J-A21033-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: M.L.J.P., A 

MINOR

APPEAL OF: A.M.C.

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1037 EDA 2023

Appeal from the Order Entered March 23, 2023

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Juvenile Division at 

No(s): CP-51-AP-0000463-2020

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., and NICHOLS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED DECEMBER 6, 2023

A.M.C. (“Paternal Grandmother”) appeals from the order entered on 

March 23, 2023, in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, denying 

her motion for visitation with her dependent granddaughter, M.L.J.P., born in 

May of 2013. We affirm.

The following relevant facts and procedural history are undisputed. 

M.L.J.P. has been in the custody of the Philadelphia Department of Human 

Services (“DHS”) since October of 2018, when she was five years old. See

Trial Court Opinion, 6/6/23, at 3. The court adjudicated her dependent on 

April 24, 2019. Id. The parental rights of M.L.J.P.’s father, mother, and any 

unknown father were involuntarily terminated on April 21, 2021. M.L.J.P. has 

remained in her original foster placement, and the trial court has held status 

hearings at regular intervals. 
J-A21033-23

- 2 -

On November 23, 2021, Paternal Grandmother, acting pro se, filed a 

motion to intervene on the adoption docket, wherein she asserted that she is 

M.L.J.P.’s paternal grandmother and is “seeking custody for adoption of my 

granddaughter....” Motion to Intervene, 11/23/21.1 There is no order on the 

certified adoption docket disposing of the motion to intervene.2 Further, 

Paternal Grandmother did not contemporaneously file a petition for adoption. 

Following a status hearing on March 17, 2022, attended by Paternal 

Grandmother and her court-appointed counsel, in addition to counsel for DHS 

and the guardian ad litem (“GAL”), the court issued an order providing that 

“DHS is exploring [Paternal Grandmother] as a resource parent. All counsel 

in agreement.” Order, 3/17/22.3 

During a status hearing on December 8, 2022, which included the same 

participants, the court continued the hearing until March 23, 2023, because 

____________________________________________

1 On January 28, 2022, the trial court appointed counsel for Paternal 

Grandmother. 

2 The order on appeal did not address Paternal Grandmother’s standing. 

Because this Court may not address standing sua sponte, we do not review it. 

See In re Adoption of Z.S.H.G., 34 A.3d 1283, 1288-89 (Pa. Super. 2011) 

(clarifying that standing is not intertwined with subject matter jurisdiction;

therefore, this Court may not raise standing sua sponte). 

3

In the subject motion for visitation, Paternal Grandmother alleged that she 

“was never explored for kinship during the dependency proceedings....” 

Motion for Visitation, 3/12/23, at ¶ 4. She alleged that she “was unsuccessful 

with her outreach to DHS during the dependency proceedings due to the fact 

that her granddaughter’s last name was changed.” Id. at ¶ 5. 
J-A21033-23

- 3 -

DHS “needed to retrieve outstanding ICPC” referral. Order, 12/8/22.4 

Further, the court continued the hearing for the “GAL to interview child.” Id.

On March 12, 2023, Paternal Grandmother, through her court-appointed 

counsel, filed the subject motion for visitation wherein she asserted that she 

has received the requisite clearances, signed a release as requested by DHS, 

and that “a referral was made to Pennsylvania to begin the ICPC process.” 

Id. at ¶¶ 8-10. Moreover, Paternal Grandmother asserted that M.L.J.P. 

informed counsel for DHS and the GAL “that she does not wish to visit with 

Paternal Grandmother.” Id. at ¶ 11. As such, Paternal Grandmother 

requested “one visit with her granddaughter for the purposes of triggering 

positive memories with the hope of starting supervised/therapeutic visits.” 

Id. at ¶ 14. 

____________________________________________

4 “ICPC” stands for the Interstate Compact for the Placement of Children and 

is relevant with respect to Paternal Grandmother because she resides in the 

State of New Jersey. See 62 P.S. § 761. The Pennsylvania Dependency 

Benchbook provides:

The ICPC is a statutory agreement among member states, the 

District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands authorizing them 

to work together to ensure that children who are placed across 

state lines receive adequate protection and support services.

The ICPC establishes procedures for the placement of children and 

assigns responsibility for agencies and individuals involved in 

placing children.

Pennsylvania Dependency Benchbook, at p. 14–9 (Rev. 2014).
J-A21033-23

- 4 -

On March 15, 2023, the trial court issued a rule to show cause order. 

On March 21, 2023, the court canceled the status hearing scheduled for March 

23, 2023, and instead scheduled a hearing on the motion for visitation.

Paternal Grandmother and her court-appointed counsel appeared for the 

motions hearing on March 23, 2023. In addition, the respective counsel for 

DHS and the foster mother appeared, along with the GAL. It is important to 

note that no party had filed a petition for adoption by this date. 

The hearing proceeded as an oral argument, during which the GAL 

reported to the court that he has spoken to M.L.J.P., and “she said she did not 

want to visit” Paternal Grandmother. N.T., 3/23/23, at 8. DHS’s counsel 

reported to the court that the “ICPC from New Jersey was declined due to the 

fact that the child ... is not residing with the paternal grandmother. ... And the 

child does not wish to reside with her.” Id. at 7. In response, Paternal 

Grandmother stated that the GAL may have misidentified her as maternal 

grandmother in discussions with M.L.J.P., and that this is the reason that the 

child declined visits. Id. at 9-10. 

By order dated and entered on March 23, 2023, the trial court denied 

Paternal Grandmother’s motion for visitation, but directed that visits between 

M.L.J.P. and Paternal Grandmother could nonetheless take place “at Child’s 

discretion.” Order, 3/23/23. 

On April 20, 2023, Paternal Grandmother, through court-appointed 

counsel, filed a timely notice of appeal and a concise statement of errors 
J-A21033-23

- 5 -

complained of an appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b).5 The 

trial court issued a Rule 1925(a) opinion on June 6, 2023. 

Paternal Grandmother questions on appeal “whether the trial court erred 

and/or abused its discretion by failing to consider the best interest of the child 

in denying” her motion for visitation. Paternal Grandmother’s Brief at 7.6 

The GAL and counsel for DHS filed separate responsive briefs in this 

appeal. The GAL describes Paternal Grandmother’s request before the trial 

____________________________________________

5

In addition, on April 20, 2023, the foster mother of M.L.J.P. filed a petition 

for adoption.

6 Paternal Grandmother’s brief was filed on July 6, 2023. Oral argument was 

scheduled to take place on October 4, 2023. On October 2, 2023, Paternal 

Grandmother’s counsel filed an application to waive oral argument and submit 

the case on the briefs that had been filed. This Court granted that request on 

October 4, 2023. On November 17, 2023, Paternal Grandmother filed, pro se, 

an application requesting that oral argument be reinstated. In her application, 

she explained that her previous counsel no longer represented her and that:

I am requesting Oral Argument to be re[in]stated d[ue] to the fact 

that [my counsel] submitted a Written Argument without my 

consent on 10/2/23. I never met with [my counsel] nor ever 

spoke[] to him until 10/3/23. It was then he told me via phone 

that he submitted a Written Argument on my behalf. 

Application for Relief, 11/17/23, at 1 (unnumbered). Upon review, we deny 

Paternal Grandmother’s application. Initially, Paternal Grandmother’s counsel 

has not withdrawn on appeal, and “[a]s a general matter, our courts prohibit 

pro se filings by represented appellants, and we treat those filings as legal 

nullities.” Interest of B.G.J., 2021 WL 5027519, at *2 (Pa. Super. filed Oct. 

29, 2021). In addition, we note that Paternal Grandmother found out that her 

counsel had waived oral argument on October 3, 2023, and waited over six 

weeks later to take any action in this Court. At that point, our review of the 

case was near complete. Finally, granting Paternal Grandmother oral 

argument would not change our disposition, as her appellate brief filed on July 

6, 2023 would remain deficient, as discussed infra. 
J-A21033-23

- 6 -

court as one for compulsory visitation and advocates in favor of affirming the 

order as being in M.L.J.P.’s best interests. See GAL’s Brief at 11. Likewise, 

DHS describes Paternal Grandmother’s request as one for compulsory 

visitation and states that the claim on appeal is waived for failure to cite 

pertinent legal authority in the argument section of the brief. See DHS Brief 

at 6. In the alternative, DHS advocates in favor of affirming the order as being 

in M.L.J.P.’s best interests. Id. at 6-8.

From the outset, we note that while “grandparents are permitted to seek 

partial physical custody,” Pennsylvania law provides that the burden is on the 

petitioning grandparent “to demonstrate that partial custody or visitation in 

their favor is in the child’s best interests....” D.R.L. v. K.L.C., 216 A.3d 276, 

279 (Pa. Super. 2019) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). 

Typically, such arguments are made in reference to the mandatory sixteen 

custody factors set forth at 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a) as well as the three custody 

factors pertaining to grandparents listed in Section 5328(c)(1). See id. at 

280. Despite this well-recognized burden, however, Paternal Grandmother’s 

arguments in this Court fail to include citations, references, or discussions 

concerning the pertinent legal authorities governing awards of partial physical 

custody. Overall, Paternal Grandmother has declined to set forth cogent 

arguments addressed to the governing law of such determinations. Her 

argument is presented as if the “best interests” of M.L.J.P. are essentially selfevident in this matter. By way of statute, they are not. See 23 Pa.C.S. § 

5328(a), (c)(1).
J-A21033-23

- 7 -

Due to the paucity of argument presented in this Court, we agree with 

DHS that Paternal Grandmother has waived her argument on appeal. In the 

argument section of her brief, Paternal Grandmother asserts that “asking for 

one supervised visit at the agency was a reasonable request.” Paternal 

Grandmother’s Brief at 18. Paternal Grandmother argues, without citation to 

any relevant legal authority, that “the best interest of M.L.J.B. would be to 

visit with” her. Id. We conclude that Paternal Grandmother has failed to 

develop her issue in a meaningful fashion capable of this Court’s review. See

In re M.Z.T.M.W., 163 A.3d 462, 465-66 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation omitted)

(reiterating that a claim is waived where an appellate brief fails to provide any 

discussion of the claim with citation to relevant authority or fails to develop 

the issue in any other meaningful fashion capable of review); see also

Pa.R.A.P. 2119 (Argument). We also emphasize that this Court will not act as 

counsel for a litigant, nor will we construct an adversarial argument from 

whole cloth where the party has not done so themselves. See Coulter v. 

Ramsden, 94 A.3d 1080, 1088 (Pa. Super. 2014) (“This Court will not act as 

counsel and will not develop arguments on behalf of an appellant.”).

Order affirmed.
J-A21033-23

- 8 -

Date: 12/06/2023