Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 25A04-1504-JT-140 | October 22, 2015 Page 1 of 13

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before any 

court except for the purpose of establishing 

the defense of res judicata, collateral 

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

James T. Knight

Logansport, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Gregory F. Zoeller

Attorney General of Indiana

Robert J. Henke

David E. Corey

Deputy Attorneys General

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In re the Termination of the 

Parent-Child Relationship of:

G.J. and J.E., II (minor 

children), 

and

D.J. (mother),

Appellant-Respondent,

v.

The Indiana Department of 

Child Services,

Appellee-Petitioner.

October 22, 2015

Court of Appeals Case No.

25A04-1504-JT-140

Appeal from the Fulton Circuit 

Court

The Honorable A. Christopher 

Lee, Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

25C01-1403-JT-30

25C01-1403-JT-31
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May, Judge.

[1] D.J. (Mother) appeals the involuntary termination of her parental rights to G.J. 

and J.E., II (collectively, Children). Mother argues the trial court abused its 

discretion when it admitted certain evidence and the Department of Child 

Services (DCS) did not present sufficient evidence that termination of her 

parental rights was in the best interests of Children. 

Facts and Procedural History

[2] Mother1 gave birth to G.J. on August 1, 2007, and to J.E., II, on July 29, 2009. 

DCS first became involved with the family after Mother’s husband (Stepfather2

) 

abused Mother in November 2011 and January 2012. After each incident, DCS 

worked with Mother to put a safety plan in place in the event of further 

domestic abuse incidents. On February 26, 2012, police arrested Stepfather for 

a third domestic violence occurrence against Mother.

[3] On March 13, 2012, DCS filed a petition alleging Children were Children in 

Need of Services (CHINS) based on the domestic violence against Mother. 

Children remained in Mother’s care, and the trial court adjudicated Children as 

CHINS on March 20, 2012, on Mother’s admission. The trial court ordered 

 

1

The parental rights of Children’s fathers were also involuntarily terminated. The fathers do not participate 

in this appeal.

2 Mother did not marry Stepfather until July 2012. However, for clarity, we will refer to him as “Stepfather.”
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Mother to complete parenting and substance abuse services, and submit to 

random drug tests.

[4] DCS removed Children from Mother’s home and placed them in foster care on 

May 21, 2012, when Mother was arrested for a probation violation. In June 

2012, Mother attempted suicide. In November 2012, DCS allowed Children to 

return to Mother’s home. In January 2013, Mother was arrested. Children 

remained in Mother’s home with Stepfather in an effort to maintain stability. 

On April 19, 2013, DCS removed Children from Mother’s home after Mother 

and Stepfather tested positive for methamphetamine twice and Mother 

admitted to using methamphetamine. Mother was arrested on April 29, 2013, 

and was incarcerated again on September 25, 2014.

[5] On March 6, 2014, DCS filed a petition to involuntarily terminate Mother’s 

parental rights to Children. The trial court held fact-finding hearings on 

December 16 and 17, 2014. On March 3, 2015, the trial court entered orders 

terminating Mother’s parental rights to Children.3

Discussion and Decision

[6] We review termination of parental rights with great deference. In re K.S., 750 

N.E.2d 832, 836 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). We will not reweigh evidence or judge 

 

3 The trial court entered an order for each child. The orders were nearly identical except for identifying 

characteristics of each child. For the purposes of this opinion, we will cite the termination order regarding 

G.J.
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the credibility of witnesses. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2004), trans. denied. Instead, we consider only the evidence and reasonable 

inferences most favorable to the judgment. Id. In deference to the trial court’s 

unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside a judgment terminating 

a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d 

204, 208 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied, cert. denied 534 U.S. 1161 (2002).

[7] When, as here, a judgment contains specific findings of fact and conclusions 

thereon, we apply a two-tiered standard of review. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of 

Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005). We determine first 

whether the evidence supports the findings and, second, whether the findings 

support the judgment. Id. “Findings are clearly erroneous only when the 

record contains no facts to support them either directly or by inference.” Quillen 

v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98, 102 (Ind. 1996). If the evidence and inferences 

support the decision, we affirm. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 208.

Admission of Evidence

[8] We review decisions concerning admission of evidence for an abuse of 

discretion. Walker v. Cuppett, 808 N.E.2d 85, 92 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). An 

abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court’s decision was clearly erroneous and 

against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court. Id. 

A trial court also abuses its discretion if its decision is without reason or is 

based on impermissible considerations. Id. Even if a trial court errs in a ruling 
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on the admissibility of evidence, we will reverse only if the error is inconsistent 

with substantial justice. Id.

Exhibit 6

[9] During the termination fact-finding hearing, DCS tendered Exhibit 6, consisting 

of Mother’s counseling records. Mother objected, stating, “I am going to 

object, Your Honor . . . I’m not able to cross-examine anybody about the 

contents; and there’s so [sic] a variety of hearsay statements in this document as 

well.” (Tr. at 106.) The trial court admitted the record over Mother’s 

objection.4 Mother argues the trial court abused its discretion when it allowed 

DCS’s Exhibit 6 into evidence because it contained hearsay and Mother was 

not able to cross-examine the individuals who prepared the records. 

[10] Regarding Mother’s mental health counseling at Four County Counseling 

Center, the trial court found:

10. Mother initially participated well in services. Mother was 

already participating in substance abuse services as a result of 

convictions for alcohol related offenses.

* * * * *

12. In June of 2012, the Mother attempted to commit suicide 

and was committed briefly to Four County Counseling Center.

 

[1] 4 DCS provided documentation indicating the records were “made pursuant to Indiana Rules of Evidence 

Sections 803(6) and 902(9).” Exhibit 6. Ind. R. Evid. 902(9) relates to “Commercial paper, a signature on it, 

and related documents, to the extent allowed by general commercial law.” In her brief, Mother argues, “IRE 

902(9) is not an appropriate basis upon which to admit medical treatment records.” (Br. of Appellant at 9.) 

We are unable to consider Mother’s argument regarding Ind. R. Evid 902(9), as she did not present it before 

the trial court. See Dennerline v. Atterholt, 886 N.E.2d 582, 594 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (issue not presented 

before trial court is waived for appellate review), reh’g denied, trans. dismissed.
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* * * * * 

26. Kathy Strong, a substance abuse therapist at Four County 

Counseling Center, provided substance abuse services to Mother 

for an extended period of time.

27. Ms. Strong has concerns about Mother’s ongoing use of 

prescription medications and that [Mother] had been regularly 

taking these medications since she was 18 years old.

28. Following the positive test result for methamphetamine, 

attempts were made to get Mother into inpatient substance abuse 

treatment but were unsuccessful because of Mother’s prior 

suicide attempt. Evidently, folks with a recent history of selfharm are excluded from in patient substance abuse treatment.

29. Kathy Strong advised [Mother’s Family Case Manager] that 

Four County Counseling Center had no additional programs 

available to address [Mother’s] substance abuse issues and 

suggested DCS look for alternative programs available through a 

different service provider.

* * * * *

40. Mother regularly failed to come into Four County 

Counseling and submit to random drug testing despite being 

advised that a failure to get tested would result in a presumed 

positive drug screen. The Court accepts that Mother had 

difficulties getting to Four County for testing because she did not 

have a license.

(App. at 15-18.) 

[11] However, the trial court made forty-three findings about other matters that

support the termination of Mother’s parental rights to Children, including:

2. On February 26, 2012, Mother was physically assaulted by 

[Stepfather], resulting in serious bruising to her right eye and 

requiring medical treatment.

3. There were five children living in Mother’s home on February 

26, 2012. The oldest of the five children had to forcible [sic] 

remove [Stepfather] off of the Mother while another child called 

911. [Children were] present during the incident. Law 
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Enforcement arrived and [Stepfather] was arrested for domestic 

battery. [Stepfather] was consuming alcohol in advance of the 

incident.

* * * * *

6. [Children] remained in the home with Mother immediately 

after the February 26, 2012 incident and Mother was instructed 

to call 911 if there was any further contact with [Stepfather]. At

that point, [Stepfather] was barred from having contact with 

[Mother] as the result of a no contact order issued in 

[Stepfather’s] criminal case.

* * * * *

15. In January, 2013, Mother was arrested for driving while 

suspended and possession of a controlled substance. [Children] 

remained in the home with [Stepfather] while Mother remained 

incarcerated.

16. In March of 2013, Mother was not participating fully in 

services and the conditions in Mother’s home began to 

deteriorate.

17. In April of 2013, Mother tested positive twice for 

Methamphetamine. [Stepfather] also tested positive for 

Methamphetamine in April, 2013. At the point of the positive 

drug test, Mother had already participated in substance abuse 

services. At this point [Mother] was not participating in services 

in a meaningful fashion.

18. On April 13, 2013, the trial home visit was disrupted and 

[Children were] removed from Mother’s home[.]

19. Shortly after the positive drug screen in April, 2013 [Mother] 

was again incarcerated and remained so until July or August of 

2013.

20. Mother remained incarcerated until July or August of 2013. 

Mother did not visit with [Children] during her incarceration.

21. Mother’s visits with [Children] were suspended on the 

recommendation of [Children’s] therapist, Sandra Ringer.

22. Sandra Ringer felt the visits should be suspended because of 

the multiple disruptions in visits because Mother was in and out 

of jail. The on again - off again visits were hurtful to [Children].
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23. Sandra Ringer was also concerned that [Mother] had a 

history of substance abuse, had tested positive for 

Methamphetamine, and was not actively participating in 

treatment.

* * * * *

25. Mother has not seen [Children] in over a year.

* * * * *

45. Mother’s criminal history includes:

a. 09/08/2011: 25D01-1004-CM-148 Operating a Motor 

Vehicle with a BAC .08% or greater.

b. 09/08/2011: 25D01-1011-CM-424 Public Intoxication.

c. 12/12/2012: 25D01-1205-CM-179 Driving While 

Suspended.

d. 04/24/2013: 25D01-1301-FD-13 Driving While 

Suspended.

e. 03/25/2014: 25D01-1309-FD-631 Conversion.

46. Mother’s multiple incarcerations on initial arrest, failures to 

appear, and probation reviews frustrated attempts at reunification 

because services were disrupted, visits were suspended, and 

placements with Mother were modified or terminated.

* * * * *

49. On December 12, 2014, less than a week before the 

termination hearing, Mother called law enforcement and 

requested assistance because of a domestic dispute between 

[Stepfather] and one of her older sons. Mother advised law 

enforcement that [Stepfather] choked her son. [Stepfather] drove 

from the scene despite not having a valid license. Mother also 

told law enforcement that [Stepfather] had threatened her life. 

Mother now claims that it was her son that was choking 

[Stepfather]. The Court finds that [Mother] told law enforcement 

that [Stepfather] choked her son because [Stepfather] was the 

aggressor in the dispute. The Court further finds that Mother’s 

claim that it was her son that choked [Stepfather] is false.

(Id. at 14-19.) 
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[12] An error in the admission of evidence is harmless when “the judgment is 

supported by substantial independent evidence to satisfy the reviewing court 

that there is no substantial likelihood that the questioned evidence contributed 

to the judgment.” In re E.T., 802 N.E.2d 639, 646 (Ind. 2004). Based on the 

numerous findings that supported the termination of Mother’s parental rights 

without referencing Mother’s treatment at Four County Counseling Center, we 

hold there existed substantial evidence independent of the evidence to which 

Mother objects, such that any error in that evidence’s admission was harmless.

Mother’s Testimony

[13] During the fact-finding hearing, Mother was DCS’s first witness. During her 

testimony, DCS asked Mother about domestic violence involving Stepfather 

and about Mother’s prior history with DCS. Mother’s counsel objected and 

argued DCS asked about domestic violence “solely to impeach [Mother], and 

these are questions that would be happening on cross-examination, not on 

direct.” (Tr. at 32.) Mother’s counsel also objected to questions about 

Mother’s prior history with DCS because the questions were “improper for 

direct examination. He’s leading the witness and, again, just calling her for 

purposes of impeachment.” (Id. at 46.) The trial court overruled both 

objections and Mother continued her testimony.

[14] On appeal, Mother asserts “Indian[a] courts forbid impeachment of one’s own 

witness by prior inconsistent statement[s] if the sole purpose in calling the 
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witness was to place otherwise inadmissible evidence before the jury. 5

” (Br. of 

Appellant at 9) (footnote added). However, she does not identify what 

evidence was “otherwise inadmissible” or explain why it was “otherwise 

inadmissible.” (Id.) Under Ind. R. Evid. 607, a witness’ credibility may be 

attacked by any party, including the party calling the witness, and under Ind. R. 

Evid. 611(c), leading questions are allowed when questioning a hostile witness

or an adverse party. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when 

overruling counsel’s objections during Mother’s testimony.

Best Interests of Children

[15] “The traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is 

protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.” In 

re M.B., 666 N.E.2d 73, 76 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied. A juvenile court 

must subordinate the interests of the parents to those of the child, however, 

when evaluating the circumstances surrounding a termination. In re K.S., 750 

N.E.2d at 837. The right to raise one’s own child should not be terminated 

solely because there is a better home available for the child, id., but parental 

rights may be terminated when a parent is unable or unwilling to meet his or 

her parental responsibilities. Id. at 836. 

 

5 We note the hearing was not before a jury. “We presume the trial judge is aware of and knows the law and 

considers only evidence properly before him or her in reaching a decision.” Conley v. State, 972 N.E.2d 864, 

873 (Ind. 2012), reh’g denied.
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[16] To terminate a parent-child relationship in Indiana, the State must allege and 

prove:

(A) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) The child has been removed from the parent for at 

least six (6) months under a dispositional decree.

(ii) A court has entered a finding under IC 31-34-21-5.6 

that reasonable efforts for family preservation or 

reunification are not required, including a description of 

the court’s finding, the date of the finding, and the manner 

in which the finding was made.

(iii) The child has been removed from the parent and 

has been under the supervision of a county office of family 

and children or probation department for at least fifteen 

(15) months of the most recent twenty-two (22) months, 

beginning with the date the child is removed from the 

home as a result of the child being alleged to be a child in 

need of services or a delinquent child;

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions 

that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for 

placement outside the home of the parents will not be 

remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the 

continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat 

to the well-being of the child.

(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been 

adjudicated a child in need of services; 

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment 

of the child.

[17] Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). The State must provide clear and convincing proof 

of these allegations. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-61 (Ind. 2009), reh’g 

denied. If the court finds the allegations in the petition are true, it must 

terminate the parent-child relationship. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8. 
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[18] Pursuant to Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(C), DCS must provide sufficient 

evidence “that termination is in the best interests of the child.” In determining 

what is in the best interests of a child, the trial court is required to look beyond 

the factors identified by DCS and consider the totality of the evidence. In re 

J.S., 906 N.E.2d 226, 236 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). In so doing, the trial court must 

subordinate the interests of the parent to those of the child. Id. The court need 

not wait until a child is harmed irreversibly before terminating the parent-child 

relationship. Id. Recommendations of the case manager and court-appointed 

advocate, in addition to evidence the conditions resulting in removal will not be 

remedied, are sufficient to show by clear and convincing evidence that 

termination is in the child’s best interests. Id.

[19] A parent’s historical inability to provide a suitable environment, along with the 

parent’s current inability to do the same, supports finding termination of 

parental rights is in the best interests of the children. Lang v. Starke County Office 

of Family & Children, 861 N.E.2d 366, 373 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. 

Mother argues the termination of her parental rights was not in the best 

interests of Children because “substantial evidence indicated that [she] was 

cooperating in services[.]” (Br. of Appellant at 10.) 

[20] DCS presented evidence Mother did not successfully complete many services

offered, tested positive for illegal substances multiple times throughout the 

proceedings, was arrested multiple times throughout the proceedings, and 

continued a relationship with Stepfather, who committed domestic violence 

against Mother in front of Children, including an incident days before the fact-
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finding hearing. Mother’s arguments are invitations for us to reweigh the 

evidence, which we cannot do. See In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 265 (appellate 

court cannot reweigh evidence).

Conclusion

[21] Any error in the admission of Mother’s counseling records contained in Exhibit 

6 was harmless because DCS presented sufficient independent evidence to 

support the termination of Mother’s parental rights to Children. The trial court 

did not abuse its discretion when it overruled objections regarding DCS’s 

questions to Mother because the questions were permitted under the Indiana 

Rules of Evidence. Finally, DCS presented sufficient evidence that termination 

of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interests of Children. Accordingly, 

we affirm.

[22] Affirmed.

Crone, J., and Bradford, J., concur.