PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 22
- 2078

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION , Plaintiff

- Appellee,

v. KRISTY ROSS, individually, and as officer of Innovative Marketing, Inc. , Defendant

- Appellant

. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland , at Baltimore

. Richard D. Bennett , Senior District Judge. ( 1:08

- cv - 03233

- RDB )
Argued: May 3, 2023 D ecided: July 19, 2023

Before DIAZ , Chief Judge, RUSHING, Circuit Judge, and FLOYD, Senior Circuit Judge.

Affirmed by published opinion. Senior Judge Floyd wrote the opinion in which Chief Judge Diaz and Judge Rushing joined.

ARGUED: Robert P. Greenspoon, DUNLAP, BENNETT & LUDWIG, Chicago, Illin ois, for Appellant. Matthew Michael Hoffman, FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: William W. Flachsbart , DUNLAP, BENNETT & LUDWIG, Chicago, Illinois, for Appellant. Anisha S. Dasgupta, General Counsel, Joel Marcus, Deputy General Counsel, Matthew M. Hoffman, Miriam R. Lederer, FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 1 of 162 FLOYD, Senior Cir cuit Judge: Defendant

- Appellant Kristy Ross victimized over a million Americans by furthering a country

- wide “scareware ” scam that tricked innocent computer users into paying for unnecessary software to remedy entirely fabricated issues purported to plagu e their devices

. A n apparent fugitive

— having sought for years to evade paying even a cent of the $ 163,167,539.95 in restitution ordered for her role in the scheme

— Ross now seeks vacatur of th at aging monetary judgment

. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

I. In the early 2000s, Ross was a vice president of Innovative Marketing, Inc.

— a company perpetrating a country

- wide “scareware” scam that tricked more than one million Americans into purchasing unnecessary software to fix computer issues that did not exist

. Ross helped to develop software advertisements and pop

- ups that falsely rep resented to viewers that their computers were infected by malicious software and viruses, contained illegal pornography, or were about to suffer critical system failures. The advertisements offered remedial software (for purchase) for the fraudulently rep resented issues. C ost s of the remedial software ranged anywhere from $30 to $100. Once purchased by desperate device owners , n ot only did the software do nothing to fix the purported issues

— th ose issues never existed

— but reputable computer

- security vendo rs considered the fraudsters’ software to itself be harmful to purchasers’ devices . In the course of the scam, Ross and her co

- conspirators fraudulently accumulated more than $160 million. Reaping the fruits of her duplicitous scheme, Ross enjoyed a lavi sh life with scam proceeds, frequenting Four USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 2 of 163 Seasons resorts abroad and shopping at luxury retailers. In 2008, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) sued Ross, alleging that the scareware scam violated Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (“FT C Act”), 15 U.S.C. § 45(a), which prohibit s unfair or deceptive practices in or affecting commerce

. 1 The FTC specifically sought relief via the FTC Act’s injunctive provision, Section 13(b), 15 U.S.C. § 53(b). Under that provision, the agency may seek to enjoin any entity from conduct believed to be in violation of the Act. Tied to its request for sta tutory injunctive relief via Section 13(b), the FTC also sought an equitable monetary judgment to fund consumer redress. In 2012, the case against Ross proceeded to a bench trial. See F ed. Trade Comm’n
v. Ross ( Ross I ) , 897 F. Supp. 2d 369 (D. Md. 2012)

. The district court entered judgment in favor of the FTC and against Ross

. The court permanently enjoined and restrained
Ross’s participation in any “marketing [or] sale of computer security software and software that interferes with consumers’ computer use as well as from engaging in any form of deceptive marketing.” Id. at 389; J.A. 78. It also held her jointly and severally liable with her co

- defendants for consumer redress in the amount of $163,167,539.95. Ross I , 897 F. Supp. 2d at 389. Ross timely appealed. As relevant here, she argued that the district court lacked the authority to impose an equitable monetary judgment under the FTC Act’s injunctive provision

— Section 13(b). This Court affirmed in 2014, joining every other circuit to

1 Notably, the FTC also sued many of Ross’s colleagues, but each either settled or defaulted. Ross is the only defendant who proceeded to trial. USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 3 of 164 a ddress the issue (including the First, Second, Third, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh) by holding that Section 13(b) impliedly granted district courts the authority to award consumer redress as an equitable component of the injunctive provision . Th e Court reasoned that “[a] ruling in favor of Ross would forsake almost thirty years of federal appellate decisions and create a circuit split, a result that we will not countenance in the face of powerful Supreme Court authority pointing in the other direction.” F ed. Trade
Comm’n v. Ross ( Ross II ) , 743 F.3d 886, 892 (4th Cir. 2014). The Court further reasoned that Ross’s argument “attempt[ed] to obliterate a significant part of the [FTC’s] remedial arsenal.” Id. Notably, since this Court’s affirma nce, Ross has not paid a penny toward satisfying the monetary judgment for consumer redress. Resp. Br. 5. Her whereabouts are unknown, and she is believed to have fled the United States. Id. In April 2021

— nearly a decade after the district court entered judgment against
Ross

— the Supreme Court decided AMG Capital Management, LLC v. Fed eral Trade
Comm ission , 141 S. Ct. 1341 (2021). There, the Court wiped out the almost entirely uniform approach of the federal circuits 2 to the question of whether Section 13(b) authorized equitable monetary relief. Rather, the Court held that Section 13(b) authorized only injunctive relief. AMG , 141 S. Ct. at 1349 , 1352 ( “[The FTC Act ] does not grant the [FTC] authority to obtain equitable monetary relief

. ”) . Five months after the issuance of the Supreme Court’s decision in AMG , Ross moved to vacate the restitution portion of the

2 In 2019

— after this Court’s decision in Ross’s direct appeal but before AMG

— the Seventh Circuit deviated from the rest of the federal circuits on the question of whether Sec tion 13(b) permitted equitable monetary awards. See F ed. Trade Comm’n v. Credit Bureau C tr. , 937 F.3d 764 (7th Cir. 2019). USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 4 of 165 judgment against her

. She a rgu ed that the equitable monetary judgment was void under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(4) because of a perceived post

- AMG jurisdictional defect , and, additionally or alternatively, because “extraordinary circumstances” justified vacatur under Rule 60(b)(6). The district court denied Ross’s motion. See F ed. Trade Comm’n v. Ross ( Ross III ) , No. RDB

- 08

- 3233, 2022 WL 4236 339, at *4 (D. Md. Sept. 14, 2022). Regarding Rule 60(b)(4), the court held that the monetary judgment was not void because the remedial provisions of Section 13(b) are not jurisdictional in nature and because, at the time of judgment, an arguable basis existed for the monetary remedy given that other circuits uniformly permitted such a remedy unde r that provision. Id. at *3. Regarding Rule 60(b)(6), the court held that, in the Fourth Circuit, a subsequent change in law does not amount to an “extraordinary circumstance” justifying relief. Id. at *4. The court further declared that so much time h ad passed since the entry of judgment that the interest of finality weighed heavily against a finding of extraordinary circumstances. Id. Ross timely appealed.

II.
We review a district court’s denial of a Rule 60(b)(4) motion de novo. United States

v . Welsh , 879 F.3d 530, 533 (4th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted) . Meanwhile, we review a district court’s denial of relief sought under Rule 60(b)(6) for abuse of discretion. Id. (citation omitted). Importantly , an appeal of a district court’s denial of Ru le 60(b) relief “does not bring USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 5 of 166 up the underlying judgment for review.” Aikens v. Ingram , 652 F.3d 496, 501 (4th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (citation omitted)

. “[A] fundamental precept of [] adjudication is that an issue once determined by a competent court is conclusive.” Arizona v. California , 460 U.S. 605, 619 (1983) (citations omitted) . This precept ensures “that there be an end of litigation; that those wh o have contested an issue shall be bound by the result of the contest, and that matters once tried shall be considered forever settled as between the parties.” Federated Dep’t Stores , Inc. v. Moitie , 452 U.S. 394, 401 (1981) (citation omitted). Consequen tly, new decisions are given retroactive effect in “all cases still open on direct review , ” Harper v. Va. Dep’t of Tax’n , 509 U.S. 86, 97 (1993) , b ut they “do not apply to cases already closed , ” Reynoldsville Casket Co. v. Hyde , 514 U.S. 749, 758 (1995). To be sure, R ule 60(b) allows district courts to reopen a judgment post

- direct appeal in “a limited set of circumstances,” and it is meant to “make an exception to finality.” Gonzalez v. Crosby , 545 U.S. 524, 528

– 29 (2005). But this exception to finality is not to be abused. See Aikens , 652 F.3d at 501 ( “[A] very strict interpretation of Rule 60(b) is essential if the finality of judgments is to be preserved.” (quoting Liljeberg v. Health Servs. Acquisition Corp. , 486 U.S. 847, 873 (1988) ( Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting) )). We consider Rule 60(b)(4) and (b)(6) in turn.

A

. Beginning with Rule 60(b)(4), Ross argues that the monetary relief portion of the district court’s judgment should be deemed void in light of AMG because that decision deprived the FTC of Article III standing to seek such relief , thereby stripping the district USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 6 of 167 court of subject matter jurisdiction. See, e.g. , Opening Br. 13 (“[T]he district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction (for want of stan ding by the FTC) to order monetary relief.”)

. In other words, Ross seems to contend that because AMG wiped out a particular remedy, the FTC had no right to pursue it as a form of redress

— redressability being a necessary component of Article III standing , and standing being a necessary component of subject matter jurisdiction . She further argues that the arguable

- basis test does not apply to excuse any jurisdictional defect, and, even if it did, that there was no arguable basis for the district court’s dec ision to exercise jurisdiction here. The FTC first disputes whether AMG ’s novel interpretation of a statutory remedy even relates to jurisdictional or standing analyses in the manner that Ross claims

. The FTC also responds that the district court proper ly exercised jurisdiction over the claim and properly recognized the FTC’s standing to assert it

. Finally, the FTC argues that even if the district court erred , and we perceive AMG as retroactively narrowing jurisdiction and/or standing , the arguable

- basis test excuses any defect

. Rather , according to the FTC, an arguable basis supported a finding of standing at the time of judgment, so Rule 60(b)(4) voidness cannot apply now. Rule 60(b)(4) provides that “[o]n motion and just terms, the court may relieve a party or its legal representative from a final judgment .

. . [if] the judgment is void.” “[A] void judgment is one so affected by a fundamental infirmity that the infirmity may be raised even after the judgment becomes final.” U nited Stud ent Aid Funds, Inc. v. Espinosa , 559 U.S. 260, 270 (2010). But the list of “infirmities” triggering voidness “is exceedingly short[,] otherwise [] Rule 60(b)(4)’s exception to finality would swallow the rule.” Id. For USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 7 of 168 example, “[a] judgment is not void .

. . simply because it is or may have been erroneous.” Id. (simplified). Certain jurisdictional defects do give rise to colorable voidness arguments. See id. at 271. But, as the Supreme Court commented in Espinosa , “[f]ederal courts considering Rule 6 0(b)(4) motions that assert a judgment is void because of a jurisdictional defect generally have reserved relief only for the exceptional case in which the court that rendered judgment lacked even an ‘arguable basis’ for jurisdiction.” Id. (quoting Nemaiz er v. Baker , 793 F.2d 58, 65 (2d Cir. 1986)); see also United States v. Boch Oldsmobile, Inc. , 909 F.2d 657, 661

– 62 (1st Cir. 1990) (“[T]otal want of jurisdiction must be distinguished from an error in the exercise of jurisdiction, and .

. . only rare inst ances of a clear usurpation of power will render a judgment void.” (simplified)). Although the Supreme Court in Espinosa declined to reach precisely what constitutes a jurisdictional defect worthy of voidness relief under Rule 60(b)(4) , and it did not itself expressly adopt the arguable

- basis test, this Court seems to have done so

. See United States v. Welsh , 879 F.3d 530, 533

– 34 (4th Cir. 2018); see also Wendt v. Leonard , 431 F. 3 d 410, 413 (4th Cir. 2005) (“[C]ourts must look for the rare inst ance of a clear usurpation of power [which is] only when there is a total want of jurisdiction and no arguable basis on which it could have rested a finding that it had jurisdiction.” (simplified)).
We preface our analy sis of Ross’s position with a clarif ication. Ross haphazardly invokes jurisdictional language throughout her briefing. For example, in her jurisdictional statement, she offers that “[t]he district court had jurisdiction over the FTC’s request for injunctive relief under 13(b) of the FTC Ac t, 15 U.S.C. § 53(b), a federal question under USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 8 of 169 28 U.S.C. § 1331 .” Opening Br. 3. S he then proceeds to declare that “t he district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction (for want of standing by the FTC) to order monetary relief. ” Id. at 13. But the Supreme Court has declared that “the question [of] whether a court has jurisdiction to grant a particular remedy is different from the question [of] whether it has subject matter jurisdiction over a particular class of claims.” Biden v. Texas , 142 S. Ct. 2528, 2540 (2022). It seems to us beyond reasonable dispute that the district court possessed subject matter jurisdiction given th e FTC’s allegations under 15 U.S.C. § 45(a)

— i.e., a federal question

. See 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (“The district courts sha ll have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the

. . . laws .

. . of the United States

. ”). Although constitutional standing certainly implicates federal jurisdiction given its cruciality to justiciability, we decline to construe Ross’s position as implicating the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction over claims brought under the FTC Act. Thus, w e treat Ross’s jurisdictional argument as only challenging the FTC’s Article III standing to pursue the equitable monetary remedy in the original action

. As relevant here, the “irreducible constitutional minimum” of Article III standing consists of three elements. Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife , 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). “The plaintiff must have (1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a favora ble judicial decision.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins , 578 U.S. 330, 338 (2016) (citations omitted). To begin, t he parties dispute whether AMG truly implicates standing or instead represents only a merits consideration

. See Resp

. Br. at 15 (noting that the Supreme Court did not invoke standing or jurisdictional considerations in AMG ). W e need not decide this USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 9 of 1610 issue . Assuming, arguendo , that AMG would undermine the FTC’s standing to pursue restitution in a similar case today, this Court applies the arguable

- basis test, and an arguable basis clearly supported the FTC’s standing when the court below decided Ross’s case

. See Welsh , 879 F.3d at 533

– 34; Wendt , 431 F. 3 d at 413. This Court has previously held that the mere disagreement of multiple authorities on a given issue evinced that an arguable basis for the competing perspectives existed

. See Wendt , 431 F.3d at 414. At the time of judgment in Ross’s case, every circuit to consider whether Section 13(b ) impliedly permitted a district court to impose equitable monetary redress answered that question in the affirmative. See , e.g. , F ed. Trade Comm’n v. Direct Mktg. Concepts, Inc ., 624 F.3d 1, 15 (1st Cir. 2010); F ed. Trade Comm’n v. Bronson Partners, LLC , 654 F.3d 359, 365 (2d Cir. 2011) ; F ed. Trade Comm’n v. Mag

. Sols., LLC , 432 F. App’x 155, 158 n.2 (3d Cir. 2011); F ed. Trade Comm’n v. Amy Travel Serv., Inc ., 875 F.2d 564, 571

– 72 (7th Cir. 1989) , overruled by Credit Bureau Ctr., 937 F.3d 764 ; F ed. Trade Comm’n v. Sec. Rare Coin & Bullion Corp. , 931 F.2d 1312, 1316 (8th Cir. 1991);
F

ed. Trade Comm’n v. Pantron I Corp. , 33 F.3d 1088, 1102 (9th Cir. 1994) ; F ed. Trade
Comm’n v. Freecom Commc’ns, Inc ., 401 F.3d 1192, 1202 n.6 (10th Ci r. 2005); F ed. Trade
Comm’n v. Gem Merch. Corp ., 87 F.3d 466, 468

– 70 (11th Cir. 1996). It was not until 2019 that the first federal circuit, the Seventh, deviated from this approach , s ee Credit Bureau Ctr. , 937 F.3d at 786 , and it was not until 2021 that the Supreme Court resolved the short

- lived circuit split in the Seventh Circuit’s favor , AMG , 141 S. Ct. at 1352

. Thus, at the time of Ross’s bench trial and on direct appeal

— both having taken place many years before the split even aro se between the Seventh Circuit and USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 10 of 1611 the overwhelming majority of its sister circuits

— there was virtually no doubt that the approach eventually adopted by the Supreme Court in AMG was decidedly wrong. Certainly, when perfect unanimity among the circuits supports a particular position , that position appear s less arguable than it does unquestionable. Acknowledging that the Supreme Court did indeed alter the national approach to Section 13(b) in AMG

— and we abide by that alteration absolutely

— to hav e denied the FTC an equitable monetary remedy in 2012 would have seemed less a judgment call on an arguable issue , and more an abuse of discretion deviating from overwhelming national consensus

. See Fed. Trade Comm’n
v. Hewitt , 68 F.4th 461, 466 (9th Cir. 2023) (rejecting appellant’s argument of jurisdictional voidness post

- AMG because the prevailing national approach at the time of adjudication recognized a monetary remedy under Section 13(b), thus a “colorable basis” for jurisdiction existed). Thus, r egardless of how we perceive Ross’s argument today

— as implicating subject matter jurisdiction, standing, merits issues , or a combination of these

— a n arguable basis clearly supported the judgment imposed, and it cannot be said that there was a “total want of jurisdiction” or a “clear usurpation of power” such that any defect renders the judgment USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 11 of 1612 void under Rule 60(b)(4). 3 , 4 , 5

B

. Ross alternatively seeks vacatur via Rule 60(b)’s catch

- all provision, which permits relief when justified but not otherwise covered by an expressly enumerated portion of the rule. She contends that a change in controlling law justifies relief. She likew ise argues that relief is warranted because she diligently raised the same arguments on direct appeal that AMG eventually vindicated. The FTC responds that a change in controlling law does

3 We decline to temporally couch our application of the arguable

- basis test in the present as Ross implies we must

. See, e.g. , Op ening Br. 27 (“Because there is no unresolved circuit split today , there is no arguable basis for the error exposed by

. . . AMG .” ) (emphasis added)

. This Court declared in Welsh that Rule 60(b)(4) voidness only applies “when there is a total want of jurisdiction and no arguable basis on which it could have rested .” 879 F.3d at 533

– 34 (emphasis added) (simplified). Tellingly, Welsh did not declare that the arguable

- basis test en tails considering whether a basis exists on which jurisdiction can rest. Rather, i ts use of the modal past tense confirms the appropriateness of past perspective , and to apply the test with the benefit of either contemporary knowledge or a past presumptio n of perfect foresight would make little sense. 4 This Court recently vacated an equitable monetary judgment in light of AMG , framing a portion of its analysis as it related to certain defaulted defendants under Rule 60(b). See Fed

. Trade Comm ’ n v. Pukke , 53 F.4th 80, 106

– 07 (4th Cir. 2022). But despite this Court’s invocation of Rule 60(b) as applied to the defaulted defendants , that matter was still open on direct appeal

. See id. It did not implicate the same finality concerns present here, and we decline to find it controlling. 5 Ross relies heavily on Compton v. Alton S.S. Co., Inc. , 608 F.2d 96 (4th Cir. 1979), for the propositi on that we should not engage in an arguable

- basis inquiry when considering Rule 60(b)(4) voidness. Setting aside our more recent decisions in Wendt and Welsh , Compton did not foreclose our application of the arguable

- basis test. Rather, there, this Court concluded that vacatur of judgment was warranted “when unquestionably there was no basis whatsoever either in fact or in law for such a judgment.” Compton , 608 F.2d a t 107. In short, Compton vacated judgment based on a n improper application of then

existing law

— it did not consider the retroactive appl ication of a novel interpretation ten years post

- judgment. USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 12 of 1613 not justify relief, nor does the fact that the Supreme Court event ually vindicated the position she took on direct appeal . The FTC concludes that her aggregated circumstances are not sufficiently extraordinary to warrant vacatur, and that the district court properly exercised its discretion in denying her motion

. Rule 60(b) (6) provides that “[o]n motion and just terms, the court may relieve a party or its legal representative from a final judgment [for] .

. . any [] reason that justifies relief.” But relief under this catch

- all provision is only available when a movant demonstrates “extraordinary circumstances.” Gonzalez , 545 U.S. at 536. In evaluating whether circumstances are sufficiently extraordinary to justify relief, a district court must “delicately balance the sanctity of final judgments, expressed in the doct rine of res judicata, and the incessant command of the court’s conscience that justice be done in light of all the facts.” Welsh , 879 F.3d at 536 (simplified). “It is hardly extraordinary” when the Supreme Court arrives “at a different interpretation” of a particular issue than lower courts after a case is no longer pending. Gonzalez , 545 U.S. at 536 ; see also Agostini v. Felton , 521 U.S. 203, 239 (1997) (“Inter vening developments in the law by themselves rarely constitute the extraordinary circumstances required for relief under Rule 60(b)(6)

. . . . ”); United States v. Salas , 807 F. App’x 218 , 229

– 30 (4th Cir. 2020) (applying Gonzalez and Agostini to affirm den ial of vacatur under Rule 60(b)(6)). Further , “[i]t is not extraordinary for the Supreme Court to deny certiorari in a court of appeals case that it ultimately overrules in the review of a later similar case.” United States ex rel. Garibaldi v. Orleans P ar. Sch. Bd. , 397 F.3d 334, 339 (5th Cir. 2005). USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 13 of 1614 Here, the Supreme Court’s novel position in AMG is not sufficiently extraordinary to justify vacatur under the Rule 60(b) catch

- all. A conclusion that such a circumstance justifies vacatur would effectiv ely eviscerate finality interests and open the floodgates to newly meritorious 60(b)(6) motions each time the law changes. See Moses v. Joyner , 815 F.3d 163, 168

– 69 (4th Cir. 2016) (“[A] change in decisional law subsequent to a final judgment provides no basis for relief under Rule 60(b)(6).” (simplified)). Further, t he fact that Ross raised the arguments on direct appeal that the Supreme Court eventually vindicated in AMG similarly fails to justify vacatur. This position is effectively a repackaging of Ross’s argument that a change in decisional law is sufficiently extraordinary. She offers no precedent of this Court suggesting that past advocates may benefit from post

- judgment changes in decisional law simply because those changes correspond with prior advocacy

. 6 And, a s above, such an approach would undermine bedrock finality interests

. The approach could likewise generate strange post

- judgment disparit ies between litigants based solely on litigation tactics

— and without regard for the relationship between previously existing law and one’s own culpability

. Ultimately, though, even if we concluded that Ross’s advocacy on direct appeal warranted some favorable treatment for purposes of the Rule 60(b)(6) analysis, the district
court did not abuse its broad discretion given the totality of the circumstances. To be sure,

6 D iligence on direct appeal h as been recognized as a releva nt consideration to Rule 60(b) (6)

. See, e.g. , Gonzalez , 545 U.S. at 537

– 38; Hewitt , 68 F.4th at 468

– 69 ; Phelps v. Alameida , 569 F.3d 1120 , 1136

– 37 (9th Cir. 2009)

. But we have no reason to believe that diligence alone is sufficient to justify relief , nor that it outweighs other interests at play here

. USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 14 of 1615 in the wake of AMG , we now know that restitution was not congressionally authorized under Section 13(b). But , as the Ninth Circuit has noted, “the fact that our understanding of Congress’s will has changed is not itself extraordinary.” Hewitt , 68 F.4th at 469. Furthermore, regardless of whether Congress intended Section 13(b) to impliedly authorize

an equitable monetary remed y , the FTC could have pursued “materially similar relief under alternative remedial pathways” without resorting to that section

. Hewitt , 68 F.4th at 470; see also AMG , 141 S. Ct. at 1348

– 52 (discussing other mechanisms within the FTC Act

— including Sections 5 and 19

— expressly facilitating consumer redress). Thus, Congress clearly contemplated the availability of monetary redress under the Act, and the FTC’s use of Section 13(b) to effectuate that redress is no t inconsistent with high

- level congressional intent.
Moreover , although the monetary judgment here imposes crippling financial liability on Ross, the severity of her unlawful conduct and her culpability therefor also factor into our analysis. Hewitt , 68 F.4th at 470. Ross victimized over a million innocent

co nsumers , defrauding them to the tune of $ 163,167,539.95

. Discussing her role in the scheme, this Court previously explained that “Ross was actively and directly participating in multiple stages of t he deceptive advertising scheme

— she played a role in design, directed others to ‘add aggression’ to certain advertisements, was in a position of authority, had the power to discipline entire departments, and purchased substantial advertising space.” Ross II , 743 F.3d at 895. S uch considerations disfavor relief. Finally, Ross’s failure to abide by the monetary judgment

— and her flight from the United States

— weighs against a finding of extraordinary circumstances. By all accounts, USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 15 of 1616 it appears as though she never intended to abide by the monetary judgment affirmed by this Court nearly a decade ago. To now grant her relief would promote the conscious avoidance of judgments with which litigants disagree

— an af f ront to justice that we ca nnot condone

— in hopes of realizing some distant, future benefit

. W e will not reward Ross’s defiance with a windfall

. Her aggregated circumstances are not extraordinary such that s he is entitled to
vacatur under the Rule 60(b) catch

- all , and the district court soundly exercised its discretion in denying her such relief

. This outcome is wholly consonant with our directive to “delicately balance the sanctity of final judgments

. . . and the incessant command of the court’s conscience that justice b e done in light of all the facts.” Welsh , 879 F.3d at 536 (simplified).

III. An arguable basis supported the imposition of an equitable monetary judgment , and the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding Ross’s circumstances unextraordinary. Thus, the court properly denied Ross’s motion for vacatur under Rule 60(b)(4) and (b)(6) . Ross remains liable for $ 163,167,539.95 in restitution

— an amount that would justly recompense the victims of her deplorable scheme.
AFFIRMED USCA4 Appeal: 22-2078 Doc: 41 Filed: 07/19/2023 Pg: 16 of 16