Circuit Court for Montgomery County 

Case No. 409897 

REPORTED 

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

OF MARYLAND 

No. 571 

September Term, 2016

MONTGOMERY COUNTY PUBLIC 

SCHOOLS 

v. 

BRIAN DONLON 

Leahy, 

Reed, 

Shaw Geter, 

JJ.

Opinion by Leahy, J.

 

Filed: August 30, 2017 
This case concerns the interpretation of the Maryland Whistleblower Protection 

Law, Maryland Code (1993, 2015 Repl. Vol., 2016 Supp.), State Personnel and Pensions 

Article (“SPP”), § 5-301, et seq. (the “WBL”), and whether it applies to employees of 

county boards of education.1

 

A high school teacher in the Montgomery County Public School system, Appellee 

Brian Donlon (“Donlon” or “Appellee”), informed the press that he had discovered that 

Richard Montgomery High School (“RMHS”) was inflating its Advanced Placement 

(“AP”) statistics. Donlon then filed a whistleblower complaint against Montgomery 

County Public Schools (“MCPS” or “Appellant” or the “County Board”) with the 

Maryland Department of Budget and Management (“DBM”). He alleged that after he 

disclosed the statistics inflation, his superiors retaliated against him by, among other things, 

assigning him undesirable courses to teach. DBM dismissed his complaint, finding that it 

did not have jurisdiction because Donlon is not an employee of the Executive Branch of 

State government. Donlon appealed this decision, and an administrative law judge (“ALJ”) 

in the Office of Administrative Hearings (“OAH”) affirmed. Donlon then filed a petition 

for judicial review in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County. After argument, the 

circuit court reversed the administrative decision. 

MCPS appealed, presenting the following question for our review: “Did the Circuit 

Court err[] in finding, contrary to the determinations of the DBM and the ALJ, that Donlon 

 

1 As we explain infra, the General Assembly has since changed the law so that public 

school teachers soon will have an independent method to bring a whistleblower complaint. 

See 2017 Md. Laws, ch. 730 (H.B. 1145).
2

is an employee in the Executive Branch of State government within the scope of the 

WBL?” MCPS has also filed a motion, requesting that we take judicial notice of a bill 

passed during the 2017 legislative session, H.B. 1145—the Public School Employee 

Whistleblower Protection Act.2

 We hold that the WBL does not apply to public school teachers employed by county 

boards of education because they are not employees of the Executive Branch of State 

government. We conclude that Donlon does not qualify as an employee of the Executive 

Branch of State government under any common law test. We also determine that MCPS 

is not judicially estopped from arguing that MCPS is not a State agency. Accordingly, we 

reverse the decision of the circuit court and remand with instructions to reinstate the 

decision and order of the OAH. 

BACKGROUND 

A. The Whistleblower Complaint 

Donlon filed his whistleblower complaint against MCPS3 with DBM on December 

10, 2014. In the complaint, Donlon charges that RMHS was inflating its AP statistics by 

awarding credit to students for AP classes on report cards and transcripts when those 

students were instead enrolled in the Middle Years Program (“MYP”).4

 Donlon alleged 

 

2 We address this motion within the opinion. 

3

 The legal name for Montgomery County Public Schools is “the Board of Education 

of Montgomery County.” See Maryland Code (1978, 2014 Repl. Vol.), Education Article 

(“EA”), § 3-104. 

4

 Donlon alleged that those classes did not meet AP criteria set by the College Board. 
3

that after discovering this in early 2012, he spoke to Senator Paul Pinsky, a state legislator 

involved with educational issues, who brought the issue to Donna Hollingshead, the 

Community Superintendent. After Hollingshead failed to address the issue, Donlon 

contacted Jay Matthews, a reporter at the Washington Post, who then contacted MCPS. 

Kim Lansell, the chair of Donlon’s department, allegedly stopped speaking to Donlon 

when she learned that Donlon contacted Matthews. Donlon further alleged that Lansell 

and Josh Neuman-Sunshine, the assistant principal, falsely accused him of not preparing a 

substitute teacher properly. 

Donlon also related in his complaint that in April 2012, he contacted the Maryland 

Gazette about the AP statistics inflation, and that the Maryland Gazette published a story 

on the issue. Donlon alleged the school retaliated against him for speaking to the 

newspaper about the story when in the fall semester he was assigned no AP courses. In 

June 2013, Donlon was assigned to teach AP Psychology, a course that he had requested 

not to teach because he believed that he did not have the requisite background to teach it. 

The next year, in June 2014, MCPS reassigned Donlon as a floating teacher.5

 Later in 

October 2014, Donlon inquired of Lansell why he was teaching a large class without a 

paraeducator, and Lansell responded very rudely to him. 

On October 24, 2014, Damon Monteleone (the school’s new principal), and Lansell 

called Donlon to a meeting to speak to him about how he had been absent from work 42 

 

5

 According to Donlon’s complaint, a floating teacher “[i]s required to travel from 

classroom to classroom utilizing other teachers’ rooms during their off periods.” His 

complaint further alleges that all teachers are required to be floating teachers periodically, 

but that there were other teachers who had not been assigned this duty since 2004. 
4

times during the 2012-13 school year. Donlon responded that most of those absences were 

due to union meetings, teacher trainings, and the like. 

The complaint alleged that these incidents constituted illegal retaliation against him 

under the WBL, SPP § 5-301, et seq. Donlon requested compensatory damages, punitive 

damages, costs and attorney’s fees, and equitable relief. 

B. Administrative Proceedings

On January 27, 2015, the Office of the Statewide Equal Employment Opportunity 

Coordinator (“OSEEOC”), as the designee of the Secretary of DBM, sent a letter to Donlon 

dismissing his complaint, stating: 

The Office conducted a thorough review of your complaint and the 

response and documents submitted by the Respondent. Your complaint does 

not meet the jurisdictional requirements of the Maryland Whistleblower 

Law. In accordance with SPP § 5-301, the Maryland Whistleblower Law 

applies to employees and State employees who are applicants for position in 

the Executive Branch of State government. . . . MCPS [] is not an Executive 

Branch agency of State government, and therefore your complaint is not 

subject to investigation by this office. Accordingly, your complaint is 

dismissed. 

 Donlon appealed this decision to the OAH on February 6, 2015, challenging DBM’s 

determination that MCPS is not an executive branch agency of the State government. 

MCPS filed a motion to dismiss arguing, inter alia, that Donlon was not an employee of 

the Executive Branch of State government and, as a result, Donlon did not fall under the 

purview of the WBL. An ALJ held a motions hearing on August 3, 2015. 

 At the hearing, MCPS called Donlon as its first witness. He testified that MCPS 

was his employer. MCPS entered Donlon’s teaching contract into evidence, noting that 

the State of Maryland was not a signatory to the contract. MCPS also offered Donlon’s 
5

W-2—which listed MCPS as his employer. MCPS then presented the affidavit of Dhiren 

Shah, the Deputy Director of the central payroll bureau for the Comptroller of Maryland, 

swearing that there were no current or former State employees with the name of Brian J. 

Donlon. Nonetheless, Donlon testified: “I believe I’m a certified teacher by the State of 

Maryland and that the Montgomery County Public Schools is an extension of the State 

Board, so that would make me a Maryland employee of the Executive Branch in that 

regard.” 

 MCPS then entered into evidence the affidavit of Steven Serra, director of the Office 

of Human Resources for the Maryland State Department of Education (“MSDE”), 

swearing that Donlon had never been employed by MSDE. MCPS also entered into 

evidence the collective bargaining agreement between MCPS and its teachers, to which the 

State was not a party, as well as a document demonstrating that State holidays and MCPS 

holidays do not correspond. MCPS then listed all of the principal departments of the 

Executive Branch of the State government, one-by-one, and asked Donlon whether he was 

employed by each. Donlon responded “no” to each question. Donlon testified, however, 

that it was his belief that because all MCPS employees were ultimately answerable to 

MSDE, that all MCPS employees were State employees. 

 MCPS then called Jeffrey Martinez, the director of recruitment and staffing in the 

Office of Human Resources and Development for MCPS. Martinez testified that he 

(Martinez) was an employee of the Board of Education for MCPS and that attending State 

training sessions did not convert him into a State employee. He testified that only the 

Board of Directors for MCPS, not the State Board of Education (the “State Board”), has 
6

the authority to hire teachers for MCPS. He added that the County Board, not the State 

Board, has the authority to fire teachers, although a teacher could appeal that termination 

to the State Board. MCPS then moved into evidence an article from the Baltimore Sun that 

listed the salaries of all State employees. This list did not include Donlon. Martinez 

explained that the superintendent and the County Board, not the State Board, were

responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations of MCPS and for preparing the 

curriculum. Neither MSDE nor the State Board controlled the curriculum for MCPS. 

 Stanislaw Damas, the director of association relations for MCPS, testified next. 

Damas related that he coordinates collective bargaining and negotiations between MCPS 

and the three unions representing MCPS employees, and that he handles grievances and 

complaints through the contract grievance and administrative complaint procedures. He 

testified that the parties to the MCPS teachers’ agreement are the County Board and the 

Montgomery County Education Association (the Montgomery County teachers’ union). 

 Donlon then testified on his own behalf. In support of his view that he actually 

worked for the State, he stated that, after MCPS terminates a person, that person may 

eventually appeal his termination to the State Board and that MCPS receives funding from 

the State to start new schools. Donlon also offered that the State Board sets general 

voluntary standards on which most county educational curricula are based; that students 

have statewide testing; and that the State issues high school diplomas. Finally, Donlon 

testified that he participates in the statewide retirement system for teachers, which is 

administered by the State of Maryland. 

 In closing, MCPS argued that the WBL applied only to State employees of the 
7

executive branch and that Donlon was not a State employee. MCPS contended that the 

mere fact that the State issued Donlon a license to teach did not resolve this inquiry because 

the State regulates many professions, such as nursing, and no one would contend that all 

nurses were State employees. MCPS further maintained that Donlon, by his own 

admission, did not fall under any of the principal departments of the Executive Branch of 

the State government. MCPS asserted that the county boards of education are not divisions 

or units within MSDE. However, MCPS also noted that Court of Appeals precedent 

recognizes that county boards of education can be considered State agencies for some 

purposes and local government units for other purposes. 

During closing, Donlon argued that the County Board was a State agency because 

the State Board exercises such a high level of control over the County Board. Donlon 

further argued that MCPS should be judicially estopped from arguing that it was not a State 

agency when it had previously asserted sovereign immunity pursuant to the Eleventh 

Amendment in federal court in other cases. Finally, Donlon argued that good policy 

mandated that public school teachers be covered by the WBL. 

 On September 1, 2015, the ALJ issued his decision, finding that there was no 

jurisdiction to hear the whistleblower claim because Donlon was not an employee of the 

Executive Branch of State government. The ALJ noted that the State government’s 

executive branch contains 19 principal departments, each of which contain subordinate 

units, and that MCPS is not among them. The ALJ also observed that the State Board 

establishes policies and guidelines throughout the State, but that it is the county boards of 

education that employ principals and teachers. The ALJ found that Donlon submitted no 
8

evidence that he was an employee of the executive branch and that there was no 

employer/employee relationship between Donlon and the executive branch. Accordingly, 

the ALJ concluded that Donlon was not an executive branch employee, that he could not 

bring a whistleblower complaint pursuant to the WBL, and that DBM and the OAH did not 

have jurisdiction to hear the case. Thus, the ALJ granted MCPS’s motion for summary 

decision and dismissed Donlon’s complaint.6

 

C. Review in the Circuit Court

 Donlon then filed a petition for judicial review in the Circuit Court for Montgomery 

County. At a hearing on the petition on April 26, 2016, Donlon refined his argument, 

asserting that he was simultaneously an employee of both MCPS and the State 

government—that there was a dual employment relationship. Donlon further argued that 

MCPS should be estopped from arguing it was not an agency of the State government 

because MCPS routinely asserts sovereign immunity pursuant to the Eleventh Amendment 

in federal courts. 

 MCPS responded that there were no facts in the record to support the proposition 

that Donlon was a State employee. MCPS further argued that an entity may qualify as a 

State agency for some purposes, while being a local agency for other purposes. 

 The circuit court, expressing some consternation with MCPS, questioned MCPS on 

whether a teacher could be an employee of the State government because MCPS had an 

 

6

 Under SPP § 5-311(c) & (e), the decision by the ALJ is final, and a party may 

petition for judicial review of the decision in the circuit court. 
9

independent personnel system, relying on SPP § 5-301.7 MCPS responded that this 

argument was not raised below. The court also found it “deeply troubling” that MCPS 

could qualify as a State entity for Eleventh Amendment immunity purposes, but not for 

WBL purposes. The court then reversed the ALJ’s decision in an order entered on May 5, 

2016. On May 24, 2016, MCPS timely appealed the circuit court’s order. 

DISCUSSION

I.

The Maryland Whistleblower Protection Law

 On appeal, MCPS presents most of the same arguments that it had throughout the 

proceedings below. MCPS contends that Donlon is an employee of the County Board and 

is not a State employee, and that the WBL applies only to State employees of the Executive 

Branch of the State government. MCPS points out that the facts adduced at the ALJ hearing 

concerning Donlon’s employment relationship demonstrate that Donlon is not a State 

employee. MCPS argues that, pursuant to the employment factors the Court of Appeals 

set out in Whitehead v. Safway Steel Products, Inc., 304 Md. 67 (1985), Donlon is not an 

employee of the State. 

 MCPS asserts that there are nineteen principal departments of the Executive Branch 

 

7

 SPP § 5-301 provides: “This subtitle applies to all employees and State employees 

who are applicants for positions in the Executive Branch of State government, including a 

unit with an independent personnel system.” (Emphasis added). We construe this statute 

to mean that a unit may still be within the Executive Branch of State government (for 

purposes of the WBL) if it has an independent personnel system; rather than to mean that 

if a unit has an independent personnel system, that, in and of itself, is evidence that the unit 

is a State agency.
10

of State government and that county boards of education are not included among these 

departments, nor any subsidiary thereof. MCPS further contends that, pursuant to 

precedent from the Court of Appeals, county boards of education are not divisions or units 

within MSDE.8

 Finally, MCPS maintains that the DBM’s determination that the County 

Board was not within the executive branch is entitled to substantial weight because it is the 

agency responsible for overseeing the WBL. 

 Donlon responds that a plain reading of the statutory language of SPP § 5-301 

demonstrates that he is protected under the WBL, although he does not precisely explain 

how the statutory language demands this result. Donlon argues that he is an employee of 

 

8

 MCPS also argues that the SPP § 5-301 “independent personnel system” argument 

broached by the circuit court and adopted by Donlon during the judicial review hearing 

was not preserved because Donlon did not advance this argument at the hearing before the 

ALJ. Nonetheless, addressing the merits of this argument, MCPS contends that an entity 

must first be within the executive branch for the WBL to apply, and that, clearly, any public 

agency with an independent personnel system (such as MCPS) does not qualify under the 

WBL. Donlon, of course, responds that the “independent personnel system” argument, 

raised by the circuit court, is preserved, and, further argues that MCPS’s failure to raise a 

preservation argument in the circuit court waives any argument to that effect now. We 

note that Donlon did not use the phrase “independent personnel system” once during the 

administrative proceedings. Therefore, that argument is waived. See Cicala v. Disability 

Review Bd. for Prince George’s Cnty., 288 Md. 254, 261-62 (1980) (One who knows or 

should have known that an agency has committed error, yet fails to object “in any way or 

at any time during the course of the administrative proceeding, may not raise an objection 

for the first time in a judicial review proceeding.” (citations omitted)). Further, the record 

reflects that MCPS, in fact, did complain to the circuit court that Donlon did not raise the 

“independent personnel theory” argument during the administrative proceedings. 

Notwithstanding Donlon’s failure to preserve the issue, we take judicial notice of the fact 

that the Department of Legislative Services’ Office of Policy Analysis’s Maryland State 

Personnel, Pensions, and Procurement handbook does not list any county board of 

education as a “Salary Setting Authorit[y] and Personnel System[] Independent of the State 

Personnel and Management System.” Thus, we conclude that MCPS is not a “unit with an 

independent personnel system” within the Executive Branch of State government, within 

the meaning of SPP § 5-301. 
11

the State government because the State Board of Education has broad authority and 

supervisory control over local school boards. Donlon contends that the State Board’s 

authority over appeals of county board termination decisions supports his argument that 

public school teachers are State employees for purposes of the WBL. Donlon then argues 

that the ALJ’s analysis of the Whitehead factors was incorrect because of the State’s broad 

control over local board issues, contending that the State Board is the “ultimate arbiter of 

any decision regarding the suspension or termination of Donlon’s employment, and should 

the situation warrant, any other decision made by MCPS.” Donlon next asserts that he is 

a dual employee of MCPS and the State Board, working for the MCPS on a day-to-daybasis, but ultimately controlled by the State Board and MSDE. 

Donlon urges that local boards of education have long been considered by Maryland 

courts to be agents of the State. He insists that an entity cannot be an agent of the State for 

some purposes, but not a State agent for other purposes. From the premise that county 

boards of education are agents of the State, Donlon pivots, contending that they must be 

agents of the executive branch because they are not part of the judicial or legislative 

branches. 

 In reviewing an administrative agency’s decision, we “must look past the circuit 

court’s decision to review the agency’s decision.” Sizemore v. Town of Chesapeake Beach, 

225 Md. App. 631, 647 (2015) (citing Halici v. City of Gaithersburg, 180 Md. App. 238, 

248 (2008)); see also White v. Register of Wills of Anne Arundel Cnty., 217 Md. App. 187, 

190 (2014) (citing Motor Vehicle Admin. v. Shea, 415 Md. 1, 15 (2010)). In general, we 

are limited to determining whether substantial record evidence supports the agency’s 
12

findings and conclusions “‘and to determine if the administrative decision is premised upon 

an erroneous conclusion of law.’” Montgomery v. E. Corr. Inst., 377 Md. 615, 625 (2003) 

(quoting United Parcel v. People’s Counsel, 336 Md. 569, 577 (1994)). Maryland 

appellate courts “ordinarily give considerable weight to the administrative agency’s 

interpretation and application of the statute that the agency administers.” Id. (citations 

omitted); see also Bd. of Liquor License Comm’rs for Baltimore City v. Kougl, 451 Md. 

507, 514 (2017); White, 217 Md. App. at 193 (citing Bowen v. City of Annapolis, 402 Md. 

587, 612 (2007)) (specifically giving considerable weight to DBM’s classification of an 

employee). 

A. Government Structure 

We begin our analysis by examining the structure of the Executive Branch of State 

government and its relationship to county boards of education. Maryland Code (1984, 

2014 Repl. Vol.), State Government Article (“SG”), § 8-201 lists nineteen principal 

departments of the executive branch. County boards of education generally, and the 

Montgomery County Board of Education specifically, are not listed amongst the 

departments. Id. Interestingly, MSDE is not listed as a principal department of the 

Executive Branch of State government in SG § 8-201. Maryland Code (1978, 2014 Repl. 

Vol.), Education Article (“EA”), § 2-101 does, however, establish MSDE “as a principal 

department of the State Government.” 

 As Donlon argues supra, it is true that the State Board of Education exercises broad 
13

authority and supervision over the administration of public schools in the State.9 As the 

Court of Appeals has explained, the State Board

has very broad statutory authority over the administration of the public 

school system in this State, that the totality of its statutory authority 

constitutes a visitatorial power of such comprehensive character as to invest 

the State Board with the last word on any matter concerning educational 

policy or the administration of the system of public education, that this power 

is one of general control and supervision, that it authorizes the State Board 

to superintend the activities of the local boards of education to keep them 

within the legitimate sphere of their operations, and that whenever a 

controversy or dispute arises involving the educational policy or proper 

administration of the public school system of the State, the State Board's 

visitatorial power authorizes it to correct all abuses of authority and to nullify 

all irregular proceedings.

Baltimore City Bd. of Sch. Comm’rs v. City Neighbors Charter Sch., 400 Md. 324, 342-43 

(internal quotation marks and footnotes omitted) (quoting Bd. of Educ. of Prince George’s 

Cnty. v. Waeldner, 298 Md. 354, 359-62 (1984)). Thus, the State Board indisputably 

exercises a great deal of control over public education in the State.

 Whether Donlon is an employee of the executive branch, however, is a different 

question than whether the State Board has control over county boards. In Chesapeake 

Charter, Inc. v. Anne Arundel County Board of Education, 358 Md. 129 (2000), the Court 

of Appeals was called upon to determine whether county boards of education were 

divisions or units of MSDE for purposes of the General Procurement Law, Division II of 

the State Finance and Procurement Article, as it existed at that time. The Court explained 

that the Education Article of the Maryland Code creates a county board of education for 

 

9

 The State Board of Education is the “head” of the MSDE. Chesapeake Charter, 

Inc. v. Anne Arundel Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 358 Md. 129, 137 (2000). See ED § 2-102. 
14

each county, “with limited authority to control educational matters that affect the county.” 

Id. at 135-36. The Court clarified that county boards of education are State agencies for 

some purposes and local agencies for other purposes:10

Although in terms of their composition, jurisdiction, funding, and focus, they 

clearly have a local flavor, the county school boards have consistently been 

regarded as State, rather than county, agencies.

 County school boards are considered generally to be State agencies 

because (1) the public school system in Maryland is a comprehensive Statewide system, created by the General Assembly in conformance with the 

mandate in Article VIII, § 1 of the Maryland Constitution to establish 

throughout the State a thorough and efficient system of free public schools, 

(2) the county boards were created by the General Assembly as an integral 

part of that State system, (3) their mission is therefore to carry out a State, 

not a county, function, and (4) they are subject to extensive supervision by 

the State Board of Education in virtually every aspect of their operations that 

affects educational policy or the administration of the public schools in the 

county. Although legally State agencies for those reasons, they are not 

normally regarded, for structural or budgetary purposes, as units within 

the Executive Branch of the State government. 

Id. at 136-37 (emphasis added) (internal citations omitted). 

 The Court clarified that the General Assembly created a balance “between State 

 

10 As the Court of Appeals has said, “an entity may qualify as a State agency for 

some purposes, while being classified as a local agency for other purposes.” Washington 

Suburban Sanitary Comm’n v. Phillips, 413 Md. 606, 632 (2010) (citations omitted). 

Donlon cites many cases, not all reported, stating that county boards of education 

are agents or instrumentalities of the State. These cases do not control. They are set in the 

context of sovereign immunity and conclude that county boards of education are State units 

for sovereign immunity purposes. See, e.g., Lee-Thomas v. Prince George’s Cnty. Pub. 

Sch., 666 F.3d 244, 248-49 (4th Cir. 2012); Adams v. Calvert Cnty. Pub. Sch., 201 F. Supp. 

2d 516, 520-21 (D. Md. 2002); Jones v. Frederick Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 689 F. Supp. 535, 

537-38 (D. Md. 1988); Bd. of Educ. of Baltimore Cnty. v. Zimmer-Rubert, 409 Md. 200, 

205-09 (2009). Some were decided before Chesapeake Charter, see, e.g., Montgomery 

Cnty. Educ. Ass’n v. Bd. of Educ. of Montgomery Cnty., 311 Md. 303 (1987); Bd. of Educ. 

of Prince George’s Cnty. v. Prince George’s Cnty. Educators’ Ass’n, 309 Md. 85 (1987); 

Bd. of Educ. of Montgomery Cnty. v. Montgomery Cnty., 237 Md. 191 (1964). 
15

government structures and State-based but predominantly local structures.” Id. at 137. The 

Court set out the structure of MSDE, which consists of (1) the State Board (the head of 

MSDE, “vested with ultimate supervisory authority for determining educational policy in 

Maryland and administering the public school system”), (2) the State Superintendent, and 

(3) “the other professional, administrative, and clerical . . . employees for budgetary and 

personnel purposes.” Id. (citation omitted). The Court then summarized the powers of the 

State Board: 

 The authority of the State Board of Education, codified in part in [EA] 

§ 2–205, has been described as “a visitatorial power of the most 

comprehensive character,” one that is “in its nature, summary and exclusive.” 

Wiley v. Allegany County School Comm'rs, 51 Md. 401, 405-06 (1879); 

Zantzinger v. Manning, 123 Md. 169, 178, 90 A. 839, 842 (1914); Wilson v. 

Board of Education, 234 Md. 561, 565, 200 A.2d 67, 69 (1964). It includes 

(1) determining the primary and secondary educational policies of the State, 

(2) explaining the true intent and meaning, causing to be carried out, and 

deciding all controversies and disputes arising under the provisions of the 

Education Article that are within its jurisdiction, (3) adopting by-laws, 

having the force of law, for the administration of the public schools, (4) 

through the State Superintendent of Schools, exercising general control and 

supervision over the public schools and educational interests of the State, (5) 

preparing the annual State public school budget, including appropriations for 

State aid to the counties for current expenses, student transportation, and 

public school construction, and (6) specifying the information each county 

board is required to record and the form in which it is to be recorded. 

Id. at 137-38 (footnote omitted). 

 Pertinent to the present situation, the Court then went on to explain the structures of 

county boards of education: 

 [F]or each county, the Legislature has created a county department of 

education that, in structure, generally mirrors that of the State Department of 

Education. The county school board is the head of the county department 

and is responsible for administering, in the county, the supervening State 

policy determined by the State Board of Education, in accordance with State 
16

Board’s directives. See [EA] § 4–108. There is, as well, a county 

superintendent, who is the executive officer of the county board and, in 

essence, the chief executive officer of the county department. Finally, there 

are the teachers, principals, and other professional, administrative, clerical, 

security, transportation, and maintenance staff hired by the county school 

board to work in or service the schools in the county. Unlike the 

situation at the State level, the county superintendent and the employees 

of the county department of education are appointed and their salaries 

are set by the county school board upon recommendation of the county 

superintendent, § 4–103(a), in accordance with a personnel system 

established by the county board. 

Id. at 138-39 (emphasis added; footnote omitted). After analyzing these State and local 

structures, the Court of Appeals observed that less than half of the funding of the county 

boards came from the State and that the county boards submit their own budget. Id. at 139. 

 The Court then concluded that county boards of education are not divisions or units 

within MSDE for purposes of the General Procurement Law:

 What this statutory scheme reveals is that, although the county boards 

are generally regarded as State agencies because they are part of the State 

public education system, are subject to extensive supervision and control by 

the State Board of Education, and exercise a State function, from a budgetary 

and structural perspective, they are local in character. They are not

divisions of or units within the State Department of Education. They are 

subject to the county, not the State, budget process and must justify their 

budget requests to the county government. Most of their operational funding 

comes from the county, not the State, government. When these factors are 

taken into account, it is clear that the general characterization of county 

boards of education as State agencies does not require a finding that they 

are entities “in the Executive Branch of the State government” for 

purposes of SFP § 11–101(x).

Id. at 139-40 (bold emphasis added). 

After further analysis of the procurement laws of Maryland, the Court held that “a 

county school board is not a ‘unit’ within the meaning of [the General Procurement Law], 

and, accordingly that [the Maryland State Board of Contract Appeals] has no jurisdiction 
17

over disputes arising from procurement decisions made by those boards.” Id. at 145-46. 

Therefore, for purposes of procurement law, county school boards are not units of the 

Executive Branch of State government. Id.

In BEKA Industries, Inc. v. Worcester County Board of Education, 419 Md. 194 

(2011), the Court of Appeals clarified the scope of Chesapeake Charter. One issue 

presented in that case was whether sovereign immunity was a defense available to a county 

board of education in a suit for breach of contract. BEKA, 419 Md. at 203. The Court 

stated that, for sovereign immunity purposes, a county board of education is a State agency, 

and thus, subject to governmental immunity. Id. at 210 (citations omitted). The Court 

explained that Chesapeake Charter did not hold that county boards of education are never 

to be considered units of the State Government. Instead, the Court cited favorably to the 

County Board’s argument that Chesapeake Charter stands for the proposition that 

a local school board is not a “unit” of State Government for purposes of the 

General Procurement Law because the “procurement of supplies and services 

by the county boards of education” in contrast to school construction, has 

never been subject to the general authority of the Board of Public Works, or 

the Department of General Services.

Id. at 213 (footnote omitted). The Court continued, instructing that 

the fine distinction drawn in Chesapeake Charter for the purposes of 

determining whether a school bus contract (a local, operational expense) was 

governed by the State’s General Procurement Law, as highlighted by the 

County Board . . . in this case, does not proscribe the application of [SG] § 

12–201(a)’s waiver of sovereign immunity to the County Board in the 

present contract action. 

Id. at 214 (footnote omitted). Later, in recapitulating that Chesapeake Charter held that a 

county board of education’s contracts were not subject to the General Procurement Law 
18

because the county board was not a unit of the executive branch for purposes of the General 

Procurement Law, the Court stated that its holding in that case “was a narrow one.” Id. at 

216-17. 

 Applying the principles and analyses of Chesapeake Charter and BEKA to the case 

before us, we conclude that public school teachers employed by county boards of education 

are not employees of the Executive Branch of State government. 

B. Statutory Construction 

 Broadly speaking, the WBL protects a State employee from reprisal after he or she 

makes a protected disclosure of information evidencing, inter alia, abuses of authority, 

gross mismanagement, gross wastes of money, dangers to public safety, or violations of 

law. SPP § 5-305; Montgomery, 377 Md. at 625. Specifically, the WBL prohibits “a 

supervisor, appointing authority, or the head of a principal unit” from “tak[ing] or 

refus[ing] to take any personnel action as a reprisal against an employee who:” 

(1) discloses information that the employee reasonably believes evidences: 

(i) an abuse of authority, gross mismanagement, or gross waste of 

money; 

(ii) a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety; or

(iii) a violation of law; or

(2) following a disclosure under item (1) of this section seeks a remedy 

provided under this subtitle or any other law or policy governing the 

employee's unit. 

SPP § 5-305. Section 5-309 of the State Personnel Article specifies that a putative 

whistleblower must file his or her complaint with DBM “within 6 months after the 

complainant first knew of or reasonably should have known of the violation.” The appeal 
19

and judicial review procedures are governed by SPP § 5-310.11 A court may award costs 

and reasonable attorney’s fees to a prevailing WBL complainant under SPP § 5-311. 

 The first conformation of the WBL was enacted in 1980. 1980 Md. Laws, ch. 850 

(H.B. 616). From the beginning, the law applied only to employees of the State and 

applicants for State employment.12 The 1980 bill’s prefatory statement explained that 

“[t]he purpose of this subtitle is to prohibit any State appointing authority from using a 

personnel action as a retaliatory measure against an employee or applicant for State 

employment who has made a disclosure of illegality or impropriety.” Id. (emphasis added). 

The statute’s scope provision, SPP § 5-301, was enacted in 1996. 1996 Md. Laws, 

ch. 347 (H.B. 774). It provides: “This subtitle applies to all employees and State employees 

who are applicants for positions in the Executive Branch of State government, including a 

unit with an independent personnel system.” Thus, for present purposes (because Donlon 

is not an applicant for a position in the executive branch), it applies only to employees in 

 

11 Additionally, if other law prohibits disclosure of the information, the State 

employee is still protected if the State employee discloses the information specifically to 

the Attorney General. SPP § 5-306. If, during an investigation of a complaint filed under 

SPP § 5-309, the DBM “finds that reasonable grounds exist to believe that a crime has been 

committed,” the DBM shall, inter alia, “promptly refer the matter to an appropriate 

prosecutor[.]” SPP § 5-312. 

12 Maryland has no comprehensive, generally applicable whistleblower statute. See 

generally John A. Gray, The Scope of Whistleblower Protection in the State of Maryland: 

A Comprehensive Statute Is Needed, 33 U. Balt. L. Rev. 225 (2004) (surveying statutory 

and common law whistleblower protections in Maryland and calling for the General 

Assembly to enact a comprehensive whistleblower statute). 
20

the executive branch.13 Id. See also White, 217 Md. App. at 190 n.1. 

As stated previously, Donlon asserts broadly in his brief that “[a] plain reading of 

the WBL shows that Donlon is protected.” After stating this and quoting SPP § 5-301, 

however, Donlon’s plain language analysis stops, and his brief moves onto the next topic. 

He does not explain how a plain reading of the statute supports his position. In fact, the 

statutory text of the WBL cuts against Donlon’s position.

Having established that SPP § 5-301 states clearly that the WBL applies only to 

State employees in the executive branch (and applicants), we continue our statutory 

analysis by examining SPP § 5-307, an election of procedures section. SPP § 5-307 sets 

out three groups of employees who may elect the WBL’s procedures or other grievance 

procedures set forth in the Maryland Code: employees in the State Personnel Management 

System, employees of the University System of Maryland, and employees of Morgan State 

University. Notably, the latter two groups are also in the education profession, and SPP § 

5-307 specifically mentions them,14 whereas it says nothing about public school teachers

 

13 SPP § 5-301’s slightly awkward phrasing, (“[t]his subtitle applies to all employees 

and State employees who are applicants for positions in the Executive Branch of State 

Government” (emphasis added)), appears to be the result of an amendment while the bill 

was being drafted. As originally written, that phrase read “this subtitle applies to all 

employees in the Executive Branch of State government[.]” During the drafting process, 

the bill was amended, and the “and State employees who are applicants for positions” 

language was inserted in the middle of the clause. 1996 Md. Laws, ch. 347 (H.B. 774).

14 SPP § 5-307(b) provides that an employee of the University System of Maryland 

may elect to file either a complaint under SPP § 5-309 or a grievance under Title 13 of the 

Education Article, whereas SPP § 5-307(c) provides that an employee of Morgan State 

University may elect to file either a complaint under SPP § 5-309 or a grievance under 

Title 14 of the Education Article.
21

or even other State colleges. Thus, we conclude that there is nothing in the plain language 

of the statute that supports Donlon’s contention that the WBL applies to public school 

teachers employed by a county board of education.

As stated previously, we accord a great deal of weight to an agency’s interpretation 

of the statute it administers. Kougl, 451 Md. at 514 (citations omitted). In a recent case, 

White, this Court considered whether the WBL applied to the former Chief Deputy Register 

of Wills for Anne Arundel County as an executive branch employee or a judicial branch 

employee. 217 Md. App. at 189. In that case, similar to the case at hand, the DBM 

dismissed White’s whistleblower complaint for lack of jurisdiction, stating that she was a 

judicial branch employee of the State government, not an executive branch employee. Id.

at 190. The OAH and the circuit court affirmed. Id.

 In our review, we explained that the Office of the Register of Wills was 

“indisputably part of the judicial branch[,]” observing that the office was created by Article 

IV, section 41, of the Maryland Constitution and that it functions as the clerk of the 

Orphans’ Court. Id. at 191. Therefore, we stated that the only question was whether the 

Chief Deputy of that office is also considered part of the Judicial Branch of the State 

government. Id.

 In response to White’s argument that the statutory structure raised separation of 

powers concerns (in light of the fact that the Comptroller, an officer of the executive 

branch, exercised some budgetary and fiscal control over the employees of the Register of 

Wills), we held that the Chief Deputy was an employee of the Judicial Branch of the State 

government. Id. at 195-96. Importantly, we said the following about DBM’s determination 
22

that White was an employee of the judicial branch, not the executive branch: 

Not only do basic canons of statutory interpretation favor the conclusion that 

Ms. White is a judicial employee, but administrative deference favors it as 

well. We recognize that “an administrative agency’s interpretation and 

application of the statute” that the agency administers should be given 

“considerable weight” by reviewing courts. Bowen v. City of Annapolis, 402 

Md. 587, 612, 937 A.2d 242 (2007). Here, DBM, the agency responsible 

for overseeing the Whistleblower Act, did not think the Act applied to 

Ms. White. Thus, we should accord DBM’s view substantial weight.

Moreover, DBM has acted consistently with this view because it never 

classified Ms. White as an employee of the executive branch. 

Id. at 193. See also Kougl, 451 Md. at 514 (“Appellate courts should ordinarily give 

‘considerable weight’ to ‘an administrative agency’s interpretation and application of the 

statute which the agency administers.’” (quoting Maryland Aviation Admin. v. Noland, 386 

Md. 556, 572 (2005))).

 In the case before us, DBM also made a determination that Donlon was not subject 

to the WBL. The letter by the OSEEOC, as the designee of the Secretary of DBM, stated 

that Donlon was not a State employee because MCPS is not in the executive branch. Thus, 

in light of the “substantial weight” we accord DBM’s view, see White, 217 Md. App. at 

193, and the fact that nothing in the statutory text of SPP § 5-301 supports Donlon’s 

argument, we conclude that, as a matter of statutory construction, the WBL does not apply 

to public school teachers employed by county boards of education because they are not 

employees of the executive branch.15

 

 

15 MCPS also filed a motion just before oral argument in this case, requesting that 

we take judicial notice of House Bill 1145 from the 2017 legislative session, titled the 

“Public School Employee Whistleblower Protection Act.” The bill passed both chambers 

of the General Assembly, and Governor Hogan signed it on May 25, 2017, after oral 

argument in this case. H.B. 1145, which has an effective date of October 1, 2017, 
23

C. Employment Test 

 We have determined that public high school teachers employed by county boards of 

education are not employees of the Executive Branch of State government for purposes of 

 

establishes whistleblower protections for public school employees under a separate statute 

by adding a new subtitle to the Education Article. 2017 Md. Laws, ch. 730 (H.B. 1145). 

The preamble states the purpose of the statute as “prohibiting a public school employer 

from taking or refusing to take certain personnel actions against public school employees 

who disclose certain behavior or refuse to participate in certain behavior[.]” Id.

Interestingly, H.B. 1145 defines a “public school employee” as “any individual who 

is employed by a public school employer or an individual of equivalent status in Baltimore 

City[,]” and it specifically states that this term “does not include a State employee.” Id. In 

turn, “public school employer” is defined as a “County Board of Education or the Baltimore 

City Board of School Commissioners.” Id. Thus, H.B. 1145 distinguishes between a State 

employee and a public school teacher employed by a County Board of Education. Id. In 

substance, H.B. 1145 protects a public school employee from retaliation if the public 

school employee makes a protected disclosure. Id.

 Donlon has filed an opposition to MCPS’s motion, arguing that (1) we may not take 

judicial notice of H.B. 1145 because it is not an adjudicative fact; (2) it is irrelevant to the 

case because it will not become law until October 1, 2017; (3) MCPS’s motion serves only 

as a distraction. Donlon Opposition at 2-3. In response to the opposition, MCPS contends 

that H.B. 1145 certainly is relevant because “[i]t is clear that if Donlon were covered by 

the WBL, there would be no need for [H.B. 1145].” MCPS further argues that the relevance 

of H.B. 1145 does not turn on its effective date and that H.B. 1145 “falls within the sphere 

of legislative facts of which this Court may take judicial notice.” 

 We may certainly take cognizance of H.B. 1145’s existence and substance, as well 

as the new law, effective October 1, 2017. Cases are legion in which this Court has 

examined legislative history, including bills that ultimately failed to become law. See, e.g., 

State v. Braverman, 228 Md. App. 239, 259 n.12, cert. denied sub nom. Goldberg v. State, 

450 Md. 115 (2016); Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Supervisor of Assessments of Baltimore 

Cnty., 38 Md. App. 543, 549, n.10 (1978). It is beyond peradventure that it is a court’s 

responsibility to remain educated and updated about the law. This task sometimes includes 

monitoring the activities at the General Assembly. 

 What weight we accord H.B. 1145 to the meaning of the WBL is an entirely 

different matter, however. A subsequent enactment generally does not govern the meaning 

of prior law. The Court of Appeals has explained that a later amendment “is not controlling 

as to the meaning of the prior law.” Dir. of Fin. for Baltimore Cnty. v. Myers, 232 Md. 

213, 218 (1963) (citing A. G. Crunkleton Elec. Co. v. Barkdoll, 227 Md. 364, 369 (1962)). 

Although we ultimately grant MCPS’s motion, we do not require a motion or any 

independent invitation from a party to consider the law and legislative history. 
24

the WBL. As the ALJ did, we shall now analyze whether there is nonetheless a common 

law employment relationship between Donlon and the State Board, pursuant to the factors 

set out by the Court of Appeals in Whitehead, supra, 304 Md. at 77-78. The Court 

explained that these five factors are “(1) the power to select and hire the employee, (2) the 

payment of wages, (3) the power to discharge, (4) the power to control the employee’s 

conduct, and (5) whether the work is part of the regular business of the employer[.]” Id.

(citing Mackall v. Zayre Corp., 293 Md. 221, 230 (1982)). Of these, “the factor of control 

stands out as the most important.” Id. at 78. The Court stated “that whether the employer 

‘has the right to control and direct the employee in the performance of the work and in the 

manner in which the work is to be done’ is the ‘decisive’” test. Id. (citing Mackall, 293 

Md. at 230).

 Applying the first factor to the case sub judice, the County Board, not the State 

Board, has the statutory power (pursuant to EA § 4-103)16 to select and hire teachers, 

including Donlon. Further, Donlon’s contract is with the County Board, not with the State 

Board. MCPS’s director of recruitment, Martinez, testified to this effect. As to the second 

factor, the County Board sets Donlon’s salary, as per EA § 4-103. Further, as evidenced 

by both Donlon’s testimony and his W-2, his salary is paid by MCPS, not by MSDE or the 

 

16 EA § 4-103 provides: 

(a) On the written recommendation of the county superintendent and subject 

to the provisions of this article, each county board shall:

(1) Appoint all principals, teachers, and other certificated and 

noncertificated personnel; and 

(2) Set their salaries. 
25

State Board. 

Moving on to the third factor—the power to discharge—the County Board, not the 

State Board, has the immediate power to terminate a teacher, as provided in EA § 6-202.17

 

Martinez testified to this, also explaining that the County Board does not need permission 

from the State Board to fire a teacher. Donlon’s work as a teacher is part of the regular 

business of MCPS, although “education,” in general, is also a part of the regular business 

of MSDE. Thus, it is arguable that the fifth factor cuts both ways. 

 As to control—the most important factor in the test—Martinez testified that the 

County Board and the Superintendent of MCPS—not the State Board—are responsible for 

overseeing the daily operations of public schools in Montgomery County. While the State 

 

17 EA § 6-202(a) provides: 

 (1) On the recommendation of the county superintendent, a county 

board may suspend or dismiss a teacher, principal, supervisor, 

assistant superintendent, or other professional assistant for: 

(i) Immorality; 

(ii) Misconduct in office, including knowingly failing to report 

suspected child abuse in violation of § 5-704 of the Family Law 

Article;

(iii) Insubordination;

(iv) Incompetency; or

(v) Willful neglect of duty. 

Nonetheless, we do recognize, as Donlon points out, that a teacher may appeal the 

decision of the county board to the State Board, as provided in EA § 6-202(a)(4). Donlon’s 

argument proves too much, however, because the decision of the State Board is then 

reviewable by a circuit court, pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act. Maryland 

Code (1957, 2014 Repl. Vol.), State Government (“SG”) § 10-101 et. seq. See, e.g., Bd. of 

Sch. Comm’rs of Baltimore City v. James, 96 Md. App. 401, 418 (1993), and no one would 

assert that a teacher was ultimately an employee of a court because a court has the authority 

to pass upon the teacher’s discharge.
26

Board does maintain broad power over education in the State, see, e.g., City Neighbors 

Charter Sch., supra, 400 Md. at 342-43, there is no evidence that the State Board wields 

this same control over Donlon as an employee. 

 Given that only one factor (the fifth) cuts both ways, while the rest—including the 

most important (control)—support a finding of no employment relationship between 

Donlon and MSDE, we conclude that the ALJ did not err in his determination that no such 

relationship existed between Donlon and MSDE.

Nonetheless, the Court of Appeals also instructed in Whitehead that “[a] worker 

may simultaneously be the employee of two employers.” 304 Md. at 79 (citing Mackall, 

293 Md. at 229). As stated supra, Donlon argues that he is one such “lent employee” and 

maintains “dual employment” between MCPS and the State Board. The Court of Appeals 

has set forth a three-part test in the workers’ compensation context for analyzing whether 

an employee has two employers, under the “lent employee” or “dual employment” 

doctrine: 

When a general employer lends an employee to a special employer, the 

special employer becomes liable for workmen’s compensation only if 

(a) the employee has made a contract of hire, express or implied, with the 

special employer;

(b) the work being done is essentially that of the special employer; and

(c) the special employer has the right to control the details of the work.

Id. at 83 (quoting William J. Burns Int’l v. Ferris, 16 Md. App. 568, 578-79 (1973)) (other 

citations omitted).

 Donlon meets only the second of these elements because his work (education) is 

also the work of the State Board. Nonetheless, he cannot establish that he meets the first 
27

and third elements. He has no express contract of employment with the State Board, 

MSDE, or the State of Maryland, and he presented no evidence of an implied contract. His 

only express contract is with the County Board. Further, as we just explained, the State 

Board does not have the authority his work duties on any regular basis.18

 In light of this, 

we conclude that Donlon is not a dual employee of MCPS and MSDE.

II.

Judicial Estoppel

 On judicial review of the administrative decision, the circuit court suggested that 

MCPS should be judicially estopped from arguing that it is not a State agency for purposes 

of the WBL because county boards assert State sovereign immunity pursuant to the 

Eleventh Amendment.19

 Likewise, Donlon complains that it is inequitable for MCPS to 

choose to be a State agency in contexts when it is convenient for MCPS and disclaim its 

 

18 We observe, however, that a 2009 opinion letter of the Attorney General stated 

that:

In our opinion, MSDE may enter into “loaned educator” contracts 

with local school systems to obtain the services of employees of those school 

systems on a temporary basis. If a loaned educator is to work for MSDE for 

more than a brief period of time, the individual should become a State 

employee in the State Personnel Management System. 

94 Md. Op. Atty. Gen. 97, 109-10 (2009). This hypothetical temporary “loaned educator” 

example is the exception that proves the rule here. Donlon’s employment relationship is 

not one of a permanent lent employee. 

19 The court, in its May 5 order, did not explicitly conclude that MCPS was judicially 

estopped from arguing that it was not a State agency but, in its oral opinion, it reversed the 

administrative decision “[f]or the reasons [it] articulated[,]” one of which was judicial 

estoppel. 
28

status as a state agency when MCPS finds it inconvenient. 

In response to the circuit court’s trepidation, MCPS argues that it should not be 

judicially estopped from asserting that it is a State agency for some purposes (e.g., 

sovereign immunity), while stating that it is not a State agency for other purposes (e.g., the 

WBL). MCPS maintains that Maryland decisional law has held that governmental entities 

may be classified as State or local at different times, depending on the circumstances. 

As stated previously, the Court of Appeals in Washington Suburban Sanitary 

Commission stated that “an entity may qualify as a State agency for some purposes, while 

being classified as a local agency for other purposes.” 413 Md. 606, 632 (2010) (citations 

omitted). Thus, MCPS is correct that it is not a contradiction for an agency to be both a 

State agency and a local agency at varying times. 

In Maryland, appellate courts define judicial estoppel “as a principle that precludes 

a party from taking a position in a subsequent action inconsistent with a position taken by 

him or her in a previous action.” Underwood-Gary v. Mathews, 366 Md. 660, 667 n.6 

(2001) (citing WinMark Ltd. P’Ship v. Miles & Stockbridge, 345 Md. 614 (1997)). To 

apply judicial estoppel, there are three elements that must be present: 

(1) one of the parties takes a factual position that is inconsistent with a 

position it took in previous litigation; 

(2) the previous inconsistent position was accepted by a court; and 

(3) the party who is maintaining the inconsistent position must have 

intentionally misled the court in order to gain an unfair advantage.

Mona v. Mona Elec. Grp., Inc., 176 Md. App. 672, 726 (2007) (emphasis omitted) (quoting 

Dashiell v. Meeks, 396 Md. 149, 171 (2006)) (other citations omitted). As noted above, 

the position sought to be estopped must be one of fact, rather than a legal argument. 
29

Thomas v. Bozick, 217 Md. App. 332, 341 n.5 (2014) (citing Vogel v. Touhey, 151 Md. 

App. 682, 711 (2003)). “Judicial estoppel is applicable . . . ‘when it becomes necessary to 

protect the integrity of the judicial system from one party who is attempting to gain an 

unfair advantage over another party by manipulating the court system.’” Kamp v. Dep’t of 

Human Servs., 410 Md. 645, 673 (2009) (quoting Dashiell v. Meeks, 396 Md. at 171).20

 

 Here, Donlon, once again, fails to demonstrate the first and third elements. The 

applicability of the WBL to MCPS, and MCPS’s assertion of sovereign immunity and are 

both quintessential issues of law, not of fact. It doesn’t matter whether a party takes an 

inconsistent position compared to one taken in previous litigation. Legal arguments are 

not judicially estopped. See Thomas, 217 Md. App. at 341 n.5 (determining that judicial 

estoppel was inappropriate where appellant asserted inconsistent positions as to his legal 

status as interpreted in light of an Operating Agreement adopted by the parties). Although, 

as we have already established, an agency may have simultaneously both State and local 

characteristics. See Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 413 Md. at 632 (holding that 

“an entity may qualify as a State agency for some purposes, while being classified as a 

local agency for other purposes.”) (citations omitted). 

Nothing in the record suggests that MCPS (or any other county board of education), 

 

20 Donlon cites a Supreme Court case, New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 751 

(2001), which instead states the third factor of judicial estoppel as “whether the party 

seeking to assert an inconsistent position would derive an unfair advantage or impose an 

unfair detriment on the opposing party if not estopped.” We recognize that this formulation 

omits the “misleading the court” aspect of the third element. Given that judicial estoppel 

in the present case is a matter of state law, not federal law, we apply the Maryland 

formulation of judicial estoppel. 
30

was attempting to mislead a court by asserting sovereign immunity. The county boards 

were simply asserting legal arguments available to them. It is worth noting that none of 

the cases cited by either party apply judicial estoppel with regard to the State/local nature 

of county boards of education, even in situations in which an appellate court has recognized 

the inconsistency of the position. See, e.g., BEKA Industries, 419 Md. at 210 n.10 (“At 

various times, county boards of education have asserted the predominance of either their 

‘local’ or ‘State’ nature depending on their desired outcome.”). 

 We conclude that MCPS is not judicially estopped from arguing that it is not a State 

agency for purposes of the WBL. 

JUDGMENT OF THE 

CIRCUIT COURT FOR 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY 

REVERSED WITH 

INSTRUCTIONS TO 

REINSTATE THE DECISION 

OF THE OFFICE OF 

ADMINISTRATIVE 

HEARINGS. 

COSTS TO BE PAID BY 

APPELLEE.