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Research Project: Development of Management Strategies to Mitigate Pre-harvest Microbial-derived Off-flavors in Fish Grown in Aquaculture Location:
                                Natural Products Utilization Research Title:   Author  item
                                            Schrader, Kevinitem
                                            Cantrell, Charlesitem
                                            MIDIWO, JACOB - University Of Nairobiitem
                                            MUHAMMAD, ILIAS - University Of Mississippi
  Submitted to: Natural Product Communications
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 4/12/2016
                                    Publication  Date: 11/16/2016
                                    Publication URL: https://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/5695430Citation: Schrader, K., Cantrell, C.L., Midiwo, J.O., Muhammad, I. 2016. Compounds from Terminalli brownii extracts with toxicity against the fish pathogenic bacterium Flavobacterium columnare. Natural Product Communications. 11(11):1679-1682.Interpretive Summary: A rapid bioassay was used to evaluate extracts from the stem bark of plant found in Kenya for antibacterial activities against fish pathogenic bacteria. Two natural compounds were isolated from the extracts and discovered to possess antibacterial activities against a species of fish pathogenic bacteria which causes a common disease in pond-raised catfish and several other species of freshwater fish.
                                Technical Abstract: The pond-raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) industry in the United States of America can incur losses of over a $100 million annually due to bacterial diseases including columnaris disease caused by Flavobacterium columnare. One management approach available to catfish producers is the use of medicated-feed containing antibiotics. However, the negative attributes of antibiotic use in agriculture include public concerns and the potential development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.  Therefore, the discovery of environmentally-safe natural compounds for use as therapeutants would greatly benefit the catfish industry. In this study, a rapid bioassay was used to evaluate crude plant extracts as the first step in the discovery of natural therapeutants. Plant extracts from Terminalia brownii were found to be inhibitory towards F. columnare. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the 5% water-methanol extract of T. brownii (stem bark) was 10 μg/mL and the 24-h 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) was 40 μg/mL.  Subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation of the T. brownii ethanol extract using reverse phase C-4 chromatography revealed the highest level of activity in the aqueous:methanol (50:50) fraction.  HPLC analysis and subsequent purification of this fraction provided two compounds identified as ellagic acid (1) and 4-O-(3'',4''-di-O-galloyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl)ellagic acid (2). Compound 2 was the most active isolated compound, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10±0 μg/mL and 24-h 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 31±1 μg/mL.  Although 1 was more active according to a MIC of 6±5 μg/mL, its 24-h IC50 was >100 μg/mL, and, therefore, it was less active overall between the two most active isolated compounds.


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