FOR PUBLICATION

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:

ROBERT J. PALMER ALADEAN M. DeROSE

May Oberfell Lorber South Bend, Indiana

Mishawaka, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

SPECIALTY FOODS OF INDIANA, INC., )

d/b/a JERSEY MIKE’S SUBS, )

)

Appellant-Plaintiff, )

)

vs. ) No. 71A05-1302-MI-95

)

CITY OF SOUTH BEND and CENTURY )

CENTER BOARD OF MANAGERS, )

)

Appellees-Defendants. )

APPEAL FROM THE ST. JOSEPH CIRCUIT COURT

The Honorable Michael G. Gotsch, Sr., Judge

Cause No. 71C01-1212-MI-00244

October 9, 2013

OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION

DARDEN, Senior Judge
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STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Specialty Foods of Indiana, Inc. III, d/b/a Jersey Mike’s Subs (“Specialty Foods”),

appeals the trial court’s order denying its complaint for declaratory judgment.

We affirm.

ISSUE

Specialty Foods presents three issues for our review, one of which is dispositive: 

whether the force majeure clause of the agreement between Specialty Foods and the 

Century Center Board of Managers for the City of South Bend (“Century Center”)

applies to excuse the Century Center’s further performance under the agreement.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On July 16, 1993, the City of South Bend (“City”) entered into a Management 

Agreement with the National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame, Inc.

(“NFF”) and the Century Center. On the same day, the City also entered into a License

Agreement with the NFF. Both agreements concerned the construction and operation of 

a building in South Bend to house the College Football Hall of Fame (“Hall of Fame”). 

The agreements contained an initial term of forty years with automatic five-year renewals 

thereafter unless proper notice was given. Construction of the massive building to house 

the Hall of Fame was completed by August 1995.

On April 19, 2000, the Century Center entered into a Use Management and 

Operations Agreement (“UMO Agreement”) with Specialty Foods for Specialty Foods to 

be the exclusive provider of food and beverages in the Hall of Fame. The initial term of 
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the agreement was five years with two five-year renewal options, both of which were 

exercised by Specialty Foods. Pursuant to the agreement, Specialty Foods would occupy

only 3,286 square feet of the vast Hall of Fame building.

In August 2001, the City, the Century Center, and the NFF entered into an Interim 

Agreement for the operation of the Hall of Fame. In that agreement, the parties 

acknowledged that the financial results of the Hall of Fame had been less favorable than 

anticipated at the time of execution of the Management and License Agreements. In an 

effort to reduce the City’s financial burden of operating the Hall of Fame, the NFF agreed 

to assume the management and operation of the Hall of Fame during the interim term of 

January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2005. Subsequently in July 2006, the City, the Century 

Center, and the NFF entered into a Second Interim Agreement, which extended the 

interim period for an additional five years to December 31, 2010. 

The trial court found that in 2009, during the second interim period, the NFF 

indicated its intent to relocate the Hall of Fame to Atlanta, Georgia. Appellant’s App. p. 

7. In addition, the trial court found that in July 2012, the NFF officially announced its 

imminent departure from South Bend and the closing of the Hall of Fame in South Bend 

on December 31, 2012. Id. By exercising its final five-year renewal option on May 18, 

2010, Specialty Foods expressed its desire to extend its agreement with the Century 

Center until August 2015. However, in August 2012, the City formally notified Specialty 

Foods that the Hall of Fame in South Bend would close as of January 1, 2013, due to its 
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relocation to Atlanta, Georgia, and that cessation of the Hall of Fame’s presence in the 

city necessarily terminated Specialty Foods’ agreement with the Century Center.

On December 28, 2012, Specialty Foods filed a complaint against the City and the 

Century Center for a declaratory judgment as to its rights to continue operating its 

business in the Hall of Fame building under the UMO Agreement. Following a hearing, 

the trial court issued its order denying Specialty Foods’ request for declaratory judgment. 

This appeal ensued.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

Specialty Foods contends the trial court erred by applying the force majeure clause 

of the UMO Agreement to excuse the Century Center’s performance under that 

agreement when the NFF moved the Hall of Fame from South Bend to Atlanta, Georgia.

The interpretation of a contract is a pure question of law and is reviewed de novo. 

Dunn v. Meridian Mut. Ins. Co., 836 N.E.2d 249, 251 (Ind. 2005). The objective of a 

court when it interprets a contract, including a force majeure provision, is to determine 

the intent of the parties at the time the contract was made by examining the language used 

in the contract. See State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Riddell Nat’l Bank, 984 N.E.2d 655, 

658 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. Further, in determining the intention of the 

parties, a contract should be considered in light of the circumstances existing at the time 

it was made. Allen v. Clarian Health Partners, Inc., 980 N.E.2d 306, 309 (Ind. 2012). 

For example, the court should consider the nature of the agreement, the facts and 

circumstances leading up to the execution of the contract, the relationship of the parties, 
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the nature and situation of the subject matter, and the apparent purpose of making the 

contract. Id. Contracts are to be read as a whole, and a court should construe the 

language in a contract so as not to render any words, phrases, or terms ineffective or 

meaningless. State Farm, 984 N.E.2d at 658. In addition, a court should attempt to 

harmonize the provisions of a contract rather than interpret the provisions as conflicting. 

Id.

In the present case, the trial court ruled that the force majeure clause in the UMO 

Agreement excused the Century Center from performing its obligation of allowing

Specialty Foods to continue to operate its business in the Hall of Fame building after the 

Hall of Fame terminated the Management and License Agreements and moved from 

South Bend. A force majeure clause is defined as a “contractual provision allocating the 

risk if performance becomes impossible or impracticable, esp. as a result of an event or 

effect that the parties could not have anticipated or controlled.” Black’s Law Dictionary

674 (8th ed. 2004). We note that Indiana has very few cases interpreting force majeure 

clauses, and those that do exist pertain to issues not before us today. Therefore, we turn 

to guidance from other jurisdictions.

Historically, the theory of force majeure embodied the concept that parties could 

be relieved of performance of their contractual obligations when the performance was 

prevented by causes beyond their control, such as an act of God. Sun Operating Ltd. 

P’ship v. Holt, 984 S.W.2d 277, 282 (Tex. App. 1998). However, much of the theory’s 

“historic underpinnings have fallen by the wayside” with the result that force majeure is 
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now “little more than a descriptive phrase without much inherent substance.” Id. at 283. 

Indeed, the scope and effect of a force majeure clause depends on the specific contract 

language, and not on any traditional definition of the term. Va. Power Energy Mktg., Inc. 

v. Apache Corp., 297 S.W.3d 397, 402 (Tex. App. 2009). In other words, when the 

parties have defined the nature of force majeure in their agreement, that nature dictates 

the application, effect, and scope of force majeure with regard to that agreement and 

those parties, and reviewing courts are not at liberty to rewrite the contract or interpret it 

in a manner which the parties never intended. Sun, 984 S.W.2d at 283. The party 

seeking to excuse its performance under a force majeure clause bears the burden of proof 

of establishing that defense. Va. Power, 297 S.W.3d at 402.

We begin by determining the intent of the parties through examination of the 

language they used in the contract. See State Farm, 984 N.E.2d at 658. The force 

majeure provision in the UMO Agreement provides:

In the event Century Center or [Specialty Foods] shall be delayed or 

hindered or prevented from the performance of any obligation required 

under this Agreement by reason of strikes[,] lockouts, inability to procure 

labor or materials, failure of power, fire or other casualty, acts of God, 

restrictive governmental laws or regulations, riots, insurrection, war or any 

other reason not within the reasonable control of Century Center or 

[Specialty Foods], as the case may be, then the performance of such 

obligation shall be excused for the period of such delay and the period for 

the performance of any such act shall be extended for a period equivalent to 

the period of such delay.
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Appellant’s App. p. 34. The parties agree that the specific language from the force 

majeure provision in the UMO Agreement with which we are concerned is the phrase 

“any other reason not within the reasonable control of Century Center.” 

Specialty Foods argues that the force majeure provision of the UMO Agreement is 

inapplicable to excuse the Century Center’s performance because the termination of the 

Management and License Agreements was “not unforeseeable.” Appellant’s Br. p. 15. 

However, the force majeure provision in this case contains nothing about foreseeability, 

and Specialty Foods points to neither terms in the provision nor in the remainder of the 

parties’ contract in support of its argument. The scope and effect of a force majeure

clause depends on the specific contract language. Va. Power, 297 S.W.3d at 402. 

Further, there is no evidence before us that the bargaining between the parties was 

not free and open. The City, the Century Center, and Specialty Foods are sophisticated 

parties presumably represented by counsel who were at liberty to define the nature of 

force majeure in whatever manner they desired. We decline to rewrite the parties’ 

contract by interjecting into the force majeure provision a requirement of foreseeability. 

See Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Sercon Corp., 654 N.E.2d 1163, 1168 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995)

(stating that parties to contract have right to define their mutual rights and obligations, 

and courts may not write new contract), trans. denied.

Additionally, in support of its argument that the parties’ force majeure provision is 

inapplicable in this instance, Specialty Foods cites Kel Kim Corp. v. Central Markets, 

Inc., 519 N.E.2d 295 (N.Y. 1987). In Kel Kim, the force majeure provision provided:
8

If either party to this Lease shall be delayed or prevented from the 

performance of any obligation through no fault of their own by reason of 

labor disputes, inability to procure materials, failure of utility service, 

restrictive governmental laws or regulations, riots, insurrection, war, 

adverse weather, Acts of God, or other similar causes beyond the control of 

such party, the performance of such obligation shall be excused for the 

period of the delay.

519 N.E.2d at 296 n.*. The New York Court of Appeals determined that the force 

majeure provision did not apply because the event that prevented Kel Kim’s performance 

under the contract was neither specifically included in the force majeure provision nor 

generally included within the provision’s catchall phrase “or other similar causes beyond 

the control of such party.” The court explained that the event (i.e., the inability of Kel 

Kim to procure and maintain liability insurance) was of a different kind and nature from 

the particular events listed in the force majeure provision such that it could not be 

considered a “similar cause.” 

Specialty Foods’ reliance upon Kel Kim is misguided. The force majeure clause in 

Kel Kim is distinguishable from the clause in the instant case primarily due to its 

inclusion of the phrase “or other similar causes.” This is a limiting phrase that the court 

determined required the event causing the non-performance of a party to be similar to the 

events specifically spelled out in the provision of the parties’ contract. The provision in 

the present case does not contain such a restrictive clause. Rather, the parties here agreed 

that when an event occurs, the cause of which is “any other reason” not within the 

reasonable control of the parties, the performance of obligations under the agreement 

shall be excused. Thus, instead of a limiting clause, the Century Center and Specialty 
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Foods included broad terminology that does not require the non-performance triggering 

event to be similar to the specific causes listed in the force majeure provision. We 

remain mindful that we must look to the specific language of the contract. See Va.

Power, 297 S.W.3d at 402. Accordingly, the underlying rationale of the decision in Kel 

Kim is not applicable here.

 Next, we determine the intent of the parties through consideration of the 

circumstances existing at the time the contract was made. See Allen, 980 N.E.2d at 309. 

The Management Agreement, the License Agreement, and the UMO Agreement were all 

admitted as evidence in this case. These documents enable us to ascertain the purpose of 

the UMO Agreement and the circumstances surrounding its making. Pursuant to the 

Management and License Agreements executed in July 1993, the City designed, 

financed, and constructed a facility specifically to house the Hall of Fame. Subsequently, 

in April 2000, the Century Center and Specialty Foods entered into the UMO Agreement. 

In the prefatory language of the UMO Agreement, Specialty Foods acknowledged the 

need for the Century Center “to manage and operate a facility that is of the highest 

quality when compared to other sports museums or halls of fame operating in the United 

States.” Appellant’s App. p. 23. The initial article of the UMO Agreement sets forth 

Specialty Foods’ “exclusive rights in connection with” the Hall of Fame and granted 

Specialty Foods the right to be the exclusive provider of food and beverages in the Hall 

of Fame. Id. (emphasis added). In addition, Specialty Foods acknowledged in the UMO 

Agreement that it had reviewed and agreed to act in conformity with the License 
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Agreement and the Management Agreement, a portion of which states that the parties

recognize “their collective goal of enhancing and maximizing attendance at the Hall of 

Fame.” Id. at 23, 44. Moreover, the License Agreement provides that the City agreed to 

continuously use the building to operate the Hall of Fame and to provide prompt and 

efficient service to all of the customers of and visitors to the Hall of Fame. Id. at 78. 

In considering these circumstances surrounding the making of the UMO 

Agreement and the purpose the parties intended to accomplish by entering into the 

contract, it is clear that Specialty Foods’ operation in the Hall of Fame building was 

ancillary to and contingent upon the existence of the Hall of Fame. After having the Hall 

open for several years, the City and the Century Center decided to have Specialty Foods

provide food and drinks to the visitors of the Hall. The purpose was to use the services of 

Specialty Foods, the ancillary vendor, to enhance the products and services of the Hall of 

Fame, the primary business, in order to make the Hall of Fame a facility of the highest 

quality as stated in the UMO Agreement. Thus, when the Hall of Fame ceased to exist in 

South Bend, so too did the need for the services provided by Specialty Foods. 

Therefore, given the language used in the force majeure provision and elsewhere 

in the contract, the nature of the agreement, the circumstances surrounding the execution 

of the contract, and the apparent purpose of making the contract, we conclude that the 

terms of the force majeure provision excusing performance for “any other reason not

within the reasonable control of Century Center” includes the closure and relocation of 

the Hall of Fame. Certainly, the phrase “any other reason” includes a broad spectrum of 
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events, and the Hall of Fame’s closure and departure from South Bend was a cause not 

within the reasonable control of the City or the Century Center. Therefore, we hold, as a 

matter of law, that the City’s or the Century Center’s inability to perform was solely due 

to an event of force majeure as defined in the contract.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated, we conclude that the force majeure provision of the UMO 

Agreement is applicable to excuse the Century Center’s non-performance of its 

obligations under the Agreement because the closure of the Hall of Fame in South Bend 

constitutes a “reason not within the reasonable control of Century Center.”

Affirmed.

BARNES, J., and CRONE, J., concur.