IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 14-1032

Filed October 28, 2015

TERESA CHRISTINE PAYNE,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

GREAT RIVER HEALTH SYSTEMS, GREAT RIVER 

MEDICAL CENTER, GREAT RIVER BUSINESS 

HEALTH, DR. JAMES MILANI, DR. RICK GARRELS, 

and DR. MATTHEW J. HOFFMAN,

Defendants-Appellees.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Des Moines County, Mary Ann 

Brown, Judge.

Teresa Payne appeals the district court’s adverse grant of summary 

judgment as to her medical malpractice action. AFFIRMED.

Kenneth J. Weiland Jr. of Weiland Law Firm, P.C., Des Moines, for 

appellant.

Connie Alt and Kerry A. Finley of Shuttleworth & Ingersoll, P.C., Cedar 

Rapids, for appellees Great River Health Systems, Great River Medical Center, 

Great River Business Health, Milani, and Garrels.

Christine L. Conover and Carrie Thompson of Simmons, Perrine, Moyer, 

Bergman, P.L.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellee Hoffman.

Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Potterfield and McDonald, JJ.
2

POTTERFIELD, Judge.

Teresa Payne appeals the district court’s entry of summary judgment in 

favor of the defendants in this medical malpractice action against Great River 

Health Systems, Great River Medical Center, Great River Business Health, Dr. 

James Milani, Dr. Rick Garrels, and Dr. Matthew J. Hoffman. She argues her 

failure to certify an expert witness did not warrant dismissal of her suit.

I. Background Facts.

The facts as alleged by Payne are that she fell and injured her leg on April

6, 2011. On April 7, 2011, she went to the emergency room at Great River

Medical Center for treatment and had an x-ray of her leg and knee. The 

emergency room doctor thought she had a bruise on her leg and put her leg in an 

immobilizer. She was then sent to Great River Business Health and treated by 

Dr. Rick Garrels. Dr. Garrels saw Payne on April 7, 2011, and did not diagnose a 

fracture or dislocation. Payne was then transferred to Dr. James Milani. On April 

15, 2011, an MRI was performed. Dr. Hoffman interpreted the results of the 

MRI.1 Dr. Milani told Payne on April 19, 2011, that the MRI did not show any 

injury other than a bone marrow bruise. Another x-ray was performed on May 

18, 2011. After reviewing this x-ray, Dr. Milani diagnosed a fracture of the tibia. 

Payne’s affidavit states that on her third visit with Dr. Milani, “he told me that he 

had made an error in the diagnosis and that there was a fracture or crack of the 

Tibia. Dr. Milani also indicated that he could do nothing to treat the fracture 

because the fracture was already healing.” Payne reports she confronted Dr. 

 

1 The record does not reflect that Payne met or consulted with Dr. Hoffman. He did not 

diagnose a bone fracture.
3

Milani on June 1, “about his failure to properly diagnose[.] Dr. Milani stated that 

the misdiagnosis would not happen to him because he is a Doctor.”

On May 20, 2013, Payne filed a medical malpractice petition, alleging the 

named defendants’ failure to earlier diagnose the fracture of her tibia constituted 

negligence. Dr. Hoffman filed an answer on September 3, 2013. All other 

defendants filed a joint answer on September 16, 2013. 

On April 10, 2014, the defendants moved for summary judgment because 

Payne had failed to timely certify an expert witness pursuant to Iowa Code 

section 668.11 (2013),

2

and Payne could not establish medical negligence 

without expert testimony. The district court granted the motion, and Payne 

appeals. 

II. Scope and Standard of Review. 

We review the grant of summary judgment for correction of errors at law. 

See Rathje v. Mercy Hosp., 745 N.W.2d 443, 447 (Iowa 2008); Hill v. McCartney, 

590 N.W.2d 52, 54 (Iowa 1998).

Summary judgment is proper when “‘there is no genuine issue as to any 

material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of 

law.’” Christy v. Miulli, 692 N.W.2d 694, 699 (Iowa 2005) (quoting Iowa R. Civ. P. 

1.981(3)).

 

2 Section 668.11 provides, 

A party in a professional liability case brought against a licensed 

professional . . . who intends to call an expert witness . . . shall certify to 

the court and all other parties the expert’s name, qualifications and the 

purpose for calling the expert within . . . one hundred eighty days of the 

defendant’s answer . . . .
4

III. Discussion.

In order to establish a prima facie case of medical 

malpractice, plaintiff must show evidence establishing the 

applicable standard of care, demonstrating the standard has been 

violated, and showing a causal relationship between the violation 

and the alleged harm.

Generally, when the ordinary care of a physician is an issue, 

only experts can testify and establish the standard of care and the 

skill required. If the standard of care of a physician . . . is at issue, 

Iowa law permits only testimony upon appropriate standard of care 

by an expert who has qualifications, related directly to the medical 

problem at issue and type of treatment administered.

Hill, 590 N.W.2d at 56 (citations omitted). It is uncontested that Payne has failed 

to certify an expert.

Payne argues summary judgment is nevertheless improper. Though 

acknowledging expert testimony is typically required to establish negligence in a 

medical malpractice action, she relies upon an exception—“when the lack of care 

is so obvious it is within comprehension of a lay person.” Id.; see also Graeve v.

Cherny, 580 N.W.2d 800, 802 (Iowa 1998). She argues, “[S]omeone of average 

intelligence is able to understand the concept of a broken bone.” Her argument 

is an oversimplification of the issues in her case. We agree with the district court, 

which reasoned that a showing of a broken bone is not enough; Payne was 

required to show there had been a “misreading” of the x-rays and MRI’s. The 

court observed, 

Lay people are not capable of interpreting or reading X rays or 

MRl’s. Reviewing X rays or MRl’s is technical and not within the 

knowledge of a common layperson. The fact that the Plaintiff had 

an X ray on May 18, 2011, that disclosed a fracture of her tibia 

does not in and of itself establish that the physicians misread the 

MRI’s or X rays that were taken in April 2011. Expert testimony will 

be necessary to establish that. As a result, the Court concludes 

that expert testimony is necessary to establish the standard of care 

in this particular case and that the doctors did not follow it.
5

We agree with the district court; this case does not fall within the exception to the 

general requirement of expert testimony.

Payne goes on to claim in the alternative that she does not need outside 

expert testimony because statements allegedly made by Dr. Milani constitute an 

admission of malpractice.3 See id. (“Admissions of medical malpractice by a 

defendant physician can constitute the direct expert testimony needed to show 

malpractice.”). However, the alleged statements arise only from Payne’s 

affidavit, which states, “[W]hen I confronted Dr. Milani about his failure to properly 

diagnose[,] Dr. Milani stated that the misdiagnosis would not happen to him [Dr.

Milani] because he is a Doctor.” We agree with the district court that, this

“statement in and of itself is not a clear admission that [Dr. Milani] felt he had not 

followed the reasonable standards of medical care.” Though the alleged 

statement is ambiguous, we cannot identify any interpretation of the statement 

that could amount to an admission of malpractice. It certainly cannot “establish 

the applicable standard of care.” See Oswald v. LeGrand, 453 N.W.2d 634, 640 

(Iowa 1990).

Lastly, Payne claims summary judgment was improper because her 

current treating physician, Dr. Hendricks, can testify without certification under 

Iowa Code section 668.11. However, she did not so allege before the district 

court, and the claim is not preserved. See Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 

537 (Iowa 2002) (“[I]ssues must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the 

district court before we will decide them on appeal.”). 

 

3 As the district court noted, even if Payne were to prevail on this theory, summary 

judgment would still be proper as to all defendants other than Dr. Milani.
6

In reviewing this record in the light most favorable to Payne, the 

defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Without expert testimony, 

Payne is unable to carry her burden to prove the applicable standard of care. 

We affirm.

AFFIRMED.