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Title:   Author  item
                                            MALMIERCA, M - University Of Leonitem
                                            BARUA, J - University Of Cadizitem
                                            McCormick, Susanitem
                                            IZQUIERDO-BUENO, I - University Of Cadizitem
                                            CARDOZA, R - University Of Leonitem
                                            Alexander, Nancyitem
                                            HERMOSA, R - University Of Salamancaitem
                                            COLLADO, I - University Of Cadizitem
                                            MONTE, E - University Of Salamancaitem
                                            GUTIERREZ, S - University Of Leon
  Submitted to: Environmental Microbiology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2014
                                    Publication  Date: 6/25/2014
                                    Citation: Malmierca, M.G., Barua, J., McCormick, S.P., Izquierdo-Bueno, I., Cardoza, R.E., Alexander, N.J., Hermosa, R., Collado, I.G., Monte, E., Gutierrez, S. 2014. Novel aspinolide production by Trichoderma arundinaceum with a potential role in Botrytis cinerea antagonistic activity and plant defense priming. Environmental Microbiology. 17(4):1103-1118.Interpretive Summary: Some trichothecenes, produced by fungi that infect crops, are toxic to plants and can be harmful to the health of humans and animals that consume food or feed prepared from infected grain. A trichothecene, harzianum A (HA), produced by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum, is toxic to other fungi but not to plants. HA helps Trichoderma to fight harmful plant pathogens and primes natural plant defenses to fungal attack. However, genetically blocking production of HA does not eliminate the ability of Trichoderma to control fungal pathogens. In this research, we found that when HA production is blocked, metabolism of the fungus is altered and a new metabolite, aspinolide C, is produced that also inhibits fungal pathogen growth and primes plant defenses, effectively compensating for the loss of HA. This research provides scientists with the tools to identify other factors that are important in biocontrol of other fungi and to understand the interactions between these factors and trichothecenes. Knowledge of genetic control of trichothecenes and other metabolites may aid in designing safe and effective biocontrol organisms to use against plant fungal diseases.
                                Technical Abstract: Harzianum A (HA), a trichothecene produced by
Trichoderma arundinaceum, has recently been
described to have antagonistic activity against fungal
plant pathogens and to induce plant defence genes.
In the present work, we have shown that a tri5 genedisrupted
mutant that lacks HA production overproduces
two polyketides, aspinolides B and C, which
were not detected in the wild-type strain. Furthermore,
four new aspinolides (D–G) were characterized.
These compounds confirm that a terpene-polyketide
cross-pathway exists in T. arundinaceum, and they
may be responsible for the antifungal activity and the
plant sensitization effect observed with the tri5-
disrupted mutant. In addition, the molecular changes
involving virulence factors in the phytopathogenic
fungus Botrytis cinerea 98 (Bc98) during interaction
with T. arundinaceum were investigated. The expression
of genes involved in the production of botrydial
by Bc98 was relatively repressed by HA, whereas
other virulence genes of this pathogen were induced
by the presence of T. arundinaceum, for example atrB
and pg1 which encode for an ABC transporter and
endopolygalacturonase 1 respectively. In addition,
the interaction with Bc98 significantly repressed the
production of HA by T. arundinaceum, indicating that
a bidirectional transcriptional regulation is established
between these two antagonistic fungi.


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