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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 15a0416n.06

No. 14-6498

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

STATE OF TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT )

OF CHILDREN’S SERVICES, )

)

Plaintiff - Appellee, )

)

v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

SHAUN WINESBURGH, ) THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF 

 ) TENNESSEE

Defendant - Appellant, )

)

and )

) 

LAURA WALLACE, ) 

 ) 

Defendant. )

___________________________________ OPINION

Before: ROGERS and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; SARGUS, District Judge*

SARGUS, District Judge. Shaun Winesburgh appeals the district court’s remand of this 

case to state court. We AFFIRM. 

I.

The State of Tennessee Department of Children’s Services (“Department”) filed a 

petition in the Juvenile Court of Hamilton County, Tennessee to terminate Winesburgh’s 

parental rights over his two children. (Neal Decl. ¶ 6; ECF No. 10-2; Petition ¶ 3; ECF No. 10-

1.) Previously, that court awarded temporary custody to the Department and found that the 

 

*

The Honorable Edmund A. Sargus, Jr., Chief United States District Judge for the Southern 

District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
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children were dependent, neglected, and severely abused. (Neal Decl. ¶ 9; Petition ¶ 3.) The 

petition highlighted the Juvenile Court’s previous finding of severe abuse and further alleged that 

Winesburgh and the children’s mother failed to provide a suitable home. The petition also 

alleged that conditions were unlikely to adequately improve. (Petition ¶¶ 8, 10-11; ECF No. 10-

1.) In response, Winesburgh brought seven counterclaims, including an allegation that he is 

mentally retarded and that the Department discriminated against him on this basis in violation of 

the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”). (Answer & Counterclaim; ECF No. 2; Am. Not. 

Removal; ECF No. 23.)

Winesburgh also removed the case to the United States District Court for the Eastern 

District of Tennessee, asserting federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 in light of 

his ADA counterclaims. He further pressed that his disability discrimination counterclaims 

made removal appropriate under 28 U.S.C. § 1443(1), which allows removal for a “person who 

is denied or cannot enforce in the courts of such State a right under any law providing for . . .

equal civil rights.” (Am. Notice of Removal ¶¶ 4-6, 11.) The Department moved to remand,

arguing a lack of subject matter jurisdiction under § 1331 because its petition never asserted a 

federal claim and Winesburgh could not use his counterclaims as the basis for removal. (Mem. 

In Supp. Of Emergency Mot. For Remand at 4-6; ECF No. 10.) It also argued that removal was 

not proper under § 1443(1) because that statute is limited to claims regarding race. (Reply at 5-

7; ECF No. 21.)

The district court granted the motion to remand. First, it held that Winesburgh’s federal 

counterclaims in response to the Department’s state-law-only claims could not provide subject 

matter jurisdiction under § 1331. (Mem. at 4; ECF No. 26.) Second, the court held that

Winesburgh could not use § 1443(1) because he never alleged a denial of racial equality that he 
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was unable to assert in Tennessee’s courts. (Id. 4-5.) After the district court denied 

Winesburgh’s motion to reconsider (ECF No. 31), he brought this appeal.

II.

“Congress has placed broad restrictions on the power of federal appellate courts to review 

district court orders remanding removed cases to state court.” Things Remembered, Inc. v. 

Petrarca, 516 U.S. 124, 127 (1995). To the extent that Winesburgh challenges the district

court’s ruling that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, that concern falls 

outside our scope of review. See Am. Mar. Officers v. Marine Engineers Beneficial Ass’n, Dist. 

No. 1, 503 F.3d 532, 535 (6th Cir. 2007) (“[W]hen . . . the District Court relied upon a ground 

that is colorably characterized as subject-matter jurisdiction, appellate review is barred by 

§ 1447(d).”) (quoting Powerex Corp. v. Reliant Energy Servs., Inc., 551 U.S. 224 (2007)); see 

also Warthman v. Genoa Twp. Bd. of Trustees, 549 F.3d 1055, 1059 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding 

remand not reviewable where district court held that the complaint invoked only state-law claims 

and thus subject matter jurisdiction did not exist). This bar on our review helps “prevent delay in 

the trial of remanded cases by protracted litigation of jurisdictional issues.” Kircher v. Putnam 

Funds Trust, 547 U.S. 633, 650 (2006) (Scalia, J., concurring) (quoting Thermtron Prods., Inc. v. 

Hermansdorfer, 423 U.S. 336, 351 (1976)).

However, remand of a case removed under 28 U.S.C. § 1443(1)—relied on by 

Winesburgh—may be reviewed “by appeal or otherwise.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d). Though neither 

party addresses how much deference we give the district court’s decision on this point, this Court 

recognized in an unpublished decision that our standard of review “would appear to be de novo.” 

See Godsey v. Miller, 9 F. App’x 380, 382 (6th Cir. 2001) (per curiam). We have no reason to 

doubt that here, cf. Jerome-Duncan, Inc. v. Auto-By-Tel, L.L.C., 176 F.3d 904, 907 (6th Cir. 
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1999) (applying de novo review to denial of motion to remand), and in any event, the district 

court’s decision was appropriate under any standard of review. 

Winesburgh insists that he correctly removed this case under § 1443(1). That statute 

provides for removal of an action “[a]gainst any person who is denied or cannot enforce in the 

courts of such State a right under any law providing for the equal civil rights of citizens of the 

United States . . . .” Pointing to his counterclaims and pressing that the ADA is a civil rights act, 

Winesburgh asserts that his case falls under the plain language of the statute. 

But for § 1443(1) to apply under this Court’s binding precedent, the right denied must 

arise under a federal law that “provides for specific civil rights stated in terms of racial 

equality.” Conrad v. Robinson, 871 F.2d 612, 614-15 (6th Cir. 1989) (emphasis added) (citing 

Johnson v. Mississippi, 421 U.S. 213 (1975)). Winesburgh never asserted that the Department 

discriminated against him on account of his race. Instead, he alleges discrimination due to his 

disability. Because § 1443(1) applies to racial discrimination, not disability discrimination, 

Winesburgh cannot use this vehicle for removal.

Nevertheless, Winesburgh asks this Court to cast Conrad aside because it predates the 

ADA. Even if we could ignore this court’s previous published decisions, see Sykes v. Anderson, 

625 F.3d 294, 319 (6th Cir. 2010) (“[A] published prior panel decision remains controlling 

authority unless an inconsistent decision of the United States Supreme Court requires 

modification of the decision or this Court sitting en banc overrules the prior decision.”) (internal 

quotation marks omitted), we would decline to do so. The Supreme Court has “conclude[d]” in 

light of the § 1443(1)’s history “that the phrase ‘any law providing for . . . equal civil rights’ 

must be construed to mean any law providing for specific civil rights stated in terms of racial 

equality.” Georgia v. Rachel, 384 U.S. 780, 792 (1966). As noted by the Supreme Court, the 
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removal provision dates back to the Civil Rights Act of 1866, when it allowed removal by 

persons denied some of the “same” rights as were “enjoyed by white citizens.” Id. at 788-89. 

When the current language—“any law providing . . . equal civil rights”—arrived in 1874, “no 

substantial indication” existed that this language “was intended to expand the kinds of ‘law’ to 

which” removal applied. Id. at 789. Rather, it “seem[ed] clear” that “Congress intended in that 

phrase only to include laws comparable in nature to the Civil Rights Act of 1866.” Id. at 790. 

Thus, the district court correctly concluded that Winesburgh cannot use § 1443(1) here. See

Com. of Ky. v. Franklin, 70 F.3d 1271, 1995 WL 696905, at *1 (6th Cir. 1995) (table) (“We also 

conclude that the action was properly remanded, as § 1443 is restricted to cases raising an issue 

of racial discrimination.”); Robinson v. Eichler, 795 F. Supp. 1253, 1258 n.5 (D. Conn. 1992)

(finding § 1443(1) inapplicable where removal was based on the ADA).

Moreover, § 1443(1) remains unavailable for a second, independent reason. For removal, 

Winesburgh must show that he is “unable to or [is] denied the opportunity to enforce these 

specified federal rights in the courts of the state in question.” See Conrad, 871 F.2d at 614-15 

(citing Johnson, 421 U.S. at 219). He has not done so here. 

Winesburgh alleges that he cannot bring his ADA claims in state court and asserts that

Tennessee has no equivalent antidiscrimination law. But state courts generally have concurrent 

jurisdiction over federal causes of action unless Congress provides otherwise or some “disabling 

incompatibility between the federal claim and state-court adjudication” exists. Gulf Offshore Co. 

v. Mobil Oil Corp., 453 U.S. 473, 478 (1981). Winesburgh presents nothing that questions the 

general rule of concurrent jurisdiction, and this court has previously held that “[s]tate courts have 

concurrent jurisdiction over ADA claims.” Hapgood v. City of Warren, 127 F.3d 490, 494 (6th 

Cir. 1997); see also Anderson v. Ajax Turner Co., No. 01A01-9807-CH-00396, 1999 WL 
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976517, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 28, 1999) (noting that Congress “elected to permit concurrent 

jurisdiction” and holding ADA’s exhaustion requirement applies to state-court plaintiffs the 

same as it does for federal-court plaintiffs); Pruett v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 02A01-9610-

CH-00266, 1997 WL 729260, at *11-12 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 25, 1997) (remanding for a jury 

trial a plaintiff’s ADA failure-to-accommodate claim).

Still, Winesburgh maintains that the Juvenile Court of Hamilton County—where this case 

would be remanded—could not hear these federal claims. But even if true, this observation 

misses the mark. The relevant inquiry is whether “the courts of the state in question” are closed

to Winesburgh’s claims. Conrad, 871 F.2d at 615 (emphasis added). Winesburgh presents no 

authority for the proposition that that the specific state court that will receive the remanded case 

must be able to adjudicate the dispute. See City of Greenwood, Miss. v. Peacock, 384 U.S. 808, 

827 (1966) (“It is not enough to support removal under § 1443(1) to allege or show that the 

defendant’s federal equal civil rights have been illegally and corruptly denied . . . or that the 

defendant is unable to obtain a fair trial in a particular state court.”). And, as this Court has 

recognized, defendants resort to state courts to vindicate their federal rights “except in the rare 

situations where it can be clearly predicted by reason of the operation of a pervasive and explicit 

state or federal law that those rights will inevitably be denied by the very act of bringing the 

defendant to trial in the state court.” Conrad, 871 F.2d at 615 (quoting City of Greenwood, 384 

U.S. at 828). Winesburgh points to no law that will prevent him from protecting his rights in 

state court, and any argument that the Department inevitably denied his federal rights by 

petitioning the Juvenile Court of Hamilton County cannot withstand the above analysis. 

We AFFIRM.