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Title:   Author  item
                                            Barsotti, Joyitem
                                            Sainju, Upendraitem
                                            LENSSEN, ANDREW - Iowa State Universityitem
                                            MILLER, ZACH - Montana State Universityitem
                                            HATFIELD, PATRICK - Montana State University
  Submitted to: Sustainable Agriculture Research
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 3/7/2016
                                    Publication  Date: 4/5/2016
                                    Publication URL: http://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/62292Citation: Barsotti, J.L., Sainju, U.M., Lenssen, A.W., Miller, Z.J., Hatfield, P.G. 2016. Sheep grazing enhances coarse relative to microbial organic carbon in dryland cropping systems. Sustainable Agriculture Research. 5(2):1-14. doi:10.5539/sar.v5n2p1.Interpretive Summary: Sheep grazing is an increasingly popular cost-effective method of controlling weeds in dryland cropping systems in the northern Great Plains. Sheep are often allowed to graze during fallow periods (e.g. before crop planting, after grain harvest, and during summer fallow) to control weeds and pests, reduce feed cost, and increase nutrient cycling. Little is known about the effect of sheep grazing on soil C fractions in dryland cropping systems. 
The objective of this experiment was to examine the effect of sheep grazing compared with tillage and herbicide application for weed control on soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), potential carbon mineralization (PCM), and particulate organic carbon (POC) in relation to soil organic carbon (SOC) at 0-5, 5-15, and 15-30 cm depths in a Blackmore silt loam under dryland cropping systems from 2009 to 2011 in southwestern Montana. Treatments were three weed management practices (sheep grazing [grazing], herbicide application [chemical], and tillage [mechanical]) as the main plot and two cropping sequences (continuous spring wheat [CSW] and spring wheat-pea/barley mixture hay-fallow [W-P/B-F]). 
Averaged across years, POC at 0-5 cm was greater in grazing than chemical with W-P/B-F, at 5-15 cm was greater in chemical than grazing with CSW, and at 15-30 cm was greater in grazing than chemical and mechanical with CSW. The PCM/SOC ratio at 15-30 cm was greater in mechanical than grazing with CSW. At all depths, MBC, PCM, and POC decreased from 2009 to 2011 for all treatments, except for MBC in mechanical with CSW at 0-5 cm which increased. 
Lower proportion of labile than nonlabile organic matter returned to the soil through feces and urine probably reduced soil microbial biomass and activity, but increased coarse organic matter fraction with sheep grazing compared with herbicide application and tillage. Sheep grazing may improve soil health and quality in the long term by enhancing microbial biomass and carbon storage compared with tillage and herbicide application for weed control under dryland cropping systems.
                                Technical Abstract: A cost-effective method of weed control compared with herbicide application and tillage is sheep (Ovis aries L.) grazing which may influence soil C fractions by consuming crop residue and weeds and returning C through feces and urine to the soil. Little is known about the effect of sheep grazing on soil C fractions in dryland cropping systems. The objective of this experiment was to examine the effect of sheep grazing compared with tillage and herbicide application for weed control on soil microbial biomass C (MBC), potential C mineralization (PCM), and particulate organic C (POC) in relation to soil organic C (SOC) at 0-5, 5-15, and 15-30 cm depths in a Blackmore silt loam under dryland cropping systems from 2009 to 2011 in southwestern Montana, USA. Treatments were three weed management practices (sheep grazing [grazing], herbicide application [chemical], and tillage [mechanical]) as the main plot and two cropping sequences (continuous spring wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] [CSW] and spring wheat-pea [Pisum sativum L.]/barley [Hordeum vulgare L.] mixture hay-fallow [W-P/B-F]) as the split-plot factor arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. We hypothesized that sheep grazing on CSW would increase POC, but reduce MBC and PCM compared with tillage and herbicide application on W-P/B-F. The MBC at 0-5 cm was greater in mechanical with CSW than grazing with CSW or mechanical with W-P/B-F in 2010 and 2011. Averaged across years, POC at 0-5 cm was greater in grazing than chemical with W-P/B-F, at 5-15 cm was greater in chemical than grazing with CSW, and at 15-30 cm was greater in grazing than chemical and mechanical with CSW. The PCM/SOC ratio at 15-30 cm was greater in mechanical than grazing with CSW. At all depths, MBC, PCM, and POC decreased from 2009 to 2011 for all treatments, except for MBC in mechanical with CSW at 0-5 cm which increased. Lower proportion of labile than nonlabile organic matter returned to the soil through feces and urine probably reduced soil microbial biomass and activity, but increased coarse organic matter fraction with sheep grazing compared with herbicide application and tillage. Sheep grazing may improve soil health and quality in the long term by enhancing microbial biomass and C storage compared with tillage and herbicide application for weed control under dryland cropping systems.


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