2024 IL App (1st) 231431-U

No. 1-23-1431 

First Division

September 9, 2024 

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

____________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

____________________________________________________________________________ 

TAIWO F. DUROWADE

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 

 v. 

LENNY’S GAS-N-WASH SAUK TRAIL, 

LLC, 

 Defendant-Appellee. 

) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of 

) Cook County. 

) 

) 

) No. 20 M6 006148 

) 

) 

) Honorable 

) Carrie Hamilton, 

) Judge, Presiding. 

____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE COBBS delivered the judgment of the court. 

Presiding Justice Fitzgerald Smith and Justice Lavin concurred in the judgment. 

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: Where there is no report of proceedings, or acceptable substitute, for the jury 

instruction conference or the jury trial, we presume that the trial court’s decision 

regarding plaintiff-appellant’s proposed jury instruction on voluntary undertaking 

was proper. 

¶ 2 Following a jury trial, judgment was entered in favor of defendant-appellee Lenny’s GasN-Wash Sauk Trail, LLC. On appeal, plaintiff-appellant Taiwo F. Durowade argues that the trial 
No. 1-23-1431 

- 2 - 

court abused its discretion in denying plaintiff’s request for a jury instruction on voluntary 

undertaking. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 On September 10, 2020, plaintiff, a resident of Sauk Village, Cook County, Illinois, 

instituted this action against defendant following an incident that occurred at defendant’s business 

on August 3, 2020. 

¶ 5 According to plaintiff’s complaint, on August 3, 2020, plaintiff visited defendant’s car 

wash in Sauk Village. She was not familiar with this car wash. She proceeded driving through the 

designated route and did not see any signs. Upon arriving at the entrance to the car wash, an 

attendant signaled to her and instructed her to put her vehicle in neutral, which she did. During the 

wash, plaintiff heard a loud noise but did not know what it was. After exiting the car wash, plaintiff

noticed that the windshield wiper of her vehicle was broken and her windshield was cracked. She 

alerted an attendant who retrieved her wiper from the car wash, and she filled out an incident report 

detailing the damage. 

¶ 6 The complaint then alleged that defendant “failed to act reasonably in preventing the 

damage to [plaintiff’s] vehicle by committing one or more of the following negligent acts or 

omissions: 

a. failing to warn [plaintiff] to turn off her automatic wipers; 

b. failing to provide [plaintiff] with all necessary instructions for a safe wash; 

c. voluntarily undertaking to provide [plaintiff] instructions for the wash but doing so 

negligently by providing her with only one instruction, despite knowing that there were 

other instructions necessary for [plaintiff] to know prior to the wash; and 
No. 1-23-1431 

- 3 - 

d. being otherwise careless and/or negligent.” 

Plaintiff further alleged that she relied on defendant to provide her with all the necessary 

instructions for a safe wash; defendant’s negligence was the proximate cause of the damage to 

plaintiff’s vehicle; and she spent $711.85 repairing the damage caused by defendant’s negligence. 

Attached to her complaint was a copy of the incident report, an invoice from Caliber Collision 

showing a cost of $711.85 for repairs to plaintiff’s vehicle, and a receipt from a debit card payment 

for $711.85. 

¶ 7 A week before the trial was set to begin, defendant waived its jury demand and plaintiff

subsequently filed a jury demand. However, the trial court struck plaintiff’s jury demand because 

she did not demand a jury trial at the time she filed her complaint. A bench trial was held on June 

21, 2021, after which the trial court entered judgment in favor of defendant. 

¶ 8 Plaintiff appealed that judgment to this court, specifically challenging the trial court’s 

denial of her jury demand. We reversed the trial court’s order striking plaintiff’s jury demand, 

finding that good cause existed for plaintiff’s late filing and defendant was not inconvenienced. 

We remanded for a jury trial. Durowade v. Lenny’s Gas-N-Wash, 2022 IL App (1st) 210770-U, ¶¶ 

18-21. 

¶ 9 Prior to the jury trial, plaintiff submitted proposed jury instructions, including an 

instruction on the theory of negligent voluntary undertaking. The proposed instruction provided as 

follows: 

“When I use the words “voluntary undertaking,” I mean a person who gratuitously renders 

services to another. Under this theory of liability, one who voluntarily undertakes a course 

of action may not perform the act negligently. One who is negligent in his or her 
No. 1-23-1431 

- 4 - 

undertaking will be held liable for foreseeable consequences of the act if another suffers 

harm or physical damage because he or she relied upon that undertaking.” 

Defendant objected to the instruction. On March 22, 2023, just prior to trial, the trial court held a 

hearing on the jury instruction issue. No transcript of that hearing or conference, or an acceptable 

substitute, appears in the record. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 321 (eff. Oct. 1, 2021) (providing that the record 

on appeal shall include “the entire original common law record” and “any report of proceedings 

prepared in accordance with Rule 323”); Ill. S. Ct. R. 323(a), (c), (d) (providing that the appellant 

must file a report of proceedings, a bystander’s report, or an agreed statement of facts). The trial 

court denied plaintiff’s proposed instruction and sustained defendant’s objection, reasoning that 

defendant was not required to repeat the instructions on the signage and its voluntary undertaking 

was limited to the instruction it did repeat. 

¶ 10 That same day, a jury trial was held. Again, no transcript of that hearing, or an acceptable 

substitute, appears in the record. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 321, 323. The only record of the evidence 

presented at the trial is contained in the April 4, 2023 and August 3, 2023 trial court orders. The 

jury returned a verdict for defendant. 

¶ 11 Thereafter, plaintiff filed a motion for a new trial, arguing, inter alia, that the question of 

whether defendant was negligent in its voluntary undertaking was a matter for the jury to decide, 

and by deciding the issue prior to trial, the trial court intruded on the province of the jury and 

prejudiced her right to a fair trial. In response, defendant asserted that the verbal directive to put 

the car in neutral did not extend a duty to verbally repeat all other instructions and plaintiff failed 

to establish reasonable reliance on defendant’s verbal directive. Plaintiff subsequently filed a reply. 

¶ 12 On August 3, 2023, the trial court denied the motion, concluding that the proposed jury 

instruction was not supported by the evidence in the record and that it did not remove a factual 
No. 1-23-1431 

- 5 - 

issue from the jury because it had determined, as a matter of law, that the voluntary undertaking 

was limited to the instruction to put the car in neutral and there was no assertion that that instruction 

was negligent. Additionally, the trial court noted that “[a]rguably, plaintiff waived [her] argument 

as to the jury instruction” because she did not ask the trial court to reconsider its previous ruling 

at the conclusion of the evidence. 

¶ 13 This appeal followed. 

¶ 14 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 15 On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied her 

proposed jury instruction on negligent voluntary undertaking and denied plaintiff’s right to a fair 

trial as a result. 

¶ 16 Although plaintiff treats the issue of “waiver” seemingly in passing, given its potential 

dispositive effect, we consider this a threshold issue. Noting the trial court’s comment that 

plaintiff’s argument regarding the jury instruction had been “arguably waived,” plaintiff argues

that the claimed error has been preserved. Citing to the record, plaintiff notes her objection to the 

court’s rejection of her tendered jury instruction during the instructions conference.

¶ 17 Not surprisingly, defendant responds that the claimed error is “waived.” Defendant initially 

asserts that plaintiff was required to submit a remedial instruction pursuant to Ladao v. Faits, 2019 

IL App (1st) 180610, ¶ 22. However, in the circumstances before the trial court, there was no need 

for remedial instruction as plaintiff was not objecting to an improper instruction, but rather offering 

one that she contended should be given. The proposed instruction was, in effect, the remedial 

instruction. Defendant additionally contends that plaintiff was required to request that the trial 

court reconsider its ruling after the close of evidence, but defendant fails to submit to this court 

any legal precedent requiring that a challenge to a trial court’s refusal to give an instruction must 
No. 1-23-1431 

- 6 - 

be raised again after the evidence has been presented. Our research has also not revealed any case 

mandating the time at which the jury instructions conference must take place or that a party must 

request that the court reconsider its ruling after the evidence has been heard. 

¶ 18 Rather, the decisional law of this court seems clear that an objection simply must be made 

either during a jury instruction conference or when the instructions are given to the jury. See 

Baumrucker v. Express Cab Dispatch, Inc., 2017 IL App (1st) 161278, ¶ 63; Marek v. Stepkowski, 

241 Ill. App. 3d 862, 870 (1992). To preserve an error in the jury instructions for appeal, the 

opposing party must make a specific objection at the time of the instructions conference and the 

specific objection must be included in a written posttrial motion. Burnham v. Lewis, 217 Ill. App. 

3d 752, 756 (1991); People v. Watt, 2013 IL App (2d) 120183, ¶ 33 (citing Dean v. Keith’s & 

Ralph’s Tavern, Inc., 25 Ill. App. 3d 970, 972 (1975)). Here, plaintiff tendered a proposed 

instruction prior to trial and the court held a jury instruction conference on the day of trial and 

sustained defendant’s objection to plaintiff’s tendered instruction on voluntary undertaking. 

Plaintiff also raised the issue in her motion for a new trial. As such, we conclude that the jury 

instruction issue has been preserved. 

¶ 19 Jury instructions inform the jury of the correct principles of law to be applied to the 

submitted evidence. Dillon v. Evanston Hospital, 199 Ill. 2d 483, 507 (2002). In particular, “the 

parties are entitled to have the jury instructed on the issues presented, the principles of law to be 

applied, and the facts needed to be proved to support its verdict.” Id. at 505. “Instructions which 

are not supported by either the evidence or the law should not be given.” People v. Mohr, 228 Ill. 

2d 53, 65 (2008). 

¶ 20 Whether to give a proposed jury instruction is a decision which rests within the sound 

discretion of the trial court. Simmons v. Garces, 198 Ill. 2d 541, 573 (2002). Thus, a trial court’s 
No. 1-23-1431 

- 7 - 

decision to give or deny a proposed jury instruction is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Williams 

v. Sebert Landscape, Co., 407 Ill. App. 3d 753, 756 (2011). Under this standard of review, we 

determine whether, when “taken as a whole, the instructions fairly, fully, and comprehensively 

apprised the jury of the relevant legal principles.” Schultz v. Northeast Illinois Regulation 

Commuter R.R. Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 260, 273-74 (2002). 

¶ 21 Before turning to the merits, we address the insufficiency of the record on this issue. The 

burden is on the appellant to provide this court with a complete record to support a claim of error 

on appeal. Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 391-92 (2007). “Absent a sufficient record, the 

reviewing court presumes that the trial court conformed to the law and that its rulings were 

supported by the evidence.” Adams v. Sarah Bush Lincoln Health Center, 369 Ill. App. 3d 988, 

997 (2007). Doubts arising from the incompleteness of the record will be resolved in favor of the 

appellee. Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 392. 

¶ 22 On appeal, plaintiff has failed to provide this court with a transcript of the jury instruction 

conference or the jury trial or any acceptable substitute for either proceeding. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 321 

(eff. Oct. 1, 2021) (providing that the record on appeal shall include “the entire original common 

law record” and “any report of proceedings prepared in accordance with Rule 323”); Ill. S. Ct. R. 

323(a), (c), (d) (providing that the appellant must file a report of proceedings, a bystander’s report, 

or an agreed statement of facts). Plaintiff attempts to mitigate this failure by directing us to her 

own summary of the jury trial in her brief and in her motions in the court below. However, we will 

not take as fact plaintiff’s own recitation of the proceedings. See American Sav. Bank v. Robinson, 

183 Ill. App. 3d 945, 947 (1989) (“A statement of facts *** in an appellant’s brief is not sufficient 

to bring this matter to the attention of the reviewing court as to what transpired and what evidence 

was presented to the trier of fact.”). 
No. 1-23-1431 

- 8 - 

¶ 23 Here, the incompleteness of the record hinders our ability to review whether the failure to 

give the instruction on voluntary undertaking was reversible error. “A jury instruction error, 

although one of constitutional magnitude, is not necessarily a structural error and therefore does 

not result in automatic reversal.” People v. Hartfield, 2022 IL 126729, ¶ 42; see also Central 

Illinois Elec. Services, LLC v. Slepian, 358 Ill. App. 3d 545, 550 (2005) (“Not every error 

committed by the trial court in a civil case leads to reversal.”). “Reversal is warranted if the error 

resulted in ‘serious prejudice’ to the [party’s] right to a fair trial.” Studt v. Sherman Health Systems, 

2011 IL 108182, ¶ 28; see also Schultz v. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., 201 

Ill. 2d 260, 274 (2002) (“reviewing court ordinarily will not reverse a trial court for giving faulty 

instructions unless they clearly misled the jury and resulted in prejudice to the appellant”). 

Relevant here, “[a] new trial will be granted based on the court’s refusal to give a proposed 

instruction only when that refusal has caused serious prejudice to a litigant’s right to a fair trial.” 

Cipolla v. Village of Oak Lawn, 2015 IL App (1st) 132228, ¶ 43; see also Mikolajczyk v. Ford 

Motor Co., 231 Ill. 2d 516, 563 (2008) (“[W]hen a party tenders a jury instruction that states the 

legal principles applicable to the case and that instruction is supported by the evidence, it is an 

abuse of discretion to refuse to give the instruction if the refusal prejudices the party’s right to a 

fair trial.”).

¶ 24 Based on these principles, even if we determined that there was a jury instruction error, we 

would then need to review the evidence presented at trial to determine whether plaintiff was 

prejudiced. See Studt, 2011 IL 108182, ¶¶ 28-29 (reviewing the trial testimony to determine 

whether the defendant suffered serious prejudice due to an erroneous jury instruction). We cannot 

evaluate the prejudice caused by any alleged error in the jury instructions where we have no record 

of the trial, and the trial court’s discussion of the trial in its order denying plaintiff’s motion for a 
No. 1-23-1431 

- 9 - 

new trial is not sufficient for us to conduct a meaningful review. Where the record is incomplete, 

we may not speculate as to what errors may have occurred below. Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 391-92; see 

also People v. Edwards, 74 Ill. 2d 1, 7 (1978) (“A reviewing court may not guess at the harm to 

an appellant *** where a record is incomplete. *** Where the record is insufficient or does not 

demonstrate the alleged error, the reviewing court must refrain from supposition and decide 

accordingly.”). We must therefore presume that any potential error in the jury instructions caused 

plaintiff no prejudice, and thus, her claim on appeal necessarily fails.

¶ 25 Even were we to review plaintiff’s claimed error based solely on the record now before us, 

we cannot say that the trial court erred in refusing to give the instruction on negligent voluntary 

undertaking. Arguably, the trial court ruled as a matter of law prior to trial on the issue of plaintiff’s 

proposed jury instruction, and thus, we review that decision based on the record that was before 

the court at the time, namely the complaint. See McGovern v. Kaneshiro, 337 Ill. App. 3d 24, 29 

(2003) (If the issue is solely one of law, which is reviewed de novo, and thus, “are not inherently 

impacted by the failure to include the instruction conference colloquy, we may address the merits 

without a complete report of the proceedings.”). 

¶ 26 Under a voluntary undertaking theory of liability, “ ‘[o]ne who voluntarily undertakes to 

render services to another is liable for bodily harm caused by his failure to perform such services 

with due care or with such competence and skill as he possesses.’ ” Decker v. Domino’s Pizza, 

Inc., 268 Ill. App. 3d 521, 526 (1994) (quoting Siklas v. Ecker Center for Mental Health, Inc., 248 

Ill. App. 3d 124, 131 (1993)). Stated another way, “[i]f the person is negligent in the undertaking, 

he or she will be liable for the foreseeable consequences of the act if another person suffers harm 

because they relied on the other’s undertaking.” Day v. Menard, Inc., 386 Ill. App. 3d 681, 683 

(2008). This doctrine encompasses both “malfeasance—performing the undertaking negligently—
No. 1-23-1431 

- 10 - 

and nonfeasance—failure to perform the undertaking.” Lewis v. Chica Trucking, Co., 409 Ill. App. 

3d 240, 254 (2011). “However, this theory is to be construed narrowly, and the duty of care 

imposed upon a party is strictly limited to [the] extent of the undertaking.” Avila v. Chicago Transit 

Authority, 2021 IL App (1st) 190636, ¶ 47 (citing Elam v. O’Connor & Nakos, Ltd., 2019 IL App 

(1st) 181123, ¶ 41). 

¶ 27 In general, “litigants have the right to have the jury instructed on each theory supported by 

the evidence.” Heastie v. Roberts, 226 Ill. 2d 515, 543 (2007). But a trial court need not give an 

instruction “concerning issues not raised by the pleadings.” Blackburn v. Johnson, 187 Ill. App. 

3d 557, 564 (1989). Upon a review of the record before the trial court at the time of the jury 

instruction conference, we conclude that plaintiff’s allegations did not support the issuance of an 

instruction on voluntary undertaking.

¶ 28 Plaintiff asserts in her complaint that defendant was negligent by “voluntarily undertaking 

to provide [plaintiff] instructions for the wash but doing so negligently by providing her with only 

one instruction, despite knowing that there were other instructions necessary for [plaintiff] to know 

prior to the wash[.]” Her recitation of what took place when she arrived at the car wash was limited 

to an attendant stopping her and instructing her to put her car in neutral prior to entering the actual 

wash. In our view, plaintiff’s recount of the event fails to demonstrate that defendant voluntarily 

undertook to recite every instruction written on the signs preceding the car wash. The attendant 

allegedly only gave one instruction; the attendant did not explain the purpose of instruction—

whether it was for safety purposes or to start the car wash—and there was nothing to suggest that 

defendant intended to verbally recite to customers every instruction already provided on the 

signage. Moreover, plaintiff did not allege that the instruction to shift her car into neutral was given 
No. 1-23-1431 

- 11 - 

negligently. Based on plaintiff’s complaint, there was nothing to support a jury instruction on 

voluntary undertaking. 

¶ 29 In objecting to the proposed instruction, defendant cited to Frye v. Medicare-Glaser, 153 

Ill. 2d 26 (1992), for support. We agree with defendant and the trial court below that Frye is 

applicable here. In Frye, the administrator of the estate of a deceased patient instituted an action 

against a pharmacy based on a theory of negligent undertaking. Id. at 28-29. The patient had been 

prescribed a drug following surgery, and when the prescription was filled at the pharmacy, the 

pharmacist affixed two labels to the bottle, one of which was a picture of a “drowsy eye” and 

contained the words “May Cause Drowsiness.” Id. at 29. No warnings were given regarding the 

effect of drinking alcohol while taking the drug. Id. The patient consumed alcohol while taking 

the drug and consequently died. Id. The administrator argued on appeal that the extent of the 

pharmacy’s undertaking was to warn the patient of all potential dangers involved in taking the 

drug; however, our supreme court rejected that argument as overly broad and instead concluded 

that the extent of the undertaking was placing the ‘drowsy eye’ label on the container. Id. at 33. 

Further, the court stated that “it is unreasonable to argue that by placing only the “drowsy eye” 

label on the prescription container, a pharmacist might mislead a consumer into believing that 

drowsiness is the only side effect of [the drug].” Id. at 34. Thus, the supreme court affirmed 

summary judgment in favor of the pharmacist. Id.

¶ 30 Here, despite the fact that there were a number of instructions on multiple signs along the 

route to the car wash entrance, defendant undertook to give only one specific instruction to plaintiff 

prior to entering the actual car wash: to shift the car into neutral. The undertaking is therefore, like 

in Frye, limited to that one instruction, and there is no allegation that that instruction was given 

negligently. Despite plaintiff’s assertion that the trial court improperly construed defendant’s duty 
No. 1-23-1431 

- 12 - 

narrowly “[b]y divvying up the instructions,” that is precisely what occurred in Frye, where the 

side effects were divvied up and the pharmacy’s undertaking was limited to the single side effect 

label placed on the container. Thus, we see no reason to depart from the reasoning of Frye here.

¶ 31 We also find the cases upon which plaintiff relies in support of the jury instruction 

inapposite. In the trial court, plaintiff relied on Bourgonje v. Machev, 362 Ill. App. 3d 984 (2005). 

Plaintiff continues to rely on that case before this court, asserting that, “just like in Bourgonje, the 

jury should have been permitted to determine the underlying purpose of [d]efendant’s voluntary 

undertaking.” In Bourgonje, the plaintiff appealed from a grant of summary judgment in favor of 

her landlord. Id. at 986. Following an attack on the plaintiff on the premises of her apartment 

building, the plaintiff filed a complaint against her landlord, alleging that the landlord voluntarily 

undertook a duty to provide the plaintiff with security and failed to do so by having nonfunctioning 

lights. Id. at 984. In moving for summary judgment, the landlord argued that the lights were not a 

voluntary undertaking to provide security but were merely for convenience. Id. In its analysis, the 

court stated that “the extent of a voluntary undertaking is not simply determined by the specific 

act undertaken but upon a reasonable assessment of its underlying purpose to be determined on a 

case by case basis. Id. at 1002-03. The court determined that there was evidence in the record “to 

allow the conclusion that in this case providing the lighting was a voluntary undertaking of a 

security measure against assaults.” Id. at 1004. In particular, the evidence consisted of the 

plaintiff’s testimony that the landlord specifically agreed to light the building to protect her and 

the landlord’s listing the exterior lights as a security measure in her answers to interrogatories. Id.

at 1003. 

¶ 32 Plaintiff also mentions Decker v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 268 Ill. App. 3d 521 (1994). In 

Decker, the plaintiff brought a negligence action against his employer, defendant Domino’s Pizza, 
No. 1-23-1431 

- 13 - 

for injuries the plaintiff suffered during an armed robbery at one of the defendant’s stores. Id. at 

523. The evidence showed that prior to the robbery, the defendant had formed a standards 

committee to review proposed security measures for implementation at its stores. Id. at 524.

Among the measures adopted was implementation of a cash-management system through the 

mandated use of a time-delay safe, a store safety kit, literature related to robbery prevention and 

security training. Id. Following trial, the jury returned a verdict in the plaintiff’s favor. Id. at 525. 

¶ 33 On appeal, the defendant argued that the extent of his undertaking should be construed 

narrowly, and that the only duty it voluntarily assumed was the mandatory use of a time-delay 

safe. Id. at 526. The Fifth District of this court rejected the defendant’s argument, stating that, 

based on the facts in the record, the defendant “undertook to provide a security program that would 

deter robbery and protect employees from harm in the event of a robbery by providing the 

appropriate training and information.” Id. at 527. As such, the court held that “liability could be 

imposed upon [the] defendant for the negligent performance of the duty it voluntarily undertook.” 

Id. Additionally, the court distinguished Frye because the pharmacy there only undertook to warn 

patients of one specific side effect and, in the case before the court, the defendant undertook to 

establish a comprehensive security program. Id. at 528. 

¶ 34 Neither of these cases persuades us that the trial court erred in declining to give the 

proposed instruction on voluntary undertaking. In Bourgonje, the record showed that the defendant 

expressly promised to provide exterior lights as a safety measure, and in Decker, the record showed 

that the defendant specifically undertook to create an expansive security program to protect their 

employees that was not limited to merely a time-delayed safe. The scope of the undertaking in 

both cases directly correlated to the plaintiff’s specific claim of negligent voluntary undertaking. 

Here, plaintiff sought to broaden the scope of defendant’s undertaking to encompass a recitation 
No. 1-23-1431 

- 14 - 

of all instructions for the car wash; however, there were no allegations to support such a 

broadening, and the trial court properly declined to give a jury instruction on the issue. 

¶ 35 As a final aside, we reject plaintiff’s various assertions that the trial court’s pretrial decision 

on this issue was improper because it had not yet heard the evidence in the case or because it had 

usurped the function of the jury. Plaintiff had the opportunity to request that the trial court 

reconsider its decision after potentially eliciting the necessary testimony or evidence, and she did 

not do so. To subsequently claim that the trial court’s decision on that issue, which plaintiff raised 

prior to trial, was premature is not well taken. Regardless, after the trial, the court denied plaintiff’s 

motion for a new trial based on the jury instruction issue, finding that the evidence presented at 

trial did not provide the requisite support for the instruction. Accordingly, we find no reason to 

disturb the trial court’s decision.

¶ 36 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 37 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court. 

¶ 38 Affirmed.