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Title:   Author  item
                                            Yokoyama, Wallace

                                                         - *Wally*item
                                            KIM, HYUNSOOK - University Of California
  Submitted to: Bakery Products:  Science and Technology
                                    Publication Type: Book / Chapter
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 9/19/2012
                                    Publication  Date: 6/6/2014
                                    Citation: Yokoyama, W.H., Kim, H. 2014. Nutritional attributes of bakery products. Bakery Products:  In: Weibiao Zhou, Y. H. Hui, I. De Leyn, M. A. Pagani, C. M. Rosell, J. D. Selman, N. Therdthai., editors. Science and Technology. 2nd edition. Chichester, UK. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 409-415. DOI: 10.1002/9781118792001.Interpretive Summary: Obesity is epidemic in Western countries.  Bread contributes a significant amount of calories to Western diets and the amount of cereal, fat and sugar intake has increased during the past 20 years.  The chapter focuses on new hypothesis such as the role of gut microbiota and inflammation related to obesity and metabolic diseases and how the constituents of breads such as fiber, phenolic compounds, and starch affect the microbiota and physiology.
                                Technical Abstract: Wheat bread has been and continues to be an important source of caloric energy and protein for the people of many continents for thousands of years.  In recent years bread, mostly white wheat bread, has also contributed to, but in its whole grain forms may also ameliorate the chronic diseases, associated with obesity.  Therefore this chapter focuses on the physiological impact of bread composition and processing on obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.  Recent research has also suggested that chronic low grade inflammation, due to passage of intestinal bacterial fragments into the body, is a cause of chronic obesity related diseases and perhaps initiates obesity itself.  Cellulose, arabinoxylans, phenolic substances associated with fiber, resistant starch, amylose content, and processing affect digestibility, rate of absorption, intestinal tight barrier function, bile acid excretion, fat excretion, blood cholesterol, blood glucose, blood insulin, and insulin resistance.


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