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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 5? ~

STATE OF WASHINGTON

Respondent,

v.

MARVELL MICHAEL MILLER

Appellant.

DIVISION ONE

No. 73491-1-1

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

FILED: August 1,2016

Dwyer, J. — Marvell Miller pled guilty to two counts of residential burglary

and two counts of unlawful possession of a firearm. At his sentencing hearing,

Miller was ordered to register as a felony firearm offender. Miller now appeals,

arguing that the felony firearm offender registration statute is unconstitutionally

vague, that the prosecutor violated the plea agreement, and that the sentencing

court abused its discretion in requiring that he register as a felony firearm

offender. Finding that Miller's contentions have no merit, we affirm.

I

On April 13, 2015, Miller pled guilty to two counts of residential burglary

and two counts of unlawful possession of a firearm. Miller twice committed

residential burglary by stealing from two residences. Miller twice committed

unlawful possession ofa firearm by possessing a handgun on his person and five

additional firearms in his car, contravening an order that barred him from
No. 73491-1-1/2

possessing a firearm. Miller admitted that he carried the loaded handgun on his

person during the burglaries in case he encountered any residents. The firearms

in Miller's car included three assault rifles, a shotgun, and another handgun. All

of the firearms were later identified as stolen.

As part of his plea agreement, Miller stipulated to the facts as set forth in

the determination of probable cause and the prosecuting attorney case summary.

The State agreed not to file other charges arising out ofthe two burglaries. The

plea agreement further indicated thatthe sentencing court "may" require that

Miller register as a felony firearm offender pursuant to RCW 9.41.330.

At Miller's sentencing hearing, the prosecutor informed the court that it

was required to determine whether to order Miller to register as a felony firearm

offender pursuant to RCW 9.41.330 and further informed the court as to the

pertinent statutory factors and the locations in the record of information pertinent

to those factors.

At the conclusion of the sentencing hearing, the court ordered Miller to

register as a felony firearm offender. This order was included in the judgment

and sentence.

Miller now appeals.

II

Miller contends that RCW 9.41.330 is unconstitutionally vague and that

the order imposing the registration requirement should be vacated. We disagree.

Thirteen years ago, our Supreme Court held that "the due process

considerations that underlie the void-for-vagueness doctrine have no application

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No. 73491-1-1/3

in the context of sentencing guidelines." State v. Baldwin, 150 Wn.2d 448, 459,

78 P.3d 1005 (2003). Because "nothing in these [sentencing] guideline statutes

requires a certain outcome, the statutes create no constitutionally protectable

liberty interest." Baldwin, 150 Wn.2d at 461. As with the sentencing guideline

statutes at issue in Baldwin, the statute herein grants a court discretion in

determining whether to impose the registration requirement on felony firearm

offenders. See RCW 9.41.330. Our Supreme Court has never indicated a need

to revisit its holding in Baldwin. The Baldwin decision controls our analysis. The

sentencing statute at issue is not subject to a facial void for vagueness

challenge. Miller's claim fails.

Ill

Miller next contends that the State violated the plea agreement by its

actions at the sentencing hearing. We disagree.

To determine whether the State breached a plea agreement, a reviewing

court applies an objective standard. State v. Jerde, 93 Wn. App. 774, 780, 970

P.2d 781 (1999). The test is whether the prosecutor contradicts, by words or

conduct, the terms of the plea agreement. Jerde, 93 Wn. App. at 780. Once a

plea bargain has been entered into, the defendant has a right analogous to a

contract right to have the terms of the agreement fulfilled. State v. Arko, 52 Wn.

App. 130, 134, 758 P.2d 522 (1988). We will not add terms to the plea bargain

that were not agreed to by the parties. Arko, 52Wn. App. at 135.

The plea agreement herein read, in pertinent part, as follows:

This offense[,] counts II &IV[,] is a felony firearm offense as defined

by RCW 9.41.010, including any felony committed while armed with
No. 73491-1-1/4

a firearm, and the judge may impose a requirement that I register

with the sheriff in the County where I reside, for a period of four

years from sentencing orfrom my release from confinement for this

offense, whichever is later, in compliance with RCW 9.41.333.

At the sentencing hearing, the prosecutor informed the court as follows:

[Prosecutor]: [B]ecause this is a firearm offense as

appropriately defined, the court must consider whether to impose a

firearm registration requirement under RCW 9.41.330. This is a

fairly new statute so I can forward a copy for Your Honor.

[Court]: Thank you.

[Prosecutor]: The factors for the court to consider in

determining the actual—the firearm offender registration is not a

part of the plea agreement in this case but it is a required—required

by the legislature thatthe court consider whether or not to impose

it.

Iwould suggest for the courtto look at the defendant's

criminal history as is required under (2)(a) and look at evidence of

the defendant's propensity for violence (inaudible) endanger

persons under 2(c). With respect to that factor, Iwould ask the

court to note in the certification that the defendant acknowledged

that he carried the pistol thatwasfound on his body with him during

the burglaries to protect himself from possible harms that he may

encounter.111

Miller first asserts that the State violated the plea agreement by informing

the court thatit must consider RCW 9.41.330, explaining the factors to consider,

1 RCW 9.41.330 reads as follows:

(1) On or after July 28, 2013, whenever a defendant in this state is convicted of a

felony firearm offense or found not guilty by reason of insanity of any felony firearm offense, the court must consider whether to impose a requirement that

the person comply with the registration requirements of RCW 9.41.333 and may,

in its discretion, impose such a requirement. (2) In determining whether to require the person to register, the court

shall consider all relevant factors including, but not limited to:

(a) The person's criminal history; (b) Whether the person has previously been found not guilty by

reason ofinsanity ofany offense in this state orelsewhere; and

(c) Evidence of the person's propensity for violence that would

likely endanger persons.

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No. 73491-1-1/5

and directing the court to the locations in the record that would inform the court's

analysis.

"The prosecutor, as an officer of the court, is obliged to participate in the

sentencing proceedings, candidly answer[] the court's questions . . . and hold[]

back no relevant information." State v. Sledge, 133 Wn.2d 828, 840, 947 P.2d

1199 (1997) (citing RCW 9.94A.460). This information necessarily includes

relevant statutes, factors, and locations in the record that would assist the court

in its task. Thus, the State could not agree in the first instance to withhold

mention of RCW 9.41.330 from the court.

Further, Miller's contention effectively asks us to add language to the plea

bargain indicating that the State would remain neutral on the issue of registration.

The plea agreement herein mentioned only the possibility that the court "may"

require that Miller register as a felony firearm offender. Thus, the plea

agreement was silent asto whether the State would advocate that the court

should order Miller to register. We will not add terms tothe plea bargain reached

by the parties. See Arko, 52 Wn. App. at 134 (rejecting defendant's request for

"the court to imply an additional term to that bargain which was not expressed in

the bargain itself).2

2Miller also cites to Santobello v. New York. 404 U.S. 257, 92 S. Ct. 495, 30 L. Ed. 2d

477 M971V State v. Williams. 103Wn. App. 231, 11 P.3d 878 (2000), and Jerde, 93 Wn. App.

774 assupporting his contention that the State undercut the plea agreement. These citations

are inapposite. Unlike here, each of the cases cited by Miller involved plea agreements with

express terms that the prosecutor later undercut, either inadvertently or on its own initiative.

Santobello, 404 U.S. at 262; Williams, 103 Wn. App. at 239; Jerde, 93Wn. App. at 782. As

discussed above this plea agreement was silent on the issue of whether the State would take a

position on the issue of registration. Nor, for that matter, is there any evidence in the record that

the State advocated that a registration requirement should be imposed.

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No. 73491-1-1/6

RCW 9.41.330(1) mandates that the court make a determination as to

whetherto impose the felony firearm offender registration requirement. Thus, the

State, honoring its duty of candor to the court, did not act improperly by bringing

the registration statute, the relevant factors, and the record to the court's

attention. See State v. Talley, 134 Wn.2d 176, 949 P.2d 358 (1998); State v.

Sledge, 133 Wn.2d 828, 947 P.2d 1199 (1997); SJate^LVanBuren, 112Wn.

App. 585, 49 P.3d 966 (2002).

The State's actions in informing the court of the registration statute, the

relevant factors, and the pertinent locations in the record where information could

be found were proper and did not constitute a breach of the plea agreement.

IV

Miller next contends that the sentencing court abused its discretion in

imposing the registration requirement by failing to articulate a consideration of

each enumerated factor. We disagree.

We review discretionary decisions for abuse of discretion. State v. Miller,

159 Wn. App. 911, 918, 247 P.3d 457 (2011). Asentencing court abuses its

discretion only where the sentencing court's decision is "'manifestly

unreasonable, or exercised on untenable grounds, orfor untenable reasons.'"

Miller, 159 Wn. App. at 918 (quoting State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12,

26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971)). "A decision is based on untenable grounds or made

for untenable reasons if it rests on facts unsupported in the record or was

reached by applying the wrong legal standard." State v. Rohrich, 149 Wn.2d

647, 654, 71 P.3d 638 (2003) (internal quotation marks omitted).
No. 73491-1-1/7

Under RCW 9.41.330, the court "must consider whether to impose" the

registration requirement and, in doing so, the court "shall consider all relevant

factors including, but not limited to"three suggested factors. RCW 9.41.330(1),

(2). By including the "including, but not limited to" language in the statutory

provision, the legislature afforded courts latitude in their registration

determinations. RCW9.41.330(1); see State ex rel. Graham v. Northshore Sch.

Dist. No. 417, 99 Wn.2d 232, 238, 662 P.2d 38 (1983) ("The Legislature

specifically used the terms 'including, but not limited to'. . . and thus did not limit

the discretion afforded [to the decision maker]."). RCW 9.41.330 does notdictate

that a sentencing court must explicitly articulate its consideration of each factor

when determining whether to impose the registration requirement.

Herein, the sentencing court considered relevant factors in reaching

its determination. The court's judgmentand sentence reads as follows:

This offense is a felony firearm offense (defined in RCW 9.41.010).

Having considered relevant factors, including criminal history,

propensity for violence endangering persons, and any prior NGI

findings, the Court requires that the defendant register as a firearm

offender.

Moreover, at the sentencing hearing, the court specifically articulated its

consideration oftwo ofthe suggested factors, detailing its concern over Miller's

criminal history3 and noting that there was no suggestion that Miller had been

found guilty by reason of insanity.

3At the time of his plea, Miller had been convicted of four juvenile court offenses, second

degree burglary in 2009, and third degree assault, criminal trespass, and harassment in 2011.

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No. 73491-1-1/8

The court also expressed its concern over the number and type of

firearms possessed by Miller and the manner in which he possessed them,

stating:

I am concerned just with the presence and number of weapons

which were recovered. Not only the one on your person and

according to the search there was a loaded magazine and the

weapon, no rounds in the chamber butstill a loaded handgun and

then three rifles, a pistol, a shotgun and a Sig Sauer. I'm

concerned about those.[4]

The number ofguns that were illegally possessed by the defendant is

plainly a relevant consideration. Moreover, the court's reference to Miller's

possession of a loaded firearm while committing his burglaries, to guard against

the happenstance of encountering a resident, was, indeed, a comment on Miller's

propensity for violence. Miller would have had no need to possess a loaded gun

unless he was open to firing it at such a resident.

The sentencing court properly considered relevant factors in making its

determination. It did not abuse its discretion in requiring Miller to register as a

felony firearm offender.

V

In his appellate briefing, Miller requests that no costs associated with his

appeal be assessed against him. The State did not respond to this request. We

exercise ourdiscretion and do not impose appellate costs. RAP 14.2; State v.

«Miller cites Statev. Rupe, 101 Wn.2d 664, 683 P.2d 571 (1984), for the proposition that

the number of firearms in his possession should not be part ofthe court's consideration in

determining his propensity for violence. However, Rupe's guns were lawfully possessed. Ruge,

101 Wn.2d at 706-07. Miller committed crimes by possessing his numerous firearms.

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No. 73491-1-1/9

Sinclair, 192 Wn. App. 380, 388, 367 P.3d 612 (2016), review denied, No. 92796-

1 (Wash. June 29, 2016).

Affirmed.

^7^

We concur:

VmM^ A^i

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