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Title:   Author  item
                                            Zanton, Geoffrey
  Submitted to: Journal of Dairy Science
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 2/18/2016
                                    Publication  Date: 5/13/2016
                                    Publication URL: https://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/62591Citation: Zanton, G.I. 2016. Analysis of production responses to changing crude protein levels in lactating dairy cow diets when evaluated in continuous or change-over experimental designs. Journal of Dairy Science. 99:4398-4410.Interpretive Summary: In livestock feeding trials, the type of experimental design may affect results, such as when measuring changes in milk production with various diets. Cross-over experimental designs, in which each animal receives different diets during different time periods, have been proposed to yield inaccurate results due to previous nutrition influencing the current response. We gathered results from 48 studies in which either a continuous or a cross-over experimental design was used. We then used meta-analysis to determine the effect of experimental design on the production response when changing crude protein levels in the diets of lactating dairy cows. We concluded that the increase in dry matter intake, milk protein yield, and fat yield due to a diet with increased crude protein did not depend on experimental design. However, the response to crude protein level in the diet tended to be less for milk yield and measures of efficiency in cross-over designs. This information will provide researchers with an improved understanding of the implications of choosing continuous or cross-over experimental designs.
                                Technical Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate by meta-analysis the effect of experimental design on the production response functions obtained when changing crude protein levels in lactating dairy cow diets. The final database of studies that met the selection criteria contained 55 publications with 23 classified as using a continuous (80 diets), 34 classified as using a change-over (173 diets) experimental designs (2 publications reported results from trials using both designs). Mixed model, weighted analysis of covariance was conducted on production measures in response to CP including the continuous covariates, year of publication, and average days in milk (DIM) and the discrete classification covariate of experimental design. The model was evaluated for curvilinearity in the response to CP, variance heterogeneity, and coincidence in the response between experimental designs, with P < 0.05 indicating significant effects and P < 0.15 indicating trends. On average, cows in experiments using continuous designs had a lower initial DIM, were on treatment longer, and producing a greater yield of milk and milk protein than cows in experiments using change-over designs. Production responses to increasing CP were increased dry matter intake (DMI), milk and component yield, and feed efficiency (milk Mcal/kg DMI), and decreased milk N:intake N. Response in milk yield and feed efficiency to increased CP interacted with experimental design where continuous experiments had greater milk yield and feed efficiency response at higher levels of CP. Interaction between CP and design effects on yield of milk protein and fat or milk N:intake N did not approach significance. The database was limited by the lower number of continuous studies and the differences in average DIM between designs; nevertheless, it was concluded that DMI, milk protein yield, milk fat yield, and milk N:intake N responses to CP did not depend on experimental design. Response of milk yield and feed efficiency to CP interacted with experimental design; however, prospective research on the influence of experimental design is required to test these results.


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