|   | a) | designed      such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure      controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure      that material information relating to the registrant, including its      consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those      entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being      prepared; |
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|   | b) | Paragraph      omitted in accordance with SEC transition rules contained in SEC Release      No. 33-8238; |
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|   | c) | evaluated      the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures      and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of      the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period      covered by this report based on such evaluation;  and |
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|   | d) | disclosed      in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over      financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent      fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an      annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to      materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial      reporting; and |
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|   | a) | all      significant deficiencies and material weakness in the design of operation      of internal      control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely      affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report      financial data and have identified for the registrant's auditors any      material weakness in internal controls;  and |
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|   | b) | any      fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or      other  employees who have a significant role in the registrant's      internal control over financialreporting. |
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