# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _
No. 1 6- 36 50

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _
Ro na ld Cal zo ne ,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el la nt ,

v.

Jo sh Hawley, in h is off

ic ia l ca pa ci ty as Att or ne y Gene ral for th e St at e o f Mi ss ou ri; San dr a K. Kars te n, i n h er o ffi ci al cap aci ty as Su pe rin te nd en t o f th e Mi ss ou ri S ta te Hig hwa y Pat ro l; Eric Gre it en s, i n h is off ic ia l ca pa ci ty as Gov ern or of t he Sta te of Mi ss ou ri, 1

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Eas te rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i - St . Lou is

__ __ __ __ __ __
Su bm it te d: Apri l 6 , 20 17 Fil ed : Au gu st 7, 2 01 7

__ __ __ __ __ __ Befo re COLLOTON and BENTON, Circu it Ju dg es , and GERRARD, Dis tri ct 2 Ju dg e.

A tto rn ey G en er al Hawle y , Su pe rin te nd en t Kars te n, an d Gov ern or Grei te ns are

1

au to m at ic al ly su bs ti tu te d fo r th ei r pr ed eces so rs un de r Fed eral R u le of App el la te Pro ced ur e 4 3( c)(2 ).

The Hon or ab le Jo hn M. Gerra rd
, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e Dis tri ct 2 of Nebr as ka , si tt in g b y

de si gn at io n.__ __ __ __ __ __
COLLOTON, Ci rcu it Ju dg e.

Ro na ld Cal zo ne su ed th ree st at e of fic ia ls to ch al le ng e pr ov is io ns of Mi ss ou ri la w th at au th or iz e ro vi ng st op s of certa in ve hi cl es fo r in sp ect io n wit ho ut su sp ic io n. The di st ric t cou rt hel d th at th e st at ut es were no t un co ns ti tu ti on al on th ei r face

. The

c o ur t al so ru le d th at Cal zo ne ’s as -ap pl ie d ch al le ng e was no t ad eq ua te ly p l e a d e d
, be cau se th e de fen da nt s co ul d no t be su ed in th ei r of fic ia l cap aci ti es un de r 42 U.S.C. § 1 9 8 3

. W e affi rm th e co ur t’s co nc lu si on th at th e st at ut es are no t faci al ly

un co ns ti tu ti on al
, bu t we co nc lu de th at th e as -ap pl ie d ch al le n g e a g a in st th e

su pe rin te nd en t sh ou ld ha ve be en co ns id ered on th e m eri ts , so we rem an d fo r fu rth er
pr oc eed in gs

.

I.

In Ju ne 20 13
, Mi s so ur i st at e hi gh way pa tro l co rp or al J.L. Keat hl ey st op pe d Cal zo ne whi le he was dr iv in g hi s du m p tru ck on Uni te d St at es Hig hwa y 63 in Ph el ps Co un ty, Mi ss ou ri. Keat hl ey as ke d Cal zo ne if he co ul d in sp ect th e tru ck
, bu t Cal zo ne refu se d. Keat hl ey th en ex pl ai ne d th at Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 30 4.2 30 au th or i zed hi m to
st op co m m erci al ve hi cl es an d in sp ect th em whe th er or no t he ha d pr ob ab le cau se

. Keat hl e y w a r n e d Cal zo ne th at if he di d no t su bm it to an in sp ect io n, th en Keat hl ey

wou ld is su e h im

a ci ta ti on . Calz on e st il l re fu se d, s o Kea th le y is su ed hi m

a ci ta ti on fo r fai lu re to su bm it to a co m m erci al ve h i c l e i n sp ect io n. The Ph el ps Co un ty
pr os ecu to r la te r ab an do ne d t he act io n a ga in st Cal zo ne

.

Cal zo ne th en su ed th e go ve rn or of Mi ss ou ri, th e Mi ss ou ri at to rn ey ge ne ral
, an d th e su pe rin te nd en t of th e Mi ss ou ri st at e hi gh way pa tro l un de r 42 U.S.C. § 19 83

. He

so ug ht a de cl arat or y jud gm en t th at Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 30 4.2 3 0

. 1
, . 2
, a n d .7 are

un co ns ti tu ti on al on th ei r face an d as ap pl ie d to hi m

. He as ke d fo r a pe r man en t

-2

-in

jun ct io n ag ai ns t th e en fo rcem en t of th es e pr ov is io ns , fo r on e do ll ar in no m in al da m ag es , and for co st s an d a tt or ne y ’s fees

.

The di st ric t co ur t gr an te d su m m ary jud gm en t fo r t h e o f fic ia ls on Cal zo ne ’s fa ci al ch al le ng e an d gr an te d jud gm en t on th e pl ead in gs fo r th e of fic ia ls on th e as

ap pl ie d ch al le ng e. The co ur t co n cl ud ed th at th e ch al le ng ed pr ov is io ns were no t faci al ly un co ns ti tu ti on al
, be cau se th ey co ul d be ap pl ie d co ns ti tu ti on al ly to
pa rti ci pa nt s in th e cl os el y reg ul at ed co m m erci al tru ck in g in du st ry

. The co ur t

co nc l u d e d t ha t Cal zo ne ’s as -ap pl ie d ch al le ng e fai le d be cau se he co ul d no t su e th e
go ve rn or , th e at to rn ey ge ne ral
, or th e su p e rin te nd en t un de r § 19 83

. The co ur t

reas on ed th at st at e of

fic ia ls act in g in th ei r of

fic ia l cap aci ti es are no t “ pe rs on s” su bjec t
to su it un de r th e st at ut e. W e rev ie w th e d is tri ct co ur t’s ru li ng s de no vo

.

II.

A th res ho ld qu es ti on is whe th er th ere is juri sd ic t i o n ov er Cal zo ne ’s act io n
ag ai ns t each of th e de fen da nt s— th e go ve rn or , th e a t t o r n e y ge ne ral
, an d th e

su pe rin te nd en t. Cal zo ne ad eq ua te ly al le ge s th at he was in jure d by a se iz ur e an d is li ke ly to be in

jure d in th e fu tu re. Bu t Arti cl e III st an di ng to su e each de fen da nt al so
req ui res a sh owi ng th at each de fen da nt cau se d hi s in jury an d th at an or de r of th e co ur t
ag ai ns t each de fen da nt co ul d red res s th e in jury. Lu ja n v. Defs

. of W

il dl if e , 50 4 U.S.
55 5, 5 60 -6 1 (1 99 2)

.

Bec au se th e de fen da nt s are st at e of fic ia ls
, Cal zo ne al so m

us t sh ow t h a t th e
act io n is no t b a rred by st at e so ve rei gn im m un it y ari si ng fro m th e Elev en th
Am en dm en t. A su it fo r i n ju n c t i v e or de cl arat or y rel ie f av oi ds th is im m un it y if th e of fic ia l ha s so m e co nn ect io n to th e en fo rcem en t of th e ch al le ng ed la ws. Se e Ex pa rt e Y ou ng , 2 0 9 U

. S

. 1 2 3, 15 7 (1 90 8)

. In a cas e li ke th is on e, th e two in qu iri es are si m il ar: “ [W] he n a pl ai nt iff br in gs a pr e-en fo rcem en t ch al le ng e t o th e

co ns ti tu ti on al it y of a pa rti cu la r st at ut or y pr ov is io n, th e cau sa ti on el em en t of st an di ng

-3

-req ui res th e na m ed de fen da nt s to po ss es s au th o r i t y to en fo rce th e co m pl ai ne d- of

pr ov is io n.” Dig

. Reco gn it io n Net wo rk v. Hut ch in so n , 80 3 F.3 d 95 2, 95 7- 58 (8 th Ci r. 20 15 ) (al te rat io n i n o rig in al ) (q uo ta ti on om it te d)

.

Cal zo ne pl ai nl y ha s s t a n d in g to su e th e su pe rin te nd en t. Fo r pu rp os es of th e Elev en th Am en dm en t an d Ex pa rt e Y ou ng , a st at e of

fic ia l’s req ui si te co nn ect io n wit h th e en fo rcem en t o f a st at ut e m ay ari se ou t of “ th e ge ne ral la w” or be “ sp eci al ly

crea te d by th e act it se lf.” 20 9 U.S. at 15 7. Sect io n 30 4.2 30 .1 sp eci fic al ly au th or iz es th e su pe rin te nd en t to “ pr om ul ga te ru le s an d reg ul at i o ns rel at in g to th e im pl em en ta ti on of th e pr ov is io ns ” of § 30 4.2 30
, so sh e is su bjec t to su it on cl ai m s fo r in jun ct iv e an d de cl arat or y rel ie f. Her di rect io ns th at pa tro l of fic ers sh ou ld im

pl em en t th e st at ut e by co nd uc ti ng ve hi cl e in sp ect io ns cau se Cal zo ne ’s in jury, an d a n o r d e r di rect in g h er t o c eas e an d d es is t wo ul d re dr es s t he in jury.

Cal zo ne ’s cl ai m s ag ai ns t th e go ve rn or , on th e ot he r ha nd
, do no t pr es en t a cas e

or co nt ro ve rs y

. No pr ov is io n in Ch ap te r 30 4 or th e st at u t e s d e f in in g hi s ex ecu ti ve

au th or it y sp eci fic al ly au th or iz es th e go ve rn or to en fo rce th e ve hi cl e in sp ect io n
st at ut es

. Se e Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 26 .01 0- .22 5. The Mi ss ou ri Co ns ti tu ti on co nf ers up on th e go ve rn or th e du ty to “ ta ke care th at th e la ws are di st rib ut ed an d f a it hf ul ly

ex ecu te d,” Mo . Con st . art . IV, § 2 , bu t s uc h a ge ne ral ex ecu ti ve res po ns ib il it y is an in su ffi ci en t co nn ect io n to th e en f or cem en t of a st at ut e to av oi d th e Elev en th
Am en dm en t. Se e Fit ts v

. M c G h e e , 1 72 U.S. 5 16 , 5 30 (1 89 9)

. Fo r si m il ar reas on s, th e go ve rn or ha s no t cau se d an y in jury to Cal zo ne , an d th ere is no Arti cl e III cas e or

co nt ro ve rs y

be twee n C al zo ne an d t he go ve rn or

.

The th ird de fen da nt , th e at to rn ey ge ne ral
, ha s cert ai n la w en fo rcem en t

au th or it y , bu t hi s rel at io ns hi p to ve hi cl e in sp ect io ns is al so ta ng en ti al

. The at to rn ey
ge ne ral is au t h o r i z e d t o ai d pr os ecu to rs in th e di sc ha rg e of th ei r du ti es whe n so di rect ed by th e go ve rn or an d to si gn in di ct m en ts whe n so di rect ed by a tri al co ur t. Mo . Rev . Sta t. § 27 .03 0. Cal zo ne ha s po in te d to no au th or it y , ho wev er, s ug ge st in g

-4

-th at th e at to rn ey ge ne ral ha s an y ro le in cau si ng ve hi cl e in sp ect io ns by th e hi gh way

pa tro l. Cal zo ne se ek s to en joi n st a t e o f

f i ci al s fro m se iz in g hi m an d hi s ve hi cl e fo r in sp ect io n pu rs ua nt to Ch ap te r 30 4 of th e Rev is ed St at ut es

. If th e su pe rin te nd en t is

en joi ne d from im

pl em en ti ng ru le s th at cau se pa tro l o ffi cers to co nd uc t th e di sp ut ed

se iz ur es , th en th e se iz ur es wil l en d, an d Cal zo ne ’s in jury wil l be red res se d. Cal zo ne do es no t se ek to en

joi n a st at ut e th at su bjec ts hi m to im m in en t pr os ecu ti on by th e
at to rn ey ge ne ral
, se e Ex pa rt e Y ou ng , 20 9 U.S

. at 15 5- 56
, bu t rat he r to pr ev en t im m in en t in sp ect io ns by of fic ers of th e hi gh way pa tro l at th e su pe rin te nd en t’s di rec t io n. The re is th us no cas e or co nt ro ve rs y be twee n Cal zo ne an d th e at to rn ey
ge ne ral

.

Fo r th es e r e a s o ns , Cal zo ne ha s st an di ng to su e th e su pe rin te nd en t, an d hi s cl ai m s ag ai ns t he r fo r in

jun ct iv e an d de cl arat or y rel ie f are no t ba rred by th e Elev en th
Am en dm en t. The cl ai m s ag ai ns t th e go ve rn or an d th e at to rn ey ge ne ral were pr op erl y di sm is se d, be cau se th ere is no cas e or co nt ro ve rs y be twe e n C al zo ne an d th os e of fic ia ls

.

III.

On th e m eri ts , C a l z on e arg ue s th at Mo . R ev . S ta t. § 30 4.2 30 .1, .2, an d .7 are faci al ly un co ns ti tu ti on al
, be cau se th ey au th or iz e ro vi ng st op s of ve hi cl es ev en if th e
st op s are no t su pp or t e d b y p r o ba bl e cau se

. To es ta bl is h th at th es e st at ut es are

un co ns ti tu ti on al on th ei r face
, Cal z o n e must sh ow th at th ere is no se t of ci rcu m st an ces un de r whi ch th e la ws wou ld be va li d. Uni te d S t a t e s v. Sa le rn o , 4 81 U.S. 73 9, 7 45 (19 87 ).

The ch al le ng ed su bs ect io ns of Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 30 4.2 30 au th or iz e cert ai n la w

en fo rcem en t of

fic ers to st op an d in sp ect co m m erci al m ot or ve hi cl es fo r cert ai n de li ne at ed pu rp os es

. Su bs ect io n 30 4.2 30 .1 pr ov id es th at m em be rs of th e Mi ss ou ri

st at e hi gh way pa tro l “ sh al l ha ve th e au th or it y , wit h or wit ho ut pr ob ab le cau se to

-5

-be li ev e th at th e si ze or weig ht is in ex ces s of th at pe rm it te d by se ct io ns 30 4.1 70 to

30 4

. 2 3 0, to req ui re th e dr iv er

. . . to st op , dr iv e, or ot he rwis e m ov e to a lo cat io n to de te rm in e co m

pl ia nc e wit h [th os e] se ct io ns .” Su bs ect io n 30 4.2 30 .2 au th or iz es “ an y h i g h w a y pa tro l of

fic er

. . . to st op an y [co m m erci al m ot or ve hi cl e] up on th e pu b l i c hi gh way fo r th e pu rp os e of de te rm in in g whe th er su ch ve hi cl e is lo ad ed in ex ces s of th e pr ov is io ns of se ct io ns 30 4.1 7 0 to 30 4.2 30 .” Su bs ect io n 30 4.2 30 .7 gi ve s th e

su pe rin te nd en t of th e Mi ss ou ri st at e hi gh way pa tro l th e po wer to “ ap po in t m em be rs of th e pa tro l who are cert ifi ed un de r th e co m m erci al ve hi cl e sa fet y al li an ce wit h th e
po wer” t o st op op erat or s in or de r “ to co nd uc t co m m erci al m ot or ve hi cl e an d d riv er in sp ect io ns

. . . to de te rm in e co m pl ia nc e wit h co m

m erci al ve h i c le la ws, ru le s, an d

reg ul at io ns .” As rel ev an t, Mi ss ou ri de fin es a co m m erci al m ot or ve hi cl e as “ a m ot or

ve hi cl e de si gn ed or reg ul arl y us ed fo r carr y in g frei gh t an d m erch an di se .” Mo

. Rev

. St at . § 3 01 .01 0( 7)

.

In New Y or k v. Bur

ge r , 48 2 U.S. 69 1 (1 98 7)
, th e Su pr eme Co ur t he ld th at a

warra nt le ss se arch of pr op ert y in cert ai n “ cl os el y reg ul at ed in du st rie s” is

co ns ti tu ti on al if t h r e e c r i te ria are m et : (1 ) th e reg ul at or y sc he m e ad va nc es a

su bs ta nt ia l go ve rn m en t in te res t; (2 ) warra nt le ss in sp ect io ns are ne ces sa ry to fu rth er th e reg ul at or y sc he m e; an d (3 ) th e ru le s go ve rn in g th e i n s p e c t i on s m us t be a

co ns ti tu ti on al ly ad eq ua te su bs ti tu te fo r a warra nt , i.e. th e ru le s m us t pr ov id e no ti ce th at pr op ert y m ay be se arch ed fo r a sp eci fic pu rp os e an d m us t li m it th e di sc ret io n of th e in sp ect in g o ffi cers

. Id

. at 70 2- 03

.

Th i s c o u rt ha s he ld th at co m m erci al tru ck in g is a cl os el y reg ul at ed in du st r y wit hi n th e m ean in g of Bur ge r

. Uni te d St at es v. Rui

z , 56 9 F.3 d 35 5, 35 6- 57 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ); Uni te d St at es v. Men do za -Go nz al ez , 36 3 F.3 d 78 8, 79 4 (8 th Ci r. 20 04 ). Rui z
ap pl ie d Bur

ge r to up ho ld an Ark an sa s st at ut e th at au th or iz ed warra nt le ss in sp ect io ns

o f co m m erci al tru ck s. The co ur t de te rm in ed th at “ warra nt le ss in sp ect io ns o f

co m m erci al tru ck s ad va nc e a su bs ta nt ia l go ve rn m en ta l in te res t an d are ne ces sa ry ” to

-6

-fu rth er th e reg ul at or y sc he m e. 56 9 F.3 d at 35 7. The co ur t al so c o n c l u d e d th at th e

st at ut e p ro vi de s a p erm is si bl e su bs ti tu te for a warra nt

. Id

.

A si m il ar anal y si s sh ows th at th e Mi ss ou ri st at ut es are co ns ti tu ti on al on th ei r face

. Mi ss ou ri’s de fin it io n of “ co m m erci al m ot or ve hi cl e” co ve rs co m m erci al tru ck s. Mi ss ou ri ha s a su bs ta nt ia l in te re s t i n en su rin g th e sa fet y of th e m ot or is ts on it s hi gh way s an d in m in im iz in g da m ag e to th e hi gh way s fro m ov erwei gh t ve hi cl es

. Rui z , 5 69 F.3 d at 35 7 (ci ti ng cas es ); St at e v. Rod ri gu ez , 87 7 S .W .2d 10 6, 1 09 (Mo

. 19 94 ). Giv en th e tra ns it or y na tu re of com m erci al tru ck s, Uni te d St at es v. For t , 24 8
F.3 d 47 5, 48 1 (5 th Ci r. 20 01 ), an d th e di ffi cu lt y o f d et ect in g vi ol at io ns of th e
reg ul at or y sc he m e b y ro ut in e ob se rv at io n, effe ct iv e en fo rcem en t wou ld be ne arl y im po ss ib le wit ho ut im

pr om pt u, war ran tl es s s earc he s. Uni te d St at es v. Mal do na do
, 35 6 F.3 d 13 0, 13 6 (1 st Ci r. 20 04 ). The ch al le ng ed su bs ect io ns are al so a pe rm is si bl e

su bs ti tu te fo r a warra nt

. The y pr ov id e no ti ce to c o mm e r c i a l tru ck dr iv ers of th e
po ss ib il it y of ro ad si de in sp ect io n by a de si gn at ed la w en fo rcem en t of fic er, an d th ey li m it th e s c o p e o f th e of

fic er’s in sp ect io ns to an ex am in at io n so le ly fo r reg ul at or y

co m pl ia nc e. Se e Rui

z , 56 9 F .3d at 3 57 . W e th eref or e co nc lu de th at Mo . R ev . S ta t. § 30 4

. 23 0.1
, .2, an d .7 can be ap pl ie d co ns ti tu ti on al ly to pa rti ci pa nt s in th e

co m m erci al tru ck in g in du st ry un de r Bur ge r , a n d th e pr ov is io ns are no t

un co ns ti tu ti on al on th ei r fac e.

Cal zo ne al so co nt en ds th at th e ch al le ng ed su bs ect io ns are un co ns ti tu ti on al as
ap pl ie d to hi m , be cau se he is no t a m em be r of th e co m

m erci al tru ck in g in du st ry

. The di st ric t co ur t co nc lu de d th at Cal zo ne co ul d no t br in g an as -ap pl ie d cl ai m ag ai ns t th e

su pe rin te nd en t, be cau se th is of fic ia l is no t a “ pe rs on ” un de r § 19 83

. Tha t co nc lu si on i s c o r r e c t as to Cal zo ne ’s cl ai m fo r da m ag es

. A su it fo r da m ag es ag ai ns t a s t a t e of fic ia l in hi s of

fic ia l cap aci ty is a su it ag ai ns t th e St at e, an d th e St at e is no t a pe rs on

un de r § 1 9 8 3

. Wi l l v. Mic h. Dep ’t of St at e Pol ic e , 49 1 U.S. 58
, 71 (1 98 9)

. Bu t Cal zo ne can su e th e su pe rin te nd en t in he r of fic ia l cap aci ty fo r de cl arat or y an d in jun ct iv e rel ie f, be cau se th os e cl ai m s are tre at ed as an act io n a g ai ns t th e of fic ia l

-7

-pe rs on al ly an d no t ag ai ns t th e St at e. Se e id

. at 71 n.1 0; Ex pa rt e Y ou ng , 20 9 U.S. at 15 9- 60

. The refo re, it was erro r fo r th e co ur t to di sm is s Cal zo ne ’s as -ap pl ie d cl ai m s
ag ai ns t th e su pe rin te nd en t fo r de cl arat or y an d in jun ct iv e rel ie f ba se d on th e m ean in g of “ pe rs on ” u nd er § 19 83

.

The m eri ts of

Cal zo ne ’s as- ap pl ie d c ha ll en ge were n ot well de ve lo pe d in th e br ie fs on ap pe al
, an d th ey are be st ad dr es se d by th e di st ric t co ur t in th e fir st in st an ce. Cal zo ne co nt en ds th at he is no t su bjec t to al l o f t h e F e d e r al Mo to r Carr ie r Safe ty Reg ul at io ns , 49 C.F.R. pt s. 39 0- 97
, be cau se hi s du m p tru ck i s a “co v e red farm

ve hi cl e” un de r f

e de ral la w. Se e 49 C.F.R. § 39 0.5

. The St at e, at or al arg um en t,
rep li ed th at Cal zo ne is in de ed in vo lv ed in th e cl os el y reg ul at ed co m m erci al tru ck in g in du st ry , be cau se Mi ss ou ri la w in co rp or at es th e fed eral reg ul at io ns fo r tru ck s of a
cert ai n weig ht

. Se e Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 30 7.4 00 .1(2 ),

. 5

. Th e pa rti es ha ve no t ad dr es se d, ho wev er, whe th er Mi ss ou ri’s in co rp or at io n of th e fed eral reg ul at io ns al so in co rp or at es th e ex cep ti on s fo r farm ve hi cl es th at are co nt ai ne d wit hi n th os e fed eral

reg ul at io ns , or whe th er Mi ss ou ri’s own ex cep ti on s at § 30 7.4 00 .1(2 ) an d .5 are

ex cl us iv e. Nor ha ve th e pa rti es di sc us se d whe th er a pa rti al ex em pt io n fro m th e fed eral reg ul at io ns rem ov es an o p e r a t o r fro m th e real m of th e cl os el y reg ul at ed

co m m erci al tru ck in g in du st ry

. The di st ric t co ur t m ay ne ed to co ns id er th es e
qu es ti on s an d o th ers to res ol ve Cal zo ne ’s as- ap pl ie d c ha ll en ge

.

* * *

Fo r th e fo reg oi ng reas on s, we affi rm th e di st ric t co ur t’s di sm is sa l of Cal zo ne ’s faci al ch al le ng e to Mo . Rev . Sta t. § 30 4.2 30 . W e affi rm th e di sm is sa l o f Cal zo ne ’s

as -ap pl ie d cl ai m s ag ai ns t th e go ve rn or an d th e at to rn ey ge ne ral an d th e di sm is sa l of hi s cl ai m fo r da m ag es ag ai ns t th e su pe rin te nd en t. W e rev ers e th e di sm is sa l of Cal zo ne ’s as -ap pl ie d cl ai m ag ai ns t th e su pe rin te nd en t fo r de cl arat or y an d in jun ct iv e rel ie f an d re m an d fo r fu rth er p ro ceed in gs

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

-8

-