11-1227-cv

Nurit Kalderon v. Robert Finkelstein, et al.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed

on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1

and this Court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a document filed with this Court,

a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an electronic database (with the notation “summary

order”). A party citing a summary order must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by

counsel.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appealsfor the Second Circuit, held at the Daniel

Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York, on the 30th day

of August, two thousand twelve.

PRESENT:

JOSÉ A. CABRANES,

CHESTER J. STRAUB,

PETER W. HALL,

Circuit Judges.

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NURIT KALDERON, PH.D.,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. No. 11-1227-cv 

ROBERT FINKELSTEIN, PH.D., in his individual and official

capacities, DIVISION OF EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH NINDS,

TIJUANNA E. DECOSTA, in her individual and official capacities,

EDWARD D. MYRBECK, in his individual and official capacities,

JOSEPH J. PANCRAZIO, PH.D., in his individual and official

capacities, MAXINE DAVIS-VANLUE, in her individual and
1

 The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as set forth above.

2 Because Kalderon does not challenge on appeal the District Court’s dismissal of her fifth,

sixth, and seventh causes of action, we deem those claims abandoned and limit our discussion to her

remaining claims. See LoSacco v. City of Middletown, 71 F.3d 88, 92-93 (2d Cir. 1995) (issues not argued

on appeal are deemed abandoned); JP Morgan Chase Bank v. Altos Hornos de Mex., S.A. de C.V., 412

F.3d 418, 428 (2d Cir. 2005) (“[A]rguments not made in an appellant’s opening brief are waived even

if the appellant pursued those arguments in the district court or raised them in a reply brief.”). 

official capacities, PATRICIA A. KVOCHACK, in her individual

and official capacities, KAREN PLÁ, in her individual and

official capacities,

Defendants-Appellees.1

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FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: NURIT KALDERON, Pro Se, New York, New York.

FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES: ALICIA M. SIMMONS, Assistant United States Attorney

(Sarah S. Normand, Assistant United States Attorney,

of counsel), for Preet Bharara, United States Attorney for

the Southern District of New York, New York.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of

New York (Richard J. Sullivan, Judge, and Theodore Katz, Magistrate Judge). 

UPON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED.

Plaintiff-appellant, Nurit Kalderon, proceeding pro se, appeals from a judgment of the

District Court granting the motion of the defendants-appellees to dismiss, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6)

of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, her complaint alleging violations of the First Amendment,

Fifth Amendment, 42 U.S.C §§ 1985(2) and 1986, and various provisions of the Privacy Act of 1974,

5 U.S.C. § 552a et seq.

2

 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and procedural

history of the case, as well as the issues on appeal.

DISCUSSION

We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6),

“accepting as true all allegations in the complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of

the non-moving party.” Gonzalez v. Hasty, 651 F.3d 318, 321 (2d Cir. 2011). To survive a Rule
3

 According to Rule 8, a complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim

showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), and “[e]ach allegation must be

simple, concise, and direct,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(1).

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12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the complaint must include “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is

plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). A claim will have “facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual

content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the

misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Although all allegations contained in the complaint are

assumed to be true, this tenet is “inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Id.

Following an independent, de novo review of the complaint, we agree with the District Court

that Kalderon failed to state claims under the First Amendment, the Fifth Amendment, and

42 U.S.C. § 1985(2), substantially for the reasons set forth in Magistrate Judge Katz’s exhaustive and

well-reasoned Report and Recommendation of March 10, 2010, recommending dismissal of

Kalderon’s claims, and Judge Sullivan’s thoughtful orders of August 25, 2010, and January 28, 2011,

adopting Magistrate Judge Katz’s recommendations and sua sponte granting summary judgment on

Kalderon’s claim for amendment of records pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552a(d).

I. Kalderon’s Procedural Arguments Are Without Merit

As an initial matter, there is no merit in Kalderon’s argument that the magistrate judge

improperly amended her complaint by “culling from [it] only those facts relevant to [her] claims.” 

We have held that when, as here, “a complaint does not comply with the requirement that it be short

and plain, the court has the power, on its own initiative . . . , to strike any portions that are

redundant or immaterial, . . . or to dismiss the complaint.” Salahuddin v. Cuomo, 861 F.2d 40, 42 (2d

Cir. 1988). Kalderon’s rambling, 126-page complaint (though submitted by counsel) was neither

short nor plain, and contained factual allegations that were often repetitive, inconsistent, and

contradicted by documents referenced within it. Far from committing error, the magistrate judge

did a service to both the District Court and the parties by arranging the factual allegations in the

complaint chronologically and giving it some semblance of order. Having compared the complaint

and the Report and Recommendation, we conclude that Kalderon’s argument that the latter

improperly omitted material factual allegations from the former is without merit. 

We take this opportunity to observe that the District Court would have acted well within its

discretion in dismissing the complaint (with leave to replead) for failure to comply with Rule 8(a)(2)

and (d)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.3 Although we have noted in pro se cases that

dismissal is disfavored unless the complaint is “so confused, ambiguous, vague, or otherwise
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unintelligible that its true substance, if any, is well disguised,” Simmons v. Abruzzo, 49 F.3d 83, 86 (2d

Cir. 1995) (quotation marks omitted), the underlying rationale for that pronouncement has

significantly less force when a party is represented by counsel, as Kalderon was when she filed her

complaint. A party proceeding pro se may not be familiar with the pleading standards, but attorneys,

as officers of the court, are held to a higher standard. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). 

In addition, dismissal in this case at the outset with instructions to counsel to replead in compliance

with Rule 8 would in all likelihood have obviated the need for the District Court to perform the

yeoman’s task of doing what counsel was obligated to do in the first place. Such a procedure would

also have forestalled Kalderon’s challenge to the District Court’s culling of the relevant facts. Of

course, a well-pleaded complaint benefits all the parties, the district court, and an appellate court as

the litigation goes forward. This said, the ultimate decision of whether to proceed in this manner is

left to the sound discretion of the trial judge. 

Equally without merit is Kalderon’s argument that Judge Sullivan failed to conduct a de novo

review of the Report and Recommendation, as required by Rule 72(b)(3) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure. Having ourselves conducted such a de novo review, we conclude that the District

Court properly adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendations. To the extent that any of

Kalderon’s objections were not specifically addressed by the District Court, this is the result of their

lack of specificity. See Mario v. P&C Food Mkts., Inc, 313 F.3d 758, 766 (2d Cir. 2002) (objections to

a magistrate judge’s recommended disposition that lack specificity are insufficient to preserve a claim

for review).

Finally, there is no merit in Kalderon’s argument that the District Court improperly granted

summary judgment sua sponte on the portion of her eighth cause of action relating to the amendment

of records. We have explained that “a district court may, on an appropriate record, grant summary

judgment sua sponte—after giving the party against which the court is contemplating such a decision

notice and an opportunity to present evidence and arguments in opposition.” NetJets Aviation, Inc. v.

LHC Commc’ns, LLC, 537 F.3d 168, 178 (2d Cir. 2008). Here, the District Court provided notice of

its intent to rule on whether summary judgment should be granted on Kalderon’s claim pertaining to

the amendment of records, Kalderon filed an opposition to the grant of summary judgment on this

claim, and only then did the District Court rule that summary judgment was appropriate. Under

these circumstances, it cannot be said that the District Court erred in its procedure for granting

summary judgment as to this claim.
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II. Kalderon’s Substantive Arguments Are Without Merit

A. Due Process Claims

The District Court properly dismissed Kalderon’s Fifth Amendment due process claims

because she failed to allege the infringement of a constitutionally protected property or liberty

interest.

Insofar as Kalderon alleged that she had a property interest in a federal research grant (the

“Grant”), the Supreme Court has explained that “[t]o have a property interest in a benefit, a person

clearly must have more than an abstract need or desire for it.” Bd. of Regents of State Colls. v. Roth, 408

U.S. 564, 577 (1972). Property interests “are created and their dimensions are defined by existing

rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law—rules or

understandings that secure certain benefits and that support claims of entitlement to those benefits.” 

Id. Kalderon does not allege, nor does she identify, any source that provides an “entitlement” to the

Grant, and the regulations governing the Grant provide that it may be terminated without the

consent of the recipient. See 45 C.F.R. § 74.61(a)(1). As such, it cannot be said that Kalderon

possessed a property interest in the Grant. See Town of Castle Rock, Colo. v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 756

(2005) (“[A] benefit is not a protected entitlement if government officials may grant or deny it in

their discretion.”).

The District Court also properly held that Kalderon did not allege a deprivation of her

liberty interest in her professional reputation. In order to state a claim for deprivation of an

intangible legal right to one’s reputation, commonly known as a “stigma plus” claim, a plaintiff must

allege facts showing both “(1) the utterance of a statement about her that is injurious to her

reputation, that is capable of being proved false, and that . . . she claims is false, and (2) some

tangible and material state-imposed burden . . . in addition to the stigmatizing statement.” Velez v.

Levy, 401 F.3d 75, 87 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). In addition, the

“defamatory statement must be sufficiently public to create or threaten a stigma; hence, a statement

made only to the plaintiff, and only in private, ordinarily does not implicate a liberty interest.” Id.

The statements Kalderon identifies as being stigmatizing include a private email and Notices of

Grant Awards. However, Kalderon makes no allegation that the purported defamatory email was

made “sufficiently public to create or threaten a stigma.” Id. Further, a review of the Notices of

Grant Awards shows that there is no statement within them accusing Kalderon of abandoning her

research project. Therefore, the dismissal of Kalderon’s stigma-plus claim was proper.
6

B. First Amendment Claim

The District Court properly dismissed Kalderon’s claim that her First Amendment rights

were violated when the defendants retaliated against her for complaining of the mismanagement of

Grant funds. 

To state a First Amendment retaliation claim, Kalderon must show that: “(1) the expression

at issue was constitutionally protected, (2) the alleged retaliatory action adversely affected [her]

constitutionally protected expression, and (3) a causal relationship existed between the

constitutionally protected expression and the retaliatory action.” Camacho v. Brandon, 317 F.3d 153,

160 (2d Cir. 2003). The Supreme Court has held that “when public employees make statements

pursuant to their official duties, the employees are not speaking as citizens for First Amendment

purposes, and the Constitution does not insulate their communications from employer discipline.” 

Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 421 (2006). 

Kalderon stated in her complaint that she was the principal investigator on a federally

funded grant and she complained of the alleged mishandling of Grant funds pursuant to her

obligations as principal investigator. Consequently, the District Court properly concluded that

Kalderon was acting pursuant to her “official duties,” and therefore the First Amendment did not

protect her from employer discipline as a result of her speech. See id.

C. Section 1985(2) Claim

The District Court properly dismissed Kalderon’s claim for violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2).

That statute forbids “two or more persons . . . [from] conspir[ing] to deter, by force, intimidation, or

threat, any party or witness in any court of the United States from attending such court, . . . or to

injure such party or witness in his person or property on account of his having so attended or

testified.” 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2). Kalderon’s complaint primarily alleged that certain defendants

conspired to interfere with her pursuit of federal “whistleblower” litigation against a grantee

institution, and that one of the defendants, Kvochak, failed adequately to respond to a non-party

subpoena for certain documents in relation to her federal litigation. Her claim fails, however,

because she did not “provide some factual basis supporting a meeting of the minds, such that

defendants entered into an agreement, express or tacit, to achieve the unlawful end.” Webb v. Goord,

340 F.3d 105, 111 (2d Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted).
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CONCLUSION

We have considered all of Kalderon’s arguments on appeal and find them each to be without

merit. The judgment of the District Court is therefore AFFIRMED.

FOR THE COURT,

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court