IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2007-IA-01673-SCT

LISA BYRD, AURORA CARES, LLC d/b/a TARA CARES,

MANHATTAN NURSING & REHABILITATION

CENTER, LLC, BEVERLY ENTERPRISES, INC,

BEVERLY HEALTH & REHABILITATION SERVICES,

INC. f/k/a BEVERLY CALIFORNIA CORP., BEVERLY

ENTERPRISES-MISSISSIPPI, INC., MANHATTAN

HEALTH CARE CENTER d/b/a BEVERLY

HEALTHCARE-MANHATTAN d/b/a BEVERLY

HEALTHCARE-EASON BOULEVARD d/b/a BEVERLY

HEALTHCARE TUPELO AND BOBBIE BLACKARD

v.

IRA W. SIMMONS

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 09/06/2007

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. BOBBY BURT DELAUGHTER

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS: HARDIN CHASE PITTMAN

REBECCA ADELMAN

HEBER S. SIMMONS

WILLIAM MELVIN ROSAMOND

WILLIAM EUGENE GRUBBS

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: JOHN GORDON SIMS

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - CONTRACT

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED AND REMANDED - 03/19/2009

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

CONSOLIDATED WITH

NO. 2007-CA-01775-SCT
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MANHATTAN NURSING & REHABILITATION

CENTER, LLC, AURORA CARES, LLC d/b/a TARA

CARES, BOBBIE BLACKARD AND LISA BYRD

v.

IRA W. SIMMONS

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 07/18/2007

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. BOBBY BURT DELAUGHTER

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: HARDIN CHASE PITTMAN

REBECCA ADELMAN

HEBER S. SIMMONS

WILLIAM MELVIN ROSAMOND

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: JOHN GORDON SIMS, III

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - CONTRACT

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED AND REMANDED - 03/19/2009

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

GRAVES, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. The underlying dispute in this case concerns the care and treatment of a patient at

Manhattan Nursing & Rehabilitation Center (Manhattan Nursing) in Hinds County.

Following the patient’s death, her son sued multiple defendants in Hinds County Circuit

Court, alleging negligence, gross negligence, and breach of contract. Several defendants

moved to compel arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreement signed by the plaintiff. The

circuit court denied the motions to compel arbitration. Thereafter, these defendants appealed

to this Court.

FACTS
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¶2. On September 23, 2003, Elsie Fidelia Simmons (Mrs. Simmons) was admitted to

Manhattan Nursing, which was then known as Beverly Healthcare-Manhattan. When Mrs.

Simmons was admitted, her son, Ira Simmons, signed the admission agreement as his

mother’s “designated representative.” A representative from Manhattan Nursing also signed

the admission agreement. Mrs. Simmons did not sign the admission agreement. The

admission agreement was followed by five appendices and four exhibits. Exhibit B was an

arbitration agreement. Again, the arbitration agreement was signed by Simmons, as his

mother’s “designated representative,” but not by Mrs. Simmons. The signature line on the

arbitration agreement for an “Authorized Representative” of the facility is blank. Mrs.

Simmons died on August 22, 2004, while still a resident at Manhattan Nursing.

¶3. On May 18, 2005, Simmons filed a complaint against Aurora Cares, LLC, Manhattan

Nursing, Beverly Enterprises, Inc., Beverly Health and Rehabilitation Services, Inc., Beverly

Enterprises Mississippi, Inc., Aegis Therapies, Inc., Bobbie Blackard, and twenty John Does.

Simmons alleged negligence, gross negligence, and breach of contract based on personal

injuries allegedly suffered by Mrs. Simmons and based on her alleged wrongful death.

Simmons sought compensatory and punitive damages. An amended complaint included

additional defendants – Lawrence Tamburino, William Krooss, Lee Roy Byrd, and Lisa Byrd

– and set forth additional theories of negligence. The only defendants involved in this

consolidated appeal are Manhattan Nursing, Aurora Cares, Bobbie Blackard, and Lisa Byrd.

Manhattan Nursing is a nursing home in Jackson, Mississippi. Aurora Cares is a for-profit

corporation based in New York. It is not clear from the record how exactly Aurora Cares is

involved in this case, but it is clear that Aurora Cares is not a party to the admission and
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arbitration agreements. Blackard is the administrator of Beverly Health-Manhattan, which

is now Manhattan Nursing. Byrd is a nurse practitioner who treated Mrs. Simmons.

¶4. After the initiation of the lawsuit, Manhattan Nursing and Aurora Cares filed a motion

to compel arbitration, arguing that Simmons had signed an arbitration agreement upon Mrs.

Simmons’ admission to Manhattan Nursing and that this agreement required that Simmons’

claims be resolved through arbitration. Manhattan Nursing and Aurora Cares also

maintained that Simmons should be equitably estopped from challenging the arbitration

agreement because he had already alleged that Manhattan Nursing breached the admission

agreement. Manhattan Nursing and Aurora Cares further asserted that Aurora Cares,

although a nonsignatory to the admission and arbitration agreements, had an equitable right

to compel arbitration. Blackard joined the motion to compel arbitration filed by Manhattan

Nursing and Aurora Cares.

¶5. In response, Simmons argued that, because an authorized representative of Manhattan

Nursing never signed the arbitration agreement, mutual assent between Simmons and

Manhattan Nursing was lacking and no valid arbitration agreement existed. Simmons also

argued that, because he revoked his offer to arbitrate before a representative from Manhattan

Nursing could sign the arbitration agreement, his offer was never accepted and no agreement

was formed. Simmons argued in the alternative that he had no authority from Mrs.

Simmons’ General Power of Attorney to bind her to the arbitration agreement. He did not

challenge the right of Aurora Cares to seek arbitration.

¶6. The trial court issued a memorandum opinion and order on July 2, 2007 and stated

that the defendants had not demonstrated that Simmons had the authority to bind Mrs.
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Simmons to arbitration. The trial court stated that there was no showing of Simmons’

express, implied, apparent, or statutory authority to sign the arbitration agreement on behalf

of his mother. The trial court noted that the General Power of Attorney executed by Mrs.

Simmons gave Simmons the authority to make decisions regarding her business and personal

affairs, but that this did not grant him the authority to enter the arbitration agreement on her

behalf. The trial court also found that, while Simmons could have made certain decisions as

his mother’s health-care surrogate, he was not authorized to enter an arbitration agreement

on her behalf. Finally, the trial court found that Simmons was not estopped from contesting

the arbitration agreement while suing for breach of contract. The trial court reasoned that

responsible parties could enter into nursing home agreements, but not arbitration agreements,

so “the nursing home agreement is fully enforceable, except for the arbitration provision.”

Manhattan Nursing, Aurora Cares, and Blackard timely filed a notice of appeal on July 27,

2007.

¶7. As for Lisa Byrd, she filed a motion to dismiss or for summary judgment as well as

a subsequent motion to compel arbitration. In her motion to compel, Byrd stated that federal

policy favored arbitration and argued that the arbitration agreement entered into by Simmons

and Manhattan Nursing gave Byrd the right to compel arbitration despite being a

nonsignatory. Byrd further argued that the doctrine of equitable estoppel allowed her to

compel arbitration because the allegations against her were based on the admission

agreement and were “substantially interdependent” with the allegations against Manhattan

Nursing and Aurora Cares. Byrd also claimed that she was an agent of Manhattan Nursing,

and could, therefore, invoke the arbitration agreement.
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¶8. Simmons filed a response to Byrd’s motion to compel arbitration and argued again

that mutual assent was lacking because an authorized representative from Manhattan Nursing

failed to sign the arbitration agreement. Simmons also asserted that the allegations against

Byrd were not based on the admission agreement and that Byrd was not an agent of

Manhattan Nursing. Lastly, Simmons pointed out that Byrd had fully litigated the dispute

and had participated in discovery for one year before moving to compel arbitration. 

¶9. The trial court issued a memorandum opinion and order denying Byrd’s motion to

compel arbitration on the same grounds it relied upon to deny the motion to compel by

Manhattan Nursing and Aurora Cares. Byrd timely filed a petition for interlocutory appeal.

The petition was passed for consideration and consolidated with the appeal of Manhattan

Nursing, Aurora Cares, and Blackard, and, for reasons set out in this opinion, we now

summarily grant interlocutory appeal and affirm and remand the petition.

ANALYSIS

Standard of Review

¶10. “The grant or denial of a motion to compel arbitration is reviewed de novo.” Grenada

Living Ctr., LLC v. Coleman, 961 So. 2d 33, 36 (Miss. 2007) (quoting East Ford, Inc. v.

Taylor, 826 So. 2d 709, 713 (Miss. 2002)); Pre-Paid Legal Servs., Inc. v. Battle, 873 So. 2d

79, 82 (Miss. 2004) (citations omitted).

I. Whether a Valid Arbitration Agreement Exists.

¶11. This Court has previously held that agreements between patients and nursing homes

affect interstate commerce and, therefore, fall under the purview of the Federal Arbitration

Act, 9 U.S.C.S. §§ 1-307. See, e.g., Grenada Living Ctr., 961 So. 2d at 36 (citation omitted).
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The Federal Arbitration Act requires that this Court first determine whether or not the parties

intended to arbitrate the dispute in order to decide whether an arbitration agreement should

be enforced. See, e.g., Grenada Living Ctr., 961 So. 2d at 36. In order to conclude that there

was an agreement to arbitrate, there must be a valid contract. Grenada Living Ctr., 961 So.

2d at 36-37. “A valid contract must have (1) two or more contracting parties, (2)

consideration, (3) an agreement that is sufficiently definite, (4) parties with legal capacity to

make a contract, (5) mutual assent, and (6) no legal prohibition precluding contract

formation.” Id. at 37 (citing Rotenberry v. Hooker, 864 So. 2d 266, 270 (Miss. 2003)). The

Supreme Court and this Court have held that “[a]rbitration is a matter of contract and a party

cannot be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit.”

Pre-Paid Legal Servs., Inc., 873 So. 2d at 83 (citations omitted); see also AT&T Techs., Inc.

v. Commc’ns Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 648, 106 S. Ct. 1415, 1418, 89 L. Ed. 2d 648,

655 (1986)).

¶12. Manhattan Nursing, Aurora Cares, and Blackard maintain on appeal that Simmons had

authority to bind Mrs. Simmons to the arbitration contract either pursuant to the General

Power of Attorney or under the Uniform Health Care Surrogate Statute. Miss. Code Ann.

§ 41-41-211 (Rev. 2005). Alternatively, they argue that Simmons should be estopped from

challenging the validity of the arbitration agreement because he seeks enforcement of the

admission agreement and because Mrs. Simmons was a third-party beneficiary of the

admission agreement. Manhattan Nursing, Aurora Cares, and Blackard also note that Byrd

was not their agent, and is, therefore, not entitled to compel arbitration on that basis.
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¶13. Simmons reiterates on appeal that there is no valid arbitration agreement because a

representative from Manhattan Nursing never signed the arbitration agreement and, hence,

never accepted Simmons’ offer to arbitrate. He adds that his offer to enter the arbitration

agreement was revoked before Manhattan Nursing accepted the offer. Simmons maintains

that, for these reasons, the arbitration agreement lacked the mutual assent required to form

a valid contract. He also claims that he is not estopped from challenging the validity of the

arbitration agreement because the admission agreement includes a severability clause. He

further maintains that he is not estopped from challenging the arbitration agreement because

Mrs. Simmons did not benefit as a third-party beneficiary to the admission agreement since

she was allegedly mistreated at Manhattan Nursing. Lastly, Simmons summarily states that

he agrees with Manhattan Nursing, Aurora Cares, and Blackard that Byrd is not entitled to

compel arbitration.

¶14. Manhattan Nursing, Aurora Cares, and Blackard argue in their rebuttal brief that the

arbitration agreement is valid because, although there is no signature from a Manhattan

Nursing representative, Manhattan Nursing offered the contract to Simmons, and Simmons’

acceptance (as evidenced by his signature) demonstrates mutual assent. They also counter

that the arbitration agreement cannot be severed from the admission agreement until there

is a “final judicial finding” that the arbitration agreement is unenforceable.

¶15. We find Simmons’ argument that the arbitration agreement lacked mutual assent to

be persuasive. An authorized representative from Manhattan Nursing failed to sign the

arbitration agreement, and Simmons’ counsel sent a letter to Manhattan Nursing, making it

clear that any offer to arbitrate had been revoked. Furthermore, before Manhattan Nursing
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had taken any action whatsoever that was consistent with arbitration, Simmons filed suit in

the circuit court – an act completely inconsistent with an agreement to arbitrate.

¶16. The Federal Arbitration Act states in part that “an agreement in writing to submit to

arbitration an existing controversy . . . shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon

such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C.S. § 2.

Thus, this Court must apply the same analysis for mutual assent to arbitration agreements as

it would apply to any other type of contract.

¶17. Addressing the issue of mutual assent, this Court has stated:

Ordinarily one of the acts forming part of the execution of a written contract

is the signing of it, and the mere fact that a written instrument purports to be

an agreement does not constitute it a binding contract where it is not signed.

However, signature is not always essential to the binding force of an

agreement, and whether a writing constitutes a binding contract even though

it is not signed or whether the signing of the instrument is a condition

precedent to its becoming a binding contract usually depends on the intention

of the parties. The object of a signature is to show mutuality or assent, but

these facts may be shown in other ways, as, for example, by the acts or conduct

of the parties. . . . The question as to whether those who have signed are bound

is generally to be determined by the intention and understanding of the parties

at the time of the execution of the instrument. The reason for holding the

instrument void is that it was intended that all the parties should execute it and

that each executes it on the implied condition that it is to be executed by the

others, and, therefore, that until executed by all it is inchoate and incomplete

and never takes effect as a valid contract, and this is especially true where the

agreement expressly provides, or its manifest intent is, that it is not to be

binding until signed.

Turney v. Marion County Bd. of Educ., 481 So. 2d 770, 774 (Miss. 1985) (quoting 17 C.J.S.

Contracts § 62 (1963)) (emphasis added). Furthermore, “[a] court cannot ‘draft a contract

between two parties where they have not manifested a mutual assent to be bound.’” Ivison
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v. Ivison, 762 So. 2d 329, 336 (Miss. 2000) (quoting A. Copeland Enters. v. Pickett &

Meador, Inc., 422 So. 2d 752, 754 (Miss. 1982). 

¶18. The arbitration agreement in this case required the signature of both parties. Although

Manhattan Nursing does not dispute the fact that one of its authorized representatives never

signed the arbitration agreement, it maintains that the parties’ conduct evidences mutual

assent. In addressing this argument, it is important to recognize that Manhattan Nursing did

not require Mrs. Simmons to agree to arbitrate in order to be admitted to its facility.

Moreover, the admission agreement and arbitration agreement are separate agreements that

each stand alone. While a Manhattan Nursing representative signed the admission

agreement, an authorized Manhattan Nursing representative never signed the arbitration

agreement. And while Manhattan Nursing’s conduct (as evidenced by the representative’s

signature on the admission agreement and its admission of Mrs. Simmons as a resident of its

facility) indicates its assent to the admission agreement, it does not demonstrate that it

assented to the arbitration agreement. The record contains no evidence that Manhattan

Nursing accepted the arbitration agreement prior to Simmons’ initiation of this lawsuit. The

first action taken by either party relating to the arbitration agreement after Simmons had

signed it was his outright rejection of the agreement by filing suit instead of filing a claim

for arbitration.

¶19. This Court finds that Simmons’ signature on the arbitration agreement (which lacked

a signature by an authorized Manhattan Nursing representative) was an offer that was never

accepted by Manhattan Nursing. Therefore, the arbitration agreement lacked mutual assent

and is not a valid contract. See Grenada Living Ctr., 961 So. 2d at 37.
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¶20. We now turn to the other arguments raised on appeal. Manhattan Nursing argues that

Simmons is estopped from challenging the arbitration agreement because he also seeks to

enforce the admission agreement through his breach-of-contract claims. As stated above, this

Court finds that the admission agreement and arbitration agreement are separate agreements

that each stand alone. Furthermore, a Manhattan Nursing representative signed the

admission agreement, and Manhattan Nursing’s conduct demonstrates that it accepted the

terms of the admission agreement. Therefore, it is not inconsistent for Simmons to argue that

the arbitration agreement is invalid while simultaneously seeking to enforce the terms of the

separate admission agreement. Hence, this Court finds Manhattan Nursing’s estoppel

argument to be without merit.

¶21. Since we conclude that no valid arbitration agreement exists, we do not address

Manhattan Nursing’s argument that Simmons had authority to bind Mrs. Simmons to the

arbitration contract pursuant to the General Power of Attorney or under the Uniform Health

Care Surrogate Statute. Likewise, we do not reach Manhattan Nursing’s argument that Mrs.

Simmons is bound to the arbitration agreement as a third-party beneficiary. Lastly, we do

not reach the issue of whether Byrd may compel arbitration as a nonsignatory to the

arbitration agreement since we conclude that there was no valid arbitration agreement.

CONCLUSION

¶22. The petition for interlocutory appeal is granted and the merits of the appeal are

considered pursuant to this consolidated appeal. After a de novo review of the trial court’s

decisions to deny the motions to compel, this Court finds that there was no valid arbitration
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agreement. Therefore, the trial court’s orders denying the motions to compel are affirmed,

and these cases are remanded for further proceedings.

¶23. AFFIRMED AND REMANDED.

WALLER, C.J., CARLSON, P.J., DICKINSON, RANDOLPH, LAMAR,

KITCHENS, CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR.