NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal 

revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter 

of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@state.vt.us or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109 

State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be 

made before this opinion goes to press.

2015 VT 79

No. 2014-190

In re North East Materials Group LLC

ACT 250 JO #5-21

Supreme Court

(Russell Austin, Pamela Austin, Julie Barre, On Appeal from

Marc Bernier, et al., Appellants) Superior Court, 

Environmental Division

November Term, 2014

Thomas G. Walsh, J.

Douglas A. Ruley, Environmental and Natural Resources Law Clinic, South Royalton, for

 Appellants.

Alan P. Biederman of Biederman Law Office, Rutland, and James P. W. Goss of Kenlan, 

 Schwiebert, Facey & Goss, P.C., Rutland, for Appellees.

PRESENT: Dooley, Skoglund, Robinson and Eaton, JJ., and Morse, J. (Ret.), 

Specially Assigned

¶ 1. ROBINSON, J. This case calls upon us to consider whether a post-1970 rockcrushing operation is exempt from Act 250 because it is located on a site within a large tract that 

includes multiple quarries and is a pre-1970 development itself exempt from Act 250 permitting 

requirements. The Superior Court, Environmental Division concluded that the pre-1970 

dimension-stone-quarrying operations included intermittent crushing operations throughout the 

large tract, and that the new crushing operation thus fell within the grandfathered development 

and did not constitute a cognizable physical change to that preexisting development. We 

conclude that the Environmental Division used the wrong legal framework in considering 

whether the crushing operation constitutes a cognizable change, and that a critical finding 
2

underlying its analysis is unsupported by the evidence. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for 

further proceedings.

I.

¶ 2. Between 2008 and 2012, successive district coordinators of the District 5 

Environmental Commission issued a series of jurisdictional opinions, each determining that the 

initiation of rock-crushing operations by North East Materials Group LLC (NEMG) at a site 

within the Rock of Ages Corporation (ROA) quarry did not require Act 250 permit review 

because those operations did not constitute a cognizable change to a development that existed on 

June 1, 1970, the effective date of Act 250. Thirteen individuals denominating themselves 

Neighbors for Healthy Communities (Neighbors) appealed a September 2012 decision to the 

Environmental Division, which likewise concluded that the rock-crushing operations did not 

effectuate a cognizable change to the preexisting quarry development, and therefore no Act 250 

permit was required.

¶ 3. The Environmental Division made the following findings, which are uncontested 

on appeal, except where noted. ROA owns and operates a quarrying operation on a tract of 

approximately 1170 acres (930 acres in Barre and 250 acres in Williamstown). The site includes 

several quarries which were formerly owned and operated by distinct entities. The quarries are 

adjacent to each other in a configuration running roughly from north to south. Several roads, 

including Graniteville Road, transect the property; others connect work sites on the property. 

NEMG’s crushing operation at issue here is located south of Graniteville Road.

¶ 4. Granite quarrying involves the cutting and extraction of large blocks of stone for 

sale or further processing. The most desirable kind of granite is high-quality “dimension stone.”

This stone is typically found deeper in the earth. In contrast, lower-quality “bedding” stone lies 

on the upper levels, close to the surface, in the “overburden” (i.e., stone, soil, and rock unsuitable 

for monument use). Typically, ROA must remove between eighty and two hundred feet of such 
3

material to reach dimension stone. Up to eighty percent of material quarried is waste. Crushing 

this material and reducing it to usable and salable sizes is a common industry practice, allowing 

quarrying operations to make use of otherwise useless waste material. Crushing entails drilling, 

blasting, and removing rock, and transporting it to crushing equipment. A primary crusher 

crushes the rock initially; smaller crushers further reduce rock sizes; and screens are used to 

separate the crushed rock by size so the end product may be grouped and sold. The crushed 

material is typically transported off-site in dump trucks. Neighbors in the area of NEMG’s 

crushing on ROA’s tract experience noise, dust, and traffic. Common noises are material being 

loaded or unloaded. Dust accumulates on house windows, outside furniture, lawns, and cars. 

Dump trucks traveling to or from the crushing site also cause traffic and kick up dust.

¶ 5. Dimension-stone-quarrying operations on what is now the ROA tract first began 

in the 19th century. Those quarrying operations included rock-crushing operations as early as 

1904 and have included intermittent crushing operations at various locations within the ROA 

tract through the present day. The Environmental Division noted photographic evidence of 

crushing activity around 1912 south of Graniteville Road, in close proximity to NEMG’s current 

crushing location. The Environmental Division made no findings as to the volume of crushing 

activity at the site during that time period, or the duration of those operations.1

¶ 6. The Environmental Division further found that the former Wells-Lamson Quarry 

Company conducted crushing, including a crushing operation producing poultry grit and road 

aggregate, as far back as 1926. This crushing continued through the 1940s and into the 1960s. 

The Environmental Division made detailed findings as to the volume of Wells-Lamson’s rockcrushing operations in 1958 and 1959. Those operations provided granite sub-base for Interstate 

89. The crushing operation, which ceased shortly after 1959, had a capacity of a thousand tons 

per day. Railcars with a capacity of approximately a hundred tons of crushed rock were used to 

 

1

 There was no evidence of any crushing activity on or near this site after the 1920s.
4

transport the crushed material. Hundreds of railcars of crushed rock were transported for 

Interstate 89 development.2

¶ 7. In addition, the Environmental Division found that Kelley Construction, Inc. 

contracted with ROA in August 1969 to remove overburden and rock in the Smith Quarry, which 

was located in the middle of the ROA property, north of Graniteville Road, about 0.8 miles from 

the site at issue in this case. The contract contemplated the crushing of approximately 40,000 

cubic yards of material, and the work was undertaken between September 1969 and April 1970.

¶ 8. The Environmental Division made findings of extensive crushing activity after

1970. In particular, Cooley Asphalt Paving Corporation removed and crushed an estimated 

200,000 tons or more of granite during the ten-year period beginning in 1988, and had been 

removing and crushing granite at times even before that period. McCullough Crushing, Inc. 

removed more than 55,000 tons of crushed granite from a quarry south of Graniteville Road in 

1990 using equipment similar to NEMG’s crushing equipment. In 1992 and 1993, crusher 

material was hauled from three different areas on the ROA property for crushing off-site. The 

E.L. Smith & Company quarry, located approximately 0.8 miles north of the NEMG operations, 

engaged in crushing activity from 2005 to 2007.

¶ 9. Finally, NEMG itself, after the District 5 Environmental Commission Coordinator 

determined that no Act 250 review was required, began rock-crushing operations at the present 

site in 2009.3 Its equipment includes two jaw crushers, a cone crusher, a triple-deck screen, 

loaders, and excavators. The crushed material is transported off-site by customers using their 

own trucks; NEMG owns one truck that hauls grout, but no delivery trucks. In June 2013, the 

Agency of Natural Resources (ANR) issued an air-pollution-control permit to NEMG, allowing 

 

2

 ROA concedes that the location of this high-volume crushing operation was never 

established. As noted in more detail below, the evidence suggests that it was not on property 

within ROA’s current tract.

3

 NEMG’s crushing operations have moved around the property over time.
5

it to install various types of crushing equipment, including up to two primary crushers, two 

secondary crushers, three screening decks, discharge and stacking conveyors, and a dieselpowered electric generator. The extent of NEMG’s crushing activity varies with the season and 

with shifting demand. NEMG crushed 20,285 tons of material in 2010; 155,577 tons (over 53 

days) in 2011; 89,667 tons (over 83 days) in 2012; and 59,279 tons (over 43 days) in 2013.4

¶ 10. Based on these findings, the Environmental Division concluded that the 

challenged crushing operation was part of a pre-1970 development. It stated that rock crushing 

is not “separate and distinct from other quarrying activities,” but rather is part and parcel of the 

dimension-stone quarrying that had been taking place on the ROA property for over a century.

In reaching this conclusion, the Environmental Division explained that the large-scale rockcrushing activities on the tract north of ROA’s properties “does not itself indicate ROA’s 

preexisting development,” but does support the finding of a relationship between quarrying and 

rock-crushing. The Environmental Division concluded that “the ROA quarrying operations, 

including intermittent and portable crushing activities, are a preexisting development within the 

meaning of [Act 250].” It explained that it could properly consider pre-1970 crushing activity by 

entities other than ROA on property that was previously not held in common ownership with the 

other contiguous ROA quarries because the preexisting development exemption from Act 250 

jurisdiction attaches to and runs with the land, rather than particular owners.

¶ 11. The Environmental Division rejected the argument that because the ROA tract is 

made up of smaller quarries, some separated by public roads and at distances of up to several 

miles from each other, the historical evidence of crushing in one location should not be held to 

establish a preexisting practice in another. It explained that whether a development was 

“preexisting” would not be determined by looking at individual quarries, but rather by looking at 

 

4

 The spike in the amount of crushed material in 2011 was due to the State’s suspension 

of enforcement of certain regulatory limitations on gravel extraction following Tropical Storm 

Irene. There was an increased need for material to rebuild infrastructure destroyed in that storm.
6

the “overall . . . preexisting development”: the dimension-stone quarrying and associated 

crushing activity over ROA’s entire 1170 acres.

¶ 12. The Environmental Division also rejected Neighbors’ claim that ROA’s crushing 

operations had been abandoned, and were therefore not eligible for “grandfathering” under Act 

250. The Environmental Division noted that the dimension-stone quarrying had continuously 

taken place at the ROA quarry for over a hundred years, and that over that time there had been 

fairly consistent but intermittent crushing operations on the tract. Given this, and its finding that 

crushing rock intermittently and at various locations is customary in the industry because the 

source of material, waste-material levels, and demand for crushed rock vary, the Environmental 

Division concluded that ROA’s preexisting development, including crushing, had not been 

abandoned.

¶ 13. Finally, the Environmental Division addressed Neighbors’ claim that even if rockcrushing was a preexisting development, NEMG’s crushing operation constituted a “substantial 

change” to that development that was therefore subject to Act 250 permit review. Neighbors 

argued that the addition of new rock-crushers to supply large quantities of asphalt to a proposed 

hot-mix asphalt plant on-site and NEMG’s 2012 air-pollution-control permit from ANR

authorizing it to crush up to 175,000 tons per year established a substantial change which would 

bring the crushing activities under Act 250 jurisdiction.5

¶ 14. The Environmental Division found that no cognizable change in rock-crushing 

activity had occurred. Viewing the entire 1100-acre tract as a single granite-quarrying operation, 

and viewing intermittent rock crushing at varying locations as an established component of the

larger quarrying operation, it found that Neighbors had “failed to meet their burden of 

 

5

 ROA is engaged in separate litigation concerning a proposed 180 ton/hour hot-mix 

asphalt plant on ROA’s property. Several local residents appealed the district environmental 

commission’s award of an Act 250 permit for the project to the Environmental Division, and the 

case is still pending. In re N.E. Materials Grp., LLC Act 250 Permit, 35-3-13 Vtec (Vt. Super. 

Ct. Envtl. Div.). Issues relating to the asphalt plant are not before us in this appeal.
7

demonstrating that NEMG’s crushing represents a cognizable physical change to ROA’s 

preexisting development.” As a result, the Environmental Division did not consider the potential 

impacts of the crushing operation because it concluded that ROA and NEMG did not need to 

obtain an Act 250 permit “to crush rock at the NEMG crusher site at levels customarily 

associated with ROA’s operation.”

6

 Neighbors appealed to this Court, challenging both the 

Environmental Division’s legal approach and the evidentiary basis for its findings. We consider 

each in turn.

II.

¶ 15. Act 250, 10 V.S.A. §§ 6001-6093, was enacted “to protect Vermont’s lands and 

environment by requiring statewide review of large-scale changes in land utilization.” In re 

Audet, 2004 VT 30, ¶ 13, 176 Vt. 617, 850 A.2d 1000 (mem.) (quotation omitted). Act 250

ordinarily requires a permit prior to the commencement of development. 10 V.S.A. § 6081(a).

7

However, the permit requirement does not apply to development commenced before June 1, 

1970 (the date Act 250 became law). Id. § 6081(b); see also Act 250 Rules, Rule 2(C)(8).

8

 The 

scope of this grandfathering provision is, in turn, limited by a provision that “any substantial 

change in such excepted subdivision or development” is subject to the ordinary permit 

requirement. 10 V.S.A. § 6081(b). “Substantial change” is defined as “any change in a 

preexisting development . . . which may result in a significant adverse impact with respect to any 

of the [ten Act 250 criteria].” Act 250 Rules 2(C)(7), Code of Vt. Rules 12 004 060-3.

 

6

 The Environmental Division acknowledged that the rock crushing “creates various 

impacts, including noise, particulate matter in the form of stone dust, and truck traffic and 

congestion” adversely affecting Neighbors, but held that it “did not have jurisdiction to review 

these alleged impacts” in the absence of a finding of a cognizable change.

7

 ROA does not dispute that the crushing operations here are “development” within the 

meaning of Act 250. See 10 V.S.A. § 6001(3)(A); Natural Resources Board, Act 250 Rules, 

Rule 2(A), Code of Vt. Rules 12 004 060 [hereinafter Act 250 Rules].

8

 The Act 250 Rules were amended in 2013. However, because the jurisdictional 

opinion at issue was requested in 2012, we apply the Rules in effect on that date.
8

¶ 16. The determination of whether development constitutes a “substantial change” to 

preexisting development requires a two-part inquiry that asks (1) whether a cognizable physical 

change to the preexisting development has resulted or may result from the project; and if so, 

(2) whether the change has a potential for significant impact under one or more of the statutory 

Act 250 criteria. In re Hale Mountain Fish & Game Club, Inc., 2007 VT 102, ¶ 4, 182 Vt. 606, 

939 A.2d 498 (mem.) (citing Sec’y, Vt. Agency of Natural Res. v. Earth Constr., Inc., 165 Vt. 

160, 164, 676 A.2d 769, 771 (1996)).

¶ 17. On appeal, Neighbors argue that (1) the Environmental Division erred in 

considering the entire tract a “preexisting development” encompassing crushing activities, and 

(2) even if rock-crushing operations generally are part of ROA’s preexisting development, the 

court erred in finding no cognizable change from pre-1970 operations.9 They challenge the 

Environmental Division’s general approach, which considered evidence of pre-1970 crushing 

operations anywhere on ROA’s 1170-acre tract to establish a preexisting development with 

respect to crushing operations at the site in dispute. They also contend that the ruling ignores the 

low threshold this Court has established for establishing a cognizable change.

¶ 18. Our review of the Environmental Division’s findings of fact is deferential. The 

Environmental Division “determines the credibility of witnesses and weighs the persuasive effect 

of evidence,” and “we will not overturn its factual findings unless, taking them in the light most 

favorable to the prevailing party, they are clearly erroneous,” meaning that there is “no credible 

evidence to support them.” In re Rinkers, Inc., 2011 VT 78, ¶ 8, 190 Vt. 567, 27 A.3d 334

(mem.) (citations omitted). By contrast, we review “issues of law or statutory interpretation de 

novo.” In re Vill. Assocs. Act 250 Land Use Permit, 2010 VT 42A, ¶ 7, 188 Vt. 113, 998 A.2d 

712 (citation omitted). “We are also mindful, when considering Act 250’s jurisdictional 

 

9

 Because the Environmental Division did not make any findings regarding whether the 

operations had the potential for significant impact under one or more of the Act 250 criteria, in 

connection with this appeal, we do not consider the proper application of this prong of the 

“substantial change” analysis to the record evidence.
9

threshold, that ‘legislation in derogation of common law property rights will be strictly 

construed.’ ” In re CVPS/Verizon Act 250 Land Use Permit, 2009 VT 71, ¶ 14, 186 Vt. 289, 

980 A.2d 256 (quoting Comm. to Save Bishop’s House, Inc. v. Med. Ctr. Hosp. of Vt., Inc., 137 

Vt. 142, 152, 400 A.2d 1015, 1020 (1979) (mem.)). On the other hand, once the threshold for 

Act 250 jurisdiction is established, exemptions are “to be read narrowly and only applied when 

the facts clearly support the exemption’s application.” In re Ochs, 2006 VT 122, ¶ 12, 181 Vt. 

541, 915 A.2d 780 (mem.).

A.

¶ 19. We note at the outset that whether NEMG’s crushing operations fall within the 

scope of the preexisting ROA development and whether those operations constitute a substantial 

change, can arguably be viewed as two sides of the same question. If the scope of ROA’s 

preexisting development encompasses crushing operations on this scale at this site, then the 

operations cannot be considered a substantial change. On the other hand, if the operations entail 

a physical change accompanied by a significant potential impact, they are unlikely to be properly 

considered to be within the scope of the preexisting development.

¶ 20. However, the framing of the question—preexisting development versus 

substantial change—has an impact on the allocation of the burdens of production and persuasion. 

We have held that “[g]enerally, the burden of proving that a project is exempt from Act 250 

jurisdiction is on the person claiming the exemption.” In re Request for Jurisdictional Op. re: 

Changes in Physical Structures & Use at Burlington Int’l Airport for F-35A (F-35A Case), 2015 

VT 41, ¶ 26 n.7, ___ Vt. ___, ___ A.3d ___. On the other hand, where development is 

grandfathered because it was preexisting, the burden is on the proponent of jurisdiction to 

demonstrate that the project is a substantial change to the preexisting development. Id.; see also 

In re Vt. RSA Ltd. P’ship, 2007 VT 23, ¶ 10, 181 Vt. 589, 925 A.2d 1006 (mem.).
10

¶ 21. With respect to showing substantial change, we have confirmed that the burden of 

persuasion shifts to the proponent of jurisdiction, F-35A Case, 2015 VT 41, ¶ 26 n.7, but we 

have not considered what burden of production, if any, remains with the person claiming the 

exemption. The former Environmental Board ruled that the person invoking the grandfather 

exemption retains the burden “to produce information concerning the scope of the pre-1970 

operation and the post-1970 operation sufficient for the Board to determine whether a substantial 

change has occurred.” In re Thomas Howrigan Gravel Extraction, Declaratory Ruling No. 358, 

slip. op. at 14 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Aug 30, 1999) (quotationomitted), http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/lup/d

ecisions/1999/dr358-fco.pdf.

10

 This Court gives deference to the Environmental Board’s 

interpretation of legislation within its area of expertise. F-35A Case, 2015 VT 41, ¶ 16 n.3; see 

also In re Green Crow Corp., 2007 VT 137, ¶ 12, 183 Vt. 33, 944 A.2d 244 (explaining that this 

Court gives deference to Environmental Board’s interpretation of Act 250, “even in appeals 

raising jurisdictional issues” (quotation omitted)). Moreover, the Environmental Board’s 

interpretation makes sense, as the owner or operator of the site at issue is the one most likely to 

have information concerning the historic use of the property.

¶ 22. Given that different burdens attach, and that the applicable statute distinguishes 

the preexisting-development exemption from the substantial-change exception to that exemption,

10 V.S.A. § 6081(b), the questions of scope of preexisting development and substantial change, 

while closely related, cannot actually be one and the same. Reviewing our past applications of 

the test, we conclude that the question of whether a proposed development falls within a 

preexisting development is a more general question; whether the specific parameters of a

proposed post-1970 development are consistent with the scope of an established preexisting 

development is generally analyzed under the substantial-change exception to the grandfather 

 

10

 The Environmental Board no longer exists, and the Superior Court, Environmental 

Division, now has jurisdiction over appeals concerning the scope of Act 250 jurisdiction. 

10 V.S.A. § 6007(d)(4).
11

exemption, rather than as an extension of the threshold preexisting-development analysis. See, 

e.g., Hale Mountain Fish & Game Club, 2007 VT 102, ¶¶ 4-8 (considering whether various post1970 development activities at preexisting club constituted substantial change, rather than 

evaluating whether improvements were within scope of club’s preexisting development); Vt. 

RSA Ltd. P’ship, 2007 VT 23, ¶¶ 8-14 (considering whether installation of antennas on church 

steeple constituted substantial change, rather than whether the antennas fit within the scope of 

the church’s preexisting development). Accordingly, although NEMG bears the burden of

persuasion as to the general existence of the preexisting development, and has the burden of 

producing information concerning the scope of the pre-1970 operations sufficient for the Board 

to determine whether a substantial change has occurred, Neighbors in this case bear the burden 

of persuasion with respect to the substantial-change question.

B.

¶ 23. The Environmental Division’s analysis—with respect to both the question of 

whether the NEMG crushing operations are part of a preexisting development and whether they

constitute a substantial change—rested on its view of the parcel as an undifferentiated whole for 

the purposes of both analyses. In particular, the Environmental Division considered any pre1970 crushing activity anywhere on the entire 1170 acres owned by ROA as establishing a 

preexisting development including rock-crushing activities, and as establishing a baseline of rock

crushing such that new rock-crushing facilities or operations anywhere on the tract would not 

constitute a substantial change. Under this view, the absence of prior crushing activity in the 

vicinity of NEMG’s crushing operations would be irrelevant, because previous rock crushing 

elsewhere on ROA lands, even miles away, could establish a baseline against which NEMG’s 

operations would be measured in the substantial-change analysis, even if the impacts of the past 

and current crushing operations vary significantly across the tract.
12

¶ 24. Given our above consideration of the more general character of the preexistingdevelopment analysis as compared with the substantial-change determination, we do not take 

issue with the Environmental Division’s broad approach to defining the preexisting development. 

To the extent that the evidence shows that dimension-stone quarrying was conducted throughout 

the ROA tract for many decades, and that crushing operations were part of those operations at 

various sites within the tract at various times through that period, the Environmental Division

could conclude that the disputed crushing operations are grandfathered unless Neighbors can 

show that they constitute a substantial change.11 But we cannot agree that instances of crushing 

operations decades ago and miles away from the site of NEMG’s present operations can be 

viewed as establishing some sort of baseline defeating any claim that NEMG’s present 

operations constitute a cognizable change.

¶ 25. We reach this conclusion for several reasons. Most generally, the purpose of Act 

250 is to “protect and conserve the lands and environment of the state from the impacts of 

unplanned and uncontrolled changes in land use.” Audet, 2004 VT 30, ¶ 14. We have held that 

exemptions to Act 250 jurisdiction are “to be read narrowly.” Ochs, 2006 VT 122, ¶ 12. The 

Environmental Division’s approach does not read the grandfather exemption narrowly; rather, it 

opens the door to development related to the dimension-stone-quarrying operations without Act 

250 review anywhere on the ROA tract, provided that similar development occurred anywhere 

on the tract prior to 1970.

¶ 26. Moreover, the focus of Act 250 is regulating the impacts of development—in 

particular the impacts relating to the statutory Act 250 criteria. See 10 V.S.A. § 6086. We have 

recognized that this focus on impacts extends to the preexisting-development and substantialchange analyses. See Hale Mountain Fish & Game Club, 2007 VT 102, ¶ 4 (defining 

“substantial change” as “any change in a development or subdivision which ‘may result in 

 

11 Whether the evidence actually supports such a finding is a distinct question which we 

consider in Part III, infra.
13

significant impact with respect to any of the [ten] criteria specified’ ” in 10 V.S.A § 6086(a)

(quoting In re Barlow, 160 Vt. 513, 521-22, 631 A.2d 853, 858-59 (1993))). In holding that Act 

250 jurisdiction is “not limit[ed] . . . to changes that produce actual impact on the statutory 

criteria,” and that jurisdiction may rest on “potential impacts as long as they are significant,” id., 

we have recognized that the reach of the statutory grandfathering clause is limited when 

proposed development potentially impacts the statutory criteria. A framework that would cut off 

the substantial-change analysis at the cognizable-physical-change step—thereby ignoring the 

actual change in the impact of proposed development at a site simply because similar 

development had previously occurred at other sites within the tract—is inconsistent with Act 

250’s focus on discerning the impact of proposed development.

12

¶ 27. For Act 250 purposes, the location of a particular activity or operation within a 

tract is often inextricably connected to its impact. For this reason, when reviewing Act 250 

permit applications, the district environmental commissions and the Environmental Division 

routinely engage in impact analysis that is location-specific and evaluates the impacts on 

particular neighbors or households. See, e.g., In re Lathrop Ltd. P’ship, 2015 VT 49, ¶¶ 74-88 

___ Vt. ___, ___ A.3d ___ (analyzing impact of gravel-extraction operations on neighbors by 

measuring noise in decibels at the property line); In re Goddard Coll. Conditional Use, 2014 VT 

124, ___ Vt. ___, 111 A.3d 1285 (considering challenge to permit issued for woodchip-boiler 

plant based on its siting within the owner’s tract); see also In re R.E. Tucker, Inc., 149 Vt. 551, 

557-58, 547 A.2d 1314, 1318-19 (1988) (approving of condition in land-use permit placing 

limitations on where gravel crusher could be located within tract because severity of noise 

pollution depended on placement). A manufacturing operation that may be permitted on one end 

of an applicant’s property might not be permitted on the other in light of the operation’s impacts 

 

12

 Although the Environmental Division made no findings concerning the relative impact 

on Neighbors of NEMG’s operations as compared to the pre-1970 impacts, it specifically found 

that as a result of the crushing operation, Neighbors experience noise from material being loaded 

or unloaded; dust on house windows, outside furniture, lawns, and cars; and dump-truck traffic.
14

on neighboring landowners, and permits are frequently issued with conditions and requirements 

mitigating the impact of particular development. See 10 V.S.A. § 6086(c) (permits may be 

issued with conditions relating to statutory criteria).

¶ 28. For these reasons, in the context of a straightforward Act 250 permit application, 

it is almost inconceivable that a dimension-stone quarry with neighbors nearby could obtain an 

open-ended permit to install a crusher at any location on its property that it chooses, with no 

requirement to mitigate its impact on neighboring landowners. Given that, a legal framework 

that treats crushing operations in one location as establishing a grandfathered right to crushing 

operations in any location on the tract is incongruous. This is true even in the face of a pre-1970 

history of intermittent crushing at two or three different locations on an 1170-acre tract.

¶ 29. The broad, tract-wide approach to assessing cognizable change that the 

Environmental Division followed is also at odds with this Court’s, and the Environmental 

Board’s, historical treatment of gravel pits in cases that present analogous issues. We recognize 

that “gravel, quarry and mining operations do present unique realities because, unlike other 

developments, they will by their nature gradually expand to occupy a larger and larger area.” In 

re Weston Island Ventures, Declaratory Ruling No. 169, slip op. at 6 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. June 3, 

1985), http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/lup/decisions/1985/dr169.pdf. But the gradual expansion or 

shifting of operations intrinsic to quarrying does not mean that changes in quarrying operations 

are never cognizable. Nearly forty years ago, the Environmental Board enumerated four factors 

that can support a finding of a cognizable change in the context of a gravel-pit expansion:

 1. Acquisition of and removal of gravel on additional land;

 2. Opening a new area a substantial distance from the pre-existing

area;

3. Changing the nature of the operation as might occur by the 

addition of a stone crusher; or
15

 4. Removal of gravel . . . across a public highway, where it might 

be argued that the intervening ownership defined the limits of the 

pre-existing operation.

In re Clifford’s Loam & Gravel, Inc., Declaratory Ruling No. 90, slip op. at 3 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. 

Nov. 6, 1978).

¶ 30. Consistent with this guidance, although the Environmental Board consistently 

recognized that gradual expansion within a preexisting quarry tract is not a cognizable change, it 

consistently treated new quarrying operations at a different site within a gravel extraction 

operation as a change. See e.g., Weston Island Ventures, slip op. at 5 (noting, in finding 

substantial change in gravel-extraction operation, that although “substantial gravel extraction 

operations took place prior to 1970 in two different areas . . . south of Route 100, the preexistence of those pits does not extend north of Route 100,” and that “[e]ven if the Board were to 

find that the [pit north of Route 100] was opened prior to 1970 and operated continuously after 

that date, an Act 250 permit would be required because [operator] has introduced several 

changes to that pit,” including “operation of a crusher” and “a three-fold increase in the annual 

volume of extraction,” causing “potential impacts”).13 The Environmental Board also 

recognized that an increase in crushing operations can trigger a cognizable and substantial 

change. See In re L.W. Haynes, Inc., Declaratory Ruling No. 192, slip op. at 4-7 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. 

Sept. 25, 1987), http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/lup/decisions/1987/dr192-fco.pdf (concluding that 

gravel-pit operation had undergone cognizable change with significant impact where pit went 

“from a part-time operation with no permanent crusher to a full-time operation with a permanent 

 

13

 See also In re F.W. Whitcomb Constr. Co., Declaratory Ruling No. 408, slip op. at 3 

(Vt. Envtl. Bd. Aug. 28, 2002), http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/lup/decisions/2002/dr408-mod.pdf

(“The general rule is that gradual expansion within a preexisting quarry tract is not a cognizable 

change. . . . However, this does not mean that there can never be a cognizable physical change 

when there is gradual expansion within a preexisting quarry tract. Such gradual expansions may

entail other changes which are cognizable physical changes.”); Thomas Howrigan Gravel 

Extraction, slip op. at 14-15 (determining that six gravel-pit sites on same tract were “separate 

and distinct pits that must be analyzed separately,” even if all pits shared same gravel deposit and 

there was evidence of preexisting use of many of them, because some were separated from other 

pits by road and meadow at great distance).
16

crusher,” substantially increased its annual extraction rates, and made various improvements, 

resulting in increased dust, noise, and truck traffic in local area). The issues in these gravel-pit 

expansion cases are not identical to the issue before us in this case. However, the Environmental 

Board’s analysis in these cases supports our conclusion that some level of granularity (rather 

than a uniform “tract-wide” approach) is required in assessing substantial change in connection 

with quarrying operations. Pre-1970 crushing operations on one or more parts of a large tract 

cannot simply be imputed to all parts of that tract for the purposes of a substantial-change 

analysis, without regard to the relative impacts of the pre- and post-1970 operations in the 

vicinity of the proposed change.

14

¶ 31. Finally, the Environmental Division’s reliance on a “no cognizable physical 

change” rationale is inconsistent with a string of cases treating even relatively modest changes as 

cognizable changes. See, e.g., Vt. RSA Ltd., 2007 VT 23, ¶ 11 (affirming Environmental 

Board’s finding that installation of antennas within church’s existing bell towers was a 

cognizable physical change, even though they had no significant aesthetic impact on area); In re 

 

14

 We do not mean to suggest that in evaluating proposed operations at a particular site in 

the ROA tract, the district environmental commission cannot consider whether similar operations 

took place prior to 1970 at a different site within the same tract. Neighbors argue that because 

the present-day ROA site is an amalgamation of several constituent quarries (historically under 

independent ownership from each other), some of which are separated by public roads and 

several miles distant from each other, “they are distinct developments and therefore crushing on 

one does not establish crushing on the other.” The Environmental Division declined to 

distinguish between different parts of the same tract based on distance or intervening public 

roads. We conclude that factors such as distance between sites and separation by a public 

highway affect the weight to be given to the fact of pre-1970 operations at another site within a 

tract. See Clifford’s Loam & Gravel, slip op. at 3. But we do not adopt a bright-line rule 

precluding any consideration of pre-1970 activities at formerly independently owned quarries in 

connection with post-1970 proposed development.

The dissent suggests that undermines our analysis. Post, ¶¶ 46-47. We do not see how. 

Clifford’s Loam & Gravel distinguishes between the gradual expansion of existing operations 

intrinsic to gravel quarrying and the creation of new pits or the commencement of new, 

noncontiguous operations on a different site within a tract. The circumstance here—the 

introduction of significant crushing operations on a site not known to have had similar operations 

for over fifty years—is more closely analogous to the introduction of new operations on a 

different site within a gravel extraction tract than to the gradual expansion of existing operations.
17

Gallagher, 150 Vt. 50, 52-53, 549 A.2d 637, 639 (1988) (reversing determination that proposal, 

which did not include physical changes to property, was not cognizable because proposal might 

nonetheless result in material or substantial change).15 The deployment of heavy industrial 

equipment that qualifies as development in a vicinity where it has not previously been deployed 

is a cognizable change.16 We accordingly reverse the Environmental Division’s conclusion that 

the challenged rock-crushing activity is not a cognizable change. Whether the development 

gives rise to potential significant impact with respect to one or more of the Act 250 criteria 

remains to be seen.17

III.

 

15

 See also In re Lake Champagne Campground, Declaratory Ruling No. 366, slip op. at 

16-17 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Mar. 22, 2001), http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/lup/decisions/2001/dr377-

fco.pdf (change in winter-storage location of camper units was “cognizable physical change” to 

campground, and thus met first prong of substantial-change test, even when there were fewer 

camper units at site post-1970 than pre-1970); In re Dev.’s Diversified Realty Corp., Declaratory 

Rulings Nos. 364, 371 & 375 (consolidated), slip op. at 17-18 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Mar. 25, 1999), 

http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/lup/decisions/1999/dr364-fco.pdf (exterior storefront changes such as 

new double doors, ramps, and bollards, were cognizable physical changes); In re Vt. Agency of 

Transp. (Rte. 73), Declaratory Ruling No. 298, slip op. at 2-3 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. May 9, 1995), 

http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/lup/decisions/1995/dr298-fco.txt (replacement of wood-post guardrail 

with steel-beam guardrail along five-mile stretch of state highway was cognizable change).

16 In reaching this conclusion, we are not, as the dissent suggests, “collapsing” the two 

prongs of the substantial-change test into one. Post, ¶¶ 37, 43. Nor do we hold that the rockcrushing activity in question cannot be grandfathered unless ROA “can demonstrate a history of 

equivalent crushing activities at the exact proposed site.” Post, ¶ 37. These characterizations 

overstate our holding. Even if the introduction of rock-crushing machinery and activities to the 

site in question is a cognizable physical change, the development will be grandfathered unless 

neighbors can show that the activities may result in a significant adverse impact with respect to 

the Act 250 criteria.

17

 The Environmental Division also relied heavily on its conclusion that rock crushing is 

part and parcel of dimension-stone quarrying in reaching its conclusion that the crushing 

operation at issue here does not give rise to a cognizable change. The dissent likewise invokes 

generalizations about the relationship between rock-crushing activities and dimension-stone 

quarrying. Post, ¶¶ 38, 47. Whether crushing is best characterized as “integral to” or “ancillary 

to” dimension-stone quarrying is beside the point. Whether the crushing operations at issue here 

constitute a substantial change from the pre-1970 ROA dimension-stone quarry development 

turns on the actual existence, relative location, and relative amount of pre-1970 crushing, and the 

consequent impact of the new crushing on the Act 250 criteria. It does not turn on a general 

abstract conception of the relationship between dimension-stone quarrying and rock crushing.
18

¶ 32. The above analysis focuses on a legal question—whether the Environmental 

Division used the right framework in evaluating the challenged crushing operations under 

10 V.S.A. § 6086(b). As Neighbors argue, the Environmental Division’s analysis suffers from a 

significant evidentiary flaw as well. In assessing the scope of ROA’s preexisting development as 

it relates to rock crushing, the question of whether the preexisting development was abandoned, 

and the question of whether NEMG’s operations constitute a cognizable change, the 

Environmental Division rested heavily on its finding that dimension-stone-quarrying operations 

on the ROA tract have included intermittent crushing operations at various locations within ROA 

from 1904 through to present times.

¶ 33. This finding was, in turn, based on several specific findings concerning rockcrushing activities on the tract. In particular, the Environmental Division found that there was 

crushing activity of unspecified amount or duration near the site of NEMG’s current crushing 

operations around 1912; that the Wells-Lamson Quarry Co. conducted crushing of an 

unspecified amount and unspecified frequency, including an operation producing poultry grit and 

road aggregate, as far back as 1926 through the 1960s; that Wells-Lamson’s crushing operation 

provided granite sub-base for Interstate 89 in 1958 and 1959 (in amounts detailed in the 

Environmental Division’s opinion); and that Kelley Construction Co. contracted with ROA to 

crush approximately 30,000 cubic yards of material for sale between September 1969 and April 

1970. In its discussion, the Environmental Division leaned most heavily on the evidence 

concerning crushing operations to provide sub-base material for I-89.

¶ 34. ROA concedes that this category of crushing activity—crushing to provide subbase for I-89—has not been linked to the ROA tract. In fact, the evidence suggests that the I-89-

related crushing occurred on property that has never been part of the ROA tract. For that reason, 

the Environmental Division erred in relying on this evidence in determining the scope of the 

preexisting development. We will overturn the Environmental Division’s factual findings if they 
19

are clearly erroneous. Rinkers, 2011 VT 78, ¶ 8. Without consideration of this off-site crushing, 

we are left with the findings that crushing in an unspecified amount occurred near the site 

currently at issue around 1912; that Wells-Lamson crushed an unspecified amount of rock at an 

unspecified frequency from 1926 to 1960; and that a contractor contracted with ROA to crush 

approximately 30,000 cubic yards of material during an eight-month period in 1969 and 1970. 

The sparseness of these subsidiary findings, especially when we set aside those findings relating 

to the off-site crushing, does not match the breadth of the Environmental Division’s conclusion

that intermittent crushing, presumably in an amount commensurate with the crushing at issue in 

this case, characterized ROA’s operations for over a century. While the evidence might support 

more robust findings than those made, the findings made by the Environmental Division do not

establish the amount and frequency of the pre-1970 crushing sufficient to support the 

Environmental Division’s broader conclusion. See Thomas Howrigan Gravel Extraction, slip op.

at 14 (noting that party invoking grandfather exemption has burden “to produce information 

concerning the scope of the pre-1970 operation and the post-1970 operation sufficient for the 

Board to determine whether a substantial change has occurred” (quotation omitted)).

¶ 35. Thus, we reverse the Environmental Division’s findings concerning the scope of 

rock-crushing activities in the preexisting development and the absence of abandonment. We

remand for consideration in light of the record evidence of pre-1970 rock-crushing operations on 

the ROA tract.

¶ 36. On remand, in light of this opinion and the record evidence, the Environmental 

Division should revisit its findings concerning whether NEMG’s rock-crushing operations fit 

within the general scope of ROA’s pre-1970 development; whether the rock-crushing operations, 

if established as part of the pre-1970 development, were abandoned; and whether, if the 

preexisting development does include rock-crushing operations generally, NEMG’s operations in 

this case give rise to a substantial change, analyzed consistent with the guidance set forth above.
20

Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

FOR THE COURT:

Associate Justice

¶ 37. EATON, J., dissenting. Since 2008, at least three different district coordinators 

of the District 5 Environmental Commission following site visits, and then the Superior Court, 

Environmental Division, following a two-day de novo hearing, have concluded that rockcrushing activities by North East Materials Group LLC (NEMG) within the longstanding Rock 

of Ages Corporation (ROA) industrial dimension-stone quarry complex18 do not constitute a 

substantial change from quarry operations that preexisted Act 250, and thus are exempt from the 

Act. As longtime district coordinator Edward Stanak stated in a November 2010 jurisdictional 

opinion concluding that no permit was required for proposed rock-crushing within the ROA 

tract: “Essential to this conclusion is the understanding that the extraction and processing sites 

are within the interior of the overall Rock of Ages industrialized setting.” Notwithstanding the 

consensus on this issue from those with specialized expertise in the Act 250 permitting process, 

and the ample evidence presented in the Environmental Division supporting this position, the 

majority holds that ROA cannot retain exempt status for mobile rock-crushing operations wholly 

within its industrial complex unless it can demonstrate a history of equivalent crushing activities 

at the exact proposed site. The majority arrives at this holding by effectively collapsing the 

bifurcated two-part substantial-change test into a single analysis and placing upon NEMG the 

burden of proving that the proposed rock crushing is not a substantial change to its grandfathered 

 

18

 The Environmental Division found that the ROA quarrying operation is comprised of 

several smaller individual quarries that have been active from the late 1800s to the present. 

Donald C. Murray, an engineer who has worked for ROA since 1979, provided uncontested 

testimony that ROA has existed in its present form with the aggregated quarries since the mid1940s.
21

development. In my view, both the law and the facts support the Environmental Division’s

determination that mobile rock crushing at the proposed level within the ROA industrial complex 

is an exempt preexisting development that cannot be considered a cognizable change from what 

has occurred within the complex since well before Act 250 became law. I cannot join the 

majority’s opinion, which would effectively require a new or amended Act 250 permit every 

time ROA moved its crushing activities from one site to another within the industrial complex. 

Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

¶ 38. Before examining the relevant law, I emphasize some of the critical unchallenged 

findings made by the Environmental Division. Rock crushing is a common activity at 

dimension-stone quarries such as ROA that utilize waste material resulting from the extraction 

process. As the court found, rock crushing “at various locations [within a quarry operation] is 

customary in the industry because the equipment is often portable and the source of material may 

change.” Moreover, the court found that “[i]ntermittent rock crushing is also customary based 

on waste material levels and demand for crushed rock.” These findings are supported by the 

testimony of Donald Murray, who, when asked whether a stone quarry could be run without 

stone crushing, responded that it was “possible if you’ve got the acreage and the money [to 

deposit the uncrushed waste material] but the development process is extremely expensive and if 

you can offset some of those costs [by selling crushed waste material], obviously it helps your 

bottom line.” Mr. Murray testified not only that rock crushing was “very common” at stone 

quarries in general but also that he had “personal knowledge” of rock crushing occurring at ROA 

since the 1960s. He further testified that the amount currently being crushed at the contested site 

was “much less” than the amount that had been done by previous companies in the past. In 

short, the court’s undisputed findings demonstrated that intermittent and mobile rock crushing is 

standard operating procedure at stone quarries and in fact has been going on within the ROA 
22

industrial complex for over one hundred years. Cf. 10 V.S.A. § 6081(k)(1) (defining “[a]ncillary 

activities” of slate quarry to include “crushing”).

¶ 39. In recounting the history of rock crushing at ROA, the Environmental Division

relied not only on Mr. Murray’s personal knowledge of rock crushing there since the 1960s but 

also his “significant research into crushing activities at ROA preceding 1960.” Indeed, that 

research was the subject of several exhibits and multiple court findings regarding rock-crushing 

activities on the ROA tract from the early twentieth century until the present day. As the court 

noted, photographs from the first decade of the twentieth century showed a large crushing plant 

and a rock crusher located extremely close to the site of the crusher that is the subject of the 

instant dispute. The court found that another company conducted rock crushing within the tract 

as early as the mid-1920s and that “the crushing continued through the 1940s and into the 

1960s.” The court also found that another company contracted for crushing a significant amount 

of material from the fall of 1969 into the spring of 1970.

¶ 40. Neither Neighbors nor the majority dispute these findings, but rather attack 

another finding in which the court described significant crushing activities that occurred in the 

late 1960s and produced materials for I-89. Because those particular crushing activities 

apparently occurred just outside the ROA tract, the majority concludes that this finding cannot 

support the court’s ultimate finding that intermittent but regular crushing activities have occurred 

within the ROA tract for over a century. I disagree. Even discounting the Environmental 

Division’s two findings that concern crushing activities just outside the ROA tract, its remaining 

findings fully support its conclusion that regular but intermittent rock crushing has occurred at 

several locations within the ROA tract as an integral part of the grandfathered quarrying 

operation for over a century.

¶ 41. With these facts in mind, I examine the relevant law. As the majority points out, 

the burden of proving that a development is exempt from Act 250 because it preexisted the law 
23

and has not been abandoned is on the party claiming the exemption. See In re Request for 

Jurisdictional Op. re: Changes in Physical Structures & Use at Burlington Int’l Airport for F-35A

(F-35A Case), 2015 VT 41, ¶ 26 n.7, ___ Vt. ___, ___ A.3d ___. That burden, however, “shifts 

to the proponents of jurisdiction to demonstrate that the project represents a substantial change to 

the preexisting development.” In re Vt. RSA Ltd. P’ship, 2007 VT 23, ¶ 10, 181 Vt. 589, 925 

A.2d 1006 (mem.). With regard to this latter burden, the majority adopts the requirement of the 

former Environmental Board that the party seeking the exemption “produce information 

concerning the scope of the pre-1970 operation and the post-1970 operation sufficient . . . to 

determine whether a substantial change has occurred.” In re Thomas Howrigan Gravel 

Extraction, Declaratory Ruling No. 358, slip op. at 14 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Aug. 30, 1999) (quotation 

omitted), http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/lup/decisions/1999/dr358-fco.pdf.

¶ 42. I agree that it makes sense for the proponent of the exemption, as the party in 

possession of any information on the scope of the development over the years, to make that 

information available, but I would emphasize that the burden of persuading the trier of fact that a 

substantial change has occurred remains with the party contesting the grandfathered exemption. 

See id. (“However, the burden of persuasion with respect to substantial change lies with those 

who contend that a permit is required.” (quotation omitted)). In my view, the reasoning 

underlying the majority’s reversal of the Environmental Division’s decision effectively places 

that burden on ROA rather than Neighbors.

¶ 43. Moreover, the majority skews the longstanding two-prong substantial-change test 

by collapsing the test into a single analysis. Early on, this Court adopted the Environmental 

Board’s two-part substantial-change test, under which Act 250 jurisdiction may be invoked 

under the following circumstances: “First, the Board must find a cognizable physical change to 

the pre-existing development. If such a change is found, the Board must conclude that the 

change has caused a significant impact under one or more of the ten criteria listed in § 6086 of 
24

Act 250.” In re H.A. Manosh Corp., 147 Vt. 367, 370, 518 A.2d 18, 20 (1986); see In re Barlow, 

160 Vt. 513, 521, 631 A.2d 853, 858 (1993) (concluding that Board’s rule adopting two-part 

substantial-change test “has effectively become part of the Act 250 legislative scheme” and thus 

has same effect as any law passed by Legislature).

¶ 44. Accordingly, over the years, both the Board and this Court have consistently 

addressed each prong of the two-prong test separately, reaching the second prong only if the first 

prong is met. See, e.g., Vt. RSA Ltd. P’ship, 2007 VT 23, ¶¶ 10-11 (noting that Board went on 

to analyze potential for significant impacts after finding that cognizable-change prong had been 

met); In re F.W. Whitcomb Constr. Co., Declaratory Ruling No. 408, slip op. at 11 (Vt. Envtl. 

Bd. Aug. 28, 2002), http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/lup/decisions/2002/dr408-mod.pdf (“Because the 

Board finds no cognizable physical change, the Board does not go on to determine whether any 

change has the potential for significant impact under any Act 250 criterion.”).

¶ 45. Of the four reasons the majority proffers to support its holding that evidence of 

past crushing activities within an exempt industrial complex must be site-specific to retain a 

grandfathered exemption, the one to which the majority devotes the most attention is the notion 

that we must focus on the impacts of the development because Act 250 is concerned with 

environmental impacts.19 Notwithstanding that the majority purports not to reach the second 

prong of the substantial-change test concerning the potential impacts of a cognizable change, this 

 

19

 The other three reasons the majority proffers are that: (1) Act 250 exemptions should 

be read narrowly; (2) the Environmental Division’s tract-wide approach to assessing substantial 

changes is at odds with our historical treatment of gravel-pit cases; and (3) the Environmental 

Division’s conclusion that there is no cognizable physical change to the ROA development is 

inconsistent with past cases in which this Court has found even relatively modest changes to be 

cognizable changes that satisfy the first prong of the substantial-change test. Regarding the first 

reason, the majority itself acknowledges an equally important general principle that this Court 

must be “mindful, when considering Act 250’s jurisdictional threshold, that legislation in 

derogation of common law property rights will be strictly construed.” In re CVPS/Verizon Act 

250 Land Use Permit, 2009 VT 71, ¶ 14, 186 Vt. 289, 980 A.2d 256 (quotation omitted). 

Regarding the other two reasons, as discussed below, I believe that the Environmental Division’s 

decision is consistent with the relevant law.
25

reasoning is inconsistent with the Environmental Board decisions it relies on requiring that the 

first prong of the substantial-change test be met before any impacts are considered.

¶ 46. In re Clifford’s Loam & Gravel, Inc., Declaratory Ruling No. 90 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. 

Nov. 6, 1978), perhaps the earliest Board decision discussing the two-part substantial-change 

test, is a decision on which the majority relies heavily but that cuts against the majority’s 

reasoning and its ultimate holding. In that decision, the Board found that the gravel operation at 

issue, “although more visible and apparently having greater environmental impacts, is not 

materially different from the pre-1970 operation.” In its conclusions of law, the Board explained 

the legal effect of this finding:

 The pre-existing gravel operation has not been changed even 

though it is apparent that the gradual expansion of the directly and 

visibly involved area is causing greater environmental impacts. 

The nature of such an operation is to continue to expand the area 

from which gravel has been removed. Criterion 9(E) and 

references in the statement of legislative intent set forth in Act 250 

indicate that special importance was placed on extraction of earth 

resources by the Vermont General Assembly.

In accordance with the Board’s understanding of Act 250 and the 

legislative intent, we conclude that when a gravel operation 

commenced prior to Act 250 is expanded and operated in 

essentially the same manner as it was prior to Act 250, that only a 

substantial change in operation can trigger Act 250 jurisdiction. 

The fact that existing impacts including noise, dust, and traffic will 

be increased as the operation expands is not the controlling factor 

with respect to Act 250 jurisdiction.

Id. slip op. at 2-3 (concluding that because no change in operation occurred “there is no basis for 

holding further hearings to evaluate potential environmental impacts”).

¶ 47. In later decisions, the Board consistently reinforced this position. Indeed, in 

another decision relied on by the majority, the Board cited factors set forth in Clifford’s Loam &

Gravel for determining whether a cognizable change had occurred, but emphasized “that 

contiguous expansion of the excavation area within the pre-existing tract is not a change, 

provided that the excavation operation is expanded and operated in essentially the same manner 
26

as it was before June 1, 1970.” Howrigan Gravel Extraction, slip op. at 18 (quotation omitted); 

see also In re Dale E. Percy, Inc., Declaratory Ruling No. 251, slip op. at 5 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Mar.

26, 1992), http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/lup/decisions/1992/dr251-fco.pdf (“The Board has 

previously ruled that contiguous expansion of the excavation area within the pre-existing tract is 

not a change, provided that the excavation operation is expanded and operated in essentially the 

same manner as it was before June 1, 1970.”); In re Weston Island Ventures, Declaratory Ruling

No. 169, slip op. at 6 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. June 3, 1985), http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/lup/

decisions/1985/dr169.pdf (agreeing “that gravel, quarry and mining operations do present unique 

realities, because unlike other developments, they will by their nature gradually expand to 

occupy a larger and larger area”).

¶ 48. In this case, as noted, the Environmental Division made unchallenged findings 

that rock crushing is a normal part of a dimension-stone quarrying operation and is customarily 

done in various locations within the operation because the equipment is often portable and the 

source of materials to be crushed changes. Moreover, as described above, NEMG presented 

ample evidence through the testimony of a longstanding employee and a multitude of exhibits 

that rock crushing has been going on as part of quarry operations for over a century within the 

contiguous tract of land it has owned for forty years.

¶ 49. Given the evidence presented by NEMG and the Environmental Division’s

undisputed findings, there can be little doubt as to the existence of exempt intermittent rockcrushing activities within the ROA industrial complex that have always been part and parcel to 

the quarrying operations and that have never been abandoned. See In re Vill. Assocs. Act 250 

Land Use Permit, 2010 VT 42A, ¶ 7, 188 Vt. 113, 998 A.2d 712 (“Under our standard of review, 

the Environmental Court determines the credibility of witnesses and weighs the persuasive effect 

of evidence, and we will not overturn its factual findings unless, taking them in the light most 

favorable to the prevailing party, they are clearly erroneous.” (quotation omitted)); In re R.E. 
27

Tucker, Inc., 149 Vt. 551, 557, 547 A.2d 1314, 1318 (1988) (“Where findings of the Board with 

respect to questions of fact are supported by substantial evidence on the record, they are 

conclusive.”); cf. In re Orzel, 145 Vt. 355, 359, 491 A.2d 1013, 1015 (1985) (concluding that 

commercial gravel operation preexisted Act 250 where findings indicated that gravel was 

removed intermittently and no evidence indicated abandonment of those intermittent activities); 

Howrigan Gravel Extraction, slip op. at 16 (finding preexisting gravel operation grandfathered 

and no abandonment at pit where extraction “occurred on a very limited basis”); In re Champlain 

Marble Corp., Declaratory Ruling No. 319, slip op. at 7 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Oct. 2, 1996) (concluding 

that stone removal activity had not been abandoned despite “sporadic” activity and “minimal 

evidence” of ongoing extraction activity at time Act 250 was enacted).

¶ 50. The only real question is whether a permit is needed because the rock-crushing 

activities have moved to different locations within the ROA industrial complex. The majority 

cites the four guidelines set forth in Clifford’s Loam & Gravel for determining whether there has 

been a substantial change to gravel operations: (1) removing gravel on additional land; 

(2) opening a new area a substantial distance from the preexisting area; (3) changing the nature 

of the operation, for example by adding a stone crusher; or (4) removing gravel across a 

waterway or public highway “where it might be argued that the intervening ownership defined 

the limits of the pre-existing operation.” Id. slip op. at 3. Of course, this is not a gravel-crushing 

case. As the Environmental Division reasonably concluded, the gravel cases are not entirely 

analogous to the instant case because they involve continual extraction along a contiguous line. 

In a gravel operation, as opposed to a dimension-stone operation, the gravel itself is the principal 

product being extracted. In a dimension-stone operation, the loose stone, or grout, is a byproduct of the exempted granite extraction. As the Environmental Division pointed out, gravel 

cases in which the Board ruled that a permit was needed because the challenged gravel extraction 

was taking place in an entirely new area are not analogous to the situation here, where mobile 
28

rock-crushing activities have been moved to various quarry locations within the ROA industrial 

complex.

¶ 51. To the extent that the Clifford’s Loam & Gravel guidelines are analogous to this 

case, they do not support the majority’s holding. Rock crushing at the ROA site, as is typical of 

the dimension-stone quarry industry, is an ancillary activity that has been done intermittently 

during the last century at various locations within the industrial complex, including near the 

contested rock-crushing site. Thus, the instant situation does not involve opening up a new area 

or commencing the development on additional land.

¶ 52. Nor does it involve either a change in the development or an extraction of 

materials across a waterway or highway beyond what might be considered “the limits of the preexisting operation.” Indeed, the cases finding cognizable changes in comparable large-scale 

gravel operations have involved an expansion of those operations not present here. Cf. In re 

Barlow, 160 Vt. at 517, 631 A.2d at 856 (noting that Board found cognizable changes in rate and 

frequency of gravel extraction and use of “portable stone crusher where none had been used 

before”); In re Haynes, 150 Vt. 572, 573, 556 A.2d 77, 78 (1988) (noting that Board found 

increased level of gravel extraction as well as establishment of continual operations, installation 

of permanent crusher, placement of an office and shop on property, and installation of two fuel 

tanks); In re R.E. Tucker, Inc., 149 Vt. at 553, 547 A.2d at 1315-16 (noting that Board found 

“installation of new equipment, a new roadway and excavation of settling lagoons, together with 

the withdrawal of water from the Dog River”); In re H.A. Manosh Corp., 147 Vt. at 369, 518 

A.2d at 19 (noting that Board found “significantly expanded” gravel operation involving “the 

introduction of mechanized equipment constitut[ing] a cognizable physical change to the preexisting development”); In re L.W. Haynes, Inc., Declaratory Ruling No. 192, slip op. at 7 (Vt. 

Envtl. Bd. Sept. 25, 1987), http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/lup/decisions/1987/dr192.pdf (concluding 

that cognizable-change prong of substantial-change test had been met by conversion of gravel pit 
29

to full-time operation, installation of crusher on permanent basis, installation of gate, doubling of 

width of access road, installation of office trailer, and increase in gravel extraction); Weston 

Island Ventures, Declaratory Ruling No. 169, at 5 (stating that permit for gravel operation would 

be required even assuming it preexisted Act 250 because of construction of new access road, 

installation of mobile home, operation of crusher, and three-fold increase in extraction).20

¶ 53. According to the majority, it is “inconceivable” that a stone quarry such as ROA 

“could obtain an open-ended permit to install a crusher at any location on its property that it 

chooses,” and thus it would be “incongruous” to adopt “a legal framework that treats crushing 

operations in one location as establishing a grandfathered right to crushing operations in any 

location on the tract.” Ante, ¶ 28. Once again, this reasoning demonstrates the majority’s failure 

to separate out the first prong of the established two-prong substantial-change test. As noted, the 

first prong of that test focuses on whether the development is being operated in essentially the 

same manner as it was prior to Act 250, irrespective of whether a permit would be needed for 

that same development. This is not a request for an original or amended permit. Rather, NEMG

had the burden to demonstrate only that the challenged activity was preexisting and ongoing and 

to provide information from which the factfinder could determine that no substantial change had 

occurred. NEMG met that burden, and thus Neighbors bore the burden to persuade the

Environmental Division first and foremost that a cognizable change had occurred, irrespective of 

 

20

 The majority cites two cases from this Court in support of its assertion that even 

modest physical changes are treated as cognizable changes that satisfy the first prong of the 

substantial-change test. One case involved the addition of antennas on a church, see Vt. RSA 

Ltd. P’ship, 2007 VT 23, ¶ 11, while the other involved the conversion of cabins into 

condominiums without any physical changes, In re Gallagher, 150 Vt. 50, 51, 549 A.2d 637, 638 

(1988). Neither case involved any challenge regarding the first prong of the substantial-change 

test. In the first case, this Court rejected the neighbors challenge to the Board’s substantialchange analysis under criteria 8 and 10 of Act 250, Vt. RSA Ltd. P’ship, 2007 VT 23, ¶ 14, 

while in the second case, which did not even involve a grandfathered exemption, we reversed the 

Board’s ruling because the Board failed to give the parties an opportunity to present evidence on 

whether the proposed condominium conversion would amount to a “material” or “substantial” 

change requiring an amended permit, Gallagher, 150 Vt. at 53, 549 A.2d at 639. In any event, 

neither case has factual circumstances even remotely similar to those here involving an 

expansive quarry complex.
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any impacts resulting from the preexisting development. As the Board stated in Clifford’s Loam 

& Gravel:

 Act 250 jurisdiction cannot be asserted simply because existing 

environmental impacts are increased even though the impacts 

could have been reduced or avoided. While criterion 9(E) makes it 

very unlikely that some of the present practices by Clifford’s 

would be allowed if Act 250 jurisdiction did apply, this ruling must 

be limited to a determination of whether or not an Act 250 permit 

is required. Unless applicable law and precedents create 

jurisdiction, there is no purpose served by evaluating the manner of 

the operation even if a “reasonable man” would find that operation 

environmentally objectionable.

Slip op. at 3.

¶ 54. The Environmental Division, as did several district coordinators, recognized that 

the overall nature of the preexisting development in this case is an expansive stone quarry that 

involves—and for over a century has always involved—intermittent rock crushing as an ancillary 

activity. The ROA industrial complex is contiguous, and the rock-crushing operations there have 

historically moved from one area of the complex to another depending on the source of the stone 

to be crushed. Because crushing has always been part and parcel to the contiguous stonequarrying operations in the complex, there is no cognizable change to the preexisting 

development. This is the reasonable rationale of the Environmental Division and the several 

district coordinators in rejecting Act 250 jurisdiction for the rock-crushing activities. In my 

view, the law and common sense support this position.

¶ 55. I am authorized to state that Justice Skoglund joins this dissent.

Associate Justice