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Title:   Author  item
                                            Dubey, Jitenderitem
                                            CHOUDHARY, SHANTI - Non ARS Employeeitem
                                            FERREIRA, LEANDRA - Non ARS Employeeitem
                                            Kwok, Oliveritem
                                            BUTLER, ERIKA - Minnesota Department Of Natural Resourcesitem
                                            CARSTENSEN, MICHELLE - Minnesota Department Of Natural Resourcesitem
                                            YU, L - University Of Tennesseeitem
                                            SU, CHUNLEI - University Of Tennessee
  Submitted to: Veterinary Parasitology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 5/11/2013
                                    Publication  Date: 10/1/2013
                                    Citation: Dubey, J.P., Choudhary, S., Ferreira, L., Kwok, O.C., Butler, E., Carstensen, M., Yu, L., Su, C. 2013. Isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from the gray wolf Canis lupus. Veterinary Parasitology. 197:685-690.Interpretive Summary: Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite of all warm-blooded hosts worldwide. It causes mental retardation and loss of vision in children, and abortion in livestock. Cats are the main reservoir of T. gondii because they are the only hosts that can excrete the resistant stage (oocyst) of the parasite in the feces. Humans become infected by eating under cooked meat from infected animals and food and water contaminated with oocysts. Little is known of the circulation of Toxoplasma in wildlife. In the present study, scientists found Toxoplasma in wolves for the first time. Isolation of T. gondii from feral wolves indicates a sylvatic cycle of Toxoplasma, with spillover to domestic livestock. The results will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, and public health workers.
                                Technical Abstract: Little is known of the genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii circulating in wildlife. In the present study feral gray wolf (Canis lupus) from Minnesota were examined for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 130 (52.4%) of 248 wolves tested by the modified agglutination test (cut-off titer of 25).  Tissues (hearts, brains or both) of 109 wolves were bioassayed in mice for isolation of parasites. Viable T. gondii was isolated from 25 and the isolates were further propagated in cell culture. T. gondii DNA from these isolates was characterized using 10 PCR-RFLP markers (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico). Four genotypes were detected. Twenty-one isolates were Type 12 (ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #5), 2 were Type II clonal (ToxoDB #1), 1 was Type II variant (ToxoDB #3), and 1 was a new genotype designated as ToxoDB genotype #219.


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