United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 06-2035

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Rudy Stanko, *

*

Appellant, *

*

v. *

* Appeal from the United States

Warden Patton, individually and in his * District Court for the

official capacity as warden; Barbara * District of Nebraska.

Glaser, individually and in her official *

capacity as program director; Chaplain * [PUBLISHED]

Heatley, individually and in his official *

capacity; John Does, 1x through 6x, *

individually and in their official *

capacities, *

*

Appellees. *

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Submitted: March 12, 2007

Filed: March 20, 2007

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Before RILEY, BOWMAN, and ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.

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PER CURIAM.

Rudy Stanko, a pretrial detainee incarcerated at the Douglas County

Correctional Center (DCCC) in Nebraska, brought this civil-rights suit under 42

U.S.C. § 1983 (2000) against certain DCCC officials (the defendants). Pursuant to the
1

Despite Stanko's argument to the contrary, the plain language of § 1915A

makes clear that the section applies to complaints filed by pretrial detainees, in

addition to convicted prisoners. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(c) (2000) ("As used in this

section, the term 'prisoner' means any person incarcerated or detained in any facility

who is accused of . . . violations of criminal law . . . ." (emphasis added)). 

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screening provision of the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), 28 U.S.C. § 1915A

(2000),1

 the District Court dismissed Stanko's complaint as frivolous prior to service

of process on the defendants. Stanko appeals the dismissal, and we reverse.

In determining whether the District Court properly dismissed Stanko's

complaint as frivolous under § 1915A, we review the record de novo and construe

Stanko's pro se complaint liberally. See Burke v. N.D. Dep't. of Corr. & Rehab., 294

F.3d 1043, 1043–44 (8th Cir. 2002). "A complaint is frivolous where it lacks an

arguable basis either in law or in fact." Williams v. Hopkins, 130 F.3d 333, 335 (8th

Cir.) (quotation marks and citations omitted), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1010 (1997). 

In counts one and two of his complaint, Stanko asserts that the defendants

violated his constitutional right to defend himself in his federal criminal trial by

limiting his access to legal materials. Stanko alleges that the defendants denied him

access to the law library and ignored his requests "to be on equal footing as his

adversaries, i.e., to have immediate access to copy machines at the paper cost, his

personal files with separators, word processor, lexis nexis or a similar internet

program." Complaint at 3–4. In dismissing Stanko's complaint as frivolous, the

District Court ruled that Stanko "misconstrues the scope of his constitutional right of

access to the courts." Mem. & Order of April 3, 2006, at 4. The District Court then

cited cases discussing the access rights of convicted inmates who file lawsuits that
2

We note that Stanko was a pretrial detainee seeking access to legal tools

necessary to represent himself in his criminal trial, not a convicted prisoner attempting

to challenge his sentence or conditions of confinement. We need not decide, however,

"whether a pretrial detainee who exercises his constitutional right to represent himself

at trial thereby becomes entitled to legal resources over and above what are provided

to the general inmate population." United States v. Kind, 194 F.3d 900, 905 (8th Cir.

1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1180 (2000).

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attack their sentences or conditions of confinement. Id. at 4–5 (citing Cody v. Weber,

256 F.3d 764, 767–68 (8th Cir. 2001) and Higgins v. Carpenter, 258 F.3d 797,

799–800 (8th Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 1040 (2002)). 

While Stanko is probably not entitled to all of the legal tools he seeks, we

cannot say at this very early stage in the litigation that the whole of Stanko's legalaccess claim lacks an arguable basis in law or fact. "Pro se defendants [in criminal

cases] have a right of access to adequate law libraries or adequate assistance from

persons trained in the law."2

 United States v. Kind, 194 F.3d 900, 905 (8th Cir. 1999)

(quotation marks and citations omitted), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1180 (2000). Given

the dearth of a record in this case, we do not know how much access Stanko was given

to DCCC's law library or to assistance from a person trained in the law. Thus, we

cannot say that Stanko's legal-access claim is frivolous.

In count three of his complaint, Stanko asserts that the defendants violated his

First Amendment right to the free exercise of religion by refusing to accommodate his

religious diet of fruit and nuts. Stanko alleges that he is a member of the Church of

the Creator. The District Court dismissed this count as frivolous on the grounds that

Stanko "alleged no facts which suggest either that the Church of the Creator is a bona

fide religion or, more important, that the consumption of nuts and fruit is a genuine
3

We note that according to the Seventh Circuit, "The Church of the Creator is

a recognized religious charity." TE-TA-MA Truth Found.—Family of URI, Inc. v.

World Church of the Creator, 297 F.3d 662, 663 (7th Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 537

U.S. 1111(2003). The Seventh Circuit contrasted the Church of the Creator with the

World Church of the Creator, which it defined as a "racist group." Id. at 663–64.

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dietary requirement of the religion." Mem. & Order of April 3, 2006, at 3. The

District Court appears to have placed too high a burden of pleading and proof on

Stanko, a pro se litigant, particularly at this early stage in the litigation. 

As noted above, a claim is only frivolous if it has no basis in fact or law. We

cannot rule out the possibility that the facts and law support Stanko's First

Amendment claim. There is no evidence in the record indicating one way or the other

whether the Church of the Creator is a "religion" for the purposes of First Amendment

protection.3

 See Love v. Reed, 216 F.3d 682, 687 (8th Cir. 2000) (discussing "'useful

indicia' of a religion for the purposes of First Amendment jurisprudence" (quoting

Africa v. Pennsylvania, 662 F.2d 1025, 1032 (3rd Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S.

908 (1982))). If the Church of the Creator is a religion protected by the First

Amendment, then the District Court must consider whether Stanko's belief in eating

a diet of fruit and nuts is a "sincerely held" belief that is "based on a teaching" of the

religion. Goff v. Graves, 362 F.3d 543, 547 (8th Cir. 2004). Even then, Stanko's

claim will fail if DCCC's refusal to provide Stanko a diet of fruit and nuts was

rationally related to DCCC's interest in maintaining prison security. Id. at 549. To be

sure, Stanko's religious-diet claim faces many obstacles. As more facts become

known, the District Court will be in a position to determine whether this claim should
4

Stanko's complaint also included a fourth count asserting that DCCC's

employment of a chaplain was unconstitutional. Stanko does not challenge the

dismissal of count four, and we therefore deem it properly dismissed.

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be dismissed prior to trial. At this point, however, we believe that service of process

is mandated.4

 

Finally, we must address the District Court's finding that Stanko failed to

exhaust administrative remedies before filing this § 1983 suit, as required by the

PLRA. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) (2000). "Taking judicial notice of the court's

records in other cases," the District Court concluded that Stanko "could not have

completed the grievance procedures at DCCC, including the appeal which is an

integral component of the exhaustion process, within the 24 days between his arrival

at the DCCC and the date he filed his complaint." Mem. & Order of April 3, 2006,

at 6. We believe that the District Court acted prematurely and without adequate

factual support when it reached this conclusion and relied on it as an alternative basis

for dismissing Stanko's complaint.

First, it is important to recognize that the PLRA exhaustion requirement is an

affirmative defense under Rule 8(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Foulk

v. Charrier, 262 F.3d 687, 697 (8th Cir. 2001). The burden is on "the defendant

asserting this affirmative defense"—not the plaintiff bringing a § 1983 claim—"to

plead and prove it." Id. Indeed, "the PLRA exhaustion requirement can be waived."

Id. Second, nothing in the current record indicates that Stanko failed to exhaust the

administrative remedies available to him. The appendix to Stanko's appellate brief

includes letters from DCCC stating that Stanko's grievance petitions on his legal-
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access and religious-diet claims were denied. The letters include the words "final

order" and do not indicate that Stanko has the right to administratively appeal the

decisions. While it may be true, as found by the District Court, that DCCC's "two-step

grievance process [required] an appeal to the Chief Deputy of Corrections," Mem. &

Order of April 3, 2006, at 6, there are simply too many unknown facts at this point in

the litigation for a comprehensive analysis of Stanko's compliance with the PLRA

exhaustion requirement (should this affirmative defense be raised). The District Court

erred in dismissing Stanko's claims for failure to exhaust administrative remedies.

We stress that we express no view as to whether Stanko's claims have merit.

We simply conclude that Stanko's complaint is not frivolous and should be served on

the defendants. We therefore vacate the District Court's dismissal of Stanko's

complaint and remand the case for further proceedings.

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