IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

JOSE HERNANDEZ-GARCIA,

AKA JESUS HERNANDEZ-GARCIA,

Appellant.

No. 68106-1-1

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

FILED: April 29, 2013

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Grosse, J. — An individual is "in custody" for the purposes of Miranda v.

Arizona,1 when a reasonable person would have felt that he or she was notfree to end

the interrogation and leave. Here, Jose Hernandez-Garcia agreed to speak with

detectives, who told him that he was not under arrest. Shortly into the conversation, he

volunteered incriminating information. Under these circumstances, the interrogation

was noncustodial. We affirm.

FACTS

On the morning of December 2, 2010, Seattle Police Detective Leslie Smith

arrived at Ross Display to contact employee Hernandez-Garcia regarding allegations of

child sexual abuse made against a man known as "Muchacho." Smith suspected that

Hernandez-Garcia was "Muchacho," and she hoped to verify Hernandez-Garcia's

identity and to talk with him if he was willing.

After speaking with Hernandez-Garcia for a short while, Smith realized that she

needed the assistance of an interpreter due to Hernandez-Garcia's limited ability to

speak English. Smith gave Hernandez-Garcia her card, which indicated that she

1384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
No. 68106-1-1/2

worked for the Seattle Police Department's sexual assault unit. Hernandez-Garcia

agreed to speak with her the following week.2

On December 9, Smith returned to Ross Display with Detective Susana Ditusa

and a Spanish-language interpreter. The detectives were armed but dressed in plain

clothes and were driving an unmarked car. Once inside, Smith told a supervisor that

they wanted to meet with Hernandez-Garcia privately, and he showed them to a 12-foot

by 13-foot employee break room in the back of the building. The supervisor retrieved

Hernandez-Garcia, who agreed to a recorded conversation with the detectives.

Smith closed the door to the room and questioned Hernandez-Garcia for a little

over an hour. First, Smith verified that Hernandez-Garcia was also known by the

nickname "Muchacho." She informed him that the complainant, E.P., had alerted

employees at her school as to "what had gone on between you and her a couple of

years ago."3 After telling him, "[i]t's pretty serious why we're here," she stated, "we're

not here to take you to jail. ... But I am here to try to find out the truth of what

happened between you and [E.P.]." Hernandez-Garcia replied, "Oh okay. Like—." The

following exchange then occurred:

DETECTIVE: Like okay. What [E.P.] admitted to, and kept—she

kept hidden for a long time.

HERNANDEZ-GARCIA: Uh, huh.

DETECTIVE: But as she got older, now that she's in second grade,

she's been able to actually verbalize to tell people what had happened.

She admitted to something that went on between the two of you that's

pretty intimate. Do you understand when I say intimate what I mean by

that?

HERNANDEZ-GARCIA: Yes, but it surprises me.

2According to Smith, she and Hernandez-Garcia understood each other well enough to

make these arrangements.

3 E.P. was the daughter of a friend of Hernandez-Garcia, who cooked meals out of her

home.
No. 68106-1-1/3

DETECTIVE:Okay. Urn, let me just tell you what she said. That

you didn't just watch movies when you were sitting on the couch.

HERNANDEZ-GARCIA: Uh, huh.

DETECTIVE: And that you did private things with her.

HERNANDEZ-GARCIA: No, but like what?

DETECTIVE: Like private things that you touched her privates, and

that you had her touch yours.

HERNANDEZ-GARCIA: I'll have to start from the beginning to

explain this.

DETECTIVE: Okay. Please do.

Hernandez-Garcia told Smith that E.P., who was four years old at the time of the

events, had a habit of grabbing his penis over his clothes, and that he tried to

discourage this behavior. He said he never touched E.P. in return. He also denied

E.P.'s accusations that he had shown her pornographic movies on a portable DVD

(digital versatile disc) player.

For most of the interview, Hernandez-Garcia continued to deny E.P.'s

accusations that he inappropriately touched her. Smith eventually told him, "little girls

don't make things like that up." She said, "We're not here because we think you're

some sort of monster and you're out there preying on little girls." Rather, "I think you

just made a mistake. . . . [W]e're just here talkin' to you right now because we're tryin' to

find out the truth." Hernandez-Garcia eventually admitted to the conduct. At the end of

the interview, Smith arrested him and informed him of his rights.

The State charged Hernandez-Garcia with first degree rape of a child, first

degree child molestation, and communication with a minor for immoral purposes.

Hernandez-Garcia sought to exclude the statements he made to Smith during the

Ross Display interview, claiming that Smith should have provided him with Miranda

warnings. The court held a CrR 3.5 hearing to determine the admissibility of the

statements. After considering testimony from Smith, Ditusa, and the interpreter, the
No. 68106-1-1/4

court ruled that the statements were admissible. After a trial, during which the recording

of the interview was played for the jury, Hernandez-Garcia was convicted on all counts.

He appeals.

ANALYSIS

Hernandez-Garcia contends the trial court should have suppressed his

statements, claiming they were made during a custodial interrogation that required

Miranda warnings. Under Miranda, evidence obtained as a result of a custodial

interrogation may not be used against a defendant unless the defendant was first

warned of his or her rights.4 Here, it is undisputed that Hernandez-Garcia was

interrogated.5 Thus, if Hernandez-Garcia was in custody at the time the interrogation

occurred, his statements should have been suppressed. "We review a trial court's

custodial determination de novo."6

"'Custody' for the purposes of Miranda is narrowly circumscribed and requires

formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement to a degree associated with formal

arrest."7 This court employs an objective standard: "whether a reasonable person in the

individual's position would believe he or she was in police custody to a degree

associated with formal arrest."8 A defendant must point to "objective facts indicating his

or her freedom of movement was restricted."9 To determine whether an interrogation

was custodial, a court must examine all the circumstances surrounding the

4State v. Baruso. 72 Wn. App. 603, 609, 865 P.2d 512 (1993).

5 "Interrogation" occurs when the interviewing officer should have known that the

questioning would provoke an incriminating response. State v. Post, 118 Wn.2d 596,

606, 826 P.2d 172 (1992).

6State v. Lorenz. 152 Wn.2d 22, 36, 93 P.3d 133 (2004).

7State v. Ferguson. 76 Wn. App. 560, 566, 886 P.2d 1164 (1995).

8 Lorenz, 152 Wn.2d at 36-37.

9 Post, 118Wn.2dat607.
No. 68106-1-1/5

interrogation.10 "Relevant factors include the location of the questioning, its duration,

statements made during the interview, the presence or absence of physical restraints

during the questioning, and the release of the interviewee at the end of the

questioning."11

Hernandez-Garcia argues that the interrogation was custodial because he was

isolated from others, did not initiate contact with the officers, was outnumbered by law

enforcement personnel, and was not explicitly informed that he could end the interview

and leave. Although he was not bound or otherwise physically restrained, he contends

that closing the door to the interview room was a kind of psychological restraint. He

claims that the officer's repeated accusations led to a coercive environment in which he

felt pressured to make incriminating statements. We disagree.

Several other considerations lead us to the conclusion that the interrogation was

noncustodial. Hernandez-Garcia voluntarily agreed to speak with Smith on two

separate occasions with the understanding that questioning would result. Also, Smith

told Hernandez-Garcia at the beginning of the interview that she was not there to arrest

him. While Smith did not explicitly tell Hernandez-Garcia that he was free to go, that

fact is fairly implied based on these circumstances—particularly Hernandez-Garcia's

agreement to talk and Smith's statement that she was "not [tjhere to take [him] to jail."

The interview was held in a familiar setting—the employee break room. The room had

two exits, and there is no evidence that either one was blocked. Also, Hernandez10 Stansburv v. California. 511 U.S. 318, 322, 114 S. Ct. 1526, 128 L Ed. 2d 293 (1994)

(quoting California v. Beheler. 463 U.S. 1121, 1125, 103 S. Ct. 3517, 77 L. Ed. 2d 1275

(1983)).

Howes v. Fields. 132 S. Ct. 1181, 1189, 182 L. Ed. 2d 17 (2012) (citations omitted).
No. 68106-1-1/6

Garcia never attempted to leave or end the interview. Rather, he volunteered to explain

the situation to the detectives shortly after the interview began.

The cases Hernandez-Garcia relies upon— State v. Dennis.12 United States v.

Kim.13 and United States v. Carter14—are distinguishable.

In Dennis. Division Two of this court held that the defendants were in custody

when a police officer interrogated them in their own home, even though they were not

placed under arrest and the officer told them they were free to leave at any time.15

There, the atmosphere was "dominated by the officer's unwelcome presence," the

officer insisted on remaining in a position where he could monitor and restrict the

defendants' freedom of movement within their home, and the officer informed the

defendants that a search warrant had been obtained and was en route to the apartment

in order to be served.16

In Kim, the defendant and her husband drove to the store they owned to check

on their son after a police officer showed up at their house looking for him.17 When they

arrived, the police were executing a search warrant and the door to the store was

locked.18 Kim knocked, and an officer let her enter but locked out her husband.19 Kim

was not allowed to leave for three hours.20 Once she entered the store, officers

prevented her from speaking with her son and ordered her to speak English, not her

12 16Wn. App. 417, 558 P.2d 297 (1976).

13 292 F.3d 969 (9th Cir. 2002).

14 884 F.2d 368 (8th Cir. 1989).

15 Dennis. 16Wn. App. at 421-22.

16 Dennis, 16Wn. App. at 421-22.

17 Kim, 292 F.3d at 971.

18 Kim. 292 F.3d at 971.

19 Kim, 292F.3dat971.

20 Kim, 292 F.3d at 971.
No. 68106-1-1/7

native Korean.21 Kim was directed to sit while the officers searched the store for "some

time."22 After that, they interrogated her for 30 minutes without an interpreter and

another 20 minutes after the interpreter arrived.23 Kim said that the officers positioned

themselves so that she felt "surrounded."24 During the questioning, Kim admitted to

selling large quantities of pseudoephedrine.25 The court held that under these

circumstances, Kim was sufficiently restrained so as to be considered in custody.

In Carter, the Eighth Circuit held that the defendant was in custody where postal

inspectors and a bank security officer surrounded him during the interrogation, the

inspectors did not tell him he was free to leave or did not have to answer their

questions, and the inspectors adopted a "Mutt and Jeff' approach during the hour-long

interview, confronting him with damning evidence of his guilt.26

In each of these cases, there is an element of police dominance and restraint

that is absent here. The detectives did not surround Hernandez-Garcia or otherwise

restrict his freedom of movement, engage in deceptive interrogation tactics, or threaten

him with the existence of a search warrant. Unlike Kim, Smith did not prevent

Hernandez-Garcia from speaking in his native language; she waited until an interpreter

was present to question him. These circumstances distinguish this case from those

Hernandez-Garcia relies upon.

21 Kim, 292 F.3d at 971. Another officertold her to "shut up."

22 Kim. 292 F.3d at 971-72, 977.

23 Kim, 292 F.3d at 977.

24 Kim. 292 F.3d at 972.

25 Kim, 292 F.3d at 972.

26 Carter, 884 F.2d at 372 (1989).
No. 68106-1-1/8

CONCLUSION

Smith told Hernandez-Garcia that she was not at his workplace to take him to jail

and asked him if he would agree to speak with her. Hernandez-Garcia voluntarily did

so. A reasonable person in Hernandez-Garcia's position would not have felt his

freedom of movement was restricted to a degree associated with formal arrest. We

affirm.

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WE CONCUR:

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