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Title:   Author  item
                                            LEVENT, G. - Istanbul Universityitem
                                            Harvey, Rogeritem
                                            CIFTOCIOGLU, G. - Istanbul Universityitem
                                            Beier, Rossitem
                                            Genovese, Kenneth

                                                         - *Ken*item
                                            He, Louisitem
                                            Anderson, Robinitem
                                            Nisbet, David
  Submitted to: Journal of Food Protection
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 10/30/2015
                                    Publication  Date: 2/11/2016
                                    Publication URL: http://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/5235025Citation: Levent, G., Harvey, R.B., Ciftocioglu, G., Beier, R.C., Genovese, K.J., He, L.H., Anderson, R.C., Nisbet, D.J. 2016. In vitro effects of thymol-B-D-glucopyranoside on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli K88. Journal of Food Protection. 79(2):299-303.Interpretive Summary: Global resistance to antibiotics has made treatments of life-threatening disease difficult for humans and animals.  There is a major search for alternatives to antibiotics.  In the present study, a conjugated version of thymol (a derivative of the herb thyme) reduced the concentration of two major disease organisms, the bacteria Salmonella and E. coli.  This is important because if thymol is proven practical and effective, it could be a replacement for antibiotics and used to treat disease.
                                Technical Abstract: Although thymol is bactericidal against many pathogens in vitro, its in vivo effectiveness against pathogens in the lower gastrointestinal tract is limited because of its rapid absorption in the proximal gut.  Thymol-b-D-glucopyranoside (b-thymol), a conjugated form of thymol, can deliver thymol to the lower gastrointestinal tract and has shown antibacterial effects.  In the present study, we examined the in vitro effects of b-thymol on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) and Escherichia coli K88 (K88).  We inoculated one-half strength Mueller-Hinton broth with 5.8 6 0.09 log CFU/ml novobiocin- and naladixic acid–resistant (NN) ST (NVSL 95-1776) and 5.1 6 0.09 log CFU ml1 NN-resistant K88, with or without porcine feces (0.1% [wt/vol]) (fecal incubations).  The resultant bacterial suspensions were distributed under N2 to triplicate sets of tubes to achieve initial concentrations of 0, 3, 6, and 12 mM for ST treatments and 0, 3, 12, and 30 mM for K88 treatments.  Samples were incubated at 398C and then plated onto NN-containing brilliant green agar and NN-containing MacConkey agar; ST and K88 CFU concentrations were determined via 10-fold dilutions, and viable cell counts were performed at 0, 6, and 24 h.  No differences in ST CFU counts were observed in b-thymol–treated tubes without the added porcine feces (i.e., pure culture) at 6 or 24 h.  However, in tubes that contained fecal incubations, ST CFU counts were reduced (P , 0.05) from controls at 6 h in tubes treated with 6 and 12 mM b-thymol, whereas in tubes treated with 3, 6, and 12 mM b-thymol the CFU counts were reduced (P , 0.05) at 24 h.  No differences were observed in K88 CFU counts in pure culture or in fecal incubations at 6 h, but K88 CFU counts were reduced (P , 0.05) in both pure and fecal incubations at 24 h.  The results from this study demonstrate that b-thymol, in the presence of fecal suspensions, has anti-Salmonella and anti–E. coli effects, suggesting a role of b-glycoside–hydrolyzing microbes for the release of bactericidal thymol from b-thymol.


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