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ARS Home Pacific West Area Tucson, Arizona Carl Hayden Bee Research Center Research Publications at this Location





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- Cold Storage Overview
- Why put colonies in cold storage to overwinter?
- When to put colonies in cold storage?
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- Cold Storage Overwintering Tool
- Overview
- Objective 1: Climate effects on bloom and floral rewards
- Objective 2. Landscape level nutrition models
- Objective 3: Determine pollinator number, diversity and pathogen load
- Objective 4: Develop a management plan for overwintering colonies in cold storage
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Title:   Author  item
                                            YODER, JAY - Wittenberg Universityitem
                                            CONDON, MICHAEL - Wittenberg Universityitem
                                            HEYDINGER, DERRICK - Wittenberg Universityitem
                                            HEDGES, BRIAN - Wittenberg Universityitem
                                            Sammataro, Dianaitem
                                            Finley-Short, Jenniferitem
                                            DeGrandi-Hoffman, Gloriaitem
                                            OLSON, ERIC - Golden Ridge Honey Farms
  Submitted to: CRC Press
                                    Publication Type: Book / Chapter
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 5/30/2011
                                    Publication  Date: 1/2/2012
                                    Citation: Yoder, J.A., Condon, M.R., Heydinger, D.J., Hedges, B.Z., Sammataro, D., Finley-Short, J.V., Hoffman, G.D., Olson, E. 2012. Fungicides reduce symbiotic fungi in bee bread and the beneficial fungi in colonies. In: Sammataro, D. and Yoder, J., editors. Honey Bee Colony Health: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. p. 193-214.Interpretive Summary: Bee larvae depend on fungi to produce food (bee bread) from stored pollen as a developmental requirement.  In the absence of or lower amounts of such fungi, chalkbrood disease (Ascosphaera apis) occurs, which is the highlight observation and the purpose for this chapter.  Bee bread is a competitive environment with close interplay of the fungi that are found there (including Aspergillus spp. [primarily A. niger and secondarily A. flavus], Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp. and Rhizopus spp.).  This select group of fungi is perpetuated preferentially and functions as a natural defense shield (via overcrowding, hoarding resources, production of growth inhibiting antifungals) against fungal brood diseases (chalkbrood and stonebrood, A. flavus), as inferred by in vitro fungal-fungal interaction bioassays.  Results from bee colonies within the range of areas sprayed with fungicides had low amounts of bee bread fungi.  To improve colony defense against chalkbrood, agents known to suppress growth or kill bee bread fungi (e.g., fungicides, formic acid and oxalic acid miticides, high fructose corn syrup) should be applied judiciously and communication with growers in encouraged concerning timing of direct and nearby fungicide applications so that colonies could be moved if necessary.
                                Technical Abstract: Bee larvae depend on fungi to produce food (bee bread) from stored pollen as a developmental requirement.  In the absence of or lower amounts of such fungi, chalkbrood disease (Ascosphaera apis) occurs, which is the highlight observation and the purpose for this chapter.  Beebread is a competitive environment with close interplay of the fungi that are found there (including Aspergillus spp. (primarily A. niger and secondarily A. flavus), Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp. and Rhizopus spp.).  This select group of fungi is perpetuated preferentially and functions as a natural defense shield (via overcrowding, hoarding resources, production of growth inhibiting antifungals) against fungal brood diseases (chalkbrood and stonebrood, A. flavus), as inferred by in vitro fungal-fungal interaction bioassays.  Results from bee colonies within the range of areas sprayed with fungicides had low amounts of bee bread fungi.  To improve colony defense against chalkbrood, agents known to suppress growth or kill bee bread fungi (e.g., fungicides, formic acid and oxalic acid miticides, high fructose corn syrup) should be applied judiciously and communication with growers is encouraged concerning timing of direct and nearby fungicide applications so that colonies could be moved if necessary.


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