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Title:   Author  item
                                            Hatfield, Jerryitem
                                            Venterea, Rodney

                                                         - *Rod*
  Submitted to: Agronomy Journal
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 10/25/2013
                                    Publication  Date: 3/6/2014
                                    Publication URL: http://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/58640Citation: Hatfield, J.L., Venterea, R.T. 2014. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers: A multi-site comparison of the effects on nitrous oxide emissions and agronomic performance. Agronomy Journal. 106(2):679-680.Interpretive Summary: Improvement of nutrient use efficiency is critical to enhance agronomic production and reduce environmental impacts from nutrient management practices. One avenue to achieve this goal is to utilize enhanced efficiency fertilizers; however, the information available across multiple locations is sparse. A multi-location study was designed to evaluate different enhanced efficiency fertilizers with a combination of coatings to delay availability in the soil or inhibitors to reduce the rate of transformation into available nitrogen forms in the soil on the release of a potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide, and on the agronomic performance of different crops. Similar protocols were used across the locations which covered rainfed and irrigated production systems to allow for comparisons among sites. The results from these studies revealed that nitrous oxide emissions are reduced immediately after application but the seasonal effect is related to the pattern of rainfall during the growing season. The agronomic effect from enhanced efficiency fertilizers varied among locations due to the water availability for grain production. These combined papers did reveal new methods to evaluate crop response to fertilizer management. These papers provide information to help consultants and agronomists understand the value of enhanced efficiency fertilizers.
                                Technical Abstract: The need to understand the effects of enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEF) for their effect on nitrous oxide emissions and agronomic performance was the motivation underpinning this multi-location study across North America. Research locations participating in this study included Ames, IA; Auburn, AL; Bowling Green, KY; Fort Collins, CO; St. Paul, MN; Pullman, WA; University Park, PA; and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. All of these sites collected observations on various forms of enhanced efficiency fertilizers for their effect on nitrous oxide emissions throughout the year and agronomic performance of corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The agronomic impact of these materials shows there is an inconsistent effect on crop production which has been noted in previous studies comparing EEF to non-EEF materials. In cotton production in the southeast, there was no effect of EEF materials on yield or fiber quality.  The majority of the studies evaluated the effect of EEF materials on corn yield and showed inconsistent effects on grain yield. The use of EEF materials caused an increased greenness in corn canopies in Iowa and increased grain yield because of the delayed senescence of the plant canopy. The use of a chlorophyll index or the plant senescence index revealed that the increase in grain yield could be attributed to an increased duration of green leaf area of the corn crop during the grain-filling stage. In all crops the use of EEF materials increased the nitrogen use efficiency of the crop which demonstrates that EEF materials will have both positive environmental and agronomic responses. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers exhibit mixed results for their combined impact on N2O emissions and crop production. The primary factor limiting a consistent response among locations is the variation in the seasonal weather during the growing season. In general, the effect of EEF materials on N2O emissions is positive during the period immediately following application compared to non-EEF materials; however, the rainfall pattern during the remainder of the growing season determines the overall efficacy of these materials. Overall, the materials evaluated in this study across multiple locations revealed that these fertilizer materials function as enhanced efficiency fertilizers.


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