INTHE COURTOFAPPEALSOFTHESTATEOFWASHINGTONSTATEOFWASHINGTON,)No.79070-6-IRespondent,)DIVISIONONEv.))TERRELLRAKAIWALL,)UNPUBLISHEDOPINION)Appellant.)FILED:March11,2019MANN,A.C.J.—TerrellWallappealshisconvictionforfirstdegree burglaryandtwocountsofseconddegree assault. Wallcontends thatthetrialcourterredbyadmitting hearsayevidenceandnotinstructingthejuryonself-defensefortheburglarycharge.Weaffirm.The StatechargedWallwithtwocountsoffirstdegreeassaultandfirstdegreeburglary,stemmingfromanincidentonSeptember17,2015, when WallunlawfullyenteredDanaeLizotte’sapartmentandstabbedLizotteandherboyfriendJamesHeim.The eveningbefore theincident,Wall,Lizotte,and Heimweresocializingatthehomeofamutual friend,NickCaratachea.Atsome point during the evening, LizotteNo.79070-6-1/2rejectedanadvancebyWall.LizotteandHeimlefttogetherandspentthenightatLizotte’sapartmentinTacoma.Thenextmorning,LizottereceivedFacebookmessagesfromWallsaying“[h]ey,Ireallydidn’tmeananythingIsaidtoyoulastnight.Okay.I’llunderstandifyouwanttoendourfriendship.”Lizottedidnotrespond.Anhourlater,WallappearedatLizotte’sbedroomwindow.BothHeimandLizottewerestillinbed.LizottetoldHeimthatshethoughtWallwastheretoapologize.LizotteinvitedWallinsidetheapartmenttotalk.Fromthehallway,WallcouldseethatHeimwaslyinginLizotte’sbed.WallappearedstartledthatHeimwasthere,andaskedLizotteiftheycouldtalkoutside.Onceoutsideontheporch,WallgrabbedLizotte’sphoneandaccusedherofcheatingonHeim.WallpushedLizotteagainstthewallandsmashedherphone.HelmheardLizotteyelling“stophittingme,”“givememyphoneback”andheardthephonehittheground.Heim,wearingonlyhisundershirtandboxers,wentoutsidetoinvestigate.HeimpositionedhimselfbetweenWallandLizotte.WalltoldHeimthatLizottehadcheatedonhimandtheproofwasonherphone.HeimtoldLizottethattheyshouldgoinside.AsLizottefollowedHeiminside,shetriedtocloseandlockthedoorbehindherbutWallpushedhiswayinsidetheapartment.WallthenshovedLizotte,causinghertofallagainstadresser.Lizotteblackedoutfromthefall.Heim,afterwitnessingWallshoveLizotte,triedtopunchWallinthelefttemple.Heimindicatedthathispunchhadnoeffect.LizotteregainedconsciousnessandsawWallattackingHelm.LizottetriedtopunchWallinthestomach,whichalsohadno-2-No.79070-6-1/3effect.LizotteattemptedtogetWalloffofHelm,butWallshovedheragainstthewallandsheblackedoutforasecondtime.Helmfeltasharpstingonhisrightear,reachedoverandrecalledhecouldfeelhisskullbone.WhenLizotteregainedconsciousness,shesawHeim’s“earhangingoffofhisface.”HelmshoutedatWall,“ohmygod,youpunchedmyearoff”andtoldLizottetocallanambulance.Wallfledthescene.Lizottecalled911onHelm’sphone.LizottenoticedthatHeimhadtwolongstabwoundsonhisback,wasverypale,andthathislipswereturningwhite.Lizotte’sdisabledparentswerehomeduringtheincident.Beforetheambulancearrived,Lizotte’smotherpointedoutthatLizottealsohadtwolongslashesacrossherchest.LizotteandHeimweretakentoTacomaGeneralfortreatment.ShortlyafterLizottecalled911,911dispatchersreceivedacallfromWall.Walltoldthedispatcher:“Igotinafightwithmyfriend,ItookmyrazorbladeandIcutoneofmyfriend’sear,myhandisinjured,andIpunchedmyfriendintheface.”Wallstatedthathethrewtheweaponwhenheranoffandidentifiedtheweaponasaboxcutter.WhenaskedifWallwasinjured,heindicatedhehadacutonhishandfromaboxcutter.Wallalsostatedhewas“turninghimselfin.”ThedispatcherrealizedthatWallwasassociatedwiththeincidentthatauthoritieswerecurrentlyrespondingtoatLizotte’sapartment.WallwenttoSt.Joseph’sHospital.Whileatthehospital,WallcalledhisfriendCaratacheatotellhimabouttheincident.CaratacheatestifiedattrialthatWallbelievedhewascutbyHeim’sknife,butthatWalldidnotsayhesawHeimholdingaknife.CaratacheaalsotestifiedthatHeimwasknowntocarryknives.-3-No.79070-6-1/4Duringtrial,theStatecalledtreatingphysician,Dr.BenjaminConstance,ChiefofEmergencyMedicineatTacomaGeneraltotestifyaboutHeim’sandLizotte’sinjuries.Dr.ConstancedescribedHeim’sinjuriesaslifethreateninglacerationsacrossthebaseofhisskull.Dr.ConstancedescribedLizotteasa“very,veryhighacuityemergencypatient”because“[s]hehadpenetratingwoundsandlacerations”toherneckandchestarea,whichputheratahighriskforinjurytoherlungsandthebloodvesselsoftheneckandarms.BothLizotteandHeimtestifiedattrial.NeitherremembersseeingWallholdingtheboxcutter.Theboxcutterwasneverrecovered.Onthedayoftheattack,WallwaswearinghisCostcouniform,whichincludedaboxcutter.Wallrestedwithoutpresentingevidence.Duringclosingarguments,thedefensearguedthatWallwasactinginself-defensewhenheassaultedLizotteandHelm,andthattheStatedidnotprovebeyondareasonabledoubtthatWallhadtherequisiteintenttofindhimguiltyofburglary.ThejuryconvictedWalloffirstdegreeburglaryandtwocountsofseconddegreeassault.ThejuryalsoreturnedaspecialverdictformthatWallwasarmedwithadeadlyweaponduringthecommissionoftheburglaryandassaults.Wallappeals.WallfirstcontendsthatthetrialcourtwrongfullyadmittedstatementsmadebyHeimandLizottetomedicalpersonnelunderthehearsayexceptiontomedicaldiagnosis.Wedisagree.WereviewadmissionofevidenceunderER803(a)(4),thehearsayexceptionforstatementsmadeforpurposesofmedicaldiagnosisortreatment,underanabuseof-4-No.79070-6-1/5discretionstandard.Statev.Woods,143Wn.2d561,602,23P.3d1046(2001)overruledonothergroundsbyStatev.Schierman,Wn.2d__,415P.3d106(2018).Sincetrialcourtsaregrantedbroaddiscretionwhenmakingevidentiaryrulings,suchrulingswillbereversedonlyifbasedonmanifestlyunreasonableoruntenablegrounds.Statev.Dye,178Wn.2d541,548,309P.3d1192(?013).ER803(a)(4)providesthat“[s]tatementsmadeforpurposesofmedicaldiagnosisortreatmentanddescribingmedicalhistory,orpastorpresentsymptoms,pain,orsensations,ortheinceptionorgeneralcharacterofthecauseorexternalsourcethereofinsofarasreasonablypertinenttodiagnosisortreatment”arenotexcludedbytheruleagainsthearsay.“Themedicaltreatmentexceptionappliestostatementsreasonablypertinenttodiagnosisortreatment.”Woods,142Wn.2dat602(citationomitted).Statementsastothecausationoftheinjuryareadmissible,whilestatementsattributingfaultareexcluded.Woods,142Wn.2dat602(citing5AKARLB.TEGLAND,WASHINGTONPRACTICE§367,at224(2ded.1982)).Astatementis“reasonablypertinentwhen(1)thedeclarant’smotiveinmakingthestatementistopromotetreatmentand(2)themedicalprofessionalreasonablyreliedonthestatementforpurposesoftreatment.”Statev.Williams,137Wn.App.736,746,154P.3d322(2007).Wallobjectstotwostatements,onebyHeimandonebyLizotte,asattributingfaulttoWallandnotbeingreasonablypertinenttodiagnosisortreatment.Duringdirectexamination,Dr.Constancedescribedtheimportanceofapatient’s“subjectivehistory”inaccuratelytreatingthepatient.Dr.Constancestated“[unthehistoryofpresentillness,thepatient’ssubjectivehistoryandthehistorythatisprovidedbythepatientissummarizedasitpertainstothenatureoftheillnessandithelpsusinmakinga-5-No.79070-6-1/6diagnosisandanticipatingthepotentialinjury.”TheStatetheninquiredintothenatureofHeim’sinjuriesandhowtheyoccurred.Dr.Constancerespondedthat“thepatientallegedthathewasdefendingafemaleandwasstabbedbywhathebelievedtobeaboxknife.”Dr.ConstancealsotestifiedtoLizotte’sdescriptionofhowshesustainedherinjuriesstating“thepatientallegesthatshewasinvolvedinanaltercation...hergentlemanfriendalsoinvolvedinthisaltercation,havingbeenoccurredwithsomebodythatwasaknownentityaswell,andIbelieveshereferredtohimasafriend.Idonotrecallanyrecollectionspecifictowhatwasusedinthealtercation.”TheStatecontendsthatneitherofthesestatementsidentifyaresponsibleparty,andthusarenotstatementsattributingfaulttoWall.Dr.Constance’stestimonyaboutHeimstatingthathewasstabbedwitha“boxknife”wasproperlyadmittedasreasonablypertinenttomedicaltreatment.Heim’smotiveinmakingthestatementwassodoctorscouldadequatelyassessthenecessarycourseoftreatment.Dr.Constanceindicatedthathereasonablyreliedonthe“natureormechanismofinjury”incourseoftreatingtheinjury.Thus,thestatementwasproperlyadmittedunderER803(a)(4).However,Dr.Constance’stestimonythatLizotteidentifiedherassailantasa“friend”andHeimindicatedhewasinjuredwhile“defendingafemale,”aremoreproblematicastheyattributefault.Statev.Redmond,150Wn.2d489,78P.3d1001(2003)isillustrative.InRedmond,ourSupremeCourtheldthatthetrialcourtabuseditsdiscretionbyadmittingtwounredactedportionsofmedicalrecordsthatattributedfaulttothedefendant.TheCourtconcludedthatthestatements“[Johnson]...wasleaving-6-No.79070-6-1/7schoolyesterdayandwhileonschoolgroundsapparentlyanex-studentaccostedanddraggedMr.Johnsonfromhisauto”wasinappropriatebecausereferringtoan“exstudent”attributedfault.Redmond,150Wn.2dat497.Similarly,thestatement“[Johnson]...wasleavingschoolyesterdayandwasaccostedintheparkinglotbyanothermale”wasinappropriate.Redmond,150Wn.2dat497.TheinadmissiblestatementsinRedmondandDr.Constance’stestimonythatidentifiedtheassailantasa“friend”aresimilar.Whiledescribinganassailantasa“friend”or“student”doesnotspecificallyidentifytheassailant,itdoesattributefaulttolimitedcategoryofpossiblepersons,includingWall.“Defendingafemale”alsoimpliesthatWallcausedHeim’sinjuries,andthusattributesfault.Neitherofthesestatementsarereasonablypertinenttodiagnosisortreatment.Thus,weconcludethetrialcourtabuseditsdiscretioninfailingtoexcludethisportionofDr.Constance’stestimony.However,anonconstitutionalerroris“harmlessunlessthereisareasonableprobability,inlightoftheentirerecord,thattheerrormateriallyaffectedtheoutcomeofthetrial.”Statev.Webb,64Wn.App.480,488,824P.2d1257(1992)(citationomitted).SinceWallhadtheopportunitytocross-examinebothLizotteandHeim,Wall’sSixthAmendmentconfrontationrightwasnotimplicated.U.S.Const.amendVI;seealsoCrawfordv.Washington,541U.S.36,42,124S.Ct.1354,158L.Ed.2d177(2004).Whentheconfrontationclauseisnotimplicated,erroneousadmissionofevidenceisanalyzedunderthenonconstitutionalharmlesserrorstandard.Statev.Gower,179Wn.2d851,854,321P.3d1178(2014).TheadmissionofDr.Constance’sstatementattributingfaulttoa“friend”isharmlesserrorbecauseotheroverwhelmingevidenceattributedfaulttoWall.Walladmittedonthe911callthathehadbeenina-7-No.79070-6-1/8fightwithhisfriendsandslicedoneofhisfriend’searwithaboxcutter.Wall’sstatementswereadmissibleasstatementsagainstinterest.ER804(b)(3).Thus,whileitwaserrortoadmitDr.Constance’stestimonyattributingfaulttoWall,theerrorwasharmless.Ill.Wallnextcontendsthatthetrialcourterredbyrefusingtoinstructthejuryonselfdefenseastotheburglarycharge,denyingWalltherighttopresentadefenseandrelievedtheStateofitsburdenofproof.Wedisagree.Thestandardofreviewforatrialcourt’srefusaltograntthejuryinstructionsdependsonwhethertherefusalwasbasedonamatteroflaworfact.Statev.Walker,136Wn.2d767,771,966P.2d883(1998).Adefendantisentitledtoaninstructiononself-defensewhenhepresentssomeevidenceofbothhissubjectivegoodfaithbeliefthathewasinimminentdangerofgreatbodilyharm,andobjectively,whetherhisbeliefwasreasonableconsideringthedefendant’ssituation.Statev.Read,147Wn.2d238,243,53P.3d26(2002)(citationomitted).Whenatrialcourtdeniesaself-defenseinstructionbecausenoreasonablepersoninthedefendant’spositionwouldhaveactedasthedefendantdid,thestandardofreviewisdenovo.Read,147Wn.2dat243.Whenatrialcourtdeniesaself-defenseinstructionbecausethereisalackofevidencesupportingthesubjectiveprong,thestandardofreviewisabuseofdiscretion.Read,147Wn.2dat243.Here,thetrialcourtrejectedthedefendant’sproposedinstructionasamatteroflaw,thusthestandardofreviewisdenovo.Thetrialcourtinstructedthejuryonself-defenseastothetwoassaultchargesandincludedafirstaggressorinstruction.Thetrialcourtrefusedtoinstructthejuryon-8-No.79070-6-1/9self-defenseastotheburglarycharge.UnderRCW9A.52.020(1),“[a]personisguiltyofburglaryinthefirstdegreeif,withintenttocommitacrimeagainstapersonorpropertytherein,heorsheentersorremainsunlawfullyinabuildingandif,inenteringorwhileinthebuildingorinimmediateflighttherefrom,theactororanotherparticipantinthecrime(a)isarmedwithadeadlyweapon,or(b)assaultsanyperson.”Wallarguedhistheoryofself-defensecouldnegateeithertheelementofbeingarmedwithadeadlyweaponorassaultinganyperson.WallreliesonthefollowingtestimonyfromCaratacheatoargueWallwasactinginself-defense:Iknowthat[Wall]toldmehedidsomethingandlikeindefenseofwhathadhappened....Iguessheattackedthem,and,um,atsomepointherealizedwhere,likehowfarithadgotten,andIguesshestoppedatthatpointandthenhejustranoffhesaid....Iknowthatapparentlyhehadusedhisboxcutter,butIdon’trememberifitwashimtellingmethatorwhatever.Idon’trememberexactlywhat,howhehaddescribedit.[Heim]hadjustgottenintheway,andheunderstoodwhy[Heim]hadpushedhimorhithimorwhateverhehaddonebecause,youknow,hehadseenhimpush[Lizotte]anditwasapparentlyaprettyhardpushlikeahugeshove,andIguessshewentflyingintoawallorsomethinglikethat,soitwasn’tlikedelicate,andthenthat’swhen[Heim]jumpedin.Sohesaidhefeltbadaboutwhathappenedto[Heim],butIguesshejustkindofgotintheway.[1JAdditionally,WallreliedonevidencethatHeimoftencarriedaknifeandhadoneinhispantspocketinLizotte’sbedroom,tosupporthisself-defenseclaim.Self-defensecanbeadefensetotheassaultpredicateofburglary.Here,thetrialcourtconcludedthatWallwasentitledtoaself-defenseinstructionfortheassaultcharges,butconcludedasamatteroflaw,thatthesameevidencedidnotwarrantaself-defenseinstructionfortheassaultpredicateofburglary.Wallreliedonidentical1(Emphasisadded.)-9-No.79070-6-1110evidencetoargueboththeoriesofself-defense.Oncethetrialcourtgavetheselfdefenseinstructionforassault,itwasanerrornottoextendtheinstructiontotheassaultpredicateofburglary.Thetrialcourt’serror,however,washarmless.“Anerroraffectingadefendant’sself-defenseclaimisconstitutionalinnature.”Statev.Arth,121Wn.App.205,213,87P.3d1206(2004).Undertheconstitutionalerroranalysis,anerrorinjuryinstructionsisharmlessifwithintheentirecontextoftherecord,itisharmlessbeyondareasonabledoubt.Statev.Grimes,165Wn.App.172,187,P.3d454(2011).Thetrialcourtinstructedthejuryonself-defenseasappliedtotheassaultcharges,andthejuryfoundthattheStateprovedbeyondareasonabledoubtthatWallwasnotactinginselfdefense.Wallreliedonthesameevidenceforboththeoriesofself-defense.Therefore,evenifthetrialcourthadinstructedthejuryonself-defenseastotheburglarycharge,Wallcannotestablishthejuryverdictwouldhavebeenanydifferent.Weaffirm.4c~WECONCUR:-10-