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Title:   Author  item
                                            Evans, Jayitem
                                            Boncristiani Jr, Humbertoitem
                                            Chen, Yanping

                                                         - *Judy*
  Submitted to: Apidologie
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 12/30/2009
                                    Publication  Date: 2/25/2010
                                    Citation: Evans, J.D., Boncristiani Jr., H.F., Chen, Y. 2010. Scientific note on mass collection and hatching of honey bee embryos. Apidologie. 41:654-656.Interpretive Summary: Honey bees are critically important for many agricultural crops worldwide.  Here we describe a novel technique for collecting honey bee embryos that allows rapid screening for pathogens and genetic traits. This collection strategy also results in higher embryo hatching and survival than current techniques, allowing for preservation of emerging embryos, and downstream needs such as breeding and screening for rare genetic traits.  This method is easily adapted for efforts by regulators seeking to screen bees for disease or africanization, bee breeders seeking a way to sample progeny from queens, and researchers seeking to validate genetic markers in bees.
                                Technical Abstract: Honey bees provide excellent opportunities for studying development, behavior, and defenses against natural parasites and pathogens. They are also a critical component of modern agriculture, through their leading role in pollinating the world’s crops. Research and diagnostic methods for honey bees require efficient sampling methods for all colony members, often involving a large number of individual bees. This need for greater sampling must be balanced by the expenses involved with collecting and screening numerous colony members.  In the case of whole-colony surveys for pathogens, mass extractions from adult workers require scaled up amounts of expensive reagents and, as a result, most such surveys have been limited to a small subset of colony members. Mass removal of viable embryos can be used for diagnostics, as a screening tool for genetic traits of interest and, in principle, an efficient first step in programs for in vitro rearing of honey bee workers, queens, and drones. Here we describe a simple method for collecting thousands of honey bee embryos and show that these embryos have higher hatching rates than do embryos collected by more laborious methods.


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