when he filed a complaint for divorce against

the Mother alleging the grounds of irreconcilable differences and inappropriate marital conduct. See

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-101(11), (14) (Supp. 1999). According to the Father’s complaint, this was

the Father’s first marriage and the Mother’s third marriage. The Father’s complaint sought custody

of the parties’ minor child, a son born in January 1994. The Father asked the trial court to award him

certain property, including, inter alia, all interest in the marital home and the Father’s business,

Aircraft Acrylic Repairs, Inc. 
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The Mother filed an answer and a counter-complaint for divorce in which she sought custody

of the parties’ child. In addition to the same grounds alleged in the Father’s complaint, the Mother

asserted that the Father was guilty of habitual drunkenness and that he abused illegal drugs. See

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-101(10) (Supp. 1999). The Mother asked the trial court to make an

equitable division of the parties’ real and personal property. The Mother also asked for an award of

attorney’s fees. 

In March 1998, the trial court entered an agreed order granting the Mother temporary custody

of the parties’ child, setting forth the Father’s visitation rights, and awarding the Father possession

of the marital residence pending the final divorce hearing. Pursuant to a motion filed by the Mother,

the trial court later entered an order requiring the parties and the child to submit to psychological

evaluations. 

After conducting a trial in March and April 1999, the trial court entered a final judgment

awarding the Mother a divorce on the ground of inappropriate marital conduct. As pertinent to this

appeal, the trial court’s judgment awarded custody of the parties’ child to the Mother, imposed

certain conditions on the Father’s visitation with the child, ordered the Father to pay $8819 to the

Mother for her portion of the equity in the marital home, and ordered the Father to pay $5064 of the

Mother’s attorney’s fees. With regard to the conditions placed on the Father’s visitation with the

child, the trial court’s judgment required the parties and the child to attend behavioral modification

counseling with Lori Drake-Bunch, specified that the amount of additional visitation that the Father

was awarded would depend upon the Father’s cooperation with Drake-Bunch and her

recommendations, reserved the issue of the Father’s summer visitation schedule pending the court’s

receipt of Drake-Bunch’s report, and required that the Father’s visitation with the child be supervised

by the Father’s mother. 

On appeal, the Father contends that the trial court erred in (1) awarding custody of the

parties’ child to the Mother, (2) ordering the Father to participate in counseling with Lori DrakeBunch as a prerequisite to the court’s setting a summer visitation schedule, (3) requiring the Father’s

visitation with the child to be supervised by the Father’s mother, (4) valuing the parties’ residence,

and (5) ordering the Father to pay a portion of the Mother’s attorney’s fees. 

I. Custody Award

Our review of the trial court’s custody decision is governed by rule 13(d) of the Tennessee

Rules of Appellate Procedure. See Ruyle v. Ruyle, 928 S.W.2d 439, 441 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996);

Koch v. Koch, 874 S.W.2d 571, 575 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). Rule 13(d) requires this court, in

conducting a de novo review of the record, to presume that the trial court’s factual findings are

correct, unless the evidence in the record preponderates otherwise. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). In

applying this standard of review, we are mindful that “[t]rial courts are vested with wide discretion

in matters of child custody” and that “the appellate courts will not interfere except upon a showing

of erroneous exercise of that discretion.” Koch, 874 S.W.2d at 575. Because “[c]ustody and

visitation determinations often hinge on subtle factors, including the parents’ demeanor and
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credibility during the divorce proceedings themselves,” appellate courts “are reluctant to secondguess a trial court’s decisions.” Gaskill v. Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d 626, 631 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). The

courts’ paramount concern in a custody case is the welfare and best interest of the parties’ minor

children. See Ruyle, 928 S.W.2d at 441; Koch, 874 S.W.2d at 575. This determination necessarily

turns on the particular facts of each case. See Koch, 874 S.W.2d at 575.

In making its custody decision, the trial court is required to engage in a “comparative fitness”

analysis. Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d at 630. That is, the court is required to determine which parent is a

comparatively more fit custodian than the other. See id. This factually-driven inquiry requires the

court to carefully weigh, inter alia, the following considerations:

(1) The love, affection and emotional ties existing between the parents

and child;

(2) The disposition of the parents to provide the child with food, clothing,

medical care, education and other necessary care and the degree to which a parent has

been the primary caregiver;

(3) The importance of continuity in the child’s life and the length of time

the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment; . . .

(4) The stability of the family unit of the parents;

(5) The mental and physical health of the parents;

(6) The home, school and community record of the child;

(7) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of age or

older. . . .

(8) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other

parent or to any other person; . . . .

(9) The character and behavior of any other person who resides in or

frequents the home of a parent and such person’s interactions with the child; and

(10) Each parent’s past and potential for future performance of parenting

responsibilities, including the willingness and ability of each of the parents to

facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the

child and the other parent, consistent with the best interest of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106 (Supp. 1999).
1Although this provision specifically enjoined both parties, we note that the record contains

no evidence that the Mother has used illegal drugs.

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On appeal, the Father contends that the trial court erred in awarding custody of the child to

the Mother because the evidence at trial established that the Father is the more stable parent and that

the Father “deals with” the child more appropriately. The Father points to evidence that he has

owned his own business since 1994 and that he has provided well for the family, whereas the Mother

has had several different jobs during the same time period and has remained financially dependent

on others. The Father also cites the testimony of several witnesses, including the Mother, who

indicated that the Father exerts greater control over the child’s behavior than does the Mother. 

Despite the favorable evidence supporting the Father’s custody request, we conclude that the

trial court did not err in awarding custody of the parties’ child to the Mother. The evidence at trial

demonstrated that both the Mother and the Father are loving parents who are very involved in their

child’s life. In making its custody decision, however, the trial court indicated that it was particularly

concerned with the child’s behavioral problems and each parent’s response to these problems. In

awarding custody to the Mother, the court found that the Mother was open to the avenue of

counseling and the court-appointed psychologist’s recommendations that the child be evaluated for

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. In contrast, the court found

that the Father’s attitude indicated that he was not open to the psychologist’s recommendations. The

trial court’s comments also indicated that the court was concerned by evidence of the Father’s illegal

drug use, and in its final judgment, the court included a provision enjoining both parties “from using

or possessing any illegal drug in the presence of the minor child.”1

 In conducting its comparative

fitness analysis, the trial court indicated that these two factors weighed in favor of awarding custody

to the Mother. 

We conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s custody

decision. Although much of the evidence at trial was disputed, virtually all of the witnesses agreed

that the child exhibited behavioral problems both at home and at school. The Mother testified that

the child was “a handful.” At preschool, the child often sat in “time out” for failing or refusing to

listen to his teachers’ instructions and for running around the school instead of staying with his class.

Other witnesses described the child as “rambunctious,” “hyperactive,” and even “uncontrollable.”

The psychologist appointed by the court to evaluate the parties and their son recommended that the

child be evaluated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. The

Mother testified that she agreed with the psychologist’s recommendations for further evaluations.

In contrast, the Father demonstrated less willingness to acknowledge the seriousness of the

child’s behavioral problems or to seek appropriate guidance from professionals in dealing with these

problems. When asked if the child needed counseling for his behavioral problems, the Father’s only

response was that the child “needed his daddy.” On one occasion, the Mother convinced the Father

to attend a counseling session to address the child’s behavioral problems. Instead of focusing on the

subject of the counseling session, the Father insisted on explaining to the counselor why he and the

Mother were divorcing. When the counselor tried to redirect the Father’s focus to his son’s
2

The Father’s statement apparently referred to his suspicions that the Mother was engaging

in an adulterous affair with a long-time friend. Despite hiring a private investigator and paying him

$3000 to investigate the Father’s suspicions, the Father was unable to present any proof to support

these allegations.

3

The Father previously had testified that he occasionally whipped the child with a belt. The

Father explained that, “[e]arly on, years ago, when he [the child] was like two and a half years old,

I broke a switch off a tree two or three times. . . . After that, I ain’t got no problem.” 

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behavioral problems, the Father responded by stating that the reason the parties were there was

because the Mother could not “keep her legs closed.”2 At trial, the Father admitted that he made this

statement to the counselor, although he disputed the Mother’s testimony that the child was present

when the statement was made. The Father also admitted telling the counselor that he did not need

a woman telling him how to raise his son. The Father testified that he made this statement after the

counselor told him that whipping a child with a belt was inappropriate.3

 

As for the Father’s alleged drug and alcohol use, the Mother testified that the Father drank

excessively and sometimes smoked marijuana. The Mother found marijuana and a pipe in the

Father’s bathrobe pocket and rolling papers on the floorboard of the Father’s truck. The Father drank

at least one six-pack of beer every day. On one occasion, the Father took prescription pain

medication from the Mother’s purse. When the Mother confronted the Father about his use of illegal

drugs, the Father defended his behavior, insisting that his drug use was not “such a big deal” and that

it was “okay to party every once in awhile.” The parties separated after a December 1997 argument

in which the Mother again confronted the Father about his drug use. The Father initially denied

using drugs. As the confrontation progressed, however, the Father retrieved a plastic baggie and pipe

from his truck and showed them to the Mother. 

The Father denied being a regular drug user, and he testified that all of his work-related drug

screens had been negative. The Father admitted, however, that he had smoked marijuana as recently

as December 1997. The Father admitted that the Mother once found a bag of marijuana in his

bathrobe pocket; however, the Father claimed that he found the bag in his driveway where one of

his employees dropped it. The Father also admitted that the Mother found two pipes containing

marijuana among the Father’s personal belongings; however, the Father claimed that the pipes were

merely souvenirs from his youth. Finally, the Father admitted that he took some of the Mother’s

prescription pain medication from her purse. 

Moreover, the Father acknowledged that he sometimes drank in the child’s presence. For

example, the Father and a friend drank beer when they took their children out on the friend’s boat.

The Father also drank Wild Turkey when he took his son to the bowling alley. According to the

Father, he did not drink to excess, and he drank only one and one-half to two cases of beer per

month, not the six-pack-per-day habit described by the Mother. The Father testified that, if

necessary, he would “give up anything” for his son, including drinking; however, he also testified

that he would not give up drinking unless the trial court ordered him to do so. 
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We conclude that the foregoing evidence supported the trial court’s decision to award custody

of the child to the Mother. As we previously indicated, in making its custody decision, the trial court

was required to consider, among other factors, the disposition of the parents to provide the child with

medical and other necessary care and the mental and physical health of the parents. See Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-6-106(2), (5) (Supp. 1999). The foregoing evidence directly related to both of these

factors. As indicated by the Father’s own testimony, the Father was less willing than the Mother to

seek professional guidance in dealing with the son’s behavioral problems. In fact, the Father

appeared reluctant to admit that the son had any significant behavioral problems. Additionally,

although the Father contended that his alcohol and drug use did not adversely impact the child, we

believe that the trial court properly considered this evidence when the court evaluated the parties’

comparative fitness to have custody of this child.

II. Visitation Conditions

In his second and third issues, the Father challenges certain aspects of the trial court’s final

judgment regarding his visitation with the child. Specifically, the Father contends that the trial court

erred in ordering him to participate in counseling with Lori Drake-Bunch as a prerequisite to the

court’s setting a summer visitation schedule and in requiring the Father’s visitation with the child

to be supervised by the Father’s mother. 

We decline to address these issues because, at oral argument, the Father’s counsel conceded

that these issues were resolved by an agreed order entered in December 1999 whereby the trial court

removed the foregoing conditions on the Father’s visitation with the child. See, e.g., Donegan v.

Donegan, No. 01A01-9709-CH-00469, 1998 WL 639113, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 14, 1998) (no

perm. app. filed) (recognizing that custody issue raised on appeal was moot where trial court’s

subsequent decision created different custody situation). Moreover, upon reviewing the record, we

find no indication that the Father objected to these conditions below, although he had several

opportunities to do so. See, e.g., Smith v. Smith, No. 03A01-9603-CV-00078, 1996 WL 591181,

at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 11, 1996) (no perm. app. filed) (holding that father waived issue

regarding condition prohibiting father from exposing child to cigarette smoke by not objecting to

condition below).

III. Valuation of Marital Home

As for the trial court’s valuation of the parties’ residence, the Father contends that the trial

court erred in accepting John Massa’s “as-is” appraisal of $114,000 because Massa testified that he

deducted only $17,500 from the home’s value to remedy its structural problems. The Father suggests

that Massa, a residential real estate appraiser, was not qualified to testify to the cost of repairing the

home. The Father insists that the trial court instead should have accepted the repair estimate of the

Father’s expert, Barry Stafford, who testified that the house needed over $24,000 worth of structural

repairs. The evidence showed that the house needed structural repairs because water had flooded

the underside of the house and damaged its foundation. 
4Rule 703 contains the following provisions:

Bases of opinion testimony by experts. – The facts or data in the particular

case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by

or made known to the expert at or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied

upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the

subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence. The court shall disallow

testimony in the form of an opinion or inference if the underlying facts or data

indicate lack of trustworthiness.

Tenn. R. Evid. 703.

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We conclude that this issue lacks merit. At trial, John Massa testified that he was a certified

appraiser of residential real estate. Massa appraised the parties’ residence at $114,000. Massa

testified that he appraised the property in an “as is” condition, taking into account the structural

problems that were brought to his attention by the Father. Massa deducted about $17,500 from the

home’s value because he estimated that this amount would be required to remedy the home’s

structural problems. Massa talked to several different contractors and builders in the area, and he

relied on their opinions to arrive at a repair estimate. 

On cross-examination, the Father’s counsel asked Massa why he disregarded BarryStafford’s

repair estimate of over $24,000. Massa responded by explaining that, in his opinion, the home did

not need all of the repairs included in Stafford’s estimate. Massa also testified that some of the

repair costs included in Stafford’s estimate appeared excessive. Although the Father’s counsel

attempted to impeach Massa concerning the bases for his repair estimate of $17,500, significantly,

the Father’s counsel raised no objection to the admissibility of Massa’s testimony. 

Under evidentiary rule 703, “an expert witness may base an opinion upon matters that are not

of his personal knowledge and that otherwise constitute inadmissible hearsay if those matters are of

a type reasonably relied upon by experts in that field.” State v. Abbott, No. 02C01-9311-CC-00263,

1995 WL 422810, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 19, 1995), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 28, 1995)

(citing Tenn. R. Evid. 703).4

 In the present case, the Father’s counsel did not challenge Massa’s

qualifications to testify as an expert in the field of appraising residential real estate. Massa testified

that, in appraising the parties’ residence, he necessarily relied upon the repair estimates of several

contractors and builders in the area. Although Massa’s testimony did not explicitly address the

requirements of rule 703, his testimony suggested that the contractors’ and builders’ repair estimates

were matters of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in his field. Under these circumstances, we

reject the Father’s argument that the trial court was required to reject Massa’s appraisal just because

it was based, in part, upon information provided by area contractors and builders.

Had the Father raised a contemporaneous objection to the admissibility of Massa’s testimony

regarding the cost of repairing the residence, perhaps Massa would have testified more fully

regarding the sources of his repair estimate and whether this information constituted matters of a type
5We note that, in his closing argument, theFather’s counsel argued that Massa’s estimate was

“pure hearsay.” In light of counsel’s failure to raise a hearsay objection during Massa’s testimony,

we believe that this argument went to the weight that should be given Massa’s testimony rather than

to its admissibility. 

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reasonably relied upon by experts in his field. In the absence of such an objection, however, we

decline to reverse the trial court’s judgment wherein it adopted Massa’s appraisal of the parties’

residence. SeeAbbott, 1995 WL 422810, at *4 (concluding that trial court did not commit reversible

error in allowing pharmacist to testify about therapeutic values of specific drugs where pharmacist’s

testimony was based upon information he obtained from doctor and where appellant failed to enter

contemporaneous objection to admissibility of testimony).5

IV. Attorney’s Fee Award

We also reject the Father’s contention that the trial court erred in ordering him to pay a

portion of the Mother’s attorney’s fees. On appeal, the Father contends that the trial court’s award

of attorney’s fees constituted an award of alimony in solido and that, pursuant to this court’s holding

in Aleshire v. Aleshire, 642 S.W.2d 729, 733 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1981), the award was improper

because the Father has no cash assets with which to pay the award and because alimony in solido

may not be awarded from future earnings.

We believe that the Father’s argument misconstrues this court’s holding in Aleshire. In

Aleshire, we held that, as a general rule, alimony in solido should be paid out of the obligor spouse’s

present estate and should not be awarded out of an expectation of the obligor’s future earnings. See

Aleshire, 642 S.W.2d at 733. Contrary to the Father’s suggestion, however,Aleshire does not stand

for the proposition that alimony in solido must be paid out of the obligor spouse’s “cash assets.”

Rather, Aleshire refers to the obligor’s “present estate.” See id. For purposes of paying an award

of alimony in solido, the obligor spouse’s present estate may include the obligor’s share of the

marital property, the obligor’s separate property, and any equity therein. See Coke v. Coke, No.

02A01-9210-CV-00279, 1993 WL 477016, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 15, 1993) (no perm. app.

filed).

Moreover, even if the obligor spouse has no “present estate,” Aleshire does not prohibit the

trial court from awarding alimony in solido. In Aleshire, we explained that extreme circumstances

could arise where the trial court might find it necessary to require the obligor to pay alimony in

solido from future earnings. See Aleshire, 642 S.W.2d at 733. As examples, we cited two possible

scenarios, including the situation where “a spouse intentionally disposed of his or her tangible assets

in order to deprive the other spouse of alimony in solido” and the situation where “a spouse entered

into the marriage solely to have his or her spouse work and provide him or her with an education.”

Id. In subsequent decisions, we have recognized additional situations, such as where the obligor

spouse received the benefit of certain bank loans which later were discharged in bankruptcy, see

Marler v. Marler, 1986 WL 1146, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 28, 1986) (no perm. app. filed), where

the obligor spouse disposed of marital assets without informing the other spouse, see Houghland v.
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Houghland, 844 S.W.2d 619, 622-23 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992), and where the recipient spouse

incurred debts to educate herself so that she could become self-supporting, see Day v. Day, 931

S.W.2d 936, 939 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996).

Even if the Father has no present estate from which to pay alimony in solido, we conclude

that circumstances exist in this case which support the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees. At trial,

the Father’s counsel conceded that many of the problems that the attorneys in this case “had to deal

with were caused by [the Father’s] behavior.” The Father’s counsel also conceded that the Father

“probably should be responsible for some, but not all, of [the Mother’s] attorney fees.” Under these

circumstances, we conclude that the trial court did not err in ordering the Father to pay a portion of

the Mother’s attorney’s fees.

In any event, regardless of the propriety of an award of attorney’s fees as alimony in solido,

we conclude that the trial court was authorized by statute to order the Father to pay a portion of the

Mother’s attorney’s fees. SeeBeem v. Beem, No. 02A01-9511-CV-00252, 1996 WL 636491, at *8-

*9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 5, 1996) (no perm. app. filed). Tennessee Code Annotated section

36-5-103(c) provides that

[t]he plaintiff spouse may recover from the defendant spouse, and the spouse

or other person to whom the custody of the child, or children, is awarded may recover

from the other spouse reasonable attorney fees incurred in enforcing any decree for

alimony and/or child support, or in regard to any suit or action concerning the

adjudication of the custody or the change of custody of any child, or children, of the

parties, both upon the original divorce hearing and at any subsequent hearing, which

fees may be fixed and allowed by the court, before whom such action or proceeding

is pending, in the discretion of the court.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-103(c) (Supp. 1999).

As indicated by its language, section 36-5-103(c) authorizes an award of attorney’s fees in

custody proceedings “both upon the original divorce hearing and at any subsequent hearing.” Id.

In awarding attorney’s fees pursuant to section 36-5-103(c), the trial court may consider proof of

inability to pay, but “ability to pay should not be the controlling consideration.” Sherrod v. Wix, 849

S.W.2d 780, 785 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). Such awards are designed “not primarily for the benefit

of the custodial parent but rather to facilitate a child’s access to the courts.” Id. at 784.

In the present case, the primary issue litigated by the parties was the custody of the minor

child. Inasmuch as the trial court’s final judgment awarded custody of the child to the Mother, we

conclude that the trial court possessed the authority to order the Father to pay a portion of the

Mother’s attorney’s fees incurred below. We further conclude that the Mother’s request for an

additional award of attorney’s fees on appeal has merit. Accordingly, we remand this cause to the

trial court to determine and award a reasonable fee for the time and expenses of the Mother’s
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attorney on appeal. See Holt v. Holt, 995 S.W.2d 68, 78 (Tenn. 1999); D v. K, 917 S.W.2d 682, 687

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1995); Akins v. Akins, 805 S.W.2d 377, 379-80 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990).

The trial court’s judgment is affirmed, and this cause is remanded for the trial court to

conduct a hearing to determine the Mother’s reasonable attorney’s fees incurred on appeal. Costs

of this appeal are taxed to the appellant, Kenneth Herbert Abernathy, for which execution may issue

if necessary.