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Title:   Author  item
                                            Liebig, Markitem
                                            Hendrickson, Johnitem
                                            Archer, Daviditem
                                            Schmer, Martyitem
                                            NICHOLS, KRISTINE - Rodale Instituteitem
                                            TANAKA, DONALD - North Dakota State University
  Submitted to: Agronomy Journal
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 6/12/2015
                                    Publication  Date: 8/28/2015
                                    Publication URL: http://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/61867Citation: Liebig, M.A., Hendrickson, J.R., Archer, D.W., Schmer, M.R., Nichols, K.A., Tanaka, D.L. 2015. Short-term soil responses to late-seeded cover crops in a semi-arid environment. Agronomy Journal. 107:2011-2019.Interpretive Summary: Cover crops can enhance desirable agricultural outcomes such as improved nutrient-use efficiency and soil tilth, reduced pests, and increased yield and yield stability.  Documentation of such potential outcomes within semi-arid cropping systems, however, is currently lacking.  In this study, we sought to quantify short-term effects of late-summer seeded cover crops on soil attributes.  The study was conducted over three years on the Area IV Soil Conservation Districts Research Farm near Mandan, ND, USA.  Aboveground cover crop biomass was highly variable during each year of the study (1276, 86, and 836 lb/ac in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively), and was strongly affected by precipitation received within two weeks of cover crop seeding.  Cover crops were effective in reducing the amount of available soil N in the spring, particularly in 2009 and 2011 when biomass production the preceding year was abundant.  Late-summer seeded cover crops did not induce soil water deficiencies for cash crops in the following spring, nor did they affect near-surface soil properties or soil coverage by residue.  Based on findings in this study, late-summer seeded cover crops may provide forage production and N conservation within semi-arid cropping systems, but achieving such outcomes consistently depends on timely precipitation after cover crop seeding.
                                Technical Abstract: Cover crops can expand ecosystem services, though sound management recommendations for their use within semi-arid cropping systems is currently constrained by a lack of information.  This study was conducted to determine agroecosystem responses to late-summer seeded cover crops under no-till management, with particular emphasis on soil attributes.  Short-term effects of late-summer seeded cover crops on soil water, available N, near-surface soil quality, and residue cover were investigated during three consecutive years on the Area IV Soil Conservation Districts Research Farm near Mandan, ND, USA.  Mean aboveground cover crop biomass was highly variable across years (1430, 96, and 937 kg/ha in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively), and was strongly affected by precipitation received within 14 d following cover crop seeding.  During years with appreciable biomass production (2008 and 2010), cover crops significantly reduced available N in the 0.9 m depth the following spring (P=0.0291 and 0.0464, respectively).  Cover crop effects on soil water were subtle, and no differences in soil water were found between cover crop treatments and a no cover crop control prior to seeding cash crops the following spring.  Late-summer seeded cover crops did not affect near-surface soil properties or soil coverage by residue.  Soil responses to late-summer seeded cover crops did not differ between cover crop mixtures and monocultures.  Late-summer seeded cover crops may enhance ecosystem services provided by semi-arid cropping systems through biomass production and N conservation, though achieving these benefits in a consistent manner appears dependent on timely precipitation following cover crop seeding.


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