IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION THREE

CAROL J. BRUCKER,

Appellant,

v.

PASCO SCHOOL DISTRICT,

Respondent.

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No. 35355-9-III

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SIDDOWAY, J. — In a joint brief, Carol Brucker and the Pasco School District 

jointly assign error to a trial court order granting judgment as a matter of law to the 

school district. Although the school district had moved for the order, it concedes that our 

Supreme Court’s subsequent decision in Street v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 189 Wn.2d 187, 399 

P.3d 1156 (2017), makes clear that the basis for decision that it urged and the trial court 

accepted was wrong. We reverse the trial court’s order and remand for further 

proceedings.

FILED

NOVEMBER 6, 2018

In the Office of the Clerk of Court

WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
No. 35355-9-III

Brucker v. Pasco Sch. Dist.

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FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In November 2013, Carol Brucker filed an application with the Department of 

Labor and Industries for worker’s compensation benefits based on exposure to mold 

during her employment as a teacher with the Pasco School District. The Department 

denied Ms. Brucker’s claim, concluding that her condition was not the result of an 

industrial injury and was not an occupational disease as contemplated by statute. Ms. 

Brucker appealed the Department’s decision to the Board of Industrial Insurance 

Appeals. 

At the hearing on Ms. Brucker’s claim before an industrial appeals judge (IAJ), 

employees from the school district testified to the presence of mold within the Pasco 

High School building where Ms. Brucker worked. Ms. Brucker’s daughter stated that she 

observed mold on Ms. Brucker’s classroom walls behind the wallpaper. Ms. Brucker’s 

treating physician testified that on a more-probable-than-not basis, her allergic rhinitis 

and asthma was proximately caused by exposure suffered while engaged in her work at 

the school district. Her expert witness, a board-certified pulmonologist, testified that he 

diagnosed Ms. Brucker with chronic asthmatic bronchitis or reactive airway disease that 

he concluded was secondary to some irritant inhalation related to her classroom 

occupation. 
No. 35355-9-III

Brucker v. Pasco Sch. Dist.

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Two experts called by the school district disagreed, however, and the school 

district presented evidence that allergy testing indicated that Ms. Brucker was not allergic 

to any major indoor or outdoor molds.

In his proposed decision and order, the IAJ concluded that Ms. Brucker’s medical 

conditions were not occupational diseases. Ms. Brucker petitioned the Board for review. 

It denied review and the IAJ’s proposed decision and order became that of the Board. 

Ms. Brucker appealed the Board’s decision to the Franklin County Superior Court. 

In March 2017, the school district moved for judgment as a matter of law on the 

basis that Ms. Brucker did not provide sufficient expert medical testimony. In May 2017, 

the superior court granted the motion, entering a finding that “Ms. Brucker failed to 

present sufficient expert testimony to support the conclusion that the claimed conditions 

‘arose naturally’ out of her employment.” Clerk’s Papers at 27. It dismissed her claim. 

Ms. Brucker appeals. 

ANALYSIS

The Industrial Insurance Act, Title 51 RCW, provides “sure and certain relief for 

workers, injured in their work.” RCW 51.04.010. Employees that “‘suffer[ ] disability 

from an occupational disease in the course of employment’ are entitled to ‘the same 

compensation benefits’ as injured” employees. Street, 189 Wn.2d at 193-94 (alteration in 

original) (quoting RCW 51.32.180).
No. 35355-9-III

Brucker v. Pasco Sch. Dist.

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Occupational disease is defined as a “disease or infection [that] arises naturally

and proximately out of employment.” RCW 51.08.140 (emphasis added). To “arise[ ] 

. . . proximately out of employment” requires that the employee’s employment conditions 

are the “‘proximate cause of the disease . . . so that the disease would not have been 

contracted but for the condition[s] existing in the . . . employment.’” Dennis v. Dep’t of 

Labor & Indus., 109 Wn.2d 467, 477, 745 P.2d 1295 (1987) (quoting Simpson Logging 

Co. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 32 Wn.2d 472, 479, 202 P.2d 448 (1949)). In Dennis,

our Supreme Court held that a worker seeking benefits for an occupational disease “must 

. . . establish[ ] by competent medical testimony . . . that the disease is probably, as 

opposed to possibly, caused by the employment.” Id. Dennis also elaborated on the 

distinct requirement that the disease “arise naturally” out of employment, id. at 481, but 

did not address whether expert medical testimony was required to prove it. That question 

was raised and answered by Street. 189 Wn.2d at 195.

In Street, our Supreme Court held that to satisfy the “arises naturally” requirement 

does not require a worker to present expert medical testimony because it presents an issue 

of general causation rather than an issue of medical causation. Id at 195.

“Arises proximately” means that the employment conditions must be the 

proximate cause of the disease. “Arises naturally” means that the 

conditions of a worker’s particular employment are distinctive, i.e., 

different from, employments in general or activities of daily living. The 

first requirement involves an issue of medical causation, but the second 

requirement pertains to observable job activities.
No. 35355-9-III 

Brucker v. Pasco Sch. Dist. 

Id. at 199 ( citations omitted). Whether the condition arises naturally out of employment 

presents a "nonscientific question" that "can be established by lay testimony without the 

need for expert medical opinion." Id. at 200. 

Because the trial court's order granting judgment as a matter of law was based on 

a mistake of law, we reverse the order and remand for further proceedings. 

A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 

2.06.040. 

J)~w. .~· 

oway,J. ~ 

WE CONCUR: 

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