IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 15-2142

Filed December 21, 2016

IN THE MATTER OF THE 

HELEN R. MACMASTERS TRUST

JOHN WEAVER, LAURIE WEAVER, 

and RICHARD WEAVER,

Appellants,

vs. 

CLARENCE RIHA,

Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Winneshiek County, John J. 

Bauercamper, Judge.

Residual beneficiaries appeal from district court order concluding trustee 

had abused its discretion in denying income beneficiary’s requests for funds. 

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Barton L. Seebach of Story, Schoeberi & Seebach, L.L.P., Cresco, for 

appellants.

James Burns of Miller, Pearson, Gloe, Burns, Beatty & Parrish, P.L.C., 

Decorah, for appellee.

Heard by Mullins, P.J., Bower, J., and Scott, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2015).
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SCOTT, Senior Judge.

John Weaver, Laurie Weaver, and Richard Weaver (collectively the 

Weavers) appeal from a district court order directing the trustee of the Helen R. 

MacMasters Trust (the Trust), a testamentary discretionary support trust with 

standards, to distribute funds from the trust principal to provide funds for a 

lawnmower, car, and handicapped-accessible house for the income beneficiary 

of the trust, Clarence Riha. The trial court concluded that trustee, Decorah Bank 

& Trust (DB&T), had abused its discretion in denying Riha’s requests for said 

funds. The Weavers contend on appeal DB&T did not abuse its discretion.

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

Helen MacMasters wrote her last will and testament on February 15, 

2013, shortly before she died on April 11. Her estate was opened on April 12. 

An inventory of her estate concluded its gross assets totaled approximately $3.4 

million.

Riha is MacMasters’s brother. She designated him as the beneficiary of a 

nonprobate asset, an IRA. He was also named as the income beneficiary of the 

Trust, which was created by MacMasters’s will. The will further provided: “In 

addition to the net income, the trustee shall pay to Clarence Riha such sums 

from the principal as the trustee deems advisable for Clarence Riha’s health, 

education, support, or maintenance.” The residue of the estate or trust was 

bequeathed to eight individuals, including the Weavers.

On August 30, 2013, before assets were transferred into the Trust, Riha 

filed an application for possession, in which he requested $331,159.75. 

Specifically, he requested $5510.50 to purchase a lawnmower, $25,649.25 to 
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purchase a 2013 Chevrolet Impala, and $300,000 to construct a new, 

handicapped-accessible home. Riha is confined to a wheelchair because of hip 

and leg issues. In addition, he has a prosthetic right hand due to a farm accident 

and another injury rendered him without the full use of his left hand. According to 

his testimony, his current home is inadequate to his needs. Riha testified his 

current lawnmower is broken and cannot be repaired. He also testified that a car 

is necessary to transport him to various appointments, although he is unable to 

drive.

In September 2013, the executor paid all of the will’s special bequests, 

which amounted to $90,000. The residuary beneficiaries and executor filed 

objections to Riha’s application. Riha withdrew his application on October 4 but 

filed substantially the same document on October 9. The residuary beneficiaries 

and executor again objected, asserting, in part, the application was premature 

because no assets had yet been transferred to the Trust.

In March 2014, the executor filed his final report. Riha objected, in part,

because his application had not been granted. In April, DB&T was appointed 

trustee. In September, the executor and residuary beneficiaries filed a joint 

motion to dismiss Riha’s application in the estate case and transfer it to the trust 

case. That motion was granted over Riha’s resistance. In October, the 

executor’s final report was approved. Shortly thereafter, the residual assets of 

the estate were distributed to the Trust. In December, the Trust issued a check 

to Riha for $16,000 and informed him he would begin receiving monthly checks 

for $2000.
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Trial was held on January 22 and 23, and April 15, 2015. On August 10, 

2015, the district court issued its ruling in favor of Riha. The court ordered the 

trustee to make the payments Riha requested in his application. The Weavers

now appeal.

II. Scope and Standard of Review

This case was heard in equity. See Iowa Code § 633.33 (2013). As such, 

our review is de novo. Iowa R. App. P. 6.907.

III. Trustee Discretion

The language establishing the Trust provides the principal of the Trust 

could only be invaded if necessary for Riha’s support and maintenance. 

Therefore, the Trust was a support trust. See In re Barkema Trust, 690 N.W.2d 

50, 53 (Iowa 2004). There are two types of support trusts: (1) pure support trusts 

and (2) discretionary support trusts. Id. at 54.

A settlor creates a pure support trust if a trustee is directed to pay 

or apply trust income or principal for the benefit of a named person, 

but only to the extent necessary to support him, and only when the 

disbursements will accomplish support. In contrast, a settlor 

creates a discretionary support trust if the stated purpose of the 

trust is to furnish the beneficiary with support, and the trustee is 

directed to pay to the beneficiary whatever amount of trust income 

or principal the trustee deems necessary for his support.

Id. Here, the Trust allows for invasion of the principal for Riha’s “health, 

education, support, and maintenance” as “the trustee deems advisable.” This 

language creates a discretionary support trust. See id.; In re Family Trust of 

Windus, No. 07-2006, 2008 WL 3916438, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 27, 2008).

A trustee’s discretion is broad. See Iowa Code § 633A.4214(1) (“A trustee 

shall exercise a discretionary power within the bounds of reasonable judgment 
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and in accordance with applicable fiduciary principles and the terms of the 

trust.”); see also id. § 633A.4702 (“In the absence of clear and convincing 

evidence to the contrary, language in a governing instrument granting a trustee 

discretion to make or withhold a distribution shall prevail over any language in the 

governing instrument indicating that the beneficiary may have a legally 

enforceable right to distributions or indicating a standard for payments or 

distributions.”). “Absent an abuse of discretion, a trustee’s exercise of discretion 

is not subject to control by a court.” Id. § 633A.4214(2). As a result, “a mere 

difference of judgment between the court and the trustee[]” is not enough to merit 

court intervention. In re Clark, 154 N.W. 759, 760 (Iowa 1915).

In determining whether a trustee has abused his or her 

discretion in exercising or failing to exercise a power, we consider 

(1) the intended breadth of the trustee’s discretion under the trust 

instrument; (2) the purpose of the trust; (3) the nature of the power 

at issue; (4) “the existence . . . of an external standard by which the 

reasonableness of the trustee’s conduct can be judged” and the 

definiteness of that standard; (5) “the motives of the trustee in 

exercising or refraining from exercising the power”; and (6) whether 

the trustee has an interest in conflict with the beneficiaries’ interest.

In re Clement Trust, 679 N.W.2d 31, 39 (Iowa 2004) (citations omitted).

The district court noted the individual trust officer at DB&T who served as 

trustee, Roger Huinker, did not initially meet with Riha nor request financial 

information from him. During the gap between trial dates, Huinker did meet with 

Riha, visit his home, and obtain some financial information. The trustee 

continued to oppose Riha’s requests. The court found the trustee had abused its 

discretion in denying Riha’s requests “in not diligently and timely investigating the 

needs of the beneficiary and properly considering those needs.” 
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We review the Clement Trust factors. See id. First, we read the trust 

instrument to grant the trustee broad discretion by allowing the trustee to 

promote Riha’s health, education, support, or maintenance by invading the 

principal “as the trustee deems advisable.” See Olsen v. Iowa Bd. of Pharmacy, 

No. 14-2164, 2016 WL 2745845, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. May 11, 2016) (citing with 

approval district court’s characterization of similar language as “broad”). Second, 

the purpose of the trust is twofold: (1) to benefit Riha in the present, and (2) to 

benefit the residuary beneficiaries in the future. See In re Estate of Frye, No. 13-

1170, 2014 WL 3511827, at *11 (Iowa Ct. App. July 16, 2014) (noting the dual 

purposes of a trust); In re Residual Trust for Wray, No. 05-0116, 2005 WL 

2990573, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 9, 2005) (concluding residuary beneficiary 

“had no entitlement to principal or income from the trust during” primary 

beneficiary’s lifetime). Third, the nature of the power at issue is to distribute 

funds from the principal as the trustee deems advisable. Fourth, there appears 

to be no external standard to refer to. See Clement Trust, 679 N.W.2d at 39.

We consider the trustee’s motives fifth. Huinker testified at trial. When 

asked why he denied the requests, he answered, “My basis was not getting 

sufficient information at the time to make that decision, that large distribution, at 

this time, in good faith. I didn’t feel this was proper to do at this time.” He further 

testified he had limited contact with Riha, and that he felt a responsibility to Riha 

and the residuary beneficiaries. From our review of his testimony, we see no 

dishonesty, improper motive, or failure to exercise judgment in the trustee’s 

decision to deny Riha’s requests. See Ventura Cty. Dep’t of Child Support 

Servs. v. Brown, 11 Cal. Rptr. 3d 489, 497 (Cal. Ct. App. 2004) (“The court will 
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not interfere with a trustee’s exercise of discretion ‘unless the trustee, in 

exercising or failing to exercise the power acts dishonestly, or with an improper 

even though not a dishonest motive, or fails to use his judgment, or acts beyond 

the bounds of reasonable judgment.’” (citation omitted)). As to the sixth factor, 

there is no contention Huinker has a conflict of interest here, and we find none.

The district court faulted the trustee’s failure to investigate Riha’s finances, 

but we decline to put the onus on the trustee to investigate every request that 

comes before it. While an income beneficiary’s request for a new home is 

unusual, Riha’s request is perhaps a reasonable one, and he has now put forth 

some justification for it. However, it would be inefficient to require a trustee to 

spend resources investigating every proposal, particularly while placing no 

similar duty on the beneficiary to justify the request. We find no court that has 

imposed such a duty. We do not think it was misguided or an abuse of discretion

to request financial information from Riha before making his requested 

distribution, absent language in the will prohibiting such practice. See Carmody 

v. Betts, 289 S.W.3d 174, 178 (Ark. Ct. App. 2008) (citing Restatement (Third) of 

Trusts § 50 cmt. e (Am. Law Inst. 2003)); Laubner v. J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 

N.A., 898 N.E.2d 744, 752 (Ill. App. Ct. 2008); In re G.B. Van Dusen Marital 

Trust, 834 N.W.2d 514, 523 (Minn. Ct. App. 2013); In re Trusts for McDonald, 

953 N.Y.S.2d 751, 753–54 (N.Y. App. Div. 2012). Nothing in our consideration of 

the Clement Trust factors suggests an abuse of discretion. We therefore reverse 

the judgment of the district court and remand for proceedings consistent with this 

opinion.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.