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Title:   Author  item
                                            Anderson, Marthaitem
                                            HAIN, CHRISTOPHER - National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)item
                                            WARDLOW, BRIAN - University Of Nebraskaitem
                                            PIMSTEIN, AUGUSTIN - Collaboratoritem
                                            MECIKALSKI, JOHN - University Of Alabamaitem
                                            Kustas, William

                                                         - *Bill*
  Submitted to: Remote Sensing
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 5/6/2011
                                    Publication  Date: 5/1/2012
                                    Citation: Anderson, M.C., Hain, C., Wardlow, B., Pimstein, A., Mecikalski, J., Kustas, W.P. 2012. A thermal-based evaporative stress index for monitoring surface moisture depletion. Remote Sensing. 145-167.Interpretive Summary: Accurate and timely spatial information about drought onset, duration and impacts around the globe is critical to addressing issues of rapid response and food security.  Drought indices based on measurements of precipitation are of limited utility in many parts of the world lacking dense ground-based rain gauge/radar networks, and therefore there is utility in developing indices based on satellite data that can be widely and robustly implemented using minimal ground-based information.  This paper describes a new satellite drought index, using surface temperature obtained from thermal-band satellite imagery as a proxy for soil moisture.  The Evaporative Stress Index (ESI) reflects temporal anomalies in the ratio of actual-to-potential evapotranspiration, and shows good spatial and temporal correlation with standard precipitation based drought indices over the continental U.S.  Evapotranspiration estimates are generated using the ALEXI surface energy balance algorithm applied to thermal band imagery supplied by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES).  The ESI is currently being generated at 10-km resolution over the continental U.S. in real time.  Future operations are described, including joint assimilation of thermal and microwave remote sensing signals of soil moisture into hydrologic models used to generate operational drought indices.
                                Technical Abstract: The reliability of standard meteorological drought indices based on measurements of precipitation is limited by the spatial distribution and quality of currently available rainfall data.  Furthermore, they reflect only one component of the surface hydrologic cycle, and cannot readily capture non-precipitation based moisture inputs to the land-surface system (e.g., irrigation) that may temper drought impacts, or variable rates of water consumption across a landscape.  This study assesses the value of a new drought index based on remote sensing of evapotranspiration (ET).  The Evaporative Stress Index (ESI) quantifies anomalies in the ratio of actual to potential ET (PET) mapped using thermal-band imagery from geostationary satellites.  The study investigates the behavior and response timescales of the ESI through a retrospective comparison with the Standardized Precipitation Indices and Palmer Drought Index suite, and with drought classifications recorded in the United States Drought Monitor (USDM) for the 2000-2009 growing seasons.  Spatial and temporal correlation analyses suggest that the ESI performs similarly to short-term (up to 6 month) precipitation-based indices, but at higher spatial resolution and without requiring any precipitation data.  Unique behavior is observed in the ESI where non-precipitation moisture inputs are likely to be important, for example in areas of intense irrigation or shallow water table.  Normalization by PET serves to isolate the ET signal component due to soil moisture variability from that of the radiation load.  This study suggests that the ESI is a useful complement to the current suite of drought indicators, with particular added value in parts of the world where rainfall data are sparse or unreliable.


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