In the

Court of Appeals

Second Appellate District of Texas

at Fort Worth

___________________________

No. 02-19-00041-CV

___________________________

On Appeal from the 355th District Court

Hood County, Texas

Trial Court No. D2018067

Before Sudderth, C.J.; Gabriel and Womack, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Womack

C.B., Appellant

V.

A.B., Appellee
2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

I. INTRODUCTION

Appellant C.B. (Father) appeals portions of the trial court’s final decree of 

divorce. In two issues, Father argues (1) that the evidence does not support the trial 

court’s division of the marital estate and (2) that the trial court abused its discretion by

ordering that appellee A.B. (Mother) has the exclusive right to designate the primary 

residence of the couple’s child (Child) “within Hood County, Texas[,] and within 60 

miles of Anchorage, Alaska.” We will affirm. 

II. BACKGROUND

At the final divorce hearing, Mother testified that she and Father married in 

August 2013 and that the couple had one child together—Child. Mother also has an 

older daughter from a prior marriage (Sister), whose father lives in Anchorage. 

According to Mother, she was born and raised in Anchorage, and that is where her 

family lives. It is also where she met Father. Because Father is employed by the 

Army Corps of Engineers, and because the work he was performing in Anchorage 

had been completed, the couple moved to Texas after Father decided that he would 

rather take a position with the Army Corps of Engineers in Fort Worth, Texas, rather 

than Nebraska. But Mother said that it was always the couple’s plan to move back to 

Anchorage after Father had accrued enough time with the Army Corps of Engineers. 

By Mother’s account, when the couple lived in Anchorage, Father had a busy 

schedule that often included his going on four-week-long work trips. Since the couple 
3

had been in Texas, Father’s work schedule evolved into his being on the road for one 

to two weeks at a time, with Father routinely only staying in the couple’s residence on 

the weekends. Mother testified that she had been a stay-at-home mom since the 

family moved to Texas. While Mother was on the stand, her attorney introduced a 

W-2 demonstrating that Father had made $87,621 gross income in 2017. Mother also 

said that Father received $1,600 monthly for disability pay and that Child had medical 

insurance available to her through Tricare. 

Mother averred that she had begun working two weeks prior to the 

September 24, 2018 hearing. According to Mother, she works six and one-half hours 

a day and earns $10 per hour. Mother said that if she remained in Texas, her monthly 

expenses would be $4,771.70, but if she moved back to Anchorage her monthly 

expenses would reduce to $3,201.67. By Mother’s account, her expenses would be 

less in Anchorage because she would be living with her grandparents, who raised her, 

and they would help her with childcare and expenses. She also said that if she

returned to Anchorage, her earning capacity would increase, and she believed she 

could return to her old job there making $13 per hour. 

Mother said that the reason she filed for divorce was because she learned that 

Father was having an affair. She also said that Father is now living with the person he

was having the affair with (Girlfriend), who lives two and one-half hours away from 

where Mother and Child live. By Mother’s account, this distance has affected Father’s 

ability to have a relationship with Child, but Father does routinely Skype with Child. 
4

Mother said that Father’s work and other commitments often interfered with his 

ability to pick Child up for visitation and that Girlfriend had picked up Child multiple 

times because Father was either working or hunting. Mother said that communicating 

with Father had been “stressful” and that “something always comes up” when the 

two discuss visitation with Child. Mother testified that during the pendency of the 

divorce, Father had paid the bills sporadically—including the rent where she and 

Child were living—and that because of this, she had to borrow money from her 

grandparents to pay bills. She also said that during the marriage, she and Father had 

borrowed large amounts of money from her grandparents. 

Mother averred that she was asking the court to allow her and Child to move to 

Anchorage. Mother proposed that Father have standard possession of and visitation 

with Child, including her staying with him during summers and major holidays. She 

also said that Father could visit Child in Alaska “any time he wanted to come up.” 

Mother testified that it was feasible for Father to visit Child in Anchorage because he 

had multiple friends there, and he owns a rental home forty-five minutes away from 

Anchorage that was housing long-time friends of his. Mother stipulated that the 

Alaska home was Father’s separate property. According to Mother, there are direct 

flights from DFW airport to Anchorage that last six hours and cost roughly $500. She 

also asked the court that, when he comes to visit Child, Father’s visits occur within 

sixty miles of Anchorage—a distance that would allow for visitations to occur at the 
5

home Father owns in Alaska. She stated that her schedule in Anchorage would be 

flexible enough to accommodate Father’s visits with Child. 

Mother averred that at Father’s request, she submitted to a drug test and that 

the results were negative. As she testified, the trial court admitted into evidence the

results of her drug test. Mother stated that even though she had taken her drug test, 

Father had not taken one because when he went for the test, his nails were not long 

enough for a sample. Mother said, however, that this was unusual because, even 

though his fingernails varied, he typically had long toenails and that he did not 

normally get manicures or pedicures. 

Mother stated that returning to Anchorage would have a positive impact on her 

and Child’s life because Mother had missed her family, and the ability to live with her 

grandparents would provide a better home for Child. She also said that all of her 

cousins live in Anchorage and that there are multiple relatives that are around Child’s 

age. Mother recalled a recent visit to Anchorage and how she was able to take Child 

camping and fishing “and kind of gave her the life that [Mother] had growing up.” 

Mother said that although she had relatives living in Texas, she did not know many of 

them, had not seen many of them in years, and did not know where they lived. 

Mother acknowledged that she had a babysitter she trusted for Child that lived a few 

houses away and that she had started recently dating someone she has known for 

many years that lives nearby. Nevertheless, she averred that neither she nor Father 

had any real support system in Texas. She also said that because of his job, Father 
6

was rarely around their Texas residence. Mother stated that the parenting arrangment

that she proposed was in Child’s best interest. 

Mother’s grandfather (Grandfather) testified at the hearing. Grandfather said 

that he had raised Mother most of her life and that he and his wife had visited 

Mother, Father, Child, and Sister once or twice a year since they had moved to Texas. 

Grandfather said that it was a viable option for Mother and her daughters to move to 

the grandparent’s home in Anchorage because they have a large home that contains 

up to seven bedrooms (some of which currently serve as offices that can easily be 

converted to bedrooms). Grandfather said that there is a large support system in 

Anchorage for Mother and her daughters, including himself, his wife, Mother’s 

mother, and two of Mother’s uncles. 

Grandfather said that he had loaned Father and Mother money in the past, 

including an $18,000 loan for the purpose of paying off debts from Father’s prior 

divorce. He also said that during the pendency of the divorce, he had financially 

assisted Mother, mainly for legal bills. Grandfather said that he has never had any 

concerns about Mother’s parenting abilities and that he believed it was in Child’s best 

interest that she be allowed to move to Anchorage with Mother. Grandfather also 

said that he could think of no good reason for Child to remain living in Texas given 

the minor support network she has in Texas versus the robust support network Child 

would have in Anchorage. 
7

Father also testified at the hearing. Father averred that he had made between 

$87,000 and $89,000 gross income in 2017 and receives $1,600 monthly as a disability

payment. Father said that he was currently paying $1,420 a month in child support to 

Mother. Father stated that as a driller for the Army Corps of Engineers, he works 

“regions” and that currently he was assigned to a region that covered “Fort Worth to 

Waco to Fort Hood.”

Father said that he objected to Child moving to Anchorage because he believed 

that he would not have the ability “to be her father or spend any time with her.” 

Father said that his research into flights from DFW to Anchorage revealed that flights 

can last between eight and twenty-three hours and can cost between $600 and $1,200. 

He also stated that if he were to drive to Anchorage from his home, it would take him 

two days if he drove eighteen hours each day. 

According to Father, at the time of the hearing, his current visitation schedule 

was to visit Child on the first, third, and fifth weekend of every month on Saturdays

from 10:00 a.m. until 7:00 p.m. and on Sundays from 9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. 

According to Father, visitations with Child were difficult because he lived 112 miles 

away from her, and he routinely was scheduled to work every other weekend. But 

Father averred that he and his boss were trying to work out a schedule so that he 

could be off for more visitation weekends.

By Father’s account, he and Mother had communication problems regarding 

visitations and that after Mother and her daughters had spent the entire month of July 
8

in Alaska, she did not communicate with him for three weeks after she returned. He 

also said that Mother did not effectively communicate with him regarding Child’s 

medical needs. 

Father denied having an affair while together with Mother and said that he only 

started dating Girlfriend after he and Mother had separated, but he agreed that he had 

known Girlfriend prior to the separation—he met her through one of his friends

when he went with a group to a bar one night. According to Father, he was unaware 

that the drug test he was to take would be done via nail clippings, and he had gone 

and attempted to take the test, but the lab determined that his nails were too short to 

retrieve a sample. By Father’s account, he returned a week later and the lab took nail 

clippings, but he had not heard back regarding any results of a test. Father said that 

he routinely trims his fingernails because he works with his hands and that he 

routinely trims his toenails because he wears steel-toed boots to work. 

Father said that most of Mother’s family in Alaska have “an extensive criminal 

record” and that the grandparents lived in Florida during winters. Father stated that 

he was concerned that if Child moved to Anchorage she would not see him often 

enough and that eventually she would not remember him well and not have “the 

father figure in her life that she needs.” He also said that he does not accrue enough 

vacation time to be able to visit Anchorage regularly and that frequent travel would be 

cost prohibitive. Father said that he was asking the court to set a geographical 

restriction that Child remain in Texas and that he would be willing to travel anywhere 
9

in Texas to visit Child. He also averred that he had “years of work lined up” in his 

current region and that it was unlikely that he would be relocating any time soon.

On cross-examination, Mother’s attorney introduced a photograph of Father 

and Girlfriend getting pedicures. Father agreed that he had captioned the 

photograph, ostensibly on social media, with the statement, “[I]t’s what you do when 

your plans with your daughter get denied.” Father said that he did not know exactly 

when the photograph was taken but that it must have “been just a couple of weeks” 

before the hearing when he allegedly was told that he could not visit with Child that 

weekend. According to Father, Mother had denied him visitation because she 

believed he “was under the influence that weekend.” But Father agreed that he got 

his manicure either a week before or a week after he was unable to provide a nail 

sample to the lab for drug testing. 

Mother’s attorney also introduced a series of text messages between Father and 

his friend that transpired before divorce papers were served on him. Initially, Father 

said that he did not know who had sent the texts, at one point even claiming that his 

phone had been “tapped” and that Mother had “hacked” his Facebook account. But 

eventually, Father reluctantly agreed that he had texted his friend a picture of 

Girlfriend, allegedly before she was his girlfriend, and a picture of a pro se divorce 

petition. Specifically, Father texted his friend that he would be “dropping divorce 

papers soon.” Father also texted his friend that he had not been happy being married 

to Mother “for a long time” but that he was “not looking forward to the child 
10

support.” Father further texted that he was going to offer Mother $800 a month in 

child support as well as his house in Alaska. On the stand, Father admitted that he 

was surprised by Mother’s filing for divorce. 

Other texts between Father and his friend stated that Father was happy when 

he was with Girlfriend. The texts also revealed, and Father admitted, that Girlfriend 

had visited him in New Mexico for a week prior to him being served, but he swore 

that the two were just friends at that time. In other texts, Father asked his friend not 

to say anything to anyone about Girlfriend until “the dust settled.” Another text from 

Father stated that he would be bringing Girlfriend to “the ranch” soon. The friend 

replied that he did not think that was a good idea while Father and Mother were still 

married. 

Further texts between Father and his friend showed extensive conversations 

about marijuana—including a discussion about the friend’s dad growing marijuana—

and about cocaine use. In one particular text, Father stated that he was quitting 

marijuana “until after this is over” and that if “she trie[d] to pull anything, [Father 

could] use [Mother’s own drug use] against her.” In the same series of texts, Father 

relayed how Girlfriend “knows everything,” apparently regarding his drug use and the 

marijuana growing. Another text from Father stated that Mother did not “know 

about” Girlfriend, but “[Mother] has suspicions.” 

The texting goes on to reveal a conversation between Father and his friend 

wherein the friend tells Father to be careful and that if Mother could prove Father
11

had been committing adultery, it would look bad in court and affect the division of 

the marital estate. Father responded to that text by stating, “She can’t prove 

anything.” 

Other texts stated that Father was willing to let Mother move to Alaska with 

Child and that he would pursue custody of Child in the future. In another text, 

Father asked his friend, “How can I get custody if I am gone all the time[?]”

Father testified that initially he was okay with the idea of Child moving to

Anchorage with Mother and that was why he texted those messages. Father also 

admitted that he had offered Mother at least three settlements wherein Mother would 

have been allowed to take Child with her to Anchorage, but that Mother had deemed 

the offered settlements as “not good enough.” Father said that he changed his mind 

about Child moving to Anchorage after he had experienced visitation issues regarding

Child. 

Father stated that he and Mother had both habitually used marijuana in the past 

and that Mother had used marijuana while pregnant with Child, but Father admitted 

that he “didn’t say anything” to Mother about her use while pregnant. Father claimed 

that he had stopped using marijuana right after he and Mother separated because he 

“realized that [he] was using it as a crutch for [his] emotional discontent.” According 

to Father, Mother’s mother and one of her uncles smoke marijuana. Father claimed 

that he had even smoked marijuana with both of them. 
12

In the final divorce decree, the court ordered, among other things, that Father 

and Mother were to be joint managing conservators of Child with Mother having 

primary custody and “the exclusive right to designate [Child’s] primary residence 

within Hood County, Texas[,] and within 60 miles of Anchorage, Alaska.” The trial 

court further ordered that “as long as [Child] is under three (3) years of age and 

Respondent, [Father], does not reside in Alaska, [Mother] shall reimburse [Father] for 

twenty-five percent (25%) of his travel (coach flight costs only) to Alaska for his 

periods of possession as set out herein.” Child was one year old at the time the trial 

court entered its final decree. This appeal followed.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Division of the Marital Estate

Even though Father briefs two issues on appeal, his first issue arguing that the 

evidence does not support the trial court’s division of the couple’s estate is now moot. 

Father complains specifically in his first issue that the trial court erred by ordering him 

to maintain a Survivor’s Benefit Plan with Mother as the sole beneficiary as well as 

ordering him to execute a “Form RI 76-10” to permanently assign Father’s Federal 

Group Life Insurance benefits to Mother. But as Mother points out in her brief, after 

Father submitted his brief to this court in July, the trial court entered an agreed “Final 

Decree of Divorce Nunc Pro Tunc” on September 11, 2019. In the nunc pro tunc 

decree, the specific orders that Father complains of regarding his Survivor’s Benefit 

Plan and his Federal Group Life Insurance have been removed, and Father is no 
13

longer obligated to provide such benefits to Mother. Thus, we overrule Father’s first 

issue. 

B. The Domicile Restriction

In his second issue, Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion by 

ordering that Mother had the exclusive right to determine the primary residency of 

Child. Specifically, Father argues that despite the trial court’s ordering “nominal 

reimbursement” to assist him in visiting Child in Anchorage, the trial court abused its 

discretion by finding that a geographical restriction allowing Mother to relocate Child

to Anchorage was in Child’s best interest. We disagree.

We review the trial court’s decisions on custody, control, possession, and 

visitation matters for an abuse of discretion. See Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 

451 (Tex. 1982); In re M.P.B., 257 S.W.3d 804, 811 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.); 

see In re W.M., 172 S.W.3d 718, 724 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) (reasoning

that the trial court has “wide latitude in determining the best interests of a minor 

child”). To determine whether a trial court abused its discretion, we must decide 

whether the court acted without reference to any guiding rules or principles; in other 

words, we must decide whether the act was arbitrary or unreasonable. Low v. Henry, 

221 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2007); Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 838–39 (Tex.

2004); W.M., 172 S.W.3d at 725. An appellate court cannot conclude that a trial court 

abused its discretion merely because the appellate court would have ruled differently 
14

in the same circumstances. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 

558 (Tex. 1995); see Low, 221 S.W.3d at 620.

An abuse of discretion does not occur when the trial court bases its decisions 

on conflicting evidence. In re Barber, 982 S.W.2d 364, 366 (Tex. 1998) (orig. 

proceeding). Furthermore, an abuse of discretion does not occur as long as some 

evidence of substantive and probative character exists to support the trial court’s 

decision. Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 84 S.W.3d 198, 211 (Tex. 2002); W.M., 172 S.W.3d 

at 725. We must be cognizant that the trial court is in a better position to decide 

custody cases because “it faced the parties and their witnesses, observed their 

demeanor, and had the opportunity to evaluate the claims made by each parent.” In re 

J.R.D., 169 S.W.3d 740, 743 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet. denied).

In our review of a child-custody ruling under the abuse-of-discretion standard, 

legal and factual sufficiency are not independent grounds of error but are relevant 

factors in deciding whether the trial court abused its discretion. In re T.D.C., 

91 S.W.3d 865, 872 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet. denied) (op. on reh’g); see 

W.M., 172 S.W.3d at 725. In determining whether there has been an abuse of

discretion because the evidence is legally or factually insufficient to support the trial 

court’s decision, we consider whether the trial court had sufficient information upon 

which to exercise its discretion and whether it erred in its application of that

discretion. W.M., 172 S.W.3d at 725; T.D.C., 91 S.W.3d at 872. “The traditional 

sufficiency review comes into play with regard to the first question. With regard to 
15

the second question, we determine, based on the elicited evidence, whether the trial 

court made a reasonable decision.” W.M., 172 S.W.3d at 725 (footnote omitted).

Texas does not have any specific statute regarding residency restrictions in 

custody cases.1 See Lenz v. Lenz, 79 S.W.3d 10, 14 (Tex. 2002); In re M.M.M., 

307 S.W.3d 846, 850 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.). In Lenz, the Texas 

Supreme Court provided a variety of factors relevant to the determination of whether 

a geographic restriction is in the best interest of the child, including: (1) the reasons 

for and against the move, including the parents’ good faith motives in requesting or

opposing it; (2) health, education, and leisure opportunities afforded by the move; 

(3) the degree of economic, emotional, and educational enhancement for the custodial 

parent and child; (4) the effect on extended family relationships; (5) accommodation 

of the child’s special needs or talents; (6) the effect on visitation and communication 

with the noncustodial parent to maintain a full and continuous relationship with the 

child; (7) the possibility of a visitation schedule allowing the continuation of a 

meaningful relationship between the noncustodial parent and child; and (8) the ability 

 

1

In his brief, Father cites to Texas Family Code Section 153.001 and asserts that 

Section 153.001 “provides factors for the court to use in evaluating whether lifting the 

geographic restriction violates Texas public policy.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.001.

It is true that the Lenz court stated that the public policy announced in Section 

153.001 outlined the “framework upon which we may build guidelines for . . . 

residency restriction for purposes of relocation,” but the Lenz factors were designed 

to “give meaning to the[] public policy imperatives” found in Section 153.001. Lenz, 

79 S.W.3d at 14. Because Section 153.001 does not itself set out factors in the 

relocation context, the Lenz court developed the Lenz factors. Id.
16

of the noncustodial parent to relocate.2 79 S.W.3d at 15–16. In doing so, the 

supreme court recognized that cases such as these are intensely fact-driven and 

therefore involve the balancing of these numerous factors, as opposed to formulaic 

tests.3Id.

In this case, the majority of the Lenz factors support the trial court’s ordered 

geographical restriction. 

 

2Although Lenz involved a modification proceeding, the factors are also 

applicable in an appeal of a trial court’s decision regarding geographic restriction in a 

divorce decree. See Yasin v. Yasin, No. 03–10–00774–CV, 2011 WL 5009895, *3 & n. 

3 (Tex. App.—Austin Oct. 21, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (explaining that while Lenz

involved a motion to modify, “the factors are also applicable in an appeal of a trial 

court’s decision regarding geographic restriction in a divorce decree”).

3Although both parties cite to and analyze the Holley factors that reviewing 

courts typically utilize to address the inquiry of whether termination of a parent’s

rights to a child is in the best interest of a child, we decline to use these factors 

because they address a completely different inquiry than the one posed in relocation 

or residency-restriction cases. See Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 

1976) (articulating factors to be analyzed by reviewing courts in determining the best 

interest of a child in termination of parental rights cases). Indeed, Lenz was written 

twenty-six years after Holley, and the Lenz court did not address the Holley factors 

when discussing how a number of jurisdictions dealt with the question of relocation

or geographic restrictions. 79 S.W.3d at 15–16. While it is true that some courts have 

mixed the Lenz and Holley factors together when addressing a relocation or 

geographic-restriction case, this court has not. Compare Womack v. Womack, No. 10-

05-00182-CV, 2006 WL 1911004, *5 (Tex. App.—Waco July 12, 2006, no pet.) (mem. 

op.) (utilizing both the Lenz and Holley factors in a relocation case) with M.M.M., 

307 S.W.3d at 849 (utilizing only the Lenz factors, this court held that trial court did 

not abuse its discretion by declining to include geographic restriction on child’s 

domicile); see also In re M.V., 583 S.W.3d 354, 357 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2019, no pet.) 

(analyzing only the Lenz factors and holding that trial court did not abuse its 

discretion by lifting geographic-residency restriction).
17

1. The Reasons for and Against the Move, Including the Parents’ Good Faith Motives 

in Requesting or Opposing it

Here, Mother’s stated reasons for wanting to move to Anchorage were so that 

Mother’s grandparents could provide a stable home and economic support for her 

and Child and that Child would be able to grow up around family members with

whom Mother had a relationship. Mother also said that she had a greater earning 

capacity in Anchorage than in Texas. Conversely, Mother and Grandfather both 

testified that Mother and Child had an almost nonexistent support system in Texas. 

There is nothing in the record that would have led the trial court to question Mother’s 

good faith in requesting the move. 

Father’s stated reason for opposing the move was that he would not be able to 

visit Child enough to establish a proper parent-child relationship and that he had 

difficulty with Mother in arranging visitation with Child. But the record indicates, 

especially through the text messages he sent to his friend, that Father appeared more 

concerned with the financial ramifications of potential child support than he was 

concerned with where Child lived. Indeed, in his text messages, Father told his friend 

that he was going to ask that Mother take the home in Alaska and receive only $800 a 

month in child support and then he would allow Child to move to Anchorage with 

Mother. Father also admitted at trial that he had attempted to agree to three different 

settlements which included Mother’s right to move Child with her to Anchorage, but 

that he had been told the offers were “not good enough.” The trial court was free to 
18

conclude that Father’s motives for not wanting Child to move to Anchorage were not 

in good faith and to find that this factor weighed in favor of the ordered geographical 

restriction. 

2. Health, Education, and Leisure Opportunities Afforded by the Move

Mother testified that she and Child had recently visited Anchorage and that she 

had taken Child camping and fishing and that she desired that Child would have these 

same leisure opportunities afforded to her in the future. Child has health coverage 

through Tricare whether she lives in Anchorage or in Texas. And the record is devoid 

of any indication of either Mother’s or Father’s intentions as far as Child’s education. 

The trial court was free to find that this factor weighed in favor of the ordered 

geographical restriction. 

3. The Degree of Economic, Emotional, and Educational Enhancement for the 

Custodial Parent and Child

As mentioned, some of Mother’s stated reasons for wanting to move to 

Anchorage were so that she could benefit from being able to earn more money and be 

provided support from her family in the form of having somewhere for her and her 

daughters to live. Mother also testified that she missed her family and that she wanted 

Child to have a similar upbringing to hers. Mother further said that she has relatives 

in Anchorage that were similar in age to Child. Grandfather testified that the 

grandparents would allow Mother and her daughters to live with them in their sevenbedroom home. He also said that Mother would not initially have to pay rent. 
19

Although there is no evidence in the record regarding how Child’s education might be 

enhanced (she was one year old at the time of trial), the trial court was free to find 

that this factor weighed in favor of the ordered geographical restriction given the 

testimony of Mother and Grandfather regarding how Child’s situation could be 

emotionally and economically enhanced. 

4. The Effect on Extended Family Relationships

Both Mother and Grandfather testified that Child would be around an 

extended family if she moved to Anchorage, a family to whom Mother is close. 

Conversely, Mother and Grandfather both testified that Mother and Child lack a 

support system in Texas. And Mother testified that although she knew of relatives 

who lived in Texas, she did not have a relationship with any of them, and she did not 

know where many of them lived. Father offered no evidence that he had any 

extended family in Texas who would be impacted by Child moving to Anchorage. 

The trial court was free to find that this factor weighed in favor of the ordered 

geographical restriction. 

5. Accommodation of the Child’s Special Needs or Talents

There is no evidence in the record that Child has special needs or talents given 

that she was one year old at the time of the final divorce hearing. This factor neither 

weighs for nor against the trial court’s ordered geographical restriction. 
20

6. The Effect on Visitation and Communication with the Noncustodial Parent to 

Maintain a Full and Continuous Relationship with the Child

Mother testified that she would be willing to accommodate Father’s visiting 

Child in Anchorage any time he wanted. She also stated that Father would be allowed 

to possess Child during summers and holidays. Furthermore, Father would still have 

the ability to Skype with Child, a method of communication with Child that Mother 

averred Father primarily utilized. Even though Father said that Child’s moving to 

Anchorage would affect his ability to visit Child, the trial court had before it evidence 

that Father had difficulties coordinating visitations with Child when she lived in 

Texas. Indeed, after separating from Mother, Father moved 112 miles away from 

where Child lived, and he testified that this distance made it difficult for him to visit 

Child. The trial court also had before it evidence that Father missed multiple 

visitations with Child in Texas because he was either working or hunting. 

There was also evidence that because of Father’s work schedule, he is often

away for weeks at a time. And the trial court had before it a text from Father to his 

friend stating, “How can I get custody if I am gone all the time[?]” The trial court was 

free to conclude that the barriers that prevented Father from having a continuous

relationship with Child in Texas were similar to the barriers he would face if Child 

lived in Anchorage. Furthermore, the trial court relieved some of Father’s financial 

concerns of traveling to Anchorage by ordering that Mother pay for one-fourth of his 
21

travel costs to see Child until Child reaches the age of three. The trial court was free 

to find that this factor weighed in favor of the ordered geographical restriction.

7. The Possibility of a Visitation Schedule Allowing the Continuation of a Meaningful 

Relationship Between the Noncustodial Parent and Child

As described under the last factor, Mother said that she was willing to 

accommodate Father’s visitation in Anchorage any time he wanted. She also said that 

Father could possess Child during summers and holidays. And the trial court had 

before it evidence that Father’s ability to visit Child in Anchorage would not be 

significantly different than his ability to visit Child in Texas. The trial court was free 

to find that this factor weighed in favor of the ordered geographical restriction.

8. The Ability of the Noncustodial Parent to Relocate

Father testified that he had years of work lined up in Texas and that he did not 

anticipate being relocated anytime in the near future. But the trial court had evidence 

before it that Father owns a house forty-five miles away from where Child will live in 

Anchorage as well as evidence that Father had intended to move back to Anchorage 

after accruing more time with the Army Corps of Engineers. The trial court was free 

to find that this factor weighed in favor of the ordered geographical restriction.

Having concluded that the trial court had sufficient information before it upon 

which to exercise its discretion to find that the majority of the Lenz factors support 

the trial court’s ordered geographical restriction, we conclude that the trial court did 
22

not abuse its discretion by ordering the restriction. See W.M., 172 S.W.3d at 725. We 

overrule Father’s second issue. 

IV. CONCLUSION

Having overruled both of Father’s issues on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgment. 

/s/ Dana Womack

Dana Womack

Justice

Delivered: January 16, 2020