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Title:   Author  item
                                            Derksen, Richarditem
                                            PAUL, PIERCE - The Ohio State Universityitem
                                            OZKAN, H. ERDAL - The Ohio State Universityitem
                                            Zhu, Heping
  Submitted to: Proceedings of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers International (ASABE)
                                    Publication Type: Proceedings
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 6/23/2010
                                    Publication  Date: 6/22/2010
                                    Citation: Derksen, R.C., Paul, P., Ozkan, H., Zhu, H. 2010. Field Evaluations of Application Techniques and Equipment for Wheat Disease Management. Proceedings of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers International (ASABE), June 20-23, 2010, Pittsburgh, PA. Paper #1009142.Interpretive Summary: The ability to provide protection across the wheat plant is important because different infections may occur on different parts of the plant canopy depending on the pathogen.  The objective of this research was to determine the influence of spray quality, spray volume, and air-assisted delivery on wheat canopy penetration and deposition which could aid in selection of efficacious means for delivering fungicides to different parts of wheat canopy for effective management of diseases that may predominantly reside in hard-to-reach parts of the canopy.  Evaluation of tracer residue on head, stem, and leaf tissue was used to characterize treatment effectiveness to provide a true representation of where spray was deposited on different portions of a plant canopy.  In general, the overall differences in the performance parameters measured were small between the two spray application rates tested (140 vs. 94 L/ha).  The highest possible air outlet speed available on the Jacto sprayer (34 m/s) produced few advantages over lower outlet air speeds.  Penetration to the middle of the canopy was generally not a problem for the treatments using no air-assisted delivery or the lower air outlet speed setting (18 m/s).  The high air outlet speed setting did produce lower deposits on the Head and Stem sections.  Angling the air/spray stream 30o forward produced higher deposits and coverage on the Head targets but the results were not significantly different from the air/spray stream with the vertical orientation.  Greater spray angles may be needed to significantly improve application performance but may reduce penetration into the canopy.  Applications made with the Medium spray quality nozzle (XR8003) using the lower air outlet speed tended to produce lower spray deposits than the Fine spray quality nozzle (XR110025) when used to deliver the same flow rate.  In particular the Medium spray quality nozzle treatment tended to produce smaller droplet density across all targets and lower spray coverage which could reduce disease control effectiveness.  These results demonstrate to growers how to better protect the safety and abundance of the wheat crop using spray parameters that can best target those areas of the canopy at most risk of infection.
                                Technical Abstract: New variants of wheat pathogens are emerging in various countries for which there is no known resistance.  The current movement of these pathogens suggests that their incursion into the US is imminent.  The objective of this work was to identify effective application parameters to apply fungicides for protecting against wheat head scab and stem rust infection.  Field trials were designed to evaluate the effect of spray volume, spray quality, and air assistance on the fate of spray on sections of a wheat plant most susceptible to infection.  Following application of a fluorescent tracer tank mix, plant samples were collected from each of ten plants in each replicate for each treatment.  Plant sections sampled included Heads, Flag Leaf, Flag Leaf +1, and the Stem between the Head and Flag Leaf +1.  There were no significant differences between treatments in the amount of spray on the stem sections.  Significant differences between treatments were observed for the amount of spray found on Head and Leaf sections.  Directing the spray and air stream 30° forward increased deposits of Medium spray quality droplets on the Head sections but reduced deposits on the more horizontal Flag leaves.  Spray coverage measured on targets with a vertical and cylindrical shape to simulate the wheat head target also increased when the air/spray stream was directed 30° forward compared to a vertical delivery.  These results demonstrate that different application parameters may be required depending on the specific section of the wheat plant that requires protection.


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