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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

United States of America, 

Plaintiff, 

vs.

Edgar Antonio Casahonda, et al.,

Defendants. 

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No. CR 17-1904-TUC-CKJ (LCK)

ORDER

Pending before the Court is the Motion RE: Independent Source Evidence (Doc. 467)

filed by the government. A response (Docs. 471, 475) and a reply (Doc. 476) have been

filed. Evidence and oral argument were presented to the Court on September 7, 2021, and

October 5, 2021. The Court took the matter under advisement.

I. Procedural History

On March 17, 2021, Magistrate Judge Lynnette C. Kimmins issued a Report and

Recommendation (“R&R”) (Doc. 430) in which she found the Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 230)

filed by Defendant Edgar Antonio Casahonda (“Casahonda”), to which Defendants Jesus De

la Cruz Moreno (Moreno), Jose Rodriguez San Miguel, III (“San Miguel”), Francisco Fabian

Alexis Romero (“Romero”), Martin Flores (“Flores”), Cesar Ernesto Lorea Rubio (“Lorea

Rubio”), and Antonio Adrian Nieto-Macias (“Nieto-Macias”) joined, had failed to make a

prima facie case of an equal protection violation. Further, Magistrate Judge Kimmins found

that the arrest of Defendants Casahonda, Moreno, and San Miguel, and the seizure of

Casahonda’s currency, violated their Fourth Amendment rights against unlawful seizure.

Additionally, the magistrate judge found the search of San Miguel, the second search of the

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1A criminal interdiction would occur when a traffic stop is being conducted for

reasons other than a traffic violation or where suspicion of other criminal activity arises

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vehicle, Casahonda’s July 27, 2017, statement, San Miguel’s July 27, 2017, and August 2,

2017, statements, Moreno’s July 27, 2017, and August 16, 2017, statements, and the ATF

Form 4473s obtained from Ammo AZ and R&A Tactical in August 2017 were all fruit of the

illegal arrests and seizures. 

Therefore, Magistrate Judge Kimmins recommended that all evidence obtained on

July 27, 2017, or during ATF’s investigation as a direct result of the unlawful arrests and

seizures that day, be suppressed as to the Defendants whose rights were violated. She further

recommended the Motion to Suppress (Doc. 125) by Defendants Casahonda, Moreno, and

San Miguel as to the specific identified evidence be granted, but the Motion to Suppress be

denied as to the remaining Defendants. The Court adopted the recommendation.

On July 28, 2021, the government filed a Motion RE: Independent Source Evidence

(Doc. 467). The government will not seek to admit specified evidence, see Motion (Doc.

467, p. 3), but seeks to admit evidence for which it asserts it has an independent source. A

response (Docs. 471, 475) and a reply (Doc. 476) have been filed. Evidence and oral

argument were presented to the Court on September 7, 2021, and October 5, 2021. 

II. Testimony of Chad Sutterley

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) Special Agent Chad

Sutterley (“Sutterley”) testified during the hearings on this issue. While he is currently a

detective with the ATF, he was formerly employed as a police officer with the Tucson Police

Department (“TPD”) for approximately ten years; during his time as a Tucson police officer,

he spent approximately four years as a patrol officer. 

In contacts with members of the public during a criminal interdiction traffic stop, it

was a typical law enforcement practice to try to identify both the driver and any passengers

or an investigation of suspected criminal activity.1 This was important for officer safety and

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during the traffic stop. 

2Employees of the Sportsman’s Warehouse recognized San Miguel as one of the two

individuals from the Impala the day before.

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because learning of associations can later be helpful even if they are not used at the time or

if an arrest was not made. Attempts to identify passengers were made if, during a traffic

stop, a suspicion of criminal activity was raised even if nothing of evidentiary value is

observed to support that suspicion.

With both the TPD and ATF, Sutterley has participated in multiple investigations. He

is familiar with common law enforcement practices.

Sutterley first became aware of information related to Defendants in this case when

a bulk ammunition order involving approximately 300,000 rounds was brought to his

attention in February 2016 by a company in Prescott, Arizona, called J&G Sales. Casahonda

and Lorea Rubio were identified as associated with these purchases and each other.

Although Sutterley did not contact either Casahonda or Lorea Rubio at that time, he

contacted other persons related to the matter in his investigation. That investigation

remained open. 

In July of 2017, suspicious activity, including a suspicious purchase had been

observed at Sportsman’s Warehouses involving Lorea Rubio and another man, was reported

to ATF. Lorea Rubio was identified from an ATF Form 4473. During the purchase,

individuals from a separate white Chevy Impala walked back and forth in the store, but did

not look at anything or have contact with Lorea Rubio; they then left the store. After the

purchase was completed, Lorea Rubio’s vehicle and the vehicle containing the two

individuals who had walked back and forth left the lot in tandem. The vehicle in which the

other two individuals left was registered to Nieto-Macias.

Those two individuals, who were subsequently identified as Casahonda and San

Miguel, returned the next day and attempted to purchase the same firearm that Lorea Rubio

had purchased the previous day.2 The loss prevention unit of the store observed this and

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3Sutterley investigates referrals that require contact with FFLs on an almost weekly

basis.

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thought it was unusual; they cancelled the sale and refused to sale the firearm to San Miguel.

The loss prevention unit contacted their other stores, informing them they believed San

Miguel had been attempting to make a straw purchase. San Miguel attempted to purchase

the firearm at another store; store employees filled out ATF Form 4473 and refused to sell

the firearm. Store employees reported these incidents to the ATF Phoenix field office.

Information regarding these incidents were referred to Sutterley in August, 2017; one of the

reasons they were referred to him was because they involved Casahonda. Sutterley had

previously known Casahonda and was able to identify him through a driver’s license photo

and San Miguel was identified from an ATF Form 4473. Sutterley testified he would have

followed up on the referral even if he did not have the 2016 investigation involving

Casahonda.

Sutterley testified that if he had only known of the two July 2017 Sportman’s

Warehouse incidents, Sutterley would have reached out to different federal firearms license

holders (“FFLs”) as part of his investigation. Through his experience, Sutterley has learned

these FFLs have high volume sales and are cooperative with ATF.3 Specifically, Sutterley

would have contacted R&A Tactical, Second Amendment Sports and SNG Tactical.

Additionally, Sutterley would have known of Lorea Rubio from an ATF Form 4473, San

Miguel from two ATF Form 4473s, and Nieto-Macias from the license plate checks of the

vehicles at the Sportman’s Warehouse incidents. Sutterley had previously known

Casahonda; he had a copy of Casahonda’s Arizona driver’s license photo from a previous

investigation. Sutterley was able to identify him from the Sportman’s Warehouse video.

Additionally, an R & A Tactical employee advised Sutterley he believed Flores may be

involved in the suspicious purchases by San Miguel.

On July 27, 2017, an Arizona Department of Public Safety (“DPS”) officer conducted

a traffic stop on a white Chevy Impala. The vehicle was registered to Nieto Macias and was

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4On September 12, 2017, while conducting surveillance in the separate investigation,

Casahonda and Romero were observed in Nieto-Macias’ vehicle; they completed a straw

purchase. This was the first time Casahonda and Romero were associated with each other.

Additionally, the vehicle used during this incident was the same vehicle observed at the

Sportsman’s Warehouse in July 2017. In other words, in September 2017, Nieto-Macias’

vehicle would have separately been part of an ATF investigation. Additionally, Sutterley was

able to photographically identify Casahonda, San Miguel, and Lorea Rubio from the

surveillance. 

5Sutterley received ATF Form 4473s and/or records regarding the purchase of

firearms by San Miguel from Ammo AZ and R & A Tactical.

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driven by Casahonda. Casahonda and the passengers were subsequently arrested. The

passengers, Moreno and San Miguel, were not identified until after they were arrested.

Without any knowledge of the July 27, 2017, traffic stop involving Casahonda,

Moreno and San Miguel, his investigation from the Sportsman’s Warehouse incidents would

have led Sutterley to attempt to interview Lorea Rubio and San Miguel; depending on the

investigation, Sutterley may have attempted to interview Casahonda. However, Casahonda

was contacted by other ATF agents regarding a separate investigation and was not

cooperative.4

Sutterley learned of the July 27, 2017, traffic stop involving Casahonda, Moreno and

San Miguel. The traffic stop of Casahonda alone would have been of interest to him.

However, neither he nor anyone else from ATF participated in the interviews or investigation

that occurred on July 27, 2017. 

On August 2, 2017, after Sutterley learned of the traffic stop, but before he learned

of the Sportsman’s Warehouse incidents, he interviewed San Miguel. Sutterley wanted to

discuss the purchases reflected in records regarding the purchase of firearms.5 In response

to an open-ended question, San Miguel stated he had been stopped on a traffic stop with his

friend Edgar and provided Sutterley with two bills of sale for firearms that were not

associated to the receipts seized on July 27, 2021, by DPS. San Miguel was the first person

to bring up the traffic stop. Sutterley would have attempted to ascertain as much information

about the traffic stop had he not known about it; such information may provide association

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information that may later be important. 

Sutterley asked San Miguel about people he worked with in the purchasing of firearms

and about purchases and sales. Sutterley did not ask San Miguel about statements made to

DPS during interviews following the traffic stop. Had Sutterley not known of the traffic

stop, he would have followed up on the traffic stop after receiving the information from San

Miguel. 

San Miguel identified Casahonda, Nieto-Macias, Moreno, and Flores as participants

in illegal firearms purchases during the interview. San Miguel identified Nieto-Macias from

a photograph based on information learned from the traffic stop. Sutterley knew of Flores

from the receipts obtained through the traffic stop. Sutterley also knew of Casahonda and

Nieto-Macias from the referral based on the traffic stop. However, he testified he would

have wanted to interview San Miguel after learning of the Sportsman’s Warehouse incidents

and he would have asked similar questions. The implication is that San Miguel would have

identified Nieto-Macias and Flores at such a later independently-sourced interview. In such

an interview, Sutterley would have virtually had the same information, but with different

firearms. Because San Miguel was so cooperative he believes San Miguel would have told

him the same information. Further, the Sportsman’s Warehouse incidents alone would have

made Casahonda known to Sutterley. Generally, Sutterley learned through his own

investigation that Casahonda had not himself completed ATF Form 4473s, but recruited other

individuals to do so.

On August 15, 2017, Sutterley received information from the Crime Gun Intelligence

Center (“CGIC”) that Lorea Rubio had purchased a Colt M4 carbine. A surveillance video

indicated Lorea Rubio was a passenger in a Dodge Charger with a Chevy Impala parked near

the Charger. The video showed two men entering a Sportsman’s Warehouse on July 15,

2017, around the same time as Lorea Rubio. Sutterley identified San Miguel from an ATF

Form 4473 and a driver’s license photo. Sutterley identified Casahonda with a driver’s

license photo. 

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The Chevy Impala was registered to Nieto-Macias. The defense asserts that the

vehicle would not have been in the applicable database if not for the traffic stop. However,

on September 8, 2017, in a separate ATF investigation, the same Chevy Impala was seen at

an R&A Tactical as associated with that separate investigation; two males were observed

loading four firearms in the vehicle. After the vehicle was stopped, Casahonda was

identified as the driver. Sutterley testified the other agents would have likely entered the

information into the database. Although the defense implies the stop would not have been

made if not for the prior entries into the database, the government indicates the vehicle was

stopped for investigation of firearms trafficking; in addition to observing the loading of the

four firearms, information from the Sportsman’s Warehouse incidents were then available

to the agents. Moreover, under a firm ATF policy, four firearms being loaded into a vehicle

would warrant a trafficking investigation.

On August 16, 2017, Sutterley interviewed Moreno. At that time, the only

information regarding Moreno was from the traffic stop. During the interview, Sutterley

showed Moreno an AFT Form 4473; the basis for this form was the traffic stop.

On September 27, 2017, Sutterley interviewed Flores. Sutterley knew of the purchase

of an AK-47 type of rifle that Flores was involved in from an ATF Form 4473 from Second

Amendment Sports. This firearm was not involved in the traffic stop or the subject of the

receipts obtained on July 27, 2017. After Sutterley showed Flores the ATF Form 4473,

Flores told Sutterley he had also purchased another firearm; Flores had last seen this firearm

in the trunk of a white car driven by Casahonda. Sutterley did not confront Flores with

statements from other suspects or information from the traffic stop.

Additionally, Sutterley showed Flores photographs of Casahonda, Nieto Macias, and

Moreno; Flores identified those individuals and their involvement with the purchases. This

included an attempted purchase involving Flores and Moreno. Had Sutterley not know of

Moreno prior to his interview with Flores, he would have attempted to interview Moreno

following his interview with Flores.

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III. Independent Source Doctrine

The Fourth Amendment provides in relevant part that “[t]he right of the people to be

secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and

seizures, shall not be violated.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. “The Fourth Amendment does not

proscribe all state-initiated searches and seizures; it merely proscribes those which are

unreasonable.” Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 250 (1991); United States v. Yang, 958 F.3d

851, 858 (9th Cir. 2020). In general, “searches conducted outside the judicial process,

without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth

Amendment — subject only to a few specifically established and well-delineated

exceptions.” Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 338 (2009), quoting Katz v. United States, 389

U.S. 347, 357 (1967)).

The exclusionary rule “often requires trial courts to exclude unlawfully seized

evidence in a criminal trial.” Utah v. Strieff, 136 S. Ct. 2056, 2061 (2016). “[T]he

exclusionary rule encompasses both the primary evidence obtained as a direct result of an

illegal search or seizure and . . . evidence later discovered and found to be derivative of an

illegality, the so-called fruit of the poisonous tree.” Id., internal quotation marks omitted.

However, the Supreme Court has stated, “the significant costs of this rule have led us to

deem it applicable only. . . where its deterrence benefits outweigh its substantial social

costs.” Id., citation and internal quotation marks omitted. The Supreme Court has thus

carved out certain exceptions to the exclusionary rule because “[s]uppression of evidence .

. . has always been our last resort, not our first impulse.” Id., citation omitted.

One of these exceptions is the independent source doctrine, which involves “the

causal relationship between the unconstitutional act and the discovery of evidence.” Id.

“[T]he independent source doctrine allows trial courts to admit evidence obtained in an

unlawful search if officers independently acquired it from a separate, independent source.”

Id., citing Murray v. United States, 487 U.S. 533, 537 (1988)). The government must

establish by a preponderance of evidence there is an independent source of the evidence.

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United States v. Cales, 493 F.2d 1215, 1216 (9th Cir. 1974). 

Justice Marshall has stated:

The clearest case for the application of the independent source exception is when a

wholly separate line of investigation, shielded from information gathered in an illegal

search, turns up the same evidence through a separate, lawful search. Under these

circumstances, there is little doubt that the lawful search was not connected to the

constitutional violation. The exclusion of such evidence would not significantly add

to the deterrence facing the law enforcement officers conducting the illegal search,

because they would have little reason to anticipate the separate investigation leading

to the same evidence.

Murray v. United States, 487 U.S. 533, 545 n. 1 (1988) (Marshall, J., dissenting). Generally

speaking, it is clear there was a separate investigation here. However, the Court will address

specific evidence and whether its discovery could have resulted from an independent source.

A. August 2, 2017, Statement of San Miguel

The investigation of the Sportsman’s Warehouse incidents would have resulted in

Sutterley interviewing San Miguel. See United States v. $493,850.00 in U.S. Currency, 518

F.3d 1159, 1165 (9th Cir. 2008) (“information was learned from preexisting, unrelated

investigations”); United States v. Fisher, 700 F.2d 780, 784 (2d Cir.1983) (routine referral

following arrest of defendant on an unrelated matter provided independent source). 

However, the defense argues that San Miguel’s unconstitutional arrest and ensuing

knowledge that he was already a suspect in a straw purchase investigation irreversibly altered

the calculus of his circumstances and predisposed him to make self-inculpatory statements

during any post-arrest interview the agent. The defense has not provided any authority to

support this argument. Rather, the Court finds this argument is speculative. Both at the time

of the interview that did occur and at a time when a potential interview would have occurred,

San Miguel was/would have been aware that he had participated in suspicious activities. It

is reasonable to conclude he would have made similar statements during each interview.

With the exception of statements regarding the firearm purchase from Ammo AZ and the

identification of Moreno, as discussed infra, the Court finds the government has met its

preponderance of the evidence standard as to San Miguel’s statement.

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6The defense response indicates driver’s license photographs were used for the

identifications.

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B. August 16, 2017, Statement of Moreno

The identification of Moreno in the interview of San Miguel was part of the reason

leading to the interview of Moreno. Although Sutterley testified that law enforcement officer

attempt to identify passengers, that was not done in this case. Rather, the evidence presented

indicates the passengers were not identified until after they had been arrested. The arrests

would not have occurred if not for the unconstitutional conduct. Further, it is not clear from

the testimony how San Miguel identified Moreno. It appears Sutterley showed photographs

of possible associates to San Miguel and that the availability of the photographs resulted

from the traffic stop.6 Moreover, no testimony was presented that San Miguel spontaneously

named Moreno (i.e., without reference to a photograph). 

Moreover, although Sutterley became aware of Moreno making one of his unlawful

firearm purchases from Sportsman’s Warehouse in Tucson on July 18, 2017, only two days

after San Miguel’s suspicious attempted purchase, the government has not shown how,

without the identification from San Miguel, the government would have been led to believe

Moreno’s purchase was suspicious. In such circumstances, the Court finds the government

has not met its burden to show there is an independent source of evidence as to the

identification of Moreno. Evidence adduced from Moreno’s interview is tainted by the

unconstitutional conduct and may not be used at trial.

C. ATF Form 4473

It was the normal practice that referrals such that occurred in this case would be

investigated by ATF. Moreover, the business which provided the ATF Form 4473, R&A

Tactical, was one the agent routinely contacted in his investigations. The Court finds the

ATF Form 4473 obtained from R & A Tactical in August 2017 was obtained through the

independent separate investigation; the government has met its burden of proof as to the

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independent source of this evidence.

D. Additional Defense Arguments

The defense argues that the identifications of Casahonda and San Miguel as being

present during a firearm transaction at Sportsman’s Warehouse on July 15, 2017, are the

fruits of their illegal arrest on July 27, 2017. However, Casahonda had been identified

through the February 2016 Prescott J & G Sales referral. Although Sutterley did not contact

Casahonda or Lorea Rubio following the referral, other individuals were contacted and the

case remained open at the time of the traffic stop. Because Sutterley had previously known

of Casahonda, and was able to identify him through a driver’s license photo following the

Sportsman’s Warehouse incidents, the identification of Casahonda was not contingent on the

traffic stop. Moreover, San Miguel was identified from an ATF Form 4473 from the

Sportsman’s Warehouse incidents; similarly, his identification was not based on the traffic

stop. Indeed, Sutterley testified he would have followed up on the Sportsman’s Warehouse

incidents even if he did not have the 2016 investigation involving Casahonda. The Court

finds there is an independent source for this evidence.

The defense also argues that the traffic stop of Casahonda on September 12, 2017,

was directly the result of his arrest on July 27, 2017. Although the defense implies the stop

would not have been made if not for the prior entries into the database, the government

asserts the vehicle was stopped for investigation of firearms trafficking; in addition to

observing the loading of the four firearms, information from the Sportsman’s Warehouse

incidents was then available to the agents. Moreover, under a firm ATF policy, four firearms

being loaded into a vehicle would warrant a trafficking investigation. The Court finds there

is an independent source for this evidence.

The defense has also argued that the identification of passenger San Miguel during

the traffic stop would not have been made if not for the unconstitutional conduct. This

argument does not assist the defense as San Miguel was also identified through the

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7The defense response indicates driver’s license photographs were used for the

identifications.

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Sportsman’s Warehouse incidents. 

Additionally, San Miguel identified Flores as a person involved with the purchase of

firearms. Although Sutterley knew of Flores from the receipts obtained through the traffic

stop, the independent source of San Miguel’s statement provides the basis for further

investigation of Flores. However, it is not clear from the testimony how San Miguel

identified Flores.7 It appears Sutterley showed photographs of possible associates to San

Miguel and that the availability of the photographs is from the traffic stop. Moreover, no

testimony was presented that San Miguel spontaneously named Flores (i.e., without reference

to a photograph). Nonetheless, even if San Miguel had not identified Flores from the tainted

photograph, Sutterley’s subsequent investigation would have. Specifically, when Sutterley

was obtaining ATF Form 4473s regarding San Miguel from R & Tactical, an employee

advised Sutterley that Flores may have been involved with the suspicious purchases. The

Court finds there is an independent source for this evidence.

Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED: 

1. The government’s Motion RE: Independent Source of Evidence (Doc. 467)

is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.

2. Moreno’s statement and evidence adduced from Moreno’s August 16, 2017,

interview is tainted and may not be used at trial.

DATED this 3rd day of November, 2021.

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