[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 16-17478

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 2:11-cv-00325-WBH

DAVID SCOTT FRANKS, 

 Petitioner - Appellant,

versus

GDCP WARDEN, 

 Respondent - Appellee. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

________________________

(September 16, 2020)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, NEWSOM and MARCUS, Circuit 

Judges.

MARCUS, Circuit Judge:

Petitioner David Scott Franks was sentenced to death in Georgia for the 

murder of Debbie Wilson. Because the facts surrounding the crime were 

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especially heinous, including two other homicides and the almost fatal attacks on

two young children, his trial counsel relied on residual doubt at sentencing. Franks 

argued in Georgia’s state courts that his counsel were constitutionally ineffective at 

sentencing because they relied on residual doubt and because they failed to 

investigate and present additional mitigating evidence concerning Franks’s 

childhood, substance abuse, and cognitive deficits. The state habeas court 

concluded that his attorneys were not ineffective and that Franks was not 

prejudiced by the failure to introduce what it characterized as weak additional 

mitigating evidence. The federal district court, in turn, determined that the state 

court’s decisions were neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of 

clearly established federal law, nor were they based on an unreasonable 

determination of the facts, and denied Franks’s § 2254 petition. We agree and 

affirm its judgment.

I.

In the early morning hours of August 5, 1994, David Martin and Clinton 

Wilson arrived at David Franks’s pawn shop in Bremen, Georgia. Like so many of 

these cases, the details of what transpired between the three men that morning

remain murky. But we know that the encounter ended in brutality: Franks shot 

Martin and Wilson execution-style with a nine-millimeter pistol. A medical 

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examiner concluded from the trajectory of the bullet wounds that the men had been 

shot from behind while lying face down on the floor. 

David Franks fled the scene in Wilson’s white cube van. He drove nearly 

two hours away to Wilson’s home in Gainesville, Georgia, where Franks believed 

Wilson had hidden tens of thousands of dollars in cash. Franks was friendly with 

Wilson and knew his wife and kids -- Franks had even vacationed with the couple. 

So when he arrived at the Wilson home, Clinton Wilson’s nine-year-old daughter 

Jessica answered the door and allowed Franks to come in. Franks told Clinton’s 

wife Debbie that he was looking for Clinton, despite knowing that Clinton Wilson 

lay dead in Bremen. At around 1:30 p.m., Debbie telephoned David Martin’s wife, 

explained that “the other David” was looking for Clinton, and asked if Martin’s 

wife had seen him. 

In an apparent bid to get young Jessica out of the house, Franks told Debbie 

he wanted to go fishing with Brian, the Wilsons’ thirteen-year-old son, who was at 

a neighbor’s home. Debbie sent Jessica to tell Brian. With Jessica out of the 

house, Franks pulled a gun on Debbie and forced her to an upstairs bedroom, 

where he knew Clinton kept a safe. After taking money from the safe, Franks 

stabbed Debbie, piercing a major artery to her lung. But Debbie did not die just 

then. She called 911 and identified her attacker repeatedly as “David Franks,” 

telling the 911 operator that he attacked her for money. Paramedics eventually 

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arrived to treat Debbie, and she told them the same thing: David Franks attacked 

her for money. But Debbie’s blood loss was too severe. Debbie Wilson went into 

cardiac arrest and died before reaching the hospital. 

After he attacked Debbie, Franks went back downstairs. When the children 

returned, he told Jessica to go outside to the van to get a briefcase for him and told 

Brian to get his fishing gear. As Brian was getting his fishing rod, and with Jessica 

out of the house again, Franks attacked thirteen-year-old Brian from behind,

stabbed him in the chest and stomach, and slashed his throat at least twice. Brian 

fought back and cut Franks on his left arm. The injuries Brian sustained were 

profound: a five- to six-inch-deep stab wound in the right side of his chest just 

below the nipple, which penetrated the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity, 

damaging his lung, diaphragm, and liver; and a wound that penetrated his neck 

through to the base of his tongue, necessitating the use of a feeding tube for ten 

days. 

Franks left Brian and then targeted nine-year-old Jessica, whom he stabbed

in the chest as she came back into the house. Both children survived and escaped 

to a neighbor’s house. They told the neighbor that their father’s friend “David

Franks” -- whom they physically described -- had attacked them and that he was 

driving their father’s white cube van. At the hospital later, both children picked 

Franks from a photo lineup. 

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Franks fled his second crime scene in the white cube van, abandoned it, and 

traveled on foot to a nearby house, where he stole clothing and another car, a 

Mazda 626. He drove the Mazda to a casino in Biloxi, Mississippi, where he 

gambled for three days using the pseudonym “Ty Dare.” He then traveled to 

Mobile, Alabama and checked into a Red Roof Inn. A Mobile police officer 

spotted the Mazda in the motel parking lot and called for a tactical team. Franks 

saw the police activity on his way back to the motel and fled once more. 

After evading police at the motel, Franks invaded the home of Carrie and 

Willie Cooper. Carrie was 76 years old; Willie was 82, had mobility difficulties,

and used a motorized chair to get around. Franks held the couple hostage with no 

water in their sweltering garage from mid-morning until late in the afternoon, at 

one point nailing shut a side door to the garage, locking the two inside. The 

Coopers’ daughter, Linda Goodwin, became concerned when she couldn’t reach 

her parents by telephone and went to check on them. Franks then took Goodwin, 

her husband, and their son hostage too, threatening them with a gun. He finally

stole the family’s car, but not before ripping all of the telephone lines from the 

walls of the home. 

The police eventually apprehended Franks at his sister’s home after his 

brother-in-law turned him in. When he was arrested, Franks had a .22 caliber 

derringer and a bandaged cut on his left arm. Before his arrest, he told his brotherCase: 16-17478 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 5 of 43
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in-law that the pawn-shop victims had promised to come up with $100,000 to buy 

drugs. When they didn’t have the money, Franks made them lie down on the floor 

and shot them. Franks told his brother-in-law that Martin and Wilson “got what 

they deserved.”

Franks was charged in Haralson County, Georgia for the murders of Clinton 

Wilson and David Martin; he was also charged in Hall County for the offenses that 

occurred at the Wilsons’ home, including the murder of Debbie Wilson. A Hall 

County jury convicted Franks of malice murder, armed robbery, aggravated 

battery, cruelty to a child, aggravated assault, burglary, and theft by taking. The 

trial court sentenced Franks to imprisonment for 20 years for armed robbery, 20 

years for each of two counts of aggravated battery, 20 years for burglary, and 10 

years for theft, with the sentences to run consecutively. Following the penalty 

phase, the jury unanimously recommended that Franks be executed; the trial court 

agreed and sentenced Franks to death for the malice murder of Debbie Wilson. 

Because he was convicted and sentenced to death in Hall County, Franks was 

never tried for the murders of Clinton Wilson and David Martin in Haralson 

County.

After initial motions for a new trial had been litigated and denied but before 

the case had been appealed, the state trial court granted Franks’s trial counsel’s

motions to withdraw. The court explained that by doing so it would permit the 

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issue of ineffectiveness of trial counsel to be raised before direct appeal. The 

following month, the state trial court appointed replacement counsel, who sought a 

new trial alleging, among other things, constitutionally ineffective assistance of 

trial counsel.

The state trial court denied that motion, and Franks’s convictions and 

sentence were affirmed on direct appeal. See Franks v. State, 599 S.E.2d 134 (Ga. 

2004), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 1058, reh’g denied, 544 U.S. 914 (2005). The 

Georgia Supreme Court denied the ineffectiveness claim because Franks’s new 

counsel “presented no competent evidence of what a more thorough mitigation 

investigation would have uncovered,” offering only a summary of Franks’s life 

that was neither offered into evidence nor supported by competent testimony. Id.

at 148. Put another way, Franks’s appellate counsel failed to properly present the 

claim that trial counsel denied him the effective assistance of counsel.

Franks then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in Butts County 

Superior Court. Relevant to the claim now before us, Franks argued that his trial 

counsel were constitutionally ineffective for failing to investigate and present 

additional mitigating evidence about Franks’s difficult childhood and abusive 

father, his substance abuse, his cognitive deficits and mental illness, and for relying 

instead on a theory of residual doubt. Moreover, he claimed his appellate counsel 

were ineffective for failing to properly raise that claim. Following an extensive 

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evidentiary hearing, the state habeas court denied Franks collateral relief. See

Franks v. Hall, No. 2005-V-1070 (Butts Cty. Super. Ct. Apr. 27, 2010). The court 

concluded that Franks’s claim concerning ineffectiveness of trial counsel could not 

be reviewed either because of res judicata or procedural default. Id. at 12. It 

noted, however, that Franks’s claim about appellate counsel’s ineffectiveness was 

properly presented and that, in the course of reviewing it, the court would 

necessarily have to examine trial counsel’s performance as well. Ultimately, the 

state habeas court concluded that because trial counsel were not ineffective, 

appellate counsel were not deficient, nor was Franks prejudiced by their failure to 

challenge trial counsel’s mitigation investigation and presentation. 

Franks next set his sights on federal court, filing this § 2254 petition in the 

United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. Like the state 

habeas court, the district court examined whether Franks’s trial counsel were

constitutionally ineffective on the theory that if trial counsel were not ineffective, 

appellate counsel could not have been ineffective either for failing to raise a claim 

about trial counsel’s performance. Applying the deference mandated by the 

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), the district 

court concluded that none of the state habeas court’s factual findings were 

unreasonable in light of the evidence presented, and none of its conclusions of law 

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were contrary to or involved an unreasonable application of clearly established 

federal law.

We granted a certificate of appealability limited to one claim:

Whether appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance in violation 

of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution by failing 

to present evidence to support the claim that trial counsel was 

ineffective in violation of the Sixth Amendment to the United States 

Constitution when at the penalty phase of trial, it failed to conduct a 

reasonable mitigation investigation and failed to uncover and present 

mitigation evidence.

The only claim properly before us, then, is whether Franks’s appellate 

counsel were ineffective in presenting his claim of ineffectiveness of trial counsel

at the penalty phase. Because his appellate counsel did not properly present the 

ineffective assistance of trial counsel in the motion for a new trial, and because the 

state habeas court concluded it was bound by res judicata or procedural default on 

claims related to the ineffectiveness of trial counsel, that claim, as a procedural 

matter, is unexhausted in state court. However, we have repeatedly held that if a 

particular claim itself is without merit, “any deficiencies of [appellate] counsel in 

failing to raise or adequately pursue” it “cannot constitute ineffective assistance of 

counsel.” Owen v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 568 F.3d 894, 915 (11th Cir. 2009). 

“In other words, whether appellate counsel failed to properly challenge trial 

counsel’s mitigation inquiry focuses on essentially the same corpus of evidence 

and the same legal questions underlying trial counsel’s effectiveness -- which 

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strategies did trial counsel pursue, were those strategies reasonable under the 

circumstances, and what kinds of penalty-phase evidence was developed, or could 

reasonably have been developed.” Ferrell v. Hall, 640 F.3d 1199, 1225 (11th Cir. 

2011). 

Thus, we, like the state habeas court and the district court too, consider 

whether Franks’s trial counsel were constitutionally ineffective. Since Franks’s 

claim that his trial counsel were constitutionally ineffective is without merit --

particularly when measured against AEDPA deference, and particularly after the 

state habeas court held a lengthy evidentiary hearing and made extensive findings 

on the reasonableness of trial counsel’s strategic choices and on prejudice -- we 

have no occasion to evaluate the performance of his appellate counsel directly. His 

appellate counsel could not have been constitutionally ineffective by failing to 

present a meritless claim.

II.

“We review de novo a district court’s grant or denial of a habeas corpus 

petition.” McNair v. Campbell, 416 F.3d 1291, 1297 (11th Cir. 2005). Because 

Franks filed his federal habeas petition after April 24, 1996, this case is governed 

by AEDPA. “Under AEDPA, if a state court has adjudicated the merits of a claim 

-- as the state court did here -- we cannot grant habeas relief unless the state court’s 

decision ‘was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly 

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established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,’ 

or ‘was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the 

evidence presented in the State court proceeding.’” Kilgore v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of 

Corr., 805 F.3d 1301, 1309 (11th Cir. 2015) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)).

“Under § 2254(d)(1)’s ‘contrary to’ clause, we grant relief only ‘if the state 

court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a 

question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than [the Supreme 

Court] has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.’” Jones v. GDCP 

Warden, 753 F.3d 1171, 1182 (11th Cir. 2014) (alterations in original) (quoting 

Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 413 (2000)). “Under § 2254(d)(1)’s 

‘unreasonable application’ clause, we grant relief only ‘if the state court identifies 

the correct governing legal principle from [the Supreme] Court’s decisions but 

unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.’” Id.

(alteration in original) (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 413). 

The second prong of § 2254(d) -- that an adjudication resulted in a decision 

that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the 

evidence presented in the state-court proceeding -- “requires that we accord the 

state trial court substantial deference.” Brumfield v. Cain, 576 U.S. 305, 314

(2015). “If ‘[r]easonable minds reviewing the record might disagree about the 

finding in question, on habeas review that does not suffice to supersede the trial 

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court’s . . . determination.’” Id. (alteration and ellipsis in original) (quoting Wood 

v. Allen, 558 U.S. 290, 301 (2010)). Indeed, on AEDPA review, “a determination 

of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to be correct” -- a 

presumption that the petitioner carries the burden of rebutting “by clear and 

convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). 

III.

To properly analyze the state habeas court’s findings of fact and conclusions 

of law concerning the effectiveness of Franks’s trial counsel -- and thus whether 

his appellate counsel could have been ineffective for failing to support the claim --

we detail the guilt-phase and sentencing-phase strategy and presentation made by 

Franks’s trial counsel. Although the guilt-phase performance of trial counsel is not 

before us, the guilt-phase presentation is critical to understanding trial counsel’s 

mitigation strategy, which focused primarily on the theory of residual doubt.

It is undeniable that Franks’s trial counsel faced overwhelming evidence of 

their client’s guilt. In addition to Debbie Wilson’s 911 calls and the Wilson 

children’s positive identification of Franks as their attacker, two firefighters 

responding to Debbie Wilson’s 911 calls observed a man matching Franks’s 

description driving away from the Wilsons’ home in the white cube van. Police 

found the abandoned van about nine miles away from the Wilson home, along with 

a bloodstained shirt Franks had been seen wearing that day, a knife, and what was 

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later identified as Franks’s blood on the left armrest of the vehicle. The Wilson 

children testified at trial; they recounted the brutal attacks and identified Franks as 

their assailant. And testing of two bloodstains in the Wilsons’ home confirmed the 

presence of Franks’s DNA.

Franks’s defense was that other men had murdered Debbie, and that the

attacks on the children, if he did them, were the result of coercion. Testifying on 

his own behalf, Franks told the jury that he had set up a drug deal between Clinton 

Wilson and members of a criminal organization -- the “Dixie Organization.”

Franks said he had been drinking and using crank (a methamphetamine) with 

Wilson the previous night; the two picked up David Martin, and at around 4 a.m. 

the three of them went to eat at a truck stop diner. Franks went to sleep for a few 

hours at his girlfriend’s mother’s house, and then met Wilson and Martin at his 

pawn shop in Bremen -- one of two pawn shops Franks owned -- in the morning. 

Franks claimed that four men from the Dixie Organization arrived at the pawn 

shop, and Franks went to a convenience store to buy a soda and talk to his 

girlfriend. Franks said that when he returned, Wilson and the Dixie Organization 

men were arguing because Wilson had not produced the cash required for a 

planned drug deal. Franks claimed that the men pressed them for the money; they 

also threatened to kill Franks’s mother. The men forced Martin, Wilson, and 

Franks to lie face down on the floor; they then shot Martin and Wilson with a gun 

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the men had found in Franks’s briefcase in his pawn shop. All the while Franks 

was “begging for [his] life.”

The four men then tied up Franks with flex cuffs and placed him in Wilson’s 

van. They drove Franks to Wilson’s home and told him go inside and make sure 

that they could get in. After Franks talked with Debbie Wilson for a while, two of 

the men came into the home and told Debbie that her husband owed them money. 

Franks testified that he tried to distract the Wilson children. Franks claimed that he 

saw one of the men (Reece) stab Debbie in the back after taking her upstairs to the 

safe. Franks said that the next thing he remembered was seeing lights and hearing 

sirens. He could not remember the attacks on the children. He fled the scene

because he feared the Dixie Organization; he did not go to the police immediately 

because “[t]hese people [were] very well connected in all areas, and [he] didn’t 

trust the police or anyone else at that time.” 

Franks could not recall many details of the days following the triple 

homicide, but he remembered gambling in Biloxi and abandoning his belongings at 

the Red Roof Inn in Mobile when he saw police cars outside the motel. He also 

admitted to the encounter with the Coopers. He said that he first tried to buy the 

Coopers’ truck but, when they refused, he forced the couple into their garage and 

nailed the door shut. He then stole their daughter’s car to get away yet again.

Eventually, he went to his sister’s home and remembered meeting his brother-inCase: 16-17478 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 14 of 43
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law, Wayne McConathy, though he claimed not to recall what he told McConathy.

When asked why he went to a casino in Biloxi and why he used the name Ty Dare, 

Franks offered only that perhaps the casino presented familiar surroundings, and 

that he was scared to use his own name. 

Finally, his counsel asked: “David, you’ve seen the evidence regarding the 

slashing of the two kids, you’ve seen the pictures, you’ve heard their testimony. 

Are you telling this jury that you didn’t do that?” Franks responded, “All I can say 

is I just don’t remember that. . . . I’m just saying I don’t remember it. I don’t 

remember that event.” 

Franks’s counsel presented several other pieces of evidence to support his 

account that four men from the Dixie Organization were involved and had 

murdered Debbie Wilson. One witness (Annie Carlisle), who was driving by 

Franks’s pawn shop on the morning of the murders, saw four men drive into the 

parking lot, exit their car, and push three other men through the door of the pawn 

shop. Moreover, telephone records revealed that a phone call was placed from 

Franks’s pawn shop in Bremen to the Wilson home two hours away in Gainesville 

at 1:54 p.m. on the day of the crimes. Because the state’s timeline put Franks at 

the Wilson home by 1:30 p.m., defense counsel argued this phone call 

demonstrated that others were involved in the crimes. His counsel also 

emphasized the difference between the crime scene found at the pawn shop in

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Haralson County and the scene at the Wilson home in Hall County. The pawn 

shop killings were methodical, gang-like executions, but the Hall County crimes 

were frenzied. Defense counsel also argued that Debbie Wilson’s 911 calls

strongly suggested other people were involved because Debbie Wilson told the 911 

dispatcher three times that “they’re hurting my kids.” The defense also presented

evidence that the crime scenes may have been contaminated, important evidence 

not preserved, and certain items not tested, suggesting that the police failed to 

exhaust the search for other suspects. Among other things, the investigators failed 

to identify fingerprints found on beer cans recovered from the pawn shop and 

failed to even so much as investigate tire tracks left at the Wilson home on the day 

of the crimes.

At the penalty phase, the state’s aggravation case grew still stronger. Debbie 

Wilson’s family testified about the impact her death had on all of them and the 

impact the attacks had on the children. A firearms examiner said that the bullets at 

the Haralson County crime scene matched Franks’s gun recovered from the Red 

Roof Inn. Two Haralson County Sheriff’s Department officers recounted Franks’s

attempted jail escape after he was finally arrested for the crimes, explaining that he 

shattered a jail window with a screwdriver. Further, Carrie Cooper and her 

daughter testified about being held hostage and threatened by Franks.

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Franks’s counsel primarily relied on residual doubt -- a doubt they attempted 

to create during the guilt phase. But they also presented significant mitigation 

testimony from eight family members: Jane Mashburn (Franks’s aunt), Susan 

McConathy (Franks’s sister), Nancy Rowell (Franks’s ex-wife), Calvin Franks 

(Franks’s brother), Mildred Rowell (Franks’s ex-mother-in-law), Lynette 

Dickinson (Franks’s second wife), Patty Murch (Franks’s cousin), and Doris 

Franks (Franks’s mother). Mashburn testified to David Franks’s good character 

and explained that his father was “a severe alcoholic” who physically abused

David’s mother. Nancy and Mildred Rowell, McConathy, Dickinson, Murch, and 

Doris Franks each similarly testified about David’s good character. All of this 

good character evidence supported residual doubt: David had never been known to 

be violent and each account of his decency was designed to sow more doubt in the 

jurors’ minds that Franks went into a violent frenzy.

The defense did not rely solely on good character. Counsel also introduced 

some mitigating evidence about David’s troubled childhood. David’s older 

brother, Calvin Franks, testified that “David’s childhood was not exactly a ros[y]

one.” He described their dysfunctional childhood this way:

We came from a violent family, and our dad, as has already been 

stated, he was very much so an alcoholic, an unreasonable man that 

you could not talk to, you couldn’t have friends over, at any -- I used 

to sleep with a knife in the head of my bed, I was afraid of my dad. I 

was afraid he would come in and kill me when I was a child. I’ve had 

conflicts with my dad telling him that he would not do my younger 

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brother as he did myself. My mother is a very religious woman. She 

-- to the point I’ve seen her do without food for days fasting and 

praying. My sister is likewise. We were, if you’ll pardon the 

expression, we were very much black and white. One side of my 

family was -- would die before they would tell you a lie, and the other 

side of my family was the devil himself. So there was a lot of 

confusion growing up. I’ve even seen -- there was a time when my 

mom and David was sitting on the couch and my dad shot right 

between them while they were sitting on the couch, it came so close to 

my mom’s leg it actually burnt her leg. If we were a family today 

they would take David and I and my sister away from my mom and 

dad and give us to somebody else . . . .

In closing argument at the penalty phase, the prosecutor detailed the 

aggravating circumstances, highlighting the terror and torture of Brian and Jessica 

Wilson, orphaned, hospitalized, and fearful for their lives as David Franks eluded 

law enforcement after the crimes, and the horror experienced by Debbie Wilson, 

who lay dying while hearing the attacks on her children. Franks’s counsel 

countered with residual doubt, telling the jury, “I submit to you that one of the 

factors that you need to consider here is the proof in the case, and whether 

questions will come zinging back to you when you’re in that quiet place alone with 

your thoughts and you say what if? What if? Or why?” His counsel detailed holes 

in the state’s case -- including the unidentified fingerprints, tire tracks at the scene 

that were never tested, and Franks’s behavior fleeing the scene onto the street 

rather than running into the nearby woods -- as well as evidence supporting 

David’s account that other men were involved in the homicide, such as the 

testimony of Annie Carlisle. Ultimately, he asked the jury to “sprinkle mercy” 

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rather than “revenge and vengeance” into their deliberations and concluded: “I beg 

you ladies and gentlemen, don’t kill that man.” 

The jury unanimously recommended that Franks be sentenced to death for 

the murder of Debbie Wilson. It found five statutory aggravating factors beyond a 

reasonable doubt: (1) the murder of Debbie Wilson was committed while Franks 

was engaged in the commission of the aggravated battery of Brian Wilson, Ga. 

Code Ann. § 17-10-30(b)(2); (2) the murder of Debbie Wilson was committed 

while Franks was engaged in the commission of the aggravated battery of Jessica 

Wilson, id.; (3) the murder was committed while Franks was engaged in the 

commission of an armed robbery, id.; (4) Franks committed the murder for the 

purpose of receiving money or any other thing of monetary value, id. § 17-10-

30(b)(4); and (5) the murder was outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible, or 

inhuman, in that it involved depravity of mind and torture, id. § 17-10-30(b)(7).

Franks now says his trial counsel were ineffective at the penalty phase 

because they relied on a residual doubt defense, and because they failed to 

investigate and present additional details about David’s difficult childhood,

substance abuse, and cognitive deficits. After a three-day evidentiary hearing, the 

state court denied Franks’s habeas petition. The court found that “trial counsel 

made a reasonable, strategic decision to present character evidence and a residual 

doubt theory at the sentencing phase of trial,” and that this strategic decision was 

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supported by a reasonable investigation that included extensive interviews with 

Franks’s family and friends, and the examination of “possible mental health 

history, dependency issues and other extenuating factors.” Particularly, the court 

concluded that “trial counsel made a reasonable, strategic decision to focus on 

residual doubt as their mitigation theory after a thorough investigation of ‘law and 

facts.’” The state habeas court reviewed the additional mitigating evidence 

introduced collaterally -- evidence we detail in Section IV below -- and concluded 

both that counsel made a reasonable strategic choice not to present it and that the 

evidence was weak and would have had little mitigating value. Thus, Franks was 

not prejudiced by the choice to omit it. The district court, in turn, concluded that 

the state habeas court’s denial of the petition was neither contrary to nor an 

unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court law, nor were any 

of its factual findings unreasonable in light of the evidence presented. 

IV.

Under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), a petitioner must 

show that his counsel’s performance was constitutionally deficient -- that his 

counsel “made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ 

guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment” -- and that the deficient 

performance prejudiced the defendant, depriving him of a “fair trial, a trial whose 

result is reliable.” Id. at 687. Simple mistakes or strategic errors are not enough, 

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nor are serious errors if, absent those errors, there is no “reasonable probability” 

that the outcome would have been different. Id. at 694. “A reasonable probability 

is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome” -- in this case, a 

probability sufficient to undermine confidence that the jury would have 

recommended death. Id.

In other words, Franks must show that: (1) “counsel’s representation fell 

below an objective standard of reasonableness,” and (2) “there is a reasonable 

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the 

proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 688, 694; accord Knowles v. 

Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 124 (2009); Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 521 

(2003); Williams, 529 U.S. at 390; Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 184 

(1986). The failure to meet either Strickland prong is fatal to the claim.

A. Franks’s Trial Counsel’s Performance Was Not Constitutionally 

Deficient.

“Judicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential.”

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. We apply a “strong presumption” that counsel 

performed competently and ask only whether any “identified acts or omissions 

were outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.” Id. at 689–

90. And our review under AEDPA is doubly deferential: we extend deference both 

to the trial counsel’s choices and to the state court’s assessment of their

reasonableness. “The pivotal question is whether the state court’s application of 

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the Strickland standard was unreasonable,” which is “different from asking 

whether defense counsel’s performance fell below Strickland’s standard.”

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011). Indeed, “evaluating whether a rule 

application was unreasonable requires considering the rule’s specificity. The more 

general the rule, the more leeway courts have in reaching outcomes in case-by-case 

determinations.” Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004). Because 

Strickland allows for a range of strategic choices by trial counsel, so too is there 

considerable leeway for state courts to determine the reasonableness of those 

choices. “A state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal 

habeas relief so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness of the 

state court’s decision.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 101 (quoting Yarborough, 541 

U.S. at 664). For Franks to prevail, then, he would have to show that no

reasonable jurist could find that his counsel’s performance fell within the wide 

range of reasonable professional conduct.

“The question of whether an attorney’s actions were actually the product of 

a tactical or strategic decision is an issue of fact, and a state court’s decision 

concerning that issue is presumptively correct.” Provenzano v. Singletary, 148 

F.3d 1327, 1330 (11th Cir. 1998). On the other hand, “the question of whether the 

strategic or tactical decision is reasonable enough to fall within the wide range of 

professional competence is an issue of law not one of fact.” Id. If fairminded 

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jurists could disagree as to whether trial counsel’s strategic choices were

reasonable, a petitioner is not entitled to federal habeas relief. Moreover, 

“[s]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to 

plausible options are virtually unchallengeable.” Knowles, 556 U.S. at 124 

(quotation omitted); see also Nance v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic Prison, 922 F.3d 

1298, 1302 (11th Cir. 2019) (“It is especially difficult to succeed with an 

ineffective assistance claim questioning the strategic decisions of trial counsel who 

were informed of the available evidence.”). When trial counsel fails to discover 

mitigating evidence, we ask whether the decision not to investigate further was 

reasonable. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690–91 (“[S]trategic choices made after less 

than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable 

professional judgments support the limitations on investigation. In other words, 

counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable 

decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.”); see also Wiggins, 539 

U.S. at 527–28 (finding ineffective assistance because “counsel chose to abandon 

their investigation at an unreasonable juncture, making a fully informed decision 

with respect to sentencing strategy impossible”).1

1 We note at the outset that Franks had experienced trial counsel who each had at least some 

familiarity with death penalty cases in particular. “When courts are examining the performance 

of an experienced trial counsel, the presumption that his conduct was reasonable is even 

stronger.” Chandler v. United States, 218 F.3d 1305, 1316 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc); see also

Spaziano v. Singletary, 36 F.3d 1028, 1040 (11th Cir. 1994) (“[T]he more experienced an 

attorney is, the more likely it is that his decision to rely on his own experience and judgment in 

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1. Reliance on Residual Doubt 

Franks first says it was constitutionally deficient for his counsel to rely on 

residual doubt at sentencing, despite the overwhelming evidence of Franks’s guilt. 

Defense counsel testified both at the hearing on the motion for a new trial and at

the collateral state habeas hearing that residual doubt was a strategic choice. 

Counsel didn’t mince words about the defense thinking: “our theory on sentencing 

was you can put in whatever you want, strong about David or weak about David 

personally,” but “[g]iven these sets of facts and given what happened to the 

children, if you’re unable to point out residual doubt, you’re going to lose the 

penalty phase.”

Franks says the state habeas court’s conclusion about residual doubt was 

contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. We 

are unpersuaded. “We have said before that focusing on acquittal at trial and then 

on residual doubt at sentencing (instead of other forms of mitigation) can be 

reasonable.” Chandler, 218 F.3d at 1320. It is true that we have also said this is 

rejecting a defense without substantial investigation was reasonable under the circumstances.” 

(quotation omitted)). Experienced litigators Stanley Robbins and Joseph Homans, aided by 

investigator Andrew Pennington, represented Franks at trial. Robbins and Homans had each 

been practicing law for more than a decade. Robbins had tried over one hundred felony criminal 

cases and had been involved in multiple death penalty cases, though he had never tried one. 

Homans had worked in the district attorney’s office for several years and had defended a number 

of murder trials as appointed defense counsel. Homans had tried one death penalty case, which 

resulted in acquittal and did not proceed to the penalty phase, but he had “fully participated” in 

preparation for sentencing. 

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especially so when the evidence of guilt is not overwhelming. But the brutal and 

aggravated nature of this crime -- particularly the attacks on Debbie Wilson and 

her two young children, following on the heels of the double homicide at the pawn 

shop -- could lead a reasonable attorney to conclude that without residual doubt, a 

life sentence would be difficult to sustain. Moreover, the story Franks told at trial 

was supported by some additional evidence: Carlisle’s testimony that at the pawn 

shop she saw four men push three others inside; the phone call from the pawn shop 

at the time of the crimes in Gainesville; Debbie Wilson’s frantic calls to the 911 

operator when she exclaimed three times that “they’re hurting my kids”; 

additional, unidentified fingerprints at the crime scenes; and the disparity between 

the calculated, gang-like killings in Bremen and the frenzied crime scene at the 

Wilsons’ home. Given the horrific facts surrounding these crimes and the 

availability of some extrinsic evidence supporting Franks’s account, a reasonable 

jurist could conclude that a reasonable lawyer could have performed the way 

Franks’s trial counsel performed.

2. Cognitive Deficits

Franks argues next that it was unreasonable for trial counsel to neither hire a 

mental health expert nor present mitigating mental health evidence at sentencing. 

In preparation for sentencing, defense counsel hired a well-known and experienced 

mitigation investigator, Andrew Pennington, who had been a police officer and 

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worked with one of Franks’s attorneys in a previous death penalty case. 

Pennington interviewed Franks and his family extensively; he was never given any 

indication that Franks’s mental health required further investigation. Indeed, the 

state habeas court found that the defense team went “very in depth” with Franks’s 

mother concerning his childhood and spoke “very frequently” with his aunt, Jane 

Mashburn. The state habeas court found that “[t]rial counsel were not given the 

names of any treating doctors or hospitals,” that their investigator “did not come 

across any relevant medical records during his investigation,” and that neither 

Franks’s family nor Franks himself ever gave any indication that there were any 

mental health issues. The state habeas court also found that “trial counsel made the 

determination not to hire a mental health expert to evaluate [Franks] prior to trial 

as they concluded, after a thorough investigation, that they did not have a good 

faith basis to request such an evaluation.”2 The court concluded that trial counsel 

2 Franks’s counsel also testified, however, that they chose not to retain a mental health expert 

because they believed they could not make an ex parte request for funds and thus would 

necessarily alert the state to a mental health evaluation, thereby allowing the state to hire a 

mental health expert of its own. On direct review, the Georgia Supreme Court determined this 

was an “erroneous impression” on the part of Franks’s counsel -- that is, it was legal error to 

believe they could not request funds on an ex parte basis and to believe seeking a mental health 

evaluation would automatically open the door to an opposing state expert. Franks, 599 S.E.2d at 

148. Franks says that the state habeas court ignored this mistake of law, and that it was contrary 

to or an unreasonable application of clearly established law to fail to conclude that the legal error 

by Franks’s counsel constituted deficient performance. The problem with Franks’s argument is 

that his trial counsel gave multiple sufficient and alternative bases on which they made the 

decision to forego a mental health evaluation -- the most important of which was that their 

investigation revealed no need for one. Franks has not shown by clear and convincing evidence 

that the state habeas court’s factual finding that Franks’s counsel decided not to seek a mental 

health evaluation because they believed there was no good-faith basis to do so was erroneous. 

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were not deficient (and Franks was not prejudiced) by the failure to investigate and 

present mitigating mental health evidence. That conclusion was neither contrary to 

nor an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court law, nor was 

it based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence 

presented.

First, “[t]he reasonableness of counsel’s actions may be determined or 

substantially influenced by the defendant’s own statements or actions . . . . In 

particular, what investigation decisions are reasonable depends critically on such 

information.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691. Counsel “is not required to seek an 

independent evaluation when the defendant does not display strong evidence of 

mental problems.” Holladay v. Haley, 209 F.3d 1243, 1250 (11th Cir. 2000).

Franks claims that his counsel overlooked red flags -- his inconsistent 

statements about the crime and failing grades in his school records -- that should 

have alerted them to the need for neuropsychological testing. He argues that his 

inconsistent statements about the crimes to his defense team indicated that his 

memory was impaired, that he was dissociating, or that there was some other 

mental health issue that necessitated an evaluation by and the presentation of an 

expert. 

But trial counsel did, in fact, address the gaps in Franks’s memory at trial 

through the presentation of an expert witness. Since Franks was going to testify 

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and there were gaps in his memory, the defense consulted and ultimately called a 

psychiatrist, Dr. John Connell, in the middle of the trial. Dr. Connell testified that 

Franks had some features of post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”), explaining 

that individuals will often repress memories of traumatic events and be unable to 

recall certain things, but that other aspects of the traumatic experience, like the 

Dixie Organization threatening to kill his mother, would stick in his mind. Dr. 

Connell opined that PTSD symptoms like these “would be hard to fake.” His

testimony supported the defense theory that Franks had not committed any of the 

murders and that, even if he had harmed the children, which he did not recall, he 

did so under duress or coercion. Franks’s counsel asked Dr. Connell whether he 

would “expect that somebody who is in a [traumatic situation] could be made to do 

something they knew was wrong?” Connell responded, “Balancing that with what 

could occur on the other side if they didn’t do something, it could happen, yes.” 

Franks now also claims that his failing grades in school should have alerted 

the defense team to the need for a mental health expert. School records indicate 

that Franks repeated the second and third grades, and that he never progressed past 

the sixth. The state habeas court found that Franks’s mother gave the school 

records to the defense team, but that they discounted the records because they saw 

nothing remarkable in them.

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We have found deficient performance where trial counsel failed to 

investigate mental health issues that were “overt and fairly apparent to anyone who 

cared to look closely.” Ferrell, 640 F.3d at 1228. But Franks’s inconsistent 

statements and school records, particularly in light of the defense team’s extensive 

interviews with Franks and his family that indicated that there were no significant 

cognitive deficits or other mental health issues worth pursuing, do not rise to that 

level. In fact, the red flags in his apparent memory lapses were addressed in the 

evaluation and testimony of Dr. Connell. And as the state court noted about the 

school records, “by the time of [Franks’s] trial, [he] had owned two separate 

businesses and had never been diagnosed or even treated for any mental health 

issues.” We cannot say that the state court’s determination that counsel made a 

reasonable, strategic use of mental health evidence at trial after thorough 

investigation was contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established 

Supreme Court law.

3. Franks’s Childhood and Substance Abuse 

Franks further argues that his trial lawyers were constitutionally ineffective 

because they failed to present a more detailed account of his difficult childhood 

and substance abuse. Counsel knew about Franks’s abusive father and long history 

of substance abuse, and they presented some of both themes at trial. Franks 

himself testified that he was using methamphetamines at the time of the crimes, 

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and his brother, Calvin Franks, testified in some detail that their father terrorized 

the family. Collaterally, Homans explained that he made a strategic choice not to 

focus on Franks’s childhood and drug abuse because of his familiarity with Hall 

County juries and his belief that such a mitigation strategy “was not going to be a 

winning hand.” Homans explained, “some of the jurors during jury selection had 

made a point of, you know, of somebody commits murder I don’t want to hear a 

sob story about their childhood. And that’s the kind of thing you get from some of 

our jurors at home, and so we told [the family] we’ve got to be careful about trying 

to blame something for the conduct, we just need to show this is out of character.”3

The state habeas court concluded that “trial counsel made a reasonable, 

strategic decision not to focus on [Franks]’s drug use as a mitigating factor at 

trial.” As we’ve repeatedly said, “reasonably competent counsel may not present 

such evidence because a detailed account of a defendant’s alcohol and drug abuse 

is invariably a ‘two-edged sword.’” Stewart v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 476 F.3d 

1193, 1217 (11th Cir. 2007) (quoting Housel v. Head, 238 F.3d 1289, 1296 (11th 

Cir. 2001)). “Rarely, if ever, will evidence of a long history of alcohol and drug 

abuse be so powerful that every objectively reasonable lawyer who had the 

3 As Franks concedes, at least one venire member indicated that she would not be sympathetic to 

mitigating evidence about a troubled childhood: “I don’t believe there are many excuses for 

taking another person’s life, I would say self-defense, accident, that’s about it. I can’t imagine 

many mitigating circumstances like I had an unhappy childhood so I turned out bad so I killed 

somebody. I don’t -- I would not be very sympathetic in that regard.” It was not an 

unreasonable determination of the facts for the state habeas court to credit Homan’s testimony.

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evidence would have used it.” Id. Applying the second layer of AEDPA 

deference owed to the state court, we conclude that its determination was not an 

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented, nor was 

it contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. 

B. Franks Suffered No Prejudice as a Result of Any Alleged Deficiency in 

his Counsel’s Performance.

Perhaps even more clearly, the state court’s determination that Franks 

suffered no prejudice on account of any alleged deficiencies in the performance of 

his counsel was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of clearly 

established law, nor was it based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in 

light of the evidence presented. To show prejudice,

it must be established that, but for counsel’s unprofessional 

performance, there is a reasonable probability the result of the 

proceeding would have been different. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 

694. “It is not enough for the [petitioner] to show the errors had some 

conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding . . . ,” because 

“[v]irtually every act or omission of counsel would meet that test.” 

Id. at 693. Nevertheless, a petitioner “need not show that counsel’s 

deficient conduct more likely than not altered the outcome in the 

case.” Id. at 693. Rather, where, as here, a petitioner challenges a 

death sentence, “the question is whether there is a reasonable 

probability that, absent the errors, the sentencer . . . would have 

concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating 

circumstances did not warrant death.” Id. at 695.

Putman v. Head, 268 F.3d 1223, 1248 (11th Cir. 2001) (alterations and ellipses in 

original); see also Ferguson v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 580 F.3d 1183, 1198–99 

(11th Cir. 2009) (noting that Strickland asks if a different result is “reasonably 

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probable,” not if it is “possible” (emphases omitted)). Thus, “[i]n assessing 

prejudice, we reweigh the evidence in aggravation against the totality of available 

mitigating evidence.” Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 534 (emphasis added). We examine 

all of the good and all of the bad, what was presented during the trial and what was 

offered later, collaterally. The question is whether, “viewed as a whole and

cumulative of mitigation evidence presented originally,” there is “‘a reasonable 

probability that the result of the sentencing proceeding would have been different’ 

if competent counsel had presented and explained the significance of all the 

available evidence.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 399. In determining whether a 

reasonable probability of a different outcome exists -- that is, a probability 

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome -- we presume a reasonable 

decisionmaker. See Nix v. Whiteside, 475 U.S. 157, 175 (1986) (“[I]n judging 

prejudice and the likelihood of a different outcome, ‘a defendant has no entitlement 

to the luck of a lawless decisionmaker.’” (alteration adopted) (quoting Strickland,

466 U.S. at 695)).

We start with what is indisputable: the aggravating factors were very 

powerful. Franks shot two people execution style over drug money in his pawn 

shop; he drove hours away to attack the wife and two children of one of his 

victims, abusing the family’s trust to gain entry into their home in order to rob the 

family safe; he stabbed Debbie Wilson and left her to helplessly hear his brutal 

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attacks on her young children; he attacked a thirteen-year-old and a nine-year old; 

he evaded law enforcement for nine days; he held an elderly couple hostage in 

their sweltering garage; he showed little remorse when he told his brother-in-law 

that his pawn-shop victims “got what they deserved”; and when he was finally 

apprehended, he attempted to escape from jail. The weak mitigation evidence 

about Franks’s abusive childhood, substance abuse, and cognitive deficits 

presented collaterally does not create a reasonable probability of a different 

outcome. And most significantly, the state habeas court’s determination that there 

was no prejudice was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of clearly 

established Supreme Court law, nor was it based on an unreasonable determination 

of the facts in light of the evidence presented.

1. Cognitive Deficits

For starters, even if Franks’s counsel had discovered and presented the 

evidence of cognitive deficits proffered in the postconviction hearing, that 

evidence was, as the state habeas court determined, equivocal. We detail the 

postconviction cognitive evidence in order to properly evaluate whether, when

coupled with other, additional mitigating evidence, it would have raised a 

reasonable probability that the jury would have recommended life, not death. The 

evidence included the testimony of Franks’s mother Doris, school and medical 

records from Franks’s adolescence and early adulthood, and the expert testimony 

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of Dr. Daniel Grant, a board-certified neuropsychologist and forensic examiner, 

and Dr. Todd Antin, a psychiatrist specializing in forensic and addiction 

psychiatry.

Doris Franks testified that she was sick for the duration of her pregnancy 

with David, that she lacked prenatal care, and that he was born with hepatitis. The 

state habeas court found, however, that Franks’s “childhood medical records 

establish that the pediatrician who examined [him] noted [Franks’s] mother’s 

pregnancy . . . was ‘normal’; that [Franks] weighed eight pounds at birth; and his 

condition at birth was ‘good.’” Doris said David was frequently sick throughout 

childhood, and at nine months nearly died from a high fever, which caused him to 

lose his sight in one eye. David also suffered a head injury at age four but did not 

black out or lose consciousness during the episode. As reflected in his elementary 

school records, David had difficulty in school, and he was held back in the second

and third grades. Doris testified that she had not seen the records before David’s 

habeas counsel showed them to her, and that she was unaware that her son was 

struggling to that degree in school.

Dr. Daniel Grant evaluated Franks’s medical records, performed a complete 

neuropsychological evaluation, and concluded that Franks suffers cognitive deficits 

that “could be” linked to traumatic brain injury. Dr. Grant identified cognitive 

deficits in executive functioning characterized by difficulty with complex tasks, 

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planning, organizing, shifting between tasks, conceptualizing situations and tasks, 

and problem solving. Franks also exhibited perseveration and inflexibility. But 

Franks also obtained a full-scale IQ score of 96, placing him within the average 

range of intelligence. Notably, Dr. Grant testified that the cognitive deficits were 

not “glaring,” “not the kind of thing that makes attorneys hearts palpitate”: “there’s 

nothing that really stands out glaring, huge, you know, it’s subtleties.”

Dr. Grant posited that traumatic brain injury “could” explain the cognitive

deficits. Franks’s medical records following a car accident at age eighteen indicate 

a primary diagnosis of “closed head trauma” and describe a seizure Franks suffered 

at the hospital following the accident. A CAT scan at the time of the accident, 

however, showed no significant lesions, and an EEG came back normal. Dr. Grant 

explained that a head injury, combined with loss of consciousness and a seizure,

could indicate “ongoing abnormal activity in the brain.” He explained that it’s not 

unusual for CAT scans to show no significant damage, and that a normal CAT scan

“doesn’t mean that there was no residual results.” But the state habeas court found 

that Grant’s testimony was weak and equivocal, and that Franks had not been 

prejudiced by the failure to introduce it.

Dr. Todd Antin likewise evaluated Franks and agreed that Franks exhibits 

cognitive deficits that could be linked to brain injury. The state habeas court noted 

that Dr. Antin performed no independent medical testing but instead relied on the 

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tests conducted by Dr. Grant, met with Franks one time, and did not attempt to 

make any diagnosis of Franks. Dr. Antin also reviewed school and medical 

records and testimony about Franks’s background. Dr. Antin posited that having 

sustained a severe fever at nine months, and having been in a car accident at 

eighteen, might have caused brain damage, and that could explain Franks’s 

cognitive deficits. But Antin’s expert report mentioned Franks’s head injuries only 

in passing and did not discuss brain damage extensively, suggesting only that these

incidents may have been a contributing factor, along with substance abuse and 

childhood trauma, to his cognitive deficits as an adult. Antin also testified that he 

could “pretty accurately say [Franks is] not mentally retarded” and “wasn’t insane 

at the time of the crime,” but that his early illness could have affected his brain 

development, leading to “problems with thinking, with decision making, with 

planning, with behavior.” Ultimately, the state habeas court found Dr. Antin’s 

testimony weak and concluded that Franks had not been prejudiced by the failure

to present it.

We have found prejudice in two ineffectiveness cases relating to organic 

brain damage, but in both cases, the evidence was unequivocal and powerfully 

contextualized otherwise inexplicable crimes. See Jefferson v. GDCP Warden,

941 F.3d 452 (11th Cir. 2019); Ferrell v. Hall, 640 F.3d 1199 (11th Cir. 2011). 

Jefferson beat a coworker to death after the two went on a fishing trip, but the jury 

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never heard “the most powerful explanation for an otherwise inexplicable crime”: 

that Jefferson suffered organic brain damage after being struck in the head and 

dragged by an automobile when he was just two years old, resulting in chronic 

headaches, blackout spells that may have been petit mal seizures, and frontal lobe 

and neurological damage “which likely caused diminished impulse control, 

irritability and short-temperedness, intermittent outbursts of rage, impaired 

judgment, and an inability to foresee the consequences of his actions.” Jefferson,

941 F.3d at 456–57, 469. Eric Ferrell executed his 72-year-old grandmother and 

fifteen-year-old cousin before walking up the street to his mother’s house to fix a 

cup of hot chocolate and watch television. Ferrell, 640 F.3d at 1204, 1207. 

Similarly, the jury never heard unequivocal expert testimony that Ferrell suffered 

from a seizure disorder (even suffering one in front of defense counsel at a 

charging conference), hallucinations, borderline mental retardation, and organic 

brain damage, including frontal lobe dysfunction characterized by “impaired 

insight and learning abilities” and tendencies toward “impulsive and explosive 

behaviors.” Id. at 1206, 1213–14.

In Franks’s case, by contrast, the expert testimony was far more equivocal. 

Dr. Grant said repeatedly that Franks’s cognitive deficits were not “glaring” --

“nothing that really stands out glaring, huge”; only “subtleties.” Moreover, 

Franks’s background and the facts of the case powerfully undercut the equivocal 

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expert testimony about Franks’s cognitive deficits -- specifically that he suffered 

from impaired executive functioning, which manifested as an inability to plan or 

foresee the consequences of his actions. Franks, of course, demonstrated the 

capacity to function at a high level. For one thing, he owned and operated two 

pawnbroker businesses. For another, the facts surrounding Franks’s extended 

crime spree reveal a person who acted with presence of mind and foresight -- as the 

state habeas judge found -- rather than an individual driven primarily by impulse.

After murdering Wilson and Martin gangland style in his pawn shop, he drove two 

hours across the state to rob Wilson’s safe. He had the presence of mind to trick 

Jessica Wilson into letting him into the home. He had the foresight to bring flex 

ties with him with the intent of immobilizing Debbie Wilson. He had the presence 

of mind to send the Wilson children out of the house separately to isolate his 

victims as he attacked each of them. He knew enough to ditch Wilson’s van and 

steal clothing and another vehicle in furtherance of his escape from the crime 

scene. He had the presence of mind to use a pseudonym as he gambled over the 

course of several days. He managed to evade capture at the Red Roof Inn and then 

hold up the Coopers in an attempt to steal their truck, ultimately taking their 

daughter’s car instead. And he had the presence of mind to rip the telephone lines 

out of the walls at the Cooper home, again in order to elude capture. Indeed, he 

was careful enough to elude law enforcement for nine days and nearly succeeded 

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in a jail escape. This evidence substantially undermined the equivocal expert 

testimony about Franks’s “subtle” cognitive deficits. It was not unreasonable for 

the state habeas court to conclude that Franks suffered no prejudice on account of 

an alleged failure to introduce relatively weak evidence suggesting his inability to 

plan and impulsivity.

2. Childhood and Substance Abuse

Nor was the Petitioner prejudiced by any alleged failure to introduce 

additional evidence about his tumultuous childhood and drug abuse. For one thing, 

this testimony was at least partly cumulative. As we’ve noted, Franks’s older 

brother Calvin testified at the penalty phase that their father was an alcoholic and 

that Calvin slept with a knife near his bed because he lived in fear of their father.

Calvin also detailed abuse suffered by David, recounting one of the more vivid 

episodes that Doris Franks testified to at the postconviction hearing -- when 

David’s father, Charles Franks, shot a gun between her and David while they were 

sitting on a couch. 

Doris Franks added collaterally that David’s father was delusional, erratic,

and abusive. His behavior was punctuated by the threatening use of a firearm,

which he carried around the house at all times and would sometimes shoot 

randomly outside the home. He once grabbed David’s older brother Calvin by the 

arm and told him he would “blow [his] brains out,” dragging him outside and 

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shooting at him and at a neighbor who came out to investigate the commotion.

Charles would sometimes tell Doris and David that they “would make pretty 

corpses.”

Doris offered only two new, isolated instances of physical abuse -- one when

Charles kicked David, and one when Charles “jumped on” David but David 

managed to get away. But, as the state habeas court noted, Doris had previously 

denied that Charles physically abused David, which was documented in 

Pennington’s contemporaneous notes. Moreover, Franks’s aunt, Jane Mashburn,

told appellate counsel that she had never heard David say he was afraid of his 

father. The state habeas court also cited Franks’s Department of Corrections file 

that indicated Franks said he was not physically or emotionally abused as a child. 

The state court also determined that given the passage of time between the 

Petitioner’s childhood and the murders, “it is likely that Petitioner’s childhood 

would have received little, if any, mitigating weight.” And at least some of 

Charles’s abusive behavior -- and his family’s fear -- was presented during 

Calvin’s penalty-phase testimony. Again, it was not unreasonable for the state 

habeas court to conclude that the failure to introduce the additional collateral 

evidence did not prejudice Franks, particularly when weighed against the truly 

horrific nature of the crimes and the many aggravating circumstances.

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Collaterally, the primary evidence regarding Franks’s substance abuse came 

from Dr. Antin. Antin testified that David has a long history of substance abuse, 

likely linked to a genetic predisposition, and that chronic substance abuse affects 

neurological development in the areas of memory, intelligence, behavior, and 

cognition. Dr. Antin opined that because of his drug use at the time of the crimes, 

Franks was “in a very frenzied and maniacal and paranoid state” and was acting 

impulsively. Although evidence of substance abuse may be mitigating, it is 

“invariably a ‘two-edged sword’” and “may have the counterproductive effect of 

alienating the jury.” Stewart, 476 F.3d at 1217 (quoting Housel, 238 F.3d at 1296).

This is especially so where the primary mitigation theory is residual doubt. As the 

state habeas court noted, evidence of Franks’s “drug use, difficult childhood and 

learning disability, in addition to being weak mitigating evidence, may have eroded 

any residual doubt if trial counsel had focused on those issues.” 

Ultimately, weighing the weak mitigating evidence offered collaterally,

along with the mitigating evidence presented at trial, against the parade of 

aggravating factors -- all of the good and all of the bad, all of the old and all of the 

new -- does not create a reasonable probability of a different outcome. It does not 

undermine our confidence that the jury would have sentenced Franks to death, let 

alone lead us to conclude that the state court’s determination about prejudice was 

contrary to or amounted to an unreasonable application of clearly established law.

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The Petitioner cites to three Supreme Court cases finding prejudice as a 

result of counsel’s failure to offer mitigating evidence, but in each of the cases the 

disparity between what was presented at trial and what was offered collaterally was 

vast. In other words, the balance between the aggravating and mitigating evidence 

at trial and in postconviction proceedings shifted enormously, so much so as to 

have profoundly altered each of the defendants’ sentencing profiles. In Wiggins v. 

Smith, for example, trial counsel introduced no evidence about Wiggins’s tragic 

life history, which the postconviction record demonstrated was marked by “severe 

privation and abuse in the first six years of his life while in the custody of his 

alcoholic, absentee mother,” followed by “physical torment, sexual molestation, 

and repeated rape during his subsequent years in foster care.” 539 U.S. at 535. In 

Williams v. Taylor, trial counsel put on almost no mitigation case, calling 

witnesses who testified only generally that Williams was a “nice boy” and not 

violent, while the postconviction evidence “dramatically described mistreatment, 

abuse, and neglect during his early childhood” and also contained testimony “that 

he was ‘borderline mentally retarded,’ had suffered repeated head injuries, and 

might have mental impairments organic in origin.” 529 U.S. at 369–70. In Porter 

v. McCollum, trial counsel put on nothing in mitigation except “inconsistent 

testimony about Porter’s behavior when intoxicated and testimony that Porter had a 

good relationship with his son,” while the postconviction record revealed a 

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severely abusive childhood, including routinely witnessing his father beating his 

mother, as well as being the repeated target himself of his father’s violence, along 

with a heroic and decorated record of military service that left him with posttraumatic stress disorder and brain damage. 558 U.S. 30, 32–36 (2009) (per 

curiam).

In sharp contrast, the weak mitigating evidence about Franks’s childhood 

and substance abuse presented collaterally would barely have altered his 

sentencing profile. And there is no reasonable probability, after reweighing the 

aggravating and mitigating evidence, of a different outcome. The state court’s 

determination that Franks suffered no prejudice from the omission of this evidence 

or from his counsel’s primary reliance on residual doubt is neither contrary to nor 

an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court law, nor was it 

based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence 

presented.

We, therefore, AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Franks’s § 2254 

habeas petition. 

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