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Title:   Author  item
                                            Grunwald, Niklaus

                                                         - *Nik*item
                                            Goss, Ericaitem
                                            LARSEN, M - OREGON STATE UNIVERSITYitem
                                            Press, Carolineitem
                                            MCDONALD, V - OREGON STATE UNIVERSITYitem
                                            BLOMQUIST, C - CDFAitem
                                            THOMAS, S - CDFA
  Submitted to: Plant Disease
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 10/30/2007
                                    Publication  Date: 1/15/2008
                                    Citation: Grunwald, N.J., Goss, E.M., Larsen, M.M., Press, C.M., Mcdonald, V.T., Blomquist, C.L., Thomas, S.L. 2008. First report of the European lineage of Phytophthora ramorum in a California nursery. Plant Disease. 92:314.Interpretive Summary: The pathogen Phytophthora ramorum causes disease of many ornamental and forest plants, including Sudden Oak Death on oaks.  Phytophthora ramorum is an exotic pathogen recently found in nurseries. In the United States, P. ramorum currently exists as three distinct clones. We found coexistence of two clones of opposite mating types in a California retail nursery. Presence of opposite mating types in the same retail nursery suggests the potential for sexual reproduction.
                                Technical Abstract: Phytophthora ramorum is the causal agent of Sudden Oak Death in California and Oregon forests and Ramorum blight on broad range of host species in wildlands and nurseries. It is thought to be an introduced pathogen and only three clonal lineages are known. The North American lineage (lineage NA1, mating type A2) is responsible for infections in CA and OR forests. The European lineage (lineage EU1, predominantly A1) is responsible for infections in Europe, but has also been found in nurseries in OR and WA. A third lineage (NA2) has only been isolated in a few instances from nurseries in WA and CA. In June 2006, P. ramorum was isolated from diseased Viburnum tinus, Osmanthus heterophyllus, and O. fragrans cultivars from a Humboldt County retail nursery in northern California. Isolates were genotyped and placed into a clonal lineage using microsatellite markers developed for P. ramorum. Three out of four isolates were found to belong to genotype EU1. The fourth isolate, obtained from O. fragrans, belonged to genotype NA1. Genotyping was repeated using an independent genomic DNA extraction. Two EU1 isolates and the single NA1 isolate were tested for mating type and found to be of A1, A1 and A2 mating type, respectively. The coexistence of A1 and A2 mating types in the same retail nursery suggests the potential for sexual reproduction although to date sexual reproduction has not been documented in P. ramorum. The CA retail nursery infestation highlights the potential for unintentional transport of infested host nursery stock.


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