In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-13-00194-CR

JOE BOYCE COX, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 6th District Court

Lamar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 23689

Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.

Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
2

O P I N I O N

The State’s motion to revoke Joe Boyce Cox’s community supervision,1 which had been 

imposed after his conviction for felony driving while intoxicated (DWI),2 alleged that Cox had 

violated the terms of his community supervision, by consuming alcohol and failing to have a 

SOBERLINK3 device installed by May 23, 2013. Cox’s community supervision was revoked, 

and he was sentenced to five years’ incarceration. Because (1) there was no proper evidence of 

Cox’s further alcohol consumption and (2) revocation based on Cox’s failure to have a 

SOBERLINK device installed by May 23, 2013, violated Cox’s due-process rights, we reverse 

the order of revocation and remand this case to the trial court.

(1) There Was No Proper Evidence of Cox’s Further Alcohol Consumption

The State alleged that, while on community supervision, Cox consumed alcohol, though 

he had been ordered not to do so. Proof of this alleged violation came entirely from evidence of 

positive readings from his SOBERLINK device.

The State presented testimony from John O’Donnell, who managed the SOBERLINK 

division of Recovery Healthcare Corporation. O’Donnell testified regarding records, admitted as 

State’s Exhibit 1, that purported to show multiple occasions where Cox submitted breath samples 

 1

In 1993, during the 73rd Legislative Session, the statutory term “probation” was changed to “community 

supervision.” Both terms refer to the same process. See Ivey v. State, 277 S.W.3d 43, 51 n.48 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2009).

2

See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.09(b) (West Supp. 2014).

3

A SOBERLINK device is a “portable, hand-held breath analyzer that remotely monitors an individual’s breath 

content.” The record contains different forms of the name of the device, such as Soberlink and Sober Link. The 

name of the company that invented these devices is SOBERLINK, Inc., and the company’s website and product 

literature refer to them as SOBERLINK devices. See SOBERLINK, http://www.soberlink.net (last visited 

September 23, 2014). We will follow the company’s lead by referring to the device at issue in this case as a 

SOBERLINK device.
3

containing alcoholic content. Cox made several objections, including that the State offered no 

testimony establishing the reliability of the scientific theory on which this data was based. We 

agree with Cox on this point.

A proponent of evidence based on scientific theories must demonstrate the reliability of 

the science which generated the evidence.

[Texas] Rule [of Evidence] 702 provides that if scientific, technical, or other 

specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to 

determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, 

experience, training or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or 

otherwise. The threshold determination in an inquiry into the admissibility of 

scientific evidence is whether the evidence is helpful to the trier of fact, and for 

such evidence to be helpful, it must be reliable. A trial court must act as a 

gatekeeper to ensure that unreliable evidence does not reach the trier of fact.

Somers v. State, 368 S.W.3d 528, 535–36 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citations omitted); see TEX.

R. EVID. 702. For scientific testing results to be considered reliable, three criteria must be 

satisfied: “(a) the underlying scientific theory must be valid; (b) the technique applying the 

theory must be valid; and (c) the technique must have been properly applied on the occasion in 

question.” Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 573 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Suggested factors in the 

trial court’s determination of reliability include:

(1) the extent to which the underlying scientific theory and technique are accepted 

as valid by the relevant scientific community, if such a community can be 

ascertained; (2) the qualifications of the experts testifying; (3) the existence of 

literature supporting or rejecting the underlying scientific theory and technique; 

(4) the potential rate of error of the technique; (5) the availability of other experts 

to test and evaluate the technique; (6) the clarity with which the underlying 

scientific theory and technique can be explained to the court; and (7) the 

experience and skill of the person(s) who applied the technique on the occasion in 

question.
4

Id. Here, the State offered nothing to explain the scientific theory on which the SOBERLINK 

reports were based.

O’Donnell acknowledged he was not an expert4 on how the device worked, though he 

had “been taught that it detects ethanol alcohol” and that mouthwash with ethanol would produce 

a report of alcohol content in the breath. Through this testimony, the State had admitted 

SOBERLINK reports showing multiple dates with “positive” or “missed” “BrAC”5 tests and 

breath-alcohol content results for these putative positive tests. Nothing at all was offered to 

explain how the SOBERLINK machine operated, how it measured breath-alcohol content, how it 

generated or recorded the test results, or how the reliability of these test results could be 

measured. We have found nothing to establish that the science behind the SOBERLINK method 

of acquiring data “has been widely accepted in a sufficient number of trial courts through 

adversarial gatekeeping hearings.” See Somers, 368 S.W.3d at 536. Since there was no 

testimony or evidence offered to address any of the Kelly factors listed above, admission of the 

test results was error. See Pena v. State, 155 S.W.3d 238, 246 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2004, no 

pet.) (error to admit officer’s testimony about measuring defendant’s driving speed at time of 

impact where no evidence to satisfy Kelly’s reliability requirement; error harmless).

Having found error, we now conduct a harm analysis. We treat this error, violation of the 

Kelly requirements, as nonconstitutional error. See id. In our review of nonconstitutional error, 

such as this, we are to disregard errors, defects, irregularities, or variances that do not affect 

 4

Brad Burger, who installed Cox’s SOBERLINK, also acknowledged his lack of expertise. 

5

This appears to mean breath-alcohol content.
5

substantial rights of the accused. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). A “substantial right” is touched when 

an error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence on the verdict. King v. State, 953 

S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We do not overturn a conviction unless, after a review 

of the whole record, we determine that an error may have substantially influenced the outcome.

Burnett v. State, 88 S.W.3d 633, 637 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

Here, the SOBERLINK results were the sole link to establish one allegation used to 

revoke Cox’s community supervision. Absent the SOBERLINK evidence, there was no 

evidence of alcohol consumption. Even under the harmless error standard for nonconstitutional 

error, we are sure that admission of the SOBERLINK records had a deleterious effect on the 

outcome of Cox’s proceeding. The trial court found that he had consumed alcohol, one of the 

two violations found by the trial court. Cox was harmed by the erroneous admission of this 

evidence. We sustain this point of error.6

(2) Revocation Based on Cox’s Failure to Have a SOBERLINK Device Installed by May 23,

2013, Violated Cox’s Due-Process Rights

The other allegation was that Cox failed to have a SOBERLINK device installed by 

May 23, 2013, as ordered by the trial court.

Based on an earlier motion to revoke, Cox had been ordered to spend sixty days in the 

county jail and, on his release from that facility, to use a SOBERLINK device to monitor his 

 6

Because we so conclude, it is unnecessary for us to address Cox’s complaints that the SOBERLINK data was 

inadmissible under Bullcoming v. New Mexico, __ U.S. __, 131 S.Ct. 2705 (2011), and Melendez-Diaz v. 

Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305 (2009), and that the records were improperly admitted under the business records 

exception to the rule against hearsay. See TEX. R. EVID. 803(6).
6

continued community supervision. Cox was in jail April 19 to May 23,

7 and he was to have this 

SOBERLINK device installed by May 23. There is no dispute that Cox was released from the 

county jail May 23 and that he did not get a SOBERLINK device installed or activated until 

May 31, 2013, eight days after the date specified in the order. There is no indication of what 

time of day his release occurred.

At the hearing on this motion to revoke, the State asked Renee Clark, the supervising 

community supervision officer, why there was a “lapse in time between . . . April 19th and 

May 23rd” for Cox to have the SOBERLINK when the device was ordered at the April 19 

hearing. Clark answered that this delay was because Cox “was in jail.” She then stated, “[H]e 

was given, I believe, 10 days after the day he was supposed to be released in order to get the 

device.” There is nothing about a ten-day grace period in the rest of the record. Other than the 

docket sheet entry noted, there is an order from the trial court modifying conditions of 

community supervision and ordering Cox to “have a properly functioning Recovery Healthcare 

Sober Link Intoxilyzer designed to detect the consumption of alcohol and pay all fees associated 

with said device to begin May 23, 2013.” However, the State did not controvert this ten-day 

grace period.8

 Other than Clark’s testimony, no mention of the grace period was made at the 

revocation hearing by the attorneys or the trial court.

 7

The trial court’s docket sheet note for April 19 states that Cox was assessed sixty days in jail as a sanction and that 

he would receive credit for time served. Further, the docket sheet entry reads, “After release from jail, Def. must 

have an In-Home monitor for 12 months.” 

8

The community supervision officer could not modify the trial court’s conditions of supervision without the trial 

court’s authorization. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12, § 10(d) (West Supp. 2014).
7

Cox argues he was denied due process by the finding he violated the community 

supervision term requiring him to have the SOBERLINK by May 23. First, he points out that he 

was not released from county jail until May 23. Next, he posits that he had substantial difficulty 

arranging for installation of SOBERLINK on his release. In cross-examining Clark, Cox 

suggested he had had a hard time contacting whoever was supposed to install9 his SOBERLINK 

device.

[Defense attorney]: Ma’am, When Mr. Cox was first ordered to get that 

SOBERLINK device and he would not do it, did you give him instructions about 

who to call?

[Witness]: Yes, I did.

Q. Who did you tell him to call?

A. I believe it was Brad Burger. I gave him the phone number and the 

name of the person to call.

Q. Did Mr. Cox later call you back and say that -- inform you that 

Brad Burger had said he couldn’t install that because he was in Kaufman County 

and Mr. Burger didn’t go to Kaufman County?

A. I believe he was referred to someone else with the SOBERLINK 

device.

Q. Right. And so when you got that phone call, you understood that 

Brad Burger couldn’t do it and then he referred him to somebody in Dallas, right? 

A. I don’t know who he referred him to.

Q. A Mike Vanderwood.

 9

There is nothing explicit in the record detailing what installation entails. Burger, of Recovery Healthcare 

Corporation, said he “work[s] out of a mobile office out of [his] car. That’s where we do the installation.” This 

procedure consists of “[m]eet[ing] the client, find[ing] a place that’s convenient for him and for me to park the car 

and to sit in and go over the contract that we have, the paperwork basically, which is personal information and the 

do’s and don’t’s of using the device.” Clark said the device is portable, such that the user can carry it around. 
8

A. I don’t know who he referred him to. 

Q. Did you -- Mr. Cox later called you and said Mr. Vanderwood 

wasn’t returning his calls?

A. No.

Q. You didn’t have that conversation?

A. I don’t remember that conversation.

Q. Did you have a conversation with anybody where you understood 

they -- people servicing Kaufman County couldn’t get out there to do it in 

Kaufman County?

A. No.

Q. Didn’t Mr. Burger tell you that -- exactly that when he was talking 

to you?

A. I don’t remember.

Q. Okay. Do you recall that there were issues and you actually 

moved -- gave him extra time because he couldn’t get in touch with the people, 

the people couldn’t service Kaufman County?

A. No, I don’t recall that.

Q. So, your recollection is there were no phone calls to Mr. Cox 

explaining the difficulties he was having because Brad Burger didn’t service 

Kaufman County?

A. I said that he did call me once and that -- said that he’d talked to 

him and he was referring him to someone else.

Q. Did you make notes of that conversation? 

A. No. 

Q. Did you make notes of any of your conversations?

A. That’s the only conversation.
9

Q. That you remember?

A. Yes.

Burger’s testimony, to some extent at least, corroborates Cox’s version of events, i.e.,

that there was some difficulty connecting with a SOBERLINK installer. Burger said he received 

a call from a Vanderwood, another installer for Recovery Healthcare, who told Burger he could 

not locate Cox. When asked by Cox whether Burger serviced the area of Kaufman County, 

Burger answered, “It’s a zone that Dallas usually serves, but Mike [Vanderwood] and I kind of 

trade out on that line between Athens/Canton area. If he’s in another area I’ll come over.” 

Burger seems to have acknowledged that Cox was first directed to him and that he then directed 

Cox to Vanderwood, who later asked Burger to contact Cox. Burger testified on crossexamination, 

[Defense Attorney]: In fact, if you recollect, didn’t you get a call from 

Mr. Cox earlier and you told him that you didn’t service Kaufman and you gave 

him Mr. Vanderwood’s number?

[Witness]: That’s a strong possibility, but I don’t know when that 

happened.

Q. So it was first you and then Mr. Vanderwood and then Mr. 

Vanderwood back to you?

A. Vanderwood.

Q. Vanderwood? 

A. That’s correct.

Q. It was after that, not in Kaufman but in Athens, where you were 

finally able to meet with Mr. Cox after Mr. Vanderburg [sic] handed him back off 

to you, right? 
10

A. Mr. Vanderwood, and the initial location was Lamar County.

Q. I understand. But --

A. That’s why it went back to Mike because Mike works up this way, 

I do not.

Q. I understand. But it turned out he wasn’t in Lamar County so you 

had to work from there?

A. That’s correct.

Burger did say, though, that “[i]t wasn’t that difficult” to meet with Cox. Within two telephone 

conversations, he was able to arrange a meeting with Cox, although it was in Athens, not in the 

Kaufman County area, as he had been expecting. Burger met with Cox on Friday May 31, 2013,

explained how to use the SOBERLINK, explained Cox’s obligations regarding submitting 

samples, and assured himself Cox understood how to use the machine. Nonetheless, the record 

does show that (a) Cox was not released from jail until May 23, (b) May 23 was the trial court’s 

imposed deadline to have the SOBERLINK device installed or activated, (c) Cox contacted or 

tried to contact two Recovery Healthcare representatives and Clark about getting the device set 

up, and (d) someone—Clark, if not the trial court—gave Cox ten days following his release from 

jail to arrange the activation of the SOBERLINK.

As we have said, nothing in the trial court’s order modifying supervision mentions a tenday grace period to obtain the SOBERLINK. Clark, as the supervising officer, could not modify 

the trial court’s conditions of supervision to grant a ten-day window without the trial court’s 

authorization. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12, § 10(d). However, since Cox’s dayto-day contact for how to abide by his terms of community supervision would almost certainly 
11

be Clark, not the trial court, it would at least be inequitable to find him in violation of the May 23 

order if he was credibly relying on his supervising officer’s instructions.

The closest scenario we have found occurred in DeGay v. State,

10 where the defendant 

was placed on community supervision following a theft conviction. As part of his community 

supervision, DeGay was sent to a restitution center; when the State later moved to revoke his 

community supervision, the alleged violation centered on claims DeGay failed to abide by the 

required conduct of the restitution center. Specifically, he was to “[o]bey all rules and 

regulations of the Restitution Center.” Id. at 446. At the center, probationer DeGay received 

conflicting instructions. The director of the facility told him he did not have to tender his entire 

paycheck to the center, but later, apparently on the instruction of that director, DeGay’s 

supervising officer told DeGay to turn over his whole check. There was also a question of 

whether, if he turned his entire check over to the center, he could be in violation of the trial 

court’s condition of community supervision to support his dependents. When DeGay did turn 

over all of one check, no funds were disbursed to DeGay’s family.11 There was no question that, 

on at least one occasion, DeGay did not tender his check to the center; that date was alleged in 

the motion to revoke and served as the basis for the trial court’s revocation. However, he did 

hand over his next paycheck in full. Id. at 447–48. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals 

pointed out that the revocation was based on 

a single violation of an oral order of a probation officer who instructed the 

appellant to change his manner of payments and to turn his entire check over to 

 10741 S.W.2d 445 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).

11There were several other circumstances at play in DeGay; we have summarized the case as briefly as possible to 

apply its relative holding.
12

the restitution center. This order countermanded an earlier oral order to the 

appellant by the director of the restitution center to the contrary. The probation 

officer’s oral order was also inconsistent with some of the conditions of probation 

[footnote omitted] and if obeyed would deprive appellant of the means of 

complying with court-imposed conditions of probation.

Id. at 450.

A trial court’s order revoking community supervision is reviewed for an abuse of 

discretion. Rickels v. State, 202 S.W.3d 759, 763 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). “The central issue to 

be determined in reviewing a trial court’s exercise of discretion in a probation revocation case is 

whether the probationer was afforded due process of law.” DeGay, 741 S.W.2d at 450. The 

DeGay court found that the appellant had not been afforded due process and that revocation was 

an abuse of discretion “given the circumstances of [that] particular case.” Id.

Here, there was uncontroverted testimony Cox had been given a window of ten days from 

his jail release to satisfy the trial court’s edict to obtain a SOBERLINK device. Cox obtained the 

device the eighth day after his release. Beyond that, it would have been extremely difficult, if 

not completely impossible, for Cox to comply with the letter of the order and have the device 

installed the very day he was released from confinement.12 Even if the grace period described by 

Clark was not authorized or adopted by the trial court, Cox could reasonably rely on that 

extension. Faced with conflicting instructions and at least extreme difficulty, if not 

 12Although, statutorily, the impossibility of compliance is not explicitly a defense to revocation, due process requires 

it. Perry v. State, 367 S.W.3d 690, 694 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, no pet.); see Clay v. State, 361 S.W.3d 762 

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, no pet.) (Dauphinot, J., dissenting) (discussing inability to pay restitution).
13

impossibility, of performance, due process is offended in finding a violation.13 We sustain this 

point of error.

We reverse the trial court’s judgment and sentence and remand this case to the trial court 

for proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

Josh R. Morriss, III

Chief Justice

Date Submitted: August 13, 2014

Date Decided: September 29, 2014

Publish

 13It is possible Cox’s credibility in this whole scenario could have been impugned based on Burger’s relation of 

Cox’s conduct on their meeting. Burger said that Cox asked him to delay installation of the device, as Cox “wanted 

to drink that weekend.” But that does not address the fact that he still had the device installed or activated within ten 

days of his release from jail.