U.S. flagAn official website of the United States government
                    Here's how you know **Official websites use .gov**
                            
                            A **.gov** website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
 **Secure .gov websites use HTTPS**
                            
                            A **lock** (                            
                              A locked padlock                                                      
                            
                            ) or **https://** means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.


Menu Agricultural Research Service
						
                    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
 Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research: Wyndmoor, PA
 close



    Research

                    Research Projects
                                    Publications
                                    Collaborations
                                    News
                People

                    Staff Listing
                                    Careers


        


                    About ERRC
                        Greetings from the Director
                                    Directions/Lodging
                                    History and Accomplishments
                    Our Work
                        Biomass Pyrolysis Research
                                    IPMP 2013
                                    IPMP Dynamic Prediction
                                    IPMP Global Fit
                                    Pathogen Modeling Program (PMP)
                                    Predictive Microbiology Information Portal (PMIP)
                                    PoultryFARMSearch small
                    Search
            
            ARS Home
                                About ARS
                                Contact Us




ARS Home Northeast Area Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania Eastern Regional Research Center Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Research Publications at this Location





- ARS National Programs
- Search for a scientific manuscript
- Search for a research project
- ARS Software
- Programs and Projects
- Collaborations
- Subjects of Investigation
- Publications

Title:   Author  item
                                            Richards, Gary
  Submitted to: Book Chapter
                                    Publication Type: Book / Chapter
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 12/30/2013
                                    Publication  Date: 9/1/2016
                                    Citation: Richards, G.P. 2016. Shellfish-associated enteric virus illness: virus localization, disease outbreaks and prevention. In: Goyal, S.M. and Cannon, J.L. (editors). Viruses in Foods. 2nd Edition Springer Nature, New York, NY. p. 185-207.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: Numerous outbreaks of shellfish-borne enteric virus illness have been reported worldwide.  Most notable among the outbreaks are those involving norovirus illness and hepatitis A.  Lessons learned from outbreak investigations indicate that most outbreaks are preventable.  Anthropogenic sources of contamination will continue to invade shellfish growing waters.  Shellfish, by their very nature, will continue to bioconcentrate these contaminants, including enteric viruses.  There is no quick fix for enteric virus contamination of shellfish; however, vigilance on behalf of the industry, regulatory agencies, and the consumer could substantially reduce the incidence of illness.  Enhanced monitoring in all areas of shellfish production, harvesting, distribution, and processing would help to reduce viral illnesses.  Pollution abatement and improved hygienic practices on behalf of the industry and consumers are needed.  Improved analytical techniques for the detection of enteric viruses in shellfish are under development and will lead to enhanced shellfish safety.  Once illnesses occur, better reporting and epidemiological follow-up of outbreaks are often useful to control the further spread of disease.


Return to top


Connect with ARS Sign up


ARS Home
                            USDA.gov
                            Plain Writing
                            Policies & Links
                            Civil Rights Statements
                            FOIA
                            Accessibility Statement
                            Privacy Policy
                            Non-Discrimination Statement
                            Quality of Information
                            USA.gov
                            WhiteHouse.gov