NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

________________

No. 18-3299

________________

JOHN DOE,

Appellant

v.

GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA; ATTORNEY GENERAL OF PENNSYLVANIA; 

SECRETARY PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Pennsylvania

(M.D. Pa. Civ. No. 1:18-cv-01370) 

District Judge: Hon. John E. Jones, III

________________

Argued: April 2, 2019

Before: CHAGARES, HARDIMAN, and SILER, JR.*, Circuit Judges

(Filed: November 4, 2019)

Aaron D. Martin (Argued)

Michael D. Reed

Mette, Evans & Woodside

3401 North Front Street

Post Office Box 5950

Harrisburg, PA 17110

Counsel for Appellant

 

* Hon. Eugene E. Siler, Jr., Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals 

for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
2

Josh Shapiro

Sean A. Kirkpatrick (Argued)

J. Bart DeLone

Office of Attorney General 

15th Floor, Strawberry Square

Harrisburg, PA 17120

Counsel for Appellee

Joseph F. Canamucio

Pennsylvania State Education Association

400 North Third Street

Harrisburg, PA 17101

Counsel for Amicus Curiae 

Pennsylvania State Education Association

________________

OPINION**

________________

SILER, Circuit Judge

Plaintiff John Doe appeals the district court’s denial of his motion for a 

preliminary injunction in this First Amendment case. We will vacate the district court’s 

order and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

I.

The plaintiff in this case—using the pseudonym “John Doe”—faced state criminal

charges. He pleaded not guilty and later entered an Accelerated Rehabilitative 

Disposition program. That was the end of his criminal case, but the beginning of this 

controversy. 

 

** This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 

does not constitute binding precedent.
3

Only a few months after the state filed criminal charges against Doe, an unknown 

party made a complaint with the Pennsylvania Department of Education against Doe. 

The complainant could do so because Doe had a license to teach elementary school, and 

in Pennsylvania, the “Educator Discipline Act,” 24 P.S. § 2070.1a et seq., allows people 

to report teacher misconduct. Under the Act, the Professional Standards and Practices 

Commission reviews “educator misconduct cases and [creates] an educator discipline 

infrastructure.” Whalen v. Dep’t of Educ., 161 A.3d 1070, 1076-77 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 

2017). When someone reports teacher misconduct, the Commission investigates. And so 

it did with Doe. 

Doe found out about the investigation in May 2018 when the assistant chief 

counsel in the Pennsylvania Governor’s Office of General Counsel sent him a letter about 

it. The letter explained that the department had found probable cause to move forward. 

But the investigation, the letter said, must remain confidential—even the letter itself must 

not be revealed. In bold and underlined text, the letter stated that “Release or publication 

of this document is a crime and may result in a conviction of a third degree misdemeanor. 

24 P.S. § 2070.17b.” Appellant’s Redacted Op. Br. 5. The whole process was “strictly 

confidential.” Id. Doe could not tell anyone (except his attorney) that someone had filed 

a complaint. Id. Nor could he show anyone (except his attorney) the letter he received. 

Id. If he did, he could be charged with a misdemeanor. 24 P.S. § 2070.17b(b). 

Though not criminal itself, the Commission’s investigation threatened serious 

consequences. Doe could lose his teaching license if the Commission determined he 

committed an immoral, intemperate, or cruel act. See 24 P.S. §§ 2070.9a, 2070.9c(a)(1), 
4

(3)-(4). If the Commission imposed discipline, Doe could appeal to the Commonwealth 

Court. See 24 P.S. § 2070.15.

It never came to that, though, because the Commission ultimately declined to 

discipline Doe. The same assistant chief counsel sent Doe another letter in August 2018 

informing him that the Department had dismissed the complaint, and the case was closed. 

Like the first one, this letter again emphasized that it was confidential, and release or 

publication of it could result in criminal penalties. 

Doe wanted to talk about the experience, but the Act’s confidentiality provision, 

24 P.S. § 2070.17b, prevented him from revealing the letters or other information he 

learned through the investigation. Discussing anything about the investigation—even its 

existence—would make Doe subject to criminal penalties. See 24 P.S. § 2070.17b(b). 

But not entirely. Doe could ask the Commission to release information, something the 

Commission does when it is “just and proper.” 24 P.S. § 2070.17b(e). Doe requested as 

much, and, at the same time, filed this lawsuit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that the 

Act and its confidentiality provisions violated his free speech rights under the First 

Amendment, as incorporated under the Fourteenth Amendment. He named the Governor, 

Attorney General, and Secretary of the Department of Education as defendants in his July 

2018 complaint. He also sought a preliminary injunction to stop enforcement of the Act 

against him. 

A month later, the Commission ended its investigation and dismissed Doe’s case, 

finding no reason for discipline. Back in federal court two months later, the district court 

determined that the Commission’s dismissal rendered a preliminary injunction 
5

unnecessary. The court ruled that “the dismissal of the underlying investigation removed 

the exigent circumstances underlying Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction.” 

Appellees’ Redacted Br. 5. That was the full extent of the district court’s analysis. In the 

same order, it set a briefing schedule for mootness and abstention issues. 

Finally, two weeks after the district court denied the preliminary injunction, the 

Commission rejected Doe’s request to make the information public. Doe did not appeal 

this decision to the Commonwealth Court. Instead, he filed this interlocutory appeal 

under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1) asking this court to reverse the district court’s denial of his 

preliminary injunction motion. 

II.

When a district court denies a preliminary injunction, we review “the court’s 

findings of fact for clear error, its conclusions of law de novo, and the ultimate decision . 

. . for an abuse of discretion.” Reilly v. City of Harrisburg, 858 F.3d 173, 176 (3d Cir. 

2017), as amended (June 26, 2017) (quoting Bimbo Bakeries USA, Inc. v. Botticella, 613 

F.3d 102, 109 (3d Cir. 2010)). Although a preliminary injunction is an extraordinary 

remedy with limited application, this court “must reverse if the district court has 

proceeded on the basis of an erroneous view of the applicable law.” Kos Pharms., Inc. v. 

Andrx Corp., 369 F.3d 700, 708 (3d Cir. 2004) (quoting Apple Computer Inc. v. Franklin 

Computer Corp., 714 F.2d 1240, 1242 (3d Cir. 1983)). 

We may also consider Eleventh Amendment issues for the first time on appeal. In 

re Hechinger Inv. Co. of Del., Inc., 335 F.3d 244, 250-51 (3d Cir. 2003).
6

III.

Although this case is before us on the denial of a preliminary injunction motion, 

defendants argue we need not address that issue because we can end this case for another 

reason: Doe sued the wrong parties. The Governor, Attorney General, and Education 

Secretary argue that Doe cannot proceed against them because they do not have a 

connection with the enforcement of the statute. They say they have never enforced the 

statute, they never will enforce the statute, and, they claim, they are unsure whether they 

even could enforce the confidentiality provision. So, defendants argue, if Doe wants 

relief, he will have to look elsewhere. 

This argument flows from the Eleventh Amendment and the well-established Ex 

Parte Young doctrine. 209 U.S. 123 (1908). The Eleventh Amendment generally bars 

suits against states, which extends to state officials, but Young allows plaintiffs to sue 

state officials for prospective relief based on violations of federal law. Id. at 157. The 

named official, though, cannot be anyone—he or she must have “some connection with 

the enforcement” of the allegedly unconstitutional statute. Id. So if the named 

defendants have no such connection, Doe cannot sue them. 

The district court never addressed this issue because defendants never raised it 

below. We can consider the argument for the first time on appeal, see In re Hechinger, 

335 F.3d at 250, but we do not have to, see Bolden v. Southeastern Pa. Transp. Auth., 

953 F.2d 807, 812 (3d Cir. 1991) (en banc). In Bolden, we explained that sometimes 

when “an Eleventh Amendment issue is not raised in the district court, a lack of relevant 

evidence in the district court record might impede us from deciding the issue.” Id. 
7

Doe says the Governor could bring a criminal prosecution under 71 P.S. § 732-

301(6), which allows the Office of General Counsel to “[i]nitiate appropriate proceedings 

. . . when an action or matter has been referred to the Attorney General and the Attorney 

General refuses or fails to initiate appropriate proceedings.” The Governor’s Office 

seems prepared to do so, Doe argues, because it sent him letters warning him about the 

criminal penalties for violating the confidentiality provision. And the Attorney General 

can prosecute “[c]riminal charges investigated by and referred to him by a 

Commonwealth agency arising out of enforcement provisions of the statute charging the 

agency with a duty to enforce its provision.” 71 P.S. § 732-205(a)(6). But whether these 

provisions provide an enforcement connection strong enough to satisfy Young turns on a 

state law question, something we are ill-equipped to resolve on this scant record. See 

Lytle v. Griffith, 240 F.3d 404, 410 (4th Cir. 2001) (ruling that when the Young analysis 

requires “a determination of disputed questions of fact and state law” the district court 

should address the issue first). After all, district courts are “in the best position to address 

in the first instance the competing questions of fact and state law necessary to resolve the 

Eleventh Amendment issue.” Patsy v. Bd. of Regents of Fla., 457 U.S. 496, 515 n.19 

(1982). The district court should consider the defendants’ potential connection with a 

more fully developed record and briefing. See Bolden, 953 F.2d at 812. 

Not so with the Education Secretary. Nothing suggests the Secretary can bring 

criminal charges. And because the Education Secretary cannot enforce the 

confidentiality provision’s criminal penalties, he has no connection to the law’s 

enforcement and is not a proper party in this lawsuit. 
8

IV.

That brings us to the district court’s denial of Doe’s preliminary injunction 

motion. In ruling on such motions, courts consider: (1) the likelihood of success on the 

merits; (2) irreparable harm if the injunction is denied; (3) harm to the nonmoving party; 

and (4) the public interest. Kos, 369 F.3d at 708. Courts balance these factors once the 

moving party “meets the threshold on the first two.” Reilly, 858 F.3d at 176. In First 

Amendment cases, though, the first prong—likelihood of success—works differently: A 

plaintiff need demonstrate only a colorable claim that his rights have been infringed 

before the burden shifts to the government, which must justify the law under the relevant 

level of scrutiny—either intermediate or strict (depending on whether the law is content 

neutral or content based). Id. at 180 & n.5. If the government justifies the law, then the 

preliminary injunction is improper because the plaintiff failed to show a likelihood of 

success on the merits. Id. 

Reilly is instructive on how this plays out. There, plaintiffs challenged a law 

limiting their ability to protest in front of abortion clinics. Id. at 175-76. The district 

court found plaintiffs did not demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits, “and for 

that reason alone it denied” the motion for a preliminary injunction. Id. at 176. The 

district court went off course, though, when it failed to use the proper burden-shifting 

analysis applicable to First Amendment cases. Id. Because First Amendment cases 

require the government—through either strict or intermediate scrutiny—to justify speechregulating laws at trial, the burden also rests with the government at the preliminary 

injunction stage. Id. at 180 n.5. So long as the plaintiff makes a colorable First 
9

Amendment claim, the government must justify its law. We vacated and remanded in 

Reilly because the district court “did not provide a full analysis of whether to grant [the 

injunction].” Id. at 176. 

And also here. Indeed, the district court’s order denying the injunction considered 

much less than what the Reilly court weighed. Here, the district court did not consider 

the preliminary injunction factors at all. Instead, it denied plaintiff’s motion because 

“exigent circumstances” no longer existed. In so ruling, the district court seemingly 

believed that once the Commission ended its investigation, Doe no longer needed the 

injunctive relief. But that is not so. Doe challenges the criminal prosecution statute, 

which still looms over his head if he ever reveals information about the investigation. 

When a district court’s order “does not adequately support the resolution of a 

motion for preliminary injunction, we may vacate and remand for additional findings.” 

Kos, 369 F.3d at 712. The Reilly court did so when the district court failed to apply the 

proper test. Reilly, 858 F.3d at 180. True, we could instruct the district court to grant or 

deny the injunction. Kos, 369 F.3d at 712. But here the record is underdeveloped, and it 

would be difficult to resolve Doe’s motion at this stage. The district court should instead 

hold a hearing and fully consider the parties’ positions. 

We will vacate the district court’s order and remand with instructions for the 

district court to hold a hearing and properly consider the preliminary injunction factors.