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Title:   Author  item
                                            ZHAO, CHAOYANG - Purdue Universityitem
                                            ESCALANTA, LUCIO - Purdue Universityitem
                                            CHEN, HANG - Kansas State Universityitem
                                            BENATTI, THIAGO - Purdue Universityitem
                                            Johnson, Alishaitem
                                            Schemerhorn, Brandiitem
                                            Williams, Christieitem
                                            Shukle, Richarditem
                                            Chen, Ming-Shun
  Submitted to: Current Biology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 12/23/2014
                                    Publication  Date: 3/2/2015
                                    Citation: Zhao, C., Escalanta, L.N., Chen, H., Benatti, T.R., Qu, J., Chellapilla, S., Waterhouse, R.M., Wheeler, D., Andersson, M.N., Bao, R., Batterton, M., Behura, S.K., Blankenburg, K.P., Caragea, D., Carolan, J.C., Coyle, M., El-Bouhssini, M., Francisco, L., Friedrich, M., Gill, N., Grace, T., Grimmelikhuijzen, C.J., Han, Y., Hauser, F., Herndon, N., Holder, M., Ioannidis, P., Jackson, L., Javaid, M., Jhangiani, S.N.,  Johnson, A.J., Kalra, D., Korchina, V., Kovar, C.L., Lara, F., Lee, S.L., Liu, X., Lofstedt, C., Mata, R., Mathew, T., Muzny, D.M., Nagar, S., Nazareth, L.V., Okwuonu, G., Ongeri, F., Perales, L., Peterson, B.F., Pu, L., Robertson, H.M., Schemerhorn, B.J., Scherer, S.E., Shreve, J.T., Simmons, D., Subramanyam, S., Thornton, R.L., Xue, K., Weissenberger, G.M., Williams, C.E., Worley, K.C., Zhu, D., Zhu, Y., Harris, M.O., Shukle, R.H., Werren, J.H., Zdobnov, E.M., Chen, M., Brown, S.J., Stuart, J.J., Richards, S. 2015. A massive expansion of effector genes underlies gall-formation in the wheat pest Mayetiola destructor. Current Biology. 25:613-620. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.057.Interpretive Summary: The Hessian fly, arguably the most important insect pest of wheat, is of great importance to wheat breeders, researchers and farmers worldwide.  In this multi-year, multi-country project, the Hessian fly genome was sequenced and analyzed.  Within the genome, it was found that nearly 5% of the genes discovered appear to code for proteins that could affect the fly’s ability overcome resistance within the plant. These genes appear to be active in the salivary glands of the Hessian fly.  The impact of this research is vast, allowing for additional virulence reservoirs within the fly as well as allowing breeders the ability to screen wheat more effectively to defend against Hessian fly infestation.
                                Technical Abstract: The mechanisms arthropods use to induce plant gall formation are poorly understood. However, there is growing evidence that effector proteins are involved. To examine this hypothesis, we sequenced the genome of the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor, M. des), an obligate plant parasitic gall midge and a destructive pest of wheat (Triticum spp.). We find a huge reservoir of potential effector proteins: nearly 5% (978) of the 20,163 gene models discovered matched putative effector gene transcripts present in the M. des larval salivary gland, and 466 additional putative effectors were discovered among the gene models that have no sequence similarities to other organisms. The largest family of genes (family SSGP-71) has at least 426 members that encode proteins, found in saliva, with an insect derived ubiquitin-E3-ligase architecture, previously observed among bacterial plant pathogen effectors. Mutations in two different SSGP- 71 genes are tightly associated with the elicitation of H6- and H9- directed effector-targeted immunity. The candidate H6-resistance eliciting protein interacts with wheat SKP protein invivo. These results identify effector proteins and point to the mode of action for arthropod induced plant gall formation.


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