### RECORD IMPOUNDED

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-2511- 21 E.S.N., 1 Plaintiff-Respondent,

v. L.R.B., Defendant-Appellant.

___________________________

Submitted November 29, 2023

– Decided December 13, 2023 Before Judges Firko and Susswein. On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Gloucester County, Docket No. FV- 08

- 1017

- 22. Tonacchio , Spina & Compitello, attorneys for appellant (Stephen R. Cappetta, on the brief). Respondent has not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM

1 We use initials to protect the privacy of the parti es and the confidentiality of these proceedings. R. 1:38 -3(d)(10). NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court. " Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parti es in the case and its use in other cases is limite d. R. 1:36- 3.2 A- 2511

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Defendant L.R.B. appeals from a March 17, 2022 fin al restraining order (FRO) entered in favor of his former live-in paramo ur, plaintiff E.S.N., pursuant to the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act (PDVA), N.J.S.A . 2C:25-17 to -35, based on the predicate act of assault, N.J.S.A. 2C: 12-1 (a) . On appeal, defendant contends there is insufficient evidence supporting the judge's finding he committed the predicate act of assault, and the jud ge erred by concluding an FRO is necessary to protect plaintiff from future a cts of domestic violence. We disagree and affirm.
I. The parties began dating in May 2021 and resided t ogether. On February 13, 2022, which was Super Bowl Sunday, plaintiff al leged in her initial domestic violence complaint that she was emptying her bag, w hich contained defendant's clothing. He stated, "that's my f****** bag," grab bed plaintiff's left hand or wrist, and pulled her away from the bag. Plaintiff alleged defendant threatened to shut off her phone line if she attempted to cont act the police about the3 A- 2511

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incident. In her initial complaint, plaintiff also alleged there was a prior history of domestic violence between the parties. 2 At the ensuing trial, which commenced on February 24, 2022, both parties were self-represented. Plaintiff testified the par ties resided together for eight months. Plaintiff explained she has post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and is under the care of a psychologist and a psychiatr ist. She testified she has congestive heart failure requiring medications. Sh e also takes medications for other unspecified conditions. Plaintiff testified that on the day of the incident, February 13, 2022, after defendant kept her up all night, she wanted a cup o f coffee, but defendant poured a cup for himself "out of spite" instead, leaving n one for her. According to plaintiff, defendant had been drinking brandy. She went to sleep on the floor. As plaintiff proceeded to make herself a cup of cof fee, she testified defendant "start[ed] with his mouth again," and after she tol d him to stop or else she would call the police, he "punched" her on the side of he r face. Plaintiff testified that after punching her, defendant stated, "now you have a f *** * ** reason to call the police." She testified that after falling down backwards ove r a space heater, she

2 Docket No. FV- 08 -0646. The prior complaint mentioned in plaintiff' s initial domestic violence complaint is not contained in the appendix. The judge indicated the prior complaint was dismissed by plai ntiff.4 A- 2511

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ran into the bathroom, became "frozen," and called 9-1- 1. The punch to the face incident is not referenced in the initial complaint . Defendant did not object to plaintiff's testimony regarding the assault at tria l. Plaintiff testified that when the police arrived, they "demanded" she come out of the bathroom. Plaintiff claimed an officer "got in her face" and advised her that a temporary restraining order (TRO) was be ing issued against defendant. Plaintiff testified that defendant "assaulted [her] one time before." Plaintiff testified defendant was "joking" and "laughing" wit h the officers. She then testified she chose to decline a TRO because the officers convinced her n ot to put defendant outside of the home in the "weather out there." Five minutes lat er, plaintiff testified she changed her mind, spoke to the 9-1-1 dispatcher ag ain, and request ed a TRO, which was ultimately granted. Plaintiff testified she went to the emergency room at Voorhees Virtual Hospital on the day of the assault

— February 13, 2022

— and provided a copy of her medical record to the judge. Plaintiff testifi ed she sustained "contusions to [her] jaw and lip" as a result of the assault. The judge admitted the medical record into evidence without objection from defenda nt. The judge questioned plaintiff as to why she told the physician at the e mergency room that she had been "punched in the face" but did not mention that defendant struck her in her5 A- 2511

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TRO application. Plaintiff responded that the poli ce officers were "intimidating" her , "scared" her, and "did not help [her]." Defendant was then given the opportunity to cross-examine plaintiff bu t declined to do so. Plaintiff presented B.G. as a fact witness. He re sides in the same apartment building as the parties. B.G. testified that defendant "bangs on the walls, bangs on the doors for hours, from [five] in the morning," defendant has "caused lots of problems with the neighborhood," an d "had the cops come multiple times." B.G. testified that defendant "harasses [plaintiff] while the cops are there," and the "arresting officers . . . weren 't doing anything about it" and "just told [him] to go f*** himself two times." B.G. testified he did not witness defendant hit pl aintiff, but saw "bruises on her face," a "cut on her nose," and "scrapes on her arm" on the day of the incident. B.G. stated on prior occasions that he o bserved plaintiff with "black eyes." B.G., who apparently was on the scene when the officers arrived, testified the y did not photograph plaintiff's injuries on the da te of the incident. Defendant cross-examined B.G. about the wall banging at 5:00 a.m. B.G. responded he lives "two doors down" from the parties, and the ba nging is "really loud" and "wakes him up."6 A- 2511

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Plaintiff also presented V.R. as a fact witness. V.R. is B.G.'s girlfriend. V.R. also testified defendant was banging on the do or two days before the incident occurred

— "like a Friday." V.R. testified that on the day of the incident, there was an "altercation" with defendant, and the "cops were there." V.R. testified that she and B.G. took plaintiff to the e mergency room on the day of the incident and on another unspecified occasion. The record shows the judge observed plaintiff nodding off during V.R.'s testimony. The judge interrupted and asked plainti ff if she was sleeping in the courtroom during the proceedings. Plaintiff answer ed she had a "bad" concussion, was "sick," and medication prescribed b y her doctor made her "sleepy," but she was "clear-minded" enough to proc eed. The judge nonetheless adjourned the proceedings at that point because he was concerned about plaintiff's ability to focus and coherently proceed with her case. Defend ant waived cross-examination of V.R., and the matter wa s adjourned until March 17, 2022. The next day, on February 25, 2022, plaintiff amend ed her complaint to include allegations that she had testified to but t hat were not in the initial complaint. In her amended complaint, plaintiff all eged the parties argued on February 13, 2022, defendant was drunk, and that he ke pt her up all night.7 A- 2511

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Plaintiff also included in her amended complaint th at on February 13, 2022, defendant punched the left side of her face causing her to fall backwards over a space heater and hit her head on the kitchen floor. Plaintiff also alleged in the amended complaint she told defendant she was callin g the police, and he responded, "now you have a f****** reason to call." Plaintiff further alleged in the amended complaint that she got up, ran into the bathroom, locked the door, and called 9-1-1. She claimed the inside of her mo uth was bleeding where she bit her tongue when defendant struck her. After the police arrived, plaintiff went to the eme rgency room at Virtua Voorhees Hospital where she was evaluated, underwen t two CT scans, and was diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome. Plaintiff alleged she needs surgery as a result of the injury inflicted by defendant

— cervical radiculopathy

— and she has developed heart palpitations because of resulti ng trauma from the incident. The amended complaint alleged the predicate acts of as sault and harassment, and that defendant committed a prior act of domesti c violence against plaintiff. On March 17, 2022, when the trial resumed, plainti ff testified she was diagnosed with post -concussion syndrome, which causes her to "nod" out

. Plaintiff stated she "need[s] to feel protected" an d take care of herself physically.8 A- 2511

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Plaintiff added she suffers from "memory loss" and unbearable headaches. Defendant waived cross-examination, and plaintiff r ested her case. Defendant testified the parties resided together f or about three years. He stated plaintiff has PTSD, and he "went through a l ot about that with her." Defendant testified the "reason" plaintiff is in co urt is "because she just wanted to commandeer [his] residence." He testified plain tiff had a "problem" with "some guys . . . harassing her" or [she] needed som e money." Defendant claimed plaintiff needed a place to stay, he was living alo ne, and he told plaintiff that she could come live with him. He claimed he felt " sorry" for plaintiff because she had multiple health issues and had been on hospice care. Defendant wanted plaintiff to watch his residence while he was worki ng nights. Defendant testified the parties eventually became an "item." Defendant ass ert ed plaintiff has a "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" person ality. According to defendant, plaintiff "went off the dee p end about a cup of coffee" on the day of this incident. He stated he "never put [his] hands" on plaintiff and "she has swung at [him]." The judge asked defendant to review plaintiff's Februa ry 13, 2022 medical record and explain the reference to her diagnosis o f "contusion" to the face and history of "trauma, patient was punch ed in the face." Defendant testified he "did9 A- 2511

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not touch her," he "did not punch her," and the off icers "checked her over and there was nothing wrong with her." Defendant testi fied he did not accompany plaintiff to the emergency room. Defendant stated the officers saw "no blood" coming from plaintiff's mouth as she had claimed, a nd she was having one of her "PTSD moment[s]." Defendant testified that what ever happened to plaintiff "was not because of [him,]" and there was "nothing wrong with her" when the police "escorted him out of the house." Following the completion of testimony, the judge i ssued an or al decision. The judge found jurisdiction was established under the PDVA because the parties had a dating relationship and had resided t ogether. The judge determined that defendant had committed the predicate act of a ssault but not the predicate act of harassment. In his thoughtful decision, the judge questioned plaintiff's credibility because "her thoughts were jumbled," sh e seemed "confused" when she testified, and she was sometimes "unresponsive" when the judge tried to "redirect" her. The judge was unpersuaded by plaintiff's filing of an amended complaint after the first day of the hearing to include a "na rrative of being punched in the face" and that she had gone to the emergency room. The judge did not find plaintiff's correction of the deficiency in the ori ginal TRO to be a "compelling10 A- 2511

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reason to believe her story." And the judge emphas iz ed defendant "adamantly" denied he struck plaintiff. Relying instead on the admitted medical record, the judge highlighted that plaintiff "stated to someone at the emergency depar tment that she had been punched in the face." The judge went on to explain that based upon plaintiff's statement, the hospital practitioners performed a C T scan of plaintiff's head, brain, and facial bones, "looking for things that w ould have been consistent with being struck in the face . . . [b]ecause that's wha t [plaintiff] came in saying happened to her." The judge concluded the reasonab l e inference to be drawn from the medical record was plaintiff was credible about what she told hospital staff, and defendant punched her in the face on Feb ruary 13, 2022, notwithstanding the fact that plaintiff neglected to tell the judge who issued the
TR O "about being punched in the face at all." The judge noted neither party called the investigat ing officers as witnesses to corroborate their respective version of events. The judge stated plaintiff's fact witnesses

— B.G. and V.R.

— did not witness the February 13, 2022 incident, but B.G. credibly testified he saw "bruises" on plainti ff's face and a "cut on her nose" that day. Based upon the "sufficient corroboration of plainti ff's version of events," the judge concluded she met her burden of proving by a preponderance11 A- 2511

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of the evidence that defendant assaulted her. The judge found p laintiff required protection from defendant because she appeared "almost lik e a wounded animal in the courtroom" at the beginning of the hearing " when she was in the same room near . . . defendant" and needs to be "free of the threat of further physical violence" requiring issuance of an FRO. This appea l followed.
II. In a domestic violence case, we accord substantial d eference to the family judge's findings, which "are binding on appeal when supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411-12 (1998) (citing Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)). Deference is especially appropriate when much of th e evidence is testimonial and implicates credibility determinations. Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412. We do not disturb the judge's factual findings and legal conc lusions unless we are "convinced that they are so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidenc e as to offend the interests of justice." Ibid. (quoting Rova Farms, 65 N.J. at 484). However, we review de

novo "the trial judge's legal conclusions and the applic ation of those conclusions to the facts." Reese v. Weis, 430 N.J. Super. 552, 568 (App. Div. 2013)(citing12 A- 2511

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Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. of Comm. of Manalapa n, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995) ). When determining whether to grant an FRO pursuant t o the PDVA, the trial judge must make two determinations. Silver v . Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112, 125

- 27 (App. Div. 2006). The first Silver prong is "whet her the plaintiff has proven, by a preponderance of the credible evidence , that one or more of the predicate acts set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a) ha s occurred." Id. at 125. Upon finding the commission of a predicate act, the judge must then address the second Silver prong

— whether an FRO is necessary to protect the pla intiff from future acts or threats of violence. Id . at 126. In other words, the judge must find that "relief is necessary to preven t further abuse." J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 458, 476 (2011) (quoting N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(b)); see also Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127 (explaining the judg e must find that an FRO is necessary to protect "the victim from an immediate danger or to prevent further abuse"). The second prong, like the first, "must be evaluate d in light of the previous history of domestic violence between the plaintiff and defendant including previous threats, harassment and physical abuse," a s well as "whether immediate danger to the person or property is present." Silv er, 387 N.J. at 124 (quoting13 A- 2511

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Corrente v. Corrente, 281 N.J. Super. 243, 248 (App . Div. 1995) (citing N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1)-(2))). Applying these principles, we conclude there is no b asis to disturb the judge's factual findings or legal conclusions. He had the opportunity to hear and consider the testimony of the parties, plaintiff's witnesses B.R. and V.R., and plaintiff's medical record. The judge had the oppo rtunity to assess the parties' and witness's credibility based on believability an d demeanor. His factual findings are supported by substantial credible evid ence, and those facts were correctly applied to the law. Defendant points to no evidence in the record that undermines the judge's findings. The judge determined that plaintiff proved the pred icate act of simple assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(a), which provides:

A person is guilty of assault if the person: (1) Attempts to cause or purposely, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to another; or (2) Negligently causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon; or (3) Attempts by physical menace to put another in fear of imminent serious bodily injury.14 A- 2511

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The judge found plaintiff testified and amended he r complaint to state defendant "punched" her in the face on the day of t he incident and went to the hospital that day for evaluation and treatment. Th us, the judge determined plaintiff did not "fabricate [] a story about havin g been punched in the face by someone" in a hospital emergency room and undergo C T scanning "to create an emergency room record upon which she could eventual ly rely upon at trial." In his decision, the judge underscored the fact that p laintiff "forgot to tell" the judge who issued the TRO about being "punched in th e face," but the emergency room record and the credible testimony of B.G., who saw "bruises and a cut contemporaneous with the events alleged to have bee n a punch on that same date," and who "was there and saw the aftermath," established the incident occurred. The judge found there was "sufficient corroboration of plaintiff's version of events" to find she met her burden of pr oof to establish defendant committed the predicate act of assault. We discern no error in the judge's factual findings or statutory interpretation on this issue. "Bodily injury is defined as 'physical pain, illnes s or any impairment of physical condition.'" State ex rel. S.B., 333 N.J. Super. 236, 242 (2000) (quoting N.J.S.A. 2C:11-1(a)). "Not much is required to sho w bodily injury. For example, the stinging sensation caused by a slap is adequate to support an15 A- 2511

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assault." State v. Stull, 403 N.J. Super. 501, 505 (App. Div. 2008) (quoting N.B. v. T.B., 297 N.J. Super. 35, 43 (App. Div. 1997)). "[P]hysical discomfort, or a sensation caused by a kick during a physical confro ntation, as well as pain, as that word is commonly understood, is sufficient to constitute bodily injury for purposes of a prosecution for a simple assault." S .B., 333 N.J. Super. at 244. Defendant's punching of plaintiff in the face is a bodily injury for purposes of assault. A plaintiff need establish only a single predicate act. Cesare, 154 N.J. at 402. Therefore, we need not address defendant's ar guments or analyze the judge's dismissal of the harassment claim under N.J .S.A. 2C:33-4. The judge's analysis satisfactorily addresses the first inquiry under Silver. The second inquiry is whether the judge should enter a restraining order that provides protection for the victim. Silver, 3 87 N.J. Super. at 127. "Although this second determination . . . is most o ften perfunctory and selfevident, the guiding standard is whether a restrain ing order is necessary, upon evaluation of the factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C: 25-29(a)(1) to -29(a)(6), to protect the victim from an immediate danger or to p revent further abuse." Ibid. The factors which the court should consider include , but are not limited

to:16 A- 2511

- 21 (1) The previous history of domestic violence betwe en the plaintiff and defendant, including threats, harassment and physical abuse; (2) The existence of immediate danger to person or property; (3) The financial circumstances of the plaintiff an d defendant; (4) The best interests of the victim and any child; (5) In determining custody and parenting time the protection of the victim's safety; and (6) The existence of a verifiable order of protecti on from another jurisdiction. [N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a).] The judge evaluated defendant's conduct "in light of the previous history of violence between the parties. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125-26 (quoting Peranio v. Peranio, 280 N.J. State 47, 54 (App. Div . 1995)). The judge noted plaintiff previously filed a TRO against defendant, but later dismissed it. The initial TRO complaint and the amended TRO complaint alleged a prior history of domestic violence. Plaintiff testified defendant assaulted her in the past, and he did not rebut her testimony on this issue. The judge found plaintiff was punched in the face, had a cut on her nose, and req uired treatment at an emergency room. These findings are sufficiently su pported in the record.17 A- 2511

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Defendant claims he no longer resides with plainti ff and wishes to have no future interactions with her, militating against t he need for an FRO under the second Silver prong. But the judge explicitly foun d plaintiff was physically harmed by plaintiff and emphasized her "subjective" fear of him when she saw him in the courtroom. Here, the judge correctly de termined defendant's egregious act of assaulting plaintiff and her requi ring treatment at an emergency room and multiple CT scans supported the issuance o f an FRO. In sum, plaintiff presented sufficient credible evidence to support b oth Silver prongs, and under the totality of the circumstances, we see no eviden tiary errors, oversight, or abuse of discretion. Affirmed.