Exhibit 1

Case 2:18-cr-00422-DJH Document 1059-2 Filed 09/23/20 Page 1 of 48
HUMAN 

 TRAFFICKING:

Arizona’s not buying it.

OFFICE OF 

ARIZONA ATTORNEY GENERAL

Mark Brnovich

2005 N Central Ave. 

Phoenix, AZ 85004 

602.542.2123

400 West Congress South 

Building, Ste. 315 Tucson, 

AZ 85701 520.628.6504

Outside Phoenix 

or Tucson 

Metro Area:

www.azag.gov 800.352.8431

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Letter from Mark

A primary responsibility that parents and law enforcement 

officials share, is working together to protect children from 

those who would do them harm. One of the most dangerous 

and growing threats to children in Arizona is Human Trafficking. 

Often, when we hear about these types of horrific crimes 

we think that it could never happen to our family, but it is 

imperative to understand that Human Trafficking is occurring 

right here in our communities. Predators are developing new 

tactics to recruit children online, in our neighborhoods, and at 

our schools.

As your Attorney General, I want you to know how serious we 

take this threat. Human Trafficking is more than just a crime, it 

is a profound tragedy for all of those who fall victim. That’s why 

it is vital for parents to know how to identify possible threats to 

your children, and how to respond if you see the warning signs.  

This booklet is a great place to start; it provides helpful tips to 

protect your loved ones. I also invite you to access additional 

resources on how to safeguard your family from Human 

Trafficking at our website, www.azag.gov.  

Working together, we can do a lot to keep our children safe.

Sincerely,

Mark Brnovich

ARIZONA ATTORNEY GENERAL

Mark Brnovich

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Contents

What is human trafficking?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

How Trafficking Breaks Down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Human Trafficking vs Human Smuggling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Should Arizonans be concerned?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Sex Trafficking: Victim’s Stories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Who can be a victim? How and where does it happen?. . . . . . . . . . . 20-23

Basic Stages of Grooming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Sex Trafficking: Myth vs Reality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Warning Signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

How can you protect your children? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32–39

Responding to the Growing Issue of Sex Trafficking. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40–43

What should you do if you suspect your child may be 

involved in human trafficking?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46–47

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There are TWO types 

of human trafficking:

Human trafficking is 

a form of modernday slavery in which 

traffickers use force, 

fraud, or coercion to 

control victims.

What is Human 

Trafficking?

Sex Trafficking

Labor Trafficking

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Force: Physical restraint 

or violence, sexual assault.

Fraud: Intentionally 

misleading a victim, 

providing false offers of 

employment, marriage, or 

a better life.

Coercion: Threats, 

psychological abuse, debt 

bondage, taking and/or 

destroying legal documents, 

abuse of the legal process.

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The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) defines the 

crime of sex trafficking as:

The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of 

a person for the purposes of a commercial sex act, in which the 

commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in 

which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 

years of age, (22 USC § 7102).

Sex Trafficking

Sex trafficking is any sex act that is traded for 

something of value, including but not limited to:

• a place to stay • drugs and alcohol

• money • gifts or valuables

• food 

Source: ASU Office of Sex Trafficking Intervention Research, 

TRUST (Training and Resources United to Stop Trafficking)

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There are 

approximately 

78,000 male 

online sex ad 

customers in 

Phoenix.

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In the United States, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 

2000 (TVPA) defines labor trafficking as:

The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a 

person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion 

for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt 

bondage or slavery” (22 USC § 7102(9).

Labor Trafficking

Labor trafficking involves using force, fraud, 

or coercion in order to get individuals to work 

for no or very little compensation. 

This includes forced labor in underground 

economies and sweatshops, in addition to 

legitimate businesses such as restaurants, 

hotels, traveling sales crews, construction 

sites, farming, landscaping, and nail salons.

Source: United States 

Department of Justice

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Human 

trafficking 

is the 

second 

largest 

criminal 

enterprise 

in the 

world.

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How Trafficking 

The Act-Means-Purpose Model 

(AMP) describes which elements 

must be present in order for the 

crime to be considered human 

trafficking. Human trafficking occurs 

when a trafficker takes one of the 

actions, and uses force, fraud, or 

coercion for purposes of compelling 

their victim to perform commercial 

sex acts or labor services. 

Source: National Human 

Trafficking Resource Center

ACTION

RECRUITS

TRANSPORTS

PROVIDES

OBTAINS / ATTEMPTS

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 breaks down:

MEANS PURPOSE

FRAUD

FORCE

COERCION

COMMERCIAL SEX ACTS

LABOR SERVICES

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Human Trafficking

Centers on exploitation

Involves elements of force, fraud, or coercion

Does not require crossing an international border

Persons trafficked are considered victims

Not voluntary

V

Human trafficking is the exploitation of a person for sex or labor. 

Human trafficking does not require movement or transport across 

borders - the exploitation is what makes the person a victim. 

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Human Smuggling

Human smuggling involves bringing (or attempting to bring) 

a person into a country in violation of immigration or other laws. 

Centers on transportation and always involves 

crossing an international border.

Persons are complicit in the act of smuggling, 

not necessarily victims.

Those complicit in smuggling may eventually 

become victims depending on the circumstances 

in which they are smuggled.

Source: Department of Homeland Security Blue Campaign 

S

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Should Arizonans 

be concerned?

Is this really a problem in our state?

Yes. Based on data gathered by the U.S. State Department, 

Arizona is a prime transit and destination area for both sex 

and labor trafficking in the United States. The Department 

of Justice has identified Phoenix as one of the top human 

trafficking jurisdictions in the country.

Source: TRUST (Training and Resources United to Stop Trafficking, 

Phoenix Police Department VICE Unit

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The average age of entry into the 

sex trade in Arizona is 14 years old. 

Law enforcement has seen girls as 

young as 9 sold for sex.

• Geographic location; close proximity to the border and 

interstate highway networks

• Warm weather

• Home to an array of conferences and professional 

sporting events

• Being part of a region with many other tourist 

destinations, including Las Vegas and San Diego

Many of the factors that make our state a popular tourist 

destination also fuel sex trafficking activity, including:

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A girl was having a fight with her parents. She 

left the house and went to a neighborhood 

restaurant. While she was crying at a table, a 

good looking guy in his 20’s approached her, 

was really friendly, offered to buy her dinner 

and then suggested she stay at his place for 

just one night to get away from her parents. 

He drove her 50 miles away to a part of town 

she had never been to. He took her phone. 

She didn’t know how to reach her parents or 

how to get home. Eventually he told her she 

owed him and he began selling her for sex.

Sex Trafficking: 

Victim’s Stories

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A teen girl in the Phoenix-metro area became a victim of human 

trafficking when she met a woman who promised her something 

her family couldn’t. She had wanted a cell phone for some time, 

and seeing many other students at her school with the devices 

made her desire that privilege even more. That was exactly what 

the young woman she met promised her, a cell phone, and in 

turn, the chance to fit in at school. Upon receiving the cell phone, 

this woman she met then demanded payment from the teen. 

This payment came in the form of sex acts with adult men at 

a nearby apartment. If she wanted to keep the phone and not 

have this person tell her mother what she had done, she had to 

work off the debt her trafficker demanded. Day after day, the teen 

was expected to arrive at the hotel and perform these acts in 

exchange for keeping her cell phone and her secret. On several 

occasions, the girl was able to talk her way out of these situations, 

but ultimately she was forced to do things no child should. 

Victim’s Stories

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During the time she was under this obligation to the woman who 

was forcing her into this activity, the victim maintained good 

grades at school and continued attending regularly, and even still 

came home in time to meet her curfew. Even during this tragic 

time, she still managed to keep up appearances, which made it 

nearly impossible for her mother to know that her daughter was 

involved in something so dangerous. 

Fortunately, her traffickers were eventually caught and she was 

removed from that situation. The fact that her daughter had been 

victimized in such a way came as a complete surprise to the 

victim’s mother, and left her looking for answers and ways to help 

her daughter. Unfortunately, a lack of services for victims of sex 

trafficking exists in our state, and still poses a barrier to those 

looking for help in dealing with the trauma of being trafficked.

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Who can be a victim?

Anyone can be a victim of sex trafficking, including 

men, women, and children. 

In 2014, an estimated 1 out of 5 endangered runaways reported 

to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children were 

likely child sex trafficking victims. Of those, 68% were in the care 

of social services or foster care when they ran. 

90% of children trafficked in the United States are U.S. citizens.

50% of trafficking victims are under the age of 16.

Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, National Center for Missing 

and Exploited Children, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

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The average age 

a girl enters the 

commercial sex 

trade is 12–14 years 

old. For boys, it’s 

even younger, just 

11–13 years old.

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Where does it happen?

Traffickers, also known as pimps, recruit their victims through 

a variety of means, including:

Social media: websites such as Facebook, Backpage, and 

chatrooms

Places: shopping malls, bus stops, school, after school events, 

and basically anywhere that teens frequent

Backpage.com: an online classified advertising site used 

frequently to purchase sex, is listed as a privately held Arizona 

corporation, with headquarters in Phoenix, Arizona.

78,000 men in Phoenix are online sex ad customers.

Over 300 ads are placed each day in Phoenix on Backpage.com 

for adult services – with an estimated 20% for girls under 18.

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Schools

Libraries

Shelters

Parks

Juvenile 

Detention Centers

Bus Stops &

Bus Rides

Abandoned

Buildings

Online

Malls

Parties

1/3 of runaway children will be 

lured into prostitution within 48 

hours of leaving home.

Source: National Runaway Switchboard

Recruitment locations

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How does it happen?

Traffickers may use psychological manipulation, 

deception, physical violence, threats, and/

or sexual assault to get their victim to feel 

vulnerable, trapped, and powerless. 

Oftentimes, the pimp will threaten to harm 

people close to their victim, such as family 

members or friends, as a way to isolate their 

victim and maintain their compliance.

They may also take suggestive photos or videos 

of their victims to use as both blackmail and/

or advertisements for sexual services.

Sources: ASU Office of Sex Trafficking Intervention Research, The McCain Institute, Thorn

Within 36-48 

hours of being 

on the run, 

runaways will be 

approached by a 

pimp, trafficker, 

or perpetrator 

looking to sexually 

exploit them.

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Victims are often recruited by a “boyfriend” or “girlfriend”, 

but may be solicited by a friend/peer, family member, 

or gang member. 

75% of underage sex trafficking 

victims said they had been 

advertised or sold online. 

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Basic stages of grooming 

for sexual exploitation.

TARGETING: Traffickers target victims who have 

some noticeable vulnerability: emotional neediness, 

low self-confidence, or economic stress.

“Up to this point, they had never tried to touch me, never made 

me feel uncomfortable or unsafe, or that they would harm me.”

GAINING TRUST & INFORMATION: Obtaining 

information about the victim is key. This can be done 

through casual conversations with the victim or with 

parents. Traffickers often mix well with other adults.

FILLING A NEED: The information gained allows the 

trafficker to fill a need in the victim’s life, making the 

victim dependent on them in some way: buying gifts, 

being a friend, beginning a romantic relationship, or 

buying drugs and alcohol.

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“I trusted them, they were my friends as I saw it, until one night 

my main perpetrator raped me, quite brutally as well, in front of 

a number of people.”

“Well if I didn’t go out and see them they are going to get my 

mum and are going to rape her.”

ABUSE BEGINS: The trafficker begins claiming that 

gifts or services given to the victim must be repaid, 

whether it be money, drugs, car rides, or mobile 

phones. In most cases, the trafficker demands sex as 

the method of repayment.

ISOLATION: The trafficker creates times to be alone 

with the victim. The trafficker will also begin to 

have a major role in the victim’s life and attempt to 

distance the victim from friends and family.

MAINTAIN CONTROL: In many cases the trafficker 

maintains control of the victim through threats, 

violence, fear, or blackmail.

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Sex Trafficking: Myth V

Human trafficking only occurs within and 

between foreign countries.

Human trafficking involves a form of travel, 

transportation, or movement across borders.

Victims will immediately ask for help or assistance.

Victims always come from situations of poverty 

or from small rural areas.

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S Reality

Human trafficking happens within the United States and does 

not require the crossing of an international border. 

Trafficking does not require transportation and is not the same 

as human smuggling. However, human smuggling can become 

human trafficking. 

Victims often do not immediately seek help or self-identify as 

victims of a crime.

Poverty alone is not a single causal factor or universal indicator 

of being a victim. Anyone can be a victim, regardless of their 

socioeconomic status, location, or gender. 

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Warning signs

A victim of sex trafficking may exhibit:

• unexplained absences from school

• running away from home

• signs of physical injury such as bruises or fractures

• inappropriately dressed

• signs of drug addiction 

• malnutrition

• references to traveling to other cities

• signs of sexual trauma 

• changes in demeanor: fear, anxiety, depression, nervousness 

• talk of an older boyfriend / girlfriend

* It is important to note that this is by no means a comprehensive list of all signs of human trafficking, 

nor are all youth who exhibit these signs trafficking victims. Rather, this list is best used as a guide to help 

determine if further action is appropriate. 

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Make it a habit to communicate with your child. Ask questions about 

their internet use and who they talk to online. Set aside time each day 

to ask them what is happening at school, in their life, and with their 

extracurricular activities. 

Know the people in your child’s life, meet their friends and get to know 

their friends’ parent(s)/guardian(s).

Ask questions about what your child’s friends are up to. If your child 

makes a new friend be sure to meet that new friend and their family. 

When you see instances of “stranger danger” in pop culture, be it 

television, movies or news articles, point out those examples to your child 

and discuss the scenario together. 

How can you protect 

your children? 

Spot red flags. Foster open lines of communication with 

your children and know what to do if you suspect they may 

be in danger or involved in sex trafficking.

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Talk to your children about healthy and unhealthy relationships. Help 

them understand that sometimes a boyfriend or girlfriend may seem great, 

when in reality they may be displaying unusual and/or dangerous behavior.

Take notice if your child all of a sudden has new clothing, jewelry, or 

other possessions. If they can’t reasonably explain how they acquired 

these items, it may be a sign that something is not right. 

If your child ever tells you that they may be a victim of human trafficking or any crime that puts their welfare in danger, try 

to remain calm and contact your local police department. Your child will be more likely to tell you what has happened if you 

have a calm demeanor and they don’t feel like they may get in trouble for what has happened.

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Talking with kids and teens 

about internet safety 

New apps and websites pop up every day, making it difficult to 

stay on top of what kids and teens are accessing on the internet. 

Below are tips for staying ahead of the game when it comes to 

the internet, including how to make sure your child isn’t accessing 

dangerous material online.

• Establish household rules regarding internet use, and make sure that parental 

controls are set up on all devices.

• Familiarize yourself with the websites and apps your child uses.

• Both you and your child should understand the following:

how the app or website works, age requirements, and the various capabilities it 

may have (photo sharing, video, messaging, etc.)

• Over half (56%) of kids sexually solicited online were asked to send a picture; 

27% of the pictures were sexually-oriented in nature.

Source: “Online Victimization of Youth: Five Years Later,” published in 2006 by the University of New Hampshire Crimes 

Against Children Research Center, the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Juvenile and Delinquency Prevention, 

and National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.

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If your child/student uses social media:

• Communicate with them about their experiences. 

• Let them know that most social media sites have blocking or reporting 

capabilities to report any harassing or unwanted messages/contact 

from someone.

• Explain to them why they should not display or give out personal 

information and why it is dangerous.

• Insist that your child/student never meet anyone in person that they 

have communicated with online only.

1 in 7 youth online 

have received a 

sexual solicitation 

or were approached 

over the internet. 

56% of the youth 

who received 

solicitations did not 

tell anyone.

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Helpful conversation 

starters

It can be uncomfortable to start a conversation about serious and 

difficult topics, including human trafficking. Here are a few helpful 

guidelines to get the conversation started. 

Ask: What do you know about “trafficking?”

No adult should ever ask a young person to do things that make them 

uncomfortable or have sex in exchange for clothes, jewelry, money, food 

or a place to stay. When a situation like this occurs, the adult is taking 

advantage of that young person, even if the child seemed like they wanted 

to do what they were asked. 

Ask: What would you do if you were in a dangerous situation and it 

wasn’t safe to call 911?

Safe Place also operates TXT 4 HELP, which can be used in situations 

where calling 911 may pose immediate danger. 

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Ask: Do you know where you can go or what to do if someone 

approaches you?

If your child is in immediate danger, they can always call 911 or get to 

a safe location to call for help. Many businesses and organizations also 

participate in Safe Place, which means anyone in crisis or in danger can 

go there for help. Every QuikTrip gas station and light rail station is a Safe 

Place, in addition to many hospitals, police stations, libraries,

fire stations, and banks. All Safe Place locations display the sign below. 

Helpful conversation 

starters

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Step 1 A young person enters a Safe Place 

and asks for help. 

Step 2 The site employee finds a 

comfortable place for the youth to 

wait while they call the licensed 

Safe Place agency. 

Step 3 Within 20-30 minutes or less, a 

qualified Safe Place volunteer or 

agency staff member will arrive to 

talk with the youth and, if necessary, 

provide transportation to the agency. 

Step 4 Once at the agency, counselors 

meet with the youth and provide 

support. Agency staff makes sure 

the youth and their families receive 

the help and professional services 

they need.

How does it work?

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Responding to 

the growing issue of 

sex trafficking 

Over the last several years, the State of Arizona has made 

significant strides toward both eradicating human trafficking 

and educating both law enforcement officials and civilians alike 

about the very real and dangerous impact human trafficking has 

on the people of Arizona. 

One of the major accomplishments we have made as a state is 

the passage of a new law in 2014 targeting those who buy sex 

in Arizona and force victims to provide those services. The law, 

HB2454, targeted 4 main groups that are involved in human 

trafficking: Johns, Traffickers, Advertisers, and Victims. This 

law increased penalties for johns and traffickers, created new 

laws for advertisers and new laws to protect victims. On the 

next page, you will find a summary of HB2454 and the new 

sentencing guidelines for perpetrators of this crime. 

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HB 2454 — Effective July 21, 2014

JOHNS 

Raised the presumptive sentencing for such cases mentioned above and subjects 

all offenders who knew “or should have known” to a Class 2 Felony.

TRAFFICKERS 

Creates a higher sentencing range for traffickers in cases involving minors that 

increases the presumptive sentence:

From 10.5 years to 13.5 years for a first offense,

From 15.75 years to 24 years for a trafficker with a prior felony conviction, 

From 28 years to 31 years for a trafficker with two or more prior felonies.

ADVERTISERS

Visual depiction of a minor in an ad for prostitution is now a Class 2 Felony. 

Requires licensed escort services, massage therapists, escorts, and massage 

therapy businesses to include license number in any advertisement.

VICTIMS 

Protects victims by limiting the amount of identifying information released in 

court documents and to the general public. Adds child prostitution and sex 

trafficking to list of acts that allows anti-racketeering fund monies to be used 

for victim services.

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Working together 

to make our 

neighborhoods safer:

A Community Response to Human Trafficking

Beyond talking to your children about the issue of human 

trafficking and monitoring their internet use, there are 

many steps your neighborhood or parents group can take 

collectively to make sure your children stay safe. 

Education: You have already read the important information 

provided in this booklet about the dangers of human trafficking 

and its prevalence in our state. This is a great start, but 

educating your network of fellow parents, school officials, and 

neighbors is the next step to making sure everyone is involved 

in protecting Arizona’s children. 

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Get involved: Join a parent group, PTO, or find other ways to be 

involved in your child’s school. This is a great way to find out what 

other parents and educators are hearing and observing.

Observe: Having open eyes and ears in your community is essential 

to making sure that suspicious activity in your area doesn’t go 

unreported or unrecognized. As individuals, we aren’t always going 

to be able to notice everything that goes on in our neighborhoods. 

Joining a local Block Watch and encouraging others to do the same 

will ensure that there is a collective effort to keep our kids safe. 

If your neighborhood doesn’t have a Block Watch 

program at this time, you can always start one! 

Contact your local police department for more 

information on how to get started. 

You can always request a presentation about human 

trafficking from the Arizona Attorney General’s 

Office of Mark Brnovich. We will present to any 

group and can go anywhere within the State of 

Arizona. There is never a charge for this service. You 

can also request copies of this booklet for those 

who are interested.

Requests for presentations and publications can be 

made at https://www.azag.gov/outreach or by calling 

602.542.2123.

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What should you do if 

you suspect your child 

may be involved in 

human trafficking?

The first thing you should do if someone is in immediate 

danger is call 911

You can also call the National Human Trafficking 

Resource Center hotline at 

1-888-373-7888

Or text HELP to: BeFree (233733). 

The National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline is 

a national, toll-free hotline, available to answer calls from 

anywhere in the United States, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 

in more than 200 languages.

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If you suspect your child may be a victim of 

human trafficking, try to remain calm and talk 

to them about what they have experienced. Try 

to avoid interrogating them, as this often makes 

kids feel that it is their fault. 

Encourage your kids that have cell phones to 

program HELP to: BeFree (233733) into their 

contacts. If they are ever in a situation where 

they cannot make a phone call, this text hotline 

can help connect them to people who can help. 

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Resources

www.polarisproject.org

Text INFO or HELP to BeFree (233733) 

www.streetlightsusa.org

www.tumbleweed.org

www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign

www.trustaz.org

www.sharedhope.org

www.nationalsafeplace.org

Text the word “safe” and your current 

location (city/state/zip) to 69866

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Crime and Fraud 

Prevention

For more information contact

Community Outreach and Education, 

Arizona Attorney General’s Office

1275 West Washington Street

Phoenix, AZ 85007

Publications available from the Arizona 

Attorney General’s Office include:

• Top Consumer Scams

• Civil Rights:

 - Employment Discrimination

 - Discrimination in Places of Public Accommodation

 - Housing Discrimination

 - Voting Discrimination

• Consumer Guide for Young Adults

• Identity Theft Repair Kit

• Internet Safety

• Life Care Planning

• Senior Tool Kit

Presentations available from the 

Attorney General’s Office include:

• Human Trafficking for Students 

and Parents

• Consumer Scams

• Identity Theft

• Task Force Against Senior Abuse (TASA)

• Life Care Planning

• Internet Safety for Parents and Students

• Anti-Bullying for Parents and Students

• Substance Abuse Prevention for Parents

• Alcohol Literacy Challenge

Phoenix

602-542-2123

Outside Phoenix Metro Area

1-800-352-8431 

communityservices@azag.gov

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