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Title:   Author  item
                                            PAULI, JONATHAN - University Of Wisconsinitem
                                            Steffan, Shawnitem
                                            NEWSOME, SETH - University Of Wisconsin
  Submitted to: Bioscience
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 1/22/2015
                                    Publication  Date: 1/22/2015
                                    Publication URL: http://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/61035Citation: Pauli, J.N., Steffan, S.A., Newsome, S.D. 2015. It is time for IsoBank. Bioscience. 65(3):229-230.Interpretive Summary: As with gene sequence data in 1981, stable isotopic data do not yet have a centralized database. Arguments analogous to those made for the creation of GenBank apply. It was true of gene sequence data in 1982, and is true of stable isotope data now, that the limits to progress are not in data acquisition, but in data exchange. Such inefficiencies have led to unnecessary duplication of effort and redundancy in data creation. They have stymied progress as researchers have spent more time than necessary generating pilot isotopic data to explore the feasibility of techniques. We have now reached a point at which, as in 1982, the first centralized database for the data – a so called “IsoBank” – is needed. It will allow researchers to spend more time generating and testing hypotheses.

Impact Statement: This invited letter to BioScience will nucleate a discussion of the creation of IsoBank, a data storage and management system for the massive isotopic datasets being generated worldwide.
                                Technical Abstract: It was back in 1982, when the United States was mired in the Cold War and a recession, that the National Institutes of Health awarded a five-year, $3.2 million grant to a group of scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to develop GenBank. It now houses nearly 200 billion bases from 178 million sequences representing more than 300,000 species and is the largest and most frequently accessed collection of experimental data in the world (Strasser 2011). Although it is now difficult to imagine a world without GenBank and the opportunities it provides, its creation did not come without questions¬—about data collection and distribution, attribution of credit and authorship, and design of infrastructure and access (Strasser 2011). Still, the need for a unifying database of genetic sequences commanded wide agreement. Now is the time to invest in a parallel special-purpose database for a burgeoning field of research with enormous promise: the use of stable isotopes. Isotopic ratios are often idiosyncratic, encoding information about the origin and history of particular matter, whether it be an ancient ice core, a Martian rock, or a fossil. In biological systems, elements such as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are light enough for isotopes to be differentially affected by biochemical processes such as photosynthesis and respiration, creating isotopic variation. This is extraordinarily useful for studying biological processes. For example, stable isotopes are routinely used for studies of animal and plant physiology, community and ecosystem ecology, biomedicine, paleobiology, evolution, and climatology. The diversity of questions that can be answered with stable isotopes, coupled with advancements in instrumentation that now enable the analysis of hundreds of samples per week on a single mass spectrometer, is what makes the growth of this field parallel that of DNA sequencing. Thus, in this era of “big data” there is a need for IsoBank, a database to house, organize, vet, and make isotopic data readily available.


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