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Title:   Author  item
                                            MIDTBØ, LISA - National Institute Of Nutrition And Seafood Research, Nifesitem
                                            BORKOWSKA, ALISON - Massachusetts General Hospitalitem
                                            BERNHARD, ANNETTE - National Institute Of Nutrition And Seafood Research, Nifesitem
                                            RØNNEVIK, ALEXANDER - National Institute Of Nutrition And Seafood Research, Nifesitem
                                            LOCK, ERIK-JAN - National Institute Of Nutrition And Seafood Research, Nifesitem
                                            FITZGERALD, MICHAEL - Massachusetts General Hospitalitem
                                            TORSTENSEN, BENTE - National Institute Of Nutrition And Seafood Research, Nifesitem
                                            LIASET, BJØRN - National Institute Of Nutrition And Seafood Research, Nifesitem
                                            BRATTELID, TROND - National Institute Of Nutrition And Seafood Research, Nifesitem
                                            Pedersen, Theresaitem
                                            Newman, Johnitem
                                            KRISTIANSEN, KARSTEN - University Of Copenhagenitem
                                            MADSEN, LISE - National Institute Of Nutrition And Seafood Research, Nifes
  Submitted to: Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 12/4/2015
                                    Publication  Date: 2/4/2015
                                    Citation: Midtbø, L.K., Borkowska, A.G., Bernhard, A., Rønnevik, A.K., Lock, E., Fitzgerald, M.L., Torstensen, B.E., Liaset, B., Brattelid, T., Pedersen, T.L., Newman, J.W., Kristiansen, K., Madsen, L. 2015. Intake of farmed Atlantic salmon fed soybean oil increases hepatic levels of arachidonic acid-derived oxylipins and ceramides in mice. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 26(6):585-595. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.12.005.Interpretive Summary: Introduction of vegetable ingredients into fish feed affects the fatty acid composition of farmed salmon. Here we investigated how changes in fish feed affected the metabolism of mice fed diets containing fillets from such farmed salmon. Replacement of fish oil with rapeseed oil or soybean oil in fish feed had distinct effects in mice fed western diets containing the salmon. A reduced ratio of n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fish feed was reflected in the salmon fillets, and hence the mouse diets, led to a selective increase of arachidonic acid in the phospholipid pool of mouse livers. This was accompanied by increased levels of ceramides and arachidonic acid-derived pro-inflammatory mediators in the liver, along with reduced amounts of oxylipins derived from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. These changes in liver lipid profiles were associated with increased whole body insulin resistance and accumulation of fat in the liver of mice. Our data suggest that an increased ratio between n-6 and n-3-derived oxylipins may underlie the marked metabolic differences seen between mice fed the different types of farmed salmon. These findings underpin the need for carefully considering the type of oil used for feed production in relation to salmon farming, and indicate that the use of omega-3 rich vegetable oils may yield a healthier product.
                                Technical Abstract: Introduction of vegetable ingredients in fish feed has affected the fatty acid composition in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). Here we investigated how changes in fish feed affected the metabolism of mice fed diets containing fillets from such farmed salmon. We demonstrate that replacement of fish oil with rapeseed oil or soybean oil in fish feed had distinct spillover effects in mice fed western diets containing the salmon. A reduced ratio of n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fish feed, reflected in the salmon, and hence also in the mice diets, led to a selectively increased abundance of arachidonic acid in the phospholipid pool in the livers of the mice. This was accompanied by increased levels of hepatic ceramides and arachidonic acid-derived pro-inflammatory mediators and a reduced abundance of oxylipins derived from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. These changes were associated with increased whole body insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Our data suggest that an increased ratio between n-6 and n-3-derived oxylipins may underlie the observed marked metabolic differences between mice fed the different types of farmed salmon. These findings underpin the need for carefully considering the type of oil used for feed production in relation to salmon farming.


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