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Title:   Author  item
                                            TORRES-RUIZ, JOSE - University Of Bordeauxitem
                                            JANSEN, STEVEN - Ulm Universityitem
                                            CHOAT, BRENDAN - Western Sydney Universityitem
                                            McElrone, Andrewitem
                                            COCHARD, HERVE - Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique (INRA)item
                                            BRODRIBB, TIMOTHY - University Of Tasmaniaitem
                                            BADEL, ERIC - Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique (INRA)item
                                            BURLETT, REGIS - University Of Bordeauxitem
                                            BOUCHE, PAULINE - University Of Bordeauxitem
                                            BRODERSEN, CRAIG - Yale Universityitem
                                            LI, SHAN - Ulm Universityitem
                                            MORRIS, HUGH - Ulm Universityitem
                                            DELZON, SYLVAIN - University Of Bordeaux
  Submitted to: Plant Physiology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 10/25/2014
                                    Publication  Date: 11/6/2014
                                    Publication URL: http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/167/1/40.fullCitation: Torres-Ruiz, J., Jansen, S., Choat, B., Mcelrone, A.J., Cochard, H., Brodribb, T.J., Badel, E., Burlett, R., Bouche, P.S., Brodersen, C.R., Li, S., Morris, H., Delzon, S. 2014. Direct micro-CT observation confirms the induction of embolism upon xylem cutting under tension. Plant Physiology. 167:40-43.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: We used two different Synchrotron-based micro-CT facilities (SLS: Swiss Light Source, Villigen, Switzerland, and ALS: Advanced Light Source, Berkeley, CA USA) to test the excision artifact described by Wheeler et al. (2013). Specifically, we examined the impact of cutting xylem under tension and under water in three woody and one herbaceous species: maple, eucalyptus, walnut and sunflower. By direct visualizations we tested whether (i) the degree of embolism of the samples varied before and after cutting them (underwater) for all four species; and (ii) the magnitude xylem tension affected the degree of embolism observed in intact plants and after cutting under water. For all the species studied, images showed an increase in the degree of embolism after cutting while the xylem was under tension, whether the measurements were done on intact plants or cut branches. Our results confirm that the excision artifact does have a significant impact on estimates of embolism at the stem level. This indicates that we must carefully reassess the accuracy of some previous results, especially those obtained from samples collected under tension (e.g. at midday) and long-vesseled species in which vessels could be open in the measurement segment.  Our results highlight the importance of both validating xylem embolism data and invasive hydraulic techniques by direct observation in intact plants for an improved understanding of water transport physiology in plants. Suggested methodology is presented to avoid cutting artifacts during sample preparation.


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