In th e S u p re m e Co u rt o f Ge o rg ia

De c id e d: F e b ru a ry 2 2, 2 01 6

S 1 5 A1 9 1 3. KELLAM v . THE S TATE.

B ENHAM , Ju stic e

.

Ap p e lla n t Ja wo rsk i Du n e Ke lla m w a s c o n v ic te d o f m a lic e m urd e r a n d

o th e r c h a rg e s a risin g o u t o f th e d e a th o f se v e n te e n -m o n th -o ld A ’Tre v ia Da v is,

a n d h e a p p e a ls. 1 F o r th e re a so n s se t fo rth h e re in , we a ffirm

.

T h e e v id e n c e a dd u c e d a t tria l, v ie we d in th e lig h t m ost fa v ora ble to th e

v e rd ic t, sh o ws th e c h ild ’s m o th e r le ft h e r with a p pe lla n t, w h o wa s th e m o th e r’s

frie n d

, aro u n d 6 :0 0 a .m

. Th e m o th e r t e s t i f i ed t h a t th e c h ild wa s fin e a n d sh e

sa w no e v id e n c e o f in

ju rie s on th e c h ild ’s n e c k e ith e r a t t h e tim e sh e le ft th a t

m o rn in g o r th e p rio r d a y

. La te r in th e da y

, th e c h ild wa s ru sh e d to th e h o sp ita l

1 The crimes occurred on Aug ust 17, 2005. On O ctober 4

, 2005, a L aurens County g rand

jury returned an indi ctment c harg ing appellant with malice murder, f elony murder (cruelty to

children), and c ruelty to children. Appellant was tried September 17-18, 2007, and the jury returned

a verdict of g uilty on all charg es. The felony murder conviction was vacated as a matter of law, and

the trial judg e sentenced appellant to imprisonment for life without p arole for the malice murder

conviction, and imprisonment f or a term of twenty y ears t o s er v e concurrently f or the cruelty to

children conviction. On October 10, 2007, appellant filed a motion for new trial. After a hearing

, the t r i a l c o u rt denied the motion for new trial by order d ated F ebruary 5, 2009. Appellant filed a

motion for out-of-time appeal, w hich the trial court g ranted Septem b e r 1 1

, 2014. The case was

docketed in this Court to the September 2015 term for a decision to be made on the briefs.a fte r a

p p e lla n t c la im s h e fo u n d h e r u n re sp on siv e in th e b e d ro o m

.

Ap p e lla n t to ld o th e rs wh o te stifie d a t tria l th a t h e h a d b e e n p la y in g with

th e c h ild b y th ro win g h e r on th e b e d

, a nd th e n h e le ft h e r fo r he r n a p

. W h e n h e

re tu rn e d to th e ro om sh e wo u ld n o t wa k e up a n d h e r e y e s we re ro lle d b a c k in h e r

h e a d . Ap p e lla n t so u g h t h e lp fro m a n e ig h b o r wh o te stifie d h e fo u nd th e c h ild

wa s “slig h tly bre a th in g ,” a nd th a t h e sta rte d CP R b e fo re ta k in g th e c h ild to th e

h o sp ita l. Th is n e ig h b o r te stifie d h e wa s tra in e d a n d e x pe rie n c e d in

a d m in iste rin g C P R to c h ild re n

. Ho sp ita l a tte n d a n ts e x a m in e d th e c hild a n d

fo u n d sh e wa s n o t b re a th in g

, wa s listle ss, a n d h a d no p u lse

. Re su sc it a tio n

e ffo rts fa ile d a n d th e c hild d ie d

.

In re sp o n se to b e in g a sk e d

, a p pe lla n t to ld n urse s th a t th e v ic tim h a d n o t

fa lle n o ff th e be d

. Nu rse s n o te d in ju r i es t o t h e v ic tim ’s wrist a n d n e c k

,

a b ra sio n s th a t lik e ly o c c urre d with in 3 0 to 4 0 m in ute s b e fo re e x a m in a tio n

, a n d

n o te d th a t th e v ic tim ’s a

b d o m e n h a d sta rte d to swe ll. A GBI m e d ic a l e x a m in e r

te stifie d a t tria l th a t sh e p e rfo rm e d a n a u to psy o n th e c h ild to d e te rm in e c a use

o f d e a th

. Du rin g th e e x a m in a tio n

, sh e fo u n d re c e n t in ju rie s to th e v ic tim ’s fa c e

a n d n e c k

, a s we ll a s b ru isin g a ro un d th e v ic tim ’s a b d o m e n

. Th e m e d ic a l

e x a m in e r’s in te rn a l e x a m in a tio n re v e a le d b le e d in g with in th e a b d o m e n

, se ve re

2in

ju rie s to th e v ic tim ’s liv e r, h e m o rr h a gin g a ro u n d th e k id n e y s a n d sto m a c h

, a n d

a lso re v e a le d th a t th e v ic tim h a d b le d o u t a p p ro x im a te ly twe n ty p e rc e n t o f h e r

b lo o d in to h e r a

b do m in a l c a v ity

. Ac c o rd in g to th e m e d ic a l e x a m in e r, th e c a use

o f d e a th wa s a se v e re b lu n t

- f o r c e in ju ry to th e a

b d o m e n

. Sh e c o n c lu d e d th e

se v e rity o f in

ju rie s to th e v ic tim ’s a

b d o m e n re q u ire d a “ tre m e n do u s” a m o u n t o f

b lu n t fo rc e in o rd e r to p ro d u c e th e m

, a k in to b e in g p u n c he d with a c lin c h e d fist,

b e in g k i c k e d

, o r be in g in a n a u to m o bile a c c id e n t. S h e te stifie d th a t th e se

in ju rie s w e re in c o n siste n t with v ig o ro us o r m isa pp lie d CP R a

n d w i t h a pp e lla n t’s

sto ry th a t h e h a d to sse d th e v ic tim in to th e a ir a n d th re w h e r b a c k on to th e b e d

.

1

. E ve n th o u g h a p p e lla n t d oe s n o t c ha lle n g e th e su ffic ie n c y o f th e

e v id e n c e to su sta in h is c o n v ic tio n s, it is th is Co u rt’s p ra c tic e in m u rd e r c a se s to

c o n d u c t a n e x a m in a tio n o f th e re c o rd to de te rm in e th e le g a l su ffic ie n c y o f th e

e v id e n c e

. Ha v in g d o n e so

, w e c o n c lu d e th e e vid e n c e a d d u c e d a t tria l, a n d

su m m ariz e d a

b o v e

, wa s le g a lly su ffic ie n t to a u th o riz e a ra tio n a l trie r o f fa c t to

fin d be y o n d a re a so na

b le d o u b t th a t wh ile th e vic tim wa s in a p p e lla n t’s c a re h e

fa ta lly in ju re d h e r in th e m a n n e r a lle g e d in th e in dic tm e n t a n d wa s g u ilty o f th e

c rim e s o f wh ic h h e wa s c o n v ic te d

. S e e J a c k so n v

. V irg in ia

, 4 4 3 U .S

. 3 0 7

, 3 1 9

(III) (B) (9 9 S Ct 2 7 81

, 6 1 LEd 2d 5 6 0 ) (1 9 79 ).

32

. Ap p e lla n t a sse rts th e tria l c o u rt e rre d b y d e n y in g h is re q ue st to c h arg e

th e ju ry o n a c c id e n t. Alth o u g h a p p e lla n t d id no t te stify in o rd e r to g iv e h is o wn

sta te m e n t o f e v e n ts su rro u n d in g th e c h ild ’s d e a th

, h e a sse rts th a t th e te stim o n y

o f S ta te ’s witn e sse s wh o r e l a t e d w h a t a p p e lla n t to ld th e m wa s su ffic ie n t to

c re a te an issu e a s to wh e th e r th e d e a th w a s c a use d b y a c c id e n t a n d to re qu ire th e

re q u e ste d c h a rg e

. Wh e th e r th e e v id e n c e p re se n te d is su ffic ie n t to a u th o riz e a

c h a rg e o n a c c id e n t, o r a n y o th e r d e fe n se

, is a q ue stio n o f la w. W ilso n v

. S ta te

,

2 7 9 Ga

. 1 0 4

, 1 0 5 (2 ) (6 1 0 S E2 d 66 ) (2 00 5). We fin d th e e v id e n c e p re se n te d in

th is c a se d id n o t a

u th oriz e a c h arg e o n a c c id e n t.

F irs t

, t h e o n ly e v id e n c e p re se n te d re ga rd in g th e c a u se of d e a th wa s th a t

th e c h ild ’s d e a th wa s c a

u se d b y “ tre m e n d o u s” b lu n t fo rc e tra u m a th a t c o u ld n o t

h a v e b e e n th e re su lt of th e c hild ’s fa llin g off th e b e d o r a se lf-in fl i c t e d in ju ry

.

Ac c o rd in g to th e m e d ic a l e xa m in e r, th e e x te n siv e in te rn a l in ju rie s fo u n d in th e

c h ild ’s a b d o m e n c o uld no t h a v e be e n in flic te d a c c id e n ta lly

. S h e fu rth e r sta te d

th a t th e re wa s n o wa y th e c hild c o u ld h a v e su sta in e d h e r in ju rie s a ro u n d th e

h o m e o th e r th a n b y so m e th in g sim ila r to a b lo w fro m a fist o r a k ic k

. Ap p e lla n t

d id n o t c h a lle n g e th is te stim o n y o n c ro ss-e x a m in a tio n, n or d id h e p re se n t

e v id e n c e to d isp u te th is te stim o n y

. S in c e a c c id e n t wa s n ot re a so na b ly ra ise d b y

4th e e v id e n c e

, t h e tria l c o u rt d id n o t e rr b y fa ilin g to g iv e a c h a rg e o n th a t

d e fe n se

. S e e Fa in v

. S ta te

, 1 6 5 Ga

. A p p

. 1 8 8

, 1 8 9 (3 ) (3 0 0 S E2 d 1 9 7 ) (1 9 8 3 ).

“ [A] n a f f i r ma tiv e d e fe n se o f a c c id e n t ge n e ra lly re q u ire s a n a d m issio n b y th e

d e fe n d a n t th a t [h e ] c o m m itte d th e a c t th a t c a u se d th e v ic tim ’s d e a th .” S mith v

.

S ta te

, 2 9 6 Ga

. 11 6, 1 1 9-1 2 0 (2 ) (7 6 5 S E2 d 3 2 8) (2 0 1 4 ). A t th e le a st, a

d e fe n d a n t’s th e ory o f a c c id e n t, wh e th e r it b e su p p o rte d b y d e f e n d a n t’s

a d m issio n o r so m e o th e r e v id e n c e

, m ust b e c o n siste n t with th e u n d isp u te d

e v id e n c e o f c a

u se o f de a th

, wh ic h wa s n o t th e c a se h e re

. By wa y o f e x p la in in g

wh a t ha p p e n e d to th e c h ild

, a

p p e lla nt sta te d to o th e rs o n ly th a t h e h a d b o u n c e d

th e c h ild o n th e b e d in pla y

. He d id n o t a d m it to o th e rs th a t h e stru c k th e c h ild

with “ tre m e n d o u s” fo rc e o r e v e n th a t sh e h a d fa lle n o ff b e d o r o n to a n y o th e r

o b je c t with su c h fo rc e

. In fa c t, h e d e n ie d to th e h o sp ita l n u rse th a t th e c h ild h a d

fa lle n o ff th e b e d

.

Ap p e lla n t a rg ue s th a t wh e th e r th e a c c id e n ta l d e a th of th e c h ild c ou ld h a v e

re su lte d fro m h is p la y in g with th e c h ild

, in th e m a nn e r h e re la te d to witn e sse s,

wa s a q ue stio n fo r th e ju ry a n d no t th e m e d ic a l e x a m in e r o r tria l ju d g e

. Giv e n

th e u n d isp u te d te stim o n y a b o u t th e e x te n t o f th e c h ild ’s in te rn a l in ju rie s,

h o we v e r, n o e v id e n c e wa s p re se n te d th a t th e c h ild c o uld h a v e su ffe re d th ose

5in

ju rie s in a m a n n e r c o n siste n t with a p p e lla nt’s sta te m e n ts a

b o u t b o u n c in g th e

c h ild o n th e b e d. S e e Gru bb s v

. S ta t e

, 1 6 7 Ga

. Ap p

. 3 6 5

, 3 6 7 (2 ) (3 0 6 S E2 d

3 3 4 ) (1 9 8 3 ) (“ Wh ile b e in g m in d fu l t h a t th e tria l c ou rt c a n no t in v a d e th e

p ro v in c e o f th e ju ry b y a rb itra rily re je c tin g a d e fe n se th e o ry

. . . a s un w o rth y o f

b e lie f a n d re fu sin g to c h a rg e u p o n th e issu e ra ise d ,” wh e re n o e v id e nc e wa s

p re se nte d th a t th e c hild c o u ld h a v e su ffe re d th e in ju ry d e sc rib e d b y th e d o c to rs

fro m th e a c ts d e sc rib e d b y th e d e fe n d a n t, th e e v id e n c e fe ll sh o rt o f c re a tin g a n

issu e o f a c c id e n t.).

S e c o n d ly

, a n a ffirm a tiv e d e fe n se is o n e “ th a t a dm its th e d o in g o f th e a c t

c h a rg e d b u t se e k s to ju stify

, e x c u se

, o r m itig a te it. Ac c o rd in g ly

, if a d e fe n d a n t

d o e s n o t a d m it to c o m m ittin g a n y a c t wh ic h c o n stitu te s th e o ffe n se c h a rg e d

, h e

is n o t e n title d to a c h a rg e o n th e d e fe n se o f a c c id e n t.” (Cita tio n an d p u n c tu a tio n

o m itte d .) Ma n g ru m v

. S ta te

, 2 8 5 Ga

. 6 76

, 68 0 (6 ) (6 8 1 S E2 d 1 3 0) (2 0 0 9 ). In

th is c a se , th e in d ic tm e nt re tu rn e d a g a in st a p p e lla n t a c c u se d h im o f th e o ffe nse

o f m u rd e r “ b y in flic tin g b lu nt fo rc e tra u m a in ju rie s to [th e c h ild ’s] a

b d o m e n

with a n u n k n own so lid o b je c t . . . .” Th e in d ic tm e nt a lso a c c u se d a p p e lla n t o f

c ru e lty to c h ild re n b y m a lic io u sly c a usin g th e c h ild “ to su ffe r e x c e ssiv e p h y sic a l

a n d m e n ta l p a in b y in flic tin g b lu n t fo rc e tra um a in ju rie s to h e r a

bd om e n with

6a n un k n o wn so lid o b je c t

. . . . ” Ap p e lla n t w a s a lso a c c u se d of fe lo ny m u rd e r b y

c a u sin g th e c h ild ’s de a th in th e c o m m issio n o f th e fe lo n y of c ru e lty to c h ild re n

b y in flic tin g th e sa m e in

ju rie s in th e sa m e m a n n e r a s th o se a lle g e d in th e c ru e lty

to c h ild re n c o u n t. A p p e lla n t p re se n te d n o e v id e nc e th a t h e a d m itte d th e a c t

d e sc rib e d in e a c h c o u n t o f th e in d ic tm e n t– th e in flic tio n o f blu n t fo rc e tra u ma

in ju rie s to th e v ic tim ’s a

b d o m e n with a so lid o b

je c t

. In ste a d

, th e e v id e n c e

sh o we d he a dm itte d o n ly to p la y in g with th e v ic tim by b o u n c in g h e r o n th e b e d

.

Ad d itio n a lly

, a c c o rd in g to th e u nd isp u te d te stim o n y of th e m e d ic a l e x a m in e r,

th e a c t o f bo u n c in g th e c h ild o n th e b e d c o uld no t ha v e be e n th e a c t th a t c a u se d

th e in ju rie s th a t we re a lle g e d in th e in d ic tm e n t a nd c o n firm e d b y t h e p o stm o rte m e x a m in a tio n o f th e c h ild

. Ap p e lla n t c o u ld arg ue

, a s h e d id in tria l

c o u n se l’s c l o sin g

, th a t th e S ta te ha d fa ile d to m e e t its b u rd e n o f p ro o f th a t

a p p e lla n t c o m m itte d th e a c t a l l e g e d in th e in dic tm e n t. Be c a u se

, ho we ve r,

a p p e lla n t fa ile d to “ e sta b lish a n e v id e ntia ry fo u n d a tio n to a uth o riz e a c h a rg e o n

th e d e fe n se o f a c c id e n t, th e tria l c o u rt d id n o t e rr in d e n y in g h is re q u e st.”

Du rd e n v . S ta te , 3 2 7 Ga . Ap p . 1 7 3 , 1 79 (6 ) (7 55 S E2 d 9 0 9) (2 0 14 ).

F u r t h e rm o re

, th e a lle ge d ju stific a tio n th a t th e v ic tim ’s in ju rie s we re

c a u se d b y a p p e lla n t’s m e re ly b o u n c in g h e r o n th e b e d fa ils to m e e t th e sta tu to ry

7d e fi n i t i o n o f a c c id e n t. “ A p e rso n sh a ll n ot b e fo u n d g u ilty o f a ny c rim e

c o m m itte d b y m isfo rtu n e o r a c c id e nt wh e re it sa tisfa c to rily a pp e a rs th e re wa s

n o c rim in a l sc h e m e o r u n d e rta k in g, in te n tio n

, o r c rim in a l n e g lig e nc e .” OCGA

§ 1 6 -2 -2

. Ac c o rd in g ly

, in o rd e r to c la im a c ci d e n t

, “ it m ust b e e sta blish e d a

d e fe n d a n t a c te d with o u t c rim in a l in te n t, w a s n o t e n ga g e d in a c rim in a l sc h e m e

,

a n d wa s n o t c rim in a lly n e g lig e n t, i.e

., d id n ot a c t in a m a n ne r sh owin g a n u tte r

d isre g a rd fo r th e s a f

e ty o f o th e rs wh o m ig h t re a so n a b ly b e e x p e c te d to b e

in ju re d th e re b y .” W

ilso n v

. S ta te

, 2 79 Ga

. 1 04

, 1 0 5 (2 ) (6 1 0 S E2 d 6 6 ) (2 0 0 5);

se e a lso J a c k so n v

. S ta te

, 32 9 Ga

. Ap p

. 24 0, 2 4 2-2 4 3 (7 64 S E2 d 5 6 9 ) (2 0 1 4 ).

In o rd e r fo r t h i s v ic tim ’s e x te n siv e a n d de a d ly in ju rie s to h a v e b e e n su sta in e d

a s a re su lt o f a

p p e lla n t ’s b o u n c in g h e r on a b e d, a p p e lla n t wo u ld n e c e ssa rily

h a v e b e e n a c tin g re c k le ssly

, a n d th e re f o r e w i th c rim in a l ne g lig e n c e

. 2 S e e

Bro w n e r v

. S ta te

, 2 9 6 Ga

. 13 8 (4 ) (7 6 5 S E2 d 3 4 8 ) (2 0 1 4 ) (a p pe lla n t’s te stim o n y

e sta b lish e d h is c o n d u c t c o n stitu te d c r i m i n a l n e g l i g e n c e

, th u s n e ga tin g th e th e ory

o f a c c id e n t). A c h a

rg e o n a c c id e n t is n o t a

u th o riz e d wh e n

, a s h e re

, th e a lle g e d

a c c id e n t o c c u rs wh ile th e d e fe n d a n t is a c tin g re c k le ssly . S e e id

.

2 “Criminal neg lig ence is an act or failure to act which demonstrates a willful, wanton, or

reckless disreg a

rd for the safety o f others who mig ht reasonably be e x pected to be injured thereby .”

OCGA § 16-2-1 (b).

83

. Ap p e lla n t a lso a sse rts th e tria l c o u rt e rre d b y d e n y in g h is re q u e st to

c h a rg e o n in vo lu n ta ry m a n sla u g h te r, a g a in

, pre m ise d o n t h e te stim o n y o f

witn e sse s th a t a

p p e lla n t to ld th e m

h e h a d b e e n p la y in g a n d th ro win g th e c h ild

o n th e b e d b e fo re h e re tu rn e d to th e ro o m a n d d isc ov e re d h e r in d istre ss. Ag a in

,

we c o n c lu d e a

c h a rg e o n th is d e fe n se wa s n ot a uth o riz e d a s a

m a tte r o f la w.

Ap p e lla n t a sse rts th e e v id e n c e wa s su ffic ie n t to ra ise a ju ry issu e a n d

re q u ire a ju ry c h a rg e with re sp e c t to wh e th e r h e is g u ilty o f in v o lu n ta ry

m a n sla u g h te r b y c o m

m ittin g a la wfu l a c t in a n u n l a wfu l m an n e r, a s g o v e rn e d

b y OCGA § 1 6 -5 -3 (b ). 3 Th e o n ly a c t a p pe lla n t a d m itte d to o th e rs in th is c a se

wa s th e a c t o f th ro win g t h e v ic tim o n th e b e d wh ile p la y in g with h e r. A s

d isc u sse d in Div isio n 2

, h owe v e r, th e u nd isp u te d e v id e n c e e sta b lish e d th a t th e

v ic tim ’s in

ju rie s c o u ld n o t ha v e b e e n su sta in e d in th e m an n e r a pp e lla n t re la te d

to th e wit n e s s e s

. He re

, th e u n d isp u te d e vid e n c e wa s th a t th e in ju rie s we re so

se v e re th a t th e y c ou ld o n ly ha v e b e e n in f l i c t e d b y so m e th in g a k in to a b lo w

fro m a fist o r a k ic k with “ tre m e n d o u s fo rc e .”

3 O CGA § 16-5-3 (b) provides: “A person commits the offense of involuntary manslaug hter

in the commission of a lawful act in an unlawful manner when he causes the death of another human

being without any intention to do so, by the commission o f a lawful act in an unlawful manner likely

to cause death or g

reat bodily

harm.”

9Ev e n if th e ju ry a c c e p te d a p p e lla n t’s sta te m e n t th a t h e b o u n c e d th e c h ild

o n th e b e d

, h is c o n d u c t, if it w e re th e c a use o f th e c h ild ’s fa ta l in

ju rie s, c o u ld n o t

h a v e b e e n la wfu lly p la y fu l b u t c o u l d on ly h a v e be e n re c kle ss a n d c rim in a lly

n e g lig e n t. “ [Ap p e lla n t’s] c o n d u c t, a s re la te d b y h im

, c o m e s so p la in ly with in th e

d e fin itio n o f th e c rim e o f ‘re c k le ss c o n d u c t’ th a t it c a n n o t q u a lify a s a ‘la wfu l

a c t.’ T h e re fu sa l to g iv e th e re q u e ste d c h a rg e wa s no t e rro r.” Ha rmo n v

. S ta te

,

2 5 9 Ga

. 8 4 6

, 8 4 9 (4 ) (a ) (3 8 8 S E 2 d 6 8 9 ) (1 9 9 0 ) (fa ta l in ju rie s c a u se d b y

in se rtin g a d o u c h e b o ttle in to a 2 7-m on th o ld c h ild ’s re c tu m in t h e c o u rse o f

g iv in g th e c h ild a n e ne m a

, a s a pp e lla n t to ld th e in v e stig a tin g a u th o ritie s, wa s

d o n e in su c h a m a n n e r a s to c a u se a t w o -in c h te a r in th e c h ild ’s v isc e ra

, a n d

th e r e f o r e c o u ld no t q u a lify a s a la wfu l a c t p u rsu an t to OCGA § 1 6 -5 -6 0 (b )).

S e e a lso Pa u l v

. S ta te

, 27 4 G a

. 6 0 1 (3 ) (a ) (5 5 5 S E2 d 7 1 6 ) (2 0 0 1 ) (a pp e lla n t’s

a c ts in d isc ip lin in g th e c hild v ic tim we re so se v e re th a t th e y p la in ly c a m e with in

th e d e fin itio n o f re c k le ss c o n d u c t a n d did n o t q u a lify a s a la w fu l a c t so a s to

re q u ire a n in stru c tio n o n la wfu l a c t– u n la wfu l m a n ne r in v ol u n ta ry

m a n sla u g h te r); Mo se s v

. S ta te

, 2 6 4 Ga

. 3 1 3

, 3 1 5 (2 ) (4 4 4 S E2 d 7 6 7 ) (1 9 9 4 )

(a p p e lla n t’s a d mi s s i o n to a u th o ritie s th a t h e p la c e d h is h an d o v e r a n in fa n t’s

m o u th to k e e p h im fro m c ry in g a n d wa k in g th e in fa n t’s m o th e r d id n o t re q u ire

10a c h a rg e o n in v o lu nta ry m a n sla u g h te r wh e re th e e v id e nc e sh o we d h is ha n d wa s

p la c e d so fo rc e fu lly a s to pre ve n t th e c h ild ’s bre a th in g fo r a p e rio d su ffic ie n t to

re su lt i n irre v e rsib le bra in d a m a g e a n d th e re fo re p la in ly c a m e w ith in th e

d e fin itio n o f th e c rim e o f re c k le ss c o n du c t).

Ju d g m e n t a ffirm e d . All th e Ju stic e s c o nc u r.

11