UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 20-9505

In the Matter of Jason Edward Rheinstein, Esquire,

Respondent.

No. 21-1176

In re: JASON EDWARD RHEINSTEIN,

Appellant.

------------------------------

LYDIA E. LAWLESS,

 Court-Assigned Amicus Counsel.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. 

James K. Bredar, Chief District Judge. (1:20-mc-00053)

Argued: October 27, 2022 Decided: January 4, 2023

Before DIAZ, THACKER, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.

Unpublished per curiam opinion imposing reciprocal disbarment in No. 20-9505 and 

affirming district court decision to impose reciprocal discipline in No. 21-1176.

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ARGUED: Lydia E. Lawless, ATTORNEY GRIEVANCE COMMISSION OF 

MARYLAND, Annapolis, Maryland, for Court-Assigned Amicus Counsel. Jason E. 

Rheinstein, Severna Park, Maryland, for Respondent. 

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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PER CURIAM:

Jason Edward Rheinstein, who was disbarred from the practice of law in Maryland,

appeals the district court’s decision reciprocally disbarring him in that court. We 

consolidated his appeal with an original action in this court, in which we consider whether 

we should impose our own reciprocal disbarment. Finding no due-process violation, 

infirmity of proof, or other “grave reason” for ignoring the state bar’s decision, Selling v. 

Radford, 243 U.S. 46, 51 (1917), we reciprocally disbar Rheinstein. And we hold that the 

district court didn’t abuse its discretion in doing the same.

I.

A.

We begin by summarizing Rheinstein’s disciplinary proceedings in Maryland. 

1.

On April 22, 2016, Rheinstein was served with the Attorney Grievance 

Commission’s Petition for Disciplinary or Remedial Action. The Commission filed the 

Petition in Maryland’s Court of Appeals (now named the Supreme Court of Maryland),

and that court assigned the matter to the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County, per 

Maryland’s disciplinary procedures. We discuss the Petition in some detail because the 

Maryland courts found that Rheinstein admitted its allegations by default. 

Before they became Rheinstein’s clients, Charles and Felicia Moore executed a loan 

agreement with Imagine Capital, Inc. The Moores defaulted and Imagine enforced a 

“confessed judgment” clause that entitled it to practically automatic judgments. At first, 

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the Moores tried to challenge the confessed judgments and Imagine’s collection efforts pro 

se, but they eventually hired Rheinstein. 

According to the Petition, Rheinstein soon “developed an elaborate conspiracy 

theory involving Imagine, its principals, attorneys, lenders and other associates,” and then 

“embarked on a crusade to prove his theory. His conduct exceeded the bounds of zealous 

advocacy.” J.A. 109–10.

Rheinstein first filed a complaint with the Attorney Grievance Commission against 

Imagine’s counsel. Citing Rheinstein’s grievance, that counsel withdrew from 

representing Imagine, which then hired new outside counsel.

Later, the Maryland trial court in the confessed-judgment action held a hearing. 

“During the hearing [Rheinstein] interjected irrelevant and unsubstantiated accusations

against Imagine and its members regarding an elaborate fraud scheme. [Rheinstein] leered 

at [Imagine’s officer] during the proceeding and led the court to believe that Imagine and 

its officers were under investigation by the Department of Justice.” J.A. 110. Imagine’s 

officer then “invoked his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent. At the conclusion of the 

hearing, the court vacated the confessed judgments.” Id. 

Imagine hired new counsel once again, Matthew Hjortsberg of the firm Bowie & 

Jensen, to appeal. Rheinstein repeatedly emailed Bowie & Jensen personnel, threatening 

to sue the firm, Hjortsberg, and another attorney, and to report them to the Attorney 

Grievance Commission if they didn’t drop the confessed-judgment appeal. As a result, 

Bowie & Jensen notified its insurance carrier and hired outside counsel.

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Over the next months, Rheinstein filed various rule-violating documents in the 

confessed-judgment appeal, including a “frivolous Petition for Writ of Certiorari,” “a 

frivolous motion to dismiss the appeal,” a “second frivolous Motion to Dismiss Appeal,” 

multiple “frivolous” briefs and exhibits, and a “frivolous ‘Motion to Resume Proceedings 

and Renewed Motion to Dismiss Appeal.’” J.A. 111–14.

Rheinstein also “filed a [separate] frivolous complaint,” naming 28 defendants and 

alleging that “Imagine, acting in concert with other defendants, engaged in an elaborate 

fraud scheme.” J.A. 115. The next month, Rheinstein filed a federal qui tam action on 

behalf of Mr. Moore under the False Claims Act, alleging that Imagine’s officer engaged 

in mortgage fraud. 

In the meantime, Rheinstein emailed Hjortsberg and Bowie & Jensen’s outside 

counsel, requesting that Imagine settle the lawsuits Rheinstein filed for $5 million. 

Rheinstein also asked Hjortsberg and his firm to withdraw from representing Imagine, 

alleging that they were conspiring with Imagine to commit crimes and fraud. Rheinstein 

sent one particularly profanity-laced email in which he again threatened to sue Hjortsberg, 

accused him of fraud, and requested a $5 million “global settlement.” J.A. 118. After 

Bowie & Jensen’s outside counsel told Rheinstein his email was unacceptable, Rheinstein 

“apologize[d] for the unprofessional tone” and said that “the profanity, while regrettable, 

was a figure of speech.” J.A. 119. 

Rheinstein also sent a 16-page letter to the Chief Judge of the Maryland Court of 

Special Appeals, accusing Hjortsberg and his firm of improper ex parte communications 

to “manipulate the trial court record” and “manufacture arguments.” J.A. 121. 

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The Moores subsequently filed for bankruptcy. Their filing stayed the confessedjudgment appeal and made it part of the bankruptcy estate. But Rheinstein still contacted 

Hjortsberg to set up depositions of Imagine’s officers, not mentioning that his clients had 

filed for bankruptcy or that the appeal was stayed. 

Rheinstein also filed five proofs of claim against the Moores’ bankruptcy estate, for 

attorney’s fees and costs, totaling $85,604.61. The trustee and the Moores objected to 

Rheinstein’s claims. The trustee then agreed to assign the qui tam claims to Rheinstein in 

exchange for withdrawing his bankruptcy claims.

Based on Rheinstein’s conduct, the Commission’s Petition alleged that he violated 

Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct 1.1 (Competence); 3.1 (Meritorious 

Claims and Contentions); 3.2 (Expediting Litigation); 3.4(c) and (e) (Fairness to Opposing 

Party and Counsel); 4.4(a) (Respect for Rights of Third Persons); and 8.4(a), (c), and (d) 

(Misconduct).

2.

Rheinstein moved to dismiss the Petition and removed the case to federal court. But 

the district court granted the Commission’s motion to remand, holding that it lacked 

subject-matter jurisdiction and that even if it had jurisdiction, it “would nevertheless have 

abstained and remanded the case to proceed in the state court.” Att’y Grievance Comm’n 

v. Rheinstein, No. CV MJG-16-1591, 2017 WL 1035831, at *3 (D. Md. Mar. 17, 2017). 

The state court denied Rheinstein’s motion to dismiss. 

At the motion-to-dismiss hearing, there was a long colloquy about Rheinstein’s 

failure to respond to the Commission’s discovery requests, which were served with the 

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Petition. The court directed that all discovery be completed within 60 days after the 

hearing, and that any motions to compel be filed before that deadline. It also set a six-day 

trial beginning in September 2017.

Before the 60-day deadline, the Commission moved for sanctions and an order of 

default because Rheinstein still hadn’t answered the Petition or responded to the discovery 

requests. The Commission requested that all the Petition’s allegations be deemed admitted

and that Rheinstein be precluded from presenting documents or witnesses at trial. The next 

day, Rheinstein filed a 99-page answer and affirmative defenses to the Petition, but he 

didn’t respond to the Commission’s discovery requests. A few days later, he propounded 

his own discovery requests on the Commission. Rheinstein also opposed the motion for 

sanctions, arguing that the Commission’s discovery requests were “nullified” when he tried 

to remove the case to federal court. J.A. 547.

The court denied the Commission’s motion for a default since Rheinstein had filed 

his answer the next day. The court said it would take up the motion for sanctions at trial. 

The next week, the Commission served its responses to Rheinstein’s discovery requests.

Four days before the trial was to begin, Rheinstein filed a new notice of removal. 

This time, he asserted that the Commission’s discovery responses showed an “illicit 

strategy” to discipline him for uncharged conduct and litigate the merits of his qui tam case. 

J.A. 1672. The district court granted the Commission’s emergency motion to remand, 

again finding no grounds for removal.

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Rheinstein appealed that decision and we affirmed. See Att’y Grievance Comm’n 

v. Rheinstein, 750 F. App’x 225 (4th Cir. 2019) (per curiam). Rheinstein then 

unsuccessfully petitioned for certiorari.

Back in state court, the original presiding judge had retired, and in June 2019, a new 

judge set a trial for the next month. The Commission filed a “Motion for Sanctions and/or 

Motion in Limine,” again asserting Rheinstein’s continued failure to respond to the 

discovery requests that were served more than three years ago. The Commission again 

asked for a sanction of default and an order precluding Rheinstein from presenting trial 

evidence.

The next day, Rheinstein served written responses to the discovery requests. In 

response to one interrogatory, he provided what the Maryland Court of Appeals later called 

“an extensive list of individuals he intended to call as non-expert witnesses.” Att’y 

Grievance Comm’n v. Rheinstein, 223 A.3d 505, 517 (Md. 2020). He designated an 

attorney expert to testify that Rheinstein’s various documents and positions weren’t

frivolous. And he stated that he was “endeavoring to locate a mental health expert to opine 

on Respondent’s attention deficit disorder (‘ADHD’) disability and why it was the root 

cause of certain matters at issue.” Id. at 518. But he served no documents in response to 

the Commission’s discovery requests. 

Rheinstein then filed a 25-page opposition to the Commission’s motion for 

sanctions, plus exhibits. Although he’d responded to the discovery requests, he again 

argued that “the removal nullified the Pre-Removal Discovery Requests.” J.A. 900. While 

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he asserted other arguments, he didn’t suggest that ADHD affected the timing of his 

responses. 

In the meantime, the court took judicial notice of eleven documents (dockets and 

filings from the various cases involving the Moores and Imagine); Rheinstein didn’t object. 

The court also directed the Commission to submit proposed findings of fact and 

conclusions of law based on the Petition’s allegations. 

The court convened a hearing on the motion for sanctions and held that discovery 

sanctions were warranted. It found Rheinstein’s June 2019 discovery efforts to be “the 

very first glimmer of compliance with the discovery rules. It was too little and much too 

late.” J.A. 1282. The court struck Rheinstein’s answer and held that the Petition’s 

allegations were admitted. It also precluded Rheinstein from presenting evidence at trial. 

The court then held a hearing on the Commission’s proposed findings of fact and 

conclusions of law. The court re-affirmed the discovery sanctions and entered its own 

findings of fact and conclusions of law, finding that Rheinstein had violated Rules 1.1, 3.1, 

3.4, 4.4, and 8.4 as alleged in the Petition.1

 

Rheinstein appealed, filing 155 pages of exceptions to the trial court’s decision. But 

the Maryland Court of Appeals affirmed the circuit court’s discovery sanctions, factual 

findings, and conclusions of law in an 80-plus-page opinion. See Rheinstein, 223 A.3d 

505. The court also determined that disbarment was appropriate. 

1 The Commission had withdrawn its allegation that Rheinstein violated Rule 3.2.

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B.

The U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland entered an Order of Reciprocal 

Disbarment. Rheinstein timely appealed, and that appeal was consolidated with the 

original action to determine whether we should impose reciprocal discipline under our own 

local rules.

We issued Rheinstein a notice to show cause, allowing him an opportunity to present 

any reasons under Selling v. Radford, 243 U.S. 46, 51 (1917), why we should decline to 

reciprocally disbar him. Rheinstein requested a hearing under Local Rule 46(g)(9). The 

matter has been fully briefed and argued.2

II.

We begin our analysis with the original reciprocal-discipline action in this court. 

Under our local rules, we may discipline an attorney if another bar has disciplined the 

attorney or if the attorney violates rules of professional conduct in the state in which the 

attorney maintains his principal office. 4th Cir. R. 46(g)(1)(b)–(c); accord Fed. R. App. P. 

46(c). Our rule also provides that the same “discipline imposed by another court is 

presumed appropriate for discipline” in this court. 4th Cir. R. 46(g)(2).

2 Rheinstein has also submitted multiple motions, including a motion that we request 

complete copies of the judicial records of Maryland’s courts, and a motion that we take 

judicial notice of the same eleven documents of which Maryland’s courts took judicial 

notice in his disciplinary proceedings. Given our decision, we deny the pending motions 

as moot.

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“Although state disbarments are not binding upon federal courts, they are entitled 

to great respect.” Wrighten v. United States, 550 F.2d 990, 991 (4th Cir. 1977). So we 

won’t “re-adjudicate [] factual matters” decided in state disciplinary cases. In re Mitrano, 

335 F. App’x 297, 299 (4th Cir. 2009) (per curiam). Rather, we presumptively order the 

same discipline imposed by an attorney’s home-state bar, provided “(1) the state must have 

given the attorney notice of the charges and an opportunity to be heard; (2) the evidence 

must support the findings made; and (3) there must be no other ‘grave reason’ for ignoring 

the actions taken.” In re Fallin, 255 F.3d 195, 197 (4th Cir. 2001) (cleaned up) (citing 

Selling, 243 U.S. at 51). Rheinstein raises arguments on all three Selling grounds. We find 

none persuasive. 

A. 

First, we hold that Rheinstein’s disciplinary proceedings satisfied due process. He 

received fair notice and wasn’t disbarred for uncharged conduct. Nor was he denied a

meaningful opportunity to be heard. 

1. 

Rheinstein appears to concede that he admitted the allegations within the Petition’s 

four corners. But he argues that the Maryland courts disbarred him based on uncharged, 

“new allegations” that weren’t in the Petition, implicating his due-process right to adequate 

notice. But what Rheinstein calls “new allegations” are findings about his litigation 

conduct during the disciplinary proceedings (which will always be absent from the 

charging document that initiates the disciplinary proceedings) and inferences that can 

reasonably be drawn from his admissions and the record before the Maryland courts. 

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To illustrate, Rheinstein contends the Maryland courts’ main reason for disbarring 

him was that he “misrepresented facts” at the confessed-judgment hearing, and that this 

wasn’t charged in the Petition. Opening Br. of Resp’t/Appellant at 25. While the Petition 

says Rheinstein “interjected irrelevant and unsubstantiated accusations against Imagine” at 

the hearing and “led the court to believe that Imagine and its officers were under 

investigation by the Department of Justice,” J.A. 110, it never says his accusations were 

“false,” he argues.

Even so, the Petition put Rheinstein on notice that his conduct during the hearing—

and specifically his actions leading the state court to believe that Imagine was subject to a 

DOJ investigation—was one of the subjects of the Commission’s charge. And as In re 

Ruffalo, 390 U.S. 544 (1968), illustrates, that’s what due process requires. There, the state 

disbarred an attorney only after adding a new charge in the middle of the hearing (relating 

to Ruffalo’s hiring of an employee)—after both Ruffalo and the employee had testified. 

Ruffalo, 390 U.S. at 546, 550–51. 

The Supreme Court held that disciplinary proceedings present “a trap when, after 

they are underway, the charges are amended on the basis of testimony of the accused. He 

can then be given no opportunity to expunge the earlier statements and start afresh.” Id. at 

551; see also Nell v. United States, 450 F.2d 1090, 1093 (4th Cir. 1971) (reversing, on 

direct appeal, suspension of attorney’s license when he didn’t learn the government sought 

disciplinary action, as opposed to reopening of an old case, until the hearing).

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But no such thing happened here. Rheinstein didn’t face moving-target charges. 

Rather, he was disbarred because of his default admissions to the Petition’s allegations.

3

Nor is the court’s conclusion that Rheinstein made “misleading statements at the 

[confessed judgment] hearing,” J.A. 1363, anything but a reasonable inference drawn from 

his admissions. As Maryland’s Court of Appeals has repeatedly held, there’s nothing 

mysterious—much less unconstitutional—about drawing reasonable inferences from a set 

of facts. See, e.g., Rheinstein, 223 A.3d at 525 n.17; Att’y Grievance Comm’n v. 

McDonald, 85 A.3d 117, 128 (Md. 2014) (courts “routinely apply their common sense, 

powers of logic, and accumulated experiences in life” to draw reasonable inferences “from 

demonstrated sets of facts” (cleaned up)). At bottom, we reject Rheinstein’s contention 

that he was disbarred for uncharged conduct. 

We turn next to a point that arose at oral argument and bears on Rheinstein’s 

pending motions. He contends that some of the “new allegations” came from the 

documents related to underlying litigation involving the Moores and Imagine, of which the 

3 We’re not alone in rejecting Rheinstein’s argument on this front. See, e.g., 

Rheinstein, 223 A.3d at 546 (Maryland Court of Appeals’ rejection of same argument); see 

also In re Rheinstein, 242 A.3d 1089, 1089–90 (D.C. 2020) (per curiam) (reciprocally 

disbarring Rheinstein in D.C. and rejecting the “similar arguments” he made “to the Court 

of Appeals for the state of Maryland,” including that he was disbarred “for uncharged 

actions”); In re Rheinstein, 173 N.Y.S.3d 693, 696–97 (N.Y. App. Div. 2022) (per curiam) 

(reciprocally disbarring Rheinstein in New York after being “unpersuaded by respondent’s 

contention that he was found guilty of misconduct for which he was not properly charged”). 

Along with Maryland, D.C., and New York, Rheinstein has also been disbarred in Florida. 

See Fl. Bar v. Rheinstein, No. SC20-1614, 2022 WL 1598898, at *1 (Fl. May 20, 2022).

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Maryland courts took judicial notice. But, he argues, the Maryland courts never properly 

took notice of any specific facts from those documents. 

Under Maryland law, courts can take judicial notice only of indisputable facts. See

Abrishamian v. Wash. Med. Grp., P.C., 86 A.3d 681, 697 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2014) (facts 

subject to judicial notice fall “into either the ‘everybody around here knows that’ category, 

or the ‘look it up’ category” (cleaned up)). But after reviewing these “new allegations,” 

we’re not convinced there was any judicial-notice impropriety here. The Maryland courts

didn’t take judicial notice of contested facts—indeed, they didn’t need to, given 

Rheinstein’s admissions. To the contrary, when the courts referenced these documents, 

they weren’t citing them as proof of the (disputed) statements they contained. 

And even if there were a procedural foot fault here, Rheinstein had the opportunity 

to object in the Maryland courts. Indeed, at the court’s hearing on the Commission’s 

proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law, Rheinstein’s attorney could—and did—

argue about judicial-notice issues. See, e.g., J.A. 1144–46. Rheinstein also filed extensive 

objections to the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. And he had the 

opportunity to argue the issue on direct appeal to the Maryland Court of Appeals.

Our review, in contrast, isn’t for legal error, but for the Selling grounds. And 

Rheinstein’s argument on this point doesn’t amount to a due-process violation or another 

basis under Selling to disregard the disbarment. That’s because the Petition’s admitted 

allegations were, standing alone, sufficient to justify Rheinstein’s disbarment, as we 

explain below. So we reject Rheinstein’s arguments about the “new allegations,” whether 

under judicial-notice principles or otherwise. 

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2.

We also hold that the Maryland courts afforded Rheinstein with an adequate 

opportunity to be heard. Rheinstein argues he was entitled to a trial, even though he 

defaulted, because of the “new allegations.” Even setting aside the problems with 

Rheinstein’s argument about the “new allegations,” he did receive a post-default hearing 

about the proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. And if he contends he should 

have been given an evidentiary hearing, due process doesn’t go so far. See In re Evans, 

834 F.2d 90, 91 (4th Cir. 1987) (“The district court’s failure to hold an evidentiary hearing 

is irrelevant because procedural due process in a disbarment proceeding does not require a 

hearing of that nature be given to the attorney.”). Due process requires only an 

“opportunity” to be heard, not that every point be “actually litigated.” In re Kivisto, 493 

F. App’x 762, 765–66 (7th Cir. 2012) (affirming district court’s reciprocal disbarment after 

he defaulted in state disciplinary proceedings). 

Rheinstein has raised other arguments about whether the Maryland courts afforded 

him due process. But we find none have merit. So Rheinstein has failed to rebut the 

presumption of reciprocal disbarment under the first Selling ground.

B.

Turning to the second Selling ground, we also reject Rheinstein’s contentions that 

his disbarment rested on an infirmity of proof. To the contrary, his admissions to the 

allegations within the Petition’s four corners, standing alone, support the Maryland courts’ 

decision. Under Maryland law, his default admissions amount to proof by clear and 

convincing evidence sufficient to warrant disbarment. See Att’y Grievance Comm’n v. 

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Thomas, 103 A.3d 629, 645 (Md. 2014) (“Based on the deemed admissions, we conclude 

that the admitted facts are sufficient, to a clear and convincing standard, to warrant 

concluding that Respondent violated [multiple rules].”). 

And while the admissions themselves suffice, we also take no issue with Maryland 

courts drawing reasonable inferences from those admissions, as we explained above.

Rheinstein’s remaining arguments here are essentially the kinds of defenses he 

might have raised if he hadn’t defaulted. But by defaulting, he waived his opportunity to 

disprove rule violations and present mitigating evidence. If we were to hold that 

Rheinstein’s after-the-fact proffer showed an infirmity of proof under Selling, we’d 

undermine the deference we afford to state bars’ decisions. This we decline to do.

C.

Finally, after reviewing the record and considering Rheinstein’s arguments, we 

conclude that there’s no “grave reason” under Selling to disregard Maryland’s decision to 

disbar him. 

III.

In sum, Rheinstein has shown no grounds under Selling to prompt us to ignore 

Maryland’s decision to disbar him. Without an adequate reason to depart from our 

presumption that Maryland’s disposition should apply here, we reciprocally disbar 

Rheinstein from practice in this court. And we separately affirm the district court’s 

decision to impose reciprocal discipline. 

SO ORDERED AND AFFIRMED

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