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Title:   Author  item
                                            LEE, SUNG HYEN - POST-DOC - APDLitem
                                            JANG, SEUNG - VIS SY - APDLitem
                                            KIM, DUK KYUNG - VIS SY - APDLitem
                                            IONESCU, CATHERINE - PANCOSMA, SWITZERLANDitem
                                            BRAVO, DAVID - PANCOSMA, SWITZERLANDitem
                                            Lillehoj, Hyun
  Submitted to: Poultry Science
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 4/1/2009
                                    Publication  Date: 9/2/2009
                                    Citation: Lee, S., Jang, S.I., Kim, D., Ionescu, C., Bravo, D., Lillehoj, H.S. 2009. Synergistic Effect of Dietary Curcuma, Capsicum, and Lentinus  on enhancing local immunity against Eimeria acervulina infection. Poultry Science. 47(1):89-95.Interpretive Summary: Recent increase in the regulation of drug use in the animal production by world poultry industry prompted ARS scientists to explore alternative strategies to control avian coccidiosis.  
Phytonutrients derived from edible plants contain many components which are highly stimulatory for immune system. In this report, ARS scientists collaborated with the scientists at the 
Pancosma France, to investigate the underlying immunological mechanisms for the phytonutrient-mediated immunomodulation.  In this study, we demonstrated that several natural  phytonutrients isolated from various plant sources show highly immunostimulating activities in birds. Extracts from 4 different medicinal plants (Cinnamaldehyde, Capsicum, Shiitake, and Curcuma) were immunostimulatory and enhanced innate immunity of broiler chickens. Furthermore, all plant extracts tested stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and inhibited tumor cell growth.  The results of this study will serve as the basis for the poultry industry to develop a  phytonutrient-based strategy to improve poultry health and to reduce economic losses due to 
various infectious diseases.
                                Technical Abstract: Traditionally, the application of prophylactic antibiotics has been successful in reducing infection-related morbidity and mortality in animal production. However, with increasing concerns over the widespread use of feed-added chemicals in animal production and the emergence of antibiotic resistant microbial pathogens in the fields, there is much interest to develop alternative methods of disease control in poultry production. In this regard, rapid progress has been achieved on the identification and commercial application of novel plant phytonutrients to boost innate immunity against infectious diseases and tumors in clinical medicine. In this study, we evaluated several phytonutrients isolated from various plant sources for their immunostimulatory activities using in vitro cultures of splenocytes, macrophages and tumors. Extracts from 4 different medicinal plants (Cinnamaldehyde, Capsicum, Shiitake, and Curcuma) were tested for their effects on various in vitro parameters of innate immunity such as lymphocyte proliferation, macrophage activation, cytokine secretion and the inhibition of tumor cell growth. All plant extracts tested stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and inhibited tumor cell growth compared to the medium control. Co-culture of macrophages with Cinnamaldehyde, Capsicum, and Shiitake induced nitric oxide production with Shiitake significantly inducing the expression of IL-1' and IL-6 transcripts. Stimulation of macrophages with Cinnamaldehyde and Curcuma significantly induced IL-15 and IL-12 transcripts, respectively. This report documents the immunological basis of health-promoting effects of these plants in poultry for the first time. Further studies on the nature of the immunomodulating activities of these phytonutrients will facilitate the development of novel dietary strategies to reduce economic losses due to infectious diseases in poultry.


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