# Patent

## Title
Concept for using software/electronics to calibrate the control system for an automatic transmission

## Abstract

A software calibration strategy for calibrating solenoid controlled valves and valve systems in an automatic transmission. The strategy includes identifying a characteristic equation for the valve or valve system that is a mathematical relationship between a current applied to the solenoid and the pressure at the output of the valve or valve system. The valve or valve system is coupled to a test stand that depicts the operation of the valve or valve system in the transmission. Current signals are applied to the valve or valve system, and the output pressures are measured to determine coefficients in the equation using a curve fitting function. The coefficients are then stored in a control unit.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/789,540 filed on Feb. 27, 2004, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/462,225 filed Apr. 11, 2003 and also U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/209,107 filed on Aug. 22, 2005, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/606,860 filed Sep. 2, 2004. The disclosures of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a software calibration strategy for an electrohydraulic transmission control system and, more particularly, to a software calibration strategy for calibrating solenoids, solenoid controlled valve bodies, or solenoid controlled valve bodies with integrated control units that are used to control an automatic transmission for a vehicle.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Automatic vehicle transmissions employ a plurality of gears, synchronizers, brake bands and clutches that are electronically controlled to automatically shift the gears of the vehicle. Typically, solenoid controlled valves are employed within the transmission to provide hydraulic pressure to control the operation of the various components and systems therein, such as clutches, brake bands, lubricant flow, hydraulic pressure, etc. The valves are generally proportional valves in that the amount of current applied to the solenoid of the valve determines the hydraulic pressure at the control output of the valve.
A solenoid controlled valve includes a coil wound around an armature and a valve body. The solenoid and the valve body can be attached or separate. The valve body is coupled to a hydraulic input line, a hydraulic exhaust line and a hydraulic control output line. Hydraulic supply pressure is applied to the input line. The supply pressure applied to the valve is stable, and the control pressure on the output line of the valve is set by the force of the armature. In a normally low (exhausted) solenoid. When no current is applied to the coil, the control output line is coupled directly to the exhaust line so that no output pressure is applied to the control line. When current is applied to the solenoid, the armature moves so that the hydraulic supply pressure is directed to the control line. The amount of current applied to the coil sets the force on the armature, and thus its ability to maintain its regulated output pressure. The valve control pressure feedback force positions the valve to maintain the precise control pressure that balances the force of the armature. This provides a specific control pressure for each current setting even when the load changes in the control pressure circuit.
Proportional solenoid controlled valves need to be calibrated so that they provide the desired control pressure relative to the input current. If the control valves in the transmission are not properly calibrated, then the performance of the transmission is reduced by a variety of factors, such as lower fuel economy, hard shifts, etc. Typically, the valve is calibrated by mechanical devices when the valve is manufactured. One known mechanical device is a threaded mechanism that increases or decreases a spring force applied to the armature. A second mechanical technique for calibrating a solenoid or solenoid piloted valve is to selectively adjust the working air gap between the armature and pole piece of the solenoid, which adjusts the magnetic force level of the device.
The known mechanical techniques of calibrating a solenoid valve are typically costly because the calibration components are expensive to manufacture and the calibration process is time consuming. Further, the equipment required to perform the calibration is expensive and has inherent accuracy limitations. Additionally, the solenoid or solenoid piloted valve is not calibrated to other system components, such as electronics, other valves, leakage, etc, that may affect the valve performance when it is employed in the system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, a software calibration strategy is disclosed that has particular application for calibrating solenoid controlled valves and electrohydraulic control systems employed in an automatic transmission. The calibration strategy includes identifying a characteristic equation that is unique for a particular class of valves or valve systems, and identifies a mathematical relationship between the current applied to the solenoid and the pressure, or other force such as fluid flow, at the output of the valve or valve system. The characteristic equation will include several coefficients that are unique for each separate valve or valve system in the class.
The valve or valve system is coupled to a test stand that simulates the operation of the valve or valve system in the transmission. The valve or valve system is often referred to a transmission control module. Control current signals are applied to a solenoid in the valve or valve system and the output pressure (or flow) of the valve or valve system is measured. Once the current and corresponding pressure is known for several points, the coefficients for the particular valve or valve system can be determined by using a curve fitting technique, such as a least squares regression, on the characteristic equation. Once the coefficients are identified, they are stored in a flash memory of a transmission control unit (TCU) that is typically integrated into a transmission control module. The TCU in many instances is installed under hood in the engine compartment. However, it may be a composite of various electronic components located in an engine control unit or other controllers of the vehicle. In the case where the TCU is not integrated into a transmission control module, the coefficients are transferred to the site where the TCU is mated to a specific control module. This includes a transmission assembly plant or a vehicle assembly plant. The coefficients can be transferred via a memory chip on the module, a bar code on the module, radio frequency identification device (RFID) or through any digital data storage where the coefficients are associated with a specific transmission control module through a serial number or like identification on the module. The coefficients are then used in combination with the characteristic equation, which is part of the vehicle software stored in a TCU memory, to create a unique, high precision, continuous mathematical representation of the valve or valve system performance characteristic.
Additional advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a flow chart diagram showing a process of calibrating valve and/or valve systems, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph with commanded pressure on the horizontal axis and actual pressure on the vertical axis showing the pre/post calibration relationship between the actual measured pressure and the commanded or desired pressure for a large population of proportional pressure control devices; and
FIG. 3 is a graph with current on the vertical axis and pressure on the horizontal axis showing the relationship between current and hydraulic pressure for a clutch pressure control valve in an automatic transmission.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
The following discussion of the embodiments of the invention directed to a software calibration strategy for an automatic transmission is merely exemplary in nature, and is in no way intended to limit the invention or its applications or uses.
The disclosure of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/209,107 is incorporated herein by reference. FIG. 1 is a block diagram 70 showing a process for calibrating valve systems and valves in an automatic transmission, according to the invention. The calibration strategy of the invention employs a test stand that simulates the operation of the transmission. An algorithm is employed to simulate the operation of the transmission to determine the actual pressures or flows at certain operating conditions.
Each class of valve and/or valve system can be represented by a characteristic equation, the complexity of which is a function of the desired accuracy of the fitting function and the degree of non-linearity and number of inflection points of the actual performance characteristic. The general form of the equation is required input=function (desired output), where the desired output is pressure, flow, etc. and the required input is solenoid current.
The characteristic equation for each valve or valve system is part of the transmission control software code, which resides in a TCU memory. This equation does not change from part to part. A typical characteristic equation for a proportional control solenoid is provided in equation (1). Unique coefficients for the characteristic equation, identified as C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 for the characteristic equation in (1), are created by using a curve fitting technique, for example least-squares regression, using actual measured data obtained during the final test of the valve and/or valve system as an input to the fitting algorithm.




  
    
      
        
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The coefficients are flashed to the TCU memory at the end of the final production test procedure, resulting in a unique equation describing the performance characteristic of the valve and/or valve system. It is important to note that because the calibration is performed on the complete system, rather than on the individual components, the overall system variation due to downstream/upstream valve geometry, spring loads, leakage, solenoids, electronics, etc. is significantly reduced. In the case where the TCU is not integrated into a transmission control module, the overall system variation due to downstream/upstream valve geometry, spring loads, leakage, solenoids, etc. is still significantly reduced.
FIG. 2 shows pre and post calibration results obtained from a large population of proportional pressure control devices in a known pressure control system. Upper and lower bounds are shown for the population based on a +/−5 sigma normal distribution. The graph lines 80 and 82 represent a +/−5 sigma distribution before the calibration, and the graph lines 84 and 86 represent a +/−5 sigma distribution after the calibration.
The first step of the process at box 72 includes identifying the characteristic equation for a particular valve or valve system, which becomes part of the transmission control software and resides in TCU memory. The next step of the process at box 74 includes measuring the output pressure or flow of the valve or valve system for a series of input currents applied to the solenoids discussed above. The number of test currents required depends on the number of variables in the characteristic equation and the degree of non-linearity and number of inflection points in the characteristic equation, and the desired accuracy of the fit. In a typical embodiment, the number of test currents may be in the range of 5-8 test currents.
The next step of the process includes determining the coefficients as represented by box 76. In one embodiment, the coefficients are determined by a regression technique, for example, a least-squares method, that calculates the coefficients for the characteristic equation that result in a best fit to the measured data obtained in the previous step at the box 74. The result is a unique, continuous mathematical relationship between the current applied to the solenoid and the pressure (or flow, position, etc.) at the output of the electrohydraulic system.
Equation (2) below shows a typical characteristic equation, with calculated coefficients, for a proportional pressure control system. Once the coefficients are determined by the least-square fitting function or otherwise, the coefficients are stored in a flash memory of the electrohydraulic system, as represented by box 78. The coefficients may be transferred by other means such as a memory chip on the module, a bar code on the module, radio frequency identification device (RFID) or through any digital data storage where the coefficients are associated with a specific control module through a serial number or like identification on the module. The data is later received and flashed in the specific TCU associated with the specific module coefficients. This is an option when the TCU does not reside on the control module and the mating of the TCU and control module occurs at another manufacturing site. The characteristic equation resides in the TCU memory and is imbedded in the transmission control software. Note that the characteristic equation need not be flashed at this time because it is not unique to each part within a given class. Only the coefficients are unique.




  
    
      
        
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FIG. 3 is a graph with current on the vertical axis and pressure on the horizontal axis showing the general current to pressure relationship for the characteristic equation (1).
The foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion and from the accompanying drawings and claims that various changes, modifications and variations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.

## Claims

1. A method of calibrating a unique proportional solenoid of a unique member of a predesigned class of electrohydraulic control systems that is inclusive of at least one valve controlled by a proportional solenoid that provides an output response in response to an input current, said method comprising:
identifying a characteristic equation of the proportional solenoid in the electrohydraulic control system, said characteristic equation including a plurality of coefficients;
imbedding into a control unit remotely located from said unique member electrohydraulic control system the characteristic equation;
coupling the unique member electrohydraulic control system to a test stand;
applying a plurality of different currents to the unique solenoid of the unique member electrohydraulic control system;
measuring the output response of the unique member electrohydraulic control system for each of the plurality of currents;
identifying unique coefficients in the characteristic equation from the output response measurements;
transmitting the unique coefficients in the characteristic equation from the output response measurements; and
receiving and flashing the coefficients in a memory of the control unit.

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein transmitting the coefficients in the characteristic equation from the output response measurements includes transmitting unique coefficients into a memory chip on the unique electrohydraulic control system.

3. The method according to claim 1 wherein transmitting the coefficients in the characteristic equation from the output response measurements includes transmitting the unique coefficients in the characteristic equation through digital data storage associated with identification of said unique member electrohydraulic control system.

4. The method according to claim 1 wherein transmitting the coefficients in the characteristic equation from the output response measurements includes transmitting the unique coefficients in the characteristic equation via a bar code.

5. The method according to claim 1 wherein transmitting the coefficients in the characteristic equation from the output response measurements includes transmitting unique coefficients in the characteristic equation via a radio frequency identification device.

6. A method of calibrating an unique proportional solenoid of an unique member of a predesigned class of electrohydraulic systems employed in automatic transmissions, said electrohydraulic system providing an output response in response to an input current, wherein the electrohydraulic system includes a proportional solenoid, a hydraulic valve, and solenoid drive electronics, said method comprising:
identifying a characteristic equation of the electrohydraulic system, said characteristic equation including a plurality of coefficients;
imbedding the characteristic equation into a control unit remotely located from the electrohydraulic system;
coupling the electrohydraulic system to a test stand;
applying a plurality of currents to the solenoid controlling the valve;
measuring the output response of the electrohydraulic system for each current;
identifying the unique coefficients of the characteristic equation from the output response measurements, wherein identifying the coefficients in the characteristic equation from the output response measurements includes employing a curve fitting function;
storing the coefficients in a digital format;
transmitting the coefficients; and
flashing the coefficients to the control unit.