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Title:   Author  item
                                            Cantrell, Charlesitem
                                            ZHELJAZKOV, VALTCHO - University Of Wyomingitem
                                            CARVALHO, CAMILA - Universidade Federal De Minas Geraisitem
                                            ASTATKIE, TESS - Dalhousie Universityitem
                                            JELIAZKOVA, EKATERINA - University Of Wyomingitem
                                            ROSA, LUIZ - Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais
  Submitted to: PLOS ONE
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 8/21/2014
                                    Publication  Date: 9/9/2014
                                    Citation: Cantrell, C.L., Zheljazkov, V.D., Carvalho, C.R., Astatkie, T., Jeliazkova, E.A., Rosa, L. 2014. Dual extraction of essential oil and podophyllotoxin from creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis). PLoS One. 9(9):e106057.Interpretive Summary: Juniperus horizontalis Moench (Family Cupressaceae), commonly called creeping juniper, is a widely distributed species in the United States and much of Canada. It is potentially a source for two important chemical products, the anticancer drug synthetic precursor, podophyllotoxin and essential oils.  The objectives of this study were to ascertain the likelihood of utilizing J. horizontalis needles for the simultaneous production of both (-)-podophyllotoxin and essential oil components and to determine the optimum distillation time (DT) needed for the production of essential oil containing a specific ratio of constituents.  Eleven different distillation times were tested in this study as follows: 20, 40, 80, 160, 180, 240, 480, 600, 720, 840, and 960 min.  As a result of this study, specific essential oil components can now be targeted in J. horizontalis by varying the distillation time or an optimum essential oil composition can be generated.  Furthermore, needles can be successfully utilized as a source of essential oil and podophyllotoxin consecutively.
                                Technical Abstract: Juniperus horizontalis Moench (Family Cupressaceae), commonly called creeping juniper, is a widely distributed species in the United States and much of Canada. It is potentially a source for two important chemical products, the anticancer drug synthetic precursor, podophyllotoxin and essential oils.  The objectives of this study were to ascertain the likelihood of utilizing J. horizontalis needles for the simultaneous production of both (-)-podophyllotoxin and essential oil components and to determine the optimum distillation time (DT) needed for the production of essential oil containing a specific ratio of constituents.  Eleven different distillation times were tested in this study as follows: 20, 40, 80, 160, 180, 240, 480, 600, 720, 840, and 960 min.  Total essential oil content increased with increasing distillation time from a minimum of 0.021 % at 20 min to a maximum of 1.098 % at 960 min.  The major constituents present in the oil were alph-pinene, sabinene, and limonene.  The percent concentration of sabinene in the essential oil varied from a high of 46.6 % at 80 min to a low of 30.2 % at 960 min, that of limonene changed very little as a result of distillation time and remained near 30 % for all distillation times, whereas the concentration of alpha-pinene was 9.6% at 20 min DT and decreased to 4.2% at 960 min.  We found that the total essential oil content of J. horizontalis was over 1%, which is around 3 times higher than reported previously. J. horizontalis biomass must be steam distilled for at least 840 min in order to obtain the total amount of the essential oil. Therefore, the duration of DT must be reported when reporting essential oil content and composition of J. horizontalis. Post distillation analysis of needles revealed elevated amounts of (-)-podophyllotoxin remaining in the tissue varied in the amount of podophyllotoxin present, from a low of 0.281 % to a high of 0.364 % as compared to unextracted needles which gave 0.217 % podophyllotoxin.  As a result of this study, specific essential oil components can now be targeted in J. horizontalis by varying the distillation time or an optimum essential oil composition can be generated.  Furthermore, needles can be successfully utilized as a source of essential oil and podophyllotoxin consecutively.


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