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Title:   Author  item
                                            Jin, Yueitem
                                            Rouse, Matthew

                                                         - *Matt*item
                                            GROTH, JAMES - Retired Non ARS Employee
  Submitted to: Journal of Integrative Agriculture
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 11/13/2013
                                    Publication  Date: 2/1/2014
                                    Citation: Jin, Y., Rouse, M.N., Groth, J. 2014. Population diversity of Puccinia graminis is sustained through sexual cycle on alternate hosts. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 13(2):262-264.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: A high degree of virulence diversity has been maintained in the population of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) in northwestern United States. Although Berberis vulgaris is present in the region and Pgt has been isolated from aecial infections on B. vulgaris, the population is too diverse to be explained by the limited presence of B. vulgaris alone. Since 2008, we have isolated P. graminis from aecial infections on fruits of Mahonia repens and M. aquifolium from northwestern US. These two native woody shrub species, widely distributed in western North America, were once classified as resistant to P. graminis based on artificial inoculations. By isolating P. graminis from aecia, we established that M repens and M. aquifolium along with B. vulgaris (albeit infrequent) serve as the alternate hosts of P. graminis in the region. The isolates of P. graminis from Mahonia had diverse virulence patterns and most of the isolates could be differentiated on Morocco, Line E, Chinese Spring, Little Club, LMPG-6, Rusty, and other genotypes that are considered to be universally susceptible to most Pgt isolates. This discovery explained the persistence of virulence diversity of Pgt observed in isolates derived from uredinia on cereal crops in the region. In addition to cereal crops, uredinial stage of the P. graminis population is sustained by wild grasses, especially Elymus glaucus, a native grass sharing the same habitat with the rusted Mahonia spp. Although virulence to some important stem rust resistance genes was observed in some isolates derived from Mahonia when tested against single stem rust resistance gene stocks, the overall virulence is very limited in these isolates. This is likely a result of limited selection pressure on the rust population. In contrast to northwest United States, the Pgt population in east of the Rocky Mountains has declined steadily with a single race, QFCSC, being predominant in the last decade. This decline is likely due to a combination of factors, of which a lack of sexual recombination in the region is perhaps the most important one.


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