NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 21a0264n.06

Case No. 20-5790

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

CLINT DAVIS,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF 

KENTUCKY

BEFORE: GIBBONS, COOK, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. After Defendant Clint Davis pled guilty 

to one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), the 

district court sentenced him to 87 months imprisonment and fined him $15,000.00. Davis now 

appeals, contending his fine was procedurally and substantively unreasonable. For the following 

reasons, we AFFIRM the district court.

I.

On April 8, 2019, officers with the Lexington Police Department were conducting 

surveillance for suspected narcotics activities and observed a car pull into a parking lot of Fyre 

Entertainment, a music recording studio. The officers observed Davis exit the passenger side of 

the vehicle and enter the studio. Minutes later, Davis exited the studio and returned to the vehicle. 
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The officers followed the vehicle and initiated a traffic stop after observing multiple traffic 

violations. 

According to Davis’ Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”), police officers searched 

the upper portion of the vehicle and located 7.5 Alprazolam two-milligram tablets, one oxycodone 

thirty-milligram tablet, and 7.5 grams of marijuana. After the officers searched the trunk of the 

vehicle, they found more than 400 grams of marijuana and a digital scale. A search of Davis’ 

person revealed a stolen and loaded firearm and $2,871 in cash.

On October 3, 2019, Davis was indicted on two counts of being a felon in possession of a 

firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Davis pled guilty to the first count, which stemmed 

from the April 8, 2019 traffic stop, and the district court sentenced him on June 26, 2020. The 

government dismissed the second count, and it is not part of this appeal. 

According to the PSR, Davis had prior employment history in landscaping, lawn care, 

painting, drywall, and factory work, although he did not provide the probation office with the exact 

names of previous employers nor the dates he worked for them. The PSR also revealed that Davis 

claimed he was providing the mothers of his two children with financial support, despite not being 

court-ordered to do so. The PSR stated Davis’ overall financial condition as follows:

Davis denied having any assets and disclosed owing an unknown amount of 

medical debt as his sole liability. Following his incarceration, the defendant 

reported no monthly income with the exception of receiving gifts of approximately 

$100 per month towards his commissary account. A search of Accurint (via 

LexisNexis) did not identify any assets nor any additional liabilities affiliated with 

Davis. Based on the defendant’s financial profile, it appears he has a limited ability 

to pay a fine.

At the sentencing hearing, one of the officers involved in the traffic stop testified that, at 

the time of the arrest, Davis had stated that the money in his possession was from construction and 

lawn services. However, Davis himself testified at the hearing that some of the money came from 
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his girlfriend, who he claimed had just cashed her tax refund. Davis denied that he received any 

of the cash from selling drugs and further testified that the purpose of having such a large sum of 

money in cash was that he was going to meet with a landlord the next day to pay for a rental home. 

Davis also explained that he was carrying a firearm because he had been “jumped” and robbed of 

approximately $1,000 two months earlier. 

The district court found Davis’ story to be flawed, explaining as follows:

In this particular case, it does appear to me that Mr. Davis has attempted to provide 

different stories in terms of the source of the money that he possessed at the time 

of the arrest. Certainly, again, it would be an indication of drug trafficking 

activities, as would the denominations.

His story about getting that sum of money in cash from an employer is, quite 

frankly, not believable. But it would also undercut information in the report about 

the -- his financial status, as would his testimony here today.

If he was carrying a thousand dollars in February [2019], and he had this additional 

money at the time of the stop, I discount his testimony that it came from his, 

whatever he called her, I suppose his girlfriend, it will go more toward the fine in 

the case than it will toward the ultimate conclusion as to drug trafficking[.] 

Davis’ Guidelines imprisonment range was 70 to 87 months, and his fine range was 

$15,000 to $150,000. The government requested an 87-month prison sentence as “most 

appropriate” but also asked the district court to consider an upward variance “given the nature and

circumstances of [] Davis’ criminal history.” Davis requested a middle-of-the-Guidelines 

sentence. Neither Davis nor the government specifically addressed whether a fine was appropriate. 

Noting that Davis had been arrested more than 50 times, the district court explained that 

“there is a substantial likelihood that Mr. Davis would reoffend in the future, and therefore it is 

necessary to impose a sentence that will provide sufficient protection to the public as well as 

deterrence.” The district court also examined the specifics of Davis’ criminal history, observing

that it included discharging firearms, driving under the influence, and assaultive behavior. Based 
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on these activities, the district court determined that Davis “present[s] a danger to the public as 

well as a danger to the law enforcement community, and it is necessary therefore to impose a 

sentence that will provide adequate deterrence, specific deterrence to this defendant and also to 

provide protection to the public.” Considering these factors, the district court sentenced Davis to 

87 months of incarceration to be followed by three years of supervised release. 

In determining an appropriate fine, the district court considered the information presented 

in the PSR as well as the testimony during the sentencing hearing. The district court recognized

that Davis “does not have any apparent resources,” that a fine would place a burden on his 

dependents, and that Davis claimed to be providing the mothers of his two children with financial 

support. However, the district court explained that Davis was not under a legal obligation to 

provide the mothers with financial support. Moreover, the district court determined that Davis 

“has demonstrated an ability to work,” is “able-bodied and [] will be able to pay a fine at the bottom 

of the fine range over time, if not almost immediately.” Further, the district court noted that Davis 

was not required to pay restitution and that Davis would bear no collateral consequences in terms 

of civil obligations. The district court also explained that Davis had not been fined before despite 

his long criminal history and that the cost to the government during the term of Davis’ 

imprisonment would outweigh the cost of the fine. Recognizing the need to adequately punish 

Davis and deter him from future criminal activity, the district court found that a bottom-of-theGuidelines-range fine of $15,000 was thus “necessary and appropriate.” 

Davis then filed this timely appeal, contesting only the $15,000 fine.

II.

We review whether a sentence was procedurally or substantively unreasonable under an 

abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). Where, as here, the 
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defendant preserves the issue for appeal, we “review[] the district court’s imposition of a fine as a 

part of a defendant’s sentence.” United States v. Blackwell, 459 F.3d 739, 770 (6th Cir. 2006). 

We review the district court’s factual findings (such as the defendant’s ability to pay a fine)

for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 579 (6th 

Cir. 2007); United States v. Stone, 218 F. App’x 425, 439-40 (6th Cir. 2007). For a sentence to be 

procedurally reasonable, the district court must have “(1) properly calculated the applicable 

advisory Guidelines range; (2) considered the other [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors as well as the 

parties’ arguments for a sentence outside the Guidelines range; and (3) adequately articulated its 

reasoning for imposing the particular sentence chosen, including any rejection of the parties’

arguments for an outside-Guidelines sentence and any decision to deviate from the advisory 

Guidelines range.” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 581. In addition, a sentence “may be substantively 

unreasonable if the district court chooses the sentence arbitrarily, grounds the sentence on 

impermissible factors, or unreasonably weighs a pertinent factor.” United States v. Brooks, 628 

F.3d 791, 796 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing United States v. Conatser, 514 F.3d 508, 520 (6th Cir. 2008)). 

Sentences within the Guidelines are presumed reasonable. United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 

389 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc).

Specifically with regard to fines, the Guidelines provide that “[t]he court shall impose a 

fine in all cases, except where the defendant establishes that he is unable to pay and is not likely 

to become able to pay any fine.” USSG § 5E1.2(a); see also United States v. Kennedy, 578 F. 

App’x 582, 595-96 (6th Cir. 2014). “‘[I]n determining whether and to what extent to impose a 

fine, the district court must consider not only the § 3553(a) factors, but also the fine-specific factors 

set forth in 18 U.S.C. §§ 3571 and 3572, and USSG § 5E1.2(d).’” United States v. Lumbard, 706 
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F.3d 716, 726 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Zakharia, 418 F. App’x 414, 424 (6th Cir. 

2011)). Those factors include:

[The] defendant’s income; earning capacity; financial resources; the burden on the 

defendant and his dependents; pecuniary loss inflicted on others as a result of the 

offense; whether restitution is ordered; the need to deprive the defendant of illegal 

gains; and the need to promote respect for the law, provide just punishment, and 

adequate deterrence.

Id. (quoting United States v. Tosca, 18 F.3d 1352, 1354 (6th Cir. 1994)). However, “we have 

never required detailed findings, only an indication that the court considered ability to pay and the 

other factors listed in the guideline.” United States v. Sydnor, 762 F. App’x 284, 287 (6th Cir. 

2019) (citing Lumbard, 706 F.3d at 727). The defendant carries the burden of showing that he 

does not have the present or future ability to pay a fine. See United States v. Blanchard, 9 F.3d 

22, 25 (6th Cir. 1993) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3664(d)).

III.

Davis contends that his within-Guidelines-range fine of $15,000 was procedurally and 

substantively unreasonable and that a fine in the range of $1,000-$3,000 “would have been 

proper.” 

A. Procedural Unreasonableness

Davis contends that the $15,000 fine was procedurally unreasonable because the district 

court erred in several of its factual findings regarding Davis’ ability to pay the fine. 

First, Davis contends that the district court erred by disregarding the fact that he was 

providing financial support to the mothers of his two children. This is a slight mischaracterization 

of the record. While it is true that the probation office stated in the PSR that Davis claimed he was 

providing the mothers with financial assistance, the district court’s consideration of Davis’ ability 

to pay the fine does not appear to have turned on whether Davis was actually making child support 
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payments but only on whether Davis was legally obligated to do so. Defense counsel even 

conceded this particular point at the sentencing hearing, noting that “[i]t is true that [Davis] is not 

court ordered to pay child support [and thus] does not have that legal obligation.” Thus, whether 

Davis was actively making child support payments—or had made them in the past—was 

immaterial to the district court’s analysis. 

Second, Davis contends that the district court erroneously concluded that he “was a ‘high 

roller’ and could pay a [G]uideline range fine, all based upon his possession of cash in the amount 

of $3,800, combined, on two occasions.”1 To that end, Davis states that the district court’s finding 

that he could pay a fine rested on one of two faulty theories—either that Davis regularly received 

large cash payments from his work in construction and lawn service or that Davis received the 

cash from the sale of drugs. This too is an inaccurate characterization of the record. The district 

court specifically cited Davis’ explanation that he received the cash from an employer as “not 

believable” and that Davis’ shifting explanations as to the source of the cash “would be an 

indication of drug trafficking activities, as would the denominations.” The district court, however, 

did not justify the fine based on Davis’ possession of the cash nor on any speculation as to how 

Davis might earn income in the future. Rather, the district court’s comment about Davis being a 

“high roller” bore only on Davis’ credibility as to the source of the cash—not on his ability to pay 

a fine. 

Indeed, even recognizing the amount of cash Davis had in his possession, the district court 

acknowledged that Davis lacked “any apparent resources” and that a fine would place a burden on 

Davis and his dependents. Contrary to Davis’ assertion, the district court never “base[d] [the] fine 

1 The district court never made specific reference to a $3,800 sum of cash. However, it appears from Davis’ 

briefing that Davis is assuming that the district court arrived at the approximately $3,800 figure after adding together 

both the cash that Davis had on his person at the time of the April 8, 2019 traffic stop and the approximately $1,000 

in cash that Davis claims was stolen from him two months earlier.
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upon projected illegal income” from selling drugs. Rather, the district court’s imposition of the 

fine rested on the simple fact that Davis would be able to pay the fine in the future because he will 

be able to gradually pay the fine while incarcerated and by working upon his release from prison. 

Third, Davis contends that the district court failed to consider that he did not complete high 

school, which would affect his potential earning income upon release from prison. However, 

Davis has not explained how difficulty in finding a job because he does not have a high school 

diploma meets his burden of demonstrating that he will not be able to pay the fine in the future. 

See Sydnor, 762 F. App’x at 287 (upholding $15,000 fine when the defendant failed to “explain[] 

why he could not pay the fine slowly through prisoner pay and, after that, in installments”). Even 

if he might not have any current income, Davis admits that he has a GED, that “he has a future 

ability to pay a fine of some amount[,]” and “that he can earn money upon his release [from 

prison].” Moreover, “[c]urrent assets are not determinative of an ability to pay a fine.” Stone, 

218 F. App’x at 440 (citing United States v. Perez, 871 F.2d 45, 48 (6th Cir. 1989)).

For these reasons, we conclude that the district court’s imposition of the fine was not 

procedurally unreasonable.

B. Substantive Unreasonableness

Next, Davis asserts that the $15,000 fine was substantively unreasonable because it was 

“arbitrarily chosen based upon [his] possession of $3,800.” Davis “agrees that the [d]istrict [c]ourt 

properly discussed the § 3553(a) factors” and instead focuses his substantive reasonableness 

argument solely on the amount of the fine. To this end, Davis contends that the district court relied 

upon an “impermissible factor” by assuming that he obtained the $3,800 by selling drugs and that 

the amount of cash Davis had with him indicated that he had the ability to pay a fine. However, 

as stated above, the district court’s decision to impose the fine was based on Davis’ ability to work 
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and earn legal income in the future, not on the amount of cash Davis had with him nor on any 

speculation as to his potential sources of future income. Accordingly, we reject Davis’ argument 

that the fine was substantively unreasonable. 

C. Reduction of Fine

Finally, Davis contends that a fine between “$1,000 [and] $3,000 [] would have been 

proper,” given that this Court has upheld similar below Guidelines fines in the past. In support of 

this argument, Davis cites United States v. Martin, 771 F. App’x 628, 633 (6th Cir. 2019), where 

we affirmed the district court’s imposition of a $3,000 fine when the Guidelines range was 

$30,000-$250,000 and United States v. May, 430 F. App’x 520, 527-29 (6th Cir. 2011), where we 

affirmed a $1,000 fine when the Guidelines range was $12,500-$125,000. However, Davis’ 

reliance on those cases is misplaced. In neither of those cases did we state that the district court 

was required to issue a below-Guidelines fine to accommodate a defendant of limited means. 

Rather, in those cases, we merely upheld fines that the district court had already imposed. The 

fact that other district courts might have acted within their discretion to impose a different fine

under different circumstances does not make the $15,000 fine on Davis in this case unreasonable. 

In other words, those cases do not set a ceiling on what constitutes a reasonable fine. 

Although the district court imposed a relatively high fine considering Davis’ apparently 

limited resources, “[t]he fact that the appellate court might reasonably have concluded that a 

different sentence was appropriate is insufficient to justify reversal of the district court.” Gall, 552 

U.S. at 51. Our review of the record confirms that the district court weighed the applicable factors 

and provided a reasoned basis for concluding that Davis has an ability to pay a fine at the bottom 

of his Guidelines range. Davis’ assertion that a lower fine “would have been proper” amounts to 

nothing more than a suggestion that the district court should have balanced the applicable factors 
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differently.2 Such an argument is “simply beyond the scope of our appellate review.” United 

States v. Sexton, 512 F.3d 326, 332 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Ely, 468 F.3d 399, 

404 (6th Cir. 2006)). 

In sum, the district court’s consideration of Davis’ ability to pay the $15,000 fine, and the

reasons for imposing the fine, are sufficient to show that the district court did not abuse its 

discretion.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court.

2

If Davis is challenging the district court’s weighing of the § 3553(a) factors, he has not explicitly presented 

that argument. Moreover, any such argument would be internally inconsistent with his brief, in which, as noted above, 

Davis states that he “agrees that the [d]istrict [c]ourt properly discussed the § 3553(a) factors.” However, as a matter 

of caution, we do briefly note that the district court did properly weigh the § 3553(a) factors, citing the seriousness of 

Davis’ offense, his long criminal history, the need to protect the public, the need to promote the rule of law, and the 

need to deter Davis from future criminal activities. The district court based the sentence and fine on those factors, did 

not consider any improper factors, and did not place any undue weight on any one factor. As such, we reject any 

argument by Davis that a lower fine is warranted based on the district court’s balancing of the § 3553(a) factors.