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Title:   Author  item
                                            Norman, Hitem
                                            Hubbard, Suzanneitem
                                            Vanraden, Paul
  Submitted to: Encyclopedia of Animal Science
                                    Publication Type: Book / Chapter
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 11/30/2009
                                    Publication  Date: 11/18/2010
                                    Citation: Norman, H.D., Hubbard, S.M., Van Raden, P.M. 2010.  Dairy Cattle: Breeding and genetics. Encyclopedia of Animal Science, 2nd edition. Pond, W.G., and Bell, A.W. (editors). Taylor and Francis, New York, NY. pp. 262-265.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: Five primary factors affect breeding genetically improved dairy cattle: 1) identification, 2) pedigree, 3) performance recording, 4) artificial insemination, and 5) genetic evaluation systems (traditional and genomic). Genetic progress can be measured as increased efficiency (higher performance with fewer animals). Knowledge of differences in genetic merit of dairy populations resulted in a global marketplace for germplasm and live animals, which led to calculation of international genetic evaluations. Selection indexes in which genetically evaluated traits are combined according to economic value are used by nearly all countries that calculate genetic evaluations.


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