UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Tenth Circuit

Byron White United States Courthouse

1823 Stout Street

Denver, Colorado 80294

(303) 844-3157

Patrick J. Fisher, Jr. Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk Chief Deputy Clerk

January 14, 1998

TO: ALL RECIPIENTS OF THE CAPTIONED ORDER AND JUDGMENT

RE: 96-6250, United Associates v. Walmart Stores

 December 8, 1997

By order of this date the Court has entered an order directing publication of

the order and judgment entered on December 8, 1997. A copy of the published

version is attached for your convenience.

Very truly yours,

Patrick Fisher, Clerk

Keith Nelson

Deputy Clerk

encl.
F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

DEC 8 1997

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED ASSOCIATES, INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

WAL-MART STORES INC., a

Delaware corporation,

Defendant-Appellee,

and

JOHNSON FOODS INC., an

Oklahoma Corporation,

Third-Party Defendant.

No. 96-6250

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the WesternDistrict of Oklahoma

(D.C. No. CIV-93-1287-A)

Gary R. Underwood (A. Daniel Woska, with him on the briefs), of Woska Helms

Dowd Underwood & Hasbrook, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for PlaintiffAppellant.
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Jon B. Comstock, Senior Corporate Litigationn Counsel, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,

Bentonville, Arkansas, for Defendant-Appellee.

Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, LOGAN, Senior Circuit Judge, and MURPHY,

Circuit Judge.

SEYMOUR, Chief Judge.

At issue in this diversity action is the interpretation under Oklahoma law of

a commercial lease between Wal-Mart, the lessee, and United Associates, the

lessor. The district court granted Wal-Mart’s motion for summary judgment and

denied United’s cross-motion. United appeals. We review the district court’s

grant of summary judgment de novo. See Kaul v. Stephan, 83 F.3d 1208, 1212

(10th Cir. 1996). 

On September 1, 1983, Wal-Mart entered into a 20-year lease with United’s

predecessor in interest to rent premises in a shopping center in Muskogee,

Oklahoma. The lease includes the following pertinent provisions: 

(a) a fixed annual rent of $ 104,595.00 and an additional percentage of

the gross sales if the sales reach a certain level;

(b) a right to assign or sublet the lease without the consent of the

landlord; 

(c) a use clause stating that “[i]t is understood and agreed that the

Demised Premises will be used by Lessee in the operation of a

discount department store, but Lessor agrees the Demised Premises

may be used for any lawful purpose” except as a supermarket or

grocery store, Aplt. App. at 181;

(d) a right “at any time” to “remove any and all fixtures, goods and

equipment installed by [the Lessee] in or on the Demised Premises,”
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Aplt. App. at 187; 

(e) a right, which extends to any of Wal-Mart’s assignees or sublessees,

to make alterations to the premises for business purposes; 

(f) a default clause which is triggered if the premises are “deserted for

more than thirty (30) days,” Aplt. App. at 191, and

(g) an integration clause. 

Wal-Mart operated a discount store on the premises from September 1983 to

October 1990, when Wal-Mart closed its store and moved. Before relocating,

Wal-Mart assigned the lease to Omega Limited Partnership, and Omega in turn

subleased the premises to Johnson Foods, Inc. It is undisputed that Wal-Mart is

current on all financial obligations under the lease.

We address first United’s argument that the district court erred in declaring

the lease unambiguous. The Oklahoma Supreme Court has held that “a lease is in

the nature of a contract and is controlled by principles of contract law.” Mercury

Inv. Co. v. F.W. Woolworth Co., 706 P.2d 523, 529 (Okla. 1985). We must

therefore interpret this lease “so as to give effect to the intent of the parties at the

time the contract was formed.” Id. “[W]here a contract is complete in itself and,

as viewed in its entirety, is unambiguous, its language is the only legitimate

evidence of what the parties intended.” Id. Our review of the lease persuades us

the district court was correct in holding that the lease here, viewed in its entirety,

is unambiguous. 

United next asserts that Wal-Mart breached the express language of the

lease by moving out of the premises. Since it is undisputed that the lease contains 
1United also argues that the use clause requires Wal-Mart to operate a

discount store on the premises. However, the broad language of the use clause

here allows the premises to be used for any lawful purpose except as a grocery

store or supermarket. In any event, the Oklahoma Supreme Court has held that

use clauses are restrictive and not mandatory in nature, i.e., such clauses simply

restrict the permissible uses of the space but do not impose a mandatory

obligation to actually use the space in the manner proscribed. See Monte Corp. v.

Stephens, 324 P.2d 538, 539 (Okla. 1958). 

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no express continuous operation clause, United relies on the default clause which

provides that Wal-Mart is in default if “the Demised Premises shall be deserted

for more than thirty (30) days.” Aplt. App. at 95.1

 At the outset, we note that

“[a] contract must be considered as a whole so as to give effect to all its

provisions without narrowly concentrating upon some clause or language taken

out of context.” Mercury, 706 P.2d at 529. Other provisions of the lease allow

Wal-Mart to assign or sublet the lease without consent for any purpose other than

a supermarket and to remove any fixtures, goods, and equipment at any time. The

lease also permits any of Wal-Mart’s sublessees or assignees to alter the premises

for business purposes. The lease thus clearly contemplates a situation where WalMart removes its goods and allows an assignee or sublessee to move in and

conduct another business on the premises. Reading the lease as a whole and in

light of the fact that Wal-Mart has remained current on all financial obligations, it

would be illogical to conclude that Wal-Mart’s actions amount to desertion within

the meaning of the lease. 
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United finally contends that Wal-Mart violated implied obligations in the

lease. The common law imposes an implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing on all contracts made in Oklahoma. See First Nat’l Bank v. Kissee, 859

P.2d 502, 509 (Okla. 1993). We are persuaded that Wal-Mart has not breached

this covenant simply by exercising its rights to assign the lease and remove its

goods from the premises under valid, bargained-for provisions of the lease. Cf.

Devery Implement Co. v. J.I. Case Co., 944 F.2d 724, 728-29 (10th Cir. 1991)

(holding under Oklahoma law that implied covenant of good faith not violated by

exercise of otherwise valid, bargained-for termination-at-will clause). United

urges this court to find other implied obligations in the lease such as an implied

covenant to operate a discount store. As a general rule, implied covenants are

disfavored. Mercury, 706 P.2d at 530. Moreover, Oklahoma courts refuse to

rewrite a lease by implying a covenant that is contrary to the express terms for

which the parties have bargained. See id. at 532, 534. To imply an obligation of

continuous use here would plainly contradict the express terms of the lease and

would result in rewriting the parties’ agreement, which we will not do. Cf.

Grisaffi v. Dillard Dep’t Stores, Inc., 43 F.3d 982 (5th Cir. 1995) (refusing to

imply obligation of continuous operation in face of express right to assign or

sublet); Cascade Drive Ltd v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 934 F.2d 61, 62 (5th Cir.

1991) (same). 

We AFFIRM the district court.