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Title:   Author  item
                                            Goodwin, Stephen

                                                         - *Steve*item
                                            M'BAREK, SARRAH BEN - Plant Research International - Netherlandsitem
                                            DHILLON, BRAHAM - Purdue Universityitem
                                            WITTENBERG, ALEXANDER H. - Plant Research International - Netherlandsitem
                                            Crane, Charlesitem
                                            VAN DER LEE, THEO A. - Plant Research International - Netherlandsitem
                                            GRIMWOOD, JANE - Indiana University-Purdue Universityitem
                                            AERTS, ANDREA - Joint Genome Instituteitem
                                            ANTONIW, JOHN - Rothamsted Researchitem
                                            BAILEY, ANDY - University Of Bristolitem
                                            BLUHM, BURT - University Of Arkansasitem
                                            BOWLER, JUDITH - Syngenta - United Kingdomitem
                                            BRISTOW, JIM - Joint Genome Instituteitem
                                            CANTO-CANCHE, BLONDY - Luiz De Queiroz College Of Agriculture (ESALQ)item
                                            CHURCHILL, ALICE - Cornell Universityitem
                                            CONDE-FERRAEZ, LAURA - Indiana University-Purdue Universityitem
                                            COOLS, HANS - Rothamsted Researchitem
                                            COUTINHO, PEDRO - National Council For Scientific Research-Cnrsitem
                                            CSUKAI, MICHAEL - Syngenta - United Kingdomitem
                                            DEHAL, PARAMVIR - Joint Genome Instituteitem
                                            DE WIT, PIERRE - Wageningen Agricultural Universityitem
                                            Donzelli, Brunoitem
                                            FOSTER, ANDRES - Indiana University-Purdue Universityitem
                                            HAMMOND-KOSACK, KIM - Rothamsted Researchitem
                                            HANE, JAMES - Indiana University-Purdue Universityitem
                                            HENRISSAT, BERNARD - National Council For Scientific Research-Cnrsitem
                                            KILLIAN, ANDRZEJ - Diversity Arrays Technologyitem
                                            KOOPMANN, EDDA - Bayer Crop Sciences, Germanyitem
                                            KOURMPETIS, YIANNIS - Wageningen University And Research Centeritem
                                            KUZNIAR, ARNOLD - Embrapa Genetic Resourcesitem
                                            LINDQUIST, ERIKA - Joint Genome Instituteitem
                                            LOMBARD, VINCENT - National Council For Scientific Research-Cnrsitem
                                            MALIEPAARD, CHRIS - National Council For Scientific Research-Cnrsitem
                                            MARTINS, NATALIA - Embrapa Genetic Resourcesitem
                                            MAHRABI, RAHIM - Wageningen Agricultural Universityitem
                                            OLIVER, RICHARD - Indiana University-Purdue Universityitem
                                            PONOMARENKO, ALISA - Purdue Universityitem
                                            RUDD, JASON - Rothamsted Researchitem
                                            SALAMOV, ASAF - Joint Genome Instituteitem
                                            SCHMUTZ, JEREMY - Indiana University-Purdue Universityitem
                                            SCHOUTEN, HENK - Plant Research International - Netherlandsitem
                                            SHAPIRO, HARRIS - Joint Genome Instituteitem
                                            STERGIOPOULOS, IOANNIS - Wageningen Agricultural Universityitem
                                            TORRIANI, STEFANO F. - Indiana University-Purdue Universityitem
                                            TU, HANK - Joint Genome Instituteitem
                                            DE VRIES, RONALD - Indiana University-Purdue Universityitem
                                            WIEBENGA, AD - Indiana University-Purdue Universityitem
                                            ZWIERS, LUTE-HARM - Indiana University-Purdue Universityitem
                                            GRIGORIEV, IGOR - Joint Genome Instituteitem
                                            KEMA, GERT H. - Plant Research International - Netherlands
  Submitted to: PLoS Genetics
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 3/28/2011
                                    Publication  Date: 6/9/2011
                                    Citation: Goodwin, S.B., M'Barek, S., Dhillon, B., Wittenberg, A.J., Crane, C.F., Van Der Lee, T.J., Grimwood, J., Aerts, A., Antoniw, J., Bailey, A., Bluhm, B., Bowler, J., Bristow, J., Canto-Canche, B., Churchill, A., Conde-Ferraez, L., Cools, H., Coutinho, P.M., Csukai, M., Dehal, P., De Wit, P., Donzelli, B., Foster, A.J., Hammond-Kosack, K., Hane, J., Henrissat, B., Killian, A., Koopmann, E., Kourmpetis, Y., Kuzniar, A., Lindquist, E., Lombard, V., Maliepaard, C., Martins, N., Mahrabi, R., Oliver, R., Ponomarenko, A., Rudd, J., Salamov, A., Schmutz, J., Schouten, H.J., Shapiro, H., Stergiopoulos, I., Torriani, S.F., Tu, H., De Vries, R.P., Wiebenga, A., Zwiers, L., Grigoriev, I.V., Kema, G.J. 2011. Finished genome of the fungal wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola reveals dispensome structure, chromosome plasticity and stealth pathogenesis. PLoS Genetics. Available at: http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002070.Interpretive Summary: The plant-pathogenic fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola (asexual stage: Septoria tritici) causes Septoria tritici blotch of wheat. This disease can cause economically important damage of wheat crops and is a potential threat to global food production. Control of the disease has been hampered by a limited understanding of the genetic and biochemical bases of pathogenicity, including mechanisms of infection and of resistance in the host. Unlike most other plant pathogens, M. graminicola has a long latent period during which it seems able to evade host defenses, but the genetic basis for this trait is not known. To address this problem, the genome of the fungus was sequenced to completion through the Community Sequencing Program of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute. The finished genome sequence contains 21 chromosomes, eight of which could be lost with no visible effect on the fungus so are dispensable. The dispensable chromosomes were different from those in the core genome and appear to have originated by ancient horizontal gene transfer from an unknown donor species. A surprising feature of the M. graminicola genome was a low number of genes for enzymes that break down plant cell walls; many of these genes may have been lost during evolution to evade detection by plant defense mechanisms leading to the current stealth pathogenicity. This information will be useful to fungal geneticists and evolutionary biologists to better understand the genetics and evolution of dispensable chromosomes and stealth pathogenicity in M. graminicola. Fungal biologists can use the sequence to knock out gene expression for functional genomics analyses of interacting genetic networks. Plant pathologists may be able to use this information to design better strategies for disease management, particularly once the biochemical bases for the genetic interactions between host and pathogen are better understood.
                                Technical Abstract: A finished genome was obtained for Mycosphaerella graminicola, the fungal cause of septoria tritici blotch and a global threat to wheat production, containing thirteen core and eight dispensable chromosomes. The latter, called collectively the dispensome, were dynamic in field and progeny isolates. They were distinct in structure, gene and repeat content but contained parts from each core chromosome, suggesting ancient horizontal gene transfer followed by elevated recombination as the major forces driving their evolution. The genome of M. graminicola had far fewer genes for cell wall-degrading enzymes and secondary metabolites compared to other plant pathogens. The stealth pathogenesis of M. graminicola probably involves degradation of proteins rather than carbohydrates to evade host defenses during the biotrophic stage of infection and may have evolved from an endophytic ancestor.


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