2020 IL App (4th) 190371-U 

NO. 4-19-0371 

IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

BARBARA S. TITUS, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v. 

WILLIAM G. CORNWELL, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the

Circuit Court of 

Cumberland County 

No. 16LM12 

Honorable 

David W. Lewis, 

Judge Presiding. 

 

 PRESIDING JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court. 

 Justices Turner and Holder White concurred in the judgment. 

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The trial court’s finding that defendant failed to prove his claim of adverse 

possession was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

¶ 2 In February 2017, plaintiff, Barbara S. Titus, filed an amended complaint against 

defendant, William G. Cornwell, asserting interference with the use and possession of plaintiff’s

property located in Cumberland County, Illinois. In March 2017, defendant filed an answer and 

counterclaim to quiet title to the disputed boundary lines in which defendant claimed ownership 

by adverse possession. Following a bench trial, the trial court entered a written order finding 

defendant failed to establish the elements of adverse possession. 

FILED

March 13, 2020 

Carla Bender

4th District Appellate

Court, IL

NOTICE

This order was filed under Supreme 

Court Rule 23 and may not be cited 

as precedent by any party except in 

the limited circumstances allowed 

under Rule 23(e)(1). 
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¶ 3 Defendant appeals, arguing the trial court’s finding that the evidence was 

insufficient to prove his adverse possession claim is against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

We disagree and affirm.

¶ 4 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 5 A. Undisputed Facts 

¶ 6 Plaintiff and defendant own adjacent parcels of land in rural Cumberland County, 

Illinois. Plaintiff owns a tract of land (approximately 38 acres) described as:

“The Northeast Quarter (NE 1/4) of the Northwest Quarter (NW 1/4) of Section 

Twenty-Eight (28), Township Eleven (11) North, Range Eight (8) East of the 

Third Principal Meridian, EXCEPT Two acres in the form of a square out of the 

Northeast Corner therefore, situated in County of Cumberland and State of 

Illinois.”

(hereinafter, the “Titus property”). Defendant owns a parcel consisting of the two acres in the 

Northeast corner excluded from the Titus property (hereinafter, the “Cornwell property”). The 

Cornwell property borders the Titus property on the south and west and it is the southern and 

western boundary lines of the Cornwell property which are in dispute in the instant matter. 

¶ 7 In 1993, Jerry St. John purchased the Cornwell property. St. John was a “junker” 

and used the property to store his various acquisitions, including cars, trailers, trucks, campers, 

and scrap metal, referred to throughout these proceedings as “junk.” St. John owned the 

Cornwell property until his death in 2016, at which time defendant purchased the property. 

¶ 8 The Titus property has been owned and farmed by several generations of 

plaintiff’s family. In 2015, plaintiff inherited the property from her father.

¶ 9 B. Proceedings in the Trial Court 
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¶ 10 In October 2016, plaintiff filed a complaint for ejectment, alleging defendant had

encroached on her property, thereby denying plaintiff use of the land for farming income. In 

February 2017, plaintiff filed an amended complaint seeking to quiet title against any claim of 

adverse possession asserted by defendant. 

¶ 11 In March 2017, defendant filed a counterclaim against plaintiff seeking to quiet 

title. Defendant alleged (1) a boundary line dispute between the Titus property and the Cornwell 

property and (2) he had acquired title to the disputed property by adverse possession. 

¶ 12 In April 2019, the matter proceeded to a bench trial. Prior to trial, the parties 

entered a written stipulation as to certain facts and the admissibility of evidence, including (1) a 

survey conducted by plaintiff and (2) the location of a telephone pole along the roadway 38 feet 

west of the northwest corner of the Cornwell property. At trial, the parties stipulated the survey 

marked the true southern boundary line of the Cornwell property, 55 feet north of an area 

referred to as “the wash,” a swampy area of drainage, including from defendant’s land. 

Defendant claimed by adverse possession the 55 feet south of his true southern boundary line, 

between the southern boundary line and the wash, and extending the entire width of the southern 

boundary line. Defendant also claimed the 38 feet of property west of his western boundary line 

(to the telephone pole), and along the entire width of the western boundary line. 

¶ 13 At trial, defendant presented the testimony of three witnesses. Bret Patrick, a 

friend of St. John, testified St. John purchased the Cornwell property in 1993. Patrick visited the 

property regularly, “at least once a month,” while St. John was alive. St. John “collected things 

he was going to fix. Change. Sell. Manipulate. Something.” St. John occupied the area all the 

way to the wash in the south with junk. As to the west side of the property, Patrick stated St. 

John’s junk extended (in a westerly direction) from his driveway in the northwest corner of the 
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Cornwell property to at least halfway to the telephone pole. Patrick testified that, for as long as 

he could remember, there was stuff, “[w]as, and then wasn’t, and then was.” According to 

Patrick, St. John “always mowed *** if there wasn’t something there.” Patrick testified the junk 

“revolved” as items were sold, and the junk often extended more than halfway to the telephone 

pole. 

¶ 14 Denny Thornton testified he was the road commissioner for Cottonwood 

Township and often drove past the Cornwell property either during his commute or in his work 

as road commissioner. Thornton had been to the back of the Cornwell property (toward the 

southern boundary line) only once or twice and did not have any knowledge of the area. 

Thornton estimated St. John occupied an area to the west of his driveway, measuring 

approximately 25 to 30 feet, with junk. He agreed St. John occupied the area at least halfway 

from the driveway to the telephone pole. 

¶ 15 Defendant testified he was friends with St. John and, after St. John purchased the 

property in 1993, he helped St. John move his junk collection to the Cornwell property. 

Defendant testified St. John “was into buying, selling, and trading.” Defendant was on the 

property at least once every week during the time St. John owned the property. Defendant 

testified he and St. John placed junk all the way to the wash. He testified the junk placed in the 

area beyond the true southern boundary line was not always the same but the area between the 

southern boundary line and the wash was always occupied, including after he purchased the 

property in 2016. As to the western boundary line, defendant testified that although the junk pile 

“fluctuated” over the years, he and St. John had always occupied at least 25 feet west of the 

driveway, and sometimes extending to the telephone pole. Defendant “describe[d] occupied” as 

“mowed it[,] [w]eed eated it[,]” and “had stuff on it.” 
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¶ 16 Plaintiff presented the testimony of two witnesses at trial. Terry Titus, plaintiff’s 

husband, examined an aerial photograph dated April 11, 1998. Terry identified junk “scattered” 

near the southern boundary line of the Cornwell property. He testified the “junk line” moved 

further south after the photograph was taken. As St. John amassed more junk, “it just kept 

crowding.” Terry estimated St. John began placing junk west of the western boundary line 

approximately 13 years earlier (10 years before St. John’s death), stating “it just kept marching 

outward.” 

¶ 17 Terry testified multiple individuals spoke to St. John about the “junk” 

encroaching onto the Titus property. Terry testified, “I think [St. John] made an effort to move it 

back a little bit, but it just kept creeping over the line.” Terry testified they planted vegetation 

north of the wash to prevent erosion. Terry agreed St. John had junk stacked beyond the western 

edge of the Cornwell property “maybe at least halfway to the telephone pole[.]” 

¶ 18 Terry testified they had farmed all the acreage until sometime after St. John 

purchased the property and the junk began encroaching onto the Titus property. When examining 

a photograph dated 1998, Terry testified they had farmed the disputed areas that year. 

¶ 19 On cross-examination, Terry testified he had farmed the Titus property for the 

past 15 years. When shown a photograph dated 1999, Terry agreed there was junk stacked to the 

wash and, therefore, he did not farm north of the wash. 

¶ 20 Justin Titus, plaintiff’s son, testified he helped his father farm the Titus property. 

St. John’s junk would move across the Cornwell property boundary lines to the south and west 

“more and more.” Justin testified that “we would ask him to move it, as nicely as possible. And 

he would move stuff from time to time back across the line to satisfy us at the time.” Justin 

testified the junk made for a “[c]onstant battle” with St. John. Justin described the junk as 
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moving and changing. Justin did not agree St. John had always occupied space beyond the 

western boundary line of the Cornwell property because the junk was “in constant motion.” 

¶ 21 In May 2019, the trial court entered a written order finding “[t]emporarily placing 

personal property on open (not fenced) adjacent farm ground is not sufficient to establish adverse 

possession against the true title owner.” The court noted the continuous movement of property 

and St. John’s compliance when approached by members of the Titus family to relocate the 

encroaching property. The court identified St. John’s actions as “a clear acknowledgment he 

recognized that he possessed no right to claim to use the property.” 

¶ 22 The court also noted the area identified as “the wash” could not be farmed 

because of the likely erosion of the topsoil. Moreover, grassways north of the wash were left to 

collect and clean runoff from the junk sitting on the Cornwell property. The court found the 

evidence failed to establish continuous possession of the property to a visible and ascertainable 

boundary line. Additionally, “the possession was not hostile or adverse, exclusive or under claim 

of title inconsistent with that of the true owner.” 

¶ 23 This appeal followed. 

¶ 24 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 25 Defendant argues the trial court’s finding the evidence was insufficient to support 

his adverse possession claim was against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

¶ 26 A. Burden of Proof and Standard of Review 

¶ 27 To establish title by adverse possession, the claimant must prove possession of the 

property for the entire 20-year statutory period (735 ILCS 5/13-101 (West 2018)), “and that 

possession must have been ‘(1) continuous; (2) hostile or adverse; (3) actual; (4) open, notorious, 

and exclusive; and (5) under claim of title inconsistent with that of the true owner.’ ” Davidson v. 
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Perry, 386 Ill. App. 3d 821, 824-25, 898 N.E.2d 785, 788 (2008) (quoting Gacki v. Bartels, 369 

Ill. App. 3d 284, 292, 859 N.E.2d 1178, 1186 (2006)). Further, although not one of the five 

elements of possession, the claimant must also prove “by clear and convincing evidence the 

exact location of the boundary line to which they claimed ***.” Schwartz v. Piper, 4 Ill. 2d 488, 

494, 122 N.E.2d 535, 539 (1954). 

¶ 28 In adverse possession cases, “[a]ll presumptions are in favor of the title owner, 

and the party claiming title by adverse possession must prove each element by clear and 

unequivocal evidence.” Knauf v. Ryan, 338 Ill. App. 3d 265, 269, 788 N.E.2d 805, 808 (2003). 

Because the supreme court has not explained the meaning of “clear and unequivocal evidence,” 

courts have applied the clear and convincing burden of proof in adverse possession cases. Dotson 

v. Former Shareholders of Abraham Lincoln Land & Cattle Co., 332 Ill. App. 3d 846, 855, 773 

N.E.2d 792, 800 (2002). We will not disturb the trial court’s findings unless they were against 

the manifest weight of the evidence. Knauf, 338 Ill. App. 3d at 269. “A judgment is against the 

manifest weight of the evidence only when an opposite conclusion is apparent or when findings 

appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence.” Lawlor v. North American 

Corp. of Illinois, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 70, 983 N.E.2d 414. 

¶ 29 B. Defendant Failed To Prove Precise Boundaries of the Area Claimed

¶ 30 Defendant argues that he successfully proved “by clear and convincing evidence 

the exact location of the boundary line” he is claiming. See Schwartz, 4 Ill. 2d at 494. 

Specifically, defendant argues he proved the disputed property on the south side of the Cornwell 

property was from the “true” boundary line to a point 55-feet south to the wash, and on the 

western side of the property “to a point at least half-way to the telephone pole” from the western 

edge of the driveway. 
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¶ 31 Although defendant correctly cites Schwartz for the proposition that it is not 

necessary for disputed land to be enclosed by a fence, Schwartz does require that “the boundaries 

must be susceptible of specific and definite location.” Schwartz, 4 Ill. 2d at 493. Several 

witnesses stated St. John occupied at various times the area all the way to the wash, but their 

testimony makes a specific and definite boundary less clear. Patrick testified there were areas 

around the wash that would become saturated and vehicles could not be parked there without 

getting stuck. Terry testified the Titus family planted vegetation in the area of the wash to 

prevent erosion. The evidence also showed the junk was sold and removed from the property or 

relocated on the property at the request of the Titus family. It is not clear, therefore, that a 

specific and definite boundary existed where St. John’s junk piles ended and the wash began. 

¶ 32 Similarly, several witnesses stated St. John occupied the area to the halfway point 

from the driveway to the telephone pole. However, Patrick defined “occupy” as “[St. John] 

mowed it. Had stuff on it. Moved stuff around on it. Used it as a way, except for where the wash 

was, to get stuff out of the way to do something else.” Thornton testified St. John consistently 

occupied an area “25, 30 feet maybe” west of the driveway, but when questioned on the distance 

from the driveway to the property line stake, Thornton estimated it was “[m]aybe 20 feet at least 

from the driveway to right there.” According to defendant’s brief, the distance from the driveway 

to the stake is only 12 feet. The testimony demonstrated none of the witnesses could provide a 

definitive line that St. John treated as the property line during his possession, which the trial 

court acknowledged when it found St. John would comply with the Tituses’ requests to move his 

property. 
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¶ 33 We conclude the trial court’s determination that the evidence failed to establish 

continuous possession of property to a visible and ascertainable boundary line was not against 

the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 34 C. Other Determinations of the Trial Court 

¶ 35 Even assuming, arguendo, defendant proved a definitive boundary line, he was 

also required to demonstrate possession of the disputed property was (1) continuous; (2) hostile 

or adverse; (3) actual; (4) open, notorious, and exclusive; and (5) under claim of title inconsistent 

with that of the true owner. See Davidson, 386 Ill. App. 3d at 824-25 (citing Gacki, 369 Ill. App. 

3d at 292). 

¶ 36 1. Continuous Possession

¶ 37 The trial court determined “[t]he personal property location was continuously 

changing, and when approached by members of the Titus family requesting he move the 

encroaching property, Mr. St. John would comply.” In addition to the testimony provided by 

plaintiff’s witness, Patrick testified the junk piles were “revolving” and continuously moving. 

The trial court’s finding that the possession was not continuous was not against the manifest 

weight of the evidence.

¶ 38 2. Hostile Possession

¶ 39 The “hostility” element of adverse possession “does not imply actual ill will, but 

only the assertion of ownership incompatible with that of the true owner and all others.” Joiner v. 

Janssen, 85 Ill. 2d 74, 81, 421 N.E.2d 170, 174 (1981). 

“Although evidence of the use and control over land is the typical manner by 

which any claimant establishes title by adverse possession, it must be clearly 

shown that the use of the land was adverse and not merely permissive, since 
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permissive use of land, no matter how long, can never ripen into an adverse 

possessory right.” Mann v. La Salle National Bank, 205 Ill. App. 3d 304, 309-10, 

562 N.E.2d 1033, 1037 (1990). 

Here, the testimony demonstrates that the disputed property was not fenced and there were no 

permanent structures on the property. Thus, it is reasonable to find the land was vacant and 

unoccupied. The “[u]se of vacant and unoccupied land is presumed to be permissive and not 

adverse.” Monroe v. Shrake, 376 Ill. 253, 256, 33 N.E.2d 459, 461 (1941). Without any 

testimony as to the intentions of the original occupants to refute such presumption, the trial 

court’s determination that the use was permissive is not against the manifest weight of the 

evidence.

¶ 40 3. Actual Possession

¶ 41 “The making of improvements or acts of dominion over land, indicating to 

persons residing in the immediate neighborhood who has exclusive management and control of 

the land, are sufficient to constitute possession.” Ewald v. Horenberger, 37 Ill. App. 3d 348, 351, 

345 N.E.2d 524, 527 (1976). In this case, the trial court did not make a specific finding as to 

actual possession, and the parties do not argue this element. 

¶ 42 4. Open, Notorious, and Exclusive Possession

¶ 43 The adverse claimant’s possession of the land at issue must “be of such open and 

visible character as to apprise the world, that the property has been appropriated, and is 

occupied.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Estate of Welliver v. Alberts, 278 Ill. App. 3d 

1028, 1038, 663 N.E.2d 1094, 1100 (1996). As stated above, the testimony in this case 

demonstrated St. John’s property was continuously in motion, sometimes at the request of the 

Tituses. Further, the Tituses testified to use of the disputed property at times, including planting 
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vegetation around the wash to prevent erosion. Thus, the trial court’s finding the use was not 

exclusive was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

¶ 44 5. Claim of Title Inconsistent With That of the True Owner

¶ 45 “Using and controlling property as owner is the ordinary mode of asserting a 

claim of title inconsistent with that of the true owner.” Peters v. Greenmount Cemetery Ass’n, 

259 Ill. App. 3d 566, 570, 632 N.E.2d 187, 190 (1994). This element is similar to the elements of 

actual possession and hostility. As mentioned, the testimony demonstrated St. John acquiesced to 

the Tituses’ requests to move his encroaching property. As the trial court determined, St. John’s 

acquiescence is “a clear acknowledgement he recognized he possessed no right to claim to use 

the property.” Therefore, the trial court’s determination was not against the manifest weight of 

the evidence.

¶ 46 As a last matter, we thank the trial court for thoroughly stating its findings and 

reasoning in a written order, which we found very useful in our consideration of this appeal. 

¶ 47 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 48 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

¶ 49 Affirmed.