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Title:   Author  item
                                            LOPES, ANA - University Of Tras-Os-montes And Alto Douroitem
                                            SOUSA, SUSANA - Universidade Do Portoitem
                                            Dubey, Jitenderitem
                                            RIBEIRO, ANA - Veterinary Hospital, Federal University Of Campina Grande (UFCG)item
                                            SILVESTRE, RICARDO - Universidade Do Portoitem
                                            COTOVIO, MARIO - University Of Tras-Os-montes And Alto Douroitem
                                            SCHALLIG, HENK - University Of Tras-Os-montes And Alto Douroitem
                                            CARDOSA, LUIS - University Of Tras-Os-montes And Alto Douroitem
                                            CORDEIRO-DA-SILVA, ANABELA - Universidade Do Porto
  Submitted to: Parasites & Vectors
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 6/13/2013
                                    Publication  Date: 6/17/2013
                                    Citation: Lopes, A., Sousa, S., Dubey, J.P., Ribeiro, A., Silvestre, R., Cotovio, M., Schallig, H., Cardosa, L., Cordeiro-Da-Silva, A. 2013. Prevalence of antibodies to Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii in horses from the north of Portugal. Parasites & Vectors. 6:178.Interpretive Summary: Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite of all warm-blooded hosts worldwide. It causes mental retardation and loss of vision in children, and abortion in livestock. Cats are the main reservoir of T. gondii because they are the only hosts that can excrete the resistant stage (oocyst) of the parasite in the feces. Humans become infected by eating under cooked meat from infected animals and food and water contaminated with oocysts. Leishmania sp. Is another parasite of zoonotic importance. In the present study,prevalences of antibodies to these agents were assessed in 173 horses from the north of Portugal. Antibodies to L. infantum were detected by the direct agglutination test (DAT); seven (4.0%) horses were seropositive. Antibodies to T. gondii were assayed by the modified agglutination test (MAT); 23 horses were seropositive. The presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in nearly 15% of surveyed horses raises significant food safety concerns given the evidence that horse meat, by both overt and covert means, enters the human food supply. These findings are of interest to veterinarians and parasitologisyts.
                                Technical Abstract: Background
Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii are protozoa with zoonotic and economic importance. Prevalences of antibodies to these agents were assessed in 173 horses from the north of Portugal.

Findings
Antibodies to L. infantum were detected by the direct agglutination test (DAT); seven (4.0%) horses were seropositive with DAT titres of 200 (n = 5), 800 (n = 1) and >= 1600 (n = 1). Antibodies to T. gondii were assayed by the modified agglutination test (MAT); 23 horses were seropositive with MAT titres of 20 (n = 13), 40 (n = 5), 80 (n = 3) and >= 160 (n = 2). No statistical differences were found among equine categories of gender (female, male and gelding), age (1.5'6, 7'12 and 13'30 years), type of housing (indoors and mixed/outdoors), ability (recreation, farming and sports) and clinical status (apparently healthy and sick) for both agents.

Conclusions
Horses are exposed to and may be infected with L. infantum and T. gondii in the north of Portugal.


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