IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 17-1849

Filed September 12, 2018

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF ELIZABETH HOPE JENSEN

AND NOAH MATTHEW JENSEN

Upon the Petition of

ELIZABETH HOPE JENSEN, n/k/a ELIZABETH HOPE STULGIES,

Petitioner-Appellee,

And Concerning

NOAH MATTHEW JENSEN,

Respondent-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pottawattamie County, Richard H. 

Davidson, Judge.

Noah appeals from the decree dissolving his marriage to Elizabeth, which 

modified custody and child support provisions in the parties’ separate maintenance 

decree. AFFIRMED.

Meghan E. Wolf of Cordell Law, LLP, Omaha, Nebraska, for appellant.

Michael J. Winter of Law Offices of Michael J. Winter, Council Bluffs, for 

appellee.

Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Vogel and Tabor, JJ.
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VOGEL, Judge.

Noah Jensen appeals from the decree dissolving his marriage to Elizabeth 

(Beth) Stulgies, which modified certain provisions contained in the parties’ 

separate maintenance decree. Noah argues the district court acted improperly by 

treating the petition as a modification, finding a substantial change in 

circumstances, modifying the custody and care provisions to award joint legal 

custody and physical care to Beth, and ordering him to pay child support. He also 

contends the district court should not have found Beth and her witnesses credible, 

failed to give proper weight to his expert witness, and decided the issues based on 

religious grounds. We agree with the court’s treatment of the petition as a 

modification and its determinations of witness credibility, and we find the court did 

not improperly consider religion. We also agree Beth showed a substantial change 

in circumstances warranting modification, and we agree with the court’s awards of 

joint legal custody, physical care, and child support. Finally, we award appellate 

attorney fees to Beth.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

Beth and Noah were married in 2005. They have two children together, a 

son, born in 2007, and a daughter, born in 2010. At the time of their marriage, they 

were both members of Word Center Ministries (Word Center), a bible study group 

primarily run by Noah’s parents, Sharon and Rod Jensen.

1

 

 

1 Noah and his mother testified Word Center had no “members” and people were free to 

come and go from the group. However, Beth and her witnesses testified Word Center had 

“members” who were isolated from non-members. Like the district court, we accept the 

testimony of Beth’s witnesses and refer to the group’s “members,” regardless of the 

terminology Noah and his family use. 
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The children’s primary caretaker during the marriage was Beth, who also 

homeschooled the children. In December 2015, Beth was hospitalized for two 

days after being found unresponsive. She testified she was taking multiple 

medications for rheumatoid arthritis and sleep problems and she believed her 

condition was due to a bad reaction to her medications. Following her release, 

Beth handwrote and signed a document stating she had mentally and physically

abused her children and they “need to be in the care of someone” safe, specifically 

Sharon. At trial, she denied abusing her children and testified she wrote the note

“confessing my sins” under orders from Noah and Sharon because she feared she 

would never see her children again if she refused. 

Noah filed a petition for separate maintenance. According to him, he filed 

for a legal separation because he wanted the chance to work things out with Beth

in the future. She testified “he could not divorce me because Biblically . . . I did 

nothing to him” and “I’m not the one that cheated on him.” She signed a stipulation 

and agreement that granted him sole legal custody and physical care of the 

children, restricted her to supervised visitation, and required her to pay child 

support. On February 29, the district court entered an order approving the 

stipulation in the form of a decree.

On May 18, 2016, Beth filed a document captioned “Petition for Dissolution 

of Marriage,” which sought a divorce and determinations of custody and care of 

the children. Her petition asserted she was not represented by counsel at the time 

she agreed to the terms of the separate maintenance agreement and she believed 

Noah intended to move the children to Tennessee to keep them away from her. 

At trial, she testified she signed the stipulation because she feared she would 
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never see her children again if she did not do what Noah and his family wanted. 

In response to the petition, Noah filed a motion in limine on May 26, which sought 

to exclude all of the issues previously decided in the separate maintenance decree. 

On June 24, the district court entered an order for temporary custody altering the 

terms of the stipulation and agreement as it related to Beth’s visitation and 

appointed a guardian ad litem for the children. A trial was held on Beth’s petition 

on June 2, 2017. On October 10, the district court filed a decree of dissolution that 

dissolved the marriage and modified the separate maintenance decree to order 

joint legal custody of the children with physical care to Beth, liberal visitation to 

Noah, and $693.00 per month in child support payments from Noah to Beth. Noah 

appeals.

II. Standard of Review

We review actions for dissolution of marriage or modification of child care

or custody de novo as they are heard in equity. In re Marriage of Hoffman, 867 

N.W.2d 26, 32 (Iowa 2015) (modification); In re Marriage of McDermott, 827 

N.W.2d 671, 676 (Iowa 2013) (dissolution). “Although we make our own findings 

of fact, ‘when considering the credibility of witnesses the court gives weight to the 

findings of the trial court’ even though we are not bound by them.” Hoffman, 867

N.W.2d at 32 (quoting In re Marriage of Udelhofen, 444 N.W.2d 473, 474 (Iowa 

1989)). When considering a modification of child care or custody, our controlling 

consideration is the best interests of the children. Id. A party who seeks a 

modification of child care of custody must establish by a preponderance of the 

evidence that there has been a material and substantial change in circumstances 
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since the entry of the decree. In re Marriage of Frederici, 338 N.W.2d 156, 158 

(Iowa 1983).

III. Motion in Limine

Noah’s motion in limine sought to prohibit Beth from litigating the issues and 

facts agreed to, and ruled upon, in the separate maintenance decree. Regarding 

the issues, Iowa law allows spouses to “legally separate by filing a petition for 

separate maintenance as provided in Iowa Code section 598.28 without dissolving 

their marriage.” In re Estate of Whalen, 827 N.W.2d 184, 185 n.1 (Iowa 2013) 

(citing 2 Marlin M. Volz, Jr., Iowa Practice Series, Methods of Practice § 31:31, at 

869 (2012)); see Iowa Code § 598.21(1) (2015) (prefacing provision on disposition 

of property with, “Upon every judgment of annulment, dissolution, or separate 

maintenance, the court shall divide the property of the parties . . . .”). Section 

598.41, which deals with child custody, applies when “the parents have separated

or dissolved the marriage.” Iowa Code § 598.41(1)(a); see also id. § 598.21B(2)(a)

(outlining the court’s authority to order child support, “upon every judgment of 

annulment, dissolution, or separate maintenance”). Accordingly, the provisions 

contained in the decree that determined child custody, physical care, and child 

support were final orders aptly positioned for appeal or modification. See, e.g., In 

re Marriage of Thielges, 623 N.W.2d 232, 235–39 (Iowa Ct. App. 2000) 

(considering a modification of physical care and visitation); see also Iowa Code 

§ 598.21C (allowing modification of child support).

The district court was tasked with dissolving the parties’ marriage and 

issuing a dissolution decree. Had Beth not raised the issues surrounding child 

custody, the court could have simply incorporated the provisions contained in the 
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separate maintenance decree. But because Beth’s petition for dissolution raised 

the issues of child custody, physical care, visitation, and child support, the district 

court considered it to be a petition for modification. See Meier v. Senecaut, 641 

N.W.2d 532, 539 (Iowa 2002) (“[W]e treat a motion by its contents, not its 

caption.”); Jones v. Iowa State Highway Comm’n, 207 N.W.2d 1, 2 (Iowa 1973) 

(“We therefore disregard the misleading manner in which plaintiffs entitled their 

suit . . . .”). Moreover, Noah answered Beth’s petition by counterclaiming for “sole 

temporary and permanent care, custody and control of the minor children” and 

“supervised visitation” for Beth. Therefore, his complaint that Beth did not correctly 

petition the court to modify the prior custody, visitation, and support arrangement 

is unsustainable. See In re Marriage of Blessing, 220 N.W.2d 599, 605 (Iowa 

1974) (holding wife’s cross-petition, which raised the same issues as the 

husband’s motion, rendered her complaint about the pleadings untenable). 

Accordingly, the district court properly treated Beth’s petition as a modification of 

the separate maintenance decree along with the requested dissolution of the 

marriage.

Regarding the facts, Noah argues the court should have excluded evidence 

arising prior to entry of the separate maintenance decree. The district court has 

broad discretion in deciding whether evidence has sufficient probative value for 

admission. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.403; Thielges, 623 N.W.2d at 239–40 (citing the 

predecessor to rule 5.403). Having determined Beth’s dissolution of marriage 

petition included a modification of the separate maintenance decree, she needed 

to show a substantial change in circumstances occurred. See Frederici, 338 

N.W.2d at 158. Showing such change logically requires establishing the facts as 
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they existed to warrant entry of the original separate maintenance decree. The 

record made prior to the entry of the separate maintenance decree contains little 

evidence of the facts or “circumstances” the court relied upon when entering that

decree. Accordingly, the dissolution/modification court refused to exclude 

evidence merely because it arose prior to, and therefore in support of, the entry of 

the separate maintenance decree. By allowing evidence that pre-dated the 

separate maintenance decree, both parties were able to establish the facts that 

lead to the entry of that decree and then prove or refute a “substantial change of 

circumstances.” We find no abuse of discretion in this decision.

IV. Witness Credibility

Before we discuss the district court’s reasoning and decision on custody 

issues, we address Noah’s contentions that his witnesses were more credible than 

Beth’s witnesses. Good reasons exist for us to give close consideration to the 

district court’s assessment of the credibility of witnesses. In re Marriage of Vrban, 

359 N.W.2d 420, 423 (Iowa 1984). The district court “is greatly helped in making 

a wise decision about the parties by listening to them and watching them in 

person.” Id. The court heard testimony from several witnesses during trial and 

was able to observe their demeanor first-hand. Beth presented testimony from her

mother and father; Melissa Pennington, an acquaintance from Word Center; and

Adam Jensen, Noah’s estranged brother. The court specifically found “all four of 

these witnesses credible.” Noah’s witnesses included Jack Dross as an expert, 

and the court summarized his testimony and its findings thusly:

Noah called Jack Dross, as an expert that has been 

counseling both [children]. Mr. Dross has met both Noah and Sharon 

Jensen as part of his counseling efforts with the children. He was 
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provided a copy of Beth’s confessions that she has since recanted. 

It is unclear if he reviewed the child abuse assessment. He has not 

met with Beth and admitted that his testimony may have been 

different if he had. He was called as an effort to vouch for the children 

but when testifying that he believed [the daughter] had been bribed 

or threatened to write a note in support for her mother he could not 

recall whether the child was promised a toy or threatened with 

punishment. The court found Mr. Dross’ testimony neither 

persuasive nor helpful. The court further notes Noah should have 

informed Beth the children were in counseling.

The district court was able to hear all witness testimony first-hand and make 

credibility determinations based on witness demeanor and its other observations. 

Noah presents several arguments to us as to why his witnesses are more credible 

than Beth’s witnesses, and he was able to make the same credibility arguments to 

the district court. See Hoffman, 867 N.W.2d at 32. While we conduct a de novo 

review, we give weight to the district court’s factual findings and see no reason to 

find Beth’s witnesses non-credible. Accordingly, we generally agree with the 

court’s determinations of credibility and assignments of weight regarding witness 

testimony. 

V. Religion

Noah next argues the district court held his religious beliefs against him. 

Noah has the constitutional right to practice the religion of his choosing. In re

Marriage of Decker, 666 N.W.2d 175, 179 (Iowa Ct. App. 2003) (citing In re 

Marriage of Anderson, 509 N.W.2d 138, 141 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993)). “It would be 

unconstitutional for us to put any restraint on the exercise of either of these parties’

religious freedom.” Id. 

Noah does not point to any specific religious beliefs he claims the court 

discriminated against, other than his association with Word Center. He testified 
9

that he identifies as Christian, that he attends a Baptist church, and that Word 

Center is not a religion but is simply “a ministry that offers Bible study help.” 

In its decree, the district court stated: “The court respects Noah’s, and his 

family’s, choice of religion and has not considered the religious study at Word 

Center Ministries. What the court does consider however, is the attitude displayed 

by Noah and his parents toward those that leave the group.” Beth and her 

witnesses testified consistently and extensively about the actions Noah and his 

family took to isolate Word Center members from non-members. Noah does not 

claim this isolation is associated with his religious beliefs, and he denied anything 

bad would happen when someone left the Word Center. As explained below, the 

district court considered the best interests of the children—and not Noah’s religious 

beliefs and practices—in determining physical care, custody, and child support. 

We also do not consider his beliefs a factor in weighing against Noah’s claims in 

our de novo review. Accordingly, we conclude the district court did not improperly 

consider religion in its dissolution decree.

VI. Change in Legal Custody and Physical Care

Noah next argues Beth did not make the required showing to warrant a 

change in child custody and care. The party seeking to modify a custody and care 

arrangement bears a heightened burden and we will modify the arrangement only 

for the most cogent reasons. See Dale v. Pearson, 555 N.W.2d 243, 245 (Iowa 

Ct. App. 1996). Generally, the party requesting modification must make two 

showings: (1) a substantial change in material circumstances that is more or less 

permanent and affects the children’s welfare; and (2) he or she is able to provide 
10

superior care and minister more effectively to the children’s needs. In re Marriage 

of Harris, 877 N.W.2d 434, 440 (Iowa 2016) (citing Frederici, 338 N.W.2d at 158).

A. Substantial Change in Circumstances

The district court found Beth established six substantial changes:

1. Assuming in February 2016, that Beth was so ill and 

abusive that she could not be left alone with her children, that is not 

the case today. The court doubts there was ever a time Beth should 

have been so restricted but Noah relied on that suggestion to justify 

the custody ordered.

2. Beth is reunited with her family and [the children] have a 

relationship with a whole new extended family including 

grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins. Beth allows the children 

to share a relationship with Adam Jensen and his family as well.

3. The weight of the evidence demonstrates Noah and his 

mother Sharon manipulated and controlled Beth throughout the 

marriage and certainly at the time of the separate maintenance

proceeding. Beth is no longer under their control and is thinking for 

herself.

4. Beth has recanted her statement referred to at trial as her

“confession of sins.” The court finds her testimony credible: she 

believed she had no choice but to sign the statement if she wanted 

to see her children.

5. Beth is no longer in fear of not seeing her children.

6. Beth’s overall mental health and behavior has changed. 

Melissa Pennington described Beth as somewhat depressed at the 

time of the separation and now a more independent and happier 

person. Ms. Pennington’s testimony was echoed by Beth’s family 

and Adam Jensen.

These six changes, none of which were contemplated at the time of the separate 

maintenance decree, are more than sufficient to show a substantial change in 

circumstances. Many of Beth’s problems related to a lack of family support around 

her and isolation she experienced as a member of Word Center, which Beth and 

other witnesses described as a “cult” controlled by Sharon. Beth initially joined 

Word Center with her parents and siblings around 2000, but her family left the 

group around the time she married Noah. Her father left the group before her 
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wedding, and he testified the group threatened to arrest him if he attended the 

wedding. Her mother testified that if they tried to contact Beth or the children after 

leaving the group, Beth “would get in trouble, and in trouble meaning she would 

have meetings upon meetings, days upon days of browbeating meetings.” Beth 

testified why she did not contact her family after they left:

Once somebody leaves Word Center, you’re not allowed to go talk 

to them. And I understand [Noah’s counsel] talked about didn’t [I] 

have a phone, didn’t [I] have a car. Yes, I did, but I could have lost 

my kids. I could have been kicked out, feared that I couldn’t go see 

my family. I’m not allowed back in the church, so I would be left with 

nothing. 

Beth also experienced health issues, including anxiety and rheumatoid 

arthritis that she treated with medication. She testified Sharon forbade her from

taking her rheumatoid arthritis medication and wanted to bury it in a sort of funeral 

because Sharon believed it was developed from “dead babies.” She also testified 

her December 2015 hospitalization became a “big deal” because Sharon “wanted 

to know all the medicine that I was on. She was trying to take over my life.” 

Since Beth left Word Center she has been able to reunite with her family 

and introduce her children to them and to Adam Jensen and his family. Beth’s 

mother testified that Beth is no longer fearful, as she had been during her time with 

Word Center, and she is now allowed to think for herself. As a result, Beth is 

working and enrolled in college courses, which, she testified, she was forced to 

end at the time of her marriage. Accordingly, a substantial change of 

circumstances occurred when Beth left Word Center because she is now able to 

reunite with her family, introduce her children to her family, and pursue a career 

that was not attainable while she was a member.
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B. Superior Care

Having shown a substantial change in circumstances, Beth must also show 

she could provide superior care to warrant a change in care and custody. See 

Harris, 877 N.W.2d at 440. The district court found: 

There are factors that weigh in Beth’s favor. First, the court 

finds if she were awarded primary care the children would spend 

more time with extended family. Not only would they see Beth’s 

parents and siblings more often, Beth made clear she would also 

reunite the children with their uncle and his family. Noah has a close 

relationship with his parents and will insure they also see the 

children. Interaction with extended family is important for the children 

and they stand a better chance of the contact if Beth were to be 

awarded primary care.

. . .

Beth intends on remaining in the Omaha/Council Bluffs area.

An award of joint custody with primary physical care with Beth 

coupled with extraordinary visitation with Noah, assuming he 

reconsiders his move, is in [the children’s] best interest. Considering 

this custodial arrangement and weighing all of the factors discussed 

above the court concludes Beth has demonstrated she is able to 

provide superior care. 

It is obvious to the court, and irrespective as to what physical 

care determination was made, that Beth and Noah need to learn how 

to better communicate and show mutual respect for each other. The 

court is satisfied that to foster better communication and mutual 

respect the parties should participate in counseling and will order the 

same. 

We agree with the district court’s assessment. Upon our review of the 

record, the evidence shows considerable tension between the parties made all the 

more difficult because of their inability to communicate. Beth testified that many 

decisions were made according to Sharon’s directives, including how Beth was to 

discipline her children. For much of the parties’ relationship, Beth was the 

children’s primary caregiver. Until she was hospitalized and signed the separate 

maintenance agreement, Noah raised no complaints as to the care she provided 

for the children. While she acknowledges the children have sometimes missed 
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taking medication while in her care, the record does not support his allegations 

that she abused the children. Moreover, Noah expressed a desire to move to 

Tennessee to be closer to his mother who had recently moved there. Despite his 

contention that he will remain in Iowa if the court requires him to do so, the court 

was satisfied Beth will remain in the Council Bluffs area, near their maternal 

grandparents and both Noah’s and Beth’s extended family. Accordingly, we agree 

with the district court that Beth carried her burden of showing she could provide 

superior care, warranting a change in the physical care arrangement.

Regarding legal custody, the stipulation and agreement signed by the 

parties, which granted Noah sole legal custody of the children, does not state “that 

joint custody is unreasonable and not in the best interest of the child[ren].” Iowa 

Code § 598.41(2)(b). Likewise, the separate maintenance decree does not 

provide reasons why sole custody in Noah is in the children’s best interests. See 

id. 

We agree with the district court that sole custody in Noah is unwarranted. 

As stated above, the record establishes a substantial change in circumstances—

including Beth freeing herself from the control of Noah and Sharon, regaining her 

ability to think for herself, and reuniting herself and the children with her family and 

Noah’s estranged family members—that warrants modification. The record 

provides no reason why Beth should not have equal rights and responsibilities in 

making decisions “affecting the child’s legal status, medical care, education, 

extracurricular activities, and religious instruction.” Id. § 598.41(5)(b). Accordingly, 

we agree with the district court that joint legal custody to both parties was 

appropriate.
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VII. Child Support

Noah asserts the district court should not have ordered him to pay Beth

child support. In its dissolution decree, the district court stated:

Beth is employed . . . and earns $29,680 annually. Noah is 

employed . . . and earns $48,161 annually. Based on the parties’ 

annual incomes and applying the Iowa Supreme Court guidelines to 

the facts of this case and the extraordinary visitation ordered, the 

Court determines Noah’s child support obligation to be $693.00 for 

two children and $464.00 for one child. 

A district court is directed to determine the amount of child support specified 

by our child support guidelines. In re Marriage of Powell, 474 N.W.2d 531, 534 

(Iowa 1991). “Although Iowa Code section 598.21(4)(a) provides that the child 

support amount should be reasonable and necessary, the support award is not 

limited to the actual current needs of the child but may reflect the standard of living 

the child would have enjoyed had there not been a dissolution.” Id. (citing In re 

Marriage of Campbell, 451 N.W.2d 192, 194 (Iowa Ct. App. 1989)). The child 

support guidelines are to be strictly followed unless their application would lead to 

an unjust or inappropriate result. See Iowa Code § 598.21(4)(a).

Upon our de novo review, we conclude that $693.00 for two children is a 

reasonable and necessary amount of child support. The award was based on the 

parties’ tax returns and pay stubs, and it was made in conjunction with the child 

support guidelines. 

VIII. Appellate Attorney Fees

Noah and Beth also request an award of appellate attorney fees. In re 

Marriage of Applegate, 567 N.W.2d 671, 675 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997). An award of 

appellate attorney fees is not a matter of right but rests within our discretion. Id. 
15

In determining whether to award appellate attorney fees, we consider the needs of 

the party making the request, the ability of the other party to pay, and whether the 

party making the request was obligated to defend the decision of the trial court on 

appeal. Id. We decline to award Noah appellate attorney fees. Beth was forced 

to defend the district court’s order and, given the disparity in the parties’ income, 

we award Beth $3000 in appellate attorney fees.

IX. Conclusion

The district court properly treated Beth’s petition as a modification and 

determined credibility of witnesses, and it did not improperly consider religion. 

Because Beth proved a substantial change of circumstances and her ability to 

provide superior care of the children, we affirm the district court’s modification, 

granting Beth physical care of the children and granting the parties joint legal 

custody. We affirm the modification of child support and award Beth appellate 

attorney fees.

AFFIRMED.