[ PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 12

- 1 1503 Non

- Argument Calendar

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Agency No. A097

- 310

- 428

DARWIN GILBERTO RUIZ

- TURCIOS , Petitioner ,
v ersus U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, Respondent

.

________________________ Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals

________________________ (November 8, 2012) Before BARKETT , MARTIN and FAY , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Darwin Gilberto Ruiz

- Turcios , a native of Honduras, petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeal s ’s (“BIA”) decision denying his motion to

Case: 12-11503 Date Filed: 11/08/2012 Page: 1 of 52 reopen his rem oval proceedings. Ruiz

- Turcios was ordered removed after the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) determined that he did not meet the requirements for asylum, withholding of removal, or relief under the Convention Against Torture based on his claim that he has been persecuted by the street gangs in Honduras on account of his re ligious and political beliefs

. He filed a pro se appeal to the BIA, which was denied. He subsequently filed two pro se motions for reconsideration and two pro se motion s to reopen, which were all denied by the BIA

. He most recently filed a counseled mo tion to reopen with the BIA on November 23, 2011 , in which he raised two arguments in favor of reopening. First, he asserted that his original attorney provided him ine ffective assistance in connection with his removal proceedings and that because of his attorney’s ineffective assistance the 90

- day filing period for a motion to reopen should be equitably tolled

. Second, he argued that his proceeding should be reopened because the conditions regarding gang violence have gotten worse in Honduras. The BIA denied his motion to reopen on both grounds. We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen removal proceedings for an abuse of discretion. Zhang v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 572 F.3d 1316, 1319 (11th Cir. 2009). Review is limited to determining whethe r the BIA exercised its discretion in an arbitrary or capricious manner. Id

. An alien may only file one motion to reopen, and must do so no later than 90 days after the final order of removal. 8

Case: 12-11503 Date Filed: 11/08/2012 Page: 2 of 53 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A), (C); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2). As to Ruiz

- Turcios’s request for reopening based on his prior counsel’s ineffective assistance, the BIA concluded that based on our Court’s decision in Abdi v. U.S. Att’ y Gen. , 430 F.3d 1148, 1150 (11th Cir. 2005) , the 90

- day limit for motions to reopen is “ mandatory and jurisd ictional” and not subject to equitable tolling even where a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel has been raised. Although Ruiz

- Turcios argues that the language of Abdi is merely dicta, we cannot say that the BIA abused its disc retion in denying reopening based on our decision in Abdi , whether the pertinent language is dicta or Abdi’ s holding. 1

1 We note that Ruiz

- Turcios is not the first petitioner to question whether Abdi is binding precedent on the question of whether the 90

- day time limitation for filing motions to reopen is not subject to equitable tolling. See Tambi v. U.S. Att’y. Gen. , 458 Fed. Appx. 800, 803 n.4 (11th Cir. 2012). Likewise, another panel of this Cou rt has characterized Abdi as dicta, albeit in an unpublished decision. See Pereira v. U.S. Att’y. Gen. , 258 Fed. Appx. 277, 279 (11th Cir. 2007). Moreover, five of our sister circuits disagree with Abdi ’s characterization of the 90

- day time limitation as jurisdictional and instead have held that it is akin to statutes of limitations, and therefore, subject to equitable tolling. Id. at 279 n.4 (citing to the decisions of the S econd, Third, Seventh, Ninth and T enth circuits). The Supreme Court’s recent decision in Holland v. Florida , 130 S. Ct. 2549, 2560

– 61 (2010), in which the Court held that the statutory limitations period under 28 U.S.C. § 2244 for filing federal habeas corpus claims is subject to equitable tolling, raises significant doubts that A bdi ’s conclusion is correct. The Court in Holland noted that the statutory filing deadline for federal habeas claims is not jurisdictional because “[i]t does not set forth an inflexible rule requiring dismissal whenever its clock has run.” 130 S. Ct at 2 560 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court also reiterated the well

- established principle that “a nonjurisdictional federal statute of limitations is normally subject to a rebuttable presumption in favor of equitable tolling.” Id. (citing Young v. United States , 535 U.S. 43, 49 (2002) and Irwin v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs , 498 U.S. 89, 96 (1990)). Here, we see nothing in the statute governing motions to reopen that demonstrates that Congress intended the 90

- day limitation to be “an inflexible rul e requiring dismissal.” Holland , 130 S. Ct. at 2560. See also Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp ., 546 U.S. 500, 516 (2006) (“[W]hen Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional in character.”).

Case: 12-11503 Date Filed: 11/08/2012 Page: 3 of 54 The time and number limitations on motions to reopen, however, do not apply where the motion is based upon changed country conditions arising in the alien’s country of nationality or within the country to which removal is ordered. Jiang v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 568 F.3d 1252, 1256 (11th Cir. 2009) ; 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii). The alien must demonstrate that conditions within the relevant country have changed, as a change in personal circumstances alone will not suffice to allow an otherwise untimely and successive motion to reopen. See Zhang , 572 F.3d at 1319. Ruiz

- Turcios argues that he has demonstrated changed country conditions sufficient to warrant reopening of his asylum and withholding of removal application. Specifica lly, he relies on the recent murder of his sister and t he 2009 Department of State Country Report on Human Rights for Honduras , which states that there are problems with extrajudicial killings and politically

- related violence. The 2004 and 2005 versions o f the repo rt , which Ruiz

- Turcios relied on in his original hearing, documented the same problems . Moreover, the murder of his sister is tragically consistent with the evidence of violence that he submitted at his original hearing. Because he has failed t o demonstrate changed circumstances in gang violence in Honduras since he filed his previous motion to reopen, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion. Accordingly, we deny his petition. Case: 12-11503 Date Filed: 11/08/2012 Page: 4 of 55 PETITION DENIED. Case: 12-11503 Date Filed: 11/08/2012 Page: 5 of 5