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Title:   Author  item
                                            RALPH, J - University Of Wisconsinitem
                                            Grabber, Johnitem
                                            LU, F - University Of Wisconsinitem
                                            KIM, H - University Of Wisconsinitem
                                            Marita, Janeitem
                                            Hatfield, Ronald
  Submitted to: International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry
                                    Publication Type: Proceedings
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 12/1/2008
                                    Publication  Date: 6/15/2009
                                    Citation: Ralph, J., Grabber, J.H., Lu, F., Kim, H., Marita, J.M., Hatfield, R.D. 2009. Incorporation of Monolignol Conjugates into Lignin for Improved Processing. In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Symposium on Wood, Fiber, and Pulping Chemistry, June 15-18, 2009, Oslo, Norway. Paper O-014.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: Lignin remains one of the most significant barriers to the efficient utilization of cellulosic substrates, either for pulping or for biofuels production. Now that monomer substitution in the lignification process is now well authenticated in various transgenic plants, it is opportune to begin explorations into designing lignins to improve the ease with which they can be removed from the cell wall. Here we reveal the logic behind our approach to utilize coniferyl and sinapyl ferulate (CA/SA-FA) as lignin ‘monomers’. These conjugates, ferulate analogs of the monolignol p-coumarates that are incorporated naturally into grass lignins, result in ester linkages connecting polymer moieties; unlike p-coumarates, ferulates incorporate integrally into the polymer by the combinatorial array of radical coupling reactions that typify lignification. The resulting ‘zips’ in the polymer are then readily cleaved by alkaline or acidolytic processes. Incorporation of 25% CA-FA into lignin in suspension-cultured corn cell walls allows delignification at just 100 °C to the same level as requires 160 °C on normally-lignified material; at 65% CA-FA (a probably unrealistic level) just 30 °C is required. Engineering plants to incorporate such monomer conjugates therefore has the potential to vastly reduce the energy demands of processing; plants with such lignins appear to be ideally suited for AFEX pretreatment. With the gene required to biosynthesize the conjugate in hand, the next step is to attempt the plant engineering.


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