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Title:   Author  item
                                            Bajsa-Hirschel, Joannaitem
                                            Pan, Zhiqiang

                                                         - *Peter*item
                                            Dayan, Franckitem
                                            Owens, Danielitem
                                            Duke, Stephen
  Submitted to: Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 10/20/2011
                                    Publication  Date: 1/2/2012
                                    Citation: Bajsa, J.N., Pan, Z., Dayan, F.E., Owens, D.K., Duke, S.O. 2012. Validation of serine-threonine protein phosphatase as the herbicide target site of endothall. Journal of Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 102(2):38-44.Interpretive Summary: The herbicide endothall has been used for many years without knowing the molecular target site that kills plants. This paper validates serine/threonine protein phosphatases as the target site(s) for this important herbicide.  These target enzymes are involved in regulation of many plant processes. Their inhibition by endothall causes a lethal disruption of these processes.
                                Technical Abstract: Endothall, an older commercial herbicide, and cantharidin, a natural product from the blister beetle (Epicauta spp.), are close chemical analogues.  A comparison of the effect of endothall and cantharidin on plants revealed a similarity in their level of phytotoxicity on both Arabidopsis thaliana and Lemna paucicostata.  Cantharidin is a potent inhibitor of animal serine/threonine protein phosphatases. Protein phosphatases and kinases maintain a sensitive balance between phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms of proteins playing important roles in signal transduction pathways.  In this study, the phytotoxicity of endothall and cantharidin was directly related to their ability to inhibit plant serine/threonine protein phosphatase activity.  Both compounds acted as slow irreversible inactivators of the serine/threonine phosphatases activity.  Several cellular pathways affected by the inhibition of these protein phosphatases by cantharidin in A. thaliana by transcriptome analyses and endothall caused an identical change in gene expression, but in a more pronounced way.  Therefore, the molecular target site of endothall in plants is similar to that of cantharidin in animals, namely, serine/threonine protein phosphatases responsible for regulating an array of biochemical processes.  This mode of action is unlike any other commercial herbicide.


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