1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 

Saul Gonzales, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

Commissioner of Social Security 

Administration, 

Defendant. 

No. CV-18-00837-PHX-JAT

ORDER 

Pending before the Court is Plaintiff Saul Gonzales’ (“Plaintiff”) appeal from the 

Social Security Commissioner’s (the “Commissioner”) denial of his application for a 

period of disability, disability insurance benefits, and Supplemental Security Income 

(“SSI”) under Titles II and XVI of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 401 et seq., 1381 

et. seq. (Doc. 1 at 1–3). This matter has been fully briefed by the parties.1

 The Court now 

rules on Plaintiff’s appeal. 

I. BACKGROUND 

The parties are familiar with the background information in this case, and it is 

summarized in the Administrative Law Judge’s (“ALJ”) decision. (See Doc 11-3 at 27–

39). Accordingly, the Court will reference the background only as necessary to the analysis 

below. 

II. LEGAL STANDARD 

The ALJ’s decision to deny disability benefits may be overturned “only when the 

 1

 (See Docs. 12, 14). 
- 2 - 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

ALJ’s findings are based on legal error or not supported by substantial evidence in the 

record.” Benton ex rel. Benton v. Barnhart, 331 F.3d 1030, 1035 (9th Cir. 2003). 

“‘Substantial evidence’ means more than a mere scintilla, but less than a preponderance, 

i.e., such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a 

conclusion.” Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Young 

v. Sullivan, 911 F.2d 180, 183 (9th Cir. 1990)). 

“The inquiry here is whether the record, read as a whole, yields such evidence as 

would allow a reasonable mind to accept the conclusions reached by the ALJ.” Gallant v. 

Heckler, 753 F.2d 1450, 1453 (9th Cir. 1984) (citations omitted). “Where evidence is 

susceptible of more than one rational interpretation, it is the ALJ’s conclusion which must 

be upheld; and in reaching his findings, the ALJ is entitled to draw inferences logically 

flowing from the evidence.” Gallant, 753 F.2d at 1453 (citations omitted); see Batson v. 

Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1193 (9th Cir. 2004). This is because “[t]he 

trier of fact and not the reviewing court must resolve conflicts in the evidence, and if the 

evidence can support either outcome, the court may not substitute its judgment for that of 

the ALJ.” Matney v. Sullivan, 981 F.2d 1016, 1019 (9th Cir. 1992); see Benton, 331 F.3d 

at 1035 (“If the evidence can support either outcome, the Commissioner’s decision must 

be upheld.”). 

The ALJ is responsible for resolving conflicts in medical testimony, determining 

credibility, and resolving ambiguities. See Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th 

Cir. 1995). Thus, if on the whole record before the Court, substantial evidence supports the 

ALJ’s decision, the Court must affirm it. See Hammock v. Bowen, 879 F.2d 498, 501 (9th 

Cir. 1989); see also 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). On the other hand, the Court “may not affirm 

simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.” Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 

625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal quotations and citations omitted). 

Notably, the Court is not charged with reviewing the evidence and making its own 

judgment as to whether Plaintiff is or is not disabled. Rather, it is a “fundamental rule of 

administrative law” that a reviewing court, in dealing with a judgement which an 
- 3 - 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

administrative agency alone is authorized to make, may only make its decision based upon 

evidence discussed by the agency. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194, 

196 (1947). Thus, the Court’s inquiry is constrained to the reasons asserted by the ALJ and 

the evidence relied upon in support of those reasons. See Connett v. Barnhart, 340 F.3d 

871, 874 (9th Cir. 2003). 

Similarly, when challenging an ALJ’s decision, “issues which are not specifically 

and distinctly argued and raised in a party’s opening brief are waived.” Arpin v. Santa 

Clara Valley Trans. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 919 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Barnett v. U.S. Air, 

Inc., 228 F.3d 1105, 1110 n. 1 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc), vacated and remanded on other 

grounds, 535 U.S. 391 (2002)); see also Bray v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 554 F.3d 

1219, 1226 n. 7 (9th Cir. 2009) (applying the principle to Social Security appeals). 

Accordingly, the Court “will not manufacture arguments for an appellant.” Arpin, 261 F.3d 

at 919 (citation omitted). 

A. Definition of a Disability 

 A claimant can qualify for Social Security disability benefits only if he can show 

that, among other things, he is disabled. 42 U.S.C. § 423(a)(1)(E). A disability is defined 

as an “inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically 

determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or 

which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 

months.” Id. § 423(d)(1)(A). A person is disabled only if his “physical or mental 

impairment or impairments are of such severity that he is not only unable to do his previous 

work but cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in any other 

kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy.” Id. § 423(d)(2)(A). 

B. The Five-Step Evaluation Process 

 The Social Security regulations set forth a five-step sequential process for 

evaluating disability claims. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4); see also Reddick v. Chater, 157 

F.3d 715, 721 (9th Cir. 1998). A finding of “not disabled” at any step in the sequential 

process will end the inquiry. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4). The claimant bears the burden of 
- 4 - 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

proof at the first four steps, but the burden shifts to the Commissioner at the final step. 

Reddick, 157 F.3d at 721. The five steps are as follows: 

First, the ALJ determines whether the claimant is engaged in “substantial gainful 

activity.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(i). If so, the claimant is not disabled. Id. 

At the second step, the ALJ next considers whether the claimant has a “severe 

medically determinable physical or mental impairment.” Id. § 404.1520(a)(4)(ii). If the 

claimant does not have a severe impairment, then the claimant is not disabled. 

Id. § 404.1520(c). A “severe impairment” is one that “significantly limits [the claimant’s] 

physical or mental ability to do basic work activities.” Id. Basic work activities are the 

“abilities and aptitudes to do most jobs,” such as lifting, carrying, reaching, understanding, 

carrying out and remembering simple instructions, responding appropriately to co-workers, 

and dealing with changes in routine.” Id. § 404.1521(b). Additionally, unless the claimant’s 

impairment is expected to result in death, “it must have lasted or must be expected to last 

for a continuous period of at least 12 months” for the claimant to be found disabled. 

Id. § 404.1509. 

Third, having found a severe impairment, the ALJ then considers the severity of the 

claimant’s impairment. Id. § 404.1520(a)(4)(iii). This requires the ALJ to determine if the 

claimant’s impairment “meets or equals” one of the impairments listed in the regulations. 

Id. If so, then the ALJ will find that the claimant is disabled. Id. If the claimant’s 

impairment does not meet or equal a listed impairment, then the ALJ will assess the 

claimant’s “residual functional capacity based on all the relevant medical and other 

evidence in [the claimant’s] case record.” Id. § 404.1520(e). In assessing the claimant’s 

“residual functional capacity” (“RFC”), the ALJ will consider the claimant’s 

“impairment(s), and any related symptoms, such as pain, [that] may cause physical and 

mental limitations that affect what [the claimant] can do in a work setting.” 

Id. § 404.1545(a)(1). A claimant’s RFC is the most the claimant can still do despite the 

effects of all the claimant’s medically determinable impairments, including those that are 

not severe. Id. § 404.1545(a)(1–2). 
- 5 - 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

 At step four, the ALJ determines whether, despite his impairments, the claimant can 

still perform “past relevant work.” Id. § 404.1520(a)(4)(iv). To do this, the ALJ compares 

the claimant’s residual function capacity with the physical and mental demands of the 

claimant’s past relevant work.” Id. § 404.1520(f). If the claimant can still perform his past 

relevant work, the ALJ will find that the claimant is not disabled. Id. § 1520(a)(4)(iv). 

Otherwise, the ALJ proceeds to the final step. 

At the fifth and final step, the ALJ considers whether the claimant “can make an 

adjustment to other work” that exists in the national economy. Id. § 404.1520(a)(4)(v). In 

making this determination, the ALJ considers the claimant’s RFC, age, education, and 

work experience. Id. § 404.1520(g)(1). If the ALJ finds that the claimant can make an 

adjustment to other work, then the claimant is not disabled. Id. § 404.1520(a)(4)(v). 

However, if the ALJ finds that the claimant cannot make an adjustment to other work, then 

the claimant is disabled. Id.

 In evaluating the claimant’s disability under this five-step process, the ALJ must 

consider all evidence in the case record. Id. § 404.1520(a)(3). This includes medical 

opinions, records, self-reported symptoms, and third-party reporting. See id. §§ 404.1527; 

404.1529. 

C. The ALJ’s Evaluation under the Five Step Process 

At step one of the sequential evaluation process, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had 

not engaged in substantial gainful activity since April 20, 2012, the alleged onset date. 

(Doc. 11-3 at 29). In step two, the ALJ ascertained that Plaintiff had the following severe 

impairments: “obesity, hypertension, degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine, lumbar 

stenosis, status post lumbar laminectomy, and lumbar spondylosis.” (Id. at 30). Under the 

third step, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff did not have an impairment or combination of 

impairments that meets or medically equals the severity of the impairments listed in the 

Social Security Regulations. (Id. at 31). 

Before moving on to step four, the ALJ conducted an RFC determination after 

consideration of the entire record. (Id. at 32). The ALJ found that Plaintiff had “the residual 
- 6 - 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

functional capacity to perform the full range of sedentary work.” (Id.). 

At step four, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was unable to perform his past relevant 

work as a parts clerk because it was “heavy exertional level work.” (Id. at 38). Finally, the 

ALJ concluded at step five that based on Plaintiff’s RFC, age, education, and work 

experience, Plaintiff could perform a significant number of jobs existing in the national 

economy. (Id.). Consequently, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff had not been under a 

disability under the Social Security Act from April 20, 2012 through November 8, 2016—

the date of the ALJ’s decision. (Id. at 39). 

III. ANALYSIS 

Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ’s denial of his application for Social Security Benefits 

and Supplemental Security Income was not supported by substantial evidence and rests 

upon an error of law. (Docs. 1 at 2–3; 12 at 8). Specifically, Plaintiff argues that the Court 

should reverse the final decision of the Agency because the ALJ failed to articulate specific 

and legitimate reasons for affording minimal weight to the opinion of Dr. James P. 

Corcoran, one of Plaintiff’s treating physicians. However, for the reasons set forth below, 

the final decision of the Commissioner is affirmed.

A. Whether the ALJ Properly Evaluated the Opinion of Dr. Corcoran 

The sole issue before the Court is whether the ALJ failed to articulate specific and 

legitimate reasons for rejecting a treating physician’s opinion. In social security cases, there 

are three types of medical opinions: “those from treating physicians, examining physicians, 

and non-examining physicians.” Valentine v. Comm’r, 574 F.3d 685, 692 (9th Cir. 2009) 

(citation omitted). “The medical opinion of a claimant’s treating physician is given 

‘controlling weight’ so long as it ‘is well-supported by medically acceptable clinical and 

laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not inconsistent with the other substantial evidence 

in [the claimant’s] case record.’” Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 675 (9th Cir. 2017) 

(quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2)). ALJs generally give more weight to medical 

opinions from treating physicians “since these sources are likely to be the medical 

professionals most able to provide a detailed, longitudinal picture of [the claimant’s] 
- 7 - 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

medical impairment(s) and may bring a unique perspective to the medical evidence that 

cannot be obtained from the objective medical findings alone or from reports of individual 

examinations . . . .” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c)(2), 416.927(c)(2). Thus, the opinion of a 

treating source is generally given more weight than the opinion of a doctor who does not 

treat the claimant. Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 830 (9th Cir. 1995) (citing Winans v. 

Bowen, 853 F.2d 643, 647 (9th Cir. 1987)). 

Should the ALJ decide not to give the treating physician’s medical opinion 

controlling weight, the ALJ must weigh it according to factors such as the nature, extent, 

and length of the physician-patient relationship, the frequency of evaluations, whether the 

physician’s opinion is supported by and consistent with the record, and the specialization 

of the physician. Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 676 (9th Cir. 2017); see 20 C.F.R. §§ 

404.1527(c)(2), 416.927(c)(2). Although a “treating physician’s opinion is entitled to 

‘substantial weight,’” Bray, 554 F.3d at 1228 (citation omitted), it is “not binding on an 

ALJ with respect to the existence of an impairment or the ultimate determination of 

disability.” Batson, 359 F.3d at 1195. Rather, an ALJ may reject the uncontradicted opinion 

of a treating physician by stating “clear and convincing reasons that are supported by 

substantial evidence.” Ryan v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 528 F.3d 1194, 1198 (9th Cir. 2008) 

(citation omitted). “If a treating or examining doctor’s opinion is contradicted by another 

doctor’s opinion, an ALJ may only reject it by providing specific and legitimate reasons 

that are supported by substantial evidence.” Id. (citation omitted). Nevertheless, “[t]he ALJ 

need not accept the opinion of any physician, including a treating physician, if that opinion 

is brief, conclusory, and inadequately supported by clinical findings.” Thomas v. Barnhart, 

278 F.3d 947, 957 (9th Cir. 2002). “The ALJ can meet this burden by setting out a detailed 

and thorough summary of the facts and conflicting clinical evidence, stating his 

interpretation thereof, and making findings.” Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 751 (9th 

Cir. 1989) (quoting Cotton v. Bowen, 799 F.2d 1403, 1408 (9th Cir. 1986)). 

In the present case, the ALJ assigned minimal weight to the opinion provided by 

Dr. Corcoran, one of Plaintiff’s treating physicians. (Doc 11-3 at 36). Although Plaintiff 
- 8 - 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

contends that the ALJ erred by failing to articulate specific and legitimate reasons for doing 

so, (Doc. 12 at 4–7), the Court finds that the ALJ provided a “specific and legitimate 

reason” supported by “substantial evidence” for assigning minimal weight to 

Dr. Corcoran’s opinion. Ryan, 528 F.3d at 1198. 

On May 16, 2013 and July 22, 2013, Dr. Corcoran opined, among other things, that 

Plaintiff had been unable to sustain any full-time employment since April 20, 2012, and 

that Plaintiff would miss at least 75 percent of time from work due to his medical condition. 

(Doc. 11-8 at 124–26). In assigning minimal weight to Dr. Corcoran’s opinions, the ALJ 

stated: 

Amongst the restrictions listed was the finding that that the 

claimant would miss 75 percent of the time from work. . . . The 

undersigned found that there was no reason to believe the 

restrictions were intended to persist for 12 months. 

(Doc 11-3 at 34 (citing Doc. 11-8 at 124–26)). 

It is true that the ALJ did not transcribe the magic words, “I reject Dr. [Corcoran’s] 

opinion because . . . .” Magallanes, 881 F. 2d at 755. “But our cases do not require such an 

incantation. As a reviewing court, we are not deprived of our faculties for drawing specific 

and legitimate inferences from the ALJ’s opinion.” Id. Here, the ALJ discounted Dr. 

Corcoran’s opinion because it was inconsistent with the medical evidence and clinical 

findings. (See Doc. 11-3 at 36). The ALJ “summarized the facts and conflicting clinical 

evidence in detailed and thorough fashion, stating [her] interpretation and making 

findings.” Magallanes, 881 F.2d at 755; (see Doc. 11-3 at 32–38). Inconsistency between 

a physician’s opinion and objective medical findings constitutes a “specific and legitimate 

reason” for rejecting the contradicted opinion of a treating physician. See Valentine v. 

Comm’r, 574 F.3d 685, 692–93 (9th Cir. 2009); Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1041 

(9th Cir. 2008) (holding that the ALJ’s rejection of a treating physician’s opinion because 

the medical records were inconsistent with the limitations set forth in that physician’s 

opinion constituted a “specific and legitimate reason” for discrediting that opinion); 
- 9 - 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(4) (“Generally, the more consistent a medical opinion is with the 

record as a whole, the more weight [the ALJ] will give to that medical opinion.”); SSR 06-

03P, 2006 WL 2329939, at * 4 (S.S.A. Aug. 9, 2006). 

In her opinion, the ALJ described the medical evidence in detail and determined that 

the objective medical evidence and clinical findings did not support the severe physical 

limitations identified by Dr. Corcoran. (Doc 11-3 at 32–38). The ALJ first considered 

Plaintiff’s symptoms and then proceeded to address the opinion evidence. (Id.). The ALJ 

detailed the medical evidence and clinical findings from Plaintiff’s fall at work through his 

recovery period from surgery, and evaluated the medical opinions based on whether they 

were consistent with those medical findings. (Id.). 

For example, although the medical records indicated that Plaintiff fell at work on 

April 20, 2012, Plaintiff’s alleged onset date, the ALJ noted Plaintiff’s hearing testimony 

that he returned to work two months after his injury. (Id. at 33). According to the ALJ, this 

supported “a finding that his symptoms were not disabling at that time[,]” (id.), which is 

clearly inconsistent with Dr. Corcoran’s opinion that Plaintiff was unable to sustain any 

full-time employment since April 20, 2012, (Doc. 11-8 at 124–26). Further, in June of 

2012, the ALJ noted that Plaintiff was treated with epidurals and “reported that he was not 

experiencing much pain down the right lower extremity since the injection.” (Id. (citing 

Doc. 11-8 at 100, 103)). Based on this report by Plaintiff and on his physical examination 

findings, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff’s use of medication “did not suggest limitations 

greater than found in this decision.” (Id.). Moreover, the ALJ pointed out that the 

independent medical examination Plaintiff underwent with Dr. James Maxwell in July 

2012 failed to demonstrate objective evidence of an injury, thus supporting the ALJ’s 

conclusion that Plaintiff was not disabled during the period at issue. (Id.). 

Thereafter, the ALJ observed that Plaintiff underwent back surgery on 

July 23, 2013, but concluded that the “course of treatment following the surgery did not 

support a finding that he had been unable to perform all work.” (Id.). Plaintiff’s treatment 

records following his surgery demonstrated that he “progressed well,” that his symptoms 
- 10 - 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

had improved in his legs, and that his recovery period “appeared to be within normal 

limits.” (Id. at 33–34). Although Plaintiff reported pain following his surgery, his medical 

records also demonstrated that he made progress with each visit. (Id. at 34). After reviewing 

the available evidence of record, the ALJ remarked that Plaintiff’s subjective allegations 

of ongoing and constant pain were inconsistent with the reports of his treating and 

examining physicians who observed that Plaintiff was “routinely in no distress” and “no 

acute distress.” (Id. at 35). 

Given Plaintiff’s medical records, the ALJ assigned great weight to the opinion of 

Plaintiff’s surgical treating physician Dr. Wang that Plaintiff “was unable to work between 

September 23, 2013 to October 25, 2013” because this opinion was “consistent with the 

claimant’s surgical procedure and recovery period.” (Id.). Based on the medical evidence 

and Dr. Wang’s opinion, the ALJ noted that she was unable to find Plaintiff “more limited 

than found in this opinion” as “the restrictions were not intended to persist for 12 months.” 

(Id.). Thereafter, the ALJ reasonably discounted Dr. Corcoran’s opinions that Plaintiff had 

been unable to sustain any full-time employment since April 20, 2012 and that Plaintiff 

would miss at least 75 percent of time from work due to his medical condition, (Doc. 11-8 

at 124–26), because these severe limitations were inconsistent with the medical evidence. 

Valentine, 574 F.3d at 692–93; Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 1041. Specifically, Dr. Corcoran’s 

May 16, 2013 and July 22, 2013 opinions were rendered before Plaintiff had back surgery 

and failed to account for the results of that procedure, including Plaintiff’s recovery. 

(See Doc 11-3 at 33–36). Moreover, the ALJ’s analysis of the medical evidence and clinical 

findings demonstrates that the severe symptoms identified by Dr. Corcoran were not 

expected to last 12 months. (See id. at 32–38). In conclusion, the ALJ provided a “specific 

and legitimate reason” based on “substantial evidence” for discounting Dr. Corcoran’s 

opinions. As a result, the ALJ did not err in affording Dr. Corcoran’s statements minimal 

weight.2

 2

 Even if Plaintiff were able to demonstrate that the ALJ failed to provide a “specific and legitimate reason” for discounting Dr. Corcoran’s opinion—which he has not— Plaintiff has failed to carry his burden of demonstrating how that error was harmful. See Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409 (2009) (“[T]he party that ‘seeks to have a 
- 11 - 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

IV. CONCLUSION 

For the reasons stated above, 

IT IS ORDERED that the final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security is 

AFFIRMED. 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment 

accordingly and terminate this case. 

 Dated this 15th day of July, 2019. 

 

judgment set aside because of an erroneous ruling carries the burden of showing that prejudice resulted.’”) (quoting Palmer v. Hoffman, 318 U.S. 109, 116 (1943)); Brown v. 

Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 532 F. App’x 688, 689 (9th Cir. 2013) (affirming the Commissioner’s decision because the plaintiff “failed to carry her burden to show that [an] error was 

harmful.”) (citing Shinseki, 556 U.S. at 409; Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1115–22 

(9th Cir. 2012))). Specifically, Plaintiff has not demonstrated how the ALJ’s discounting of Dr. Corcoran’s opinions affected the outcome of this case.