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Title:   Author  item
                                            Bischoff, Kennethitem
                                            Callaway, Todditem
                                            Edrington, Thomasitem
                                            Genovese, Kenneth

                                                         - *Ken*item
                                            Crippen, Tawni

                                                         - *Tc*item
                                            Nisbet, David
  Submitted to: Encyclopedia of Animal Science
                                    Publication Type: Book / Chapter
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 11/1/2010
                                    Publication  Date: 11/19/2010
                                    Citation: Bischoff, K.M., Callaway, T.R., Edrington, T.S., Genovese, K.J., Crippen, T.L., Nisbet, D.J. 2010. Antimicrobial use: Alternatives. In: Ullrey, D.E., Baer, C.K., Pond, W.G., editors. Encyclopedia of Animal Science, Second Edition. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press. 1(1):43-45.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: For over fifty years, antimicrobials have been used in food animal production to maintain animal health and to increase productivity.  The resulting increase in antimicrobial resistance among enteric bacteria has created two principal concerns: 1) the prevalence of drug-resistant pathogens leaves the producer with fewer tools to manage disease, and 2) a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria has the potential for transmission to humans via the food chain.  The most logical intervention strategy to combat the increase in antimicrobial resistance is to reduce selection pressure by limiting the availability and promoting prudent use of antimicrobial drugs.  But such measures may not be effective because linkage of resistance genes allows a single selection pressure to co-select for resistance to multiple agents.  Thus, simultaneous reductions of all co-selecting agents may be required to reverse the persistence of antimicrobial resistance.  This necessitates the development of alternative, non-antimicrobial methods to maintain animal health and productivity.  This entry reviews some of the intervention strategies that are being developed as alternatives to antimicrobials for the control of enteric pathogens in food animals.  The application of alternative pathogen control measures will decrease the total usage of antimicrobial drugs and should reduce antimicrobial resistance among enteric bacteria in food animals.


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