# Patent

## Title
Pyrolysis reactor for processing municipal wastes

## Abstract

Proposed is a pyrolysis reactor for processing solid municipal and domestic wastes by means of a pyrolytic reaction in the pyrolysis chamber without access of oxygen to the reaction system. The reactor is characterized by containing two waste-feeding screws which have tapered shapes, a gap between the outer surfaces of the threads, are inclined in the vertical plane and converge towards each other in a horizontal plane in the direction from the inlet to the outlet end. The gap is adjustable with diminishing toward the outlet end.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to treatment of wastes, and more particularly, to a pyrolysis reactor for processing municipal and domestic wastes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The disposal of municipal, industrial, agricultural and other types of wastes is a problem that continues to grow with the increase of population and with growth of production, especially in the industrially developed countries.
The USA generates 11 billion tons (10 billion metric tons) of solid wastes each year. Solid wastes are waste materials that contain less than 70% water. This class includes such materials as household garbage, some industrial wastes, some mining wastes, and oilfield wastes such as drill cuttings. Liquid wastes are usually wastewaters that contain less than 1% solids. Such wastes may contain high concentrations of dissolved salts and metals. Sludge is a class of wastes between liquid and solid. It usually contains between 3% and 25% solids, while the rest of the material is water-dissolved materials.
Federal regulations classify wastes into three different categories, such as non-hazardous wastes (e.g., a household garbage), common hazardous wastes (such as those having ignitability or reactivity) and special hazardous wastes (e.g., radioactive and medical).
There are many different methods of disposing of wastes of which most common is disposing to landfills. In a modern landfill, refuse is spread thin, and the compacted layers are covered by a layer of clean earth.
Another method of wastes disposal is incineration. The myth that burning makes wastes disappear has lead to incineration emerging as a widely used method for disposing many kinds of wastes, including hazardous wastes. However, along with elimination of the wastes, incinerators generate very toxic gases. Moreover, incinerator ashes are contaminated with heavy metals, unburned chemicals, and new chemicals formed during the burning process. These ashes are then buried in landfills or dumped in the environment. In other words, incineration is a method where industry can break down its bulk wastes and disperse it into the environment through air, water, and ash emissions. Thus, the industry masks today's waste problems and passes them onto future generations.
Existing data shows that burning hazardous wastes, even in “state-of-the-art” incinerators, produces heavy metals, unburned toxic chemicals, and generates new pollutants—entirely new chemicals formed during the incineration process.
An alternative method of waste disposal is pyrolysis of the wastes. Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of materials by heating in the absence of oxygen. Many different methods and apparatus are known in the art for pyrolytic processing of wastes.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,807 issued in 1982 to S. Stokes discloses an apparatus for pyrolytically treating municipal and other wastes composed of solid heat-decomposable materials by radioactive heating from an open flame and convective heating. The invention is aimed at a recovery of a part of an initial energy input. The source of initial heat energy input can vary from gasification of renewable fuel such as wood chips and the like, to burning of a primary fuel but preferably augmented by burning of at least a portion of the gaseous pyrolytic decomposition gases produced as a result of treatment of the wastes. The apparatus is capable of handling the wastes both prior to and after the pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis temperature is relatively low and ranges from 250° C. to 600° C. The untreated wastes are dried directly in the pyrolysis reactor. By-products contain liquid fuel, e.g., oil. Although the heat generated by the apparatus is reused in the waste-processing system, the apparatus does not generate thermal energy as its final product. Another disadvantage is that gas produced in the process is discharged into the atmosphere without preliminary cleaning.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,678,496 issued in 1997 to D. Buizza, et al. describes a method and a plant for pyrolytic treatment of wastes that contain organic materials, particularly municipal solid wastes. The method comprises loading the wastes onto transport trolleys, inserting the trolleys with the waste into a treatment tunnel that has a pyrolysis chamber, carrying out pyrolysis of the wastes by indirectly heating the wastes to a temperature of 500° C. to 600° C., discharging the gaseous-phase substances generated by the pyrolysis from the chamber, and removing the trolleys from the tunnel for unloading the solid residues remained in the trolleys. The gas obtained as a result of pyrolysis is subjected to pre-cleaning by bicarbonate treatment that involves the use of nucleating and/or adsorbent agents, such as sodium bicarbonate or activated charcoal fines. The pre-cleaned gas is dissipated into the atmosphere, while the carbon residue of pyrolysis is utilized.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,868,085 issued in 1999 to A. Hansen, et al. discloses a system for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon constituents of waste material. The system includes a treatment unit featuring a retort with an ellipsoidal cross-section forming a first retort half and a second retort half. The material to be treated is selectively deposited in only one half of the retort at a time during any given period of system operation This is done to avoid abrasion and wear of the half not in use, thus prolonging the life of the retort component. For improving efficiency of the system, gases that formed in the pyrolysis are retuned directly into the interior of the retort. Prior to discharge into the atmosphere, the gaseous products of pyrolysis are cleaned from pollutants by using a plurality of selectively detachable gas injection tubes, which provide fuel for thermal oxidation of the gases. Each injection tube can be removed for cleaning independently of any other injection tube, and removal can be accomplished without disrupting operation of the system. The system is provided with a dryer that uses solar energy, which significantly limits the areas where the system can be used.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,178,899 issued in 2001 to M. Kaneko, et al. describes an installation for pyrolytic treatment of industrial and household wastes for carbonizing waste-containing organic substances in a condition sealed from an air so as to separate the wastes into a pyrolysis gas and a pyrolysis residue. The pyrolysis process is carried out at a high temperature in the rage of 1000° C. to 1200° C. In a gas cracking step of the process, pyrolysis gas is reacted with an oxide component for thermally decomposing high molecular hydrocarbon in the pyrolysis gas. The heat generated by the oxidization reaction produces a cracked gas that contains low molecular hydrocarbon. The product then passes through a residue cooling step for cooling and solidification of the pyrolysis residue. The obtained solid residue is mechanically crushed and sorted for obtaining a pyrolysis char consisting essentially of a pyrolyzed organic substance and inorganic components. The obtained pyrolysis char is burned at a high temperature by being mixed with fuel and oxygen or air for melting and gasification of the carbon component to obtain a gasified gas that contains low molecular hydrocarbon. Thus, the pyrolysis gas and the pyrolysis residue obtained from the pyrolysis furnace are treated separately. The cleaned gas obtained in the process is stored in a gas holder and can be supplied to a gas engine, a boiler, the pyrolysis chamber, or any other unit as required. Although the gas is cleaned in several steps, the system does not provide cleaning from CO2, and this does not allow increase of the calorie-content in the produced gaseous fuel.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20059939650 published in 2005 (inventors C. Cole, et al.) describes a pyrolytic waste-treatment reactor supported in a manner that causes minimal movement or flexing of the chamber under effect of temperature changes. Wastes are mixed in the reactor by means of a single bladed shaft.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,619,214 issued in 2003 to W. Walker discloses a method and apparatus for treatment of wastes. The apparatus comprises four major cooperating subsystems, namely a pyrolytic converter, a two-stage thermal oxidizer, a steam generator, and a steam turbine driven by steam generated by the steam generator. In operation, the pyrolytic converter is heated without any flame impinging on the reactor component, and the waste material to be pyrolyzed is transported through the reaction chamber of the pyrolytic converter by a pair of longitudinally extending, side-by-side material transporting mechanisms. However, the system is designed only for afterburning of the gas and does not teach the subsequent use of the gaseous product as a fuel for a power generator. Although the waste feeder is made in the form of two parallel augers, the latter transport the wastes without effective mixing.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20070113761 published in 2007 (inventors C. Cole, et al.) discloses a pyrolytic waste-treatment reactor with dual knife gate valves. The apparatus has a thermal chamber, a feed-stock inlet coupled to the thermal chamber for feeding the waste material into the thermal chamber, a heater that heats the thermal chamber, and at least one dual knife gate valve positioned in the apparatus for restricting the passage of the waste material through an interior space of the apparatus and for limiting introduction of gas into the thermal chamber. The dual knife gate valve has at least one movable blade that moves toward another blade. The wastes are moved without effective mixing.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20070186829 published in 2007 (inventors C. Cole, et al.) discloses a variable speed pyrolytic waste treatment system comprising a pyrolysis chamber and a movement mechanism adapted to move waste through the pyrolysis chamber at different speeds along the length of the pyrolysis chamber. The main conception of this system is to vary the rate of movement of material through a pyrolysis chamber. In particular, material might move at a slower rate when it first enters the chamber and move at a faster rate after it has been heated and as is moved toward the chamber exit. The movement mechanism contains two shafts that are provided with screwed which covert into blades. The shafts rotate in opposite directions and therefore take the material from the central area and transfer it to the periphery of the chamber.
Known in the art also are plasma waste processing systems (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,394,041 issued in 2008 to W. Choi). However, the plasma process is applicable only for treatment of gaseous products. Therefore, prior to treating the wastes by plasma, it is necessary to covert the solid wastes into a gaseous state. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,544,597 issued in 1996 to discloses a S. Camacho discloses plasma pyrolysis and vitrification of municipal wastes. Municipal mixed solid wastes are delivered to a processing facility where it is compacted before being placed into a reactor. The compaction apparatus serves to remove most of the air and some of the water from the waste as well as to seal the reactor against air infiltration. A transfer apparatus, in response to a signal relating to the height of waste in the reactor, sequentially deposits blocks of compacted waste in the top of the reactor when the height is low. The reactor has a pivotally and extensively mounted plasma arc torch as a heat source which is effective to pyrolyze organic waste components to generate desired by-product gases. Air and steam are added in controlled quantities to improve the operational efficiency and the by-product gas composition. The residual materials which do not pyrolyze are melted and cooled into a substantially inert vitrified mass.
A disadvantage of plasma pyrolysis systems is that such systems require gasification of solid wastes which is associated with additional expenses. Another problem is associated with the generation of hazardous gases such as dioxins and furanes which are formed after cooling of the plasma products to a temperature below 500° C., if the wastes were treated at temperature above 1200° C. for less than 2 sec.
Analysis of the known waste-processing pyrolysis reactors shows that some of them are complicated in construction; not efficient in the pyrolysis reaction; provide insufficient compaction of the waste material for displacement of air from the material being treated; do not ensure efficient mixing of the material being treated, and do not provide efficient loading, unloading of the material into and from the reactor along with inefficient conveyance of the material through the reactor. Another disadvantage of known pyrolysis reactors is a high metal-to-power ratio in the structure of the pyrolysis chamber and, hence, high manufacturing cost.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide a pyrolysis reactor for pyrolytic processing of municipal and domestic wastes, which is simple in construction, provides efficiency in the pyrolysis reaction, sufficient compaction of the waste material for displacement of air from the material being treated, efficient mixing of the material being treated, and efficient loading, unloading of the material into and from the reactor along with efficient conveyance of the material through the reactor. It is another object to provide a pyrolysis reactor the structure of which is characterized by a low metal-to-power ratio and hence by low manufacturing cost.
The waste-processing pyrolysis reactor of the invention is intended for pyrolytic processing of solid municipal and domestic wastes (hereinafter referred to merely as “wastes”).
The pyrolysis reactor of the invention has a retort that forms a pyrolysis chamber which is isolated from access of oxygen, and contains a pair of waste-feeding screws. The retort is made in the form of an elongated horizontally arranged hollow body.
Mechanisms of loading of the wastes into the pyrolysis reactor and of unloading of solid products of the reaction, such as coke, are similar to each other in that each of these mechanisms comprises an upper and lower slide valves or gates. Waste loading mechanism is installed on the front or proximal cover of the pyrolysis reactor, and the coke unloading mechanism is installed on the rear or distal cover of the pyrolysis reactor. The wastes fall from the waste accumulator onto the closed upper gate. Then the upper gate is opened, and the wastes fall onto the lower gate. After accumulation of a predetermined amount of the wastes, the upper gate is then closed, and the lower gate is opened allowing the wastes to fall onto the loading screw that moves the wastes to a spring-loaded gate. When the wastes are compacted to a degree that exceeds the holding threshold of the spring-loaded gate, the latter is shifted away under waste pressure and let the load to enter space between the thread surfaces of the screws inside the interior of the retort. Such a two-gate spring-loaded gate prevents small particles of the wastes from being carried away into the oxidizer without being pyrolyzed, decreases penetration of oxygen-containing atmospheric air into the retort. The screws have a variable pitch, which decreases in the direction of movement of the material. This allows for reducing the volume occupied by the wastes and thus to reduce the volume of air in the wastes. The air-displacement force is adjusted by the mass of a cover secured on an axle. The reactor unloading mechanism has a similar two-gate mechanism but differs from the loading mechanism in that the material unloaded from the reactor is coke and that it does not have a screw and a spring-loaded gate.
In a cross-section, the retort has a three-cavity shape with two lower cavities that form cavities for respective waste-feeding screws and an upper cavity that forms a syngas-passage cavity with vertical walls. For convenience of manufacturing and transportation, the pyrolysis reactor along with retort consists of several sections assembled into a single unit by flanged connections. The longitudinal axis of the upper cavity is horizontal. The waste-feeding screws are driven into rotation from a hydraulic motor via a gear reducer. The lower cavities and the waste-feeding screws have a tapered shape with peripheral surfaces of the screw threads located in close heat-transfer proximity with the inner walls of the retort. The threads of the waste-feeding screws overlap each other without physical contact and leave a space between the thread surfaces so that the feeder operates similar to a gear pump by effectively mixing the waste material while feeding it forward to the distal end of the pyrolysis reactor, i.e., to the end that is located on the side of the syngas cleaning module. The aforementioned gap prevents the wastes from accumulation inside the retort. Furthermore, the aforementioned gap is separated into two parts by an edge that divides the flow of the mixed wastes into two separate sub-flows. This provides movement of the wastes along the walls of the pyrolysis reactor and prolongs time of contact of the wastes with the hot walls of the retort, thus improving efficiency of the process. The waste-feeding screw is assembled from several sections that can be separated from each other and are connected through the use of conical threaded elements. The screw shaft is hollow and its interior is provided with thermal insulation. The areas of connection of the screw elements are free of the insulation for more efficient cooling of these portions of the waste-feeding screws. The cooling medium is air that is passed through the hollow screws through inlet and outlet devices installed at the respective ends of each waste-feeding screw. Longitudinal axes of the tapered waste-feeding screws are inclined with the distal ends (i.e., the ends at the unloading position of the chamber) being lower than the proximal ends (i.e., ends at the loading position of the chamber). The waste-feeding screws are not only tapered and inclined in the vertical plane, but also converge in a horizontal plane. More specifically, the inclination angle of the screws in the vertical plane down from horizontal level may range from 1° to 5°, preferably from 1.5° to 3°, and has an optimal value of 2.04°. The convergence angle of screws in the horizontal plane from proximal ends to the distal ends may range from 1° to 5°, preferably from 1.8° to 3°, and has an optimal value of 2.22°. The maximal diameter of the screw thread at the proximal end ranges from 1000 to 1200 mm with the optimal value of 1200 mm. The minimal diameter of the screw thread at the distal end ranges from 550 mm to 650 mm with the optimal value of 600 mm. The aforementioned mounting angles can be adjusted in the range of ±30 minutes, preferably ±10 minutes. Adjustment of the angles makes it possible to set the gaps between the walls of the retort and the screws. Adjustment is carried out with the use of eccentric bushes installed in support units of the respective covers.
The three-cavity retort is surrounded by an external casing that may have a trapezoidal, hexagonal, or any other convenient cross-section and walls made from a refractory material. The interior space between the inner walls of the external casing and the outer surface of the retort forms a furnace for burning a fuel gas that generates heat for heating the interior of the pyrolysis chamber and hence for causing a pyrolytic exothermic reaction inside the chamber. The fuel gas may comprise an externally supplied natural gas or gas generated as a result of pyrolysis. The fuel gas is supplied to the burners arranged under the lower cavities of the retort. The thermal energy generated by burning the fuel gas in the furnace is transmitted to the interior of the pyrolysis chamber through the chamber walls. The pyrolysis temperature in the chamber ranges from 800° C. to 1000° C., preferably from 850° C. to 900° C. Automatic control keeps the temperature with the prescribed optimal range and shuts the burner on or off, depending on the temperature conditions.
Among the burners, at least one may be designated for burning the coke obtained as a result of pyrolysis. In this case, the burning chamber of the pyrolysis reactor does not need a supply of an external heat. The coke obtained in the rector is purified in a centrifuge from residue of metals, glass, etc. and is burned on the aforementioned burner. Thus, the reactor may operate on gas fuel and coke without supply of the external heat.
The outlet end of the retort is connected to a centrifuge that receives the coking carbonaceous pyrolysis residue from the retort of the pyrolysis reactor and separates those low-energy components that have not been separated from the waste mix at the earlier stages from the coking carbonaceous residue of the pyrolysis process. Another function of the centrifuge is mixing of the dehydrated tar and chlorine-, fluorine-, and sulfur-containing components separated from the syngas together with the mixture of the coking carbonaceous pyrolysis residue.
The pyrolysis reactor is further provided with devices for simultaneous removal and supply of heat and/or flue gases obtained in the pyrolysis to the ground-waste drier of the waste pre-treatment and feed module and/or to the furnace of the pyrolysis reactor for use as an additional heat carrier for the pyrolysis process.
The reactor operates as follows.
First the municipal and domestic wastes that are intended for processing are presorted, ground to a predetermined size, e.g., 50 mm, and dried at a predetermined temperature, e.g., in the range of from 150 to 250° C. until the content of moisture in the wastes reached the level of about 20%. From the dryer the wastes are sent to the dry-waste accumulator that stores the waste dried to a predetermined level and has means for continuing supply of the ground and dried waste to the pyrolysis reactor. The mechanisms of loading of the wastes into the pyrolysis reactor feeds the reactor by means of the feeding screw via the aforementioned double-gate structure. The wastes fall from the waste accumulator onto the closed upper gate. After accumulation of a predetermined amount of the wastes, the upper gate is opened, and the wastes fall onto the lower gate. The upper gate is then closed, and the lower gate is opened allowing the wastes to fall onto the loading screw that moves the wastes to a spring-loaded gate. When the wastes are compacted to a degree that exceeds the holding threshold of the spring-loaded gate, the latter is shifted away under waste pressure and allows the load to enter the interior of the retort.
In the pyrolysis reactor, the wastes are subjected to a continuous pyrolysis treatment by being heated without access of oxygen to a temperature in the range of 800° C. to 1000° C. In the continuous process, the product is conveyed from the loading side to the unloading side of the reactor due to rotation of the tapered waste-feeding screws that converge in the horizontal plane and are inclined in the downward direction in the vertical plane. The material is transported through the gap between the threads of the screws and at the same time is effectively mixed by the rotation of the screws.
As a result of the pyrolysis, the treated product is decomposed into a solid phase (a mixture of carbon residue that contains coke and tar, and a gaseous phase (syngas). A part of the heat and flue gas developed in the pyrolysis reactor furnace is sent to the waste drier. A part of the syngas developed in the pyrolysis reactor is sent to the burners of the reactor for use as an additional fuel for maintaining the pyrolysis process temperature at a required level. The coking carbon residue is sent to a centrifuge for purification and separation of low-energy residue that does not contain hydrocarbons and that could not be removed from the wastes at the sorting stage. The carbon residue (with 2 to 10% of carbon) is then sent back to the burners of the reactor for afterburning.
From the pyrolysis reactor, the syngas is sent to the dry-cleaning unit with the dust catcher where the level of dust in the syngas is reduced, and the syngas is then passed through the first stage of the wet scrubber when the syngas is cleaned by a flow of water from tar and chlorine-, fluorine, and sulfur-containing admixtures. The syngas is then fed to the second wet-stage of scrubbing with subsequent removal of the separated impurities. From both wet-stages of scrubbing, the mixture of water with impurities is sent to a floatator that produces process water suitable for further appropriate use. Meanwhile, dehydrated tar and mixture of dehydrated impurities are sent to a centrifugal pump for mixing with the coking carbonaceous residue of the pyrolysis process and from there to the reactor burners for afterburning.
The syngas purified from the tar and the chlorine-, fluorine, and sulfur-containing admixtures is fed to an absorber that produces a CO2-saturated aqueous solution, which is sent to the disrober with subsequent decomposition of the solution into CO2 and processing water. The purified syngas is fed to a power co-generator (of a piston or a gas-turbine type), where the gas is used as the co-generator fuel. The co-generator produces electric energy that can be used for purposes required, while heat that was removed from the co-generator can be utilized or converted in accordance with specific demand.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block-diagram of the system for processing and utilizing solid industrial, municipal, and domestic wastes by pyrolytic treatment.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the pyrolysis reactor along line II-II of FIG. 3.
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of the reactor along line III-III of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4A is a top view of two waste-feeding screws used in the pyrolysis reactor.
FIG. 4B is a fragmental partially sectional longitudinal view of a screw element.
FIG. 4C is a cross sectional view along line IVC-IVC of FIG. 4B.
FIG. 4D is a three-dimensional view of an eccentric bush on the shaft of the screw used for adjusting the gap between the outer surface of the screw and the inner surface of the retort in the pyrolysis reactor of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the reactor loading (unloading) mechanism.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart that shows the process steps.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As has been mentioned above, the invention relates to a reactor for processing and utilizing solid municipal and domestic wastes by pyrolytic treatment.
For better understanding the structure, principle of operation, specific features, and advantages of the pyrolysis reactor of the invention for processing of solid municipal and domestic wastes, it is worth considering the reactor within the entire waste processing system, since some products of other units of the system (such as syngas which partially may be used as a fuel, coke, which is sent for afterburning, etc.) are sent back to the reactor.
A block-diagram of the system of the invention for processing and utilizing solid municipal and domestic wastes by pyrolytic treatment is shown in FIG. 1.
The system, which as a whole is designated by reference numeral 20, comprises the following main modules connected in series: a waste pre-treatment and feed module 22, a pyrolysis reactor 24, a syngas cleaning module 26, and an energy generation unit 29.
The waste pre-treatment and feed module 22, in turn, consists of a waste reception site 21, a linear conveyor T1, a waste-sorting unit or a sorter 28 that received the untreated wastes from the linear conveyor T1 and is capable of sorting untreated wastes and simultaneously removing those waste components that have low energy potential and do not contain hydrocarbons. In this unit, the sorted wastes can be combined with additional wastes having high content of hydrocarbons. Other units included into the waste pre-treatment and feed module 22 comprise a waste-mixture grinder 30, which is connected to the sorter by a second linear conveyor T2, a ground-waste drier 32, and a dry-waste accumulator 34 that stores the waste dried to a predetermined level and has means for continuing supply of the ground and dried waste to the pyrolysis reactor 24. Reference numeral 32a designates a pipe that connects the outlet of the reactor 24 to the dryer 32 for sending a part of the flue gases used to heat the reactor from the reactor furnace to the dryer for the supply of additional heat.
As a result of a pyrolysis reaction that takes place in the pyrolysis reactor 24, the wastes are decomposed at least into a syngas and solid products of pyrolysis, such as coke.
A cross-sectional view of the pyrolysis reactor 24 along line II-II of FIG. 3 is shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of the reactor 24 along line III-III of FIG. 2. The reactor 24 has a retort 36 that forms a pyrolysis chamber 38, isolated from access of oxygen, and contains a pair of waste-feeding screws 40 and 42. The retort 36 is made in the form of an elongated horizontally arranged hollow body. Both waste-feeding screws 40 and 42 are seen in FIG. 4A, which is a top view of the waste-feeding screws.
A mechanism 39 for loading of the wastes into the pyrolysis reactor 24 is shown in FIG. 5. The mechanism 39′ for unloading of solid products of the reaction, such as coke, respectively, is similar to that shown in FIG. 5 and therefore is not shown and not considered separately. Each above-mentioned mechanism comprises upper and lower valves, e.g., sliding gates 44 and 46, which are shown in FIG. 5. The waste-loading mechanism 39 is installed on the front or proximal cover 48 (FIG. 3) of the pyrolysis reactor 24, and the coke-unloading mechanism (not shown) is installed on the rear or distal cover 50 of the pyrolysis reactor 24. In the modification shown in FIG. 5, the gates 44 and 46 are driven linearly into and from the open and close positions by respective pneumatic cylinders 41 and 43, the piston rods 41a and 43a of which are connected to respective gates 44 and 46.
The wastes fall from the waste accumulator 34 (FIG. 1) onto the closed upper gate 44 (FIGS. 3 and 5). Then the upper gate 44 is opened, and the wastes fall onto the lower gate 46. After accumulation of a predetermined amount of the wastes, the upper gate 44 is then closed, and the lower gate 46 is opened allowing the wastes to fall onto the feeding screw 52 (FIG. 3) that moves the wastes to a spring-loaded gate 54 installed at the inlet opening of the front cover 50 of the reactor 24 (FIG. 3).
When the wastes are compacted to a degree that exceeds the holding threshold of the spring-loaded gate 54, the latter is shifted away under waste pressure into a position shown in FIG. 3 by imaginary line 54a and allows the load to enter the space between the thread surfaces 60 (FIG. 4A) of the waste-feeding screws inside the retort 36. Such a two-gate spring-loaded gate prevents small particles of the wastes from being carried away into the oxidizer without being pyrolyzed and prevents penetration of oxygen-containing atmospheric air into the retort. The waste-feeding screws 40 and 42 have a pitch that decreases in the direction of movement of the material. This is shown in FIG. 4B, which is a fragmental longitudinal partially sectional view of a screw element. As can be seen from FIG. 4B, the waste-feeding screw 40 (which is the same as the waste-feeding screw 42) has the pitch that decreases in the direction of movement of the material. In other words, pitch P1 is greater than pitch P2, and pitch P2 is greater than pitch P3, etc. The diminishing pitch makes it possible to reduce the volume of the waste being treated and thus to reduce the volume of air contained in the treated wastes. The force of air displacement can be adjusted by the mass of a pivotal spring-loaded gate 54 pivotally supported by an axle 54b (FIG. 3).
As has been mentioned above, the reactor unloading mechanism 39′ is similar to the loading mechanism, except that the material unloaded from the reactor is coke. In view of the similarity with regard to the loading mechanism, the unloading mechanism 39′ is not described in detail.
As can be seen from FIG. 2, in a cross-section the retort 36 has a three-lobe shape with two lower substantially cylindrical, parallel lobes 36a and 36b that form cavities for respective waste-feeding screws 40 and 42 and an upper lobe 36c that has vertical walls 36d and 36e and that defines a syngas-passage cavity 36f. The screws are driven into rotation from a hydro motor 56 via a gear reducer 58 (FIG. 3).
As can be seen from FIG. 2, the waste-feeding screws 40, 42 have tapered shapes with helical peripheral surfaces of the screw threads 40a and 42a located in close heat-transfer proximity with the inner wall 36c of the retort 36. The threads 40a and 42a of the waste-feeding screws overlap each other (FIG. 4A) without physical contact and leave a space 60 (FIG. 4) between the helical surfaces of the threads 40a and 42a surfaces so that the feeder, formed by the waste-feeding screws 40 and 42, operates similar to a gear pump by effectively mixing the waste material while feeding it forward to the distal end of the pyrolysis reactor 24, i.e., to the end that is located on the side of the syngas cleaning module 26 (FIG. 1).
The aforementioned gap 60 prevents the wastes from accumulation inside the retort 36. Furthermore, the aforementioned gap 60 is separated into two parts by an edge 61 that divides the flow of the mixed wastes into two separate sub-flows. This provides movement of the wastes along the walls of the retort 36 and prolongs time of contact of the wastes with the hot walls of the retort 36, thus improving efficiency of the process.
Each waste-feeding screw is assembled from several sections of the type shown in FIG. 4B that can be separated from each other and are connected through the use of conical threaded elements 43. As shown in FIG. 4C, which is a cross-section along line IVC-IVC of FIG. 4B, the waste-feeding screw 40 (42) is hollow and its interior 45 is provided with thermal insulation 47. The areas of connection of the screw elements are free of the insulation for more efficient cooling of these portions of the waste-feeding screws. The cooling medium is air that is passed through the interior 45 of the hollow waste-feeding screws via inlet and outlet devices 73a and 73b installed at loading side and unloading side of the retort, respectively.
Longitudinal axes X1 and X2 (Fig. of the tapered waste-feeding screws 40 and 42 are inclined (FIG. 3) with the distal ends 40′ and 42′, respectively (i.e., the ends at the unloading position of the chamber 38), lower than the proximal ends 40′′ and 42′′ (i.e., ends at the loading position of the chamber). As can be seen from FIG. 4A, the waste-feeding screws are not only tapered and inclined in the vertical plane, but also converge in a horizontal plane (FIG. 4A). More specifically, the inclination angle α of the waste-feeding screws in the vertical plane (FIG. 3) down from horizontal level may range from 1° to 5°, preferably from 1.5° to 3°, and has an optimal value of 2.04°. In FIGS. 3 and 4 the angles are shown in an exaggerated form. The convergence angle β of the screws 40 and 42 (FIG. 4A) in the horizontal plane from proximal ends 40′′ and 42′′ to the distal ends 40′ and 42′ may range from 1° to 5°, preferably from 1.8° to 3°, and has an optimal value of 2.22°. The maximal diameter of the screw threads at the proximal ends ranges from 1000 to 1200 mm with the optimal value of 1200 mm. The minimal diameter of the screw thread at the distal ends 40′ and 42′ ranges from 550 mm to 650 mm with the optimal value of 600 mm. The aforementioned mounting angles can be adjusted in the range of ±30 minutes, preferably ±10 minutes. Adjustment of the angles makes it possible to set the gaps between the walls of the retort 36 and the screws 40, 42. Adjustment is carried out by rotating an eccentric bush 71a of the type shown in FIG. 4D installed in support unit of the respective cover. FIG. 4D is a three-dimensional view of an eccentric bush 71a on the shaft of the screw 40 (42) used for adjusting the gap 75 (FIG. 2) between the outer surface of the screw and the inner surface of the retort 36 in the pyrolysis reactor 24 of the invention.
The three-cavity retort 36 is surrounded by an external casing 62 (FIG. 2) that has walls 64 made from a refractory material. The interior space 66 (FIGS. 2 and 3) between the inner walls of the external casing 64 and the outer surface of the retort 36 forms a furnace for burning a fuel gas and generates heat for heating the interior of the pyrolysis chamber 38 and hence for causing a pyrolytic exothermic reaction inside the chamber 38. The fuel gas may comprise an externally supplied natural gas that may be fed to the reactor via fuel supply line 69a (FIG. 1) or gas generated as a result of pyrolysis and fed to the reactor via a pipe (not shown). The syngas is supplied to the burners 68a, 68b, . . . 68n arranged under the lower cavities 36a and 36b of the retort 36. The thermal energy generated by burning the fuel gas in the furnace 66 is transmitted to the interior of the pyrolysis chamber 24 through the chamber wall 36a. The pyrolysis temperature in the chamber ranges from 800° C. to 1000° C., preferably from 850° C. to 900° C. Automatic control keeps the temperature within the prescribed optimal range and shuts the burners 68a, 68b, . . . 68n on or off, depending on the temperature conditions.
If necessary, for convenience of manufacturing and transportation, the pyrolysis reactor 24 may be assembled from several sections. FIG. 4E is a fragmental side view of a pyrolysis reactor assembled from several sections. Shown in this drawing is a reactor 24 assembled from “n” parts, i.e., 24a, 24b, . . . 24n-1 and 24n. The reactor sections may be connected, e.g., by flanged connections with the use of respective flanges 24a′, 24b′, . . . 24n-1′ and 24n′. The flanged connections should be provided with heat-resistant seals, such as seals 25 and 27 shown in FIG. 4E.
Among the burners, at least one, e.g., the burner 68b, (FIG. 2) may be designated for burning the coke obtained as a result of pyrolysis. In this case, the burning chamber 66 of the pyrolysis reactor 24 does not need a supply of an external heat. The coke obtained in the reactor 24 is fed with a screw conveyer 70a to a coke accumulator 70b and from the latter to a centrifuge 70c (FIG. 1), which is intended for purification of the coke from residue of metals, glass, etc. and for sending the purified coke back to the reactor 24 for burned on the aforementioned burner 68b. Thus, the reactor 24 may operate on gas fuel and coke without supply of the external heat.
When the centrifuge 70c (FIG. 1) receives the coking carbonaceous pyrolysis residue from the furnace 66 (FIG. 2) of the pyrolysis reactor 24, it separates those low-energy components that have not been separated from the waste mix in the waste pre-treatment and feed module 22 (FIG. 1) at the earlier stages of the process. Another function of the centrifuge 70c is mixing of the dehydrated tar and chlorine-, fluorine-, and sulfur-containing components separated from the syngas together with the mixture of the coking carbonaceous pyrolysis residue.
The pyrolysis reactor 24 is also provided with devices for simultaneous removal and supply of a portion of syngas obtained in the pyrolysis reactor to the burners 68a, 68b, . . . 68n of the pyrolysis reactor 24 for use as an additional fuel maintaining the pyrolysis process temperature.
The syngas cleaning module 26 (FIG. 1) comprises a dry cleaning unit 72 with a dust catcher (not shown) and a wet-syngas cleaning stage 26 where the syngas is cleaned from tar and chlorine-, fluorine, and sulfur-containing admixtures. The wet-cleaning stage 26 consists of a first wet syngas cleaner 73, where the syngas is cleaned with water, and a second wet syngas cleaner 74, where the syngas is cleaned with an alkali. A gas cooler 71, which is located between the dry cleaning unit 72 and the first wet syngas cleaner 73, is intended for cooling the syngas prior to the supply of the gas to wet cleaning.
The wet syngas cleaners 73 and 74 are connected to a floatator 78 that separates water from the remaining impurities. The mixture of water with impurities is sent to a floatator 78 via pipes 78a and 78b. This unit produces process water that can be further utilized. The outlet end of the floatator 78 is connected to the centrifuge 70c of the pyrolysis reactor 24 (FIG. 1) and may supply the dehydrated tar, chlorine-, fluorine, and sulfur-containing components through the centrifuge, where these components are combined with the mixture of the coking carbonaceous residue of the pyrolysis process. Then the mixture is sent back via the pipeline 69b to the furnace 66 (FIG. 2) of the pyrolysis reactor 24 for burning together with the aforementioned mixture and thus for maintaining the working temperature of pyrolysis inside the reactor 24.
The wet-cleaning stage 26 is also connected to an absorber 76, which separates a CO2-saturated aqueous solution and thus for separation of at least a reusable gaseous carbon dioxide from the syngas. The CO2-saturated aqueous solution is then delivered to the disorber 77 for subsequent decomposition of the solution into CO2 and processing water.
The energy-generation module 29 (FIG. 1) of the system 20 is made in the form of a gas-turbine co-generator 30a that is connected to the outlet of the absorber and generates electric and heat energy by burning syngas purified from possible contaminated components and obtained from the absorber 76. The co-generator 30a uses the syngas obtained from the absorber as a working medium. The electric energy is transmitted to customers via a transformer substation 81 and power lines 83.
An operation of the system of the invention for processing and utilizing solid municipal and domestic wastes by pyrolytic treatment in will now be described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6, where FIG. 6 is a flowchart that shows the process steps. First the municipal and domestic wastes that are intended for processing are sorted (Step 1) by means of the waste-sorting unit 28 (FIG. 1) capable of sorting the wastes and simultaneously removing those waste components that have low energy potential and do not contain hydrocarbons. If necessary, the sorted wastes are combined in this unit with additional wastes having high content of hydrocarbons.
The metals, glass, and similar solid impurities separated at this stage are removed and sent to recycling (Step 2).
The presorted wastes are then fed to the grinder 30 (Step 3) where the wastes are ground to a predetermined size, e.g., 50 mm. The ground wastes are then fed to a dryer 32 (Step 4) where the ground wastes are dried at a predetermined temperature, e.g., in the range of from 150 to 250° C. until the content of moisture in the wastes reached the level of about 20%. The dryer 32 may operate on the basis of the heat obtained from the output of the pyrolysis reactor 24.
From the dryer 32 the wastes are sent to the dry-waste accumulator 34 (FIG. 1) that stores the waste dried to a predetermined level and has means for continuing supply of the ground and dried waste to the pyrolysis reactor 24.
Mechanisms of loading the wastes into the pyrolysis reactor feed the reactor 24 by means of a feed screw (FIG. 3) via the aforementioned double-gate arrangement. The wastes fall from the waste accumulator 34 onto the closed upper gate 44 (FIG. 5). After accumulation of a predetermined amount of the wastes, the upper gate 44 is opened, and the wastes fall onto the lower gate 46. The upper gate 44 is then closed, and the lower gate is opened allowing the wastes to fall onto the loading screw 52 (FIG. 3) that moves the wastes to a spring-loaded gate 54. When the wastes are compacted to a degree that exceeds the holding threshold of the spring-loaded gate 54, the latter is shifted away under waste pressure and lets the load to enter the interior of the retort 36.
In the pyrolysis reactor 24, the wastes are subjected to a pyrolysis treatment (Step 5) by being heated without access of oxygen to a temperature in the range of 800° C. to 1000° C. The product is conveyed from the loading side to the unloading side of the reactor 24 due to rotation of the tapered screws 40 and 42 that converge in the horizontal plane and are inclined in the downward direction in the vertical plane. The material is transported through the space 60 (FIGS. 2 and 3) between the threads of the screws 40 and 42 and at the same time is effectively mixed by the rotation of the screws 40 and 42 (FIG. 4A).
As a result, of the pyrolysis, the treated product is decomposed into a solid phase (a mixture of carbon residue that contains coke and tar, and a gaseous phase (syngas). A part of the syngas developed in the pyrolysis reactor is sent to the waste drier and/or to the burners 68a, 68b, . . . 68n (FIG. 2) of the reactor for use as an additional heat carrier.
The coking carbon residue is sent to a centrifuge 70c for purification and separation of low-energy residue that does not contain hydrocarbons and that could not be removed from the wastes at the sorting stage (Step 6). The carbon residue (with 2 to 10% of carbon) is then sent back to the burners of the reactor 24 for afterburning.
From the pyrolysis reactor 24, the syngas is sent to the dry-cleaning unit 72, where the level of dust in the syngas is reduced (Step 7), and the syngas is then passed through the first stage of the wet scrubber when the syngas is cleaned by a flow of water (Step 8) from tar and chlorine-, fluorine, and sulfur-containing admixtures. The syngas is then fed to the second wet-stage of scrubbing with subsequent removal of the separated impurities with alkalis (Step 9). From the second wet-stage cleaner, the syngas is sent to absorption (Step 10) where the CO2-saturated aqueous solution is separated from the syngas wherefrom the gas is sent to a power-generation, e.g., a gas-turbine co-generator 29 that generates electricity (Step 11).
From both wet-stages of scrubbing, the mixture of water with impurities is also sent to a floatator 78 that produces process water (Step 12) suitable for further appropriate use. Meanwhile, dehydrated tar and mixture of dehydrated impurities are sent to the centrifuge 70c for mixing with the coking carbonaceous residue of the pyrolysis process and from there to the reactor burners for afterburning.
The syngas purified from the tar and the chlorine-, fluorine, and sulfur-containing admixtures is fed to an absorber that produces a CO2-saturated aqueous solution, which is sent to the disorber 77 with subsequent decomposition of the solution into CO2 and processing water.
Thus it has been shown that the invention provides a novel reactor for pyrolytic processing and more efficient utilization of municipal and domestic wastes as compared to conventional reactors of this type. The aforementioned reactor is simple in construction, provides efficiency in the pyrolysis reaction, sufficient compaction of the waste material for displacement of air from the material being treated, efficient mixing of the material being treated, and efficient loading, unloading of the material into and from the reactor along with efficient conveyance of the material through the reactor. The structure of the reactor is characterized by a low metal-to-power ratio and hence by low manufacturing cost.
Although the invention has been shown and described with reference to specific embodiments, it is understood that these embodiments should not be construed as limiting the areas of application of the invention and that any changes and modifications are possible provided that these changes and modifications do not depart from the scope of the attached patent claims. For example, the retort and the external casing that surrounds the retort may have shapes different from those shown in the drawings and can be made from different heat-resistant materials. The loading and unloading mechanisms of the pyrolysis reactor may have structures different from those shown in FIG. 5. For example, an electric drive can be used for opening and closing the sliding gates. The sliding gates may be replaced by rotating gates pivotally installed on the inner walls of the loading hopper. The reactor sections can be assembled by inserting the male projections of one of the sections into female bores of the adjacent section.

## Claims

1. A pyrolysis reactor for processing municipal and domestic wastes comprising: a pyrolysis chamber, a reactor dual-gate type loading mechanism for loading the pyrolysis chamber with wastes without access of oxygen to the pyrolysis chamber, a reactor dual-gate type unloading mechanism for unloading the pyrolysis chamber from solid residual products of pyrolysis without access of oxygen to the pyrolysis chamber,
said pyrolysis chamber comprising: an inlet device, an outlet device, and a three-cavity retort comprising an elongated horizontally arranged hollow body having two lower parallel and substantially cylindrical cavities and an upper syngas guiding chamber with vertical walls; two waste-feeding screws that have threads with outer surfaces and are located in said cavities, respectively, said two screws being tapered in shapes with a taper angle that decreases the diameters of the waste-feeding screws from said inlet device to said outlet device, said waste-feeding screws having a gap between their outer surfaces, wherein said waste-feeding screws converge toward each other with a convergence angle from the inlet device to the outlet device.

2. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1, wherein said waste-feeding screws are inclined downward in a vertical plane from the inlet device to the outlet device with an inclination angle.

3. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1, wherein the taper angle ranges from 1° to 5°.

4. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 2, wherein the inclination angle varies from 1° to 5°.

5. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1, wherein the convergence angle varies from 1° to 5°.

6. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1, wherein said pyrolysis chamber further comprises a mechanism for adjusting said gap between the outer surfaces of the waste-feeding screws.

7. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 5, wherein said waste-feeding screws are inclined downward in a vertical plane from the inlet device to the outlet device with an inclination angle.

8. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 2, wherein said waste-feeding screws converge toward each other with a convergence angle from the inlet device to the outlet device.

9. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1, wherein said pyrolysis chamber further comprises a mechanism for adjusting said gap between the outer surfaces of the waste-feeding screws.

10. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1, wherein the two waste-Feeding screws are arranged in the two lower cavities such that the outer surfaces of the two waste-feeding screws interleave with one another.

11. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 7, wherein each of the waste-feeding screws has a variable pitch.

12. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 9, wherein each of the waste-feeding screws has a variable pitch.

13. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis chamber further comprises an external casing that has walls made from a refractory material.

14. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis chamber further comprises an external casing that has walls made from a refractory material.

15. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1, wherein the reactor dual-gate type loading mechanism and the reactor dual-gate unloading mechanism, each having an upper sliding gate and a lower sliding gate which are moveable between an open position and close position, said upper and lower sliding gates operating in an alternating sequence so that when the upper sliding gate is open, the lower sliding gate is closed, and vice versa.

16. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 13, wherein the reactor dual-gate type loading mechanism and the reactor dual-gate unloading mechanism, each having an upper sliding gate and a lower sliding gate which are moveable between an open position and close position, said upper and lower sliding gates operating in an alternating sequence so that when the upper sliding gate is open, the lower sliding gate is closed, and vice versa.

17. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 15, wherein said dual-gate type loading mechanism is further provided with a loading screw and a spring-loaded gate, which is pivotally installed and is capable of turning into an open position for loading the wastes onto the waste-feeding screws under the force of the material moved by the loading screw.

18. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 17, wherein said dual-gate type loading mechanism is further provided with a loading screw and a spring-loaded gate, which is pivotally installed and is capable of turning into an open position for loading the wastes onto the waste-feeding screws under the force of the material moved by the loading screw.

19. A pyrolysis reactor for processing municipal and domestic wastes comprising: a pyrolysis chamber, a reactor dual-gate type loading mechanism for loading the pyrolysis chamber with wastes without access of oxygen to the pyrolysis chamber, a reactor dual-gate type unloading mechanism for unloading the pyrolysis chamber from solid residual products of pyrolysis without access of oxygen to the pyrolysis chamber,
said pyrolysis chamber comprising: an inlet device, an outlet device, and a three-cavity retort comprising an elongated horizontally arranged hollow body having two lower parallel and substantially cylindrical cavities and an upper syngas guiding chamber with vertical walls; two waste-feeding screws that have threads with outer surfaces and are located in said cavities, respectively, said two screws being tapered in shapes with a taper angle that decreases the diameters of the waste-feeding screws from said inlet device to said outlet device, said waste-feeding screws having a gap between their outer surfaces, wherein the two waste-feeding screws are arranged in the two lower cavities such that the outer surfaces of the two waste-feeding screws interleave with one another.

20. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 19, wherein said waste-feeding screws are inclined downward in a vertical plane from the inlet device to the outlet device with an inclination angle.