NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 23a0132n.06

No. 22-1458

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ANTHONY EID,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY; WAYNE 

STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF 

MEDICINE; NIKOLINA CAMAJ; MARGIT 

CHADWELL; MATT JACKSON; RICHARD 

S. BAKER; R. DARREN ELLIS,

Defendants-Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE EASTERN 

DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

OPINION

Before: MOORE, CLAY, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Anthony Eid sued Wayne State University (WSU), 

WSU’s School of Medicine, and various administrators (collectively, Defendants or WSU), 

following his dismissal from the medical program for lack of professionalism. Eid was dismissed 

after admitting that he had sent deceptive messages to a former undergraduate student, referred to 

as Jane Roe throughout the proceedings. In these messages, Eid sought passwords to Roe’s online 

accounts; falsely claimed that he was in contact with and had received information from Apple 

Support; threatened to report Roe to the University if she did not comply with his demands; and

threatened to have his attorney file a lawsuit against her.

1

 The district court granted Defendants’ 

1 For a more detailed description of the factual background to this appeal, see Eid v. Wayne State Univ., 599 F. Supp. 

3d 513, 518-29 (E.D. Mich. 2022).
No. 22-1458, Eid v. Wayne State University, et al.

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motion for summary judgment in full. Eid’s appeal is limited to the dismissal of his Fourteenth 

Amendment procedural due process claim against the individual administrator Defendants.

Upon review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we are not persuaded that the district 

court erred. Given the district court’s thorough analysis of the facts and law, issuing a detailed 

opinion by this court would be duplicative and serve no useful purpose. Accordingly, we 

AFFIRM the district court’s judgment. We address only one specific matter.

Eid argues that the district court overlooked our decision in Endres v. Northeast Ohio 

Medical University, 938 F.3d 281 (6th Cir. 2019), in concluding that he was dismissed from the 

medical school for academic rather than disciplinary reasons. Eid acknowledges that designating

his dismissal as academic is outcome-determinative for his lawsuit. If his dismissal was for 

academic reasons, he concedes that his due process claim fails because students facing academic 

dismissals are afforded only minimal protections—they are not entitled to a hearing—whereas Eid 

received a hearing and two levels of appellate review from WSU. See Bd. of Curators of Univ. of 

Mo. v. Horowitz, 435 U.S. 78, 87-92 (1978).

Although Eid did not cite Endres below, he argued in opposition to summary judgment 

that he received insufficient due process protections, citing other cases involving disciplinary

(rather than academic) decisions. The district court recognized this as an implicit argument that 

“the dismissal was disciplinary in nature.” Eid did not forfeit the argument that his dismissal was 

disciplinary. See United States v. Huntington Nat’l Bank, 574 F.3d 329, 332 (6th Cir. 2009) (to 

preserve an argument, a litigant need only identify the issue and “provide some minimal level of 

argumentation in support”).

We have previously held, however, that dismissing a medical student for lack of 

professionalism “amounts to an academic judgment to which courts owe considerable 
No. 22-1458, Eid v. Wayne State University, et al.

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deference[.]” Al-Dabagh v. Case W. Rsrv. Univ., 777 F.3d 355, 357, 359 (6th Cir. 2015). And 

Endres affirmed this rule, explaining that a university’s decision is academic when it is deciding, 

based on undisputed facts, “whether the student possessed the necessary traits to succeed in the 

medical profession.” 938 F.3d at 300-01. A university’s decision is disciplinary, by contrast, 

when it “requires a factual determination as to whether the conduct took place or not.” Id. at 301

(quoting Horowitz, 435 U.S. at 95 n.5 (Powell, J. concurring)). 

Because Eid took “full responsibility” for sending the deceptive messages to Roe—

acknowledging that he “stretched the truth” and “lied to [her] about many things”—WSU was 

never called upon to make a factual determination in this matter. Indeed, WSU specifically 

declined to resolve the sole factual dispute Eid raised in the proceedings. Eid denied that he sent 

Roe an email impersonating an attorney, and that he texted Roe the next day about the email. But 

WSU never “engage[d] in first-level factfinding” to resolve this dispute. Endres, 938 F.3d at 300. 

It explained that while “the committee does not know whether Mr. Eid sent the email . . . the other 

evidence is enough to base [the] decision on.” Relying on Eid’s admissions, WSU ultimately 

decided to dismiss him “from medical school based on his professionalism actions and lack of 

integrity.” In other words, WSU drew “subjective conclusions from established facts,” rendering 

its decision academic. Endres, 938 F.3d at 300. Endres does not alter the district court’s 

conclusion that Eid’s dismissal for lack of professionalism was for academic reasons. 

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.