1

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

In re K.P.

No. 20-0096 (Fayette County 19-JA-4)

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioners Grandfather R.P.-1 and Grandmother R.P.-2, by counsel Sherman L. Lambert

Sr., appeal the Circuit Court of Fayette County’s January 16, 2020, order denying their motion for 

visitation with the child.

1 The West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources 

(“DHHR”), by counsel S.L. Evans, filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. The 

guardian ad litem, Vickie L. Hylton, filed a response on behalf of the child in support of the circuit 

court’s order. On appeal, petitioners argue that the circuit court erred in denying their motion for 

visitation with the child. 

This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal 

arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided 

by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record 

presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons, 

a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the 

Rules of Appellate Procedure.

In January of 2019, the DHHR filed an abuse and neglect petition against the parents

alleging that the mother tested positive for Subutex and Oxycontin and that K.P. was born drugexposed. The DHHR alleged the child was born with withdrawal symptoms and required further 

hospitalization. The father was incarcerated at the time of K.P.’s birth, having been charged with 

conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine. Upon removal, the DHHR obtained legal custody of 

the child, with physical custody given to a paternal aunt who resided in petitioners’ home. The 

parents were adjudicated as abusing parents, after which the mother’s parental rights were 

1

Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials 

where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W. Va. 

254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W. Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013); 

State v. Brandon B., 218 W. Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W. 

Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990). Additionally, because both of the petitioners share the same 

initials, we will refer to them as R.P.-1 and R.P.-2, respectively, throughout the memorandum 

decision. 

FILED

June 25, 2020

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
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involuntarily terminated in May of 2019. The father voluntarily relinquished his parental rights in 

July of 2019. 

The paternal aunt and the child continued to reside in petitioners’ home until August of 

2019, when the DHHR removed the child after the aunt was charged with two counts of delivery 

of a controlled substance. After K.P.’s removal from the aunt’s custody, petitioners filed a motion 

to intervene in the proceedings, asserting that they should be considered for placement in lieu of 

foster care or adoption by a non-relative. In September of 2019, the circuit court granted 

petitioners’ motion to intervene in the proceedings. Later that month, the circuit court held a 

hearing wherein the multidisciplinary team presented a status report stating that the paternal aunt 

was no longer an appropriate placement for the child due to her pending drug charges. The report 

also included full criminal background checks, which revealed that petitioner R.P.-2 had pleaded 

guilty in 2015 to a felony drug offense. Further, the report revealed that the felony drug offense 

involved a drug conspiracy which included the child’s father and his paternal aunt. Shortly 

thereafter, petitioners filed a motion for supervised visitation with the child.

In December of 2019, the circuit court held a permanency hearing wherein the court 

clarified that it would rule on petitioners’ motion for visitation as well as permanent placement. At 

the hearing, a DHHR caseworker testified that a home study had been performed shortly after the 

child’s birth and petitioners’ home was considered as an appropriate placement at the initial 

assessment, provided that the aunt was the caregiver. However, petitioners themselves were not 

considered for placement of the child after discovery of R.P.-2’s previous drug conviction. The 

caseworker further testified that the only reason the child was ever in petitioners’ residence was 

because the aunt had physical custody of the child, was living at the residence, and had been 

considered for placement prior to her recent drug charges. The guardian also testified that 

petitioners were not a suitable placement for the child, sharing the DHHR’s concern about R.P.-

2’s prior drug conviction. Finally, a licensed psychologist testified that the child was suffering 

from extreme separation anxiety, having been removed from her biological home at a critical age. 

The psychologist noted that the child was still in the process of learning critical skills and her

report added that “it would be detrimental . . . to interfere with her schedule and routine in any 

way.” As a result, the psychologist testified that she did not recommend that petitioners have 

visitation with the child if they were not being considered for placement.

After hearing the evidence, the circuit court found that petitioners did not seek placement 

of the child until after she was removed from the aunt’s custody and, even after moving to 

intervene, petitioners continued to argue in favor of the aunt regaining custody and placement, 

despite her pending drug charges. Further, the circuit court found that any presumption in favor of 

placement with petitioners had been rebutted based on R.P.-2’s prior felony conviction and their 

“lack of sufficient judgment” to ensure the child’s safety. The circuit court then found that it was 

not in the child’s best interests to be permanently placed with petitioners. After finding petitioners 

were not suitable for permanent placement, the court found it was not in the child’s best interests 

to grant visitation either, citing the psychologist’s testimony and concerns about separation anxiety 

and interference with the child’s routine. Accordingly, the circuit court denied petitioners’ motion 
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for visitation, found they were not an appropriate placement for the child, and dismissed them from 

the case. It is from the January 16, 2020, order that petitioners appeal.2

The Court has previously established the following standard of review:

“Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de 

novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the 

facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the 

evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether such 

child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a reviewing 

court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there 

is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left 

with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. However, 

a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply because it would have decided 

the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of the 

evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In 

Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996). 

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W. Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011). 

In their sole assignment of error, petitioners argue that the circuit court erred in denying 

R.P.-1’s3 motion for visitation because there was no evidence adduced at the permanency hearing 

to prove that he was unsuitable or inappropriate for supervised visitations with the child.

Essentially, petitioners argue that all of the circuit court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law 

related to the criminal conduct of R.P.-2 and the child’s aunt and the failure of the circuit court to

make specific findings regarding R.P.-1 was error. In support, petitioners contend that visitation

with R.P.-1 is in the child’s best interests and would not interfere with the child’s relationship with 

her foster parents. We disagree.

West Virginia Code § 48-10-501 provides that “[t]he circuit court or family court shall 

grant reasonable visitation to a grandparent upon a finding that visitation would be in the best 

interests of the child and would not substantially interfere with the parent-child relationship.” 

Further, this Court has held that 

“[a] trial court, in considering a petition of a grandparent for visitation rights 

with a grandchild or grandchildren . . . shall give paramount consideration to the 

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The parents’ parental rights were terminated below. The permanency plan for the child is 

adoption in her current foster home.

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Despite the fact that petitioners filed a joint motion for visitation in the circuit court below 

and a joint appeal to this Court, petitioners assign as error only the denial of visitation with R.P.-

1. 
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best interests of the grandchild or grandchildren involved.” Syllabus point 1, in part, 

In re the Petition of Nearhoof, 178 W.Va. 359, 359 S.E.2d 587 (1987).

Syl. Pt. 3, In re Samantha S., 222 W. Va. 517, 667 S.E.2d 573 (2008).

Here, the circuit court found that it would not be in the child’s best interests to participate 

in visitation with petitioners because the child’s therapist testified that the child was experiencing 

extreme separation anxiety, learning critical skills, and would be harmed by deviating from her 

schedule and routine. Additionally, the therapist testified that she did not recommend petitioners 

have visitation with the child if they were not being considered for placement. The circuit court 

also considered that R.P.-1 was unlikely to prevent the paternal aunt from visiting with the child, 

despite her own pending drug charges. In its order, the circuit court weighed the child’s best 

interests according to West Virginia Code § 48-10-502, which provides factors to be considered 

by the circuit court in its decision whether to grant a grandparent visitation. These factors include

as follows: 

(1) The age of the child; 

(2) The relationship between the child and the grandparent; 

(3) The relationship between each of the child’s parents or the person with whom 

the child is residing and the grandparent; 

(4) The time which has elapsed since the child last had contact with the grandparent; 

(5) The effect that such visitation will have on the relationship between the child 

and the child’s parents or the person with whom the child is residing; 

(6) If the parents are divorced or separated, the custody and visitation arrangement 

which exists between the parents with regard to the child; 

(7) The time available to the child and his or her parents, giving consideration to 

such matters as each parent’s employment schedule, the child’s schedule for home, 

school and community activities, and the child’s and parents’ holiday and vacation 

schedule; 

(8) The good faith of the grandparent in filing the motion or petition; 

(9) Any history of physical, emotional or sexual abuse or neglect being performed, 

procured, assisted or condoned by the grandparent; 

(10) Whether the child has, in the past, resided with the grandparent for a significant 

period or periods of time, with or without the child’s parent or parents; 

(11) Whether the grandparent has, in the past, been a significant caretaker for the 

child, regardless of whether the child resided inside or outside of the grandparent’s 

residence; 

(12) The preference of the parents with regard to the requested visitation; and 

(13) Any other factor relevant to the best interests of the child.

Contrary to petitioners’ assertion, the circuit court considered these relevant factors as it pertains 

to both R.P.-1 and R.P.-2, and ultimately based its decision to deny visitation according to the 

child’s best interests. At the time of the placement hearing, K.P. was just twelve months old and 

R.P.-1 provided no evidence to support any existing relationship between him and the child. 

Additionally, the child’s father was incarcerated at her birth and the mother failed to participate in 

services to help her correct the conditions of abuse and neglect. As a result, the mother’s parental 
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rights were terminated and the father voluntarily relinquished his parental rights. Further, K.P. has 

been placed with a foster family who desires to adopt her, and the child has been diagnosed with 

separation anxiety. As such, any visitation that would be granted to petitioners could exacerbate 

the child’s condition, especially if visitation ceased. R.P.-1 also provided no evidence for his claim 

that he interacted with the child on a “daily basis” or otherwise “provided extensive childcare.”

Finally, neither of K.P.’s foster parents have expressed a preference for petitioners to be granted 

visitation.

Additionally, while R.P.-1 maintains that the circuit court failed to make specific findings 

or conclusions of law against him, the circuit court made several findings in its order which apply 

to both petitioners. The circuit court found that neither petitioner sought placement of the child 

until after she was removed from the aunt’s custody. The circuit court noted that both petitioners 

continued to argue in favor of the aunt regaining custody of the child despite her pending drug 

charges. The DHHR and guardian objected to placing K.P. with petitioners. Although R.P.-1 is 

correct that the circuit court made additional factual findings against R.P.-2, this is, in part, because 

petitioner R.P.-1 chose not to testify, despite being present at the hearing. As such, petitioners are 

incorrect that the circuit court failed to make factual findings against both of them. Therefore, we 

find no error in the circuit court’s decision to deny petitioners’ motion for visitation. 

Finally, we have previously held that

[p]ursuant to W.Va. Code § 48–10–902 [2001], the Grandparent Visitation Act 

automatically vacates a grandparent visitation order after a child is adopted by a 

non-relative. The Grandparent Visitation Act contains no provision allowing a 

grandparent to file a post-adoption visitation petition when the child is adopted by

a non-relative.

Syl. Pt. 3, In re Hunter H., 231 W. Va. 118, 744 S.E.2d 228 (2013). Because the permanency plan 

for the children is adoption by a nonrelative, the circuit court did not err in declining to award

visitation to petitioner.

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For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court, and its 

January 16, 2020, dispositional order is hereby affirmed.

Affirmed.

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At the conclusion of their brief, petitioners assert that “[t]he notion that [R.P.-1] could or 

would not provide the appropriate care for K.P., as well as [the paternal aunt] or [R.P.-2], under 

supervision, would be violative of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” 

However, as noted above, the entirety of petitioners’ argument on appeal concerns the denial of 

visitation to R.P.-1 only. Accordingly, any allegation regarding the denial of supervised visitation 

to anyone other than R.P.-1 will not be addressed on appeal, given petitioners’ failure to advance 

any argument in support for this issue. Additionally, given the analysis above concerning the 

circuit court’s compliance with West Virginia Code § 48-10-502, we find that R.P.-1 cannot 

establish any violation of his right to equal protection.
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ISSUED: June 25, 2020

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Tim Armstead 

Justice Margaret L. Workman 

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Justice Evan H. Jenkins

Justice John A. Hutchison