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Title:   Author  item
                                            SCHARES, GEREON - University Of Zurichitem
                                            LANGENMAYER, MARTIN - Ludwig-Maximilians Universityitem
                                            SCHARR, JULIA - Ludwig-Maximilians Universityitem
                                            MINKE, LIESELOTTE - Institute For Animal Health - Germanyitem
                                            MAKSIMOV, PAVIO - Institute For Animal Health - Germanyitem
                                            MAKSIMOV, ALINE - Institute For Animal Health - Germanyitem
                                            SCHARES, SUSANN - Institute For Animal Health - Germanyitem
                                            BARWALD, ANDREA - Institute For Animal Health - Germanyitem
                                            BASSO, WALTER - University Of Zurichitem
                                            Dubey, Jitenderitem
                                            CONRATH, FRANZ - University Of Zurichitem
                                            GOLLNICK, NICOLLE - Ludwig-Maximilians University
  Submitted to: International Journal for Parasitology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 4/19/2013
                                    Publication  Date: 5/20/2013
                                    Citation: Schares, G., Langenmayer, M., Scharr, J., Minke, L., Maksimov, P., Maksimov, A., Schares, S., Barwald, A., Basso, W., Dubey, J.P., Conrath, F., Gollnick, N. 2013. Novel tools for the diagnosis and differentiation of acute and chronic bovine besnoitiosis. International Journal for Parasitology. 43:143-154.Interpretive Summary: Besnoitia and  Toxoplasma are related  single-celled parasites that cause clinical disease in livestock. Differential diagnosis of these infections is sometimes difficult because these parasites have shared proteins (antigens) that are used for serological (blood) tests.  Besnoitia besnoiti affects cattle and the disease is now spreading from Africa to Europe, but does not occur in USA. In the present study, the authors describe use of different Besnoitia proteins to distinguish acute and chronic phases of bovine besnoitiosis .The results can aid in correct diagnosis. The results will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, and veterinarians.
                                Technical Abstract: Diagnosis of acute bovine besnoitiosis is a major diagnostic problem. We developed diagnostic tests to serologically diagnose and differentiate acute and chronic cases of bovine besnoitiosis using affinity purified antigens of Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites in immunoblots and in both, a conventional ELISA and an avidity ELISA. Sera of acutely and chronically infected cattle were investigated using these tests. Acutely infected cattle initially recognized an antigen of 74 kDa relative molecular mass, followed by reactions with increasing intensity against 81 and 28 kDa antigens. In addition, faint reactions against antigens with 36, 37, 39 and 42 kDa molecular mass started soon after seroconversion and increased over time. An antigen of 45 kDa molecular mass was transiently recognized early after infection but not or only weakly in the chronic stage. At least two antigens, the 39 and the 42 kDa antigens, seem to be located on the surface of B. besnoiti tachyzoites as determined by biotinylation. Affinity purified antigen was used to establish an APure-BbELISA which showed excellent sensitivity (100%) relative to a serological reference system in naturally, most likely chronically, infected cattle. Specificity was also high (99.8%) as determined in cattle from herds with Neospora caninum-associated abortions. The antibody levels in APure-BbELISA were correlated with the parasite load in the skin or the mucous membrane of the vestibulum vaginae as determined by real-time PCR. In acute cases of bovine besnoitiosis (confirmed by the detection of low avidity IgG in the APure-BbELISA) first specific antibodies were detected by ELISA in all animals except one, at the same time or earlier than in the serological reference system. The detection of parasite DNA in skin by real-time PCR was clearly superior to serological analysis in detecting infected cattle during acute besnoitiosis.


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