J-A04023-24

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 

Appellant

v.

JORDAN KANE

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1186 EDA 2023

Appeal from the Order Entered April 18, 2023

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0003249-2022

BEFORE: STABILE, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: FILED APRIL 3, 2024

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appeals from the order granting 

Jordan Kane’s motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 600(A) — i.e., the speedy 

trial rule. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(A). We affirm.

The relevant procedural history, which controls the outcome of this case,

is as follows. On February 8, 2020, the Commonwealth filed a complaint 

charging Kane with three offenses graded as misdemeanors: possession of a 

controlled substance, driving under the influence (“DUI”), and recklessly 

endangering another person (“REAP”).

1

The following month, on March 17, 2020, the First Judicial District issued 

an order suspending Rule 600 due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 See 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16), 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(a)(1), and 18 Pa.C.S.A 

§ 2705, respectively.
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The suspension lasted until October 1, 2021. See Trial Court Opinion, 6/5/23,

at 2.2

In the interim, the case was listed for trial in Philadelphia Municipal Court 

on August 6, 2021. On the day of trial, there was a joint request for a 

continuance, because the Commonwealth had not provided complete 

discovery and Kane had failed to appear. The court rescheduled trial for a date 

after the suspension of Rule 600 was lifted, November 19, 2021. On that date, 

the Commonwealth requested a continuance because discovery was still not 

complete, and a police officer witness had failed to appear. The court marked 

the case as “must be tried” and rescheduled trial for April 20, 2022. See 

Docket Entry No. 26.

On the new trial date, discovery was still not complete. Further, the 

Commonwealth added a felony charge – endangering the welfare of children

(“EWOC”).

3 The addition of a felony required the case to be transferred to the 

Court of Common Pleas and required the Municipal Court to hold a preliminary 

hearing. The court held the preliminary hearing, after which it dismissed the 

REAP charge and bound the other charges for trial.

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2 Because the parties agree that the period during the suspension of Rule 600 

is excludable, we will not address the progression of the case during that 

period. We also note that neither party argues there was any excludable or 

excusable delay prior to the suspension of Rule 600.

3 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4304(a)(1). The Commonwealth also amended the DUI 

charge to reflect a violation of subsection (d)(2) rather than (a)(1). See 75 

Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(d)(2). 
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Kane waived formal arraignment, and at a status hearing on May 24, 

2022, the defense requested a continuance for further investigation. At a 

subsequent status hearing, on July 12, 2022, the Commonwealth asked for 

another continuance to provide the outstanding discovery. The court 

scheduled the next status hearing for September 22, 2022. 

The day before the hearing, September 21, the defense filed a motion 

to quash, contending the Commonwealth had not made out a prima facie case 

at the preliminary hearing on the DUI or EWOC charges.

At the status hearing the following day, on September 22, several things 

happened. First, the court marked discovery as complete. Second, it

scheduled a bench trial for January 10, 2023. Third, it scheduled a trial 

readiness conference for January 6, 2023. Fourth, the court scheduled a 

hearing on the motion to quash for October 7, 2022. The corresponding docket 

entry states,

Case listed for Waiver Trial[;] 1st listing out of Smartroom[;]

Discovery Complete[;] Defendant present at this listing and 

signed subpoena for Waiver Trial Date[;] Waiver Trial Date: 

1/10/23 Rm. 704[;] Trial Readiness Conference: 1/6/23 Rm. 

704[;] [next court date]: 10/7/22 Rm. 704 for Motion to Quash.

Docket Entry No. 60.

The day before the hearing on the motion, on October 6, 2022, Kane 

filed his first Rule 600(A) motion. At the hearing on the motion to quash, on 

October 7, 2022, the Commonwealth informed the defense for the first time 

that it would be calling an additional witness to supplement the preliminary 

hearing testimony. However, Kane was not present, as the defense had 
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believed the hearing would involve only argument. According to the docket, 

the defense requested a continuance to secure Kane’s presence. See Docket 

Entry No. 66. The court rescheduled the hearing for October 20, 2022. On that 

date, both sides were ready, but the court rescheduled the hearing for the 

date of trial. See Docket Entry No. 72.

At the readiness conference on January 6, 2023, both sides informed 

the court they would be ready for trial on January 10. On January 9, Kane 

filed an addendum to his outstanding Rule 600(A) motion to dismiss. 

On January 10, the trial date, the parties argued the motion to quash.

The Commonwealth did not produce any additional witnesses. The court 

denied the motion. The Commonwealth then requested a continuance of the 

trial. It asserted one of the police officer witnesses was on maternity leave

and another had childcare issues and argued that both circumstances were

outside of its control. See N.T., 4/18/23, at 11, 13. The court granted the 

continuance. It scheduled another readiness conference for April 10, 2023, 

and continued trial to April 18, 2023. See Docket Entry No. 81.

At the readiness conference on April 10, both sides again informed the 

court they would be ready for trial. The next day, April 11, 2023, Kane filed a

final addendum to his Rule 600(A) motion. 

On the trial date, April 18, 2023, the court held a hearing on the Rule 

600(A) motion. The defense introduced the court dockets and its suggested 

time calculations. See N.T. at 5-6. The Commonwealth introduced the criminal 

complaint. Id. at 11. The court granted the motion and dismissed the charges.
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The Commonwealth appealed, and presents a single issue: “Did the 

lower court err by dismissing all charges under Rule 600, where fewer than 

365 days of includable time passed between the filing of the criminal complaint 

and the dismissal of the charges?” Commonwealth’s Br. at 7. 

We review a trial court’s decision on a Rule 600 motion for an abuse of 

discretion. Commonwealth v. Reed, 292 A.3d 601, 610 (Pa.Super. 2023). 

Our scope is limited to the evidence of record at the Rule 600 hearing. Id. We 

view the facts in the light most favorable to the prevailing party. Id.

Pursuant to Rule 600(A), the Commonwealth must bring a defendant to 

trial within 365 days of when it filed the written complaint. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 

600(A)(2)(a). The remedy for violating this rule is dismissal with prejudice. 

See Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(D)(1). However, the 365 days by which trial must 

commence includes only periods of delay “caused by the Commonwealth when 

the Commonwealth has failed to exercise due diligence.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 

600(C)(1). 

A trial court determines whether a Rule 600 violation has occurred in 

the following manner. First, it calculates the mechanical run date, which is 365 

days after the filing of the complaint. Reed, 292 A.3d at 611. Next, it

determines whether there has been any period of delay attributable to the 

defense or otherwise outside of the Commonwealth’s control (“excludable 

time”), excludes it from the calculation, and determines the adjusted run date.

Id. The court then considers whether the Commonwealth has been duly 

diligent in bringing the case to trial by the adjusted run date. Pa.R.Crim.P. 
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600(C)(1); Commonwealth v. Wiggins, 248 A.3d 1285, 1289 (Pa.Super. 

2021). “Due diligence is a fact-specific concept that must be determined on a 

case-by-case basis. Due diligence does not require perfect vigilance and 

punctilious care, but rather a showing by the Commonwealth that a reasonable 

effort has been put forth.” Wiggins, 248 A.3d at 1289 (citation omitted). It 

is the Commonwealth’s burden to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, 

that it was duly diligent for the entire period. Id. If trial has not commenced 

by the adjusted run date, and the Commonwealth has not been duly diligent,

the court must dismiss the charges. Reed, 292 A.3d at 611.

Here, the mechanical run date was February 8, 2021.

4 The parties agree 

that three periods are excludable: (1) March 17, 2020, to October 1, 2021,

when Rule 600 was suspended; (2) October 1, 2021, to November 19, 2021, 

the result of a joint continuance request; and (3) May 24, 2022, to July 12, 

2022, when the defense requested a continuance for further investigation. 

Excluding this time makes the adjusted run date December 1, 2022.

The Commonwealth argues that two additional periods are excludable.

First, it argues that the period between September 22, 2022, and January 10, 

2023, is attributable to the defense because Kane requested a hearing on the 

motion to quash. The Commonwealth further argues it is not responsible for 

the either continuance of that hearing, as the first continuance was due to a 

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4 February 7, 2021, was a Sunday. See 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1908; Commonwealth 

v. Thompson, 136 A.3d 178, 183 (Pa.Super. 2016).
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defense request, and the second was due to the court. The Commonwealth 

also points out that neither continuance postponed the trial date.

Second, the Commonwealth argues that the time from January 10, 

2023, to April 18, 2023, is excludable. It argues that the unavailability of its 

witnesses due to parental leave and childcare were outside of its control.

There are two difficulties with the Commonwealth’s argument related to 

the motion to quash. First, the Commonwealth supports the proposition that 

Kane asked for a hearing on the motion to quash by citing the transcript of 

the September 22, 2022 hearing. See Commonwealth’s Br. at 18. However, 

that transcript was not marked or introduced into evidence at the Rule 600 

hearing. It is therefore beyond the scope of our review. Reed, 292 A.3d at

611. In any event, even assuming Kane did request a hearing, the 

Commonwealth does not allege that Kane asked the court to postpone the 

trial date to accommodate the hearing. The pertinent questions, therefore, are 

whether Kane’s filing of the motion delayed trial and whether the 

Commonwealth exercised due diligence in opposing or responding to the 

motion. See Commonwealth v. Cook, 865 A.2d 869, 875 (Pa.Super. 2004).

Second, and as the Commonwealth acknowledges, the Commonwealth’s

instant argument differs from the one it made below. There, the 

Commonwealth argued only that the period between October 7, 2022, and 

January 10, 2023, was excludable, because of the continuances the defense 

requested and the court ordered. It did not argue that the entire period 

between September 22, 2022, and January 10, 2023, was excludable because 
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Kane’s motion allegedly affected the trial date. See Commonwealth’s Br. at 

12 n.1, 19 n.3. The issue is therefore waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). 

If it were not waived, we would find it unfounded. The Commonwealth 

did not introduce evidence supporting its theory that the court pushed back 

the trial date to allow time to hear the motion to quash. Rather, the docket 

reflects that at the September 22 status hearing, the court simultaneously

scheduled a hearing on the motion, a readiness hearing, and trial.

5 The filing 

of the motion did not delay trial.

Regarding the preserved portion of the Commonwealth’s first argument

— that the continuances of the motion to quash hearing were excludable —

the trial court rejected this argument because the continuances did not delay 

the trial. See Trial Ct. Op. at 11-12. Furthermore, the court observed that the 

first hearing date was continued because the Commonwealth represented for 

the first time that it intended to introduce new testimony, necessitating Kane’s 

presence. Id. at 10-11. The court also noted that despite generating the

delay, the Commonwealth never actually introduced any additional testimony

at the hearing on the motion to quash. Id. at 12.

The court did not abuse its discretion. The continuances of the motion 

to quash hearing did not delay the trial date. The continuances therefore did 

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5 Because the motion to quash did not address all the charges, this was not a 

situation where the resolution of the motion to quash might have eliminated 

the need for a trial.
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not render the period excludable and did not shift the adjusted run date from 

December 1, 2022. 

Because the Commonwealth failed to bring Kane to trial on or before the 

adjusted run date, the trial court considered whether the Commonwealth 

proved it had been duly diligent throughout the life of the case. The court

found the Commonwealth failed to carry its burden in this regard. Trial Ct. Op. 

at 12.6It noted the Commonwealth’s repeated failure to provide discovery. 

Id. at 10 n.6. It also observed that at the September 22, 2022 status hearing,

when the court proposed the January 10, 2023 trial date, the Commonwealth 

neither objected nor sought an earlier date. Id. at 9-10, 12. 

The court did not abuse its discretion in reaching this conclusion. Aside 

from the excluded periods, two major periods of delay occurred in this case. 

First, the Commonwealth added a felony charge over two years after it filed 

the complaint, on the date the case had been marked “must be tried” in 

Municipal Court. This necessitated further proceedings and the transfer of the 

case to the Court of Common Pleas. The Commonwealth did not provide a 

reason for its delay in adding the charge at the Rule 600(A) hearing.

Second, the Commonwealth failed to provide complete discovery until 

September 22, 2022, over two and a half years after filing the complaint. The 

Commonwealth never gave a reason for this delay at the Rule 600(A) hearing.

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6 Although the trial court held the adjusted run date was one day prior –

November 30, 2022 – this has no discernable bearing on the analysis.
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Despite being responsible for these delays, when the court scheduled 

trial for after the adjusted run date, the Commonwealth failed to bring to the 

court’s attention that the time under Rule 600 to prosecute Kane was nearing 

an end. The Commonwealth did not provide any justification for this failure at 

the Rule 600(A) hearing.

We therefore affirm the trial court’s finding that the Commonwealth 

failed to exercise due diligence to bring the case to trial by the adjusted run 

date and affirm its decision to dismiss the charges under Rule 600(A). We also 

find, as the trial court found, that we need not consider whether any further 

delays that occurred following the expiration of the adjusted run date were 

outside of the Commonwealth’s control. See Trial Ct. Op. at 12 n.9.

Order affirmed.

Date: 4/03/2024