AMBERG v CITY OF DEARBORN

Docket No. 149242. Decided December 16, 2014.

James Amberg brought an action in the Wayne Circuit Court against the city of Dearborn 

and the Dearborn Police Department, seeking copies of video surveillance recordings created by 

private entities, Tim Hortons, Inc., and The Wendy’s Company, under the Freedom of 

Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231 et seq. Plaintiff, an attorney, sought the recordings in 

relation to pending misdemeanor criminal proceedings against a client. Defendants initially 

refused to turn over the recordings, asserting that they were not subject to FOIA because the 

recordings were not public records. After plaintiff brought suit, defendants produced the 

recordings and moved for summary disposition. The court, Daniel P. Ryan, J., granted summary 

disposition in favor of defendants. Plaintiff appealed. The Court of Appeals, STEPHENS and 

RIORDAN, JJ. (BECKERING, P.J., concurring), affirmed in an unpublished opinion per curiam, 

issued March 25, 2014 (Docket No. 311722). Plaintiff sought leave to appeal.

In a memorandum opinion signed by Chief Justice YOUNG and Justices CAVANAGH, 

MARKMAN, KELLY, ZAHRA, MCCORMACK, and VIVIANO, the Supreme Court, in lieu of granting 

leave to appeal and without hearing oral argument, held:

Except under certain specifically delineated exceptions, a person who provides a public 

body’s FOIA coordinator with a written request that describes a public record sufficiently to 

enable the public body to find the public record is entitled to inspect, copy, or receive copies of 

the requested public record. A public record is a writing prepared, owned, used, in the 

possession of, or retained by a public body in the performance of an official function from the 

time it is created. The word “writing” is defined in FOIA as any means of recording, including 

pictures, sounds, or combinations thereof. In this case, the parties did not dispute that the 

recordings were writings within the meaning of FOIA and that the recordings were retained by or 

in the possession of defendants, who are public bodies. Rather, the parties disputed whether the

recordings were possessed or retained by defendants in the performance of an official function 

from the time they were created. The phrase “from the time it is created” in the definition of a 

public record under FOIA was included to make clear that FOIA applied to records created 

before FOIA took effect. And the fact that the documents were created by private entities does 

not insulate them from FOIA. Defendants collected the recordings as evidence to support their 

decision to issue a citation. Accordingly, the recordings were public records because they were 

in the possession of or retained by defendants in the performance of an official function, and the 

circuit court erred by granting defendants’ motion for summary disposition. The fact that 

Michigan Supreme Court

Lansing, Michigan

Syllabus Chief Justice:

Robert P. Young, Jr.

Justices:

Michael F. Cavanagh

Stephen J. Markman

Mary Beth Kelly

Brian K. Zahra

Bridget M. McCormack

David F. Viviano

This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been 

prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.

Reporter of Decisions:

Corbin R. Davis
plaintiff’s substantive claim was rendered moot by disclosure of the records after plaintiff 

commenced the circuit court action was not determinative of plaintiff’s entitlement to fees and 

costs under MCL 15.240(6). Contrary to the conclusion of the Court of Appeals, plaintiff did not 

abandon his claim for fees and costs. On remand, plaintiff’s action can proceed in the circuit 

court for consideration, on a proper motion, of whether he is entitled to costs and fees under 

MCL 15.240(6). 

Reversed and remanded for entry of an order denying defendants’ motion for summary 

disposition and for further proceedings. Leave to appeal denied in all other respects.

©2014 State of Michigan
FILED DECEMBER 16, 2014

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

SUPREME COURT

JAMES AMBERG,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v No. 149242

CITY OF DEARBORN and CITY OF 

DEARBORN POLICE DEPARTMENT,

Defendants-Appellees.

BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH 

MEMORANDUM OPINION

We consider in this case whether copies of video surveillance recordings created 

by third parties but received by defendants during the course of pending criminal 

misdemeanor proceedings constitute “public records” within the meaning of the Freedom 

of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231 et seq., thus requiring their disclosure by 

defendants. For the reasons stated in this opinion, we conclude that, contrary to the lower 

courts’ opinions, the video surveillance recordings are public records within the meaning 

of FOIA. Accordingly, and in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we reverse the judgment 

Michigan Supreme Court

Lansing, Michigan

Opinion Chief Justice:

Robert P. Young, Jr.

Justices:

Michael F. Cavanagh

Stephen J. Markman

Mary Beth Kelly

Brian K. Zahra

Bridget M. McCormack

David F. Viviano
2

of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the Wayne Circuit Court for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

The purpose of FOIA is to provide to the people of Michigan “full and complete 

information regarding the affairs of government and the official acts of those who 

represent them as public officials and public employees,” thereby allowing them to “fully 

participate in the democratic process.” MCL 15.231(2). As a result, except under certain 

specifically delineated exceptions, see MCL 15.243, a person who “provid[es] a public 

body’s FOIA coordinator with a written request that describes a public record sufficiently 

to enable the public body to find the public record” is entitled “to inspect, copy, or 

receive copies of the requested public record of the public body.” MCL 15.233(1). See 

also Coblentz v City of Novi, 475 Mich 558, 573; 719 NW2d 73 (2006) (“A FOIA request 

must be fulfilled unless MCL 15.243 lists an applicable specific exemption.”). The FOIA 

further defines “public record” as “a writing prepared, owned, used, in the possession of, 

or retained by a public body in the performance of an official function, from the time it is 

created. . . .” MCL 15.232(e). “Writing,” in turn, is defined broadly to include any 

“means of recording,” including “pictures” and “sounds . . . or combinations 

thereof . . . .” MCL 15.232(h).

In this case, plaintiff initiated a FOIA request, and ultimately this FOIA lawsuit, to 

receive materials related to pending criminal proceedings that were in defendants’ 

possession, including video surveillance recordings created by private businesses. 

Defendants assert that the surveillance recordings are not public records within the 

meaning of FOIA and, as a result, did not need to be disclosed to plaintiff under

MCL 15.233(1). The Wayne Circuit Court agreed with defendants and granted summary 
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disposition in their favor. Plaintiff appealed by right, and the Court of Appeals affirmed 

in a split decision. Amberg v Dearborn, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of 

Appeals, issued March 25, 2014 (Docket No. 311722). 

The parties do not dispute that video recordings are “writings” within the meaning 

of FOIA. Nor do they dispute that these particular video surveillance recordings are “in 

the possession of” and “retained by” defendants, both of which are public bodies. What 

is in dispute is whether the recordings were in the possession of or retained by defendants 

“in the performance of an official function, from the time [they were] created.” 

MCL 15.232(e).1

 This requirement makes clear that the mere possession of the 

recordings by defendants is not sufficient to make them public records. Detroit News, Inc 

v Detroit, 204 Mich App 720, 724-725; 516 NW2d 151 (1994). However, because FOIA

“does not require that the record[s] be created by the public body,” that the recordings

were created by private entities does not necessarily insulate the records from FOIA. Id. 

at 724. 

In short, what ultimately determines whether records in the possession of a public 

body are public records within the meaning of FOIA is whether the public body prepared, 

owned, used, possessed, or retained them in the performance of an official function. On 

 1 The language “from the time it is created” in the definition of the term “public record” 

was initially included in MCL 15.232(e) to make clear that FOIA applied to records 

“irrespective of the date the document[s] [were] prepared,” i.e., to records created before 

FOIA took effect. OAG, 1979-1980, No. 5500, pp 255, 263-264 (July 23, 1979). See 

also Detroit News, Inc v Detroit, 204 Mich App 720, 725; 516 NW2d 151 (1994) (“A 

writing can become a public record after its creation. We understand the phrase ‘from the 

time it is created’ to mean that the ownership, use, possession, or retention by the public 

body can be at any point from creation of the record onward.”).
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this question, we agree with the dissenting Court of Appeals judge that the recordings at 

issue in this case were public records because they were in the possession of or retained

by defendants “in the performance of an official function, from the time [they were]

created.” MCL 15.232(e). The undisputed facts show that defendants received copies of 

the recordings as relevant evidence in a pending misdemeanor criminal matter.2

 The 

Court of Appeals majority claimed that the defendants did not use the recordings in the 

performance of an official function—specifically, their issuance of a criminal 

misdemeanor citation—because they did not obtain the recordings until after they issued 

the citation. While this may be true, the citation nevertheless remained pending when 

defendants received the recordings, and the issuance of the citation is not the only official 

function that we must consider. In other words, even if the recordings did not factor into 

defendants’ decision to issue a citation, they were nevertheless collected as evidence by 

defendants to support that decision. Indeed, that the relevant police file (which was 

disclosed to plaintiff) referred to the recordings (and to how defendants acquired them)

underscores defendants’ official purpose in acquiring them. As a result, the recordings

are public records within the meaning of FOIA, and defendants were required to produce 

 2 MCL 15.243(1)(b) provides an exemption to the disclosure requirement for 

“[i]nvestigating records compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the extent 

that disclosure as a public record would” interfere with law enforcement proceedings, 

deprive a person of the right to a fair trial, constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal 

privacy, disclose confidential sources, disclose investigative techniques, or endanger the 

life or safety of law enforcement personnel. Defendants do not claim that the lawenforcement exemption applies to these recordings.
5

them in response to plaintiff’s FOIA request.3 The circuit court, therefore, erred when it 

granted defendants’ motion for summary disposition.

Defendants also claim that this case has been rendered moot by their eventual 

release of the recordings to plaintiff. However, “[t]he mere fact that plaintiff’s 

substantive claim under the FOIA was rendered moot by disclosure of the records after 

plaintiff commenced the circuit court action is not determinative of plaintiff’s entitlement 

to fees and costs under MCL 15.240(6).” Thomas v New Baltimore, 254 Mich App 196, 

202; 657 NW2d 530 (2002).4

 MCL 15.240(6) allows a plaintiff to recover “reasonable 

attorneys’ fees, costs, and disbursements” in the event “a person asserting the right to . . . 

 3 The Court of Appeals considered the fact that the Wayne County prosecutor 

subpoenaed the recordings to be of importance because it believed that the same 

mechanism would have been available to plaintiff in his role as defense counsel in the 

underlying misdemeanor proceedings. But see MCR 6.001(D) (“Depositions and other 

discovery proceedings under subchapter 2.300 may not be taken for the purposes of 

discovery in cases governed by this chapter.”). Nevertheless, whether the recordings 

were available to plaintiff by another method is irrelevant to whether the recordings are 

public records: FOIA does not define public records by reference to their potential 

availability by other methods, only by reference to the public body’s use of the records. 

Consequently, it was improper for the Court of Appeals to rely on this fact in support of 

its conclusion that the recordings were not public records.

4 The fact that fees and costs remain available to a plaintiff in spite of the intervening 

release of public records is consistent with FOIA’s stated purpose of ensuring that people 

have “complete information regarding the affairs of government . . . .” MCL 15.231(2). 

The Legislature has determined that people who successfully assert their right to access 

public records that have been withheld by a public body in violation of FOIA should not 

bear the additional burden of shouldering the cost of a lawsuit to obtain that access. To 

penalize successful litigants simply because that success comes in the form of nonjudicial 

relief would hinder the ability of people who lack the resources to sustain their successful 

FOIA actions to receive complete information regarding the affairs of government in the 

face of a public body’s intransigence. Walloon Lake Water Sys, Inc v Melrose Twp, 163 

Mich App 726, 733-734; 415 NW2d 292 (1987).
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receive a copy of all or a portion of a public record prevails” in a FOIA action. To 

“prevail” in a FOIA action within the meaning of MCL 15.240(6), a court must conclude 

that “the action was reasonably necessary to compel the disclosure [of public records], 

and [that] the action had a substantial causative effect on the delivery of the information 

to the plaintiff.” Scharret v City of Berkley, 249 Mich App 405, 414; 642 NW2d 685 

(2002) (emphasis omitted). 

The Court of Appeals unanimously agreed that plaintiff is precluded from 

recovering under MCL 15.240(6) for allegedly abandoning those claims. Contrary to the 

Court of Appeals’ assertion, however, plaintiff never abandoned his claim for fees and 

costs under MCL 15.240(6). Indeed, he sought fees and costs in his complaint, in his 

brief in opposition to defendants’ motion for summary disposition, in his brief in the 

Court of Appeals, and in his application for leave to appeal in this Court. Now that this 

Court orders defendants’ motion for summary disposition to be denied, plaintiff’s action 

can proceed in the Wayne Circuit Court for consideration, on a proper motion, of whether 

he is entitled to costs and fees under MCL 15.240(6).5

We therefore reverse the judgments of the lower courts and remand this case to the 

Wayne Circuit Court for entry of an order denying defendants’ motion for summary 

 5 Additionally, MCL 15.240(7) provides for punitive damages if “the public body has 

arbitrarily and capriciously violated [FOIA] by refusal or delay in disclosing or providing 

copies of a public record.” Although plaintiff’s complaint sought punitive damages 

under MCL 15.240(7), plaintiff has abandoned this claim for relief because his brief in 

opposition to defendants’ motion for summary disposition only asserted a claim of 

attorney fees and costs under MCL 15.240(6) and he did not otherwise develop his 

argument that he was entitled to punitive damages under MCL 15.240(7) over and above 

attorney fees and costs under MCL 15.240(6).
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disposition and for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion, including, on a 

proper motion, a determination whether plaintiff is entitled to reasonable attorney fees, 

costs, and disbursements under MCL 15.240(6). In all other respects, leave to appeal is 

denied, because we are not persuaded that the remaining questions presented should be 

reviewed by this Court.

Robert P. Young, Jr.

Michael F. Cavanagh

Stephen J. Markman

Mary Beth Kelly

Brian K. Zahra

Bridget M. McCormack

David F. Viviano