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Title:   Author  item
                                            Tarara, Julieitem
                                            Lee, Jungminitem
                                            SPAYD, S - NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVitem
                                            Scagel, Carolyn
  Submitted to: HortScience
                                    Publication Type: Abstract Only
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 3/30/2008
                                    Publication  Date: 7/21/2008
                                    Citation: Tarara, J.M., Lee, J., Spayd, S.E., Scagel, C.F. 2008. Field temperature and anthocyanins in Merlot grape berries. HortScience. 43(4):1233.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: On field-grown vines, the temperatures of 'Merlot' grape clusters were monitored and controlled from pre-veraison until harvest to produce a dynamic range of berry temperatures in both sun-exposed and shaded fruit. Ten combinations of temperature and solar radiation exposure were applied and the resulting phenolic profiles (anthocyanins and flavonol-glycosides) and total concentrations of skin anthocyanin (TSA) in the fruit were quantified at commercial maturity. Concentrations of the two detected flavonol-glycosides increased with exposure to solar radiation. A combination of low light and high berry temperatures decreased TSA rather than low incident solar radiation alone, which appeared not to compromise total anthocyanin accumulation. At higher berry temperatures, malvidin-based anthocyanins were at higher concentrations and comprised a larger proportion of TSA, regardless of the clusters' exposure to solar radiation. These increases were driven primarily by increases in acylated derivatives. Acylated anthocyanins were a larger proportion of TSA than non-acylated anthocyanins under high temperature extremes in sunlit and shaded fruit, and under shade alone. When berry temperature was held equal to that of shaded fruit, exposure to solar radiation decreased the proportion of TSA in acylated derivatives of all five base anthocyanins and increased the proportion of TSA comprised by dihydroxylated anthocyanins. There appears to be a complex combined effect of solar radiation and berry temperature on anthocyanin composition in the field that is synergistic at moderate berry temperatures and potentially antagonistic at high temperature extremes. Exposure of berries to high temperature extremes for relatively short periods during ripening appears to alter the partitioning of anthocyanins between acylated and non-acylated forms, and between dihydroxylated and trihydroxylated branches of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway.


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