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Title:   Author  item
                                            NELSON, MARTHA - Fogarty International Centeritem
                                            GRAMER, MARIE - Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratoriesitem
                                            Baker, Amyitem
                                            HOLMES, EDWARD - Pennsylvania State University
  Submitted to: Journal of General Virology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 7/6/2012
                                    Publication  Date: 10/1/2012
                                    Citation: Nelson, M.I., Gramer, M.R., Vincent, A.L., Holmes, E.C. 2012. Global transmission of influenza viruses from humans to swine. Journal of General Virology. 93(10):2195-2203.Interpretive Summary: At least 52 human-to-swine transmission events of pandemic A/H1N1/09 influenza virus were identified. These results highlight the global frequency of swine exposure to human influenza viruses and the permeability of the human-swine species barrier, even following adaptive evolution in humans. More generally, these findings emphasize the need to improve biosecurity measures aimed at the human-swine interface, including influenza vaccination of swine workers, in both developed and developing countries.
                                Technical Abstract: Using a large-scale phylogenetic approach we identify at least 52 human-to-swine transmission events of pandemic A/H1N1/09 influenza virus. These results highlight the global frequency of swine exposure to human influenza viruses and the permeability of the human-swine species barrier, even following adaptive evolution in humans. More generally, these findings emphasize the need to improve biosecurity measures aimed at the human-swine interface, including influenza vaccination of swine workers, in both developed and developing countries.


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