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Title:   Author  item
                                            BIN-UMER, MOHAMED - Rutgers Universityitem
                                            MCLAUGHLIN, JOHN - Rutgers Universityitem
                                            BUTTERLY, MATTHEW - Rutgers Universityitem
                                            McCormick, Susanitem
                                            TUMER, NILGUN - Rutgers University
  Submitted to: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 6/27/2014
                                    Publication  Date: 9/12/2014
                                    Citation: Bin-Umer, M.A., McLaughlin, J.E., Butterly, M.S., McCormick, S.P., Tumer, N.E. 2014. Elimination of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress and increases tolerance to trichothecenes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111(32):11798–11803.Interpretive Summary: Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), a disease of cereal crops, is caused by a fungus that produces trichothecene mycotoxins. Trichothecene contamination of grain has serious economic and health impacts, and the toxins are important factors in determining the severity of the disease. One strategy to combat FHB and improve food safety is to modify genes in cereals to make plants less sensitive to the toxins. In this research, we screened a collection of yeast mutants with specific gene deletions for those with sensitivity or tolerance to trichothecenes. Treatment with antioxidants alleviated oxidative stress in the sensitive yeast exposed to trichothecenes. This research showed that elimination of trichothecene-damaged mitochondria reduces toxin sensitivity in yeast and may provide a novel approach to reduce FHB severity and toxin contamination of grain.
                                Technical Abstract: Trichothecene mycotoxins are natural contaminants of small grain cereals and are encountered in the environment, posing a worldwide threat to human and animal health. Their mechanism of toxicity is poorly understood, and little is known about cellular protection mechanisms against trichothecenes. We previously identified inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis as a novel mechanism for trichothecene-induced cell death. To identify cellular functions involved in trichothecene resistance, we screened the Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion library for increased sensitivity to nonlethal concentrations of trichothecin (Tcin) and identified 121 strains exhibiting higher sensitivity than the parental strain. The largest group of sensitive strains had significantly higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels relative to the parental strain. A dose-dependent increase in ROS levels was observed in the parental strain treated with different trichothecenes, but not in a petite version of the parental strain or in the presence of a mitochondrial membrane uncoupler, indicating that mitochondria are the main site of ROS production due to toxin exposure. Cytotoxicity of trichothecenes was alleviated after treatment of the parental strain and highly sensitive mutants with antioxidants, suggesting that oxidative stress contributes to trichothecene sensitivity. Cotreatment with rapamycin and trichothecenes reduced ROS levels and cytotoxicity in the parental strain relative to the trichothecene treatment alone, but not in mitophagy deficient mutants, suggesting that elimination of trichothecene-damaged mitochondria by mitophagy improves cell survival. These results reveal that increased mitophagy is a cellular protection mechanism against trichothecene-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and a potential target for trichothecene resistance.


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