PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 22-6410

DAVID T. KING, individually and as Personal Representative of the Estate of John 

Telly King,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.

WARDEN TIMOTHY RILEY; ASSOCIATE WARDEN ANDREA THOMPSON; 

ASSOCIATE WARDEN GARY LANE; MAJOR V. JACKSON; CAPTAIN 

YOLANDA BROWN; LT. TRAVIS PRESSLEY; SGT. DEWAUN MCKAN; 

CPL. MATTHEW WHITAKER; and C/O DAMIAN JONES,

 Defendants - Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at Rock 

Hill. Paige Jones Gossett, Magistrate Judge. (0:19-cv-00828-PJG)

Argued: January 27, 2023 Decided: August 4, 2023

Before WYNN, THACKER, and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Richardson wrote the opinion, in which Judge 

Thacker joined. Judge Wynn wrote an opinion dissenting.

ARGUED: Elizabeth Anne Franklin-Best, ELIZABETH FRANKLIN-BEST, P.C., 

Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellant. Claude Eugene Hardin, Jr., THE MCKAY 

FIRM, P.A., Columbia, South Carolina; Daniel C. Plyler, SMITH ROBINSON, LLC, 

Columbia, South Carolina; David Allan DeMasters, RILEY, POPE & LANEY, LLC, 

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Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Shanon N. Peake, SMITH 

ROBINSON, LLC, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellees Riley, Thompson, Lane, 

Jackson, Brown, Garvin, Pressley, and Whitaker. Daniel R. Settana, Jr., THE MCKAY 

FIRM, P.A., Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee McKan.

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RICHARDSON, Circuit Judge:

John Telly King was brutally murdered by fellow inmates Jacob Philip and Denver 

Simmons. King’s estate sued the South Carolina Department of Corrections prison guards 

on duty and their supervisors, alleging that they were deliberately indifferent to King’s 

safety and medical needs and therefore responsible for his death. A magistrate judge 

disagreed, granting summary judgment to defendants, and King appeals. Finding no error 

in the judge’s decision, we affirm. The prison guards on duty failed to violate a clearly 

established right so are entitled to qualified immunity. And King failed to allege, or raise 

a disputed material fact of, any individual involvement by the supervisor defendants.

I. Background

King was incarcerated in the Intermediate Care Services Unit at Kirkland 

Correctional Facility. That Unit houses “inmates with serious persistent mental illness who 

require intensive treatment . . . but [who] do not need psychiatric hospitalization.” J.A. 

296.

The Unit, like other units in Kirkland, used inmates as janitors, or—as the prison 

referred to them—“ward keepers.” Ward keepers are apparently chosen based on mentalhealth counselors’ recommendations.

1

 They receive special privileges. Of note, their cell 

doors remained unlocked from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., allowing them to move about the 

Unit and have other inmates in their cell.

1 There is some uncertainty about who selected ward keepers but no evidence in the 

record would permit a jury to conclude that any defendant chose the ward keepers.

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These privileges helped Philip and Simmons kill King. Both Philip and Simmons 

were ward keepers. In fact, they were head ward keepers despite both serving life sentences 

for double murders and having a violent prison history.

2

 One April morning in 2017, they

lured King into Simmons’s unlocked cell, strangled him with an extension cord,3 and 

stuffed his body underneath the bed. Over the next two and a half hours, they murdered 

three other inmates.

While the murders were occurring, Sergeant DeWaun McKan was on duty. As part 

of his duties, Sergeant McKan was supposed to conduct security checks every 30 minutes. 

He did do this. But he had also been trained to look inside the cells when conducting those 

security checks. He did not do this. When he passed by Simmons’s cell on that murderous 

morning, he did not look inside. And no officer noticed anything was wrong.

Undiscovered and uninterrupted, Philip and Simmons completed their murders. 

They then left the Unit, walked to the prison’s administration building, and told officers 

there to check Simmons’s cell. Those officers radioed Sergeant McKan and another 

officer, Damien Jones. When Sergeant McKan and Officer Jones entered the cell, they 

found four bodies. Sergeant McKan radioed for first responders but did not himself 

administer medical care. Neither did Officer Jones.

2 While being held in jail, before being placed in the South Carolina Department of 

Corrections, Phillip tried to kill his cellmate. And Simmons received prison disciplinary 

charges for threatening a correctional guard, cutting himself, and assaulting another inmate

with a squeegee.

3 All inmates were allowed to keep extension cords in their cells.

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King sued Sergeant McKan, Officer Jones, their immediate supervisors, and 

Kirkland’s warden and associate wardens under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. King alleged that 

defendants were deliberately indifferent to his safety and medical needs in violation of his 

Eighth Amendment right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. The parties elected 

to proceed before a magistrate judge, who granted summary judgment to defendants. The 

magistrate judge held that defendants were not deliberately indifferent and that, in any 

event, they were entitled to qualified immunity. King appeals this decision, and we have 

jurisdiction.

II. Discussion

King’s estate brings three deliberate-indifference claims. First, King alleges that 

Sergeant McKan was deliberately indifferent to a substantial risk to King’s safety because 

he failed to protect King by conducting proper security checks.4

 Second, King asserts that 

Sergeant McKan and Officer Jones were deliberately indifferent to King’s medical needs 

by calling for medical personnel without checking for a pulse or performing CPR on King 

when they discovered his body. Third, King claims that Warden Riley, Associate Warden 

Thompson, Associate Warden Lane, and Major Jackson were deliberately indifferent to a 

substantial risk to King’s safety under a theory of supervisory liability.5

 

4 The magistrate judge analyzed this claim for all defendants. On appeal, however, 

King’s briefing focuses only on Sergeant McKan, and so we limit our analysis for this 

claim to him. See Grayson O Co. v. Agadir Int’l LLC, 856 F.3d 307, 316 (4th Cir. 2017).

5 In one sentence on appeal King argues that “Defendants Riley, Thompson, Lane,

Jackson, Brown, Garvey, Pressley, Whitaker, and McKan either maintained actual or 

constructive knowledge of risk.” Appellant’s Br. at 30. This sentence is the only place 

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We first discuss the deliberate-indifference standard. Prison officials violate the 

Eighth Amendment’s cruel-and-unusual-punishment clause when they are deliberately 

indifferent to a substantial risk to an inmate’s safety or medical needs. See Farmer v. 

Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 (1994); Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976). A deliberateindifference claim has an objective and subjective element. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834–37; 

Pfaller v. Amonette, 55 F.4th 436, 445 (4th Cir. 2022). The objective prong requires the 

inmate to demonstrate a “substantial risk of serious harm.” Farmer, 511 U.S. 834. The 

subjective prong requires the inmate to show that the prison official knew about this

substantial risk and recognized that their response to that risk was inadequate. Parrish ex 

rel. Lee v. Cleveland, 372 F.3d 294, 303 (4th Cir. 2004). That means, even with knowledge

of the risk, an official who “responded reasonably to the risk” cannot be found liable under 

the Eighth Amendment. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 844.

A. Failure-to-Protect Claim

We begin with King’s claim that Sergeant McKan was deliberately indifferent to 

King’s safety by failing to conduct proper security checks. At bottom, King argues that 

Sergeant McKan should be held liable because he walked past Simmons’s cell without

looking inside despite knowing King faced a substantial risk of inmate violence. But

where Captain Brown, Lieutenant Garvin, Lieutenant Pressley, Corporal Whitaker, and 

Sergeant McKan are mentioned by name in the brief’s supervisory-liability section. This

“passing shot” does not preserve an argument for these defendants. See Grayson O, 856 

F.3d at 316. Accordingly, we evaluate the supervisory-liability claim only for Defendants 

Riley, Thompson, Lane, and Jackson.

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because there is no clearly established constitutional right to properly conducted security 

checks, McKan is entitled to qualified immunity, and cannot be held liable on this claim.

When a government official is sued in their individual capacity, they are protected 

by qualified immunity “insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established 

statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.”6

 

Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). To overcome qualified immunity, a 

plaintiff must typically show (1) that the government official violated a statutory or 

constitutional right and (2) that right was clearly established at the time of the challenged 

conduct. See Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 735 (2011).

That said, the Fourth Circuit has carved out a class of deliberate-indifference claims 

to treat differently. Acknowledging that qualified immunity does not protect officials who 

knowingly disregard the law, see Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986), we have

reasoned that officials who are aware that their conduct is constitutionally deficient cannot 

rely on the clearly established prong, Pfaller, 55 F.4th 446–47 (citing Thorpe v. Clarke, 37 

F.4th 926, 933–40 (4th Cir. 2022)). We have said that, sometimes, context makes the 

violation “obvious” and case law is thus not needed to establish this awareness. See id. at 

447 (quoting Thorpe, 37 F.4th at 934). So when a defendant knows her conduct does not 

pass constitutional muster, we do not look to see if she violated clearly established 

precedent. Thorpe, 37 F.4th at 939–40. Instead, we ask only if her actions violated the 

6 “[Q]ualified immunity is ‘controversial, contested, and binding.’” Stanton v. 

Elliott, 25 F.4th 227, 237 (4th Cir. 2022) (quoting Dean ex rel. Harkness v. McKinney, 976 

F.3d 407, 422 (4th Cir. 2020) (Richardson, J., dissenting)).

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Eight Amendment. See Pfaller, 55 F.4th at 446. But, if she did not know her actions 

violated the Eighth Amendment, she is entitled to the same two-pronged, qualifiedimmunity approach as every other government official. Id. at 448 (“In such a case, the 

‘clearly established’ prong continues to perform work independent of the ‘constitutionalviolation’ prong.”).

Sergeant McKan is entitled to the two-prong approach. To see why, consider the 

substantial risk of harm he is alleged to have known about: inmate-on-inmate violence. 

According to King, Sergeant McKan’s conduct is constitutionally deficient because 

although he took steps to mitigate that risk—for example, performing security checks every 

thirty minutes—he did not look in the cells on those checks. Yet the Constitution does not 

“obvious[ly]” require he look in the cells to mitigate the risk of inmate-on-inmate violence. 

See id. at 447 (quoting Thorpe, 37 F.4th at 934). So context did not make him aware of a 

knowing violation of the law. See id. We thus cannot say that McKan did not “need case 

law to tell him” that his conduct was constitutionally deficient. Id. at 446.

Turning to the applicable two-prong approach, we may address the prongs in 

whatever order we choose. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009). Here, we start 

with the clearly established prong. Under that prong, McKan is immune from suit if there 

was no clearly established right to properly conducted security checks when the murders 

occurred in April 2017. See al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 735.

A right is clearly established if existing precedent—either controlling case law or a 

“consensus of persuasive authority” from other Circuits, Booker v. S.C. Dep’t of Corr., 855 

F.3d 533, 544 (4th Cir. 2017)—has placed the question beyond debate. Taylor v. Barkes, 

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575 U.S. 822, 825 (2015). While this standard does not require “a case directly on point,” 

the case law must be “sufficiently clear that every reasonable official would have 

understood that what he is doing violates that right.” Id. (quoting al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at

741).

The first step in assessing if a right is clearly established is defining the right at 

issue. See Pfaller, 55 F.4th at 445. The Supreme Court has consistently admonished that 

we are “not to define the clearly established law at a high level of generality.” City of 

Escondido v. Emmons, 139 S. Ct. 500, 503 (2019) (quoting Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 

1148, 1152 (2018)); see also Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 198–99 (2004). Instead, 

we “pinpoint the precise constitutional right at issue.” Pfaller, 55 F.4th at 445. And while 

it’s true that we require less specificity when defining the right in the Eighth Amendment 

context than when the Fourth Amendment is implicated, see id. at 453, the unlawfulness 

must still be “apparent” based on pre-existing law. Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 739 

(2002) (quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987)).

The right at issue here is King’s right to have to have a correctional officer look into 

the cell window while conducting a security check—given a known and substantial risk of 

inmate-on-inmate violence in the Unit.

7 So—even if the risk of inmate violence was

7 This risk must be more specific than “the general risks that all the inmates posed 

to one another and prison officials.” Rich v. Bruce, 129 F.3d 336, 338 (4th Cir. 1997). We 

have explicitly rejected the idea that knowledge of a general risk of violence in a prison 

unit can establish deliberate indifference. Id. at 339 (no deliberate indifference when the 

facts did not show that the defendant-guard “knew that his actions exposed [inmate] to a 

specific risk distinct from the general risk of violence from other inmates . . . to which 

[inmate] was always exposed, and of which [defendant-guard] was certainly aware”); see 

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substantial and Sergeant McKan knew that—King needs precedent establishing that 

Sergeant McKan’s efforts to mitigate that risk (i.e., security checks without looking in 

cells) were constitutionally deficient.8

King does not point to any analogous cases establishing this specific right.9

 Instead, 

he relies on the principle that a right can be clearly established if it is “manifestly included 

also Parrish, 372 F.3d at 305 (no deliberate indifference where detainee aspirated on his 

vomit after officers placed a spit mask on him because officers were only aware of “general 

risks” that intoxicated individuals could die from aspiration and not “the incremental risk 

that they themselves created by leaving the spit mask over [the detainee’s] head.”). 

The dissent mostly relies on the general risk in arguing that Sergeant McKan should 

not receive qualified immunity. See Dissenting Op. at 27–29. It identifies only one specific

fact to show that Sergeant McKan was deliberately indifferent to an obvious risk: a 

disciplinary report that Simmons hit an inmate with a squeegee several months before the 

murders. Dissenting Op. at 28. But this report cannot show that McKan knew that 

Simmons and Philip posed a substantial and known risk to other inmates. See Cox v. 

Quinn, 828 F.3d 227, 239 (4th Cir. 2016). And the report does nothing to make it obvious 

that Simmons and Philip were likely to brutally murder four inmates. 

8 Echoing the dissent’s error, King argues that the right at issue is the general right 

to be protected from inmate violence. But this defines the right too broadly. Remember, 

the critical inquiry is whether case law alerted Sergeant McKan that his conduct was 

constitutionally deficient. And even accepting a clearly established right to keep King safe 

from inmate violence, that would not mean a reasonable officer in Sergeant McKan’s shoes 

would understand that conducting safety walks without looking into cells violates that 

right. See Pfaller, 55 F.4th at 452–55 (searching to see if our case law provided defendant 

“fair warning” that he violated a patient’s right to receive medical care in the specific 

context of the case). More specificity is needed. See Sharpe v. Winterville Police Dep’t, 

59 F.4th 674, 683 (4th Cir. 2023) (“A reasonable officer will be unable to determine how 

the relevant legal doctrine will apply to the factual situation if the circumstances differ too 

much from prior cases.” (cleaned up)).

9

 The dissent points to Makdessi v. Fields, 789 F.3d 126 (4th Cir. 2015), claiming 

it clearly establishes that Sergeant McKan was deliberately indifferent to an obvious risk 

of harm. In Makdessi, we held that prison officials were deliberately indifferent because

the risk of harm was so obvious that the officials must have known about it. Id. at 134–35. 

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within a more general application[ ] of the core constitutional principle invoked.” Pritchett 

v. Alford, 973 F.2d 307, 314 (4th Cir. 1992). The theory being that “[i]n some cases, 

government officials can be expected to know that if X is illegal, then Y is also illegal, 

despite factual differences between the two.” Williams v. Strickland, 917 F.3d 763, 768 

(4th Cir. 2019). King says that Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 (1994), establishes a 

prisoner’s right to be free from an official’s deliberate indifference to a substantial risk of 

serious harm. And he claims that this general principle manifestly includes the right to 

have a prison official look in his cell during security checks.

He’s wrong. Farmer provides general guidance about Eighth Amendment 

deliberate-indifference claims. Indeed, it is the case in which the Supreme Court explained 

what deliberate indifference means in the Eighth Amendment context. Farmer, 511 U.S. 

at 835–37. But Farmer provides no guidance about how the Eighth Amendment applies 

to this case’s “specific context.” See Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015) (quoting 

Brosseau, 543 U.S. at 198). So Farmer does not make it apparent that Sergeant McKan 

There, Makdessi complained to prison officials for years about the abuse he suffered. Id.

at 129. They responded by ignoring his complaints or calling him racial slurs and 

threatening him with further abuse. Id. at 129, 130. Three years after his first complaint, 

he was placed in a cell with a violent gang member, who beat and raped him. Id. at 129. 

Makdessi reported the rape, but officials ignored the report and a written policy requiring 

him to be transferred to a new cell. As a result, he was beaten and raped a second time. 

Id. Given these facts, it’s no wonder we held that the officials were deliberately indifferent 

to an obvious risk. And considering the differences between Makdessi and this case, that 

the risk was obvious in Makdessi says little about whether it was obvious here. Cf. Mullenix 

v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 18 (2015) (“[T]he mere fact that courts have approved deadly force in 

more extreme circumstances says little, if anything, about whether such force was 

reasonable in the circumstances here.”).

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violated the Eighth Amendment by failing to look into each cell during his security checks. 

See Barkes, 575 U.S. at 825–27 (finding no clearly established right to “proper 

implementation of adequate suicide prevention protocols” where the Court had never “even 

discusse[d]” that context). Farmer thus fails to clearly establish this “right.”

Nor does King’s allegation that Sergeant McKan violated internal procedures help. 

True, Sergeant McKan was trained to look in the cell windows during security checks. And 

other defendants acknowledged that was best practice. Yet the record does not show a 

policy requiring an officer to look in each cell window. Even if it did, knowingly violating 

a prison policy does not amount to deliberate indifference. See Rich, 129 F.3d at 339–40

(applying Farmer to hold that an officer was not deliberately indifferent despite knowingly 

violating prison regulations); see also Tucker v. Evans, 276 F.3d 999, 1001–02 (8th Cir. 

2002) (holding that a correction officer’s failure to properly perform security checks was, 

at most, gross negligence). Not every violation of prison policy is a violation of the 

constitution. And qualified immunity cares about violations of clearly established 

constitutional law, not clearly established prison policy. So whether Sergeant McKan 

violated the prison’s rule shines little light on whether he also violated King’s clearly 

established Eight Amendment rights.

With hindsight, we know that Sergeant McKan should have conducted security 

checks by looking into cells rather than walking around. But King has not shown that

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Sergeant McKan’s failure to do so violated his clearly established rights. So Sergeant 

McKan is entitled to qualified immunity.

10

B. Medical-Needs Claim

King also claims that Sergeant McKan and Officer Jones were deliberately 

indifferent to King’s medical needs when they opened the door to Simmons’s cell, saw 

four bodies, including King, and called for medical personnel rather than rendering medical 

assistance themselves. But to repeat, overcoming qualified immunity requires King to 

show that Sergeant McKan’s and Officer Jones’s conduct violated a clearly established 

right. See al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 735. It didn’t. So we affirm the magistrate judge’s grant of 

summary judgment.

Rather than claiming that our own controlling precedent clearly established that 

Sergeant McKan’s and Officer Jones’s conduct violated the Eighth Amendment, King 

identifies cases from four other circuits holding that an officer is deliberately indifferent 

when he fails to render aid to a prisoner who appears to be unconscious or dead. See Lemire 

v. Cal. Dept. of Corr. & Rehabilitation, 726 F.3d 1062, 1082–83 (9th Cir. 2013); McRaven 

v. Sanders, 577 F.3d 974, 983–84 (8th Cir. 2009); Jones v. City of Cincinnati, 521 F.3d 

10 The dissent errs by largely lumping the prison staff together, rather than 

considering Sergeant McKan individually. See Taylor v. Riojas, 141 S. Ct. 52, 54 (2020); 

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677 (2009); see also Koon v. North Carolina, 50 F.4th 

398, 407 (4th Cir. 2022) (“Collective knowledge cannot make out deliberate 

indifference.”). For example, the dissent repeatedly admonishes the staff’s decision to give 

Phillip and Simmons special privileges as ward keepers despite their particularly violent 

criminal histories and medical diagnoses. Dissenting Op. at 21; see also id. at 19, 29. But 

there is no evidence that Sergeant McKan had any role in this decision or that Sergeant 

McKan knew the all the details about Phillip and Simmons. 

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555, 560 (6th Cir. 2008); Bozeman v. Orum, 422 F.3d 1265, 1274 (11th Cir. 2005). He 

asks us to hold that these four cases amount to a “consensus of persuasive authority” clearly 

establishing that the officers’ actions were unconstitutional. See Booker, 855 F.3d at 544. 

Those cases do not come close to establishing such a consensus. King’s problem is 

two-fold. First, two of those cases are distinguishable from the right King claims. In Jones

and Bozeman, the officers took no action at all. See Jones, 521 F.3d at 560 (explaining that 

the officers “‘stood there and discussed the absence of fire personnel’ after they noticed 

Jones was not breathing.”); Bozeman, 422 F.3d at 1274 (explaining that “the officers knew 

[the inmate] was unconscious and not breathing and . . . did nothing.”). Yet Sergeant

McKan and Officer Jones called for medical personnel as soon as they found King’s body. 

[J.A. 227–28.] This is a key difference, because “good-faith efforts to remedy a plaintiff’s 

problems will prevent finding deliberate indifference, absent extraordinary circumstances.” 

Koon v. North Carolina, 50 F.4th 398, 407 (4th Cir. 2022). Jones and Bozeman suggest 

that officers must do something when they come across an unconscious prisoner, but they 

do not help officers understand what constitutes sufficient good-faith efforts in this context. 

So they do not clearly establish Sergeant McKan’s and Officer Jones’s conduct violated 

the Eighth Amendment.

Second, without Jones or Bozeman, King is left with two out-of-circuit cases. And 

while those two cases do hold that King has the right he claims, see Lemire, 726 at 1082–

83; McRaven, 577 F.3d at 983–84, that’s not enough for a “consensus,” Booker, 855 F.3d 

at 538. This is all the more true given that other persuasive authorities go the other way. 

The Fifth Circuit, and our own Circuit in an unpublished opinion, have held that King’s 

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claimed right does not exist. See Brumfield v. Hollins, 551 F.3d 322, 332–33 (5th Cir. 

2008); Ward v. Holmes, 28 F.3d 1212, *3, *7 (4th Cir. 1994) (unpublished table decision). 

Given the thin support for King’s position, he has not shown that the officials violated his 

clearly established rights by calling for medical aid but not providing it themselves. 

Therefore, Sergeant McKan and Officer Jones are entitled to qualified immunity.

C. Supervisory-Liability Claim

Lastly, King brought a supervisory-liability claim of deliberate indifference against 

Warden Riley, Associate Wardens Thompson and Lane, and Major Jackson. His claim 

fails because he neglected to allege or produce evidence that any individual defendant 

violated his rights.

The Supreme Court explained in Ashcroft v. Iqbal that, in the context of § 1983, 

“the term ‘supervisory liability’ is a misnomer.” 556 U.S. at 677. “Government officials 

may not be held liable for the unconstitutional conduct of their subordinates under a theory 

of respondeat superior.” Id. at 676. Put differently, “each Government official, his or her 

title notwithstanding, is only liable for his or her own misconduct.” Id. at 677. And a 

supervisor’s “mere knowledge” that his subordinates are engaged in unconstitutional 

conduct is not enough. Id. Liability is thus determined person by person: A plaintiff must 

show “each Government-official defendant, through the official’s own individual actions, 

has violated the Constitution.” Id.; see also Trulock v. Freeh, 275 F.3d 391, 402 (4th Cir. 

2001). 

As liability here is personal, a complaint must contain specific allegations of each 

individual’s conduct and state of mind. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677. So too must a plaintiff put 

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forward evidence at summary judgment to support those allegations. At summary 

judgment, a plaintiff must identify evidence that each individual defendant acted (or failed 

to act) with a culpable state of mind. See Taylor, 141 S. Ct. at 54 (noting the need for

“officer-by-officer analysis”). Without this defendant-specific evidence, a plaintiff cannot 

get past summary judgment. See Moss v. Harwood, 19 F.4th 614, 624–25 (4th Cir. 2021); 

Danser v. Stansberry, 772 F.3d 340, 349–50 (4th Cir. 2014).

King ignores this requirement. Nowhere does he identify how each defendant 

violated the constitution. This is a prerequisite to a supervisory-liability claim. See Iqbal, 

556 U.S. at 677. Nor does King present a material dispute about the any individual 

defendant’s knowledge. Instead, King only claims that defendants “either maintained 

actual or constructive knowledge of the risk” (whatever that risk may be). Appellant’s Br. 

at 30. This boilerplate conclusion—lacking defendant specificity and factual support—

does not state a claim for relief or allow a plaintiff to get past summary judgment. See

Timpson ex rel. Timpson v. Anderson Cnty. Disabilities and Special Needs Bd., 31 F.4th 

238, 258 (4th Cir. 2022). So King’s supervisory-liability claim fails.

* * *

As the magistrate judge recognized, John Telly King’s brutal murder—along with 

three other inmates—was an atrocity. But atrocities occur in prison without the prison 

bearing responsibility: “[E]very injury suffered by one prisoner at the hands of another” 

does not translate “into constitutional liability for prison officials responsible for the 

victim’s safety.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. This is particularly true so long as the qualifiedimmunity doctrine exists. That doctrine is controversial and roundly criticized. See Sharpe 

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v Winterville Police Dep’t., 59 F.4th 674, 684 n.12 (4th Cir. 2023). But it is also binding, 

and so we must faithfully apply it. 

Sergeant McKan is entitled to qualified immunity because he did not violate King’s 

clearly established rights when he failed to look in each cell during security checks. For 

the same reason, Sergeant McKan and Officer Jones are entitled to qualified immunity 

when they called for first responders but did not render medical assistance themselves. 

And King failed to put forward evidence specific to any of the remaining defendants to 

show that they are liable under a theory of supervisory liability. Accordingly, the 

magistrate judge’s grant of summary judgment to defendants is

AFFIRMED.

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WYNN, Circuit Judge, dissenting: 

Jacob Philip and Denver Simmons systematically and brutally murdered four of 

their fellow prison inmates. Both Philip and Simmons were housed (along with the four 

victims) in a special unit designated for inmates, like them, with “serious persistent mental 

illness who require intensive treatment, monitoring, and care.” But instead of providing

“intensive treatment, monitoring, and care” to Philip and Simmons—who were themselves 

convicted double murderers—the prison staff gave them special privileges that allowed 

them to move about freely in the unit, apparently without supervision or detection, during 

most of the day.

The family of one of the victims, John Telly King, believes that the prison officials 

should be held accountable for their deliberate indifference to the safety of the other 

inmates in the unit. I agree with King’s family.

The core facts are not in dispute. There is no dispute that the prison-official 

Defendants knew that the unit housed inmates with severe mental illnesses who, per prison 

policy, required intensive monitoring; that a number of the inmates were classified as

violent offenders; that the inmates had significant latitude to move freely about the unit 

each day; and that the eventual murderers were given positions of authority within the unit, 

which included the liberty to keep their cell doors unlocked all day long and to store 

cleaning supplies in their cells. There is no dispute that the security guard on duty 

knowingly conducted improper security checks; he admitted to it. And there is no dispute 

that four horrific murders occurred, and that they went undetected by prison officials for 

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almost three hours until the killers left the unit, walked uninhibited across the prison yard 

to another building, and voluntarily turned themselves in. 

In my view, these facts more than suffice to show an Eighth Amendment violation. 

And yet the majority absolves Defendants on qualified-immunity grounds. I must dissent.1

I.

The majority gives short shrift to the facts, but we must confront them.

On the morning of April 7, 2017, over the course of two-and-a-half hours, Denver 

Simmons and Jacob Philip lured, one after the next, four of their fellow inmates into 

Simmons’s cell and brutally murdered each one. All six inmates lived in the same building, 

within the Intermediate Care Services unit in a South Carolina state prison. The 

Intermediate Care Services unit exists for inmates with “serious persistent mental illness 

who require intensive treatment, monitoring, and care” short of psychiatric hospitalization. 

1 The fact that four separate murders could occur in a state prison on the same day, 

and go undetected for hours, is as clear a sign as any that something was terribly wrong in 

how the prison was run. My concerns apply to all Defendants, who were each answerable 

for the safety of the inmates and each bear some responsibility for what happened under 

their watch. For that reason, I discuss the failings of all Defendants in this case.

But for the purposes of the legal claims on appeal, I would reverse the grant of 

summary judgment as to Defendant Dewaun McKan on King’s failure-to-protect claim. I 

am constrained by the record on appeal to conclude that King has not carried his burden of 

showing a genuine dispute to survive summary judgment as to the other Defendants. For 

the same reason, I would also affirm the district court as to King’s medical-needs claims 

against McKan and Damian Jones.

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J.A. 296.2 In other words, all inmates in the Intermediate Care Services unit have known, 

diagnosed, and serious mental illnesses. 

At the time of this tragedy, the Intermediate Care Services unit building housed 

about 150 inmates across two wings. The inmates in the unit had varying security 

classifications, both violent and nonviolent. Prison officials recognized that the 

Intermediate Care Services unit was “different” in this way from a traditional prison dorm. 

J.A. 764. In addition to some counseling and program staff, the 150 inmates within the unit 

were monitored by two security guards, one for each wing. 

The daily routine of the Intermediate Care Services unit was highly fluid. From 

about 6:00 a.m., when they were released for breakfast, until the first standing count of the 

unit at 10:30 a.m., the inmates were generally permitted to be outside their cells, doing 

chores, mingling in the common area, and attending counseling appointments. 

The murderers, Simmons and Philip, were both serving life sentences for double 

murder. In Philip’s case, he was convicted for murdering his girlfriend and her nine-yearold daughter. And just before he was transferred to the state prison system, while in county 

jail, he attempted to kill his cellmate. The former program manager for the Intermediate 

Care Services unit testified that Philip “doesn’t have a soul” and “just didn’t really like 

people.” J.A. 2276. 

Both Simmons and Philip were diagnosed with severe mental illnesses—personality 

disorder, auditory hallucinations, and depression with repeated suicide attempts for 

2 Citations to the “J.A.” refer to the Joint Appendix filed by the parties in this appeal.

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Simmons; schizoaffective disorder of a bipolar type with a history of auditory 

hallucinations for Philip. And both had been placed in the state prison’s psychiatric hospital 

before they were transferred to the Intermediate Care Services unit. In the months prior to

the murders, Simmons incurred three separate disciplinary infractions while in the 

Intermediate Care Services unit: for threatening an officer, striking another inmate with a 

squeegee, and attempting suicide. 

The four victims—John King, William Scruggs, Jimmy Ham, and Jason Kelley—

also suffered from serious mental illnesses, with histories including schizophrenia, 

psychotic disorders, schizoaffective disorder, paranoia, and auditory hallucinations. They 

were described, in the words of one prison official, as “small [and] vulnerable inmates.” 

J.A. 1339. 

Despite their particularly violent criminal histories, medical diagnoses, and, in 

Simmons’s case, repeated disciplinary infractions, both Simmons and Philip were granted 

the privilege of serving as wardkeepers for the Intermediate Care Services unit. The 

primary duty for the wardkeepers was to gather cleaning supplies, such as mops, brooms, 

and chemicals, each day from the building’s supply closet and pass them out to the other 

inmates so they could clean the building. As a result, Simmons and Philip were afforded 

certain liberties. They were allowed to keep the cleaning supplies in their cells during the 

day. And they were permitted to have their cell doors unlocked between the hours of 6:00 

a.m. and 6:00 p.m., whereas the cell doors for the other inmates were to remain locked 

during this time even if the inmates were outside their cells. 

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The four horrible murders on April 7, 2017, began at 7:49 a.m. when Simmons and 

Philip called John King into Simmons’s cell with an offer for a cup of coffee. They targeted 

King because he was “little” and offered minimal resistance. J.A. 2417. Once inside the 

cell, they strangled King with an extension cord before “stuffing” him under the bed. J.A. 

2417. 

About thirty minutes later, at 8:23 a.m., William Scruggs entered Simmons’s cell, 

where Philip attacked him. Scruggs seemingly tried to fight back, but Simmons strangled 

him with an extension cord before Philip “stomped” on his ribs, causing them to “pop.” 

J.A. 2417. They then placed him on the bed in the fetal position. 

A half hour later, at 9:03 a.m., Simmons and Philip enticed Jimmy Ham into the cell 

under the pretense of offering him drugs. Ham purportedly put up the most resistance and 

the killers were afraid he would alert someone, but Simmons stabbed him with a broken 

broom handle that he had “stashed” in his cell while Philip strangled Ham from behind. 

J.A. 2421. They left Ham on the bed with Scruggs.

At this point, the killers took a break. They walked outside “for a few minutes,” 

leaving Scruggs and Ham on the bed under a sheet and placing a trash bag over the cell 

window to block the view inside. J.A. 2422. But Simmons “wanted to get one more” and 

targeted Jason Kelley, with whom he had a prior dispute. J.A. 2422.

And so twenty-seven minutes after they attacked Ham, at 9:30 a.m., Simmons and 

Philip lured Kelley into the cell with a promise to show him something “cool.” J.A. 2417. 

They then strangled Kelley with their forearms, an extension cord, and a broom handle, 

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while Philip stepped on Kelley’s neck. They left Kelley on the floor, with the extension 

cord around his neck, and left the cell. 

At 10:13 a.m.—two-and-a-half hours after King, the first victim, was attacked and 

45 minutes after Kelley, the last victim, met the same fate—Simmons and Philip walked 

out of the Intermediate Care Services unit building on their own accord. They made their 

way across the prison yard, unimpeded, to a different, administrative building. And they 

told prison officials to check Simmons’s cell. Only then were the four victims discovered. 

Notably, although Simmons and Philip plainly believed each victim was dead when 

they moved on to the next, the coroner estimated the time of death for each as falling 

between 10:00 and 10:30-11:00 a.m.

Simmons and Philip were able to come and go as they pleased from Simmons’s cell, 

with the door unlocked, because of their status as wardkeepers. Simmons was also able to 

“stash” a broom in his cell for the same reason. If one wonders how Simmons and Philip 

were also able to use an extension cord as a murder weapon, it was evidently routine 

practice to permit the Intermediate Care Services unit inmates to purchase such cords from 

the canteen. 

Dewaun McKan was the only guard on duty in the specific wing of the Intermediate 

Care Services unit building where the murders occurred. Part of McKan’s job was to do 

routine security checks throughout the day. There was apparently no written policy in place 

governing these checks. But the evidence overwhelmingly shows that the checks were to 

occur every thirty minutes throughout the day, and that McKan was trained to walk by each 

cell, look into the window to verify the inmate was present and safe and there was no 

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contraband, and pull the door handle to make sure the door was locked. If the window was 

covered, McKan was to instruct the inmate to remove the covering.3

McKan, however, testified that it was “not abnormal”—indeed, it was “common”—

for him to walk by a cell without looking into it, especially when the inmates were out in 

the common area or rec yard. J.A. 154–55. Such was the case on April 7, when McKan—

by his own admission and corroborated by footage from the surveillance video—did not

stop and look into every cell, including Simmons’s. Further, there is no dispute that for at 

least part of the morning the window to that cell was covered. McKan made five separate

rounds in the hours after King, the first victim, was attacked. This included walking past 

Simmons’s cell mere minutes after King entered.4 McKan did not look into each cell. He 

did not check for contraband. He did not verify the location and safety of every inmate. 

Such, apparently, was his “common” practice.

II.

Those are the facts. Here is the law.

The Eighth Amendment proscribes “cruel and unusual punishments.” U.S. Const. 

amend. VIII. In doing so, it has been construed as placing both restraints and duties on 

3 On the advice of the mental health counselors who worked in the Intermediate 

Care Services unit, the guards would sometimes excuse temporary violations of this rule, 

e.g., if the inmate was using the toilet in their cell. But this was a temporary allowance, and 

an appropriate security check involved actually looking into the cell. 

4 King entered Simmons’s cell at 7:49 a.m. McKan started his next security check 

at 7:57 a.m. 

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prison officials. This includes a duty “to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of 

other prisoners.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994). 

To establish a valid Eighth Amendment claim, an inmate must satisfy two elements. 

First, the inmate must show that he suffered an objectively “sufficiently serious” 

deprivation. Cox v. Quinn, 828 F.3d 227, 235 (4th Cir. 2016) (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 

834). No one disputes that here, for obvious reasons. 

Second, the inmate must show that the prison official acted with a “sufficiently 

culpable state of mind,” specifically, “deliberate indifference” to the inmate’s health or 

safety. Id. at 236. Deliberate indifference requires a showing that the prison official 

“subjectively recognized a substantial risk of harm” and “subjectively recognized that his 

actions were inappropriate in light of that risk.” Parrish ex rel. Lee v. Cleveland, 372 F.3d 

294, 303 (4th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). To be sure, deliberate 

indifference is a “high standard,” requiring proof that the prison official had actual 

knowledge, both of a substantial risk of harm and that his actions were inappropriate in 

light of that risk. Danser v. Stansberry, 772 F.3d 340, 347 (4th Cir. 2014). 

But this Court has been abundantly clear that “even under this subjective standard, 

a prison official cannot hide behind an excuse that he was unaware of a risk, no matter how 

obvious.” Brice v. Virginia Beach Corr. Ctr., 58 F.3d 101, 105 (4th Cir. 1995). In other 

words, a risk of harm might be “so obvious” that we can fairly conclude that the prison 

official “did know of it because he could not have failed to know of it.” Makdessi v. Fields, 

789 F.3d 126, 133 (4th Cir. 2015) (quoting Brice, 58 F.3d at 105). And so on similar facts, 

we explained that an inmate—described, much like the victim King here, as a “short, 

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middle-aged prisoner with physical and mental problems that ma[d]e him vulnerable to 

harassment and attacks by other inmates”—could plausibly allege deliberate indifference 

when he was placed in a cell with a prison gang member and subsequently sexually 

assaulted, if he could show that the risk of harm was so obvious that prison officials must 

have known about it. Id. at 134–35 (internal quotation marks omitted).5

We did not write on a blank slate in reaching these conclusions. Our source was the 

Supreme Court itself. It was the Supreme Court that instructed that deliberate indifference 

is established not only when the prison official “knew of a substantial risk” of serious harm, 

but also when the official “must have known” about the risk. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842 

(emphasis added). It was the Supreme Court that informed us that a court may conclude 

that a prison official knew about a risk from “the very fact that the risk was obvious.” Id.

And it was the Supreme Court that told us that a “failure [by the inmate] to give advance 

notice [about the risk] is not dispositive” to an inmate’s claim. Id. at 848. Indeed, the 

Supreme Court even rejected the idea that something bad must happen first before 

deliberate indifference could be shown: “a subjective approach to deliberate indifference 

does not require a prisoner seeking a remedy for unsafe conditions to await a tragic event 

such as an actual assault before obtaining relief.” Id. at 845 (cleaned up); cf. Washington 

5 While the victim in Makdessi had previously complained to prison officials about 

prior attacks, we expressly noted that “whether a prisoner protests or complains before he 

is injured may be irrelevant” to the deliberate indifference inquiry. Makdessi, 789 F.3d at 

136.

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v. Hous. Auth. of the City of Columbia, 58 F.4th 170, 180 (4th Cir. 2023) (government 

agencies do not get a “one free death” card).

In Farmer, the Supreme Court vacated a grant of summary judgment in favor of

prison-official defendants on an Eighth Amendment claim brought by a transgender female 

inmate who had been “beaten and raped by a cellmate” while being held “in male prisons.” 

Makdessi, 789 F.3d at 134. The Court concluded that the lawsuit could be successful “if it 

could be shown that the plaintiff’s condition and [feminine] appearance, coupled with the 

knowledge of violent assaults in the prison, made it reasonable to believe that the 

defendants were aware of a serious risk to the plaintiff but took no protective action.” Id.

(citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 848–49). Following the Court’s lead, we, too, have found that 

deliberate indifference may be established where a risk of harm is so obvious that prison 

officials must have known about it. See, e.g., Cox, 828 F.3d at 237; Makdessi, 789 F.3d at 

133–36; Brice, 58 F.3d at 105–06. As we succinctly concluded two years before the events 

giving rise to the present case, “prison officials may not simply bury their heads in the sand 

and thereby skirt liability,” even under the deliberate-indifference standard. Makdessi, 789 

F.3d at 133. 

III.

A.

That is the law. Here is how that law applies to the facts of this case.

As discussed, this case turns on the subjective prong of an Eighth Amendment 

claim. We must ask what the prison-official Defendants actually knew about the risk of 

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harm in the Intermediate Care Services unit and the risks posed by their actions. See 

Parrish, 372 F.3d at 303.

But Defendants disclaimed knowledge about these risks, some of which boggle the 

mind. For example, multiple Defendants in the chain of command were seemingly 

blissfully unaware of Simmons’s and Philip’s backgrounds, denying any knowledge about 

their criminal histories (double murders), medical diagnoses, or disciplinary infractions. 

This, despite the fact that these inmates were put in positions of trust and authority within 

the prison’s mental health unit. Defendants were equally quick to disavow any role in 

choosing Simmons and Philip to be wardkeepers.

Nonetheless, it is abundantly clear that the prison officials knew—it was stated in 

the state prison policy manual—that the Intermediate Care Services unit housed inmates of 

all security classification levels (violent and nonviolent) who had all been diagnosed with 

“serious persistent mental illness who require intensive treatment, monitoring, and care.” 

J.A. 296 (emphasis added). Again, it is undisputed that prison policy expressly required 

“intensive . . . monitoring” of Intermediate Care Services unit inmates.

The prison officials knew that the inmates were given significant freedom to move 

around the Intermediate Care Services unit during the day to do chores, attend counseling 

sessions, or mingle in common areas. They knew that there were two security guards for 

150 inmates in the unit. And they knew that Simmons and Philip served as wardkeepers, 

with permission, during the day, to keep their cell doors unlocked and to keep cleaning 

supplies like brooms and chemicals in their cells. 

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At minimum, Defendants Vaugh Jackson, Tecorrie Garvin, and McKan knew—

because they each signed off on the incident report—that one of these wardkeepers, 

Simmons, had attacked another inmate with cleaning supplies (a squeegee) in late 

December 2016, less than four months before he killed four men, two of them also with 

cleaning supplies. 

Defendants knew what constituted a proper security check—going to each cell, 

ensuring the door was locked, and looking through the window to make sure the inmate 

was safe. And McKan admitted that his security checks on April 7 were inadequate based 

on this practice, but that it was “common” for him to do them that way without any 

correction from superior officers. J.A. 155. 

And there is, at minimum, strong circumstantial evidence that Defendants knew the 

Intermediate Care Services unit required enhanced security and rigorous supervision. In 

addition to the requirement of “intensive” monitoring contained in the policy manual, J.A. 

296, just two years before the murders, there was a hostage situation in the Intermediate 

Care Services unit, which gave prison staff “extra concern,” J.A. 2783. And multiple 

Defendants testified that the Intermediate Care Services unit had more staff than other units 

at the prison. As the warden, Timothy Riley, acknowledged, due to the “unique nature” of 

the unit, it was “probably the most heavily staffed unit” at the prison. J.A. 2872. 

This is surely enough to survive summary judgment. Given the particularly sensitive 

and unique nature of the Intermediate Care Services unit—home to inmates, both violent 

and nonviolent offenders, who all require intensive treatment and supervision due to severe

and longstanding mental illnesses, and yet run in a fluid manner with inmates free to move 

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about the unit—the “risk of harm” to inmates such as the four victims was “so obvious” 

that we can conclude that prison officials did actually know about it. See Makdessi, 789 

F.3d at 133. And, at minimum, McKan was subjectively aware that “his actions were 

inappropriate in light of that risk,” Cox, 828 F.3d at 236 (internal quotation marks omitted), 

having admitted to knowing what a proper security check entailed and knowing that 

security checks were done for inmate safety but nevertheless “common[ly]” failing to do 

them properly, J.A. 155.

B.

As stated in the majority opinion, to be held accountable via Section 1983, 

Defendants must have violated a clearly established constitutional right. Cox, 828 F.3d at 

235, 238. But while we have cautioned against defining the right “at a high level of 

generality,” we are also clear that “there is no requirement that the very action in question 

must have previously been held unlawful for a reasonable official to have notice that his 

conduct violated that right.” Pfaller v. Amonette, 55 F.4th 436, 445–46 (4th Cir. 2022) 

(cleaned up). And yet that’s what the majority opinion does here, defining the right as the 

right “to have a correctional officer look into the cell window while conducting a security 

check.” Majority Op. at 9.

In conducting the qualified immunity inquiry, “we must define the right ‘in light of 

the specific context of the case, not as a broad general proposition.’” Cox, 828 F.3d at 238 

(quoting Parrish, 372 F.3d at 301). But “the exact conduct at issue” need not have been 

previously held unlawful, and “our analysis must take into consideration not only already 

specifically adjudicated rights, but those manifestly included within more general 

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applications of the core constitutional principle invoked.” Id. (internal quotation marks 

omitted). And Eighth Amendment claims in particular “don’t require the same level of 

specificity that is needed in, for example, the Fourth Amendment context.” Pfaller, 55 

F.4th at 445 (citing Thorpe v. Clarke, 37 F.4th 926, 940 (4th Cir. 2022)). 

Since at least the Farmer decision almost thirty years ago, the Supreme Court has 

been clear that “prison officials have a duty to protect prisoners from violence at the hands 

of other prisoners.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 833 (alterations omitted). And we have expressly 

defined the constitutional right in just those terms. See, e.g., Danser, 772 F.3d at 346 (“The 

constitutional right at issue is [the inmate’s] Eighth Amendment right to be protected from 

violence committed by other prisoners.”). 

In fact, just one year prior to the events in question in this case, we denied qualified 

immunity in an Eighth Amendment failure-to-protect case, finding this right to be clearly 

established. See Cox, 828 F.3d at 239 (“It has long been established that jail officials have

a duty to protect inmates from a substantial and known risk of harm, including harm 

inflicted by other prisoners.”). 

And two years before King was murdered, we vacated the dismissal of an Eighth 

Amendment claim brought by an inmate who was the victim of sexual assault, reminding 

the lower court that the victim could show deliberate indifference if the risk of harm to 

him, a “short, middle-aged prisoner with physical and mental problems that ma[d]e him 

vulnerable to harassment and attacks,” was sufficiently “obvious” that prison officials must 

have known of it when they allowed the inmate to share a cell with a violent gang member. 

Makdessi, 789 F.3d at 134, 136 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

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My friends in the majority object to this analysis, saying that the risk of harm “must 

be more specific than ‘the general risks that all the inmates posed to one another and [the] 

prison officials.’” Majority Op. at 9 n.7 (quoting Rich v. Bruce, 129 F.3d 336, 338 (4th Cir. 

1997)). But that view ignores the realities of imprisonment. 

In a prison setting, the inmate is involuntarily dependent on the state for his 

protection in what can only be described as one of the most dangerous environments in the 

world. In that environment, the prison staff controls and dictates the inmate’s daily 

schedule, work assignments, clothing, and living standards; subjects an inmate’s prison 

funds to “tight[] control,” Burrell v. Staff, 60 F.4th 25, 50 (3d Cir. 2023); metes out rewards 

or punishments; limits contact with family and friends outside the prison; and sets 

exhaustive rules governing every aspect of daily life. 

Indeed, it is an environment in which we cannot “ignore the reality that prisons are 

places where violent criminals are detained, presenting risks of harm far greater than exist 

on the outside.” United States v. Gore, 592 F.3d 489, 493 (4th Cir. 2010). 

Thus, to speak of a “generalized risk” of harm in prison is to speak of a fiction—

and this Court ought not be a prisoner to its own fictions. Common sense tells us that the 

risk of harm that a prisoner faces from the failure of prison staff to monitor and control 

other dangerous and violent prisoners is definitionally and continuously “specific.” Faced

with danger, an inmate has virtually no recourse. Inmates, of course, cannot carry a weapon 

for self-defense. There is nowhere to retreat. And within the Intermediate Care Services 

unit, they can’t even lock their own cell doors—the security guard must lock and unlock 

the door for them.

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And yet the majority speaks of “general risks” in prisons, as if the risks are somehow 

less real because we judges deem them to be “general,” or no greater than those faced by 

each of us every day walking down the street. That’s not only a fiction, that’s also an 

absurdity. 

It is noble that the majority acknowledges that the temporally separate killing of 

four prisoners on the same day, in the same prison cell, in a short period of time, by the 

same two violent inmates, amounted to an “atrocity.” Majority Op. at 16. But how the 

majority then concludes that that “atrocity” was but one of the types of “atrocities [that] 

occur in prison without the prison bearing responsibility” escapes me. Id. That just eschews

common sense in this context, ignores the realities of prison life, and sets an artificially 

high baseline on what constitutes a risk of harm in a prison setting for an Eighth 

Amendment claim.

Here, the majority opinion’s description of the conduct at issue makes McKan’s

failures seem like minor technical violations. But McKan didn’t just fail to look into a few 

cell windows; he utterly failed to account for the presence and safety of each Intermediate 

Care Services unit inmate. He knew the security checks were inadequate and in violation 

of his training. 

The majority opinion responds that “knowingly violating a prison policy does not 

amount to deliberate indifference.” Majority Op. at 12. But even if violating prison policy 

alone does not amount to deliberate indifference, it can be evidence of knowledge of a risk 

or intent. See Brooks v. Johnson, 924 F.3d 104, 122 (4th Cir. 2019) (in Eighth Amendment 

excessive-force case, collecting cases and concluding that “whether an officer has 

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34

complied with or, alternatively, violated a relevant use-of-force policy, while not 

dispositive, is highly relevant to [the subjective prong of the] inquiry”); Howard v. City of 

Durham, 68 F.4th 934, 950 (4th Cir. 2023) (same, in a wrongful-conviction case).

In this case, McKan made five separate rounds after King was attacked. At no point 

during these almost three hours did he realize that one, two, three, and ultimately four 

inmates were unaccounted for and lying dead or unconscious in another cell. His failures 

mattered, as there is at least a question of fact as to whether proper security checks would 

have saved the four murdered inmates, especially because the coroner listed the time of 

death for each—including King—as falling after 10:00 a.m. 

In the “specific context of th[is] case,” Parrish, 372 F.3d at 301, there is an issue of 

fact regarding whether McKan took “reasonable measures” to abate the substantial risk of 

harm that inmates like John King faced in the Intermediate Care Services unit, Thorpe, 37 

F.4th at 935. And, there is an issue of fact regarding whether an objectively reasonable 

officer in McKan’s position would have known that his actions were unreasonable and 

violated rights “manifestly included within more general applications of the core 

constitutional principle” articulated in Farmer and our case law. Cox, 828 F.3d at 239. In 

short, McKan is not entitled to qualified immunity.

IV.

Thirty years ago, the Supreme Court stated that the Constitution provides a measure 

of protection for prisoners who are effectively living out their lives as wards of the state—

that “the treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions under which he is 

confined are subject to scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 832 

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(quoting Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31 (1993)). This includes an affirmative duty 

of prison officials “to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of other prisoners.” Id.

at 833. Given that failure to do so amounts to a constitutional violation, the Court erected 

two stringent requirements before liability could be imposed. First, not any injury would 

suffice—the inmate must show a “substantial risk of serious harm.” Id. at 834 (emphasis 

added). And second, the prison official must have acted with deliberate indifference to 

inmate safety. Id.

Deliberate indifference is a high wall for an Eighth Amendment plaintiff to scale. 

High, but not insurmountable. In rejecting an objective test for deliberate indifference, the 

Supreme Court dismissed the suggestion that “prison officials [would] be free to ignore 

obvious dangers to inmates” under its subjective standard. Id. at 842. This was because 

actual knowledge could exist “from the very fact that the risk [of harm] was obvious.” Id.

So, too, this Court has read Farmer to lay out the sensible proposition that a risk of harm 

might be “so obvious” that we may conclude that a prison official “did know of it because 

he could not have failed to know of it.” Brice, 58 F.3d at 105.

Today, the majority opinion adds an unnecessary brick on top of the already-steep 

deliberate-indifference wall. In declining to find a constitutional violation on these 

alarming facts (even if it does so based solely on the idea that the constitutional right in 

question, if it exists, was not clearly established), the majority provides no further guidance 

on when a prison official’s utter dereliction of his responsibility to provide for the safety 

and security of prison inmates amounts to an Eighth Amendment violation.

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Today also, the majority opinion lays out a blueprint for how prison officials can 

avoid liability under Section 1983. First, the majority opinion incentivizes prison officials 

to say nothing and make sure no official is “exposed to information concerning [any] risk” 

of harm. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842. A prison official should avoid telling guards about an 

inmate’s prior history of violent crimes and any risk of danger, and prison staff are advised 

that they should not ask who has special privileges in a unit or what those privileges entail. 

In addition, there should not be a written policy in place governing security checks and 

related safety protocol. Finally, the majority opinion informs prison officials that should 

something go wrong, they should wash their hands and disclaim any actual knowledge. 

This, despite our express admonition that “prison officials may not simply bury their heads 

in the sand and thereby skirt liability.” Makdessi, 789 F.3d at 133.

But a faithful reading of Supreme Court and our own precedent requires more. For 

while “[f]ederal courts sit not to supervise prisons,” we must continually strive “to enforce 

the constitutional rights of all ‘persons,’ including prisoners.” Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 

321 (1972). With respect for my good colleagues in the majority, I dissent. 

USCA4 Appeal: 22-6410 Doc: 39 Filed: 08/04/2023 Pg: 36 of 36