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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 

Fernando Gastelum, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

Phoenix Central Hotel Venture, LLC, 

Defendant. 

No. CV-17-04544-PHX-DLR 

ORDER 

 Before the Court are Plaintiff Fernando Gastelum’s motion for partial summary 

judgment (Doc. 33) and Defendant Phoenix Central Hotel Venture, LLC d/b/a Hilton 

Garden Inn Phoenix Midtown’s cross-motion for summary judgment (Doc. 39), which are 

fully briefed. Plaintiff’s request for oral argument is denied because oral argument will not 

aid the Court’s decision. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78(b); LRCiv. 7.2(f). For the following reasons, 

Plaintiff’s motion is denied, and Defendant’s motion is granted. 

I. Background

 In December 2017, Plaintiff reviewed a third-party lodging website to book an 

ambulatory and wheelchair accessible room at Defendant’s hotel. (Doc. 10 ¶¶ 15, 26.) 

According to Plaintiff, this website “failed to disclose [] accessibility features in enough 

detail to reasonably permit [him] to assess independently whether Defendant’s hotel and 

guest rooms [met] his accessibility needs.” (¶ 29.) Next, Plaintiff visited Defendant’s firstparty website, www.hilton.com, attempting to find the information that was not available 
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on the third-party website. (¶ 30.) Also finding that the first-party website lacked enough 

detail on Americans with Disability Act (“ADA”) compliance, Plaintiff “called 

Defendant’s hotel to inquire whether it was compliant with the ADA.” (¶¶ 31-35.) 

Defendant’s reservation agent took Plaintiff’s call, informing him that there was a handicap 

accessible room that was ADA compliant and that the room was available at the same price 

as regular rooms. The reservation agent also offered to take Plaintiff’s reservation with no 

costs or penalty on cancellation. Plaintiff did not book a room. 

Plaintiff subsequently visited Defendant’s hotel to verify in person whether the hotel 

was ADA compliant and suitable for his stay. Plaintiff, who has sued over a hundred hotels 

in and around the Phoenix area in the last two years, testified during a deposition (in another 

cases, alleging nearly identical ADA violations) that he would visit hotels with his son and 

his lawyer to engage in an inspection of the facilities, but that he personally almost never 

got out of the car. Plaintiff, or more likely his son or his attorney, discovered numerous 

areas where Defendant’s hotel was allegedly out of compliance with the ADA. Because 

of these alleged deficiencies, Plaintiff elected not to stay at the hotel on December 4, 2017. 

Plaintiff also alleges that he “intends to book a room at the Defendant’s hotel once 

Defendant has removed all accessibility barriers. . . .” (¶ 16.) 

On April 16, 2018, Plaintiff filed a motion seeking partial summary judgment on 

his ADA claims. On May 21, 2018, Defendant filed a cross-motion for summary judgment 

on all of Plaintiff’s claims. 

II. Summary Judgment Standard 

 Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine dispute as to any 

material fact and, viewing those facts in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, the 

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Summary 

judgment may also be entered “against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to 

establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party 

will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). 

A fact is material if it might affect the outcome of the case, and a dispute is genuine if a 
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reasonable jury could find for the nonmoving party based on the competing evidence. 

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 

 The party seeking summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of informing 

the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of [the record] 

which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex, 

477 U.S. at 323. The burden then shifts to the non-movant to establish the existence of a 

genuine and material factual dispute. Id. at 324. The non-movant “must do more than 

simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts,” and instead 

“come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” 

Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87 (1986) (internal 

quotation and citation omitted). Conclusory allegations, unsupported by factual material, 

are insufficient to defeat summary judgment. Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 

1989). If the non-movant’s opposition fails to cite specifically to evidentiary materials, the 

court is not required to either search the entire record for evidence establishing a genuine 

issue of material fact or obtain the missing materials. See Carmen v. S.F. Unified Sch. 

Dist., 237 F.3d 1026, 1028-29 (9th Cir. 2001); Forsberg v. Pac. N.W. Bell Tel. Co., 840 

F.2d 1409, 1417-18 (9th Cir. 1988). 

III. Discussion 

Plaintiff moves for partial summary judgment on whether Defendant’s property and 

website violated the ADA. On cross-motion, Defendant asserts that Plaintiff lacks Article 

III standing to bring his ADA claims, and that the Court should decline supplemental 

jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s state law claims. The Court will first consider whether Plaintiff 

has standing because it “is the threshold issue of any federal action . . . .” Local Nos. 175 

& 505 Pension Tr. v. Anchor Cap., 498 F.3d 920, 923 (9th Cir. 2007). 

A. Standing 

Litigants “who seek to invoke the jurisdiction of the federal courts must satisfy the 

threshold requirements imposed by Article III . . . by alleging an actual case or 

controversy.” City of L.A. v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 101 (1983). Three elements must be 
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present for a plaintiff to have standing: (1) the plaintiff must have “suffered an injury in 

fact;” (2) there must be a “causal connection between the injury and the conduct 

complained of;” and (3) it must be “likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury 

will be redressed by a favorable decision.” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 

560-561 (1992). Defendant argues that Plaintiff fails to satisfy all three elements, but its 

arguments with respect to the second and third elements are derivative of its argument that 

Plaintiff has not suffered an injury in fact.1

 The Court therefore limits its analysis to 

whether Plaintiff has suffered an injury in fact. 

An injury in fact must be: (a) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical, 

and (b) concrete and particularized. Additionally, where, as is the case here, a plaintiff 

seeks injunctive relief, there is an additional requirement of showing “a sufficient 

likelihood that [the plaintiff] will again be wronged in a similar way . . . [t]hat is, . . . a real 

and immediate threat of repeated injury.” Fortyune v. Am. Multi-Cinema, Inc., 364 F.3d 

1075, 1081 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal quotations and citations omitted). 

1. Actual or Imminent Injury 

In the context of ADA discrimination claims, the Ninth Circuit recognizes a 

deterrent effect doctrine. See, e.g., Doran v. 7–Eleven, Inc., 524 F.3d 1034, 1039-40 (9th 

Cir. 2008). A disabled individual has suffered an actual injury if he is “currently deterred 

from patronizing a public accommodation due to a defendant’s failure to comply with the 

ADA . . . .” Id. at 1040. Evidence of the plaintiff’s “actual knowledge” of a barrier is 

sufficient to demonstrate an actual injury. Moreover, “[w]here an individual knows of 

ADA violations at a public accommodation, he is not required to keep returning in order 

to show imminent injury.” Gastelum v. Canyon Hospitality LLC, No. 17-CV-2792-PHXGMS, 2018 WL 2388047, at *6 (D. Ariz. May 25, 2018). Instead, the ongoing deterrence 

is sufficient to satisfy the requirement of an actual and imminent injury. Doran, 524 F.3d 

at 1040. Here, it is undisputed that Plaintiff has actual knowledge of the alleged barriers. 

(Doc. 33 at 3.) 

 1

 Defendant argues that Plaintiff cannot show causation or redressability because there is no injury in fact. (Doc. 39 at 9.) 
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Defendant argues, however, that Plaintiff cannot demonstrate an actual injury 

because his sole motivation for acquiring that knowledge was to initiate a lawsuit. (Doc. 

39 at 8.) This argument, however, is inconsistent with prevailing Ninth Circuit law, which 

maintains that “motivation is irrelevant to the question of standing under Title III of the 

ADA.” See Civil Rights Educ. and Enforcement Ctr. v. Hospitality Props. Tr., 867 F.3d 

1093, 1101-02 (9th Cir. 2017) (hereinafter “CREEC”); Gastelum, 2018 WL 2388047, at 

*6 (“This so-called ‘tester standing’ rule means that a plaintiff can visit or otherwise obtain 

information about a public accommodation solely for the purpose of ensuring ADA 

compliance and with the intent to bring a lawsuit if deficiencies are found.”). Accordingly, 

Plaintiff’s knowledge of alleged barriers is sufficient evidence of an actual and imminent 

injury. 

2. Concrete and Particularized Harm 

A plaintiff may show a concrete and particularized injury by “stating that he is 

currently deterred from attempting to gain access” to the public accommodation due to a 

barrier. Doran, 524 F.3d at 1040. A barrier in a public accommodation must “interfere 

with the plaintiff’s full and equal enjoyment of the facility.” Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports 

(U.S.) Inc., 631 F.3d 939, 947 (9th Cir. 2011). A barrier, however, “only amounts to such 

interference if it affects the plaintiff’s full and equal enjoyment of the facility on account 

of his particular disability.” Id. A “bare procedural violation” unassociated with a 

plaintiff’s particular disability “cannot satisfy the demands of Article III” standing. 

Spokeo, Inc. v. Robbins, 136 S.Ct. 1540, 1550 (2016). 

For example, in Chapman the plaintiff alleged “that he is ‘physically disabled,’ and 

that he ‘visited the Store’ and ‘encountered architectural barriers that denied him full and 

equal access.’” Chapman, 631 F.3d at 954. The plaintiff, however, “simply identifie[d] 

alleged ADA . . . violations without connecting the alleged violations to [his] disability, or 

indicating whether or not he encountered any one of them in such a way as to impair his 

full and equal enjoyment of the Store.” Id. As a result, the Ninth Circuit found these 

allegations insufficient to establish a concrete and particularized harm for purposes of the 
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injury-in-fact requirement. 

Likewise, Plaintiff’s failure to connect the alleged ADA violations to his specific 

disability is fatal to his ability to show a concrete and particularized harm. For example, 

Plaintiff alleges that “[t]he accessible route leading to the main entrance has a cross slope 

greater than 1.48 inches.” (Doc. 33 at 3.) Plaintiff, however, has not alleged that a cross 

slope that varies from the statutory requirements concretely impacts his ability to enjoy the 

public accommodation. Plaintiff alleges nearly twenty other violations of the ADA (Doc. 

33 at 3-4), each of which is plagued by the same flaw. Plaintiff “does not even attempt to 

relate the alleged violations to his disability.” Chapman, 631 F.3d at 955. Plaintiff cannot 

maintain standing to bring the lawsuit on the bare procedural allegations made in this case. 

3. Injunctive Relief 

A plaintiff seeking injunctive relief must also show that there is a “real and 

immediate threat of repeated injury.” Lyons, 461 U.S. at 111. In ADA cases, a plaintiff 

may show a real and immediate threat of injury in two ways: (1) “he intends to return to a 

noncompliant accommodation and is therefore likely to reencounter a discriminatory 

architectural barrier;” or (2) the “discriminatory architectural barriers deter him from 

returning to a noncompliant accommodation” which he would otherwise visit in the course 

of his regular activities. Chapman, 631 F.3d at 950. In recognizing the deterrent effect 

and tester standing doctrines, “the Ninth Circuit did not relax the requirement that the 

Plaintiff demonstrate real and immediate threat of repeated injury by showing a legitimate 

intent to visit again the public accommodation in question.” Gastelum, 2018 WL 2388047, 

at *6. Demonstrating “past exposure to illegal conduct” alone is not sufficient to 

demonstrate a present case or controversy; instead, “the plaintiff must allege continuing, 

present adverse effects stemming from the defendant’s actions.” CREEC, 867 F.3d at 

1098. For instance, a plaintiff may show continuing adverse effects by showing that a 

“defendant’s failure to comply with the ADA deters [him] from making use of the 

defendant’s facility.” Id. But, to be deterred from making use of the defendant’s facility, 

one must have a true desire to return to the facility but for the barriers. See, e.g., D’Lil v. 
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Best Western Encina Lodge & Suites, 538 F.3d 1031, 1037-38 (9th Cir. 2008). 

In determining whether a plaintiff has a future intent to visit the public 

accommodation at issue, courts consider a series of factors, including: “(1) the proximity 

of the place of public accommodation to plaintiff’s residence, (2) plaintiff’s past patronage 

of defendant’s business, (3) the definitiveness of plaintiff’s plans to return, and (4) the 

plaintiff’s frequency of travel near defendant.” Harris v. Del Taco, Inc., 396 F. Supp. 2d 

1107, 1113 (C.D. Cal. 2005). Courts are to make a case-by-case determination, in light of 

all the evidence. See CREEC, 867 F.3d at 1100. 

Defendant argues that “Plaintiff fails to demonstrate, or even allege, concrete plans 

to stay at the [Defendant’s hotel] in the future . . . .” (Doc. 39 at 10.) The Court agrees. 

Plaintiff has never stayed at Defendant’s hotel. In fact, he has only visited the property 

once, which was done to verify whether the hotel was ADA compliant and suitable for his 

stay.2

 Although Plaintiff likes to travel to Phoenix to attend sporting events and karaoke 

bars, there is insufficient evidence that he actually stays in hotels after he comes to the 

Phoenix area for those purposes, or that he would stay at Defendant’s particular hotel for 

those purposes. (Doc. 39-3 at 7-9.) And, although Plaintiff avows that he intends to “book 

a room” at Defendant’s hotel (Doc. 10 ¶ 19), he fails to articulate any specific plan to return 

or explain why he is likely to want to stay at or visit Defendant’s hotel in the future. Absent 

a showing that he likely would visit Defendant’s hotel, Plaintiff has not demonstrated a 

real and immediate threat of repeated injury. See Gastelum, 2018 WL 2388047 at *7 

(“While the need to look at the specificity with which the Plaintiff has pleaded the 

likelihood of future visits might be less stringent had he only sued one hotel in the Phoenix 

area, . . . the inquiry must be more exacting where he has expressed only a rote intent to 

‘book rooms’ in 133 other lodgings in the same geographic area.”). Accordingly, Plaintiff 

does not have standing to pursue his ADA claim. 

B. Causes of Action under State Law 

Because the Court has concluded that it does not have jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s 

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ADA claim, the Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining 

state law claims (negligence, negligent misrepresentation, failure to disclose, and consumer 

fraud). 28 U.S.C. § 1367. Accordingly, 

IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment (Doc. 33) is 

DENIED. 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant’s cross-motion for summary 

judgment (Doc. 39) is GRANTED. Plaintiff’s ADA claim is dismissed with prejudice. 

His state law claims are dismissed without prejudice. The Clerk of Court shall enter 

judgment accordingly and terminate this case. 

Dated this 7th day of February, 2019. 

Douglas L. Rayes 

United States District Judge