[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 12-10169 

Non-Argument Calendar

 ________________________

 Agency No. A028-666-317

LEON DAMASO DURAN-QUIROZ, 

a.k.a. Leon Damaso Duran, 

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Petitioner,

versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Respondent.

________________________

 Petition for Review of a Decision of the

 Board of Immigration Appeals

 ________________________

(October 25, 2012)

Before BARKETT, PRYOR and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Petitioner Leon Damaso Duran-Quiroz seeks review of the Board of

Case: 12-10169 Date Filed: 10/25/2012 Page: 1 of 10 
Immigration Appeals’ (BIA’s) final order of removal affirming the Immigration

Judge’s (IJ’s) denial of Duran-Quiroz’s applications for asylum, withholding of

removal, relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT), and

cancellation of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). After a

thorough review, we deny the petition in part and dismiss in part.

I.

Duran-Quiroz, a native and citizen of Nicaragua, entered the United States

without authorization in 1987. In 2009, the Department of Homeland Security

(DHS) filed a Notice to Appear, charging Duran-Quiroz with removability under 8

U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) — as an alien present in the United States without being

admitted or paroled — and 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) — as an alien who was

not in possession of a valid immigrant visa or entry document. Duran-Quiroz

conceded removability, but he filed applications for withholding of removal and

cancellation of removal under the INA, withholding of removal under CAT, and,

alternatively, voluntary departure. He also sought asylum based on an application

previously filed in 1988.1

At a hearing before an IJ in 2010, Duran-Quiroz alleged that he left

 The former Immigration and Naturalization Service, now the DHS, terminated Duran- 1

Quiroz’s application for lack of prosecution in 1989 because he failed to appear for his asylum

interview. The DHS, IJ, and BIA assumed that the application remained pending until he

reinstated it in the instant case. Because neither party disputes this assumption, for purposes of

this appeal, we accept it.

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Nicaragua in 1987 because he suffered persecution as a result of his opposition to

the Sandinista regime and that he would suffer persecution for the same reason if

he is returned to Nicaragua. The IJ denied his applications for asylum and

withholding of removal based on an adverse credibility determination, finding that

Duran-Quiroz’s testimony was vague, unspecific, and hard to follow, especially

concerning the nature of his opposition to the regime and of his alleged detention

and torture. The IJ also emphasized an inconsistency between Duran-Quiroz’s

asylum application, where he indicated that he was imprisoned in Nicaragua for 13

days, and his hearing testimony, where he stated he was imprisoned for 4 to 5

months. The IJ also considered Duran-Quiroz’s corroborating evidence, which

consisted of three affidavits from his sisters. Although the IJ acknowledged that

the affidavits contained specific information supporting Duran-Quiroz’s claim, he

found that they were not sufficiently corroborating because they did not explain

how the sisters obtained the information or whether they had personal knowledge

of the events in question. The IJ also found that Duran-Quiroz had failed to

establish a well-founded fear of future persecution because there was no longer a

civil war in Nicaragua, and he would not suffer retaliation from opposing the

Sandinistas during that war.

The IJ also pretermitted Duran-Quiroz’s application for cancellation of

removal based on a disqualifying conviction for retail theft. The IJ found that the

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theft was a crime of moral turpitude and that Duran-Quiroz had not established

that he was convicted of a crime with a possible punishment of less than one year

of imprisonment, and, therefore, he was not eligible for cancellation of removal. 

See Matter of Cortez, 25 I. & N. Dec. 301, 307-08 (2010). The IJ, however,

granted Duran-Quiroz voluntary departure, with an alternative removal order to

Nicaragua should he fail to depart voluntarily.

On appeal to the BIA, Duran-Quiroz argued that the IJ erred in making its

adverse credibility determination and that his retail-theft conviction did not

pretermit cancellation of removal. The BIA, agreeing with the IJ, dismissed his

appeal. This is Duran-Quiroz’s petition for review.

II.

We review only the BIA’s decision except to the extent that the BIA

expressly adopts the IJ’s decision. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284

(11th Cir. 2001). “Insofar as the [BIA] adopts the IJ’s reasoning, we will review

the IJ’s decision as well.” Id. Although the BIA did not expressly adopt the IJ’s

decision here, the BIA adopted the IJ’s reasoning and briefly articulated its

reasons for doing so, and, thus, we review both decisions. 

We review factual determinations under the “highly deferential” substantialevidence test, and we must affirm a decision “if it is supported by reasonable,

substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Id. at

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1283-84 (internal quotation marks omitted). To reverse a BIA factual finding, we

must find that “the record compels a reversal; the mere fact that the record may

support a contrary conclusion is not enough to justify a reversal of the

administrative findings.” Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th Cir.

2004) (en banc). Like other factual findings, credibility determinations are

reviewed under the substantial-evidence test. Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d

1282, 1286 (11th Cir. 2005).

An alien may qualify for asylum by showing either: (1) past persecution

based on a protected ground, including political opinion, or (2) a “well-founded

fear” that he will be persecuted based on a protected ground. Zheng v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 451 F.3d 1287, 1290 (11th Cir. 2006). The alien bears the burden of

establishing asylum eligibility by offering “credible, direct, and specific evidence

in the record.” Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1286-87 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

The credible testimony of an applicant alone may be sufficient to establish asylum

eligibility. Id. at 1287. “Conversely, an adverse credibility determination alone

may be sufficient to support the denial of an asylum application.” Id. The weaker

the testimony, the greater the need for corroborative evidence. Yang v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 418 F.3d 1198, 1201 (11th Cir. 2005). “Indications of reliable testimony

include consistency on direct examination, consistency with the written

application, and the absence of embellishments.” Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d

5

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1247, 1255 (11th Cir. 2006).

For there to be a proper adverse credibility determination, the IJ must have

made a clean, explicit determination of credibility. Yang, 418 F.3d at 1201. 

“Once an adverse credibility finding is made, the burden is on the applicant alien

to show that the IJ’s credibility decision was not supported by specific, cogent

reasons or was not based on substantial evidence.” Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287

(internal quotation marks omitted).

Duran-Quiroz has failed to satisfy this burden. Here, the IJ and BIA made a

clean adverse credibility determination and gave specific, cogent reasons for

finding Duran-Quiroz incredible, pointing to, among other things, a discrepancy

between his asylum application and his testimony. See Dailide v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

387 F.3d 1335, 1343 (11th Cir. 2004) (affirming an adverse credibility

determination based on a finding that the alien’s testimony conflicted with prior

answers given in other documents). The discrepancy between Duran-Quiroz’s

asylum application, where he indicated that he was imprisoned for 13 days, and his

hearing testimony, where he stated he was imprisoned for 4 to 5 months, was a

significant one that supports the IJ’s and BIA’s adverse credibility finding. 

2

 The REAL ID Act of 2005 provides that adverse credibility determinations may be 2

premised upon inconsistencies that do not go to “the heart of the applicant’s claim.” See Pub. L.

No. 109-13, § 101(a)(3), (d)(4)(C), 119 Stat. 231, 303, 305 (codified at 8 U.S.C. §§

1158(b)(1)(B)(iii), 1229a(c)(4)(C)). Because Duran-Quiroz filed his asylum application before

these amendments became effective, they do not apply to his claims. This court has not decided

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Further, the IJ and the BIA were permitted to discredit Duran-Quiroz’s

testimony that the lawyer who prepared his asylum application incorrectly

transcribed his statements in light of the fact that Duran-Quiroz has failed to point

to any other evidence in the record that sufficiently explains this discrepancy. See

Chen v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1228, 1233 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that

offering tenable explanations alone to explain inconsistencies does not necessarily

compel reversal of the IJ’s credibility determination).

The record also supports the IJ’s and BIA’s finding that Duran-Quiroz’s

testimony was vague, unspecific, and hard to follow. For example, he could not

sufficiently articulate why he disagreed with the Sandinista regime or why he

switched from supporting it to opposing it. And his testimony concerning his

detention, torture, and military service was severely lacking in detail. 

Further, Duran-Quiroz did not present any corroborating evidence other

than three affidavits from his sisters, and the record supports the IJ’s and BIA’s

finding that the affidavits were deserving of minimal weight because they did not

explain how the sisters obtained the information or whether they had personal

knowledge of the events in question.

whether adverse credibility determinations in pre-REAL ID Act cases must be based on

inconsistencies that go to the heart of the claim. See Shkambi v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 584 F.3d 1041,

1049 n.7 (11th Cir. 2009). Nonetheless, we need not decide this issue because the

inconsistencies identified by the IJ and the BIA in this case relate directly to Duran-Quiroz’s

claims of persecution.

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Because we conclude that substantial evidence supports the IJ’s and BIA’s

conclusion that Duran-Quiroz is ineligible for asylum on the basis of an adverse

credibility determination and the insufficiency of corroborating evidence, he

cannot satisfy the higher burdens for withholding of removal under the INA or

relief under the CAT. Zheng, 451 F.3d at 1292.

III.

On appeal, Duran-Quiroz argues for the first time that the Supreme Court’s

decision in Vartelas v. Holder, 132 S. Ct. 1479 (2012) invalidates the IJ’s and

BIA’s finding that he was ineligible for cancellation of removal. We review our

subject-matter jurisdiction de novo. Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463

F.3d 1247, 1251 (11th Cir. 2006). In a petition for review, we generally only have

jurisdiction to consider claims that have been administratively exhausted. See 8

U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Sundar v. I.N.S., 328 F.3d 1320, 1323 (11th Cir. 2003). 

Thus, we generally lack jurisdiction to review claims not raised before the BIA. 

Amaya-Artunduaga, 463 F.3d at 1250. Although some claims may not require

exhaustion because the BIA does not have the power to adjudicate those claims,

where the BIA can remedy a claim, the exhaustion requirement applies with full

force. See Sundar, 328 F.3d at 1325.

In Vartelas, the Supreme Court held that applying the Illegal Immigration

Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) to a pre-IIRIRA conviction,

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thereby depriving the alien of his previously-held right to return to the U.S. after

brief trips abroad, was impermissibly retroactive. 132 S. Ct. at 1483-84. DuranQuiroz argues that because IIRIRA could not be applied retroactively to a preIIRIRA conviction in Vartelas, it cannot be here either. Duran-Quiroz did not

raise this argument before either the IJ or the BIA. Although Vartelas was

decided after the BIA issued its decision in this case, similar arguments

concerning IIRIRA’s retroactive applicability to pre-IIRIRA convictions existed,

and could have been raised, before Vartelas was decided. See, e.g., I.N.S. v. St.

Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 314-26 (2001) (considering an IIRIRA retroactivity argument). 

Further, the BIA could have properly heard this claim because Vartelas

merely interpreted the INA, which the BIA has the authority to do. See Vartelas,

132 S. Ct. at 1486-87; Quinchia v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 552 F.3d 1255, 1258 (11th Cir.

2008). Therefore, because Duran-Quiroz failed to administratively exhaust his

Vartelas claim and there is no cognizable excuse or exception, we lack jurisdiction

to consider it.

Because Duran-Quiroz failed to raise any other arguments in his brief to this

court concerning his eligibility for cancellation of removal, he has abandoned

those issues. Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2 (11th Cir.

2005).

IV.

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The record does not compel reversal of the BIA’s order affirming the denial

of Duran-Quiroz’s applications for asylum and withholding of removal, under

both the INA and the CAT, based on an adverse credibility determination. We

lack jurisdiction, however, to consider Duran-Quiroz’s arguments concerning the

denial of his application for cancellation of removal. We deny his petition in part,

and dismiss it in part.

PETITION DENIED in part and DISMISSED in part.

 

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