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- Bulletin 415

Title:   Author  item
                                            Lee, Stephenitem
                                            Mitchell, Robert

                                                         - *Rob*item
                                            Gardner, Daleitem
                                            TOKARNIA, C - Federal Rural University Of Pernambucoitem
                                            RIET-CORREA, F - Universidade De Campinas (UNICAMP)
  Submitted to: Poisoning by Plants, Mycotoxins, and Related Toxins
                                    Publication Type: Book / Chapter
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 5/15/2010
                                    Publication  Date: 5/1/2011
                                    Citation: Lee, S.T., Mitchell, R., Gardner, D.R., Tokarnia, C.H., Riet-Correa, F. 2011. Measurement of steroidal saponins in Panicum and Brachiaria grasses in the USA and Brazil. In: Riet-Correa, F., Pfister, J., Schild, A.L., Wierenga, T., editors. Poisoning by Plants, Mycotoxins, and Related Toxins. Cambridge,MA. CAB International. 20:142-4.Interpretive Summary: Several grasses in the Panicum genus throughout the world have been reported to toxic.  In the United States, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has been reported to toxic to lambs and horses.  In Brazil, Panicum maximum has been toxic to horses and mules.  Glycosidic steroidal saponins have been found in some species of the Panicum genus and these compounds have been suggested as the toxic agents.  Switchgrass has been identified for development into an efficient and environment friendly biomass energy crop.  If switchgrass is grown on a scale useful for a bio-energy source, some of the material could be used by livestock as hay or pasture.  In this study, a simple extraction and rapid reversed phase HPLC method was developed for measuring the saponins in Panicum samples.  Differences in the concentrations of different saponins were observed between the different Panicum virgatum L. cultivars and Panicum Maximum samples.
                                Technical Abstract: Several grasses in the Panicum genus have been reported to cause hepatogenous photosensitization in animals throughout the world.  In the United States, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has been reported to cause hepatogenous photosensitization in lambs and horses.  In Brazil, cultivars of Panicum maximum have been implicated in hepatic disease and severe colic in horses and mules.  Glycosidic steroidal saponins have been found in some species of the Panicum genus and these compounds have been suggested as one of the primary agents causing hepatogenous photosensitization in animals grazing these grasses. In the United States, switchgrass has been identified for development into an efficient and environment friendly biomass energy crop. A recent five-year study demonstrated that switchgrass grown for biofuel production produced 540 percent more energy than what is needed to grow, harvest and process it into cellulosic ethanol.  If switchgrass is grown on a scale useful for a bio-energy source, some of the material could be used by livestock as hay or pasture.  In this study, a simple extraction and rapid reversed phase HPLC-ESI-MS method was developed for quantifying the major saponins in Panicum samples.  Differences in the relative concentration of different saponins were observed between the different Panicum virgatum L. cultivars and Panicum Maximum samples.


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