NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-2443-20

ALFRED LAWSON,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

OFFICER JEFF DEWAR,

OFFICER JANOS BOJTOS,

SERGEANT ROBERT LAVIN,

OFFICER BRIAN WERTHEIM,

OFFICER KEITH KILGORE,

SERGEANT VITO BET,

SERGEANT JOHN MAZUERA,

SERGEANT JEFFREY RAUB,

CAPTAIN KEVIN RIVENBARK,

CHIEF MICHAEL D. JANNONE,

MAYOR BOB FRAZEN,

BOROUGH OF BOUND BROOK,

and BOUND BROOK POLICE

DEPARTMENT,

Defendants-Respondents.

______________________________

Submitted May 5, 2021 – Decided May 27, 2021

Before Judges Fisher, Gilson, and Moynihan.

On appeal from an interlocutory order of the Superior 

Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Middlesex County, 

Docket No. L-8788-20.

Kevin T. Flood, attorney for appellant.

APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION

May 27, 2021

APPELLATE DIVISION
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Hoagland, Longo, Moran, Dunst & Doukas, LLP, 

attorneys for respondents Sergeant Vito Bet, Sergeant 

John Mazuera, Sergeant Jeffrey Raub, Captain Kevin 

Rivenbark, Chief Michael D. Jannone, Mayor Bob 

Frazen, Borough of Bound Brook, and Bound Brook 

Police Department (Susan K. O'Connor, of counsel and 

on the brief).

Dwyer Connell & Lisbona, LLP, attorneys for 

respondent Officer Janos Bojtos (William T. Connell 

and Beth Connell O'Connor, on the brief).

Martin Kane Kuper, LLC, attorneys for respondents 

Officer Jeff Dewar, Officer Brian Wertheim, and 

Officer Keith Kilgore, join in the brief of respondent

Officer Janos Bojtos.

Michael J. Stone, attorney for respondent Sergeant 

Robert Lavin, joins in the brief of respondent Officer 

Janos Bojtos.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

FISHER, P.J.A.D.

In summarily deciding this interlocutory appeal and vacating the order 

under review, we write chiefly to point out commonly misunderstood 

distinctions between motions seeking reconsideration of final orders and 

motions seeking reconsideration of interlocutory orders.

For context, we briefly recount the circumstances that have brought us 

here. Plaintiff filed a complaint in October 2017 in the Somerset vicinage 
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against the Borough of Bound Brook and numerous of its police officers 

alleging, under various legal theories, that he was physically beaten, at times 

while handcuffed, when arrested by Bound Brook police officers two years 

earlier.

Discovery was extended on a number of occasions and proceeded into 

early February 2020. Not all discovery was completed and disputes remained 

about some document requests and unscheduled depositions well into March 

2020, when, during a case management conference, plaintiff was invited to move 

for, among other things: another discovery extension; the right to conduct 

certain depositions; reconsideration of an order barring Nestor Crespo1from 

testifying at trial because he failed to appear for a subpoenaed deposition; an 

amendment to the complaint to add a civil conspiracy claim; and the turnover of 

all use-of-force reports for all Bound Brook police officers. On May 14, 2020, 

the judge denied most of the relief sought but allowed additional time for an 

exchange of expert reports.

As presently relevant, the judge reasoned that a turnover of the use-offorce reports was barred by an earlier protective order, leave to amend was 

1 Crespo was arrested when plaintiff was arrested and may have witnessed the 

alleged assault on plaintiff.
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barred because it would cause an undue delay, and the order barring Crespo from 

testifying was authorized by Rule 4:23-2. In June 2020, plaintiff moved for 

reconsideration of those three aspects of the May 14, 2020 order.

The June 2020 reconsideration motion was still pending when, for 

unrelated reasons, venue was transferred first to Mercer County and then to 

Middlesex County. The many months that elapsed before venue was finally 

lodged in Middlesex County, and the inability of the court to conduct a trial in 

this case, even now, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, have rendered illusory the 

Somerset judge's concern nearly a year ago about the delay additional discovery 

or an amendment to the complaint would have caused if plaintiff's motion were 

granted.

Once the case landed in Middlesex County, the pending reconsideration 

motion was argued on February 19, 2021. On that day, a judge new to the case 

rendered an oral decision and entered an order denying all relief.

Plaintiff moved for leave to appeal. We granted the motion, advising in 

our May 5, 2021 order that we would summarily decide this interlocutory appeal 

on the briefs and appendices submitted. See R. 2:11-2. For the reasons that 

follow, we vacate the February 19, 2021 order and remand for the trial judge's 

further consideration of plaintiff's motion.
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In his oral decision, the judge invoked numerous legal principles and

circumstances that, he said, compelled him to refuse reconsideration of the 

Somerset judge's earlier order:

• he was "being asked to reconsider the decision of 

a coequal member of the judiciary";

• "nothing new . . . [was] presented . . . that hadn't 

been available to [or] . . . presented to [the 

Somerset judge]" when deciding the matters 

questioned by the reconsideration motion;

• plaintiff failed to demonstrate the Somerset judge 

"acted in an arbitrary, capricious, or 

unreasonable manner";

• plaintiff failed to successfully navigate the 

"narrow corridor" of showing the prior decision 

was "based upon a palpably incorrect or irrational 

basis" or the Somerset judge "failed to appreciate 

the significance of probative, competent 

evidence," quoting Cummings v. Bahr, 295 N.J. 

Super. 374, 384 (App. Div. 1996);

• "the overlay [of] the law of the case," which the 

judge described as a doctrine that "instructs 

courts to respect . . . the rulings of a different 

judge . . . during the pendency of the given case 

unless presented by substantially different 

evidence, new controlling authority, or a showing 

that the prior ruling was clearly erroneous," 

citing State v. K.P.S., 221 N.J. 266, 276 (2015), 

and Lombardi v. Masso, 207 N.J. 517, 538 

(2011), among others.
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The judge rejected defendants' argument that the reconsideration motion was 

time-barred by referring to the substantial delay caused by the change in venue.

The problem with the judge's disposition lies with his application of 

principles relevant only when a judge is asked to reconsider a final order; these 

standards are incompatible with a request that an interlocutory order be 

reconsidered. The approach to those requests is significantly different.

We start with a frequent misconception about the time within which a 

motion for reconsideration of an interlocutory order can be filed. Defendants 

have argued that plaintiff was obligated to move for reconsideration within 

twenty days of the May 14, 2020 order. That is plainly wrong. Rule 4:49-2 sets 

a twenty-day time bar for filing motions to alter or amend "a judgment or order,"

a phrase that encompasses only final orders, as Judge Pressler long ago observed 

in Johnson v. Cyklop Strapping Corp., 220 N.J. Super. 250, 258-59 (App. Div. 

1987). No one has or could possibly argue the May 14, 2020 order is a final 

order. Rule 4:49-2 has no application here.

Because Rule 4:49-2 applies only to motions to alter or amend final

judgments and final orders, and doesn't apply when an interlocutory order is 

challenged, so too the standard described in Cummings v. Bahr – the standard 

cited by the trial judge that requires a showing that the challenged order was the 
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result of a "palpably incorrect or irrational" analysis or of the judge's failure to 

"consider" or "appreciate" competent and probative evidence, 295 N.J. Super. at 

384 – did not apply to the motion before the trial judge. Instead, in ruling on 

the motion at hand, the judge should have been guided only by Rule 4:42-2 and 

its far more liberal approach to reconsideration, not the methodology employed 

when a motion is based on Rule 4:49-2.

Rule 4:42-2 declares that interlocutory orders "shall be subject to revision 

at any time before the entry of final judgment in the sound discretion of the court 

in the interest of justice." A motion for reconsideration does not require a 

showing that the challenged order was "palpably incorrect," "irrational," or 

based on a misapprehension or overlooking of significant material presented on 

the earlier application. Until entry of final judgment, only "sound discretion" 

and the "interest of justice" guides the trial court, as Rule 4:42-2 expressly states. 

Nearly forty years ago, Judge Michels said for this court in Ford v. Weisman, 

188 N.J. Super. 614, 619 (App. Div. 1983) that, until the suit ends, a trial court 

"has complete power over its interlocutory orders and may revise them when it 

would be consonant with the interests of justice to do so." Accord Lombardi, 

207 N.J. at 536; Johnson, 220 N.J. Super. at 257-59; see also Ginsberg ex rel. 

Ginsberg v. Quest Diagnostics, Inc., 441 N.J. Super. 198, 248-49 (App. Div. 
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2015), aff’d o.b., Ginsberg v. Quest Diagnostics, Inc., 227 N.J. 7 (2016); Akhtar 

v. JDN Props. at Florham Park, LLC, 439 N.J. Super. 391, 399-400 (App. Div. 

2015); Johnson v. Benjamin Moore & Co., 347 N.J. Super. 71, 82 (App. Div. 

2002); Hart v. City of Jersey City, 308 N.J. Super. 487, 497-98 (App. Div. 

1998).2 By invoking Cummings, the trial judge applied the wrong standard in 

denying plaintiff's motion.

The judge further erred by giving undue deference to the interlocutory 

rulings of the Somerset judge. If a prior judge has erred or entered an order that

has ceased to promote a fair and efficient processing of a particular case, the 

new judge owes respect but not deference and should correct the error. See

McBride v. Minstar, Inc., 283 N.J. Super. 471, 481 (Law Div. 1994), aff'd o.b., 

McBride v. Raichle Molitor, USA, 283 N.J. Super. 422 (App. Div. 1995). The 

polestar is always what is best for the pending suit; it is better to risk giving 

offense to a colleague than to allow a case to veer off course.

Similarly, the law of the case doctrine has no bearing when a party seeks 

reconsideration of interlocutory discovery orders. In writing for the Supreme 

2 Ford relied on John Simmons Co. v. Grier Bros. Co., 258 U.S. 82, 88 (1922), 

where Justice Mahlon Pitney – a former Chancellor of New Jersey – recognized 

the inherent power of a trial court to modify or rescind an interlocutory order 

"at any time before final decree."
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Court, Justice Long recognized the law of the case doctrine "is only triggered 

when one court is faced with a ruling on the merits by a different and co-equal 

court on an identical issue." Lombardi, 207 N.J. at 539 (emphasis added). In 

support, Lombardi cited Gonzalez v. Ideal Tile Importing Co., Inc., 371 N.J. 

Super. 349, 356 (App. Div. 2004), aff'd o.b., 184 N.J. 415 (2005), where we held 

in similar circumstances that the law of the case doctrine does not obligate a 

court to "slavishly follow an erroneous or uncertain interlocutory ruling." 

Interlocutory rulings are "not considered 'law of the case'" and are "always 

subject to reconsideration up until final judgment is entered." Lombardi, 207 

N.J. at 539 (citing Johnson, 220 N.J. Super. at 257).

We observe as well there is nothing in our jurisprudence to suggest 

reconsideration of an interlocutory order is prohibited unless the movant can

provide something "new" or unless the prior judge acted in an "arbitrary, 

capricious or unreasonable" manner. To the extent it may be discerned from 

their submissions that defendants rely on these obstacles mistakenly erected by 

the judge in denying relief, we find their arguments to be without sufficient merit 

to warrant further discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

In the final analysis, we urge judges not to view reconsideration motions 

as hostile gestures. To be sure, some are frivolous, vexatious or merely 
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repetitious, and some constitute an unwarranted attempt to reverse matters 

previously decided solely because the prior judge is no longer available. But 

some reconsideration motions – those that argue in good faith a prior mistake, a 

change in circumstances, or the court's misappreciation of what was previously 

argued – present the court with an opportunity to either reinforce and better 

explain why the prior order was appropriate or correct a prior erroneous order. 

Judges should view well-reasoned motions based on Rule 4:42-2 as an invitation 

to apply Cromwell's rule: "I beseech you . . . think it possible you may be 

mistaken." The fair and efficient administration of justice is better served when 

reconsideration motions are viewed in that spirit and not as nuisances to be 

swatted aside.

3

Because the judge applied the wrong standards when ruling on plaintiff's 

reconsideration motion, we vacate the February 19, 2021 order and remand for 

the trial judge's further consideration of plaintiff's motion and his exercise of 

sound discretion in determining whether any of the challenged interlocutory 

rulings serve, in the words of Rule 4:42-2, "the interest of justice."

3 We should point out that this was not the trial judge's approach. He attentively 

listened to the parties and exhibited a full understanding of the case and the 

arguments presented. He simply applied the wrong standards in denying relief.
11 A-2443-20

We offer the following comments for guidance about the part of the 

motion that concerns the bar on Crespo's trial testimony. First, the Somerset 

judge mistakenly relied on Rule 4:23-2, which applies only to parties who refuse 

to be sworn or answer a question after being directed to do so, and only to parties

who fail to provide discovery after being ordered to do so. Crespo is not a party. 

The failure of a non-party to comply with a subpoena falls within the ambit of 

Rule 1:9-5, which declares that a person's "[f]ailure without adequate excuse to 

obey a subpoena . . . may be deemed a contempt of court."

Rule 1:9-5 presupposes an approach that doesn't sanction the parties but 

instead calls for an order designed to compel the recalcitrant person's 

compliance. A proper motion would have sought an order both finding Crespo 

in civil contempt and containing other directions designed to compel his future 

appearance. Defendant's motion, however, appears not to have even been served 

on Crespo,

4

so he was never given a chance to explain why he did not appear or, 

if he had no excuse, a chance to comply and purge himself of his contempt.

Further, it is fair to assume Crespo has not felt coerced by the order if he 

is even aware of it; the order simply bars his trial testimony. The Somerset 

4 The proof of mailing appended to the motion to bar his trial testimony reveals 

that the movant neither served nor attempted to serve Crespo with the motion.
12 A-2443-20

judge's order didn't motivate Crespo to comply; the judge took Crespo off the 

hook and allowed the burden of his contempt to fall on whichever party may

have benefitted from his trial testimony. When the trial judge takes up again the 

reconsideration motion, he should consider that the disposition of the original 

Crespo motion should be driven by a desire to compel Crespo's compliance. See, 

e.g., Catena v. Seidl, 65 N.J. 257, 262 (1974). The judge should consider what

is gained by perpetuating an order forbidding Crespo from testifying and 

whether any party would be prejudiced if the order was vacated and replaced 

with an order designed to compel Crespo's compliance with the subpoena.

We also point out the possibility that the issue may still have to be 

considered even if, after reconsideration, the Crespo order remains in place. For 

example, if a party is ultimately able to secure Crespo's appearance at trial, the 

court would still be required to revisit the matter because of the court's 

overriding interest in searching for the truth. See Graham v. Gielchinsky, 126 

N.J. 361, 371-72 (1991). If Crespo has personal knowledge of facts relevant to 

the case, his failure to previously appear for a deposition should not shut the 

door to the presentation of that relevant evidence absent undue prejudice to the 

parties. If he were to suddenly appear at trial, the judge would be called on to 

exercise discretion and determine whether any prejudice caused by the 
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circumstances may be ameliorated. It is not uncommon in these instances for a 

trial judge to require that the previously unavailable witness undergo a 

deposition during a break in the trial prior to his taking the stand.

In reconsidering the order barring Crespo's trial testimony, the judge 

should weigh all relevant factors and consider whether the order's perpetuation 

serves the ultimate goal of the fair and efficient administration of justice. R.

1:1-2(a); A.T. v. Cohen, 231 N.J. 337, 351-52 (2017); Ragusa v. Lau, 119 N.J. 

276, 283-84 (1990).

We lastly point out that the Somerset judge denied other aspects of 

plaintiff's prior motion by way of the May 14, 2020 order because of a concern 

about the delay that the relief sought would cause. Unfortunately, despite those 

intentions, the matter has been delayed for nearly a year by both a slow-moving 

change of venue and the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the cessation of most 

civil jury trials over the past year, the judge now should consider not only the 

merit of the parties' arguments but whether a brief delay caused by the additional 

discovery or by an amendment of the complaint will further delay the trial of 

this case. Undoubtedly, the court has a long queue of trial-ready cases to be 

dealt with once civil jury trials are resumed. In ruling on the reconsideration 

motion, the judge should assess when this case might realistically be sent out to 
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trial. Once that is ascertained, the judge should then determine whether any of 

the relief plaintiff seeks will delay the trial.

Vacated and remanded for further proceedings in conformity with this 

opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.