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 Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Laboratory: Beltsville, MD
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Title:   Author  item
                                            RAVISHANKAR, SADHANA - University Of Arizonaitem
                                            BRIGHT, KELLY - University Of Arizonaitem
                                            FONSECA, JORGE - University Of Arizonaitem
                                            GERBA, CHARLES - University Of Arizonaitem
                                            NOLTE, KURT - University Of Arizonaitem
                                            JARONI, DIVYA - Southern Universityitem
                                            Patel, Jituitem
                                            Friedman, Mendel
  Submitted to: Meeting Abstract
                                    Publication Type: Abstract Only
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 9/19/2011
                                    Publication  Date: 9/25/2011
                                    Citation: Ravishankar, S., Bright, K., Fonseca, J., Gerba, C., Nolte, K., Jaroni, D., Patel, J.R., Friedman, M. 2011. Improving the safety and post-harvest quality of field grown organic leafy greens:  assessment of good agricultural/production practices along the farm to fork continuum. [abstract] 46(9):5290.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: The mechanisms by which Escherichia coli O157:H7 attach to and internalize organic leafy greens and attach to harvesting equipment surfaces were studied.  Rapid attachment was seen in 5 minutes, with cut surfaces having greater attachment than intact. Strains that expressed curli and were more hydrophobic, attached at higher numbers compared to non-expressing strains.  Wild type and cellulose deficient strains persisted better than curli deficient and curli and cellulose deficient mutants on spinach cultivars.  In vitro studies showed that growth regulators may interfere with bacterial biofilm formation.  A contaminated tool used to core iceberg lettuce cross-contaminated as many as 75 lettuce heads.  Low level chlorine (1.3 ppm free chlorine) washes prevented cross-contamination from field-contaminated lettuce to non-contaminated lettuce.  Environmental factors and agricultural practices that affect leafy green safety and quality were evaluated.  Survival of E. coli in different compost teas and biostimulants was studied in the lab and field, through foliar application using different spray systems.  Different spray applicators showed that big drops held higher bacterial numbers up to 24 h; however, no organisms were detected after day 10. Irrigation water samples from Yuma, AZ were collected and analyzed for indicator organisms, quality parameters, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, hepatitis A virus, and norovirus.  Salmonella was detected in 2 sediment samples. Generic E. coli (<1-27.2 MPN/100ml) and coliforms (131.4->2419.6 MPN/100 ml) were identified.  Efficacies of post-harvest interventions (plant compounds, organic sanitizers, antimicrobial edible films) against pathogens were tested in vitro and on organic lettuce and spinach. In vitro studies showed complete reductions of test microbes with many plant compounds, while up to 3 log reductions were achieved with some plant compounds and organic sanitizers on leafy greens. Antimicrobial edible films were also very effective, showing 3 logs to complete reductions of E. coli O157:H7 and S. enterica in packaged leafy greens.  An aggressive outreach/education program for stakeholders (leafy green growers and processors; manufacturers of natural antimicrobials and organic sanitizers; and consumers) was started.


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