2023 IL App (1st) 230006-U 

 THIRD DIVISION

June 14, 2023

 

No. 1-23-0006 

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE INTEREST OF JEH.R. and JEN.R., ) Appeal from the Circuit 

 ) Court of Cook County

 (PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) 

 ) 

 Petitioner-Appellee, ) No. 21 JA 117-118 

 ) 

v. ) 

 ) 

C.Z., ) Honorable 

 ) Demetrios Kottaras 

 Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge Presiding.

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

PRESIDING JUSTICE McBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices Reyes and Burke concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: Trial court judgment affirmed where its finding that the minors were neglected 

due to an injurious environment was supported by the manifest weight of the 

evidence.

¶ 2 In this appeal, respondent, mother, C.Z., challenges the circuit court’s adjudication order 

finding that her minor daughters, Jeh.R. and Jen.R., were neglected due to an injurious 

environment. 

¶ 3 The record shows that Jeh. was born on May 9, 2010, and Jen. was born October 29, 2012, 
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2 

to C.Z. and father, D.R., who is not a party to this appeal. On February 17, 2021, the State filed 

petitions for adjudication of wardship and motions for temporary custody alleging that Jeh. and 

Jen. were neglected due to an injurious environment and abused due to a substantial risk of physical 

injury. The petitions alleged that there was a history of domestic violence between the parents and 

in front of the minors, that the minors expressed fear of both parents at different times, that C.Z. 

had been physically aggressive and violent toward the girls, including that she had “pinched, 

slapped, and kicked them, pulled their hair, and pointed a knife at them.” The petitions also noted 

that C.Z. had reported that D.R. had threatened to kill her “and/or their children,” and that the 

family had been offered and recommended intact family services but C.Z. refused. The petition 

further noted that C.Z. and D.R. were in the process of divorcing.

¶ 4 The Public Guardian was appointed as attorney and Guardian ad litem (GAL) for the 

minors, and the Public Defender was appointed as attorney for C.Z. 

¶ 5 On February 22, 2021, the court entered a temporary custody order, finding probable cause 

and urgent and immediate necessity without prejudice based on the facts alleged in the petition. 

¶ 6 On June 17, 2021, following a multi-day hearing, the trial court entered a written order. 

The court found that the case was an “example of a highly toxic divorce,” and that both minors 

had been “coached to varying degrees.” The court noted that C.Z. had made allegations that D.R. 

had committed sexual abuse against the minors, and the court found it “most disturbing,” and “a 

perfect example of toxicity,” that C.Z. made those allegations while also agreeing to alternate 

weekend visitations between D.R. and the minors. The court expressed that it would be 

“forwarding a copy of the transcript of his findings to *** the Domestic Relations Judge overseeing 

the divorce between the parents so that there is a consideration for therapy for both minors, [and] 

appropriate psychological evaluations [of] both mother and father, but particularly of mother.” The 
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3 

court, however, found that the level of “abuse/neglect d[id] not rise to probable cause” or urgent 

and immediate necessity, and dismissed the petitions.

¶ 7 The trial court, however, granted the Assistant Public Guardian’s oral motion for a stay of 

the dismissal order, and ordered that all services, including placement, visitation, and therapy, 

should remain in effect. 

¶ 8 The Public Guardian filed a motion to reconsider on July 1, 2021, which was granted on 

July 7, 2021. The court noted in its order that the Public Guardian had presented additional 

evidence, including a typed statement of a minor and a letter from a therapist.1 The court found 

the new evidence to be newly discovered, and considering the new evidence along with the prior 

evidence, the trial court found probable cause of abuse and neglect, as well as urgent and 

immediate necessity to take temporary custody of the girls with prejudice. 

¶ 9 The parties appeared for adjudication via Zoom on June 29, 2022. An Arabic interpreter 

was present for C.Z. The Assistant State’s Attorney indicated an intent to proceed only on the 

ground of neglect due to an injurious environment.

¶ 10 Jessica Connors testified that she was the social worker at the Chicago Public School that 

the minors attended between 2019 and 2021. Connors had received a degree in psychology, and a 

Master’s degree in social work specializing in schools and families. She had worked as a school 

social worker for eight years. As a school social worker, she provided therapeutic support for 

students, teachers, and families, including individual and group counseling, and “push[ed] into” 

classrooms for social and emotional learning. Connors testified that she is a mandated reporter. 

1 This court notes that statement and letter do not appear in the record on appeal. See Foutch v. 

O'Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 391 (1984) (In the absence of a complete record on appeal, we presume 

that the order entered by the trial court was in conformity with the law and had a sufficient factual 

basis.).
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4 

¶ 11 Connors met Jeh., Jen. and C.Z. when the minors enrolled at the school. In the fall of 2019 

and early spring of 2020, when school was conducted in person, Connors had almost daily 

communications with C.Z. when the girls were dropped off. Connors testified that C.Z. spoke to 

her about the history of domestic violence with D.R., and about C.Z.’s experience living in a 

domestic violence shelter. Connors testified that she observed C.Z. to have rapid speech, and that 

she would sometimes answer different questions than what was being asked. Connors also 

observed that sometimes C.Z. would have a “heightened emotional state,” acting “frazzled or 

emotional,” and that she would not follow the conversation on those occasions. Connors testified 

that she and C.Z. would communicate in English, and Connors was aware that C.Z.’s primary 

language is Arabic. Connors described C.Z.’s English as generally clear and understandable. 

¶ 12 Connors had in-person interactions with Jeh. and Jen. until March of 2020, and these 

interactions continued virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic through February of 2021. From 

the beginning, Connors observed that Jen. struggled with coming to school and participating. 

Connors described Jen. as “very withdrawn,” and noted that her “social wellbeing was affected.” 

After the change to virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, Jeh. also became more 

withdrawn, and she began to reach out to Connors for support much more frequently than she had 

before. On a daily basis, Jeh. would reach out to Connors via chat, without going off mute or 

putting on her video. In October 2020, Jeh. reported to Connors that C.Z. had knocked her glasses 

off her head, breaking them. Jeh. told Connors this had happened three or four times, breaking 

multiple pairs of glasses. Jeh. also told Connors that C.Z. would kick and pull the hair of both girls 

in the home. When Connors would ask Jeh. to put on her video or go off mute, Jeh. would respond 

that C.Z. was nearby and Jeh. did not feel safe. Connors noticed that during virtual learning, both 

girls often would not appear on camera, and they would not want to speak aloud in class or in a
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5 

Zoom breakout room. On rare occasions, Jeh. would put on her video but she would only show the 

top of her head, and not her face, on the screen. When asked to move the camera to show her face, 

Jeh. would either refuse or not respond. 

¶ 13 In December 2020, Jeh. emailed Connors around 11 p.m. informing her that C.Z. was 

angry, and that Jeh. had spread ketchup in the home to retaliate. Connors acknowledged that this 

was something that would likely cause a parent to become upset, but Connors was concerned 

because it was unusual for students to send emails late at night. Connors observed that Jeh. was 

“pretty upset” about the incident, and she thought that Jeh. “needed to communicate what was 

going on in the home to somebody.” 

¶ 14 Around the same time, in December 2020, Jeh. chatted to Connors, and the two went in a 

breakout room during a Zoom class so that they could have a private conversation. Jeh. refused to 

go off mute or put her camera on, so the conversation occurred via chat. Jeh. told Connors that 

C.Z. was nearby and that she did not feel safe. Jeh. also talked to Connors about her parents’ 

divorce and Jeh.’s belief that C.Z. was “trying to frame” D.R. for physical, sexual, and mental 

abuse. Based on the relationship Connors had developed with Jeh., and Connors’s observations of 

Jeh. as smart and articulate, Connors believed Jeh.’s reports.

¶ 15 Over time, Connors became increasingly concerned about the minors’ emotional and 

mental wellbeing, and other teachers also contacted Connors with similar concerns. As a mandated 

reporter, Connors made numerous calls to the Department of Children and Family Services 

(DCFS) hotline relating to Jeh. and Jen., and she recalled constantly calling to follow-up on those 

hotline calls, especially during December 2020.

¶ 16 The State next called Essalh Abdulla who had worked with C.Z. and her children as a 

therapist at Apna Ghar, a domestic violence organization. Abdulla testified that she is a certified 
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6 

domestic violence counselor, and received her master’s degree in social work in May 2020. 

Abdulla clarified that as a counselor, she provided support to clients, but she could not make

psychiatric diagnoses. However, she did at one point recommend that C.Z. undergo a psychiatric 

assessment after consulting with her supervisor, Sara Heidbreder, who was a licensed clinician and 

who had also previously worked with C.Z. 

¶ 17 Abdulla initially worked with C.Z. individually, but then began to provide counseling 

services to the minors as well. When Abdulla first began to work with the family in the fall of 

2020, Jeh. and Jen. were living with C.Z. At that time, Abdulla became concerned about their

wellbeing. Both girls reported C.Z. “name calling, making fun of their appearances, [and] talking 

down on their performance in school.” Jen. also reported not being cleaned and bathed, noting that 

she was not able to do it on her own and that C.Z. would not assist her. Jeh. told Abdulla that they 

did not have proper meals, that their fridge usually did not have any food, and that they would 

snack throughout the day to eat. Abdulla testified that the minors also told her that C.Z. would 

discipline them by taking their electronics, preventing them from having any contact with D.R. 

The minors also reported that C.Z. would throw things at them and pull their hair. Both minors 

specifically informed Abdulla that they were not happy living with C.Z. 

¶ 18 Abdulla described one specific occasion during which C.Z. called the police on Jeh. and 

Jen., who were then, respectively, ten and seven years old. C.Z. told police that the minors had hit 

C.Z., and requested an order of protection against them. Abdulla testified that she questioned C.Z. 

about why she thought that requesting an order of protection against her children was appropriate, 

and that C.Z. then gave a different reason why she had called the police. Abdulla believed that this 

was one example of C.Z. “gaslighting” Jeh. and Jen.

¶ 19 At some point, the minors stopped residing with C.Z. and were instead living with their 
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paternal grandmother. During this time, Abdulla continued to provide support to Jeh. and Jen. 

When living with their grandmother, Abdulla noticed a positive change in the minors’ demeanor. 

Abdulla recalled that the girls would often miss appointments or come late while living with C.Z. 

However, they were consistent and on-time when living with their grandmother. Additionally, they 

reported being well cared for in their grandmother’s home. 

¶ 20 Abdulla further testified that she wrote a letter outlining her concerns on July 1, 2021, and 

that letter was admitted into evidence. Abdulla explained that the letter described events and issues 

dating back from September 2020 through February 2021. In the letter, Abdulla outlined her 

history with the family stating that she eventually terminated sessions due to C.Z.’s “constant 

attempts to manipulate and gaslight both her daughters and I.” She recounted the incident in which

C.Z. requested an order of protection against the minors claiming that they were “abusive” and 

that C.Z. “feared for her life.” Abdulla stated that she explained to C.Z. why her actions were 

inappropriate, and at that point, C.Z. changed her story to say she feared for the children’s safety 

because they were leaving the house. Abdulla wrote that she believed C.Z. needed professional 

help beyond what the organization could offer, further stating that she had encouraged her multiple 

times to see a psychiatrist for an evaluation, but that C.Z. refused, expressing her fears of what a 

diagnosis would mean for her custody battle. Abdulla wrote that she could “no longer support the 

narrative that [C.Z.] is capable and competent to parent the girls” and that the “vicious cycle of 

[the minors] being continuously returned to their mother after reporting and complaining about the 

abuse and neglect is detrimental to [the minors’] mental health.”

¶ 21 The State called D.R., who testified that a DCFS investigator was assigned to the family’s 

case in October 2020, and later that same month, Jeh. and Jen. were placed in D.R.’s mother’s 

home under a DCFS safety plan. The safety plan was terminated in November of 2020, and the 
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children were returned to C.Z. However, in early December 2020, the minors were again removed 

from C.Z.’s care and placed back in a safety plan with the paternal grandmother. D.R. testified that 

he signed off on some of the safety plans. 

¶ 22 The State and the minors rested. C.Z.’s oral motion for directed finding was denied. 

¶ 23 C.Z. called Colleen Breems, a senior associate at a law firm. Breems testified that her

practice involved almost exclusively family law, and included child representative and GAL work. 

Breems was appointed as attorney for Jeh. and Jen. on January 12, 2021, and the appointment was

converted to child representative on February 8, 2021. After her appointment, Breems reviewed 

the relevant pleadings and orders, contacted the GAL, and set up appointments to meet with the 

family. Breems first met with D.R. and the children near the middle of January in 2021 via Zoom. 

She initially spoke to D.R. alone, who told her he was at his mother’s residence. D.R. informed 

Breems that communication between him and C.Z. “was always real bad” and that there had “been 

a lot of screaming.” D.R. told Breems that he believed that C.Z. was abusive toward Jeh. and Jen., 

but that the assigned GAL was not taking his concerns seriously. D.R. did not provide specifics 

about the abuse, but generally reported that he believed that the minors were being “harmed and 

yelled at” by C.Z. Breems testified that D.R. showed her two videos from 2018 in which the minors 

described abuse. In one of those videos, Jeh. reported that C.Z. threw a car seat at her. However, 

Breems ultimately found it “notable” that there were no orders of protection, emergency motions, 

police reports, or medical records supporting D.R.’s claims, which she would expect to see in such

circumstances. 

¶ 24 Breems also spoke with Jeh. and Jen. on January 14, 2021, and again later that month. 

During both meetings they were at their grandmother’s home on Zoom with no one else present. 

Breems testified that during their first conversation, the minors disclosed abuse by C.Z., 
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highlighted C.Z.’s bad character, and brought up concerns about C.Z.’s medical needs. Breems 

described the girls as being unable “to talk fast enough,” noting they were very outspoken and 

forthcoming. Both children explained that the abuse was mostly directed at Jeh., and that C.Z. 

would “yell at *** and hurt” Jeh. 

¶ 25 In the second meeting, Breems observed that Jen. was “completely withdrawn” and would 

not talk. At that meeting, Jeh. generally described C.Z. pinching, yelling, and cursing at the minors, 

as well as several specific incidents, including one in which Jeh. believed that C.Z. tried to 

intentionally leave her on a CTA train, and another in which C.Z. threw a Rubik’s cube at Jeh., 

almost hitting Jeh.’s face. Jeh. also reported that C.Z. threw her to the bathroom floor twice, in 

September and December of 2020. Jeh. also told Breems that C.Z. “pushed, hit, and pulled the ears 

of both of the children, [and] that [Jeh.]’s glasses [had been] *** broken” seven times in four 

months. Jeh described one specific occasion in December 2020, when C.Z. pushed her into a gap 

between a futon and the wall, breaking her glasses. Jeh. admitted to Breems that she would 

frequently talk back to and curse at C.Z., and that she once threw a water bottle at C.Z.’s face 

because Jeh. was angry.

¶ 26 Jeh. also told Breems about an incident during which C.Z. called the police on the minors, 

after C.Z. said that the minors “were trying to escape from her.” Jeh. told Breems that she and Jen. 

were sitting on the steps outside the apartment door because Jeh. did not like “being called names 

or yelled at or screamed at by” C.Z. Jeh. described C.Z. as being “especially mad and grumpy that 

day.” 

¶ 27 Based on Breems’s conversations with the minors and her experience, Breems believed the 

girls were being “coached.” Breems believed that the minors’ stories were inconsistent, and that 

the minors, who were then in second and fifth grade, were using language that was “a bit mature” 
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for children their age. 

¶ 28 Breems testified that in February 2021, she filed an emergency motion before the domestic 

relations court to return the minors to C.Z., based on Breems’s understanding that a valid safety 

plan was not in place. However, the domestic relations court did not return Jeh. and Jen. to C.Z. 

¶ 29 On cross-examination, Breems acknowledged that she never spoke to Jeh.’s teacher or 

Connors, and that she only had two conversations with the minors during the time that she was 

assigned to the case, with each conversation lasting about one hour. Breems further testified that 

she never had the opportunity to speak to the minors individually. Breems also acknowledged that, 

although she based her conclusion that the minors had been coached in part on the fact that there 

had been no supporting documents such as emergency motions or orders of protection to 

substantiate the claims of abuse, D.R. had attempted to file emergency motions and orders of 

protection in October 2020. Breems understood that there was an order in place that D.R. needed 

to communicate with the GAL first, “before taking any self-help measures,” and agreed that D.R. 

had initially communicated to her his beliefs that the GAL was not taking his concerns seriously. 

Breems also testified that she believed that a safety plan needed to be signed by “the parents,” and 

she did not know if it was sufficient for only one parent to sign.

¶ 30 When questioned by the court, Breems stated her focus was on the children in the context 

of the divorce and working out a parenting agreement, including issues such as decision-making 

regarding school or religion, coordinating exchanges for parenting time, and sole versus joint 

custody arrangements. Most of the cases in which Breems had been appointed did not involve 

abuse and neglect and she had never been required to reach a conclusion as to whether a child was

abused or neglected. 
No. 1-23-0006 

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¶ 31 C.Z. next called David Gotzh, who testified that he was appointed as GAL for Jeh. and Jen.

in the spring of 2020. Upon appointment, he was provided with the orders and pleadings which he 

reviewed before meeting with the parties. Gotzh first met with D.R. to observe D.R.’s residence 

and interview him. D.R. reported that he and C.Z. had a difficult marriage and that there had been 

“numerous times that the police had to come out and get involved.” Gotzh noted that there had 

been three DCFS investigations over the course of his appointment before temporary custody was

taken. Gotzh also noted that both parents had made allegations against each other—C.Z. alleged

that D.R. was sexually abusing the minors, and D.R. alleged that C.Z. was physically abusive—

but Gotzh found the accusations to “lack specificity.” Regarding C.Z.’s allegations of sexual abuse, 

Gotzh observed that C.Z. never gave any details of specifics about the alleged sexual abuse, and 

the minors denied that they had ever been touched inappropriately by D.R. Gotzh found it 

“curious” that after C.Z. told Gotzh that D.R. was “allegedly molesting or abusing these children 

in a sexual manner,” she then indicated that she “was okay with” D.R. “hav[ing] alternate 

weekends unsupervised with the children.” Gotzh ultimately believed that C.Z. was using the 

accusations “for litigation advantage as opposed to [the sexual abuse] actually occurring.” 

¶ 32 Gotzh met with C.Z. a month or two after he was appointed. Gotzh testified that it took that 

long because C.Z. initially refused to disclose her address, and Gotzh was able to visit C.Z.’s home 

only after the domestic relations court ordered her to provide it. Gotzh observed C.Z.’s home and 

interviewed her, then set up a separate appointment to speak with Jeh. and Jen. privately at his 

office while C.Z. sat in the waiting room. At this meeting the minors did not relay any fear of 

either parent, and Gotzh had no concerns about the minors’ wellbeing. 

¶ 33 In the spring of 2020, Gotzh learned of an incident where one of the minors had to be 

brought to the hospital due to an injury, and both parents were present at the hospital. Gotzh 
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testified that he became aware that C.Z. and D.R. had a “verbal dispute” at the hospital which “got 

fairly ugly,” and the argument prompted one of the doctors to call DCFS. 

¶ 34 In the fall of 2020, Gotzh became aware of allegations that Jeh.’s and Jen.’s faces were 

being scratched by C.Z., and that C.Z. would cover up the scratches using make up. Gotzh had a 

visit with the minors at C.Z.’s residence in November 2020, and Gotzh did not observe scratches 

on their face, nor did the minors “corroborate” those allegations at the meeting.

¶ 35 Gotzh also noted that Jeh. reported that sometime in September or October 2020 she had 

been shoved in the back by C.Z. causing her glasses to fall to the floor and break. Gotzh testified 

that he asked C.Z. about this incident and C.Z. neither admitted nor denied the allegation. Gotzh 

found that this was not consistent with other occasions in which she had “gone to great lengths” to 

deny prior allegations of abuse. On this occasion, however, C.Z. “would not commit to a ‘yes’ or 

‘no.’ ” Gotzh testified that the minors’ did not bring up any other abuse, and that Jen. told Gotzh 

that C.Z. had never hit her because she “was mom’s favorite.” 

¶ 36 On cross-examination, Gotzh acknowledged that in one of his reports, he recommended 

that C.Z. engage in anger management services.

¶ 37 At the conclusion of evidence, the State and the minors argued for findings of neglect due 

to an injurious environment. C.Z. argued the petitions should be dismissed, arguing that she was a 

victim of domestic violence and that parents are allowed to discipline their children. D.R. argued

that the evidence against him all came from C.Z., that he had shown a willingness to cooperate 

with DCFS, and asked that he be found “non-custodial.” 

¶ 38 On September 9, 2022, the court found Jeh. and Jen. were neglected due to an injurious 

environment. In the court’s oral ruling, the court extensively reviewed the evidence, noting in 

particular testimony from Connors. The court observed that Connors had developed a relationship
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with the children, that her greatest concern appeared to be the emotional wellbeing of the minors, 

and that she believed they were negatively impacted living with C.Z. The court also noted 

Connors’ testimony that the minors reported that they did not feel safe with C.Z., and that C.Z. 

would kick, slap, pull their hair, and that she had knocked Jeh.’s glasses off her head three or four 

times. 

¶ 39 The court also described Abdulla’s testimony, in particular regarding the minors’ reports 

that C.Z. would pull their hair, throw things at them, make fun of their appearances, talk down 

about their school performances, and take their electronics to prevent communication with D.R. 

¶ 40 Turning to C.Z.’s witnesses, Breems and Gotzh, the trial court noted that the “function and 

role” of a GAL in divorce proceedings is “considerably different” than in the child protection

division. The court observed that the witnesses had limited experience in child interviewing in the

types of cases heard in juvenile court. Nonetheless, the court noted that Breems’s testimony 

corroborated the reports of pinching, yelling, cursing, and pushing, and that she also relayed Jeh.’s 

glasses had been broken seven times in a four-month period. The court also described Gotzh’s

testimony that he raised the incident with the broken glasses with C.Z., and C.Z. did not deny that 

it had occurred.

¶ 41 Finally, the trial court noted that Jeh. and Jen. had been removed from C.Z.’s care for 

periods of time, and that there had been an overall improvement in their behavior and demeanor 

when away from C.Z.

¶ 42 The court explained that it was concerned with “repeated complaints of the children being 

kicked, slapped, and hav[ing] their hair pulled,” as well as the reports that C.Z. “on multiple 

occasions, struck the one child to the point where glasses were knocked off the child's head while 

she was wearing them.” The court was also concerned that the children reported not feeling safe 
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with C.Z. The court explained that an “isolated incident alone, though distasteful, would not be as 

concerning. However, the repeated behavior by [C.Z.] causes the court concern, and I believe 

supports the finding [of neglect].” 

¶ 43 The court further observed that D.R. “was no angel,” and that the “back and forth by mother 

and father” contributed to the toxic and negative environment. The court ultimately concluded, 

however, that the finding of neglect was “based on mother’s behavior.” 

¶ 44 C.Z.’s motion to reconsider the trial court’s adjudication findings was denied. 

¶ 45 The case then proceeded to a dispositional hearing on December 9, 2022. An Arabic 

interpreter again provided translation for C.Z. 

¶ 46 The State offered and the court admitted into evidence a DCFS Integrated Assessment (IA)

dated May 13, 2021. In the IA, the assessor noted that the prognosis for reunification of Jeh. and 

Jen. with either C.Z. or D.R. was “poor.” Regarding C.Z., the assessor explained that she 

“did not appear to be able to keep [Jeh. and Jen.] safe during incidents of partner 

violence and had a history of physical abuse and neglect toward their care. [C.Z.] 

had limited insight into [Jeh. and Jen.]’s experiences and was unable to 

acknowledge her role in the reason for case opening. She reported being open to 

services, showing her willingness to engage for reunification; her prognosis may 

improve upon her participation in recommended services. In order for her prognosis 

to improve, [C.Z.] must address her mental and medical health needs and intimate 

partner violence, as well as build developmentally appropriate parental skills. 

[C.Z.] must be able to provide a safe environment for and relationship with [Jeh. 

and Jen.].” 

¶ 47 The court also admitted two court reports generated by the agency case worker on 
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September 26, 2022 and December 8, 2022. In those reports, the case worker noted that she had

attempted to discuss C.Z.’s participation in services, but C.Z. would not engage in conversations 

about services without first speaking with her attorney. The reports also noted that both children 

had been vocal about not wanting to return to either parent, and instead wished to stay with their 

grandmother. They did, however, indicate that if they had to return home to a parent, they would 

prefer to live with D.R. The reports also indicated that C.Z. had been participating in supervised 

visitation with the minors twice a week, but that “things were said at visits that caused the girls to 

withdraw from interacting with” C.Z., and that both minors expressed their desire that visitation

with C.Z. be reduced to once per week. 

¶ 48 Quiana Randle, the caseworker from One Hope United testified she was assigned to the 

family’s case since July 2022. She reported that the minors’ placement with their grandmother was 

safe and appropriate, that they were doing well in the grandmother’s home and academically, and 

that a referral had been made for each to receive therapy. Regarding D.R., she testified that he had 

been engaging in individual therapy and regularly attended supervised visitation. Randle reported 

he had previously completed parenting classes. Finally, she stated a referral to domestic violence 

services was pending. 

¶ 49 Randle further testified that there was a recommendation that C.Z. engage in individual 

therapy, parenting classes, and domestic violence services, and C.Z. was referred to ArabAmerican Family Services in July 2022. At the time of dispositional hearing, however, C.Z. was 

not engaged in, nor did she express any interest in engaging in, therapy. Randle testified that C.Z. 

told her that she did not believe in services. 

¶ 50 Randle also testified that C.Z. had been having twice-weekly supervised visits with Jeh. 

and Jen. The visit usually occurred at a mall, and they were supervised by Randle. Randle testified 
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that in September 2022, the children requested that the frequency of visits be changed to once 

weekly. Jeh. and Jen. felt told Randle that they were not getting much out of the visits, and Jeh. 

additionally expressed feeling blamed for Jen.’s behavior during visits. Jeh. further told Randle 

that she felt her relationship with C.Z. was not improving and they were not spending much time 

together, but instead Jeh. was expected to watch Jen. during visits. 

¶ 51 Randle observed that some visits would go well, and others “wouldn’t go so well.” Randle 

believed that the visits were “more focus[ed] on shopping” than on spending time with the girls. 

Randle testified that she often found herself, rather than C.Z., spending time with the minors.

Randle elaborated that C.Z. would often shop during the visits, and one occasion, C.Z. got her 

eyebrows done while Randle and the minors walked around the mall. During another visit, C.Z. 

got her nails done while Randle and the children sat in the shop waiting. Randle felt that the 

children were not “the full focus of the visit.” 

¶ 52 Randle further testified that visits were subsequently reduced and moved to a library. Those 

recent visits were more successful, and C.Z., Jeh., and Jen. were able to have more quality family 

time. Randle believed that parent coaching or family therapy could assist C.Z. and her daughters 

in building their relationship, but C.Z. needed to engage in individual services first. 

¶ 53 Randle also clarified that she had not used an interpreter to communicate with C.Z. as she 

appeared to understand English. She further explained that C.Z. speaks to the girls in English and 

the girls do not speak Arabic. 

¶ 54 Randle testified that, in her opinion, it would be in the minors’ best interest that a DCFS 

guardianship administrator be appointed with rights to place them. This would also provide the 

parents with additional opportunities to engage in services and make progress. 

¶ 55 C.Z. testified that she does not always fully understand English, and that her divorce 
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attorney advised her not to sign any papers or attend any services. She testified, however, that if 

the court would give her children back, she would agree to do services. 

¶ 56 After all parties rested, the State and the Assistant Public Guardian requested that the 

minors be made wards of the court and placed in DCFS guardianship, and that the court make a 

finding that both parents were unable to parent. C.Z.’s counsel asked the judge to “admonish [C.Z.] 

and explain that these services are required and [that they are] something that would benefit her 

and her daughters so that we can move forward with this.” Counsel argued that DCFS had not set 

up a “family team meeting” and had also not provided C.Z. with an interpreter. Counsel questioned 

DCFS’s actions in this matter, asserting that the agency had “left the family “hanging for *** 

almost a year.” Counsel concluded, “I would be asking that [the court] only find my client unable 

[to parent] at this time.” 

¶ 57 On December 9, 2022, the court adjudicated Jeh. and Jen. wards of the court, found both 

parents unable to care for the children, and appointed the DCFS guardianship administrator as 

guardian with the right to place. C.Z. filed a notice of appeal on December 27, 2022. 

¶ 58 In this appeal, C.Z. asserts that the finding that Jeh. and Jen. were neglected due to an 

injurious environment is against the manifest weight of the evidence.2

¶ 59 In any proceeding initiated pursuant to the Juvenile Court Act (Act), including an 

adjudication of wardship, the paramount consideration is the best interests of the child. In re A.P., 

2012 IL 113875, ¶ 18. When a petition for adjudication of wardship is filed, the Act mandates an 

2 This court notes that, although the matter proceeded to a dispositional hearing under the Act, 

(705 ILCS 405/2-21(2) (West 2020)), C.Z. focused her appellate argument only on the 

adjudication findings, and raised no argument as to the dispositional order. Accordingly, any 

challenge to the dispositional order is forfeited. See Ill. Sup. Ct. R. 341(h) (“Points not argued 

are forfeited.”). 
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adjudication hearing to determine whether a child is abused and/or neglected. 705 ILCS 405/1-

3(1), 2-18(1), 2-21(1) (West 2020). 

¶ 60 The State bears the burden of proving abuse and neglect allegations by a preponderance of 

the evidence, establishing that the allegations are “more probably true than not.” 705 ILCS 405/1-

3(1) (West 2020); In re Z.L., 2021 IL 126931, ¶ 60; In re J.L., 2016 IL App (1st) 152479, ¶ 86. 

The focus of an adjudication hearing is whether a child is abused or neglected, and not whether 

the parents are neglectful or abusive. Z.L., 2021 IL 126931, ¶ 59; In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d 441, 

467 (2004). Abuse and neglect findings are sui generis, based on the unique facts and 

circumstances of each case. Z.L., 2021 IL 126931, ¶ 58; J.L., 2016 IL App (1st) 152479, ¶ 86. 

Adjudicatory findings are reviewed “based on the totality of the evidence,” (In re Alexis H., 401 

Ill. App. 3d 543, 551 (2010)) and great deference is afforded to the trial court (J.L., 2016 IL App 

(1st) 152479, ¶ 104). This court does not reweigh the testimony or evidence because the trial court 

has the best vantage point and is in the best position to evaluate the evidence. Id. ¶ 86. The 

reviewing court will not substitute its judgment for the trial court’s determination on the credibility 

of witnesses, the weight of the evidence, or the inferences drawn. Id. Adjudication findings will 

not be reversed unless they are against the manifest weight of the evidence, i.e., unless the opposite 

conclusion is clearly evident. Z.L., 2021 IL 126931, ¶ 61; see also J.L., 2016 IL App (1st) 152479, 

¶ 86. The trial court “has broad discretion” in determining the existence of abuse and neglect, and 

there is a “strong and compelling presumption in favor of the result reached by the court.” In re 

A.S., 2020 IL App (1st) 200560, ¶ 22.

¶ 61 The gist of C.Z.’s argument in this appeal is that the circuit court’s adjudication findings 

are against the manifest weight of the evidence because they were based solely on “uncorroborated 

hearsay evidence [from the minors] that was never subject to cross-examination.” C.Z. contends 
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that the evidence in this case can be “fairly described as ‘just witnesses testifying that a minor 

related claims of abuse or neglect to them,’ ” which was found to be insufficient to sustain a finding 

of abuse or neglect by our supreme court. See In re A.P., 179 Ill. 2d 184, 198 (1997).

¶ 62 Initially, this court notes that the State elected to proceed only on the ground of neglect due 

to injurious environment, and did not proceed on the ground that the minors were abused due to a 

substantial risk of physical injury. Under the Act, a neglected child includes one who is “under 

eighteen years of age whose environment is injurious to his or her welfare.” 705 ILCS 405/2-

3(1)(a) (West 2020). “Neglect” has been defined as a parent or caretaker’s failure to exercise the 

care demanded by the circumstances, including both intentional and unintentional acts. In re 

Kenneth D., 364 Ill. App. 3d 797, 801 (2006) citing In re K.T., 361 Ill. App. 3d 187, 200 (2005). 

While an “injurious environment” is an “amorphous concept,” the Illinois Supreme Court has 

interpreted it to include when a parent breaches her duty to ensure a safe and nurturing shelter for 

her children. Kenneth D., 364 Ill. App. 3d at 801 citing In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d 441, 463 (2004). 

¶ 63 While the minors’ reports to the various witnesses were relevant to a determination of 

neglect based on injurious environment, the State was not required to prove all of the minors’ 

allegations regarding C.Z.’s physical abuse in the home for the court to conclude that they were 

neglected. Instead, the relevant questions are whether the minors’ environment was injurious to 

their welfare, and whether the parents breached the duty to ensure a safe and nurturing shelter, or

failed to exercise the care demanded by the circumstances. Kenneth D., 364 Ill. App. 3d at 801. 

¶ 64 Even without the particular reports of abuse raised by the minors, the record is clear that 

the family had been the subject of multiple DCFS investigations, and that many individuals raised 

significant concerns about the minors’ wellbeing and about C.Z.’s ability to parent. Those 

individuals included teachers, social workers, therapists, as well as a doctor who called DCFS after 
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20 

the parents were arguing in the hospital. There were reports that D.R. engaged in domestic violence 

against C.Z. in front of the children, and that C.Z. was unable to ensure the minors’ safety during 

those incidents. There was additional evidence regarding the parents’ repeated “back and forth” 

allegations of child abuse and neglect against one another, which the court found contributed to 

the minors’ toxic and negative environment. Those allegations included claims by C.Z. that D.R. 

committed sexual abuse against the minors, and yet C.Z. agreed to let D.R. have unsupervised 

visitation with them. The record also supports the conclusion that C.Z. had unaddressed mental 

health concerns, but refused to participate in recommended psychiatric evaluation or services. On 

one particular occasion, C.Z. called the police requesting an order of protection against the minors 

claiming they were abusive towards her, but later changed her story, stating that she called police 

because the minors were trying to leave the house. Additionally, when C.Z. was confronted by 

Gotzh and questioned about another incident when Jeh.’s glasses were broken, C.Z. did not deny 

that the incident, which Gotzh testified was unusual. The evidence before the circuit court also 

showed that the minors grew increasingly withdrawn and in need of support while they were 

residing with C.Z., and that their demeanors significantly improved after they were removed from 

C.Z.’s care. The minors expressed on multiple occasions that they did not want to return to living 

with their parents, and especially with C.Z. This evidence supports a conclusion that the minors’ 

environment was “injurious to their welfare,” that their parents had failed to exercise the care 

demanded by the circumstances, and that they had not been ensured “a safe and nurturing shelter.”

Kenneth D., 364 Ill. App. 3d at 801.

¶ 65 Nevertheless, even if the minors’ reports were necessary to a finding of neglect, their 

reports were sufficiently corroborated. Under the Act, “previous statements made by the minor 

relating to any allegations of abuse or neglect shall be admissible in evidence. However, no such 
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21 

statement, if uncorroborated and not subject to cross-examination, shall be sufficient in itself to 

support a finding of abuse or neglect.” 705 ILCS 405/2-18(4)(c). Although the Act does not define 

the term “corroboration,” our supreme court has explained that there must be “independent 

evidence which would support a logical and reasonable inference that the act of abuse or neglect 

described in the hearsay statement occurred.” A.P., 179 Ill. 2d at 199. “Simply put, to corroborate 

means to add weight or credibility to a thing by additional and confirming facts or evidence.” 

(citations and quotation marks omitted) In re Z.C., 2022 IL App (1st) 211399, ¶ 51. There is no 

requirement that corroborating evidence prove the abuse or neglect; the corroborating evidence 

need only to add weight or credibility to the out of court statements. Id. The precise form of 

corroboration depends upon the individual facts and circumstances of the case but can include 

physical or circumstantial evidence. Id. This court has also determined that out-of-court statements 

of one minor can corroborate the hearsay statements of another minor, and that where two minors 

each provide substantially similar statements regarding abuse or neglect, a court may conclude that

sufficient corroboration has been provided to satisfy the provisions of the Act. Z.C., 2022 IL App 

(1st) 211399, ¶ 48.

¶ 66 The evidence before the circuit court showed that both minors made substantially similar 

statements regarding abuse and neglect, including reports that C.Z. kicked and slapped them, 

pulled their hair, mocked their appearance, and repeatedly struck Jeh., knocking Jeh.’s glasses off 

her head. The allegations remained largely consistent in reports made by both minors to multiple 

different people. These reports were also corroborated by the evidence outlined above, including 

the witnesses’ observations that the minors grew increasingly withdrawn and in need of support 

when residing with C.Z., but presented as safe, happy, and comfortable when residing outside of 

C.Z.’s home, and the witnesses’ concerns regarding C.Z.’s unaddressed mental health issues and 
No. 1-23-0006 

22 

refusal to participate in the recommended psychiatric evaluation and services. In particular, the 

reports about C.Z. knocking glasses off Jeh.’s head was corroborated by C.Z.’s unusual silence

when confronted about the incident, and the reports that C.Z. hit Jeh. were corroborated by Jen.’s 

statement to Gotzh that C.Z. did not hit Jen. because she was “mom’s favorite,” suggesting that 

Jeh. was hit. The above evidence sufficiently corroborated each of the minor’s statements as 

required by 705 ILCS 405/2-18(4)(c) (West 2020). 

¶ 67 C.Z. acknowledges that this court has “recently provided a lengthy discussion” regarding 

corroborative evidence in the context of abuse and neglect adjudications in Z.C.. 2022 IL App (1st) 

211399. In that case, this court considered a case in which two minors both reported to a DCFS 

caseworker that there was no gas, heat, or electricity at the home; that they had only expired food 

to eat at home; that their mother would put them in water and spank them; and they did not feel 

safe with the mother. Although there was no other corroborating evidence, in large part because 

the mother cancelled a scheduled home visit, this court determined that “the minors’ similar 

statements corroborated one another and established that the allegations of abuse and neglect were 

more probable than not.” Id.; see also In re K.O., 336 Ill. App. 3d 98, 102 (2002), (a minor’s 

statements that indicated that her father had sexually abused her, were corroborated by the 

statements of the minor’s sibling, who witnessed the abuse); Alexis H., 401 Ill. App. 3d at 561 

(“the children’s statements of sexual abuse corroborated each other’s statements and those 

statements make it more probable that the children were abused.”). 

¶ 68 C.Z. contends, however, that Z.C. is distinguishable because there is no evidence here that 

anyone interviewed Jen. separately from Jeh. C.Z. asserts that the witnesses “had a tendency to 

speak of the two Minors as a unit” or they would testify that “both” minors made the allegations 

without providing any additional detail, which she claims is “baldly insufficient corroboration.”
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¶ 69 This court finds no support for C.Z.’s contention that the minors must be interviewed 

separately for their statements to corroborate each other, or that the witnesses’ testimonies that 

both minors reported various incidents of abuse and neglect was insufficient. Moreover, and as

outlined above, we find this case even stronger than Z.C., asthere was other corroborating evidence 

in addition to the statements of the minors. 

¶ 70 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the underlying adjudication order finding that the 

minors were neglected based on an injurious environment, as well as the subsequent disposition 

order. 

¶ 71 Affirmed.