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Title:   Author  item
                                            HAMLIN, H. - MOTE MARINE LABitem
                                            MICHAELS, J. - MOTE MARINE LABitem
                                            BEAULATON, C. - MOTE MARINE LABitem
                                            GRAHAM, W. - MOTE MARINE LABitem
                                            DUTT, W. - MOTE MARINE LABitem
                                            STEINBACH, P. - MOTE MARINE LAB-GERMANYitem
                                            LOSORDO, T. - N.C. STATE UNIVERSITYitem
                                            Schrader, Kevinitem
                                            MAIN, K. - MOTE MARINE LAB
  Submitted to: Aquacultural Engineering
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 11/15/2007
                                    Publication  Date: 2/15/2008
                                    Citation: Hamlin, H.J., Michaels, J.T., Beaulaton, C.M., Graham, W.F., Dutt, W., Steinbach, P., Losordo, T.M., Schrader, K., Main, K.L. 2008. Comparing Denitrification Rates and Carbon Sources in Commercial Scale Upflow Denitrification Biological Filters in Aquaculture. 38:79-92.Interpretive Summary: Recirculating aquaculture systems used to culture sturgeon have problems with the buildup of ammonia and nitrite concentrations in the water which can be toxic to fish.  Certain bacteria can help reduce these concentrations but a resulting buildup in nitrate levels must also be removed.  A reactor containing bacteria and various carbon sources was evaluated for the removal of nitrate.  Among the four carbon sources tested and based upon cost, molasses appears to be the most promising to help reduce nitrate concentrations.  None of the carbon sources tested contributed to the production of earthy-musty "off-flavor" compounds.
                                Technical Abstract: Aerobic biological filtration systems employing nitrifying bacteria to remediate excess ammonia and nitrite concentrations are common components of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS).  However, significant water exchange may still be necessary to reduce nitrate concentrations to acceptable levels unless denitrification systems are included in the RAS design.  This study evaluated the design of a full-scale denitrification reactor in a commercial culture RAS application.  Four carbon sources were evaluated including methanol, acetic acid, molasses and Cerelose(TM), a hydrolyzed starch, to determine their applicability under commercial culture conditions and to determine if any of these carbon sources encouraged the production of two common "off-flavor" compounds, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) or geosmin.  The denitrification design consisted of a 1.89 m3 covered conical bottom polyethylene tank containing 1.0 m3 media through which water up-flowed at a rate of 10-lpm.  A commercial aquaculture system housing 6 metric tons of Siberian sturgeon was used to generate nitrate through nitrification in a moving bed biological filter.  All four carbon sources were able to effectively reduce nitrate to near zero concentrations from influent concentrations ranging from 11-57 mg/l NO3-N, and the maximum daily denitrification rate was 0.67-0.68 kg of nitrogen removed per cubic meter of media per day, regardless of the carbon source.  Although nitrite production was not a problem once the reactors achieved a constant effluent nitrate, ammonia production was a significant problem for units fed molasses and to a less extent Cerelose (TM).  Maximum measured concentrations in the reactor effluents for methanol, vinegar, Cerelose (TM) and molasses were 1.62 +/- 0.10, 2.83 +/- 0.17, 4.55 +/- 0.45 and 5.25 +/- 1.26 mg/l NH3-N, respectively.  Turbidity production was significantly increased in reactors fed molasses and to a less extent Cerelose (TM).  Concentrations of geosmin and MIB were not significantly increased in any of the denitrification reactors, regardless of carbon source.  Because of its very low cost compared to the other sources tested, molasses may be an attractive carbon source for denitrification if issues of ammonia production, turbidity and foaming can be resolved.


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