# Patent

## Title
Neuropeptide release assay for sodium channels

## Abstract

Methods and compositions for using genetically modified non-human animals are provided, wherein the genetic modification comprises a humanization of the one or more extracellular pore loops of a NaV1.7 channel protein or a complete humanization of an endogenous NaV1.7 gene. Methods for using isolated DRG cultures from genetically modified non-human animals are also provided, wherein the isolated DRG express a human or chimeric NaV1.7 protein on the surface, in particular measuring primary nociceptive activation through the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in isolated DRG in vitro, and wherein the isolated DRG cultures are capable of generating action potentials and communicating through an excitable signal via the expressed human or chimeric NaV1.7 protein the cell surface. In vivo and in vitro methods for characterizing NaV1.7-specific antagonists and evaluation of corresponding therapeutic potential for NaV1.7-mediated disease are also provided.

## Background
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 13/155,491 filed 8 Jun. 2011, which claims benefit under 35 USC §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/485,488, filed 12 May 2011, and of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/352,920, filed 9 Jun. 2010; this application also claims benefit under 35 USC §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/485,488 filed 12 May 2011; each application of which is herein specifically incorporated by reference in its entirety.


FIELD OF INVENTION
Genetically modified non-human animals are provided that express human voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels or fragments thereof, in particular NaV1.7 (Scn9A). Genetically modified mice useful for the identification and testing of antagonists for treating chronic pain states or disorders associated with aberrant NaV1.7 activity and/or function are provided. Methods for making genetically modified non-human animals that express human NaV1.7 protein, and, alternatively, that express a partially human NaV1.7 protein, are provided. Non-human animals are provided that do not express an endogenous NaV1.7 protein.
BACKGROUND
Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels in the plasma membrane of excitable cells. They are classified as voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, which permit the influx of Na+ ions that mediate action potentials in excitable cells; and ligand-gated sodium channels, which bind a ligand that triggers the influx of ions leading to similar action potentials.
NaV channels, like calcium and potassium channels, are composed of a very large and complex α-subunit on the surface of the cell which includes four domains (DI-DIV), each with six transmembrane α-helix segments (S1-S6) and including a pore that allows the influx of Na+ ions into the cell (FIG. 1; see also Clare 2010 Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 19(1): 45-62). For NaV channels, a single gene encodes all of these domains. Transmembrane segment 4 (S4) within each domain of NaV channels contains positively charged amino acids (FIG. 1) that act as a voltage sensor. The intracellular loop that connects Domains III and IV contains sequences that are reportedly involved in inactivation. NaV channels interact with other proteins on the cell surface termed β-subunits, which are involved in channel kinetics and voltage-dependent gating functions. NaV channels reportedly exhibit diverse functional properties and distinct expression patterns, which imply specialized functions among the channels and predisposes some for roles in transmitting specific signals, for example, pain signals.
In spite of many efforts to elucidate the properties and functions of human NaV channels, the large size and complex nature of their structure makes it difficult to study the global aspects of their biological activity and their involvement in the pain response. This difficulty is increased by the fact that global deletion is lethal; Scn9A−/− pups die shortly after birth, apparently due to a failure to feed. Therefore, there is a need in the art for compositions and methods that supplement and enhance current in vitro systems (for example, in vitro-transfected cells containing constructs expressing human NaV channels in culture) by employing more biologically sensible approaches to making non-human animals and cells that include whole human NaV channels or chimeric NaV channels containing specific human fragments associated with NaV channel activation and that can function in facilitating the pain response.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Genetically engineered non-human animals, tissues, and cells are provided that express a human NaV α-subunit, or a functional fragment thereof, on the surface of a cell. In various embodiments, the NaV α-subunit is a NaV1.7 α-subunit.
In one aspect, genetically engineered non-human animals are provided that express a NaV1.7 α-subunit on the surface of a cell provide an in vivo system to identify antagonists of the channel, and to identify therapeutic agents for the treatment of pain disorders or syndromes, such as, for example, chronic pain, erythromelalgia (IEM) and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD).
In one aspect, genetically engineered non-human animals are provided that express a NaV1.7 α-subunit on the surface of a cell and provide a system to selectively test efficacy and toxicity of a therapeutic on mutant or variant forms of human NaV1.7. In one embodiment, the therapeutic agent is a compound that functions as a sodium channel blocker. In a specific embodiment, the compound is a synthetic compound. In one embodiment, the synthetic compound is selected from lidocaine, mexiletine, carbamazepine, amitryptiline and biphenyl pyrazoles, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, compound is a toxin. In a specific embodiment, the toxin is selected from tetrodotoxin and neosaxitosin or a combination thereof.
In one embodiment, genetically engineered non-human animals are provided that express a NaV1.7 α-subunit on the surface of a cell and provide a system to selectively test functionality (e.g., efficacy) and/or toxicity of combinations of therapeutic agents on mutant or variant forms of a human NaV1.7. In one embodiment, the combination of therapeutic agents comprises provide a synergistic effect upon administration to the genetically engineered non-human animal. In a specific embodiment, the combination of therapeutic agents comprises at least two of a synthetic compound, a naturally occurring toxin, or a protein (e.g., an anti-NaV antibody).
In one aspect, genetically engineered mice are provided that express a human NaV channel protein, specifically a human NaV1.7 α-subunit. The mice are genetically engineered to include all or substantially all of a human NaV1.7 gene.
In one embodiment, the human NaV1.7 gene replaces an endogenous mouse NaV1.7 gene at the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus.
In one aspect, genetically engineered mice are provided that express a chimeric NaV1.7 α-subunit, wherein the mice include a mouse NaV1.7 α-subunit engineered with one or more extracellular pore loops containing a corresponding sequence from a human NaV1.7 gene.
In one embodiment, the chimeric NaV1.7 α-subunit comprises an extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I that comprises the corresponding sequence from the human NaV1.7 gene. In another embodiment, the chimeric NaV1.7 α-subunit comprises an extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III that comprises the corresponding sequence from the human NaV1.7 gene.
In one aspect, a genetically engineered mouse is provided that comprises substantially all of the human genomic DNA that encodes a NaV1.7 protein. In another aspect, the genetically modified mouse comprises a portion of human genomic DNA, and the mouse expresses a chimeric NaV1.7 protein.
In one embodiment, the portion of human genomic DNA comprises human sequence that encodes the extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I of the human NaV1.7 gene. In another embodiment, the portion of human genomic DNA comprises human sequence that encodes the extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III of the human NaV1.7 gene.
In one aspect, a genetically engineered mouse is provided that is capable of expressing a human or a chimeric NaV1.7 protein on the surface of a cell of the mouse.
In one embodiment, the NaV1.7 is chimeric and comprises a human extracellular pore loop. In a specific embodiment, the human extracellular pore loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I. In another specific embodiment, the human extracellular pore loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III.
In one embodiment, the cell is an excitable cell. In another embodiment the cell is a non-excitable cell. In a specific embodiment, the cell is a neuron. In a specific embodiment, the cell is a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron. In another specific embodiment, the cell is a sympathetic ganglion neuron.
In one embodiment, the human or chimeric NaV1.7 gene is operably linked to a human or mouse leader sequence. In one embodiment, the leader sequence is a mouse leader sequence.
In one embodiment, the human or chimeric NaV1.7 gene is operably linked to a human or mouse promoter. In a specific embodiment, the promoter is an endogenous mouse NaV1.7 gene promoter.
In one embodiment, the genetically modified mouse comprises a human NaV1.7 gene locus that encodes a human NaV1.7 protein. In another embodiment, the genetically modified mouse comprises a chimeric NaV1.7 gene locus that comprises a human sequence that encodes an extracellular pore loop that is substantially human. In a specific embodiment, the human sequence encodes an extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I of the chimeric NaV1.7 protein. In another specific embodiment, the human sequence encodes an extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III of the chimeric NaV1.7 protein.
In one embodiment, the NaV1.7 gene locus comprises a human genomic fragment comprising about 113 kb of DNA that encodes a human NaV1.7 protein. In a specific embodiment, the NaV1.7 gene locus comprises exons 2 to 28 of a human NaV1.7 gene.
In another embodiment, the NaV1.7 gene locus comprises a nucleic acid sequence of a human NaV1.7 gene locus comprising about 10 kb of DNA that encodes an extracellular pore loop of a human NaV1.7 protein. In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence comprises exons 7 to 9 of a human NaV1.7 gene. In specific embodiment, the extracellular pore loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I of a human NaV1.7 protein.
In another embodiment, the NaV1.7 gene locus comprises a human genomic nucleic acid sequence comprising about 2.8 kb of DNA that encodes an extracellular pore loop of a human NaV1.7 protein. In a specific embodiment, the human genomic nucleic acid sequence comprises exons 23 to 25 of a human NaV1.7 gene. In a specific embodiment, the extracellular pore loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III of a human NaV1.7 protein.
In one embodiment, the genetically modified mouse is capable of expressing a fully human NaV1.7 protein. In another embodiment, the genetically modified mouse is capable of expressing a partially human NaV1.7 protein. In a specific embodiment, the genetically modified mouse is capable of expressing a chimeric NaV1.7 protein comprising an extracellular sequence from a human NaV1.7 protein.
In one embodiment, the partially human NaV1.7 protein comprises an extracellular pore loop that contains a human sequence. In a specific embodiment, the extracellular pore loop is selected from the group consisting of the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I, and the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III. In a specific embodiment, the human extracellular pore loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I. In another embodiment, the human extracellular pore loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III.
In one embodiment, the mouse comprises a cell that expresses a human NaV1.7 protein. In another embodiment, the mouse comprises a cell that expresses a chimeric NaV1.7 protein that comprises one or more human extracellular pore loops. In a specific embodiment, the human extracellular pore loops are selected from the group consisting of the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I, the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III, and a combination thereof. In a specific embodiment, the human extracellular pore loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I. In another embodiment, the human extracellular pore loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III. In one embodiment, the cell is an excitable cell. In another embodiment the cell is a non-excitable cell. In a specific embodiment, the cell is a neuron. In a specific embodiment, the neuron is a DRG neuron. In another specific embodiment, the neuron is a sympathetic ganglion neuron.
In one embodiment, the mouse comprises a combination of one or more embodiments and/or aspects described in this disclosure.
In one embodiment, the genetically modified mouse is a C57BL strain, in a specific embodiment selected from C57BL/A, C57BL/An, C57BL/GrFa, C57BL/KaLwN, C57BL/6, C57BL/6J, C57BL/6ByJ, C57BL/6NJ, C57BL/10, C57BL/10ScSn, C57BL/10Cr, C57BL/Ola. In a specific embodiment, the genetically modified mouse is a mix of an aforementioned 129 strain and an aforementioned C57BL/6 strain. In another specific embodiment, the mouse is a mix of aforementioned 129 strains, or a mix of aforementioned BL/6 strains. In a specific embodiment, the 129 strain of the mix is a 129S6 (129/SvEvTac) strain.
In one aspect, a mouse cell is provided that is isolated from a mouse as described herein. In one embodiment, the cell is an ES cell. In one embodiment, the cell is an excitable cell. In another embodiment, the cell is a non-excitable cell. In one embodiment, the cell is a neuron. In a specific embodiment, the neuron is a DRG neuron. In another specific embodiment, the neuron is a sympathetic ganglion neuron.
In one aspect, a cell is provided; wherein the cell bears a NaV1.7 protein that comprises a human sequence corresponding to an extracellular pore loop of the NaV1.7 channel protein.
In one embodiment, the cell is a neuronal cell. In a specific embodiment, the cell is selected from a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell, a trigeminal ganglion cell and a sympathetic ganglion neuron. In a specific embodiment, the cell is a DRG cell that expresses a NaV1.7 protein that comprises a human loop selected from the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I, the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain II, the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III, the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain IV, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the human loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I. In one embodiment, the human loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III.
In one embodiment, the cell is immortalized.
In one aspect, a mouse embryo is provided, wherein the embryo comprises a donor ES cell that is derived from a mouse as described herein.
In one aspect, a targeting vector is provided, comprising a human genomic nucleic acid sequence containing a human NaV1.7 gene or a fragment thereof and a selection cassette. In one aspect, a targeting vector is provided, comprising a  ̃113 kb human genomic nucleic acid sequence comprising exons 2 to 28 of a human NaV1.7 gene and a hygromycin cassette. In another aspect, a targeting vector is provided, comprising a  ̃10 kb human genomic nucleic acid sequence comprising exons 7 to 9 of a human NaV1.7 gene and a neomycin cassette. In another aspect, a targeting vector is provided, comprising a  ̃2.8 kb human genomic nucleic acid sequence comprising exons 23 to 25 of a human NaV1.7 gene and a neomycin cassette.
In one aspect, a NaV1.7 protein made by a mouse as described herein is provided, wherein the NaV1.7 protein comprises a human sequence encoded by a fragment of a human NaV1.7 gene selected from the group consisting of exons 2 to 28, exons 7 to 9, and exons 23 to 25 of a human NaV1.7 gene. In one aspect, the fragment of the human NaV1.7 gene is exons 2 to 28. In another aspect, the fragment of the human NaV1.7 gene is exons 7 to 9. In another aspect, the human fragment of the human NaV1.7 gene is exons 23 to 25.
In one embodiment, the NaV1.7 protein is reconstituted in a vesicle. In one embodiment, the NaV1.7 is present in a vesicle preparation from a mouse as described herein.
In one aspect, a method for making a mouse that expresses a fully or partially humanized NaV1.7 protein on a surface of an excitable cell, is provided, comprising (a) genetically modifying a mouse ES cell by replacing one or more NaV1.7 mouse DNA sequences with one or more human NaV1.7 DNA sequences to form a mouse donor ES cell; (b) introducing the mouse donor ES cell into a host mouse embryo to form a modified embryo; (c) gestating the modified embryo in a suitable mouse; and, (d) obtaining a mouse pup that expresses the fully or partly humanized NaV1.7 protein on the surface of an excitable cell of the mouse pup.
In one embodiment, the one or more human NaV1.7 DNA sequences are selected from exons 2 to 28 of a human NaV1.7 gene, exons 7 to 9 of a human NaV1.7 gene and exons 23 to 25 of a human NaV1.7 gene.
In one embodiment, the one or more human NaV1.7 DNA sequences is all or substantially all of a human Nav1.7 DNA sequence. In a specific embodiment, the sequence is exons 2 to 28 of a human NaV1.7 gene. In another specific embodiment, the sequence is exons 7 to 9 of a human NaV1.7 gene. In another specific embodiment, the sequence is exons 23 to 25 of a human NaV1.7 gene.
In one aspect, a mouse is provided that expresses a human NaV1.7 α-subunit from an endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus, wherein the mouse expresses an endogenous mouse NaV β-subunit, and wherein the mouse expresses an endogenous NaV protein selected from the group consisting of NaV1.6, NaV1.8, and NaV1.9.
In one embodiment, the human NaV1.7 α-subunit is a variant NaV1.7 α-subunit, wherein the variant comprises an amino acid substitution that comprises a Q10R, I136V, F216S, S241T, N395K, V400M, L823R, I848T, L858H, L858F, A863P, V872G, F1449V, or a combination thereof.
In one embodiment, the human NaV1.7 α-subunit is a variant NaV1.7 α-subunit, wherein the variant comprises an amino acid substitution that comprises a R996C, V1298D, V1298F, V1299F, I1461T, F1462V, T1464I, M1627K, A1632E, or a combination thereof.
In one embodiment, the human NaV1.7 α-subunit is a variant NaV1.7 α-subunit, wherein the variant comprises an amino acid substitution that comprises a F1200L, I1235L, or a combination thereof.
In one embodiment, the human NaV1.7 α-subunit is a truncated NaV1.7 α-subunit, wherein the truncated NaV1.7 α-subunit protein ends at an amino acid residue selected from 259, 277, 328, 459, 693, 767, 830, 897, 1488, 1659 and 1689. In a specific embodiment, the truncated NaV1.7 α-subunit protein ends at amino acid residue 693. In another specific embodiment, the truncated NaV1.7 α-subunit protein ends at amino acid residue 1488.
In one aspect, a method is provided for making a cell line from a cell that expresses a human NaV1.7 sequence, comprising obtaining a cell that expresses a human NaV1.7 sequence from a mouse as described herein, isolating and cloning the cell, and maintaining the isolated and cloned cell in culture. In one embodiment, the method further comprises immortalizing the cell. In one embodiment, the cell is a neuronal cell, e.g., a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron.
In one aspect, a method for making an immortalized cell line from an isolated cell of a mouse as described herein is provided, comprising providing an isolated cell that expresses a human, chimeric or variant human NaV1.7 channel, transfecting the isolated cell with a vector that encodes an oncogene and a selectable marker (e.g., neomycin), growing cells in culture under selection to allow for expansion of cells that have been transfected with the retroviral vector, selecting a transfected cell from the culture containing the vector, isolating cells containing the vector by trypsinization and limiting dilution of the transfected cell in culture, and creating a clonal cell line from the isolated clone that has survived selection by passage into a new culture.
In one embodiment, the isolated cell is a neuron. In one embodiment, the isolated cell is a DRG neuron.
In one embodiment, the human NaV1.7 channel is encoded by exons 2-28 of a human NaV1.7 gene. In another embodiment, the chimeric NaV1.7 channel is encoded by a genomic sequence that comprises a sequence from a human NaV1.7 gene that encodes an extracellular sequence from a human NaV1.7 gene.
In one embodiment, the extracellular sequence encodes a pore loop sequence. In a specific embodiment, the pore loop sequence is selected from a loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I and a loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III. In a specific embodiment, the pore loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I. In another embodiment, the pore loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III.
In one aspect, a method for identifying an antagonist of a human NaV1.7 protein is provided, comprising exposing a mouse as described herein to a suspected antagonist of human NaV1.7, and determining an effect of the antagonist on NaV1.7 function in the mouse.
In one embodiment, determining the effect of the antagonist comprises measuring the presence or absence of an action potential upon stimulation of a cell comprising the human NaV1.7.
In one embodiment, the antagonist is specific for NaV1.7 and does not exhibit antagonist activity with respect to NaV1.6, NaV1.8, and NaV1.9.
In one aspect, a method is provided for determining binding activity of a therapeutic agent that binds a human NaV1.7 sequence, comprising contacting the therapeutic agent to a cell that expresses a human NaV1.7 sequence, and determining whether the therapeutic agent binds to the human NaV1.7 sequence. In one embodiment, the cell is derived from a mouse as described herein.
In one embodiment, the cell is a neuronal cell. In a specific embodiment, the cell is selected from a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell, a trigeminal ganglion cell and a sympathetic ganglion neuron. In a specific embodiment, the cell is a DRG cell that expresses a NaV1.7 protein that comprises a human loop selected from the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I, the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain II, the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III, the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain IV, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the human loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I. In one embodiment, the human loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III.
In one embodiment, the cell is immortalized.
In one embodiment, the therapeutic agent binds a human NaV1.7 but does not bind a NaV1.7 sequence selected from a mouse, rat, monkey, and a combination thereof.
In one embodiment, the therapeutic agent that binds the human NaV1.7 sequence is selected from a benzodiazepine, a benzazepinone, a tetrodotoxin, a biphenyl pyrazole dicarboxamide, a sodium channel blocker (e.g., amitryptiline, mexiletine, lidocaine, carbamazepine, biphenyl pyrazoles), a piperidine T-type antagonist (e.g., Z123212), and analogs thereof.
In one embodiment, the therapeutic agent that binds the human NaV1.7 sequence is selected from a binding protein that comprises an immunoglobulin VH and/or VL or NaV1.7-binding fragment thereof, an antibody, a bispecific antibody, an immunoadhesin, a ligandbody, a peptibody, and a domain antibody (e.g. dAb). In a specific embodiment, the therapeutic agent comprises a human immunoglobulin or T cell receptor variable region. In a specific embodiment, the therapeutic agent is a human antibody.
In one aspect, an in vitro system for identifying an antagonist of a human NaV1.7 protein is provided, comprising isolating a NaV1.7-containing component from a mouse as described herein, exposing the component to a suspected antagonist of human NaV1.7, and determining an effect of the antagonist on NaV1.7 function. In one embodiment, the NaV1.7-containing component is a membrane fraction. In one embodiment, the NaV1.7-containing component is a cell. In one embodiment, the NaV1.7-containing component is a tissue of the mouse.
In one embodiment, determining the effect comprises measuring the presence or absence of a NaV1.7-dependent response in a cell derived from a mouse as described in this disclosure. In one embodiment, the response is an action potential.
In one aspect, a method for the identification of a modulator of a human, chimeric or variant NaV1.7 channel is provided, comprising exposing a mouse as described herein to a test compound and detecting activity or inactivity of the NaV1.7 channel. In one embodiment, the method comprises assaying test compounds that modulate sodium ion flux of the NaV1.7 channel. In another embodiment, the method comprises employing patch clamp technology. In a specific embodiment, the method is used to identify physiologically active compounds useful for treatment of a disease condition of the brain. In one embodiment, the disease condition of the brain is selected from convulsions, seizures, panic disorders, hyperactivity disorders, depression, obsessive compulsive disorders, dementia, memory deficits, attention deficit, obesity, anxiety, eating disorders, drug addiction and misuse, altered sexual drive, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In another embodiment, the disease condition is related to a visceral response originating to the limbic system. In one embodiment, the visceral response is selected from respiration and gastrointestinal function.
In one embodiment, the modulator increases the activity of the NaV1.7 channel. In another embodiment, the modulator decreases the activity of the NaV1.7 channel.
In one embodiment, the human, chimeric or variant human NaV1.7 channel is associated with a pain disorder. In a specific embodiment, the pain disorder is selected from congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP), erythromelalgia (IEM), and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD).
In one aspect, a method for determining the probability of disease resulting from a variant NaV1.7 channel is provided, comprising identifying mutations at one or more sites within a nucleic acid sequence of a NaV1.7 gene isolated from a cell of a mouse as described herein that encodes an intracellular N-terminal region, an extracellular loop in domain I, an intracellular loop between domains I and II, an intracellular loop between domains II and III, an intramembrane region of domain II, or any combination thereof, wherein the identified mutations encode a NaV1.7 channel protein that displays a change in function not observed in a nonvariant NaV1.7 channel.
In one embodiment, the human, chimeric or variant human NaV1.7 channel is associated with a pain disorder. In a specific embodiment, the pain disorder is selected from congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP), erythromelalgia (IEM), and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD).
In one aspect, a method for selecting a batch or lot of a pharmaceutical preparation that contains a therapeutic agent that binds a human NaV1.7 sequence is provided, comprising exposing a cell that bears a NaV1.7 protein that comprises at least one contiguous human sequence to a sample of the batch or lot of the pharmaceutical preparation, determining whether the sample binds the cell, and selected a batch or lot that corresponds to the sample that bound the at least one contiguous human sequence. In one embodiment, the at least one contiguous human sequence encodes an extracellular pore loop of the NaV1.7 protein. In a specific embodiment, the extracellular pore loop of the NaV1.7 protein is selected from the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I, the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain II, the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III, the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain IV, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the extracellular pore loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I. In one embodiment, the extracellular pore loop is the loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III.
In one embodiment, the batch or lot of pharmaceutical preparation comprises a non-protein human NaV1.7-binding compound. In one embodiment, the batch or lot of pharmaceutical preparation comprises a protein that binds to a human NaV1.7. In a specific embodiment, the pharmaceutical preparation that comprises a protein includes an antibody.
In one embodiment, the cell that bears a NaV1.7 protein that comprises at least one contiguous human sequence is in a mouse at the time that the sample of the batch or lot of the pharmaceutical preparation is exposed to the cell.
In one aspect, a method is provided for determining the efficacy of a NaV1.7-binding protein for mediating a response resulting from a nociceptive stimulus, comprising exposing a mouse as described herein to the NaV1.7-binding protein and measuring a nociceptive response of the mouse to the stimulus, wherein an attenuated nociceptive response of the mouse is an indicator of efficacy of the NaV1.7-binding protein.
In one embodiment, the efficacy is determined for a batch or lot of pharmaceutical preparation. In a specific embodiment, the efficacy is determined as a quality assurance or quality control step in the manufacture of the pharmaceutical preparation for use in humans.
In one aspect, a method is provided for selectively engaging a target receptor on the surface of a neuronal cell, comprising: contacting an isolated cell from a mouse as described herein with one or more inflammatory mediators, thereby selectively engaging the target receptor; and, measuring the release of a neuropeptide.
In one embodiment, the method is employed as a functional assay to select an antagonist for the target receptor.
In one embodiment, the target receptor is a sodium channel. In a specific embodiment, the sodium channel is NaV1.7.
In one embodiment, the neuronal cell is a dorsal root ganglion cell (DRG).
In one embodiment, the one or more inflammatory mediators are selected from prostaglandin E2, bradykinin, capsaicin, protons, low pH, and a neurotrophic factor.
In one embodiment, the neuropeptide is calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).
In one embodiment, a method is provided for selectively engaging a NaV1.7 protein on the surface of a DRG, comprising exposing an isolated DRG from a mouse as described herein, to one or more inflammatory mediators thereby selectively engaging NaV1.7 and measuring the release of CGRP.
In one embodiment, the one or more inflammatory mediators comprise prostaglandin E2, bradykinin and capsaicin.
In one embodiment, the method is employed as a functional assay to select an antagonist for NaV1.7. In a specific embodiment, the antagonist is an antibody.
In one aspect, a method for identifying a NaV1.7 antagonist is provided, comprising: providing ex vivo a cell that expresses a human or chimeric NaV1.7 protein; contacting the cell with an agent that binds to the human or chimeric NaV1.7 protein; after a subsequent period of time, contacting the cell with one or more inflammatory mediators; after another subsequent period of time, determining the amount of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) released from the cell; and, comparing the amount of CGRP released from the cell in the presence of the agent that binds to the human or chimeric NaV1.7 protein to a reference sample, wherein an increase in CGRP release over the reference sample indicates inhibition of NaV1.7; and, determining if the agent inhibits the function of NaV1.7.
In one embodiment, the agent is an antibody. In a specific embodiment, the antibody is human. In one embodiment, the agent is a peptide. In one embodiment, the agent is a non-proteinaceous organic compound. In one embodiment, the non-proteinaceous organic compound is selected from the group consisting of 2-alkyl-alkanoic acids (e.g., valproic acid and analogs thereof), 3-alkylamino-alkanoic acids (e.g., gabapentin and analogs thereof), 1-benzazapin-2-ones, bupivicaine, capsaicins, flecainide, flunarizine, lidocaine, mexiletine, phenyloin, propafefenone, prostaglandins, quinidine, saxitoxin, tetracaine, tetrodotoxin, and analogs thereof.
In one embodiment, the one or more inflammatory mediators are selected from prostaglandin E2, bradykinin, capsaicin, protons, low pH, and a neurotrophic factor. In a specific embodiment, the one or more inflammatory mediators are prostaglandin E2, bradykinin and capsaicin.
In one embodiment, the cell is a neuronal cell. In a specific embodiment, the neuronal cell is a dorsal root ganglion cell (DRG). In a specific embodiment, the cell is a mouse DRG cell. In one embodiment, the cell is isolated from a mouse as described herein. In a specific embodiment, the cell is an isolated DRG cell from a mouse as described herein.
In one embodiment, the amount of CGRP released in the presence of the agent that binds to the human or chimeric NaV1.7 protein is about 1.5-fold, about 2-fold, about 3-fold, about 4-fold, about 5-fold, about, 6-fold, about 7-fold, about 8-fold, about 9-fold, about 10-fold, about 15-fold, or about 15-fold to about 20-fold higher than the reference sample. In a specific embodiment, the agent is a non-proteinaceous molecule. In one embodiment, the non-proteinaceous molecule is a toxin selected from tetrodotoxin and ProTx-II. In a specific embodiment, the agent is an antibody. In one embodiment, the antibody is an anti-NaV1.7 antibody.
In one embodiment, the reference sample contains a sodium channel blocker. In a specific embodiment, the sodium channel blocker inhibits one or more functions of a sodium channel protein by binding to and inhibiting an extracellular pore opening of the channel protein. In one embodiment, the sodium channel blocker that inhibits one or more functions of a sodium channel protein by binding to and inhibiting an extracellular pore opening of the channel protein is an alkaloid-based toxin (e.g., tetrodotoxin or saxitoxin). In a specific embodiment, the sodium channel blocker inhibits one or more functions of a sodium channel by binding to and inhibiting an intracellular portion of the channel. In one embodiment, the sodium channel blocker that inhibits one or more functions of a sodium channel by binding to and inhibiting an intracellular portion of the channel is a local anesthetic (e.g., lidocaine). In one embodiment, the sodium channel blocker that inhibits one or more functions of a sodium channel by binding to and inhibiting an intracellular portion of the channel is an anticonvulsant (e.g., gabapentin, carbamazepine, clonazepam, divalproex, lamotrigine, phenyloin, oxcarbazepine, tiagabine, topiramate and valproic acid).
In one embodiment, the reference sample contains a toxin isolated from the venom of an arthropod, an invertebrate, a fish, or a reptile. In a specific embodiment, the toxic venom is derived from a tarantula (e.g., ProTx-II).
In one aspect, a method for identifying a NaV1.7 antagonist is provided, comprising providing ex vivo a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell that expresses a human or chimeric NaV1.7 protein, contacting the DRG with an agent that binds to the human or chimeric NaV1.7 protein and waiting a first period of time, and, after the first period of time, contacting the DRG with one or more inflammatory mediators and waiting a second period of time, determining the amount of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) released from the DRG, comparing the amount of CGRP released from the DRG in the presence of the agent that binds to the human or chimeric NaV1.7 protein to a reference sample, wherein an increase in CGRP release over the reference sample indicates inhibition of NaV1.7, and determining if the agent inhibits the function of NaV1.7 on the DRG.
In one embodiment, the agent is an antibody. In a specific embodiment, the antibody is human. In one embodiment, the agent is a peptide. In one embodiment, the agent is an organic compound.
In one embodiment, the one or more inflammatory mediators are prostaglandin E2, bradykinin and capsaicin.
In one embodiment, the DRG is isolated from a member of the group consisting of human, mouse, rat, or monkey. In a specific embodiment, the DRG is isolated from a mouse as described herein. In one embodiment, the mouse comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a human NaV1.7 α-subunit or fragment thereof operably linked to a NaV promoter.
In one aspect, an ex vivo complex is provided; wherein the ex vivo complex comprises a mouse cell that expresses a NaV1.7 protein comprising a mouse transmembrane domain and a human loop domain; and, a NaV1.7 antagonist bound to the human loop. In one embodiment, the mouse cell is an immortalized cell. In one embodiment, the NaV1.7 antagonist comprises an immunoglobulin variable domain that specifically binds a human NaV1.7 loop but not a mouse NaV1.7 loop.
In one aspect, an ex vivo complex is provided; wherein the ex vivo complex comprises a membrane or fragment thereof that comprises a NaV1.7 protein that comprises a mouse transmembrane domain and a human loop domain; and, a NaV1.7 antagonist bound to the human loop. In one embodiment, the NaV1.7 antagonist comprises an immunoglobulin variable domain that specifically binds a human NaV1.7 loop but not a mouse NaV1.7 loop.
Any of the embodiments and aspects described herein can be used in conjunction with one another, unless otherwise indicated or apparent from the context. Other embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the ensuing description. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a NaV channel.
FIG. 2 shows the murine NaV1.7 gene locus (top) with the exons numbered above and below the locus. The Mouse NaV1.7 Targeting Vector (middle) was used to replace an 81 kb region of the endogenous locus spanning exons 6-28 with a neomycin cassette flanked by loxP sites. The targeted allele results in a deleted endogenous NaV1.7 locus (bottom).
FIG. 3 shows the deleted endogenous NaV1.7 locus (top) targeted with a Human NaV1.7 Targeting Vector (middle). The deleted endogenous locus previously targeted with a neomycin cassette was replaced with a targeting vector comprising exons 2-28 of a human NaV1.7 locus. The targeted allele results in an endogenous locus that expresses human NaV1.7 protein.
FIG. 4 shows the mouse NaV1.7 locus (top) targeted with a Human NaV1.7-DI/S5-S6 Targeting Vector (middle). The targeted allele results in a partially humanized endogenous NaV1.7 locus that expresses a chimeric NaV1.7 protein that includes a human extracellular S5-S6 pore loop in Domain I.
FIG. 5 shows the mouse NaV1.7 locus (top) targeted with a Human NaV1.7-DIII/S5-S6 Targeting Vector (middle). The targeted allele results in a partially humanized endogenous NaV1.7 gene locus that expresses a chimeric NaV1.7 protein that includes a human extracellular S5-S6 pore loop in Domain III.
FIG. 6A shows the tail withdrawal latency (in seconds) in response to a nociceptive simulus (tail flick) in male and female cohorts of wild type (Scn9A+/+) and mice heterozygous for a full length human NaV1.7 gene (Scn9Ahum/+).
FIG. 6B shows the withdrawal threshold (in grams) in response to a nociceptive simulus (tail pinch) in male and female cohorts of wild type (Scn9A+/+) and mice heterozygous for a full length human NaV1.7 gene (Scn9Ahum/+).
FIG. 6C shows the paw withdrawal latency (in seconds) in response to a nociceptive simulus (52° C. and 55° C. hot plate) in cohorts of wild type (Scn9A+/+) and mice heterozygous for a full length human NaV1.7 gene (Scn9Ahum/+).
FIG. 7A shows the tail withdrawal latency (in seconds) in response to a nociceptive simulus (tail flick) in female cohorts of wild type (Scn9A+/+) and mice homozygous for chimeric NaV1.7 gene containing a human extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I (Scn9A3.1/3.1).
FIG. 7B shows the withdrawal threshold (in grams) in response to a nociceptive simulus (tail pinch) in female cohorts of wild type (Scn9A+/+) and mice homozygous for chimeric NaV1.7 gene containing a human extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I (Scn9A3.1/3.1).
FIG. 7C shows the paw withdrawal latency (in seconds) in response to a nociceptive simulus (52° C. and 55° C. hot plate) in female cohorts of wild type (Scn9A+/+) and mice homozygous for chimeric NaV1.7 gene containing a human extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I (Scn9A3.1/3.1).
FIG. 7D shows mechanical allodynia measured as paw withdrawal threshold (in grams) before (baseline) and after (Post-CFA) administration of Complete Freund's Adjuvant in female cohorts of wild type (Scn9A+/+) and mice homozygous for chimeric NaV1.7 gene containing a human extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I (Scn9A3.1/3.1).
FIG. 7E shows thermal hyperalgesia measured as paw withdrawal threshold (in grams) before (baseline) and after (Post-CFA) administration of Complete Freund's Adjuvant in female cohorts of wild type (Scn9A+/+) and mice homozygous for chimeric NaV1.7 gene containing a human extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I (Scn9A3.1/3.1).
FIG. 7F shows the percent change from baseline in response to nociceptive stimuli in female cohorts of wild type (Scn9A+/+) and mice homozygous for chimeric NaV1.7 gene containing a human extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I (Scn9A3.1/3.1).
FIG. 8 shows the concentration (pg/mL) of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) released from three populations of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) isolated from wild type mice in response to exposure to an inflammatory mix (IM), 20 minute pre-incubation with 1 μM TTX followed by addition of an inflammatory mix (1 μM TTX and IM) or incubation with 1 μM TTX plus an inflammatory mix for 20 minutes (1 μM TTX+IM).



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This invention is not limited to particular methods, and experimental conditions described, as such methods and conditions may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention is defined by the claims.
Unless defined otherwise, all terms and phrases used herein include the meanings that the terms and phrases have attained in the art, unless the contrary is clearly indicated or clearly apparent from the context in which the term or phrase is used. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, particular methods and materials are now described. All publications mentioned are hereby incorporated by reference.
The phrase “targeting vector” or “targeting construct” includes a polynucleotide molecule that comprises a targeting region. A targeting region comprises a sequence that is identical or substantially identical to a sequence in a target cell, tissue or animal and provides for integration of the targeting construct into a position within the genome of the cell, tissue or animal via homologous recombination.
Targeting regions that target using site-specific recombinase recognition sites (e.g., lox or FRT sites) are also included.
In a specific embodiment, the targeting construct further comprises a nucleic acid sequence or gene of particular interest, a selectable marker, control and or regulatory sequences, and other nucleic acid sequences that allow for recombination mediated through the exogenous addition of proteins that aid in or facilitate recombination involving such sequences. In another specific embodiment, the targeting construct further comprises a gene of interest, wherein the gene of interest is a heterologous gene that encodes a protein that has a similar function as a protein encoded by the endogenous sequence.
The term “replacement” includes wherein a DNA sequence is placed into a genome of a cell in such a way as to replace a sequence within a genome, at the locus of the genomic sequence, with a heterologous sequence (e.g., a human sequence in a mouse). The DNA sequence so placed may include one or more regulatory sequences that are part of source DNA used to obtain the sequence so placed (e.g., promoters, enhancers, 5′- or 3′-untranslated regions, etc.). For example, in various embodiments, the replacement is a substitution of an endogenous sequence for a heterologous sequence that results in the production of a gene product from the DNA sequence so placed (comprising the heterologous sequence), but not expression of the endogenous sequence; the replacement is of an endogenous genomic sequence with a DNA sequence that encodes a protein that has a similar function as a protein encoded by the endogenous genomic sequence (e.g., the endogenous genomic sequence encodes a NaV channel, and the DNA fragment encodes one or more human NaV channels). In various embodiments, an endogenous gene or fragment thereof is replaced with a corresponding human gene or fragment thereof. A corresponding human gene or fragment thereof is a human gene or fragment that is an ortholog of, or is substantially similar or the same in structure and/or function, as the endogenous gene or fragment thereof that is replaced.
The phrase “NaV channel” includes a voltage-gated sodium channel, e.g., a NaV1.7 channel. NaV channel genes include an α-subunit that is expressed on the surface of the cell and serves as a gate that allows the influx of Na+ into the cell through a pore formed by transmembrane segments that are part of the α-subunit. The α-subunit associates with other subunits, e.g. β1, β2, β3 and β4, to carry out action potentials. There are several different NaV channel genes and they can be categorized by sensitivity to puffer fish toxin (tetrodotoxin, or TTX). TTX-sensitive channels, i.e. those blocked by low nanomolar TTX concentrations, include NaV1.1, NaV1.2, NaV1.3, NaV1.4, NaV1.6 and NaV1.7. TTX-resistant channels, i.e., those blocked by μM concentrations of TTX, include NaV1.5, NaV1.8 and NaV1.9. Within the Nay channel genes, subtypes or mutants have been described in human subjects. By way of illustration, nucleotide and amino acid sequences of a human NaV1.7 gene are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43, respectively. Persons of skill upon reading this disclosure will recognize that one or more endogenous NaV channel genes in a genome (or all) can be replaced by one or more heterologous NaV channel genes (e.g., subtypes or mutants, genes from another species, chimeric forms, etc.).
The term “variants” includes variations of a normal sequence of a gene resulting in a series of different forms of the same gene. The different forms may comprise differences of up to, e.g., 20 amino acids in the sequence of a protein from a gene. For example, alleles can be understood to be alternative DNA sequences at the same physical gene locus, which may or may not result in different traits (e.g., heritable phenotypic characteristics) such as susceptibility to certain diseases or conditions that do not result in other alleles for the same gene or result in varying degrees in the other alleles.
An “excitable cell” includes a cell that is involved generating action potentials on stimulation. Exemplary excitable cells include neurons, myocytes and electrocytes. Excitable cells change the electrical potential of their membranes on stimulation in sudden and reversible manner to transmit electrical signals to other excitable cells thereby providing cell-to-cell communication. For example, voluntary muscle contraction is controlled by action potentials via neurons that innervate muscle fibers. In various embodiments, the genetically modified non-human animals of the present invention display action potentials controlled by the expression of the human and/or chimeric NaV1.7 proteins on the surface of neurons in various types of tissues, e.g. muscle, within the non-human animal.
A “neuron” includes a nerve cell and is a specialized cell that exhibits, for example, electrical excitability. Neurons, as described herein, form complex membrane junctions with other neurons to form a contact thereby allowing one neuron to transmit signals to another. Such contacts between neurons are referred to in the art as synapses, which can be excitatory or inhibitory. Neurons can be a part of the central nervous system of an animal or be found in the periphery of the animal in other specialized nervous tissue, e.g. ganglia. For example, some neurons are situated in sensory organs such as the retina and cochlea.
The term “disruption” is used to refer to when a fragment of DNA recombines with an endogenous homologous sequence, e.g. a gene or gene locus. These sequence disruptions may include insertions, deletion, substitutions, replacements, missense, or a frameshift of DNA sequence, or any combination thereof. Insertions may include the insertion of entire genes or fragments of genes, e.g. exons, which may be of an origin other than the endogenous sequence. Disruption of an endogenous homologous sequence may alter the protein produced from a normal gene such that it is inhibited entirely or in part, or by the production of protein from a disrupted gene may be enhanced over the normal level of production from the non-disrupted endogenous homologous sequence. In one embodiment, the disruption results in a lack of functional protein produced from the endogenous homologous sequence. In another embodiment, the disruption has no significant effect on expression of the gene.
The phrase “endogenous locus” refers to the naturally occurring genetic locus found in a wild-type host animal that is to disrupted, deleted, replaced or altered. In one embodiment, the endogenous locus is deleted. In another embodiment, the endogenous locus is altered, wherein a portion of the endogenous locus is replaced with a heterologous sequence. In another embodiment, all or substantially all of the endogenous locus is replaced with a heterologous locus. In one embodiment, the heterologous locus is a human locus.
The term “heterologous” when used in conjunction with polypeptide or gene refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence or a DNA encoding the polypeptide that is not found in the non-human host animal. Thus, a genetically modified mouse having a human NaV channel gene can be described as having a heterologous NaV channel gene. The replaced NaV channel gene can be detected using a variety of methods including, for example, PCR, Western blot, Southern blot, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), or a gain or loss of allele assay.
The phrase “endogenous promoter” refers to the promoter that is naturally associated, e.g., in a wild-type organism, with the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the endogenous protein.
The term “cell” includes any cell that is suitable for expressing a recombinant nucleic acid sequence. Cells include those of prokaryotes and eukaryotes (single-cell or multiple-cell), bacterial cells (e.g., strains of E. coli, Bacillus spp., Streptomyces spp., etc.), mycobacteria cells, fungal cells, yeast cells (e.g., S. cerevisiae, S. pombe, P. pastoris, P. methanolica, etc.), plant cells, insect cells (e.g., SF-9, SF-21, baculovirus-infected insect cells, Trichoplusia ni, etc.), non-human animal cells, human cells, or cell fusions such as, for example, hybridomas or quadromas. In some embodiments, the cell is a human, monkey, ape, hamster, rat, or mouse cell. In some embodiments, the cell is eukaryotic and is selected from the following cells: CHO (e.g., CHO K1, DXB-11 CHO, Veggie-CHO), COS (e.g., COS-7), retinal cell, Vero, CV1, kidney (e.g., HEK293, 293 EBNA, MSR 293, MDCK, HaK, BHK), HeLa, HepG2, WI38, MRC 5, Colo205, HB 8065, HL-60, (e.g., BHK21), Jurkat, Daudi, A431 (epidermal), CV-1, U937, 3T3, L cell, C127 cell, SP2/0, NS-0, MMT 060562, Sertoli cell, BRL 3A cell, HT1080 cell, myeloma cell, tumor cell, and a cell line derived from an aforementioned cell. In some embodiments, the cell comprises one or more viral genes, e.g. a retinal cell that expresses a viral gene (e.g., a PER.C6TM cell).
The phrase “non-human animals” is intended to include any vertebrate such as cyclostomes, bony fish, cartilaginous fish such as sharks and rays, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. Suitable mammals include non-human primates, goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, cows, and rodents. Suitable non-human animals are selected from the rodent family including rat and mouse. In one embodiment, the non-human animals are mice.
The term “conservative,” when used to describe a conservative amino acid substitution, includes substitution of an amino acid residue by another amino acid residue having a side chain R group with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of interest of a protein, for example, the ability of a variable region to specifically bind a target epitope with a desired affinity. Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include aliphatic side chains such as glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains such as serine and threonine; amide-containing side chains such as asparagine and glutamine; aromatic side chains such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; basic side chains such as lysine, arginine, and histidine; acidic side chains such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid; and, sulfur-containing side chains such as cysteine and methionine. Conservative amino acids substitution groups include, for example, valine/leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine/tyrosine, lysine/arginine, alanine/valine, glutamate/aspartate, and asparagine/glutamine. In some embodiments, a conservative amino acid substitution can be substitution of any native residue in a protein with alanine, as used in, for example, alanine scanning mutagenesis. In some embodiments, a conservative substitution is made that has a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet, G. H., Cohen, M. A., and Benner, S. A. (1992) Exhaustive Matching of the Entire Protein Sequence Database, Science 256:1443-45, hereby incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the substitution is a moderately conservative substitution wherein the substitution has a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix.
The term “identity” when used in connection with a comparison of sequences, includes identity as determined by a number of different algorithms known in the art that can be used to measure nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence identity. In some embodiments described herein, identities are determined using a ClustalW v. 1.83 (slow) alignment employing an open gap penalty of 10.0, an extend gap penalty of 0.1, and using a Gonnet similarity matrix (MacVectorTM 10.0.2, MacVector Inc., 2008).
The term “antibody”, as used herein, is intended to refer to immunoglobulin molecules comprising four polypeptide chains, two heavy chains and two light chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a heavy chain constant region (CH). The heavy chain constant region comprises three domains for IgG, CH1, CH2 and CH3 and a fourth domain, CH4, in the case of IgM and IgE constant regions. Each light chain comprises a light chain variable region (VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region comprises one domain of either a κ or λ type (Cκ or Cλ). The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementary determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
The term “human antibody”, as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences, and may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo), for example in the CDRs and in particular CDR3. However, the term “human antibody”, as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences.
A “neutralizing” or “blocking” antibody, as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody whose binding to a target molecule (e.g., NaV1.7) results in inhibition of at least one function of the target molecule. For example, the inhibition caused by an NaV1.7 neutralizing or blocking antibody need not be complete so long as it is detectable using an appropriate assay. Exemplary assays for detecting NaV1.7 inhibition are described elsewhere herein.
The phrase “micromolar range” is intended to mean 1-999 micromolar; the phrase “nanomolar range” is intended to mean 1-999 nanomolar; the phrase “picomolar range” is intended to mean 1-999 picomolar.
NaV Channel Expression and Function
There are nine known members in the family of NaV channels. The gene names are SCN1A through SCN11A, and the respective proteins are designated NaV1.1-NaV1.9. Each have been further classified based on sensitivity to puffer fish toxin (tetrodotoxin, or TTX). The nine NaV channels have been reported to exhibit diverse functional properties and distinct expression patterns, which imply specialized functions among the channels. Expression of NaV channels can be detected, for example, in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems, cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle, glia cells, and Schwann cells. NaV1.7, a TTX-sensitive NaV channel also known as PN1 and SCN9A, has been detected in sympathetic neurons, Schwann cells, neuroendocrine cells and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). NaV1.7 is almost exclusively expressed in DRG and concentrates in the tips of these specialized neurons. Such a distribution predisposes this channel for a role in transmitting pain signals.
NaV channels contain an α-subunit (FIG. 1) that forms a pore in the membrane of cells that allows the flow of Na+ ions thereby mediating action potentials. This α-subunit also associates with one to two β-subunits, which function in the regulation of channel gating. The expression of the α-subunit on the surface of the cell appears to be required for channel function. NaV channels open and close through a pore, which is made up of the transmembrane segments 5 (S5) and 6 (S6) of each of the Domains (FIG. 1). It is through this pore formed by the cyclical arrangement of the four domains at the cell surface that Na+ ions move into the cell and cause depolarization of the cell membrane. This action changes the electrochemical gradient of the cell and generates an action potential, which leads to the transmission of electrical signals between cells. Mutation studies have demonstrated that the amino acids making up the loops connecting the transmembrane segments both on the extracellular side and the intracellular side of the cell regulate the opening and closing of the channel in a gate-receptor type fashion. Such mutations alter and/or destabilize the state of the channel leaving the channel in a perpetual “on” or “off” state, therefore, causing what has been termed as channelopathies, e.g. hyperexcitability, which leads to severe and persistent pain states.
NaV1.7 and Pain Pathways
Among the Nay channels, NaV1.7 is associated with fast activation and inactivation, and has been postulated to act as a threshold channel. Genetic studies have linked NaV1.7 to both severe pain as well as indifference to pain. For example, erythromelalgia (IEM) and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD) result from NaV1.7 mutations that increase channel activity by either shifting channel activation to a more negative potential or impairing inactivation. Other mutations have been described that lead to a non-functional NaV1.7 protein and thus a complete absence of pain, called congenital indifference to pain (CIP). CIP mutations, while impairing the ability to smell, appear to have no effect on motor, cognitive and cardiac functions. Several NaV1.7 mutations relating to IEM, PEPD and CIP and the resulting aberrant effect on NaV1.7 function have been reported. NaV1.7 has also been suggested to have a role in metastasis due to the finding that NaV1.7 is up-regulated in some cancer cell lines. Further, nerve growth factor (NGF) has been demonstrated to increase NaV1.7 levels, which has suggested a relationship to inflammatory pain. Accordingly, these findings indicate that NaV1.7 is involved in several control points critical for the perception of pain, inflammation and, perhaps, the persistence of cancer.
Conventional therapies employing nonselective sodium channel inhibitors such as, for example, lidocaine, mexiletine, and carbamazepine show some value in the treatment of pain, however they are limited due to significant motor, cognitive and cardiac side effects from their inhibition on NaV channels not involved in the pain response. The use of analgesics, anticonvulsants and anti-arrhythmics for treating abnormal NaV activity has been met with similar results. This reveals the importance and immediate need for specific Nay inhibitors. Identification of therapeutics that selectively inhibit NaV1.7 could prove effective to treat pain and inflammation in humans and the assessment of such therapeutics requires a suitable animal model that expresses human NaV1.7. The present invention fulfils this and other needs.
Cell lines that stably express NaV channel proteins have proved difficult to construct and thus the development of suitable animal models to elucidate NaV channel function and identify specific inhibitors of NaV channels has been adversely affected. Also, deletion of murine NaV1.7 is lethal, caused by an alleged decrease in olfaction, which is postulated to result in the failure to feed. Deletions of NaV1.7 within subsets of cells have been achieved and confirmed a role in mechanisms of pain, but the applicability of this approach is not without limitation. A mouse in which the entire and/or specific portions of the human NaV1.7 protein is expressed, in various embodiments could be used to accurately reflect human pain mechanisms and pathologies associated with disorders resulting from NaV1.7 mutations. Such a mouse would serve as a vital tool in the engineering, analysis and evaluation of therapeutics for treatment of human pain disorders such as, e.g., IEM, PEPD, chronic and acute pain, and inflammatory pain, by providing an animal model capable of achieving a more accurate expression and function profile of NaV channel processes in humans. Further, cell lines derived from such mice would be exceptionally useful tools for evaluating human therapeutics.
Mice Expressing Heterologous NaV1.7 Channels
Genetically modified non-human animals are provided that express fully or partially human NaV1.7 protein. NaV1.7 protein can be expressed on the surface of excitable cells, e.g. neurons, of the animal's nervous system.
The genetic modification, in various embodiments, comprises a deletion of a functional mouse NaV1.7 gene in whole or in part, and in some embodiments a further modification comprising a replacement with a human NaV1.7 gene in whole or in part, wherein the non-human animal expresses functional mouse β-subunits. Genetically modified non-human embryos, cells, and targeting constructs for making the non-human animals, non-human embryos, and cells are also provided.
Compositions and methods for making a mouse that expresses a human NaV1.7 protein, including specific variants (e.g., single amino acid differences), are provided, including compositions and method for making a mouse that expresses such genes from a mouse promoter and a mouse regulatory sequence. The methods include selectively rendering an endogenous mouse NaV1.7 gene nonfunctional (e.g., by a deletion of its α-subunit), and employing an α-subunit of a human NaV1.7 gene at the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 gene locus to express a human NaV1.7 α-subunit gene in a mouse. The deletion of the mouse NaV1.7 gene is made by deletion of the α-subunit gene, but not a β-subunit gene. The approach selectively renders the endogenous NaV1.7 α-subunit gene nonfunctional while retaining a functional endogenous β-subunit.
The endogenous NaV1.7 α-subunit replacement approach employs a relatively minimal disruption in natural NaV1.7-mediated signal transduction in the animal, in various embodiments, because the genomic sequence of the NaV1.7 α-subunits are replaced in a single fragment and therefore retain normal functionality by including necessary regulatory sequences. Thus, in such embodiments the NaV1.7 α-subunit modification does not affect other endogenous NaV channel genes dependent upon functional β-subunits. Further, in various embodiments the modification does not affect the assembly of a functional receptor complex involving an NaV1.7 α-subunit and an endogenous β-subunit, which are believed to be required for proper channel gating and modulation of channel expression of NaV1.7 α-subunits on the cell surface and for downstream signaling resulting from an activated channel. Because the β-subunits are not deleted, animals containing a replacement of an endogenous NaV1.7 α-subunit gene with a human NaV1.7 α-subunit gene should be able to process normal voltage-gated NaV channel functions from Na+ passage into the cell through the pore of the human NaV1.7 α-subunit present on the surface of neurons.
A schematic illustration (not to scale) of a deleted endogenous mouse NaV1.7 gene is provided in FIG. 2. As illustrated, the mouse NaV1.7 α-subunit is encoded by 28 exons spanning more than 80 kb of sequence. The endogenous mouse NaV1.7 gene is deleted by a targeting construct (Mouse NaV1.7 Targeting Vector) with a neomycin cassette flanked by recombination sites. This endogenous locus encodes the α-subunit of the mouse NaV1.7 gene responsible for the generation of action potentials triggered by the depolarization of the cell membrane in response to flow of Na+ ions into the interior of the cell.
A genetically modified mouse lacking a nucleotide sequence encoding an α-subunit of the endogenous NaV1.7 gene can be made by any method known in the art. For example, a targeting vector can be made that deletes the mouse NaV1.7 gene with selectable marker gene. FIG. 2 illustrates a mouse genome (bottom) targeted by a targeting construct having a 5′ homology arm containing sequence upstream of exon 6 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus, followed by a drug selection cassette (e.g. a neomycin resistance gene flanked by loxP sequences), and a 3′ homology arm containing sequence downstream of exon 27 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus. Upon homologous recombination at the locus, the endogenous NaV1.7 locus is replaced by a drug selection cassette (FIG. 2, bottom). The endogenous NaV1.7 locus is thereby deleted resulting in a cell or non-human animal that does not express endogenous NaV1.7 α-subunit. The drug selection cassette may optionally be removed by the subsequent addition of a recombinase (e.g., by Cre treatment).
Genetically modifying a mouse to render endogenous NaV1.7 gene nonfunctional, in various embodiments, results in a mouse that exhibits defects in processes of the nervous system, e.g. the transmission of nociceptive information, making the mouse useful for evaluating the role of the endogenous NaV1.7 gene in normal and disordered neuronal function. In various embodiments, modifying the α-subunit of the endogenous NaV1.7 gene, but not the β-subunits, avoids the potential reduction of other NaV genes (e.g., NaV1.6, NaV1.8, NaV1.9, etc.) that require the β-subunits for regulating voltage-gating of the channel, thereby maintaining various other functions and processes mediated through β-subunit-dependent processes.
According to reports, complete deletions of the endogenous NaV1.7 gene in mice are lethal. However, deletions in specific subsets of cells have been achieved and appear otherwise normal. Mice according to the present invention have a functionally silenced endogenous NaV1.7 locus in that they lack the capacity of producing a functional NaV1.7 α-subunit on the cell surface.
A schematic illustration (not to scale) of a replaced endogenous mouse NaV1.7 gene with a human NaV1.7 gene is provided in FIG. 3. As illustrated, an endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus that had been deleted is replaced by a targeting construct (Human NaV1.7 Targeting Vector) with a hygromycin cassette flanked by recombination sites. The resulting replaced locus encodes a human NaV1.7 α-subunit protein expressed on the surface of neurons in the host animal capable of mediating action potentials triggered by the depolarization of the cell in response to flow of Na+ ions into the cell within the host animal.
A genetically modified mouse that expresses a human NaV1.7 α-subunit at the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus can be made by any method known in the art. For example, a targeting vector can be made that introduces the human NaV1.7 gene with a selectable marker gene. FIG. 3 illustrates a mouse genome comprising a replacement of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus (bottom). The targeting construct contains a 5′ homology arm containing sequence upstream of the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus, followed by a genomic fragment containing a human NaV1.7 gene, a drug selection cassette (e.g. a hygromycin resistance gene flanked on both sides by loxP sequences), and a 3′ homology arm containing sequence downstream of the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus. Upon homologous recombination at the endogenous locus, the drug selection cassette is replaced by the sequence contained in the targeting vector (bottom of FIG. 3). The deleted endogenous NaV1.7 locus is thereby replaced with a human NaV1.7 gene resulting in a cell or animal that expresses a human NaV1.7 gene. The drug selection cassette may optionally be removed by the subsequent addition of a recombinase (e.g., by Cre treatment).
Other modifications to the endogenous locus can be achieved with minimal effort using similar techniques to create a locus comprising a chimeric gene. For example, schematic illustrations of the replacement of two extracellular pore loops between transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I and III of the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 gene are provided in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, respectively. As illustrated, discrete portions of a human NaV1.7 gene are inserted into the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus by other targeting constructs (Human NaV1.7 DI/S5-S6 Targeting Vector and Human NaV1.7 DIII/S5-S6 Targeting Vector) with genomic fragments that each encode an extracellular loop of a human NaV1.7 gene located at the channel pore and responsible for allowing passage of Na+ ions into the intracellular space. Upon recombination with either one of the illustrated targeting vectors, a genomic fragment of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus, which encodes an extracellular pore loop of the endogenous NaV1.7 protein, is replaced with a human genomic fragment encoding the corresponding pore loop in a human NaV1.7 protein. This creates a chimeric locus that produces a chimeric NaV1.7 protein that comprises human extracellular loops in the pore of a NaV1.7 channel protein.
A genetically modified mouse that expresses an extracellular pore loop of a human NaV1.7 channel at the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus can be made by any method known in the art. For example, a targeting vector can be made that introduces a genomic fragment that encodes an extracellular pore loop of a human NaV1.7 channel with a selectable marker gene. FIGS. 4 and 5 each illustrate a mouse genome comprising separate replacements of extracellular loops located at the pore of a NaV1.7 channel protein. Each targeting construct contains a 5′ homology arm containing sequence upstream of the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 sequence to be replaced, followed by a genomic fragment containing a human sequence corresponding to the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 gene sequence that encodes a specific extracellular pore loop, a drug selection cassette (e.g. a neomycin resistance gene flanked on both sides by loxP sequences), followed by a 3′ homology arm containing sequence downstream of the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 sequence to be replaced. Upon homologous recombination at the endogenous locus with either of the targeting vectors, a genomic fragment is inserted into the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus resulting in a chimeric locus capable of expressing a NaV1.7 channel protein comprising a human sequence corresponding to an extracellular pore loop (FIGS. 4 and 5, bottom). The drug selection cassette may optionally be removed by the subsequent addition of a recombinase (e.g., by Cre treatment).
Experimental Models of NaV1.7 Humanized Mice
Genetically modified non-human animals that express human NaV1.7 genes are useful, e.g., to elucidate the various functions of NaV1.7 in the cells of the nervous system, to measure the efficacy of a therapeutic agent that binds to the NaV1.7 protein expressed on the cell surface, to determine a NaV1.7 channel's role in mechanisms of pain and pain disorders, to serve as models of acute and/or chronic pain, and to serve as breeding mates to generate other genetically modified mice of interest. They are also useful for preparing membrane fractions or vesicles that comprise fully human or chimeric human-mouse NaV1.7 proteins, for identifying antagonists of human NaV1.7.
In one embodiment, a mouse according to the invention is used to determine the mechanism of channel gating that is regulated by the extracellular loops located in the pore of human NaV channels. In one embodiment, a mouse of the present invention is injected with toxins that bind to extracellular pore loops of a human NaV channel on the cell surface and, after a subsequent period of time, subjected to a range of stimuli to trigger firing of action potentials. The identity of the toxin is known prior to injection and the animals are analyzed for impairment of NaV1.7-dependent electrical responses by comparison to electrical responses observed in wild type animals.
In another aspect, genetically modified non-human animals comprising a replacement of the endogenous NaV1.7 gene with a human NaV1.7 gene is provided. Such animals are useful for studying the efficacy of therapeutic agents to block NaV1.7 function. In addition, human NaV1.7 has been shown to exhibit mutant forms associated with disease (e.g. IEM, PEPD and CIP). Thus, genetically modified non-human animals that comprise a replacement of the endogenous NaV1.7 gene with specific mutant forms of human NaV1.7 genes can be used to study human disorders associated with NaV1.7 mutations in the animal. In a specific embodiment, the mutant forms of human NaV1.7 are associated with the pain response.
Suitable variants include mutant forms of human NaV1.7 that are known in the art. Variants associated with the IEM disorder include, for example, mutations that shift activation of NaV1.7 to a more negative potential. Exemplary NaV1.7 mutations that lead to IEM include Q10R, I136V, F216S, S241T, N395K, V400M, L823R, I848T, L858H, L858F, A863P, V872G and F1449V. In one embodiment, the human NaV1.7 sequence comprises a missense mutation that causes the IEM disorder. In a specific embodiment, the missense mutation that causes the IEM disorder is selected from I848T and L858H.
Variants associated with the PEPD disorder include, for example, mutations that compromise inactivation of a NaV1.7 α-subunit. Mutations that cause PEPD have been shown to shift the steady-state fast inactivation of a NaV1.7 α-subunit toward a state characterized by more depolarized potentials causing a notable increase in continuous current. Such mutations have been reported to occur, for example, in the amino acids linking DIII and DIV, which contains an inactivation motif associated with inactivating the NaV1.7 α-subunit. Exemplary NaV1.7 mutations that lead to PEPD include R996C, V1298D, V1298F, V1299F, I1461T, F1462V, T1464I, M1627K and A1632E. In one embodiment, the human NaV1.7 sequence comprises a mutation selected from I1461T, M1627K and A1632E.
Variants associated with the CIP disorder include, for example, homozygous single-nucleotide non-sense mutations and compound heterozygous mutations, which include non-sense mutations on one allele and a deletion mutation on the other allele. The deletion mutation can be of coding or non-coding sequences, the latter of which can lead to defective splicing that functionally silence the NaV1.7 α-subunit. Nonsense mutations are changes in DNA sequence, which introduce premature stop codons, causing any resulting protein to be abnormally shortened. This can cause a loss of function in the protein, as critical parts of the amino acid chain are no longer translated. Accordingly, non-human animals of the present invention comprising a human NaV1.7 α-subunit with a mutation that functionally silence the human NaV1.7 α-subunit demonstrate an absence of pain in response to nociceptive stimuli.
Exemplary silencing mutations in a NaV1.7 gene include nonsense mutations, deletions of one or more nucleotide in a NaV1.7 DNA sequence, mutations in the splice junction of exons, and frameshift mutations. In one embodiment, the genetically modified non-human animal is heterozygous for a silencing mutation that leads to CIP, wherein one allele of a NaV1.7 gene comprises a non-sense mutation and the other NaV1.7 allele comprises a frameshift mutation selected from F1200L and I1235L. In another embodiment, the genetically modified non-human animal is homozygous for a non-sense mutation that leads to CIP. In one embodiment, the non-sense mutation comprises a truncated NaV1.7 α-subunit protein that ends at an amino acid residue selected from 259, 277, 328, 459, 693, 767, 830, 897, 1488, 1659 and 1689. In a specific embodiment, the human NaV1.7 α-subunit protein ends at an amino acid residue selected from 693 and 1488.
Expression of mouse NaV1.7 in whole mice was analyzed using a reporter system comprising a fusion of a LacZ reporter gene with mouse NaV1.7. Analysis of LacZ signal in whole mice revealed that NaV1.7 is expressed in the entire mouse nervous system, including in brain (including olfactory bulb ganglia), thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla, colliculus, optic nucleus, cerebral cortex, spinal cord gray matter (e.g., dorsal/sensory), dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglion chain, trigeminal ganglia, celiac ganglion, intestine nervous plexus, and in smaller ganglia throughout the body (e.g., tongue, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, heart).
Thus, cells, cell lines, and cell cultures can be made from the above-mentioned tissues as a source of mouse NaV1.7 protein. Further, genetically modified mice according to the invention express partially or fully humanized NaV1.7 on the above-mentioned tissues. Thus the tissues and cells from the genetically modified mice, including cell lines and cell cultures, can be generated to serve as a source of humanized NaV1.7 for use in binding and functional assays, e.g., to assay for binding or function of a NaV1.7 agonist or antagonist, particularly where the agonist or antagonist is specific for a human NaV1.7 sequence.
Cells from genetically modified mice can be isolated and used on an ad hoc basis, or can be maintained in culture for many generations. In one embodiment, cells from the genetically modified mice are immortalized and maintained in culture indefinitely (e.g., in serial cultures).
In one aspect, the genetically modified mice are used to make modified dorsal root ganglia (DRG) that comprise one or more of the modified NaV1.7 proteins. The modified DRG(s) are employed in ex vivo assays to determine the effect of a NaV1.7 binding agent on the function of the NaV1.7 protein and on the function of other proteins, e.g., other NaV family members. In one embodiment, modified DRG(s) from a mouse are isolated and assayed for one or more NaV1.7 functions in the presence and absence of a NaV1.7 binding agent (e.g., a NaV1.7 agonist or antagonist). In one embodiment, the modified DRG(s) are isolated and assayed for the function of one or more NaV family members in the presence and absence of a NaV1.7 binding agent. In one embodiment, the modified DRG(s) are assayed in the presence of the binding agent for function of a non-NaV family protein or channel.
In one embodiment, a method for determining the effect of a NaV1.7 binding agent on a DRG channel that is not a NaV family member is provided, comprising exposing modified DRG(s) comprising to a NaV1.7 binding agent, and measuring a function of a non-NaV family member DRG channel.
In another aspect, a method is provided for determining an effect of a human therapeutic on a human NaV1.7, wherein the human therapeutic does not bind a human NaV1.7 protein, comprising exposing a modified DRG to the human therapeutic in an ex vivo assay, and measuring an effect of the human therapeutic on a function of a human NaV1.7 protein.
In various embodiments and aspects, a DRG or modified DRG is assayed or a function of a DRG protein or modified DRG protein is ascertained in a patch clamp protocol, a calcium imaging protocol, a membrane-sensitive dye protocol, in an ex vivo assay.
In one aspect, a cell culture is provided, wherein the cell culture comprises a cell of a genetically modified mouse as described herein, wherein a substantial number of the cells in the culture express a human NaV1.7 sequence. In one embodiment, the cells that express the human NaV1.7 sequence are immortalized. In one embodiment, the cells are derived from a tissue selected from brain (including olfactory bulb ganglia), thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla, colliculus, optic nucleus, cerebral cortex, spinal cord gray matter (e.g., dorsal/sensory), dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglion chain, trigeminal ganglia, celiac ganglion, intestine nervous plexus, and in smaller ganglia throughout the body (e.g., tongue, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, heart).
In one aspect, a method for determining whether a putative NaV1.7 agonist or antagonist binds a human NaV1.7 protein is provided, comprising exposing the putative NaV1.7 agonist or antagonist to a cell as described herein, and determining whether the putative NaV1.7 agonist or antagonist binds the cell.
In one embodiment, the human NaV1.7 agonist or antagonist is selected from a protein, a peptide, and a small molecule (e.g., non-protein organic compound). In a specific embodiment, the protein comprises an immunoglobulin variable domain or NaV1.7-binding fragment thereof. In a specific embodiment, the protein is an anti-human NaV1.7 antibody.
In one aspect, a method for determining whether a pharmaceutical preparation affects a function of a human NaV1.7 is provided, comprising exposing the pharmaceutical preparation to a cell as provided herein that expresses a human NaV1.7 protein, and measuring a NaV1.7 function of the cell.
In one embodiment, the NaV1.7 function measured is primary nociceptor activation. In a specific embodiment, the function measured is calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release by the cell.
In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a protein, a peptide, or a peptide analog. In a specific embodiment, the protein comprises an immunoglobulin variable domain or NaV1.7-binding fragment thereof. In a specific embodiment, the protein is an anti-human NaV1.7 antibody.
In one aspect, a quality assurance assay for a pharmaceutical preparation comprising an agent that binds a human NaV1.7 sequence is provided, comprising obtaining a sample of a pharmaceutical preparation and exposing the preparation to a mouse or a cell as described herein, where the mouse or the cell expresses a human NaV1.7 sequence, and determining (a) whether the pharmaceutical preparation binds the cell, and/or (b) determining whether the pharmaceutical preparation affects a NaV1.7 function of the cell.
In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical preparation is an isolated human antibody or fragment thereof. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical preparation is a non-antibody ion channel blocker or analog thereof.
Neuropeptide Release from Neurons of NaV1.7 Humanized Mice
Primary nociceptive neurons are amenable to a number of well-established research techniques, such as electrophysiology recordings, calcium imaging and measurement of spontaneous and stimulated neuropeptide release, that provide insights in cellular and molecular functions of single neurons or neuronal subpopulations.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a 37-amino-acid peptide, is predominantly synthesized and stored in sensory neurons and can be released from both central and peripheral axons (Poyner, D. R. 1992. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: multiple actions, multiple receptors. Pharmacol. Ther. 56(1): 23-51). The release of CGRP from sensory nerve terminals in peripheral tissues plays a key role in neurogenic inflammation whereas the release from terminals in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord modulates pain transmission (Oku, R., M. Satoh, N, Fujii, A. Otaka, H. Yajima, and H. Takagi. 1987. Calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes mechanical nociception by potentiating release of substance P from the spinal dorsal horn in rats. Brain Res. 403(2): 350-354). CGRP knock out mice show an attenuated response to chemical pain and inflammation (Salmon, A., M. I. Damaj, L. M. Marubio, M. P. Epping-Jordan, E. Merlo-Pich, and J. P. Changeux. 2001. Altered neuroadaptation in opiate dependence and neurogenic inflammatory nociception in αCGRP-deficient mice. Nature Neuroscience 4(4): 357-358), which implicates CGRP in regulating the pain response.
A variety of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2, bradykinin, and protons, or other stimulants such as low pH, neurotrophic factors and capsaicin play an essential role in the induction of pain. Further, inflammatory mediators are known to induce the release of neuropeptides by activating specific membrane receptors. For example, inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 and bradykinin excite and sensitize DRG neurons leading to action potentials that are blocked by tetrodotoxin (Noda, K., Y. Ueda, K. Suzuki, and K. Yoda. 1997. Excitatory effects of algesic compounds on neuronal processes in murine dorsal root ganglion cell culture. Brain Res. 751 (2): 348-351; Nicol G. D. and M. Cui. 1994. Enhancement by prostaglandin E2 of bradykinin activation of embryonic rat sensory neurones. Journal Physiol. 480(Pt 3): 485-492; Momin A. and P. A. McNaughton. 2009. Regulation of firing frequency in nociceptive neurons by pro-inflammatory mediators. Exp Brain Res. 196(1): 45-52). These mediators have also been shown to regulate CGRP expression in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons (Supowit S. C., H. Zhao, K. A. Katki, P. Gupta, and D. J. Dipette 2011. Bradykinin and prostaglandin E1 regulate calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in cultured rat sensory neurons. Regul Pept. 167(1): 105-111; Averbeck, B., I. Izydorczyk, and M. Kress. 2000. Inflammatory mediators release calcitonin gene-related peptide from dorsal root ganglion neurons of the rat. Neuroscience 98(1): 135-140). Moreover, prostaglandin E2 enhances bradykinin- and capsaicin-stimulated release of CGRP (Vasko M. R., W. B. Campbell, and K. J. Waite. 1994. Prostaglandin E2 enhances bradykinin-stimulated release of neuropeptides from rat sensory neurons in culture. J. Neurosci. 14(8): 4987-4997; Southhall, M. D. and M. R. Vasko. 2001. Prostaglandin receptor subtypes EP3C and EP4 mediate the prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP production and sensitization of sensory neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 16083-16091). The release of CGRP from stimulated nerves is blocked by the sodium channel antagonist tetrodotoxin (TTX) and by omega conotoxin (CTX) but not nifedipine, a known calcium channel blocker (Lundberg, J. M., A. Franco-Cereceda, K. Alving, P. Delay-Goyet, and Y. Lou. 1992. Release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide from Sensory Neurons. Ann NY Acad. Sci. 657:187-93). These latter findings suggest that while N-type calcium channels are important for peptide exocytosis from stores located in large dense cored vesicles of primary afferents, sodium channels also play a role in CGRP release. Similar characteristics have been demonstrated for the peptide release evoked by low concentrations of capsaicin, which is also sensitive to both TTX and CTX. However, high concentration of capsaicin causes a massive release of CGRP which is only marginally inhibited, if at all, by TTX or CTX (Lou Y. P., A. Franco-Cereceda, and J. M. Lundberg. 1992. Different ion channel mechanisms between low concentrations of capsaicin and high concentrations of capsaicin and nicotine regarding peptide release from pulmonary afferents. Acta Physiol. Scand. 146(1): 119-127). These reports suggest that the CGRP release induced by different inflammatory agents is dependent on different channels/receptors and/or pathways. Thus, the correct stimulation for engagement of specific target receptors known to be associated with pain responses can be identified through the measurement of CGRP release from neurons. This allows for the specific functional analysis of a target receptor and the discovery of how the target receptor functions in pain responses.
Depolarization of neurons leads to an increase in neuropeptide expression and release, in particular an increase in expression of CGRP. The release of CGRP has been used in several studies to assess the mediation of the pain response and characterization of neuronal function including the generation of action potentials with respect to other channels (although not sodium channels). As described above, inflammatory mediators, e.g., bradykinin and prostanglin E2, have been shown to induce CGRP release from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in culture (Averbeck, B. et al., supra; Tumati, S., W. R. Roeske, T. W. Vanderah, and E. V. Varga. 2010. Sustained morphine treatment augments prostaglandin E2-evoked calcitonin gene-related peptide release from primary sensory neurons in a PKA-dependent manner. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 648(1-3):95-101). Although in vitro CGRP release from DRG has revealed an essential role for calcium channels, involvement in sodium channels has remained less clear (Ai, X., S. E. MacPhedran, and A. K. Hall. 1998. Depolarization stimulates initial CGRP expression by embryonic sensory neurons in vitro. J. Neurosci. 18(22): 9294-9302; Strecker, T., K. Messlinger, M. Weyand, and P. W. Reeh. 2005. Role of different proton-sensitive channels in releasing calcitonin gene-related peptide from isolated hearts of mutant mice. Cardiovasc. Res. 65(2):405-410; Spitzer, M. J., P. W. Reeh, and S. K. Sauer. 2008. Mechanisms of potassium- and capsaicin-induced axonal calcitonin gene-related peptide release: involvement of L- and T-type calcium channels and TRPV1 but not sodium channels. Neurosci. 151(3):836-842). Thus, there remains a need to develop assays that assess neuronal function mediated by sodium channels, in particular through the application of DRGs that express a human NaV1.7 protein.
Methods for the measurement of neuropeptide release from neurons isolated from mice that express human NaV1.7 are useful, e.g., to elucidate the function of nociceptive neurons expressing a human NaV1.7 protein in response to inflammatory mediators by measurement of CGRP release. They are also useful for identification of NaV1.7-specific antagonists through the assessment of their ability to alter or modify inflammatory mediator-induced release of CGRP in DRG isolated from mice expressing a human NaV1.7 protein.
DRG neurons, known to express NaV1.7, release CGRP upon depolarization. This property of DRG neurons suggests that DRGs that express human NaV1.7 can be used in an assay as a means to identify antagonists of NaV1.7 using measurement of CGRP released from isolated DRG in culture. Thus, neurons (for example, DRG neurons) that express a human NaV1.7 or a chimeric NaV1.7 may be employed in an assay to identify NaV1.7 antagonists that engage human or chimeric NaV1.7 channels in DRG neurons and assess the functional activity of the channel through measurement of CGRP release. In such an assay, e.g., the human or chimeric NaV1.7 is incubated with an inhibitor of NaV1.7 (e.g., tetrodotoxin) for about twenty minutes, followed by stimulation with one or more inflammatory mediators (e.g., prostaglandin E2, bradykinin, and capsaicin) for an additional twenty minutes. Additional candidate antagonists may be employed in this assay to assess their therapeutic potential and ability to block NaV1.7 channel function. Once baseline measurements of CGRP release from the neurons that express a human or chimeric NaV1.7 are determined both in the presence of a known inhibitor of NaV1.7 (e.g., TTX) and the absence of a known inhibitor (i.e., inflammatory mediators only), increase in CGRP release can be easily determined when employing candidate antagonists in this assay. Thus, an assay adapted to engage a NaV channel protein such as NaV1.7 is useful, e.g., for identification of NaV1.7-specific antagonists through the assessment of their ability to alter or modify the level of CGRP release in DRG isolated from mice expressing a human NaV1.7 protein that are exposed to inflammatory mediators.
Assays are described herein that measure neuropeptide release in neuronal cells in response to one or more inflammatory mediators, which can be used as functional tests for selecting antagonists to a target receptor. Specifically, assays are described herein that measure CGRP release from cultured DRGs for assessment of sodium channel function in the presence and absence of specific antagonists, in particular the DRGs express a human NaV1.7 protein, and that provide novel in vitro methods for the evaluation of primary nociceptor activation. In one embodiment, DRG neurons are contacted with one or more inflammatory mediators (e.g., prostaglandin E2, bradykinin and capsaicin, to specifically engage TTX-sensitive NaV channels, specifically NaV1.7) and the release of CGRP induced by the inflammatory mediators is determined.
Neurotrophins such as GDNF, neurturin and artemin have been shown to enhance capsaicin-induced release of CGRP (Schmutzler, B. S., S. Roy, and C. M. Hingtgen. 2009. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family ligands enhance capsaicin-stimulated release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from sensory neurons. Neurosci. 161:148-156; Schmutzler, B. S., S. Roy, S. K. Pittman, R. M. Meadows, and C. M. Hingtgen. 2011. Ret-dependent and Ret-independent mechanisms of Gfl-induced sensitization. Molecular Pain 7:1-22). Neurotrophins preferentially bind to their own GDNF family receptor (GFRα1, GFRα2 and GFRα3), and there is a 90% co-expression of GFRα3 with TRPV1, which is also known as the capsaicin receptor. Capsaicin is an agonist of TRPV1 and almost all neurons expressing TRPV1 also express CGRP. Artemin alone does not change the basal level of CGRP release. However, pre-incubation with artemin for ten minutes before stimulation with 1 μM capsaicin significantly enhances CGRP release. Thus, an assay in which neurons are incubated with artemin (e.g., at 10 ng/mL) or GDNF (e.g., at 10 ng/mL) for ten minutes, followed by capsaicin stimulation for an additional ten minutes, may be employed to specifically engage GFRα3 and assess functional activity of the receptor through measurement of CGRP release from DRG neurons in vitro. Additionally, the assay may employ specific antagonists of, e.g., GFRα3 to determine their ability to block receptor activity and/or function.
The assay principle can be adapted for another target receptor, for example, TRPA1. Mustard oil, a specific agonist of TRPA1, has been shown to induce the release of CGRP from isolated rat hindpaw skin (Ruparel, N. B., A. M. Patwardhan, A. N. Akopian, and K. M. Hargreaves. 2008. Homologous and heterologous desensitization of capsaicin and mustard oil responses utilize different cellular pathways in nociceptors. Pain 135:271-279). Thus, an assay in which DRG neurons isolated from a mouse as described herein, are exposed to mustard oil could be used to specifically engage TRPA1 to serve as a means to functionally assess activity of TRPA1 through measurement of CGRP release from DRG neurons in vitro. Additionally, specific antagonists could be employed in the assay to determine their ability to block TRPA1 activity and/or function.
The assay principle can be adapted for yet another target receptor, for example, ASIC1 and/or ASIC3. ASIC1 and ASIC3 are proton-gated cationic channels that are activated by external pH variations ranging from pH 6.8 to 4.0. Low pH has been shown to trigger CGRP release. Thus, an assay in which DRG neurons isolated from a mouse as described herein, are exposed to low pH conditions in culture could be used to specifically engage ASIC1 (or ASIC3) to serve as a means to functionally assess activity of ASIC1 (or ASIC3) through measurement of CGRP release from DRG neurons in vitro. Additionally, specific antagonists could be employed in the assay to determine their ability to block ASIC1 (or ASIC3) activity and/or function.
In one aspect, a method for measuring activity of a target receptor is provided, comprising contacting an inflammatory mediator to a cell having a target receptor encoded by a humanized mouse gene, wherein the inflammatory mediator binds the target receptor, and determining target receptor-mediated neuropeptide release from the cell. In one embodiment, the inflammatory mediator is a NaV1.7 ligand, and the target receptor is a humanized mouse NaV1.7.
In one aspect, a method for selectively engaging a target receptor is provided, comprising contacting an isolated cell from a mouse as described herein with one or more inflammatory mediators, thereby selectively engaging the target receptor and determining the release of a neuropeptide from the isolated cell.
In one embodiment, the target receptor is a sodium channel. In a specific embodiment, the sodium channel is NaV1.7.
In one embodiment, the cell is a neuronal cell. In a specific embodiment, the neuronal cell is a dorsal root ganglion cell (DRG). In one embodiment, the cell is an immortalized cell.
In one embodiment, the one or more inflammatory mediators are selected from prostaglandin E2, bradykinin, capsaicin, protons, low pH, a neurotrophic factor and a combination thereof.
In one embodiment, the neuropeptide is calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).
In one embodiment, the method is employed as a functional assay to select an antagonist for the target receptor.
In one embodiment, a method is provided for selectively engaging a NaV1.7 protein on the surface of an isolated DRG from a mouse as described herein, comprising contacting the DRG with one or more inflammatory mediators thereby selectively stimulating NaV1.7 and determining the release of CGRP.
In one embodiment, the one or more inflammatory mediators comprises prostaglandin E2, bradykinin and capsaicin.
In one embodiment, the method is employed as a functional assay to select an antagonist for NaV1.7. In a specific embodiment, the antagonist is an antibody.
In one aspect, a method for measuring the release of CGRP from an isolated DRG from a mouse as described herein is provided, in particular to determine the effect of a NaV-specific antagonist on CGRP release associated with depolarization of a human NaV1.7 channel protein, in particular through stimulation with one or more inflammatory mediators (e.g., prostanglin E2, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine and capsaicin).
In one embodiment, the DRG is immortalized.
In one embodiment, the Nay-specific antagonist is selected from a protein, a small molecule, and a small interfering RNA (siRNA). In a specific embodiment, the NaV-specific antagonist is a protein.
In one embodiment, an isolated DRG from a mouse as described herein is cultured in the presence of a Nay-specific toxin and, after a subsequent period of time, the release of CGRP is determined, wherein an elevated level of CGRP expression indicates inhibition of NaV-specific function in the DRG cell. The identity of the NaV-specific antagonist is known prior to culture with the DRG and the DRG is analyzed for baseline level of CGRP expression in the presence and absence of the one or more inflammatory mediators.
In one embodiment, the Nay-specific toxin is selected from tetrodotoxin (TTX), ProTx-II, and lidocaine. In a specific embodiment, the NaV-specific toxin is TTX.
In one embodiment, an isolated DRG from a mouse as described herein is cultured in the presence of a NaV1.7-specific antibody, and CGRP release is determined, wherein an elevated level of CGRP expression indicates inhibition of NaV1.7 function in the DRG cell. The identity and biochemical profile (e.g., affinity, specificity, etc.) of the NaV1.7-specific antibody is known prior to culture with the DRG and the DRG is analyzed for baseline level of CGRP expression in the presence and absence of the one or more inflammatory mediators.
In one embodiment, the NaV1.7-specific antibody is a human antibody. In one embodiment, the NaV1.7-specific antibody is a mouse antibody. In one embodiment, the NaV1.7-specific antibody is a bispecific antibody.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are provided so as to describe to those of ordinary skill in the art how to make and use methods and compositions of the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Unless indicated otherwise, temperature is indicated in Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.
Example I
Deletion of an Endogenous NaV1.7 Locus
The targeting vector for introducing a deletion of the endogenous NaV1.7 gene was made using VELOCIGENE® technology (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,251 and Valenzuela, D. M., Murphy, A. J., Frendewey, D., Gale, N. W., Economides, A. N., Auerbach, W., Poueymirou, W. T., Adams, N. C., Rojas, J., Yasenchak, J., Chemomorsky, R., Boucher, M., Elsasser, A. L., Esau, L., Zheng, J., Griffiths, J. A., Wang, X., Su, H., Xue, Y., Dominguez, M. G., Noguera, I., Torres, R., Macdonald, L. E., Stewart, A. F., DeChiara, T. M., Yancopoulos, G. D. 2003. High-throughput engineering of the mouse genome coupled with high-resolution expression analysis. Nature Biotech. 21(6): 652-659) to modify the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) RP23-454H3 (Invitrogen). RP23-454H3 BAC DNA was modified to delete the endogenous NaV1.7 gene comprising the α-subunit of this NaV channel gene that is expressed on the cell surface (FIG. 2).
Briefly, upstream and downstream homology arms were derived mouse BAC DNA from locations 5′ of exon 6 and 3′ of exon 28 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus, respectively. These homology arms were used to make a cassette that deleted  ̃81 kb of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus comprising exons 6 to 28. This region was replaced with a neomycin cassette flanked by loxP sites (FIG. 2, middle). The final targeting vector from 5′ to 3′ included a 17 kb homology arm comprising mouse genomic sequence 5′ to exon 6 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus, a 5′ loxP site, a neomycin cassette, a 3′ loxP site and a 29 kb homology arm comprising mouse genomic sequence 3′ to exon 28 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus. The targeting vector was linearized by digesting with AgeI and then used in homologous recombination in bacterial cells containing the mouse BAC clone RP23-454h3 to achieve a targeted deletion of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus (FIG. 2, bottom).
The targeted BAC DNA (described above) was used to electroporate mouse ES cells to created modified ES cells comprising a deletion of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus. Positive ES cells containing a deleted endogenous NaV1.7 locus were identified by the quantitative PCR assay using TAQMAN® probes (Lie, Y. S. and C. J. Petropoulos. 1998. Curr. Opin. Biotechnology 9: 43-48). The upstream region of the deleted locus was confirmed by PCR using primers 867TUP2F (GGGACTTCTC TGGGTTCAGT TA; SEQ ID NO: 1) and 867TUP2R (AAAGGCTCTC AATGGGAAAC AAG; SEQ ID NO: 2) and probe 867TUP2P (TCAATGACTT GACATAATGC ATGCACTCC; SEQ ID NO: 3), whereas the downstream region of the deleted locus was confirmed using primers 867TDPF (ATGTCAGCCA ATCCTTCTAA AGTG; SEQ ID NO:4) and 867TDPR (CGTTTTGCCT AAGGCGGTAC; SEQ ID NO:5) and probe 867TDPP (TCCTATGAGC CCATCACAAC CACAC; SEQ ID NO: 6). The presence of the neomycin cassette from the targeting vector was confirmed using primers NEOF (GGTGGAGAGG CTATTCGGC; SEQ ID NO:7) and NEOR (GAACACGGCG GCATCAG; SEQ ID NO: 8) and probe NEOP (TGGGCACAAC AGACAATCGG CTG; SEQ ID NO: 9). The nucleotide sequence across the upstream deletion point included the following, which indicates endogenous mouse sequence upstream of the deletion point (contained within the parentheses below) linked contiguously to cassette sequence present at the deletion point: (CTAGCTGAGC TGTCACCACA CATTGCTCCT ACCACGTATT GTACAGCTAC TGCAAGAGCA CCACAGTTGG CTTTCTGTAT C) ATAACTTCGT ATAATGTATG CTATACGAAG TTAT (SEQ ID NO: 10). The nucleotide sequence across the downstream deletion point included the following, which indicates cassette sequence contiguous with endogenous mouse sequence downstream of the deletion point (contained within the parentheses below): ATAACTTCGT ATAATGTATG CTATACGAAG TTAT (AGCTTCGGTT TTGATACACT GTTTACAGCC TGCGAAGGTG ACTCACTCGT GTTAATAAGA CTCTTTTACG GAGGTCTATG CCAAACTCTT TTTATCAAAT ATTCTCAAAG GCAG) (SEQ ID NO: 11). Positive ES cell clones were then used to implant female mice using the VELOCIMOUSE® method (described below) to generate a litter of pups containing a deletion of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus.
Targeted ES cells described above were used as donor ES cells and introduced into an 8-cell stage mouse embryo by the VELOCIMOUSE® method (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,754 and Poueymirou, W. T., Auerbach, W., Frendewey, D., Hickey, J. F., Escaravage, J. M., Esau, L., Dore, A. T., Stevens, S., Adams, N. C., Dominguez, M. G., Gale, N. W., Yancopoulos, G. D., DeChiara, T. M., Valenzuela, D. M. 2007. F0 generation mice that are essentially fully derived from the donor gene-targeted ES cells allowing immediate phenotypic analyses. Nature Biotech. 25(1): 91-99). Mice bearing a deletion of exons 6 to 28 in the endogenous NaV1.7 locus were identified by genotyping using a modification of allele assay (Valenzuela et al., supra) that detected the presence of the neomycin cassette and confirmed the absence of endogenous NaV1.7 sequences.
Mice bearing a deletion of exons 6 to 28 in the endogenous NaV1.7 locus can be bred to a Cre deletor mouse strain (see, e.g., International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2009/114400) in order to remove any loxed neomycin cassette introduced by the targeting vector that is not removed, e.g., at the ES cell stage or in the embryo. Optionally, the hygromycin cassette is retained in the mice.
Pups are genotyped and a pup heterozygous for the deleted endogenous NaV1.7 sequences is selected for characterizing endogenous NaV1.7 deletion.
Example II
Humanization of an Endogenous NaV1.7 Locus
A targeting vector for replacement of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus with the human NaV1.7 locus (FIG. 3) was constructed using a two step process involving ligation of BAC DNA and GAP repair (Zhang, Y., J. P. P. Muyrers, G. Testa, and F. A. Stewart. 2000. DNA cloning by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli. Nature Biotechnology 18:1314-1317; Zhang, Y., F. Buchholz, J. P. P. Muyrers, and F. A. Stewart. 1998. A new logic for DNA engineering using recombination in Escherichia coli. Nature Genetics 20:123-128).
The first step in constructing the replacement targeting vector was performed by ligation of a DNA fragment of mouse BAC DNA clone RP23-454H3 with a human DNA fragment from human BAC clone RP11-1002M1 (Invitrogen). This ligation of mouse and human BAC DNA fragments created a modified BAC clone containing a replacement of exons 5 to 28 of the mouse NaV1.7 locus (about 81 kb) with exons 5 to 28 of the human NaV1.7 locus (about 100 kb).
The second step in constructing the replacement targeting vector was performed by GAP repair (referenced above) using mouse BAC clone RP23-454H3 and human BAC clone RP11-45AJ20 to add additional exons of the human NaV1.7 locus to the modified BAC clone made in the first step. GAP repair was performed on using these mouse and human BAC clones to replaced exons 2 to 7 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus with exons 2 to 7 of the human NaV1.7 locus ( ̃13 kb). This second step added the  ̃13 kb of human NaV1.7 sequence to the  ̃100 kb of human NaV1.7 sequence to make the replacement of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus. A hygromycin cassette flanked by loxP sites was added to the 3′ end of the  ̃113 kb BAC fragment containing the human NaV1.7 locus (FIG. 3, middle)
Upstream and downstream homology arms were derived from mouse BAC DNA at positions 5′ and 3′ of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus for addition to the human DNA fragment-hygromycin cassette to create the final targeting vector for replacement of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus which contained from 5′ to 3′ a 5′ homology arm containing 70 kb of mouse DNA 5′ of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus, a  ̃113 kb DNA fragment containing exons 2 to 28 of the human NaV1.7 locus, a hygromycin cassette flanked by loxP sites, and a 3′ homology arm containing 147 kb of mouse DNA 3′ of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus. The targeting vector was linearized by digesting with NotI and then used in homologous recombination in bacterial cells to achieve a targeted replacement of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus with exons 2 to 28 of the human NaV1.7 locus (FIG. 3, bottom).
The targeted BAC DNA (described above) was used to electroporate mouse ES cells to created modified ES cells comprising a replacement of the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus with a genomic fragment comprising a human NaV1.7 locus. Positive ES cells containing a deleted endogenous NaV1.7 locus replaced by a genomic fragment comprising a human NaV1.7 locus were identified by a quantitative PCR assay using Taqman probes (Lie and Petropoulos, supra). The upstream and downstream regions outside of the modified locus were confirmed by PCR using the same primers and probes as described in Example 1 (867TUP2F/867TUP2R/867TUP2P and 867TDPF/867TDPR/867TDPP). The insertion of the human NaV1.7 sequence was confirmed by PCR using primers 935HF (ATCAAAGGAA CCCAAAGAAG; SEQ ID NO: 12) and 935HR (GAAGGGCAGC TGTTTGCCAG; SEQ ID NO: 13) and probe 935HP (ATGAAGAAGC CCCAAAGCCA AGCA; SEQ ID NO: 14). The presence of the hygromycin cassette from the targeting vector was confirmed with primers HYGF (TGCGGCCGATCTTAGCC; SEQ ID NO: 15) and HYGR (TTGACCGATTCCTTGCGG; SEQ ID NO: 16) and probe HYGP (ACGAGCGGGTTCGGCCCATTC; SEQ ID NO: 17). The nucleotide sequence across the upstream insertion point included the following, which indicates endogenous mouse sequence upstream of the insertion point (contained within the parentheses below) linked contiguously to human NaV1.7 genomic sequence present at the insertion point: (TTAGGTAAGG ATCCGAAGGG GAAATAAAAC CTACAGGATG AGAAG) ATGGCAATGT TGCCTCCCCC AGGACCTCAG AGCTTTGTCC ATTTCACAAA ACAG (SEQ ID NO: 18). The nucleotide sequence across the downstream insertion point at the 5′ end of the hygromycin cassette included the following, which indicates human NaV1.7 genomic sequence contiguous with cassette sequence downstream of the insertion point (contained within the parentheses below): GTATGAATAA AAAAGCATTG AAATAGGGAT TCTTGCCAAC TTGCTC (TCTCGAGATA ACTTCGTATA ATGTATGCTA TACGAAGTTA T) (SEQ ID NO: 19). The nucleotide sequence across the downstream insertion point at the 3′ end of the hygromycin cassette included the following, which indicates cassette sequence contiguous with mouse genomic sequence at the 3′ end of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus (contained within the parentheses below): TATACGAAGT TATGCTAGTA ACTATAACGG TCCTAAGGTA GCGAGCTAG (CAGCTTCGGT TTTGATACAC TGTTTACAGC CTGCGAAGGT G) (SEQ ID NO: 20). Positive ES cell clones were then used to implant female mice using the VELOCIMOUSE® method (supra) to generate a litter of pups containing a replacement of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus with a human NaV1.7 locus.
Targeted ES cells described above were used as donor ES cells and introduced into an 8-cell stage mouse embryo by the VELOCIMOUSE® method (supra). Mice bearing a human NaV1.7 locus were identified by genotyping using a modification of allele assay (Valenzuela et al., supra) that detected the presence of a human NaV1.7 locus.
Mice bearing a human NaV1.7 locus can be bred to a Cre deletor mouse strain (see, e.g., International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2009/114400) in order to remove any loxed hygromycin cassette introduced by the targeting vector that is not removed, e.g., at the ES cell stage or in the embryo. Optionally, the hygromycin cassette is retained in the mice.
Pups are genotyped and a pup heterozygous for a human NaV1.7 locus is selected for characterizing NaV1.7 humanization.
Example III
Humanization of the Extracellular Loop of Transmembrane Segments 5 to 6 in Domain I of an Endogenous NaV1.7 Locus
A targeting vector for humanization of the extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I (DI/S5-S6) was constructed by the GAP repair method (described above) using mouse BAC clone RP23-20C24 and human BAC clone RP11-45AJ20 (FIG. 4). The GAP repair method was used to replace a 13.8 kb DNA fragment containing exons 7 to 9 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus with a 10 kb DNA fragment containing exons 7 to 9 of the human NaV1.7 locus. A neomycin cassette flanked by loxP sites was added to the end of the 10 kb human DNA fragment containing exons 7 to 9 of the human NaV1.7 locus (FIG. 4, middle).
Upstream and downstream homology arms were derived from mouse BAC DNA at positions 5′ and 3′ of exons 7 and 9, respectively, and added to the 10 kb human fragment-neomycin cassette to create the final targeting vector for humanization of the extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain I of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus which contained from 5′ to 3′ a 5′ homology arm containing 35 kb of mouse DNA 5′ of exon 7 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus, a 10 kb DNA fragment containing exons 7 to 9 of the human NaV1.7 locus, a neomycin cassette flanked by loxP sites, and a 3′ homology arm containing 27 kb of mouse DNA 3′ of exon 9 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus. The targeting vector was linearized by digesting with PspX and SalI and then used in homologous recombination in bacterial cells to achieve a targeted replacement of exons 7 to 9 in endogenous NaV1.7 locus with exons 7 to 9 of a human NaV1.7 gene (FIG. 4, bottom).
The targeted BAC DNA (described above) was used to electroporate mouse ES cells to created modified ES cells comprising a replacement of exons 7 to 9 in the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus with a genomic fragment comprising exons 7 to 9 of a human NaV1.7 locus. Positive ES cells containing a genomic fragment comprising exons 7 to 9 of a human NaV1.7 gene were identified by the quantitative PCR assay using Taqman probes (Lie and Petropoulos, supra). The upstream region outside of the modified region of the endogenous locus were confirmed by PCR using primers 869TUPF (GGACTACAAC TGTTTATGGG CAAC; SEQ ID NO: 21) and 869TUPR (TCAATTCTTC TTCACTCTCA GCAG; SEQ ID NO: 22) and probe 869TUPP (TCCGGAAGGA CCTTGAGCAG AATGA; SEQ ID NO: 23), whereas the downstream region outside the modified region of the endogenous locus was confirmed with primers 869TDPF (CAACAGGTGA GCAGCAACAG; SEQ ID NO: 24) and 869TDPR (GCAGGAGACA CATACACCAG AC; SEQ ID NO: 25) and probe 869TDPP (AAACACGCAT GTCTGAAGGC AGTCGG; SEQ ID NO: 26). The presence of the neomycin cassette from the targeting vector was confirmed using the same primers and probe as described in Example 1. The nucleotide sequence across the upstream insertion point included the following, which indicates endogenous mouse sequence upstream of the insertion point (contained within the parentheses below) linked contiguously to human NaV1.7 genomic sequence present at the insertion point: (TACATTTTAA GGACTAAAAA CCATCGTGGG GGCCCTGATC CAATCAGTGA AGAAGCTCTC TGACGTCATG ATCCTCACTG TGTTCTGTCT CAGTGTGTTC) GCACTAATTG GACTACAGCT GTTCATGGGA AACCTGAAGC ATAAATGTTT TCGAAATTCA CTTGAAAATA ATGAAACATT AGAAAGCATA ATGAATACCC T (SEQ ID NO: 27). The nucleotide sequence across the downstream insertion point at the 5′ end of the neomycin cassette included the following, which indicates human NaV1.7 genomic sequence contiguous with cassette sequence downstream of the insertion point (contained within the parentheses below): AGGTGAGTAC CAAGAGAAAC ATGCATTGTA TTTTTGAATG GCATATGTAC CTGGTGTATG TTAAGAGCCT GTATTAGGAG GTTTTTTATT TATTTGAGAA TGGAGGAAAC TCTATTA (CTCGAGATAA CTTCGTATAA TGTATGCTAT ACGAAGTTAT) (SEQ ID NO: 28). The nucleotide sequence across the downstream insertion point at the 3′ end of the neomycin cassette included the following, which indicates cassette sequence contiguous with mouse genomic sequence 3′ of exon 9 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus (contained within the parentheses below): TATACGAAGT TATGCTAGC (TCTGCAGACA GTCTGGGACT CCCTAATGTG CATTATTAAA ATTACAGGCA ATTTACTTGG CTGATATGAG AACAGATAGT TCTGAAGTCA TCAATAATTT TCTGCTGTGT CTGACCAGCG TT) (SEQ ID NO: 29). Positive ES cell clones were then used to implant female mice using the VELOCIMOUSE® method (described below) to generate a litter of pups containing a replacement of exons 7 to 9 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus with the corresponding exons from the human NaV1.7 locus.
Targeted ES cells described above were used as donor ES cells and introduced into an 8-cell stage mouse embryo by the VELOCIMOUSE® method (supra). Mice bearing the humanization of exons 7 to 9 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus were identified by genotyping using a modification of allele assay (Valenzuela et al., supra) that detected the presence of the human NaV1.7 sequences.
Mice bearing the humanized DI/S5-S6 in the endogenous NaV1.7 locus can be bred to a Cre deletor mouse strain (see, e.g., International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2009/114400) in order to remove any loxed neomycin cassette introduced by the targeting vector that is not removed, e.g., at the ES cell stage or in the embryo. Optionally, the neomycin cassette is retained in the mice.
Pups are genotyped and a pup heterozygous for the humanized DI/S5-S6 in the endogenous NaV1.7 locus is selected for characterizing NaV1.7 DI/S5-S6 humanization.
Example IV
Humanization of the Extracellular Loop of Transmembrane Segments 5 to 6 in Domain III of an Endogenous NaV1.7 Locus
A targeting vector for humanization of the extracellular pore loop connecting transmembrane segments 5 and 6 of Domain III (DIII/S5-S6) was constructed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using mouse BAC clone BMQ-311E20 and human BAC clone RP11-746P5 (FIG. 5). Exons 23 to 25 of the human NaV1.7 locus were amplified from human BAC clone RP11-746P5. A neomycin cassette flanked by loxP sites was ligated to the 3′ end of the 2.8 kb PCR fragment (FIG. 5, middle). This ligated DNA fragment containing exons 23 to 25 of the human NaV1.7 locus and the neomycin cassette was used to replace a 2.4 kb section of the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus containing exons 23 to 25 in the mouse BAC clone BMQ-311E20 (FIG. 5).
Upstream and downstream homology arms were derived from mouse BAC DNA at positions 5′ and 3′ of exons 23 and 25, respectively, and added to the human DNA fragment-neomycin cassette to create the final targeting vector for humanization of DIII/S5-S6 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus which contained from 5′ to 3′ a 5′ homology arm containing 21 kb of mouse DNA 5′ of exon 23 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus, a 2.8 kb DNA fragment containing exons 23 to 25 of the human NaV1.7 locus, a neomycin cassette flanked by loxP sites, and a 3′ homology arm containing 108 kb of mouse DNA 3′ of exon 25 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus. The targeting vector was linearized by digesting with NotI and then used in homologous recombination in bacterial cells to achieve a targeted replacement of exons 23 to 25 in endogenous NaV1.7 locus with exons 23 to 25 of the human NaV1.7 locus (FIG. 5, bottom).
The targeted BAC DNA (described above) was used to electroporate mouse ES cells to created modified ES cells comprising a replacement of exons 23 to 25 in the endogenous mouse NaV1.7 locus with a genomic fragment comprising exons 23 to 25 of a human NaV1.7 locus. Positive ES cells containing a genomic fragment comprising exons 23 to 25 of a human NaV1.7 gene were identified by the quantitative PCR assay using TAQMAN® probes (Lie and Petropoulos, supra). The upstream region outside of the modified region of the endogenous locus were confirmed by PCR using primers 892TUPF (GCTTGGGCTT GCACCTTTA; SEQ ID NO: 30) and 892TUPR (TGCGTTGACC ACTACCTGAT AC; SEQ ID NO: 31) and probe 892TUPP (TCTGCATTGG CGTCTGTTTG TCA; SEQ ID NO: 32), whereas the downstream region outside the modified region of the endogenous locus was confirmed with primers 892TDP3F (TGACTTGCCC TATCAATCTG AGATC; SEQ ID NO: 33) and 892TDP3R (GCTCACACTG TATACACACA AAATCTTC; SEQ ID NO: 34) and probe 892TDP3P (TCACTGCCTA TGATAAAGT; SEQ ID NO: 35). The presence of the neomycin cassette from the targeting vector was confirmed using the same primers and probe as described in Example 1. The insertion of exons 23 to 25 of the human NaV1.7 gene was confirmed by PCR using primers 892HF (CACGGTTTCC TGCAAGTCAA; SEQ ID NO: 36) and 892HR (GGGACACTTA CAACTTGAAG CA; SEQ ID NO: 37) and probe 892HP (TCGTTCCGAA TGTTTTGCCC TTATGA; SEQ ID NO: 38). The nucleotide sequence across the upstream insertion point included the following, which indicates mouse genomic sequence upstream of exon 23 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus (contained within the parentheses below) linked contiguously to human NaV1.7 genomic sequence present at the insertion point: (TTTCATTTAT TTGAAGTGCA ATATCATCTT GGCCATCTAC TCCTCTGTAT GCTAGTAG) GTAAGCCTGG TGATCACAGA (SEQ ID NO: 39). The nucleotide sequence across the downstream insertion point at the 5′ end of the neomycin cassette included the following, which indicates human NaV1.7 genomic sequence contiguous with cassette sequence downstream of the insertion point (contained within the parentheses below): GACTAGTATA CAATTACAAA TATGC (CTCGAGATAA CTTCGTATAA TGTATGCTAT ACGAAGTTAT) (SEQ ID NO: 40). The nucleotide sequence across the downstream insertion point at the 3′ end of the neomycin cassette included the following, which indicates cassette sequence contiguous with mouse genomic sequence 3′ of exon 25 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus (contained within the parentheses below): TATACGAAGT TATGCTAGC (TTTCCTGCTA ACCATCATTC TGGGGTATGT GTTATGATGG AAGTTAAGTG ACAGTTACTT ATAATATGGC TGCT) (SEQ ID NO: 41). Positive ES cell clones were then used to implant female mice using the VELOCIMOUSE® method (described below) to generate a litter of pups containing a replacement of exons 23 to 25 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus with the corresponding exons from the human NaV1.7 locus.
Mice containing a humanization of exons 23 to 25 in the endogenous NaV1.7 locus with the human NaV1.7-DIII/S5-S6 targeting vector were generated through electroporation of a targeted BAC DNA (described above) into mouse ES cells. Positive ES cells clones were confirmed by TaqmanTM screening and karyotyping. Positive ES cell clones were then used to implant female mice using the VELOCIMOUSE® method (described below) to generate a litter of pups containing a humanization of exons 23 to 25 in the endogenous NaV1.7 locus.
Targeted ES cells described above were used as donor ES cells and introduced into an 8-cell stage mouse embryo by the VELOCIMOUSE® method (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,754 and Poueymirou et al., supra). Mice bearing the humanization of exons 23 to 25 of the endogenous NaV1.7 locus were identified by genotyping using a modification of allele assay (Valenzuela et al., supra) that detected the presence of the human NaV1.7 sequences.
Mice bearing the humanized DIII/S5-S6 in the endogenous NaV1.7 locus can be bred to a Cre deletor mouse strain (see, e.g., International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2009/114400) in order to remove any loxed neomycin cassette introduced by the targeting vector that is not removed, e.g., at the ES cell stage or in the embryo. Optionally, the neomycin cassette is retained in the mice.
Pups are genotyped and a pup heterozygous for the humanized DIII/S5-S6 in the endogenous NaV1.7 locus is selected for characterizing NaV1.7 DIII/S5-S6 humanization.
Example V
Behavioral Phenotyping of Humanized NaV1.7 Mice
Current methods for studying the effects of pharmacological manipulation of human NaV1.7 rely on transfected cells that are cultured in vitro. These cells that are engineered to express human NaV1.7 protein lack auxiliary proteins and might not be fully representative of the mechanisms by which human NaV1.7 functions in vivo. Thus, mice engineered to express human NaV1.7 or a chimeric NaV1.7 having a humanized extracellular pore loop as described in Examples 2-4 were generated and analyzed to understand the function of NaV1.7 in vivo.
Briefly, two groups (n=6/6 each; male/female at 10-20 weeks) of mice, wild type (Scn9a+/+) and mice heterozygous for a replacement of a mouse NaV1.7 gene with a human NaV1.7 gene (Scn9ahum/+), were each subjected to a variety of nocifensive stimuli (hot plate thermal, tail flick thermal and noxious mechanical pressure). Results are shown in FIGS. 6A-6C.
In a similar experiment, two groups (n=10 each; female at 10-20 weeks) of mice, wild type (Scn9a+/+) and mice homozygous for a chimeric NaV1.7 gene that contains a human sequence that encodes an extracellular pore loop (DI/S5-S6; Scn9a3.1/3.1), were each subjected to a variety of nocifensive stimuli (hot plate thermal, tail flick thermal, noxious mechanical, and inflammatory hypernociception using Complete Freund's Adjuvant). Results are shown in FIGS. 7A-7D.
No significant difference in any of the acute endpoints between Scn9a+/+ and Scn9ahum/+ or Scn9a+/+ and Scn9a3.1/3.1 mice was observed. These results demonstrate that humanized mice containing either a full-length human NaV1.7 gene in place of the endogenous gene (as described in Example 2) or a human sequence that encodes an extracellular pore loop (as described in Example 3) display normal nociceptive behaviors in response to nocifensive stimuli as compared to wild-type control mice.
As shown in this Example, mice engineered to express complete or partially human NaV1.7 protein on the surface of neurons respond to nociceptive stimuli in a similar fashion as compared to wild type and thus provide a platform for identifying antagonists of the α-subunit of NaV1.7 and/or a particular extracellular pore loop. Such antagonists may be useful in blocking specific functions and associated neuronal activities in the treatment of several clinical pain syndromes.
Example VI
Identification and Function of DRG in Humanized NaV1.7 Mice
Human antibodies specific for human NaV1.7 were generated and analyzed for binding to neuronal cells isolated from the humanized NaV1.7 mice described in Examples 2-4.
Briefly, VELOCIMMUNE® mice (U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,541) were administered human NaV1.7 (hNaV1.7) antigen with adjuvant (e.g. complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvant, MPL+TDM adjuvant system (Sigma), or RIBI (muramyl dipeptides) (see O'Hagan 2000 Vaccine Adjuvant, by Human Press, Totowa, N.J.)). The immune response was monitored and antibodies containing human variable regions and mouse constant regions were isolated from hybridoma cell lines made from antibody-expressing B cells harvested from immunized mice. Alternatively, antigen-specific hybridoma cells may be isolated by flow cytometry. Antibodies specific to hNaV1.7 may also be identified via direct isolation of splenocytes (e.g. see U.S. Pat. No. 7,582,298). Several anti-hNaV1.7 antibodies were obtained by the foregoing methods and HEK293 cells engineered to stably express human NaV1.7 or human NaV1.5 were used to identify antibodies that specifically bind to NaV1.7 but not to NaV1.5 as determined by flow cytometry.
Selected anti-hNaV1.7 antibodies were tested to determine their ability to block electrophysiological function (e.g. current, ion flux, etc.) of the NaV1.7 channel using the IONWORKS QUATTROTM system (IWQ, Molecular Devices), the Port-a-Patch® system (Nanion Technologies) and QPatch system (Sophion Bioscience). Table 1 sets forth the average percent inhibition for five selected anti-hNaV1.7 antibodies: less than 15% (−), 15-30% (+), greater than 30% (++). nd: not determined.












TABLE 1








IWQ
Port-a-Patch
QPatch



Antibody
(222 nM)
(50 nM)
(100 nM)









Ab1
++
++
+



Ab2
++
nd
+



Ab3
++
++
+



Ab4
++
+
+



Ab5
−
+
+










Immunohistochemistry.
Pain processing is the result of complex interactions among several proteins, receptors and channels that are expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptive neurons. Selected anti-hNaV1.7 antibodies were evaluated for binding to DRG neurons harvested from mice engineered to express human NaV1.7 (Scn9ahum/+, Example 2), mice engineered to express a chimeric NaV1.7 containing a human extracellular pore loop (Scn9a3.1/3.1, Example 3) and wild type mice (Scn9a+/+).
Briefly, harvested lumbar DRGs from Scn9ahum/+, Scn9a3.1/3.1 and Scn9a+/+ mice and Scn9a+/+ rats (rScn9a+/+) were dissociated and plated at a density of 5.5×104 cells/well on 96 well plates treated with poly-DL-ornithine (0.1 mg/mL) and laminin (5 μg/mL) followed by incubation at 37° C. in 96.5% air and 3.5% CO2. Neurons were maintained in culture for 3 to 8 days in DMEM supplemented with 50 ng/mL nerve growth factor, 100 U/mL penicillin/streptomycin, MEM vitamins, and 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum. Plated cells were then fixed in 4% PFA and 4% sucrose in PBS pH7.2 for 30 minutes. Cells were then washed in PBS followed by blocking in 20% normal goat serum for one hour at room temperature. Neurons were then permeabilized in 10% normal goat serum with 0.1% Triton X-100 before immunostaining to confirm binding activity to a human or chimeric NaV1.7 (or mouse and/or rat) on the cell surface of the DRG neurons. Table 2 sets forth the species-specific binding (+) or no binding (−) to DRG neurons for selected anti-NaV1.7 antibodies.










TABLE 2









DRG Genotype












Antibody
Scn9ahum/+
Scn9a3.1/3.1
Scn9a+/+
rScn9a+/+





Ab1
−

−
−


Ab2


+
−


Ab3
+

−
+/−


Ab4
+
+
+
+


Ab5
+/−

−
−









Selected anti-hNaV1.7 antibodies demonstrated binding to DRG neurons expressing a human NaV1.7 protein (e.g., Ab3, Ab4, and Ab5), a chimeric NaV1.7 protein (e.g., Ab4) or a mouse NaV1.7 protein (e.g., Ab2) on the cell surface, while no binding to DRG neurons expressing a mouse or rat NaV1.7 protein was observed for other antibodies (e.g., Ab1 and Ab5). Other anti-hNaV1.7 antibodies demonstrated species cross-reactivity in that the antibodies showed binding to DRG neurons from humanized NaV1.7 mice, wild type mice and rats (e.g., Ab3 and Ab4).
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Release Assay.
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is released from peripheral and spinal terminals of peptidergic A- and C-fibers nociceptive neurons in response to stimuli. Neuropeptide release initiates neurogenic inflammation, degranulation of mast cells, and other inflammatory reactions, which results in hyperalgesia/pain sensation. Inflammatory mediators such as Prostanglin E2, Bradykinin, Serotonin, Histamine and Capsaicin directly sensitize and excite nociceptive DRG in vitro and in vivo thereby leading to CGRP release. Sensitized nociceptors display a lowered threshold of activation, increased spontaneous activity and an increased response to suprathreshold stimuli. Thus, sensitization of DRGs and firing of action potentials can be achieved in vitro with different inflammatory mediators resulting in the release of CGRP and thereby serve as a means to measure DRG nociceptive function. Primary nociceptor activation was determined in primary in vitro DRG cultures isolated from humanized NaV1.7 and wild type mice by measurement of CGRP release using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit (Cayman, distributed by SPIbio, France).
Briefly, DRGs between 3 to 8 days old were washed once in assay buffer and kept at 37° C. until addition of an inflammatory mix (e.g. 10 μM Prostanglin E2, 10 μM Bradykinin, and 1 μM Capsaicin). Two known inhibitors of NaV channels, Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and ProTx-II, were used to determine whether NaV1.7 plays a role in an inflammatory mix induced-release of CGRP in vitro. TTX was tested at concentrations of 1 μM, an effective inhibitory concentration for TTX-sensitive channels, and 10 μM. ProTx-II largely inhibits NaV1.7 at 10 nM (Schmalhofer, W. A, Calhoun, J., Burrows, R., Bailey, T., Kohler, M. G., Weinglass, A. B., Kaczorowski, G. J., Garcia, M. L., Koltzenburg, M., Priest, B. T. (2008) ProTx-II, a Selective Inhibitor of NaV1.7 Sodium Channels, Blocks Action Potential Propagation in Nociceptors. Molecular Pharmacology 74(5):1476-1484). Neurons were incubated for 20 minutes with the inhibitor (TTX or ProTx-II), followed by stimulation with the inflammatory mix for 20 minutes or with the inhibitor combined with the inflammatory mix for 20 minutes. Compound dilutions were prepared in assay buffer and samples were added in duplicate onto a Human CGRP EIA plate and incubated overnight. Concentration of CGRP released by DRGs was measured the following day using an ELISA assay. Averages (mean+/−standard deviation) were calculated for each condition group. FIG. 8 shows the dose response for different concentrations of DRGs in the CGRP assays using TTX under the conditions mentioned above. The results for TTX are shown in Table 3. The results for ProTx-II are shown in Table 4. IM: inflammatory mix.
In a similar experiment, the role of NaV1.7 in the TTX-potentiating release of CGRP in DRGs harvested from Scn9a3.1/3.1 mice was tested using an amino amide-type local anesthetic (Lidocaine). This experiment was performed to confirm that the enhancement of CGRP release was not due to a non-specific effect of the toxins on DRG neurons. The results are shown in Table 5. IM: inflammatory mix.
In another similar experiment, selected anti-hNaV1.7 antibodies were analyzed for their effect on in vitro CGRP release in DRG isolated from Scn9a+/+, Scn9ahum/+ and Scn9a3.1/3.1 mice. The results are shown in Tables 6-9. IM: inflammatory mix.
As shown in this Example, when neurons (DRGs) expressing a wild type or chimeric NaV1.7 protein on the cell surface are pre-incubated with known inhibitors of NaV1.7 (TTX or ProTx-II, Table 3 or 4, respectively) or a non-NaV1.7 specific local anesthetic (Lidocaine, Table 5), the inflammatory mix-induced release of CGRP is notably enhanced. However, when either a NaV1.7 inhibitor or local anesthetic was added to the inflammatory mix prior exposure to the neurons, no enhancement of the inflammatory-induced release of CGRP was observed. Thus, these experiments show that inhibition of NaV1.7 before stimulation with inflammatory mediators (Prostanglin E2, Bradykinin, and Capsaicin) potentiates the release of CGRP in DRG neurons from wild type and humanized mice.
Further, when neurons (DRGs) are pre-incubated with an anti-hNaV1.7 antibody, the inflammatory mix-induced release of CGRP is notably enhanced (Tables 6-9). These experiments demonstrate that the human and chimeric NaV1.7 proteins expressed on the surface of DRGs in humanized mice are functional. This Example demonstrates that anti-hNaV1.7 antibodies were able to mimic TTX-mediated enhancement of inflammatory mediator-induced CGRP release in DRG neurons from Scn9ahum/+ and Scn9a3.1/3.1 mice. Thus, the humanized NaV1.7 mice (Scn9ahum/+, Scn9a3.1/3.1 and Scn9a3.3/3.3) described herein provide a system for in vitro characterization of anti-hNaV1.7 antibody binding and inhibition of channel function in vivo. Further, these mice represent an in vivo model system for the examination of new NaV1.7-specific antagonists and evaluation of their therapeutic potential for treating responses mediated by NaV1.7.







TABLE 3







CGRP Released from Scn9a+/+ DRG Exposed to TTX










Conditions
CGRP (pg/mL)







Buffer
 3 ± 1



IM
11 ± 1



1 μM TTX pre-incubation and IM
 76 ± 14



1 μM TTX + IM
10 ± 4



IM
11 ± 4



10 μM TTX pre-incubation and IM
44 ± 7

















TABLE 4







CGRP Released from Scn9a+/+ DRG Exposed to Pro-TxII










Conditions
CGRP (pg/mL)







IM
55 ± 5



10 nM Pro-TXII pre-incubation and IM
186 ± 40



100 nM Pro-TXII pre-incubation and IM
126 ± 25

















TABLE 5







CGRP Released from Scn9a3.1/3.1 DRG Exposed to Lidocaine










Conditions
CGRP (pg/mL)







5 mM Lidocaine preincubation and IM
40 ± 6



5 mM Lidocaine + IM
12 ± 1

















TABLE 6







CGRP Released from Scn9a+/+ DRG


Exposed to anti-hNaV1.7 antibody










Conditions
CGRP (pg/mL)







IM
172 ± 17



Ab1
29 ± 4



Ab1 pre-incubation and IM
168 ± 11



Ab2
35 ± 2



Ab2 pre-incubation and IM
522 ± 32



Ab4
21 ± 5



Ab4 pre-incubation and IM
430 ± 2 



Ab5
39 ± 6



Ab5 pre-incubation and IM
62 ± 2

















TABLE 7







CGRP Released from Scn9ahum/+ DRG Exposed


to anti-hNaV1.7 antibody










Conditions
CGRP (pg/mL)







Buffer
2 ± 1



IM
21 ± 1 



Ab1 pre-incubation and IM
97 ± 14



Ab1 + IM
19 ± 10



Ab4 pre-incubation and IM
122 ± 35 



Ab4 + IM
26 ± 1 



Ab5 pre-incubation and IM
82 ± 19



Ab5 + IM
20 ± 1 

















TABLE 8







CGRP Released from Scn9ahum/+ DRG Exposed


to anti-hNaV1.7 antibody










Conditions
CGRP (pg/mL)







IM
30 ± 7



Ab4 pre-incubation and IM
 81 ± 12



Ab5 pre-incubation and IM
117 ± 1 

















TABLE 9







CGRP Released from or Scn9a3.1/3.1 DRG


Exposed to anti-hNaV1.7 antibody










Conditions
CGRP (pg/mL)







IM
27 ± 3



Ab1 + IM
12 ± 2



Ab1 pre-incubation and IM
38 ± 7



Ab4 pre-incubation and IM
101 ± 2 



Ab5 pre-incubation and IM
47 ± 6










Example VII
Generation of Immortalized DRG Cell Lines from Humanized Mice
DRG neurons from humanized mice may be isolated and immortalized for continuous long-term study of human NaV1.7 channel function in vitro.
DRG neurons can be immortalized by any method known in the art (e.g., see US 2009/0298095A1). Typically immortalizing isolated DRGs is accomplished by employing a vector of retroviral origin that has been engineered with DNA sequences encoding an oncogene (e.g. myc) and a selectable marker (e.g., neomycin). Suitable oncogenes that can be cloned into a vector for immortalizing an isolated DRG cell include growth factors or mitogens (e.g., c-Sis), receptor tyrosine kinases (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor), cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (e.g., Src-family, Syk-ZAP-70 family, and BTK family of tyrosine kinases), cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinases and their regulatory subunits (e.g., overexpression of Raf kinase and cyclin-dependent kinases), regulatory GTPases (e.g., Ras), and transcription factors (e.g., myc). Once the vector is constructed to harbor both DNA sequences such that they are capable of transcription within the cell, it can be used to create an immortalized DRG cell line by transfection into isolated DRGs from a humanized mouse as described in Examples 2-4.
Briefly, dissociated primary DRG neurons can be prepared by methods known in the art (e.g. see Wood J. N., Bevan, S. J., Coote, P. R., Dunn, P. M., Harmar, A. Hogan, P., Latchman, D. S., Morrison, C., Rougon, G., Theveniau, M., Wheatley, S. 1990. Novel Cell lines display properties of nociceptive sensory neurons. Proceedings of Biological Sciences, The Royal Society 241(1302):187-94; Raymond, H. K., Thode, S., Zhou, J., Friedman, G. C., Pardinas, J. R., Barrere, C., Johnson, R. M., Sah, D. W. Y. 1999. Immortalized human dorsal root ganglion cells differentiate into neurons with nociceptive properties. Journal of Neuroscience 19(13):5420-5428; Chen, W., Mi, R., Haughey, N., Oz, M., Höke, A. 2007. Immortalization and characterization of a nociceptive dorsal root ganglion sensory neuronal line. J of the Peripheral Nervous System 12:121-130). Cultures of isolated DRGs that express a human NaV1.7 as described in Examples 2-4 are then transfected, e.g. by electroporation, with a candidate vector engineered as described above.
After transfection, cell cultures are grown in selection medium and maintained in the selection medium for up to 1-2 weeks until isolated colonies with 200-300 cells formed. Colonies are picked and expanded using standard culture methods when reached about 80-90% confluence. Cells from culture may be screened for expression of human NaV1.7 protein by Southern or Western Blot using probes designed from the human NaV1.7 sequence. Alternatively, confirmation of human NaV1.7 channel protein in the transfected cells can be achieved by polymerase chain reaction on isolated DNA or RNA from the transfected cells.
Once the immortalized DRG neuronal cell line has demonstrated self-replication capability for multiple generations, it will be suitable for several different assays, including, for example, analysis of neuronal properties of the human NaV1.7 channel, neuronal toxicity assays, measurement of DRG response to nociceptive stimuli, patch-clamp assays, high-throughput drug screening, and testing of NaV1.7 specific blockers (e.g., an anti-NaV1.7 antibody).

## Claims

1. A method for identifying a Nav1.7 antagonist, comprising:
(a) providing ex vivo a cell that expresses a full-length human Nav1.7 α subunit protein, or a chimeric Nav1.7 α subunit protein comprising an extracellular loop of domain I or Ill of the mouse Nav1.7 α subunit that has been replaced by the corresponding loop from a human Nav1.7 α subunit;
(b) contacting the cell with a test compound that binds to, or blocks a function of, the human Nav1.7 α subunit protein or the chimeric Nav1.7 α subunit protein of (a) and waiting a first period of time;
(c) contacting the cell from (b) with one or more inflammatory substances and waiting a second period of time;
(d) determining the amount of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) released from the cell following step (c); and
(e) comparing the amount of CGRP released in step (d) to the amount of CGRP released in the presence of a known sodium channel inhibitor, wherein an increase in CGRP released in the presence of a test compound indicates inhibition of Nav1.7.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the test compound is selected from an antibody, a peptide, an organic compound, and a toxin.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the antibody is human.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more inflammatory substances are selected from prostaglandin E2, bradykinin, capsaicin, protons, and a neurotrophic factor.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the one or more inflammatory substances are prostaglandin E2, bradykinin and capsaicin.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a neuronal cell.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the neuronal cell is a dorsal root ganglion cell (DRG).

8. The method of claim 6 or 7, wherein the cell is a mouse cell.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is isolated from a genetically modified mouse comprising, in its germline, a nucleotide sequence that encodes a human Nav1.7α subunit or fragment thereof operably linked to a Nav promoter.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of CGRP released in the presence of the test compound inhibits one or more functions of the human or chimeric Nav1.7 protein and is at least 2-fold higher than the known sodium channel inhibitor.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the known sodium channel inhibitor is tetrodotoxin.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the known sodium channel inhibitor is ProTx-II.

13. A method for identifying a Nav1.7 antagonist, comprising:
(a) contacting a DRG cell that expresses a full-length human Nav1.7 α subunit protein, or a chimeric Nav1.7 α subunit protein comprising an extracellular loop of domain I or Ill of the mouse Nav1.7 α subunit that has been replaced by the corresponding loop from a human Nav1.7 α subunit with a test compound that binds to, or blocks a function of, the human Nav1.7 α subunit protein or the chimeric Nav1.7 α subunit protein and waiting a first period of time;
(b) contacting the DRG from (a) with one or more inflammatory substances and waiting a second period of time;
(c) determining the amount of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) released from the DRG following step (b); and
(d) comparing the amount of CGRP released in step (c) to the amount of CGRP released in the presence of a known sodium channel inhibitor, wherein an increase in CGRP released in the presence of a test compound indicates inhibition of Nav1.7.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the agent is selected from an antibody, a peptide, an organic compound, and a toxin.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the antibody is human.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein the one or more inflammatory substances are prostaglandin E2, bradykinin and capsaicin.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein the DRG is isolated from a member of the group consisting of human, mouse, rat, or monkey.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the DRG is isolated from a mouse.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the mouse comprises, in its germline, a nucleotide sequence that encodes a human Nav1.7α subunit or fragment thereof operably linked to a Nav promoter.

20. The method of claim 13, wherein the known sodium channel inhibitor is tetrodotoxin.

21. The method of claim 13, wherein the known sodium channel inhibitor is ProTx-II.

22. A kit comprising a Nav1.7 antagonist, a neuronal cell that expresses a full-length human Nav1.7 α subunit protein or a chimeric Nav1.7 α subunit protein comprising an extracellular pore loop sequence of the mouse Nav1.7 α subunit that has been replaced by the corresponding extracellular pore loop sequence from a human Nav1.7 α subunit, and one or more inflammatory substances.

23. The kit of claim 22, wherein the neuronal cell is a DRG cell.

24. The kit of claim 22, wherein the cell is immortalized.

25. The kit of claim 22, wherein the Nav1.7 antagonist is an anti-Nav1.7 antibody.

26. The kit of claim 22, wherein the human extracellular pore loop sequence corresponds to the extracellular pore loop sequence of domain I of a Nav1.7 α subunit protein.

27. The kit of claim 22, wherein the human extracellular pore loop sequence corresponds to the extracellular pore loop sequence of domain III of a Nav1.7 α subunit protein.