IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 15-1522

Filed March 23, 2016

IN THE INTEREST OF S.J.,

Minor Child,

S.R., Mother,

Appellant,

N.J., Father,

Appellant.

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Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Iowa County, Susan Flaherty, 

Associate Juvenile Judge.

A mother and father separately appeal termination of their parental rights 

to their child. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Robert W. Davison, Cedar Rapids, for appellant mother.

Michael M. Lindeman of Lindeman Law, Cedar Rapids, for appellant 

father.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kathrine S. Miller-Todd and Janet 

L. Hoffman, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee State.

Lorraine Machacek, Cedar Rapids, for minor child.

Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ.
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DOYLE, Judge.

The mother and father separately appeal the termination of their parental 

rights to their child, S.J. They claim the State failed to prove the statutory 

grounds for termination, they should be granted additional time to work toward 

reunification, and termination is not in the child’s best interests because their 

bond with the child is strong. We affirm the juvenile court’s order.

We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. See In re 

A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa 2014). The three-step statutory framework 

governing the termination of parental rights is well established and need not be 

repeated here. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40-41 (Iowa 2010). The juvenile 

court issued a lengthy, fact-intensive, thorough, and well-reasoned ruling 

terminating the mother’s and the father’s parental rights. After carefully reviewing 

the record and the briefs of the parties, we adopt as our own the findings and 

conclusions set forth in the juvenile court’s order.

The mother and the father have maintained a relationship since 2004 and 

have a long history of substance abuse, domestic violence, mental-health issues, 

and housing instability. Their first child was born in 2005 and tested positive for 

cocaine at birth; the child was removed from the parents’ custody, and their 

parental rights to this child were later terminated. The same scenario followed 

the birth of their second child in 2007 and their third child in 2012.

When S.J. was born in 2014, the parents were homeless and living in a 

tent underneath an interstate overpass. S.J. was removed from their custody 

and placed in family foster care. The parents obtained temporary housing 

through a transitional program that assists homeless individuals, and they 
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maintained that housing throughout the case. S.J. has never lived with the 

parents, and there have been no trial home placements or extended visitation. 

Neither parent moved past fully-supervised visits.

The juvenile court terminated the mother’s and the father’s parental rights 

pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(g) and (h) (2015). When the juvenile 

court terminates parental rights on more than one ground, we may affirm the 

order on any ground we find supported by clear and convincing evidence in the 

record. In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010). We choose to address 

the ground for termination under section 232.116(1)(h), which provides

termination may be ordered when there is clear and convincing 

evidence that a child under the age of three who has been 

adjudicated [a child in need of assistance] and removed from the 

parents’ care for at least the last six consecutive months cannot be 

returned to the parents’ custody at the time of the termination 

hearing.

Id.

The first three elements of paragraph (h) are not in dispute; rather, the 

parents’ claims on appeal implicate the fourth element. See Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(1)(h)(4) (“There is clear and convincing evidence that the child cannot 

be returned to the custody of the child’s parents . . . at the present time.”). But 

there is a fatal flaw to their arguments that the State failed to prove the child 

could not be returned to their custody. Here, both the mother and father ask that 

an additional period of rehabilitation be granted “to allow the parents to prove 

they can parent [the child]” and “are capable of caring for their [child].” They 

assert that given a few more months, they could “prove that they can more than 

adequately care for the child and keep [the child] safe.” This request for more 
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time is certainly a tacit, if not explicit, admission that their child could not be 

returned to their custody at the time of the termination hearing. In any event, the 

juvenile court concluded:

Services have been offered to assist [the parents] in 

regaining custody of [the child]. These services have included

parenting instruction, substance-abuse evaluations, substanceabuse treatment, drug testing, mental-health treatment, supervised 

visitation, assistance with housing, and domestic violence 

counseling. These same services have been offered to [the 

parents] since 2005, when [their first child] was born, and 

throughout the ten years since. [The parents] have made some 

improvements in the past year, particularly in maintaining their 

status at [the transitional housing program], [the mother]’s follow 

through with her mental health medication, and their efforts at

improving parenting ability. However, there continue to be ongoing, 

serious risks as a result of parental substance abuse, [the father]’s 

behavior and resistance to accepting parenting information, and the 

undemonstrated ability to maintain a safe home when their eligibility 

for transitional housing ends. The improvements made have not 

risen to the level that would support a finding that a child would be 

safe in their care on more than a short term, supervised basis. 

Clearly, [the child] would continue to be a child in need of 

assistance if returned to the care of her parents.

Having reviewed the record de novo, we agree. The State proved by clear and 

convincing evidence that grounds for termination exist under section 

232.116(1)(h).

On appeal, the parents request an additional period of rehabilitation, 

asserting the child would suffer no ill effects if they were given “a few more 

months” to prove that they can safely provide and care for the child. These 

parents have been offered and have received services since 2005, and although 

they recently made some improvement, some of the same concerns that existed 

in 2005 exist today. Both the mother and the father tested positive for cocaine in 

April 2015—just two months before the termination-of-parental-rights hearing. 
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Their housing arrangement was temporary, and no extension had been granted 

at the time of the hearing. Additionally, the father’s behaviors raised serious 

concerns about the parents’ ability to maintain suitable housing in the long run.

As we have stated numerous times, children are not equipped with pause 

buttons. See In re T.J.O., 527 N.W.2d 417, 422 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994) (“Children 

simply cannot wait for responsible parenting. Parenting cannot be turned off and 

on like a spigot. It must be constant, responsible, and reliable.”). “The crucial 

days of childhood cannot be suspended while parents experiment with ways to 

face up to their own problems.” In re A.C., 415 N.W.2d 609, 613 (Iowa 1987). 

While the law requires a “full measure of patience with troubled parents who 

attempt to remedy a lack of parenting skills,” this patience has been built into the 

statutory scheme of chapter 232. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa 2000). 

Our supreme court has explained that “the legislature, in cases meeting the 

conditions of [the Iowa Code], has made a categorical determination that the 

needs of a child are promoted by termination of parental rights.” In re M.W., 458

N.W.2d 847, 850 (Iowa 1990) (discussing then Iowa Code section 

232.116(1)(e)). Consequently, “[t]ime is a critical element,” and parents simply 

“cannot wait until the eve of termination, after the statutory time periods for 

reunification have expired, to begin to express an interest in parenting.” C.B., 

611 N.W.2d at 495. At some point, as is the case here, “the rights and needs of 

the [child] must rise above the rights and needs of the parent.” In re C.S., 776 

N.W.2d 297, 300 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). The public policy of the state having 

been legislatively set, we are obligated to heed the statutory time periods for 

reunification. See C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 494-95.
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The parents have been given more than ample time to address their

issues and demonstrate they could provide a safe, stable, drug-free home for the 

child. They have not been able to do so. The juvenile court concluded the 

parents

both have lengthy histor[ies] of substance abuse. Throughout the

year that [the child] has been living in family-foster care, they have 

not established a sufficient period of sobriety to demonstrate that 

they are likely to maintain sobriety. They continue to be at risk of 

being without housing. They continue to require support regarding 

parenting and assuring the safety and welfare of a child in their 

care. [The child] has never lived with [the] parents and . . . cannot 

be safely returned to them in the reasonably near future.

We agree any additional time in limbo would not be in the child’s best interests.

The parents also argue that termination is not in the best interests of the 

child due to the bond between the child and the parents. While the record 

discloses a bond between the child and the parents, the record indicates 

termination is in the child’s best interests. The child is in need of a permanent 

placement and parents who can provide for the child’s health, safety, and welfare 

as the child grows to adulthood. The parents have not demonstrated an ability to 

do that. As the juvenile court stated, the child’s

need for permanency, security, safety, physical, emotional, and 

intellectual health dictate that it is in [the child’s] best interests to 

have parental rights terminated and that [the child] be placed for 

adoption rather than wait any longer for a parent to be ready to 

resume full time responsibility for [the child’s] care.

For the same reasons, we conclude that terminating the parents’ parental rights 

would be less detrimental to the child than the harm that would be caused by 

continuing the parent-child relationship. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c) 

(permitting the juvenile court to eschew termination of parental rights if it finds 
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there is clear and convincing evidence the termination would be detrimental to 

the child due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship).

After reviewing all the evidence, we agree with the juvenile court that the

State proved by clear and convincing evidence that grounds for termination exist 

under section 232.116(1)(h), termination of the parents’ parental rights is in the 

child’s best interests, and none of the mitigating factors in section 232.116(3) 

apply to overcome that determination. Accordingly, we affirm the juvenile court’s 

order terminating both the mother’s and the father’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.