U.S. flagAn official website of the United States government
                    Here's how you know **Official websites use .gov**
                            
                            A **.gov** website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
 **Secure .gov websites use HTTPS**
                            
                            A **lock** (                            
                              A locked padlock                                                      
                            
                            ) or **https://** means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.


Menu Agricultural Research Service
						
                    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
 close



Research
                Research Home
                            National Programs
                            Research Projects
                            Scientific Manuscripts
                            International Engagement
                            Scientific Software/Models
                            Databases and Datasets
                            Office of Scientific Quality Review
            Media
                News & Features
                            Multimedia
                            Briefing Room
                            Down on the Farm
                            Press Room
                            Science in Your Shopping Cart
                            Scientific Discoveries
                            Tellus
                            Under the Microscope
            About ARS
                About ARS Home
                            Staff Directory
                            Labs and Research Centers (Map)
                            Headquarter Offices
                            Organizational Chart
                            Employee Services (REE Employees Only)
                            Office of Outreach, Diversity, and Equal Opportunity
            Work With Us
                Work With Us Home
                            ARS Vacancies at USAJOBS
                            Careers at ARS Information
                            Scientific Collaborations
                            Extramural Agreements
                            1890 Faculty Research Sabbatical ProgramSearch small
                    Search
            
            ARS Home
                                About ARS
                                Contact Us




ARS Home Northeast Area Beltsville, Maryland (BHNRC) Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Food Components and Health Laboratory Research Publications at this Location





- ARS National Programs
- Search for a scientific manuscript
- Search for a research project
- ARS Software
- Programs and Projects
- Collaborations
- Subjects of Investigation
- Publications

Title:   Author  item
                                            Gebauer, Sarahitem
                                            CHARDIGNY, JEAN-MICHEL - Universite Gaston Bergeritem
                                            PROCTOR, SPENCER - University Of Albertaitem
                                            JACOBSEN, MARIANNE - Aarhus Universityitem
                                            LAMARCHE, BENOIT - Laval Universityitem
                                            LOCK, ADAM - Michigan State Universityitem
                                            Baer, David
  Submitted to: Advances in Lipid Research
                                    Publication Type: Review Article
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 5/18/2012
                                    Publication  Date: 7/1/2011
                                    Citation: Gebauer, S.K., Chardigny, J., Proctor, S.D., Jacobsen, M.U., Lamarche, B., Lock, A.L., Baer, D.J. 2011. Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer:  a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Advances in Nutrition. 2:332-354.Interpretive Summary: Our food contains dietary trans fatty acids (TFA) from two major sources.  First, dietary TFA are produced during the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils, a chemical process that stabilizes oils.  In addition to this source of dietary TFA, ruminant animals, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, produce dietary TFA during the digestion of their foods.  There are differences in the type of dietary TFA produced during industrial processing of vegetables oils and those produced by animals.  We review the literature of these different sources of TFA with respect to their role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer, which are the leading causes of death in the United States.  Some studies suggest that there is a positive association with heart disease risk between consumption of industrial but not ruminant sources of TFA.  Associations between intake of industrial sources of TFA and cancer have been less consistent, and associations between ruminant TFA intake and cancer have not been studied in depth.  Small studies have been conducted to establish a cause and effect relationship between the two different sources of TFA and heart disease, but results from these studies have been inconclusive, in part because these studies may be too small.  Clinical studies have not been conducted investigating the cause and effect relationship between the two sources of TFA and cancer risk for certain cancers.  Some but not all studies designed to understand cellular metabolism have demonstrated that ruminant sources of TFA may reduce cell growth and or tumor metabolism.  Some of the ruminant TFA reportedly affects initiation, promotion, and metastasis of several cancers in experimental animal models.  Further research is needed to determine the effects of the ruminant sources of TFA in humans.  Since many studies have used amounts of these sources that are not realistically attainable via diet, further clinical studies are warranted.
                                Technical Abstract: There are two predominant sources of dietary trans fatty acids in the food supply, those formed during the industrial partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils (iTFA) and those formed by biohydrogenation in ruminants (rTFA), including vaccenic acid and (VA) and rumenic acid [RA, a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)].  Some epidemiological studies suggest that a positive association with coronary heart disease risk only exists between TFA isomers generated by industrial means and not with rTFA.  Associations between intake of iTFA and cancer have been less consistent, and associations between rTFA intake and cancer have not been well-studied.  Small clinical studies have been conducted to establish cause and effect relationships between these different sources of TFA and biomarkers or risk factors for cardiovascular disease, with inconclusive results.  The lack of detection of treatment effects reported in some studies may be due to insufficient statistical power.  Clinical studies have not been conducted investigating the cause and effect relationship between iTFA and rTFA intake and risk for cancers.  Some but not all mechanistic studies have demonstrated that VA may reduce cell growth and/or tumor metabolism.  CLA reportedly affects initiation, promotion, and metastasis of several cancers in experimental animal models.  Further research is needed to determine the effects of VA and RA in humans.  Since many studies have used doses of rTFA that are not realistically attainable via diet, further clinical studies are warranted.


Return to top


Connect with ARS Sign up


ARS Home
                            USDA.gov
                            Plain Writing
                            Policies & Links
                            Civil Rights Statements
                            FOIA
                            Accessibility Statement
                            Privacy Policy
                            Non-Discrimination Statement
                            Quality of Information
                            USA.gov
                            WhiteHouse.gov