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Title:   Author  item
                                            BIELDERMAN, INGRID - Sight & Lifeitem
                                            BRUINS, MIAAKE - Dsm Biotechnology Centeritem
                                            ENGLE-STONE, REINA - University Of Californiaitem
                                            SOLOMONS, NOEL - Center For Studies Of Sensory Impairment, Aging And Metabolism (CESSIAM)item
                                            VERHAGEN, HANS - National Institute For Public Health And The Environment (RIVM)item
                                            Allen, Lindsay

                                                         - *A*item
                                            NEUFELD, LYNNETTE - Global Alliance For Improved Nutrition (GAIN)item
                                            KRAEMER, KLAUS - Sight & Lifeitem
                                            BADHAM, JANE - Sight & Life
  Submitted to: European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety
                                    Publication Type: Proceedings
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 5/15/2015
                                    Publication  Date: 5/27/2015
                                    Publication URL: http://sciencedomain.org/abstract/9450Citation: Bielderman, I., Bruins, M.J., Engle-Stone, R., Solomons, N.W., Verhagen, H., Allen, L.H., Neufeld, L.M., Kraemer, K., Badham, J. 2015. Symposium report: Effective and safe micronutrient interventions, weighing the risks against the benefits . European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety. 5(4): 202-228, EJNFS.2015.019.Interpretive Summary: Micronutrient fortification of staple foods can be an effective strategy to combat micronutrient malnutrition. When planning on fortification, challenges faced include the collection of essential information on population food and nutrient intake patterns, as well as the use of this information in a method to select appropriate fortification levels. A symposium was organized aimed at discussing the existing approaches to set effective and safe micronutrient fortification levels and to outline the challenges and needs in this area. Two different approaches to establish effective and safe fortification levels for food fortification were presented. In the first approach, the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) are used as cut-points in the micronutrient intake distribution to evaluate and simulate effective and safe micronutrient intakes.This was exemplified by challenges encountered in Guatemala and Cameroon towards unequal vitamin A intake distribution and the impact of the food vehicle choice. Secondly, the risk-benefit approach was presented as an approach in which risks and benefits of micronutrient intakes can be quantified and balanced in order to optimize fortification benefits with the least risks and to allow decision making. This was illustrated by a case on folic acid fortification in The Netherlands. Irrespective of the approach, food and nutrient intake data are required to identify potential vehicles for fortification, quantify the nutrient gap to be addressed, and set the appropriate level of fortification based on consumption pattern. Such information is rarely available to the quality and extent ideal to set fortification levels and requires regular updating, as exemplified in the case of sugar fortification in Guatemala. While the EAR cut-point method can be used to determine the proportion of the population meeting their required and safe nutrient intakes and set goals, risk benefit assessment may offer an answer to commonly-asked questions as to whether, and at which levels, the benefits of increasing micronutrient intakes outweigh the risks.
                                Technical Abstract: Micronutrient fortification of staple foods can be an effective strategy to combat micronutrient malnutrition. When planning on fortification, challenges faced include the collection of essential information on population food and nutrient intake patterns, as well as the use of this information in a method to select appropriate fortification levels. A symposium was organized aimed at discussing the existing approaches to set effective and safe micronutrient fortification levels and to outline the challenges and needs in this area. Two different approaches to establish effective and safe fortification levels for food fortification were presented. In the first approach, the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) are used as cut-points in the micronutrient intake distribution to evaluate and simulate effective and safe micronutrient intakes.This was exemplified by challenges encountered in Guatemala and Cameroon towards unequal vitamin A intake distribution and the impact of the food vehicle choice. Secondly, the risk-benefit approach was presented as an approach in which risks and benefits of micronutrient intakes can be quantified and balanced in order to optimize fortification benefits with the least risks and to allow decision making. This was illustrated by a case on folic acid fortification in The Netherlands. Irrespective of the approach, food and nutrient intake data are required to identify potential vehicles for fortification, quantify the nutrient gap to be addressed, and set the appropriate level of fortification based on consumption pattern. Such information is rarely available to the quality and extent ideal to set fortification levels and requires regular updating, as exemplified in the case of sugar fortification in Guatemala. While the EAR cut-point method can be used to determine the proportion of the population meeting their required and safe nutrient intakes and set goals, risk benefit assessment may offer an answer to commonly-asked questions as to whether, and at which levels, the benefits of increasing micronutrient intakes outweigh the risks.


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