IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

Assigned on Briefs, December 12, 2003

BRIDGECOURT APARTMENTS PARTNERSHIP v. CARMEN H.

ELLERBE

Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Knox County

No. 155190-2 Hon. Daryl R. Fansler, Chancellor

FILED FEBRUARY 2, 2004

No. E2003-01298-COA-R3-CV

Plaintiff paid off mortgage on apartments and then sued for an accounting, alleging overpayment.

The Trial Court invoked the voluntary payment rule and dismissed the case. On appeal, we affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P.3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed.

HERSCHEL PICKENS FRANKS, J. delivered the opinion of the court, in which CHARLES D. SUSANO,

JR., J., and D. MICHAEL SWINEY, J., joined.

Gene A. Stanley, Jr., Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellants.

Thomas Privette, Jr., Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellee.

OPINION

Plaintiff, Bridgecourt Apartments Partnership, acquired title to an apartment complex

in Knoxville from Bel Air Associates (“Bel Air”) a debtor in bankruptcy. At the time plaintiff

acquired the apartment complex, defendant Carmen H. Ellerbe held a deed of trust on the property

secured by a lien which constituted a first mortgage on the apartments.

At or about the time plaintiff acquired title to the property Ellerbe, by counsel,

notified the bankruptcy attorney for Bel Air of default. Subsequently, plaintiff’s partners negotiated

with defendant over the amount of the indebtedness, and ultimately paid defendant $472,797.25 to
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liquidate the outstanding indebtedness on the Ellerbe note, which payment was precipitated allegedly

due to the necessity of plaintiff’s closing a construction loan for renovation of the apartments.

This action was then brought for an accounting which asked the Court for a Judgment

for the amount of any payment in excess of the true and correct amount of the indebtedness.

In defendant’s Answer,she specifically denied she failed to perform any conditions,

as alleged, and as an affirmative defense said that the plaintiff’s payment was voluntarily made with

full knowledge of the facts and without any fraud, duress or extortion, and plaintiff was therefore

estopped from recovering. After the evidentiary hearing, the Chancellor filed a Memorandum

Opinion and we quote, in pertinent part:

. . . the plaintiffs in this case say that the payment was made under threat of

foreclosure and therefore they were under duress. Certainly, Mr. Wise [a partner and

attorney for plaintiff] was knowledgeable of all the facts and, indeed, he knew that

for a sum smaller than what he was paying he could have reached the same result;

that is, a release of the deed of trust. Yet the Plaintiffs chose to pay a larger amount

in an effort to preserve the right to contest the reasonableness of the attorneys’ fees

and the calculation of the interest rate at a later date.

. . .

There was an option available to the Plaintiffs; they could have paid what

they deemed owed and brought an action against the holder of the note, which would

be Ms. Ellerbe, asking the Court to order her to release that deed of trust in as much

as the underlying obligation had been satisfied, and ask the Court to impose statutory

sanctions for her failure to release it.

. . . But the Plaintiffs made a business decision in this case to go forward with the

payment so they could arrange financing. And if there was a real duress, it was from

the other lenders.

It was made with all the knowledge of the facts, there was nothing

unconscionable. They didn’t like it . . . But there’s nothing unconscionable about

what has taken place here. There’s certainly nothing illegal about what has taken

place. There’s been no statutory scheme cited to the Court, it’s not a violation of

public policy, and it fits squarely in the voluntary-payment rule.

The Court then entered Judgment dismissing the case, and plaintiff has appealed.

Plaintiff argues that the evidence preponderates against the Chancellor’s finding that plaintiff

voluntarily and with knowledge of the facts, paid the indebtedness in a disputed amount on a

reservation of rights payment. 
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Plaintiff argues that defendant’s attorney had indicated a foreclosure would follow

unless plaintiff paid the amount of the indebtedness demanded by appellant and that amounted to

duress which rendered the payment involuntary. In response, defendant points to the testimony of

Mr. Wise who was an attorney and a partner in Bridgecourt, who testified that defendant applied no

pressure and had done nothing, but that the pressure came from the “Yount Deal” (another

transaction). Interestingly, he explained that the pressure was due to interim financing, by a loan that

had matured and had to be paid off.

A concise statement of the requisites for business compulsion or economic duress

is set forth in 25 Am.Jur.2d Duress and Undue Influence, §7:

To constitute business compulsion or economic duress, there must be a

wrongful threat, financial distress must be caused by the wrongful threat, and there

must be no reasonable alternative to the terms presented by the wrongdoer. The

pressure must be wrongful, and not all pressure is wrongful. Actions, not motives,

must cause economic duress.

Business compulsion is not established merely by proof that consent was

secured by the pressure of financial circumstances, especially where the party

claiming duress is experienced in business and not a novice, or by the fact that one

party insisted upon a legal right and the other party yielded to such insistence.

Consistent with this principle, it is recognized that the doctrine of “business

compulsion” cannot be predicated upon a demand which is lawful, or upon doing or

threatening to do that which a party has a legal right to do. . . .

Tennessee authorities are in accord with this statement. See Dockery v. Estate of

Massey, 958 S.W.2d 346-348 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997); Jaffe v. Bolton, 817 S.W.2d 1927 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1991); McClellan v. McClellan, 873 S.W.2d 350-352 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). 

The evidence does not preponderate against the Trial Court’s findings of fact. Tenn.

R. App. P. 13(d). On that basis the Trial Court invoked the voluntary payment rule which holds that

a voluntary payment, even though the person making the payment protests the amount the money

so paid may not be recovered on the ground the claim was illegal. Whitley v. Bry’s, 15 Tenn. App.

86 (1932). 

In this case, the partners were experienced in business, knew the facts and

circumstances and their rights, yet elected to pay the claimed amount. We conclude the voluntary

payment rule is applicable. See Standard Oil Co. v. Storage Co., 163 Tenn. 565-575 (1931).

Next, plaintiff argues that it is entitled to a credit for an insurance premium that the

Chancellor failed to consider. An examination of the documents relating to this transaction reveal

that an agreement between defendant and a third party which plaintiff relies upon did not establish

a basis for recovery.
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Finally, plaintiff argues that defendant did not comply with the terms and conditions

in the mortgage note to enable her to accelerate the unpaid indebtedness and enforce the penalty

provisions in the note for default. The Chancellor held that defendant had met the conditions

required of her under the mortgage and the evidence does not preponderate against his finding.

Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).

For the foregoing reasons we affirm the Judgment of the Trial Court and remand, with

the cost of the appeal assessed to Bridgecourt Apartments Partnership.

_________________________

HERSCHEL PICKENS FRANKS, J.