1 COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

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The slip opinion is the first version of an opinion released by the Chief Clerk of the 

Supreme Court. Once an opinion is selected for publication by the Court, it is 

assigned a vendor-neutral citation by the Chief Clerk for compliance with Rule 

23-112 NMRA, authenticated and formally published. The slip opinion may

contain deviations from the formal authenticated opinion.

IN THE SUPREME

Opinion Number: 

Filing Date: July 6, 2023

NO. S-1-SC-39057

STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

MICHAEL J. ROMERO,

Defendant-Petitioner.

ORIGINAL PROCEEDING ON CERTIORARI

Abigail Aragon, District Judge

Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender

Kimberly Chavez Cook, Appellate Defender

Charles D. Agoos, Assistant Appellate Defender

Santa Fe, NM

for Petitioner

Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General

Meryl Elizabeth Francolini, Assistant Attorney General

Santa Fe, NM

for Respondent
1 OPINION

2 THOMSON, Justice.

3 {1} “The constitutional command for trial by an impartial jury casts upon the

4 judiciary the exercise of judgment in determining the circumstances which preclude 

5 that free, fearless and disinterested capacity in analyzing evidence which is 

6 indispensable if jurymen are to deal impartially with an accusation.” Dennis v. 

7 United States, 339 U.S. 162, 181 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) (internal 

8 quotation marks omitted). Defendant Michael J. Romero alleges that his Sixth 

9 Amendment right to a fair and impartial jury was violated because one of his jurors

10 revealed during voir dire that he knew the investigator in the case. Defendant did not 

11 inquire into the juror’s potential bias during jury selection, did not challenge the 

12 juror for cause, did not use an available peremptory challenge on the juror, and did 

13 not otherwise object to the juror during jury selection. We conclude that the juror’s 

14 statements did not violate Defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury, 

15 and that Defendant both failed to preserve and waived any objection to the juror’s 

16 alleged bias. We therefore affirm the Court of Appeals. We write to clarify the types 

17 of bias that may present during jury selection, and to explain that failing to raise an 

18 objection to a juror’s perceived bias implicates issues of both preservation and 

19 waiver.
2 

1 I. BACKGROUND

2 {2} Defendant was convicted of second-degree murder and tampering with

3 evidence relating to the shooting death of his son’s friend. During voir dire at his 

4 trial, the State asked the entire venire whether they knew the lead crime scene 

5 investigator, Commander Pam Sandoval. Juror 11 said that he knew the witness, and 

6 the following exchange occurred: 

7 Juror 11: I’ve known Detective Sandoval for twenty plus years. I 

8 currently serve under — I’m one of her coaches at the West Las Vegas 

9 softball program. 

10 Prosecutor: So you’re — one of the things you do is the softball 

11 program for West Las Vegas?

12 Juror 11: Yes, sir.

13 Prosecutor: Is she the head coach?

14 Juror 11: Yes, sir.

15 Prosecutor: We anticipate calling Ms. Sandoval as one of the 

16 witnesses. Would you be able to set aside that relationship that she’s in 

17 a sense your boss and be able to make a decision based on the evidence?

18 Juror 11: That’s tough, I do socialize with her and I do know her on a 

19 personal basis . . . . 

20 Prosecutor: Would it be difficult for you, let’s say you had to vote not 

21 guilty, let’s say the facts came back and you vote, would that be difficult 

22 to face in this [inaudible]? 

23 Juror 11: It can be. It can compromise the relationship.
3 

1 After this colloquy, there were no further questions of Juror 11 relating to 

2 Commander Sandoval by the State, Defendant, or the court, and neither party moved 

3 to excuse Juror 11 for cause. 

4 {3} After the court considered challenges for cause, it went down the list of the

5 remaining potential jurors in order. One by one, the judge read the jurors’ names, 

6 and each party was given the opportunity to accept the juror or exercise a peremptory 

7 challenge. When the judge got to Juror 11, Defendant had three peremptory 

8 challenges remaining. The State and defense counsel each accepted Juror 11, and no 

9 peremptory challenge was used. With Juror 11 empaneled, the court continued to 

10 seat the remaining jury and two alternates. Defendant eventually used his final three 

11 peremptory challenges on other jurors before a full panel was chosen. 

12 {4} On appeal, Defendant now alleges the colloquy described above revealed

actual bias by Juror 11,

1 13 resulting in a violation of his Sixth Amendment right to a 

14 trial by an impartial jury. In a memorandum opinion, the Court of Appeals affirmed 

15 Defendant’s conviction of second-degree murder, concluding that Defendant did not 

1

Defendant alleges bias of two different jurors. Because Defendant’s briefing 

and grounds for requested relief only include arguments concerning Juror 11’s 

alleged bias, we omit discussion of Juror 14 and affirm the Court of Appeals on that 

issue. See Elane Photography, LLC v. Willock, 2013-NMSC-040, ¶ 70, 309 P.3d 53

(explaining appellate courts are under no obligation to review unclear or 

undeveloped arguments).
4 

1 preserve his objection to the juror and that the district court did not commit 

2 fundamental error by allowing the juror to participate in the trial. State v. Romero, 

3 A-1-CA-38757, mem. op. ¶¶ 1, 4, 14 (N.M. Ct. App. Oct. 15, 2021)

4 (nonprecedential). 

5 {5} We agree with the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that “the statements at issue

6 did not establish bias,” and that nothing Juror 11 said expressed prejudgment of 

7 Defendant’s guilt or a failure to obey the district court’s instruction to arrive at a 

8 verdict according to the evidence and the law. Id. ¶¶ 10, 12, 14. Therefore, Defendant 

9 failed to show a violation of his Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury. Id.

10 II. DISCUSSION

11 A. Standard of Review

12 {6} Fundamental error analysis is appropriate because Defendant’s claim was not

13 preserved. Rule 12-321(B)(2)(c) NMRA; see State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 55, 

14 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829 (“Failure to make a timely objection to alleged improper 

15 argument bars review on appeal, unless the impropriety constitutes fundamental 

16 error . . . [which] arises when [there is] misconduct that compromises the 
5 

defendant’s right to a fair trial.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).2 1 

2 Fundamental error analysis involves two basic steps. First, we determine “whether 

3 error occurred.” State v. Ocon, 2021-NMCA-032, ¶ 7, 493 P.3d 448. If an error has 

4 occurred, “we proceed to the second step, asking whether the error is fundamental.” 

5 Id. ¶ 8. In order to show fundamental error, Defendant must “demonstrate the 

6 existence of circumstances that shock the conscience or implicate a fundamental 

7 unfairness within the system that would undermine judicial integrity if left 

8 unchecked.” State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 21, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 

9 176 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Our analysis begins with an 

10 explanation of the categories of bias that may present during jury selection and the

11 role of voir dire to protect a defendant’s constitutional guarantee to an impartial jury. 

2

We correct a small but not insignificant misstatement of the standard of 

review by the Court of Appeals in this case. In its memorandum opinion, the Court 

of Appeals concluded by stating, “[i]n sum, we cannot say the facts of this case 

demonstrate ‘exceptional circumstances’ when guilt is so doubtful that it would 

‘shock the conscience to allow the conviction to stand.’” Romero, A-1-CA-38757,

mem. op. ¶ 14 (quoting State v. Aguilar, 1994-NMSC-046, ¶ 21, 117 N.M. 501, 873 

P.2d 247). The question under review here takes no account of the evidence or

doubtfulness of guilt. But in circumstances of alleged and actual juror bias where

there is uncertainty as to whether that bias was or was not the basis of the conviction,

substantial justice is our guide. See State v. Buhr, 1971-NMCA-017, ¶ 8, 82 N.M.

371, 482 P.2d 74.
6 

1 B. Types of Juror Bias

2 {7} The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires, “[i]n all

3 criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, 

4 by an impartial jury.” An impartial jury is one that “does not favor one side more 

5 than another, treats all alike, [and] is unbiased, equitable, fair and just.” State v. 

6 McFall, 1960-NMSC-084, ¶ 6, 67 N.M. 260, 354 P.2d 547. We presume “that a jury 

7 selected from a fair cross section of the community is impartial, regardless of the 

8 mix of individual viewpoints actually represented on the jury, so long as the jurors 

9 can conscientiously and properly carry out their sworn duty to apply the law to the 

10 facts of the particular case.” Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 184 (1986); see also 

11 State v. Gardner, 2003-NMCA-107, ¶ 12, 134 N.M. 294, 76 P.3d 47 (recognizing 

12 the presumption that the jury obeys its instructions).

13 {8} Questions of juror bias are not easily answered because “[i]mpartiality is not

14 a technical conception. It is a state of mind. . . . [T]he Constitution lays down no 

15 particular test[] and procedure is not chained to any ancient and artificial formula.” 

16 United States v. Wood, 299 U.S. 123, 145-46 (1936). In an effort to clarify questions 

17 of juror bias, we explain the two types of juror bias that might arise during jury 

18 selection: actual bias, which requires factual development, and implied bias, a bias 
7 

1 conclusively presumed as a matter of law. If potential bias presents itself during jury 

2 selection, voir dire and juror strikes become critical to ensuring an unbiased jury. 

3 1. Actual bias

4 {9} “Actual bias is bias in fact,” or “the existence of a state of mind that leads to

5 an inference that the person will not act with entire impartiality.” United States v. 

6 Torres, 128 F.3d 38, 43 (2d Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks omitted). Actual 

7 bias can only be uncovered when “a prospective juror is adequately questioned on 

8 voir dire with respect to his or her ability to apply the law impartially.” Id. at 44. In 

9 order to prove actual bias, the opponent of the juror must establish that the bias 

10 would actually affect the juror’s vote. United States v. Brazelton, 557 F.3d 750, 754 

11 (7th Cir. 2009).

12 {10} Actual bias is elicited by an unequivocal statement by the potential juror that

13 he or she cannot be fair and impartial. United States v. Haynes, 398 F.2d 980, 984 

14 (2d Cir. 1968) (“[Actual] bias is based upon express proof, e.g., by a voir dire 

15 admission by the prospective juror of a state of mind prejudicial to a party’s 

16 interest.”). This actual, express bias, which is an unusual occurrence, requires juror 

17 disqualification.

18 {11} Actual bias also “may be inferred when a juror discloses a fact that bespeaks

19 a risk of partiality sufficiently significant to warrant granting the trial judge 
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1 discretion to excuse the juror for cause, but not so great as to make mandatory a 

2 presumption of bias.” Torres, 128 F.3d at 47, 48 (concluding that where the juror 

3 spoke during voir dire about her involvement with similar conduct as was charged, 

4 “the mental gymnastics required for her to separate her own experience . . . from the 

5 . . . testimony . . . brought out at trial would have been too precarious and too 

6 strenuous to have been expected of any juror” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

7 Just as the trial court’s finding of actual bias must derive from voir dire 

8 questioning, so the court is allowed to dismiss a juror on the ground of 

9 inferable bias only after having received responses from the juror that 

10 permit an inference that the juror in question would not be able to 

11 decide the matter objectively.

12 Id. at 47.

13 2. Implied bias

14 {12} Implied bias is the second type of bias, and it is “attributable in law to the

15 prospective juror regardless of actual partiality.” Wood, 299 U.S. at 134. This type 

16 of bias requires a court to excuse a juror “if the juror is related to one of the principals 

17 in the case.” Brazelton, 557 F.3d at 753. Though an impliedly biased juror “may well 

18 be objective in fact, . . . the relationship is so close that the law errs on the side of 

19 caution” and requires excusal of the juror. Id. 

20 {13} This Court discussed implied bias in State v. Sanchez, 1995-NMSC-053, ¶ 14,

21 120 N.M. 247, 901 P.2d 178 (describing implied bias as an instance “where the juror 
9 

1 has a close relationship with a party or the attorneys trying the case” (citing 

2 Randolph v. Commonwealth, 716 S.W.2d 253, 255 (Ky. 1986) (concluding that a 

3 juror who was an employee of the state’s attorney was impliedly biased))). In 

4 Sanchez, a juror revealed on a questionnaire and during voir dire that her sister was 

5 an employee of the district attorney’s office. 1995-NMSC-053, ¶ 3. No attorneys 

6 asked any further questions relating to the juror’s relationship with the district 

7 attorney’s office, and it was not until jury deliberations were underway that defense 

8 counsel learned that the juror’s sister was a victims’ advocate who sat with the 

9 victim’s family during trial. Id. ¶¶ 3, 8. This Court concluded that the juror’s 

10 connection to the district attorney’s office was “indirect and insufficient as a matter 

11 of law to support a determination of implied bias.” Id. ¶ 15.

12 {14} Sanchez provides instructive examples of implied bias from other

13 jurisdictions. Id. ¶¶ 13-14. See, e.g., Haak v. State, 417 N.E.2d 321, 325-26 (Ind. 

14 1981) (concluding that a juror was impliedly biased where her husband accepted 

15 employment as a prosecutor); Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 222 (1982) 

16 (O’Connor, J., concurring) (identifying instances of impliedly biased jurors: “the 

17 juror is an actual employee of the prosecuting agency,” “the juror is a close relative 

18 of one the participants in the trial,” or “the juror was a witness or somehow involved 

19 in the [case]”). Implied bias is the easiest type of bias to manage because it is itself 
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1 disqualifying, even if a juror assures the court that he or she can remain impartial. 

2 See Brazelton, 557 F.3d at 753. To show implied bias, a defendant need not 

3 demonstrate or establish that the relationship actually affected the juror’s judgment; 

4 the effect is “attributable in law to the prospective juror regardless of actual 

5 partiality.” Wood, 299 U.S. at 134.

6 3. The role of voir dire to show disqualifying bias

7 {15} When a potential juror makes a statement during voir dire that calls into

8 question whether he or she can be fair and impartial, the defendant’s right to the 

9 opportunity to prove actual or implied bias attaches. See Dennis, 339 U.S. at 171-72 

10 (“Preservation of the opportunity to prove actual bias is a guarantee of a defendant’s 

11 right to an impartial jury.”). A goal of voir dire is to uncover and investigate potential 

12 bias, and it is the mechanism for parties to clarify whether a juror’s potential bias 

13 rises to the level of actual or implied bias, which would warrant excusal of the juror. 

14 Sutherlin v. Fenenga, 1991-NMCA-011, ¶ 36, 111 N.M. 767, 810 P.2d 353 (“The 

15 purpose of voir dire is to enable the parties to determine whether there is any bias or 

16 prejudice on the part of prospective jurors and to enable counsel to intelligently 

17 exercise challenges.”). Though bias is often difficult to address, courts allow for 

18 “considerable latitude” in questioning potential jury members to uncover whether 

19 they have possible biases. Id. ¶ 45 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 
11

1 With this framework in mind, we turn now to the statements made by Juror 11 and 

2 Defendant’s actions in relation to those statements. 

3 C. Juror 11’s Statements

4 1. Actual bias (express or inferred)

5 {16} Defendant argues that his Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury was

6 violated by Juror 11’s unequivocal statement that he was biased against Defendant 

7 because of his relationship with Commander Sandoval. The State responds that Juror 

8 11’s statements were vague and equivocal, and that they “did not equate to an 

9 admission that the juror’s knowledge of [C]ommander Sandoval would sway him in 

10 favor of convicting . . . Defendant.” While acknowledging that Juror 11 indicated it 

11 would be difficult to face Commander Sandoval if he voted to acquit, the State 

12 characterizes Juror 11’s statement as a “reference to the hypothetical state of his 

13 future relationship with Commander Sandoval after trial,” which does not show 

14 prejudice. 

15 {17} To analyze whether Juror 11 elicited actual bias, we turn again to this Court’s

16 opinion in Sanchez. There, the defendants argued that the district court denied them 

17 an unbiased jury by allowing the sister of an employee of the district attorney’s office 

18 to sit on the jury. Sanchez, 1995-NMSC-053, ¶¶ 1, 9. The Court concluded that the 

19 defendants had not revealed that the juror was actually biased, noting that the district 
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1 court specifically asked the juror whether she could be fair and impartial after 

2 learning of her relationship, and that the defendants “presented no other evidence 

3 that the juror was unable to perform her duties and that [the defendants] were 

4 prejudiced as a result.” Id. ¶ 16. For that reason, the Sanchez Court concluded that 

5 the defendants had not revealed that the juror was actually biased. Id.

6 {18} Here, Juror 11 stated at least five different times during voir dire that he was

7 willing and able to serve fairly and impartially. The statement he made during voir 

8 dire about his association with the State’s witness did not constitute actual, express 

9 bias. Further questioning would have been necessary in order for the statements to 

10 rise to the level of actual bias. However, Defendant chose not to avail himself of that 

11 opportunity. See, e.g., Wood, 299 U.S. at 133-34 (“All the resources of appropriate 

12 judicial inquiry remain available in this instance as in others to ascertain whether a 

13 prospective juror, although not exempted from service, has any bias in fact which 

14 would prevent his serving as an impartial juror.”).

15 {19} We also do not infer actual bias from Juror 11’s statements. It is certainly

16 plausible that Juror 11 could separate his personal relationship with Commander 

17 Sandoval from his evaluation of the evidence she presented. That Juror 11 would be 

18 so intimidated by his relationship that he would not act on “the sense of 

19 responsibility and the individual integrity by which [citizens] judge [citizens]” is the 
13

1 type of “[v]ague conjecture” described in Dennis in which we refuse to engage to 

2 disrupt a jury verdict. 339 U.S. at 172. The record in this case discloses at most 

3 potential bias that, absent further proof, does not rise to a constitutional violation. 

4 Actual bias must be grounded in facts developed at voir dire, and as we have 

5 discussed, no such factual development took place in this case. See Torres, 128 F.3d

at 47. 6 

7 2. Implied bias

8 {20} We reiterate the rule announced in Sanchez that “juror bias may be implied as

9 a matter of law in New Mexico.” 1995-NMSC-053, ¶ 14. However, like Sanchez, 

10 the facts of this case do not justify the implication. Juror 11 had an indirect 

11 relationship with the prosecution through Commander Sandoval. The fact that Juror 

12 11 worked with Commander Sandoval in her capacity as the head softball coach at 

13 a school does not show a relationship sufficient in itself to be categorized as an 

14 “‘extreme situation[] that would justify a finding of implied bias.’” Id. ¶ 15 (quoting 

15 Smith, 455 U.S. at 222 (O’Connor, J., concurring)). But see, e.g., Randolph, 716 

16 S.W.2d at 255-56 (concluding that a juror who was an employee of the state’s 

17 attorney was impliedly biased); Haak, 417 N.E.2d at 325-26 (concluding that a juror 

18 was impliedly biased where her husband accepted employment as a prosecutor). The 
14

1 record in this case reveals at most a social relationship, which may not be unusual 

2 or even avoidable given the small size of the community.

3 {21} Therefore, the district court did not err by allowing the juror to sit on the jury.

4 Because we have determined the district court did not err, we do not reach the issue 

5 of whether the error was fundamental. See Ocon, 2021-NMCA-032, ¶ 8 (“If we 

6 conclude that the instructions were erroneous, we proceed to the second step, asking 

7 whether the error is fundamental.”). 

8 3. Preservation and waiver of juror bias objections

9 {22} Under Rule 12-321(A), “[t]o preserve an issue for review, it must appear that

10 a ruling or decision by the trial court was fairly invoked.” Preservation serves three 

11 primary purposes: (1) it allows the district court an opportunity to cure claimed 

12 errors; (2) it allows the opposing party to respond to the claim of error and show the 

13 district court why it should rule against that claim; and (3) it creates a record which 

14 the appellate court may review to make an informed decision. State v. Bell, 2015-

15 NMCA-028, ¶ 2, 345 P.3d 342. As stated above in setting forth the standard of 

16 review, we agree with the Court of Appeals that Defendant did not preserve the issue 
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1 because he failed to object and therefore precluded a district court decision for this 

Court to review.

3 2 

3 {23} The facts of this case also require discussion of waiver. We reiterate our

4 concerns from Sanchez about the consequences of a holding that objections to actual 

5 juror bias are not waivable. 1995-NMSC-053, ¶ 12. In Sanchez, defense counsel did 

6 not ask the juror about her answers to the questionnaire or about her relationship 

7 with the district attorneys. Id. ¶ 3. In addition, defense counsel did not move to strike 

8 her for cause, and they did not exercise a peremptory strike on her. Id. After the jury 

9 began deliberating, the defendants raised concerns about the juror’s relationship with 

10 the district attorneys through her sister. Id. ¶ 8. The district court, however, denied 

11 requests to interview the juror, to replace her with an alternate juror, or to declare a 

12 mistrial. Id. As we stated in Sanchez, if defendants, even after trial, were permitted 

13 to raise issues of juror bias, including bias that was known during voir dire when the 

14 juror could be dismissed, defendants would be “permitted to escape the 

15 consequences of . . . earlier knowledge [of possible juror bias] or to reverse [their] 

16 previous position simply because [they] gambled and lost.” Id. ¶12 (first alteration 

17 in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Gardner, 2003-

3

We add a note of caution to litigants that when confronted with concerns 

about juror bias during jury selection, issues of both preservation and waiver arise. 
16

1 NMCA-107, ¶ 13 (“Because [the defendant] declined the additional [voir dire] 

2 offered at trial, he cannot now obtain relief in the form of a new trial.”). 

3 {24} Similarly, the Tenth Circuit held that “[w]hen the basis for a challenge to a

4 particular juror can be timely shown, the failure to object at the trial’s inception 

5 constitutes a waiver of the right to attack the composition of the jury.” United States

6 v. Diaz-Albertini, 772 F.2d 654, 657 (10th Cir. 1985) (concluding the defendant

7 waived his objection to a juror where defense counsel was on notice prior to the 

8 impaneling of the jury that the potential juror had a relationship with the state 

9 police); see also Brazelton, 557 F.3d at 755 (“[T]he Sixth Amendment right to an 

10 impartial jury, like any constitutional right, may be waived. [The defendant’s] on11 the-record decision to pass up not one, but two opportunities to ask that Juror 

12 Number Four be struck for cause was a waiver.” (internal quotation marks and 

13 citation omitted)). A “litigant cannot transform a tactical decision to withhold the 

14 information from the court’s attention into a trump card to be played only if it 

15 becomes expedient.” Diaz-Albertini, 772 F.2d at 657. 

16 {25} It is undisputed that Juror 11 revealed the nature of his relationship with

17 Commander Sandoval during voir dire and that defense counsel failed to inquire 

18 further into the matter or use available strikes. Defendant therefore waived any 

19 objection to Juror 11’s service on his jury when he learned of the potential bias, did 
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1 not inquire further into the potential bias, failed to object to the juror’s service, chose 

2 not to strike the juror for cause, and affirmatively accepted the juror, leaving his 

3 three peremptory strikes on the table. See McDonough Power Equip., Inc. v. 

4 Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548, 554 (1984) (“Voir dire examination serves to protect [the 

5 right to an impartial trier of fact] by exposing possible biases, both known and 

6 unknown, on the part of potential jurors.”). For this reason, we are confident in 

7 announcing that, at least at the stage of jury selection, “[a] sentient defendant, 

8 knowledgeable of a possible claim of juror bias, waives the claim if he elects not to 

9 raise it promptly.” United States v. Uribe, 890 F.2d 554, 560 (1st Cir. 1989). 

10 D. The District Court Had No Duty to Dismiss Juror 11 Sua Sponte

11 {26} We reject Defendant’s suggestion that the district court had a duty to sua

12 sponte dismiss Juror 11 based on the colloquy described during voir dire. When 

13 confronted with potential bias that the party does not show rises to the level of actual 

14 bias, the court has discretion to inquire to dismiss that juror. See Rule 5-606(C) 

15 NMRA (“The court . . . may excuse any prospective juror for good cause.”); see also 

16 State v. Trujillo, 1982-NMSC-145, ¶ 5, 99 N.M. 251, 657 P.2d 107 (“[T]he district 

17 court has discretion in determining how voir dire should be conducted and reversal 

18 is available only where the discretion is abused.”). However, there is no authority 

19 requiring intervention, as a claimed expression of potential bias does not itself 
18

1 violate the Sixth Amendment. While the district court may excuse the juror or 

2 inquire further, we defer to its discretion concerning the operation of voir dire and 

3 conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in not inquiring further of 

4 or dismissing Juror 11 on its own initiative. State v. Johnson, 2010-NMSC-016, ¶ 

5 34, 148 N.M. 50, 229 P.3d 523 (“We will reverse only if a clear abuse of discretion 

6 by the district court in the conduct of voir dire resulted in prejudice to defendant.”).

7 E. We Decline to Apply or Revisit State v. Pierce

8 {27} Finally, Defendant invites us to revisit this Court’s split decision in State v.

9 Pierce and adopt the dissenting opinion as controlling. 1990-NMSC-027, ¶¶ 50-65, 

10 109 N.M. 596, 788 P.2d 352 (Montgomery, J., dissenting). We decline for a number 

11 of reasons. First, the procedural posture of Pierce is dissimilar to the case at hand. 

12 In Pierce, the parties did not discover that a juror made misrepresentations on voir 

13 dire until after the submission of the case to the jury. Id. ¶¶ 4-5. The Court considered 

14 whether the district court erred by denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial. 

15 Id. ¶ 3. In this case, Defendant learned of the alleged bias during voir dire and did 

16 not take steps to either ask questions or strike that juror. Additionally, unlike Pierce, 

17 the record before us shows that Juror 11 was truthful in his responses to questions 

18 during voir dire. There are no accusations nor is there evidence of misrepresentations 
19

or concealment of material facts by Juror 11.4 1 The facts and procedural posture of 

2 the two cases are incongruent, and therefore Pierce does not apply here. 

3 {28} Regardless, the dissent in Pierce would not support a finding in Defendant’s

4 favor. The Pierce dissent suggests that a misrepresented fact that comes to light 

5 during voir dire would allow “the system [to] have worked as it is intended to,” 

6 because counsel or the court would have had the opportunity to explore the issue 

7 further. Pierce, 1990-NMSC-027, ¶ 54 (Montgomery, J., dissenting). The situation 

8 described in the dissent is exactly what happened in the instant case. Counsel had 

9 the opportunity to explore the subject more fully and, ultimately, defense counsel 

10 chose not to object to Juror 11, or even question him further. Given that Pierce’s 

11 factual and procedural posture depart from those of this case, and that Pierce’s 

12 dissent would not grant Defendant relief, we decline to revisit the precedential effect 

13 of Pierce. 

14 F. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

15 {29} This Court reviews claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. State

16 v. Favela, 2015-NMSC-005, ¶ 9, 343 P.3d 178. Defendant claims ineffective

4

This opinion is not written for the circumstance where bias is concealed, 

either mistakenly or purposefully, by the juror only to be discovered later. That is a 

third type of bias, which we call concealed bias. See, e.g., McDonough Power 

Equip., Inc., 464 U.S. at 556. 
20

1 assistance of counsel because his defense counsel failed to object to the seating of 

2 an actually biased juror and because Defendant “did not knowingly, intelligently, 

3 and voluntarily waive his constitutional right to an impartial jury.” This Court said 

4 in Sanchez, “When reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we do not 

5 second-guess defense counsel’s trial strategy and tactics. Further, an assertion of 

6 prejudice is not sufficient to demonstrate that a choice caused actual prejudice.” 

7 1995-NMSC-053, ¶ 20 (citation omitted). The Court in Sanchez further explained 

8 that nonuse of peremptory challenges may be a strategic decision. Id. ¶¶ 20, 21. 

9 Defendant acknowledged the high-profile posture of this case, recognizing that

10 seven of twelve jurors stated during voir dire that they had been exposed to details 

11 of the case through pretrial publicity, six of twelve jurors knew the prosecutor before 

12 the trial, and at least two of the jurors stated that they knew Defendant before trial. 

13 Where so many potential jurors knew Defendant or the prosecution or had some 

14 other connection to the case, counsel had to make strategic decisions about which 

15 jurors with knowledge about the case to keep and which to strike. It is plausible that 

16 choosing not to exercise a peremptory strike on Juror 11 could have been strategic, 

17 and therefore, under the facts of this case, the failure to strike does not establish a 

18 prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel.
21

1 {30} Finally, this Court has expressed its preference that ineffective assistance of 

2 counsel claims “be brought under habeas corpus proceedings so that the defendant 

3 may actually develop the record with respect to defense counsel’s actions.” State v. 

4 Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-013, ¶ 38, 278 P.3d 517 (“The record [on appeal] is 

5 frequently insufficient to establish whether an action taken by defense counsel was 

6 reasonable or if it caused prejudice.”). Therefore, we conclude Defendant has not 

7 established a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel.

8 III. CONCLUSION

9 {31} We hold that where alleged juror bias does not rise to the level of actual bias,

10 and a defendant learns of the bias during voir dire, chooses not to challenge the juror 

11 for cause, does not use available peremptory challenges on the juror, and in fact 

12 affirmatively accepts the juror, that defendant has waived the right to argue actual

13 or implied bias on appeal. Accordingly, the district court did not fundamentally err 

14 in allowing Juror 11 to sit on Defendant’s jury. We decline to revisit the precedential 

15 effect of Pierce as it does not apply to this case. Finally, we hold that Defendant has 

16 not established a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel. Therefore, we

17 affirm the Court of Appeals.

18 {32} IT IS SO ORDERED.
22

1 

2 DAVID K. THOMSON, Justice

3 WE CONCUR:

4 

5 C. SHANNON BACON, Chief Justice

6 

7 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Justice

8 

9 BRIANA H. ZAMORA, Justice