U.S. flagAn official website of the United States government
                    Here's how you know **Official websites use .gov**
                            
                            A **.gov** website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
 **Secure .gov websites use HTTPS**
                            
                            A **lock** (                            
                              A locked padlock                                                      
                            
                            ) or **https://** means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.


Menu Agricultural Research Service
						
                    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
 Carl Hayden Bee Research Center: Tucson, AZ
 close



    Research

                    Research Projects
                                    Publications
                                    Collaborations
                                    News
                People

                    Staff Listing
                                    Careers


        


                    Information
                        Africanized Honey Bees
                                    Bee Safety
                                    Online Books
                                    Other NewsSearch small
                    Search
            
            ARS Home
                                About ARS
                                Contact Us




ARS Home Pacific West Area Tucson, Arizona Carl Hayden Bee Research Center Research Publications at this Location





- ARS National Programs
- Search for a scientific manuscript
- Search for a research project
- ARS Software
- Programs and Projects
- Collaborations
- Subjects of Investigation
- Publications
- Cold Storage Overview
- Why put colonies in cold storage to overwinter?
- When to put colonies in cold storage?
- Which colonies to put into cold storage?
- Cold Storage Overwintering Tool
- Overview
- Objective 1: Climate effects on bloom and floral rewards
- Objective 2. Landscape level nutrition models
- Objective 3: Determine pollinator number, diversity and pathogen load
- Objective 4: Develop a management plan for overwintering colonies in cold storage
- Outcomes
- Varroa Overview
- Varroa mite life cycle and reproduction
- Varroosis
- How to Monitor, Sample, and Treat for Varroa
- Current Research: Mite Migration
- Introduction
- BEEPOP+ Model

Title:   Author  item
                                            Le Blanc, Blaiseitem
                                            Boue, Stephenitem
                                            DeGrandi-Hoffman, Gloriaitem
                                            Deeby, Thomasitem
                                            McCready, Hollyitem
                                            Loeffelmann, Kevin
  Submitted to: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 8/20/2008
                                    Publication  Date: 12/20/2008
                                    Citation: Le Blanc, B.W., Boue, S.M., Hoffman, G.D., Deeby, T.A., Mccready, H.D., Loeffelmann, K.L. 2008. Cyclodextrins as Carriers of Monterpenes into the Hemolymph of the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) for Integrated Pest Management. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56(18), 8565-8573.Interpretive Summary: Thymol and carvacrol (monterpenes), which are components of oil of thyme and origanum, respectively, were encapsulated with beta cyclodextrin.  Beta cyclodextrin served as a carrier to carry the monterpenes into the hemolymph of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in effort to repel Varroa mites, which thrive by ingesting bees hemolymph.  The toxicity of the characterized complexes and the cyclodextrin were reported and the levels of thyme and carvacrol were quantitated.
                                Technical Abstract: The Varroa mite (Varroa destructor), is becoming ubiquitous worldwide and is a serious threat to honey bees.  The cultivation of certain food crops are at risk.  The most noted acaricides against Varroa mites are with tau-fluvaninate and with coumaphos, but the mites are showing resistance.  Since these insectidices are used in the proximity of honey, it is desirable to use natural alternatives.  Monoterpenoids such as thymol and carvacrol, that are constituents of oil of thyme and oil of origanum, show promise as acaricides against the Varroa mite, but the delivery of these compounds remains a challenge due to the low water solubility and uncontrolled volatility.  Beta cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of thymol oil of origanum and carvacrol were prepared on a preparative scale.  Competitive binding was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy by using 6-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-2-sulfonate as a fluorescent probe.  The complexes were characterized and the competitive binding described by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy chemical shifts.  The toxicity of Beta cyclodextrin and the prepared complexes in enriched sucrose syrup were studied by conducting caged honey bee (Apis mellifera) feeding trials.  After the first and second weeks of feeding, hemolymph and gut tissue samples were acquired from the caged bee study.  The levels of thymol and carvacrol were quantified by solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography mass spectroscopy, by our optimized procedure.  High (mM) levels of thymol and carvacrol were detected in bee tissues without any imposed toxicity to the bees, in effort to deter Varroa mites from feeding on honey bee hemolymph.


Return to top


Connect with ARS Sign up


ARS Home
                            USDA.gov
                            Plain Writing
                            Policies & Links
                            Civil Rights Statements
                            FOIA
                            Accessibility Statement
                            Privacy Policy
                            Non-Discrimination Statement
                            Quality of Information
                            USA.gov
                            WhiteHouse.gov