THIRD DIVISION

ELLINGTON, P. J.,

BETHEL and GOBEIL, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

August 22, 2018

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A18A1476. BAZAN v. BAZAN.

ELLINGTON, Presiding Judge.

Rosa Ramos (formerly Rosa Bazan) filed this action against Leonzo Bazan in

the Superior Court of Whitfield County seeking to modify the child custody and child

support provisions of the parties’ divorce decree. Following a hearing, the trial court

granted Ramos legal and physical custody of the parties’ two minor children and

directed that Bazan have supervised visitation. The trial court denied Bazan’s motion

for a new trial, and Bazan appeals, contending that the trial court denied him the

opportunity to introduce evidence and present a defense to Ramos’s petition thereby

denying him due process. For the reasons explained below, we affirm.

The record shows the following facts, which are undisputed unless otherwise

noted. The parties divorced in April 2010. The divorce decree provided that the
parties have joint legal and physical custody of their daughters, then aged five and

four years old. The decree provided that Bazan had primary physical custody and

Ramos would have the children at all times when Bazan was at work, as well as other

specified visitation. Neither party was ordered to pay child support to the other. 

Ramos filed a petition for modification of these provisions in July 2011. In

February 2014, the court sent the parties notice of a “Special Set Final Hearing” to

be held May 19, 2014. Bazan wasrepresented by attorney Katherine O’Gwin. Ramos

and the children’s therapist testified. The trial court adjourned the hearing before

Ramosrested and announced that the hearing would be completed at a later date. The

evidence being incomplete, the trial court did not enter a final order, but entered a

temporary order in September 2014 giving Ramos primary physical custody of the

children and providing for visitation and child support.

After the May 2014 hearing, Bazan hiredRaymondBatesto represent him. The

court again gave the parties notices of a “Special Set Final Hearing,” which was first

scheduled for February 19, 2015, rescheduled multiple times, and finally convened

on November 11, 2015. Again, court was adjourned before Ramos rested.

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The court last heard evidence on September 9, 2016, by which time Bazan was

no longer represented by counsel.

1 At the September 2016 hearing, Ramos’s counsel

cross-examined Bazan and then called the children’stherapist on direct; Bazan crossexamined the therapist. The trial court offered Bazan the opportunity to testify on his

own behalf. Bazan addressed the court under oath, concluding, “that’s all I have,

Your Honor.” After further cross-examination by Ramos’s counsel, the trial court

asked Bazan, “did you have any other witnesses you wish to call?” Bazan answered,

“no,” and the court moved on to the issue of Ramos’s request for attorney fees. 

After Ramos’s counsel presented evidence and argument on the issue of

attorney fees, the court asked Bazan if he wanted to ask any questions about the fees

requested and, receiving no direct answer, asked whether the parties wanted to make

any closing argument. Bazan responded that he wanted to call Ramos to the stand.

The court replied, “I believe the evidence is closed. You told me you didn’t have any

more witnesses.” Bazan stated that he had misunderstood the question and reiterated

his desire to cross-examine Ramos. The court refused to hear any more evidence. The

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In a pleading filed May 27, 2016, Bazan consented to Raymond Bates’s

motion to withdraw as Bazan’s counsel, and the trial court granted the motion to

withdraw. Ramos’s counsel then served notice of the final hearing set for September

9, 2016, upon Bazan personally. 

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court announced its decision from the bench and, in November 2016, issued its final

judgment giving Ramos legal and physical custody of the children, providing for

supervised visitation and child support, and awarding Ramos attorney fees. 

In related claims of error, Bazan challengesthe modification order, arguing that

the trial court denied him the opportunity to present evidence in opposition to

Ramos’s petition to modify custody. Bazan does not contend that the trial court erred

in excluding any evidence he offered. Rather he arguesthat he was never afforded an

opportunity to tender his witnesses and other evidence. Bazan contends that the trial

court failed “to accommodate his pro se status.” 

With regard to the May 2014 and November 2015 hearings, Bazan contends

that the trial court improperly “closed” those hearings without giving him an

opportunity to present evidence although his counsel at the time was prepared to do

so. As detailed above, however, in both instances, court was adjourned before the

petitioner, Ramos, had rested. Nothing in the record showsthat the trial court limited

the scope of Bazan’s attorneys’ cross-examination of Ramos or any other witness.

Because Ramos had not completed her case-in-chief, the trial court was not required

to give Bazan an opportunity to do more than cross examine Ramos’s witnesses and

confront them with evidence relevant to their testimony. We discern no impropriety.

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With regard to the September 2016 hearing, during which Ramos rested, the

record supports Bazan’s assertion that he failed to understand that, if he answered

“no” when the trial court asked whether he had any other witnesses he wished to call,

the trial court would declare the evidence closed and he would lose the ability to call

witnesses and tender evidence. And the record shows that, when Bazan realized his

mistake, he promptly asked the court to allow him to present additional evidence. It

was within the court’s discretion to reopen the evidence and allow Bazan to cross

examine Ramos, as he requested, or to introduce other evidence.2 Holder v. J. F.

Kearley, Inc., 153 Ga. App. 843, 845 (5) (267 SE2d 266) (1980) (Under Georgia law,

whether to reopen the evidence after both parties have rested is a matter committed

to the trial court’s discretion.). As we have explained, a trial court should exercise its

discretion to re-open the evidence after the parties have rested, “if and when it

2 At the hearing on Bazan’s motion for a new trial, he testified that, in declaring

the evidence closed, the trial court prevented him from offering evidence to rebut

Ramos’s case-in-chief. Specifically, Bazan testified that he wanted to present the

following: six months of call logs from his cell phone account, to rebut the charge

that he had been harassing Ramos by calling frequently; photographs of Ramos being

around Bazan at school activities and holidays, to rebut the charge that Ramos

thought Bazan was “a dangerous person;” a screen shot of a communication with a

certain doctor’s office, to show that his possession of a photograph of one of his

daughter’s genitals wasfor the innocent purpose of making sure that his child had not

been “touched;” and proof that he had submitted to a court-ordered drug test and was

“clean.” 

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appears to [the court] that it would be a manifest injustice to refuse it.” Maloy v.

Dixon, 127 Ga. App. 151, 162 (4) (193 SE2d 19) (1972).

The record supports Bazan’s argument that the trial court failed to

accommodate his pro se status by reopening the evidence after Bazan stated that he

did not intend to rest when the trial court asked about other witnesses. But this was

not improper.

Georgia law makes clear that a litigant’s pro se status does not entitle

him to any deferential treatment. It is true that . . . pro se litigants are

held to less stringent standards than attorneys with respect to their

pleadings. Other than this exception for pleadings, however, a court

cannot apply different standards to a pro se civil litigant and one

represented by counsel.

Howard v. GMAC Mortgage, 321 Ga. App. 285, 289 (1) (739 SE2d 453) (2013).

“One who knowingly elects to represent himself assumes full responsibility for

complying with the substantive and procedural requirements of the law.” (Citation

and punctuation omitted.) Campbell v. McLarnon, 265 Ga. App. 87, 90 (3) (593 SE2d

21) (2003). See also Higdon v. Higdon, 321 Ga. App. 260 (739 SE2d 498) (2013) (A

litigant’s pro se status did not relieve him of the obligation to comply with the

substantive and procedural requirements of the law, including court rules.); Turner

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v. Mize, 280 Ga. App. 256, 259 (1) (633 SE2d 641) (2006) (A civil defendant’s pro

se status and ignorance of the consequences of the failure to timely respond to the

plaintiff’s requests for admissions provided no basis for relief from such

consequences because a trial court cannot hold a pro se litigant to a differentstandard

in complying with procedural rulesthan a litigant represented by counsel.). Although

the trial court could have been more lenient under the circumstances, we cannot say

the trial court manifestly abused its discretion in refusing to reopen the evidence or

grant a new trial. Howard v. GMAC Mortgage, 321 Ga. App. at 289 (1); Higdon v.

Higdon, 321 Ga. App. at 260; see Bruner v. Bruner, 240 Ga. 159 (1) (240 SE2d 48)

(1977) (A trial court’s decision to deny a party permission to reopen the evidence will

not be reversed by an appellate court “absent a manifest abuse of discretion.”); Maloy

v. Dixon, 127 Ga. App. at 162 (4) (It was for the plaintiff and his counsel to decide

when to close his case, and whether to close it before calling the opposite party for

cross-examination. Having made the decision to rest and having announced it to the

court, the plaintiff was bound by it and could be released from it only in the judge’s

discretion.). 

Judgment affirmed. Bethel and Gobeil, JJ., concur.

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