Filed 6/4/19; pub. order 6/28/19 (see end of opn.)

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SWEETWATER UNION HIGH SCHOOL 

DISTRICT,

Plaintiff and Respondent, 

v.

JULIAN UNION ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 

DISTRICT et. al.

Defendants and Appellants.

D073878

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2015-00021033-

 CU-MC-CTL)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Ronald L.

Johnson, Judge. Affirmed.

Blank Rome, Gregory M. Bordo, Christopher J. Petersen and Dustin Z. Moaven 

for Defendants and Appellants.

Dannis Woliver Kelley, Sarah L.W. Sutherland and Keith A. Yeomans for 

Plaintiff and Respondent.

Julian Union Elementary School District (Julian) and Diego Plus Education

Corporation (Diego Plus) doing business as Diego Valley Public Charter (Diego Valley)
2

(together appellants) appeal an attorney fee award to Sweetwater Union High School 

District (Sweetwater) made under Code of Civil Procedure1 section 1021.5. Appellants 

assert that Sweetwater did not qualify as a successful party under section 1021.5 because 

Sweetwater: (1) failed to achieve its primary litigation goal, (2) the relief it achieved was 

illusory, and (3) its suit was not a catalyst in motivating either Julian or Diego Valley to 

take or not take any particular action. Even assuming the trial court did not err in 

awarding Sweetwater successful party status, appellants claim that Sweetwater was not 

entitled to a fee award because Sweetwater failed to carry its burden of establishing all 

requirements for a fee award under section 1021.5. Assuming we reject its other

arguments, appellants claim that the trial court abused its discretion by rubberstamping

the amount of attorney fees that Sweetwater requested. We affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Sweetwater and Julian are public school districts in San Diego County, California. 

Sweetwater provides educational services to over 40,000 students in several cities in San 

Diego County, including Chula Vista and National City. Julian serves just over 300 

students from preschool to eighth grade; it does not serve high school students. 

Diego Plus operates the charter schools Diego Valley and Diego Springs Academy

(Diego Springs). Diego Plus pays fees to Julian for its Diego Valley charter school 

program. Diego Springs operates resource centers at 2 North Euclid Avenue in National 

 

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
3

City (the National City facility) and at 310 Broadway in Chula Vista (the Chula Vista 

facility). Both facilities are located within Sweetwater's school district boundaries. 

In March 2015 Sweetwater sent letters to Julian and Diego Valley requesting that 

they stop operating within Sweetwater's geographic boundaries. In June 2015, after 

neither Julian nor Diego Valley responded, Sweetwater filed this action to enforce the 

Charter Schools Act (CSA) (Ed. Code, § 47600 et seq.). In its petition for a writ of 

mandate, Sweetwater alleged that Julian approved a charter petition for Diego Valley and 

that Diego Valley has been operating charter schools outside Julian's geographic 

boundaries. 

On October 17, 2016, the third district filed its opinion in Anderson Union High 

School Dist. v. Shasta Secondary Home School (2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 262 (Anderson), 

holding that the geographic limitations in the CSA apply to all charter schools, whether 

classroom-based or nonclassroom-based, such as resource centers. (Id. at pp. 275-277.) 

After Anderson, Sweetwater attempted to resolve the case through a stipulated judgment, 

but appellants "rejected any efforts to settle" the litigation. Julian subsequently submitted 

an application to the State Board of Education (SBE) requesting a waiver of the CSA's 

geographic restrictions pursuant to Education Code section 33050. The waiver 

application admitted that Julian had four resource centers that may be affected by the 

Anderson opinion. 

In March 2017 several Diego Valley students moved to intervene, alleging that 

Sweetwater's lawsuit would deprive them of their constitutional right of access to a 
4

quality public education.2 In April 2017 Sweetwater filed its motion for judgment, 

asserting that Julian was allowing Diego Plus to open facilities outside Julian's school 

district. Sweetwater argued that Anderson, supra, 4 Cal.App.5th 262, unequivocally 

prohibited Diego Plus's operations and that Julian and Diego Valley sought to justify their 

out-of-district operations under other exceptions to the CSA's location requirements. 

In May 2017 Julian and Diego Plus filed opposition. Among other things, Diego 

Plus argued that Diego Valley does not operate and has never operated within

Sweetwater's geographic boundaries. Among other things, Julian argued that Sweetwater 

sued the wrong parties because the National City and Chula Vista facilities are operated 

by Diego Springs. In May 2017 the SBE granted Julian's waiver application. The parties 

submitted supplemental briefs addressing the impact, if any, of SBE's waiver on

Sweetwater's claims.

The trial court issued a tentative ruling, which it later affirmed after hearing the 

parties' arguments. The court declined to issue a writ of mandate directing that Julian 

revoke Diego Valley's charter, essentially concluding this form of relief would 

unreasonably disrupt students. The court declared that Diego Valley's operation at the 

National City and Chula Vista facilities "would be in violation of the Education Code"

and enjoined Diego Valley from operating both facilities. 

Thereafter, Sweetwater moved for an attorney fees award under section 1021.5,

arguing, among other things, that its action acted as a catalyst for appellants' pursuit of 

 

2 The trial court denied the claims of the intervening students. The students have 

not appealed, and we will not address their claims.
5

the SBE waiver. The court granted the motion, finding that the requirements of section 

1021.5 were satisfied, and awarded Sweetwater $166,027.05 in attorney fees. Appellants 

timely appealed from the fee award, but did not appeal the order on the merits of 

Sweetwater's claims.

DISCUSSION

I. SECTION 1021.5

"The Legislature adopted section 1021.5 as a codification of the private attorney 

general doctrine of attorney fees developed in prior judicial decisions." (Maria P. v. 

Riles (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1281, 1288.) "[T]he fundamental objective of the doctrine is to 

encourage suits enforcing important public policies by providing substantial attorney fees 

to successful litigants in such cases." (Id. at p. 1289.) "Due to the burdens imposed on 

public agencies, adequate government enforcement of the laws is not always possible, 

making private action imperative." (Hewlett v. Squaw Valley Ski Corp. (1997) 54 

Cal.App.4th 499, 545 (Hewlett).)

"A court may award attorney fees under section 1021.5 only if the statute's 

requirements are satisfied. Thus, a court may award fees only to 'a successful party' and 

only if the action has 'resulted in the enforcement of an important right affecting the 

public interest . . . .' [Citation.] Three additional conditions must also exist: '(a) a 

significant benefit, whether pecuniary or nonpecuniary, has been conferred on the general 

public or a large class of persons, (b) the necessity and financial burden of private 

enforcement . . . are such as to make the award appropriate, and (c) such fees should not 
6

in the interest of justice be paid out of the recovery, if any.' "3 (Vasquez v. State of 

California (2008) 45 Cal.4th 243, 250-251 (Vasquez), quoting § 1021.5.)

The determination whether a party has met the requirement for an award of fees 

and the reasonable amount of such an award are matters best decided by the trial court in 

the first instance. (Hewlett, supra, 54 Cal.App.4th at p. 544.) That court "must 

realistically assess the litigation and determine from a practical perspective whether the 

statutory criteria have been met." (Ibid.) We will uphold the trial court's decision to 

award attorney fees under section 1021.5 unless the trial court abused its discretion. 

(Graham v. DaimlerChrysler Corp. (2004) 34 Cal.4th 553, 578 (Graham).) In making 

this determination we review the entire record, noting the trial court's stated reasons for

awarding fees and whether it applied the proper standards of law in reaching its decision. 

(Hewlett, at p. 544.) Where, as here, litigation ends at the trial court level, we owe "the 

trial court a full measure of deference in deciding whether the trial court abused its 

discretion." (Los Angeles Police Protective League v. City of Los Angeles (1986) 188 

Cal.App.3d 1, 8.) Thus, we will reverse the award "only if it is clearly wrong or has no 

reasonable basis." (San Bernardino Valley Audubon Society, Inc. v. County of San 

Bernardino (1984) 155 Cal.App.3d 738, 754 (San Bernardino Valley).)

We review any factual findings by the trial court in connection with the ruling 

under the substantial evidence standard. (Ellis v. Toshiba America Information Systems, 

 

3 Subdivision (c) of section 1021.5, which requires that "such fees should not in the 

interest of justice be paid out of the recovery, if any" is inapplicable here since 

Sweetwater's action did not produce any monetary recovery.
7

Inc. (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 853, 881.) Additionally, we apply a de novo review

" ' "where the determination of whether the criteria for an award of attorney fees and 

costs in this context have been satisfied amounts to statutory construction and a question 

of law." ' " (Conservatorship of Whitley (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1206, 1213 (Whitley).) 

II. ANALYSIS

As a preliminary matter, we note that a trial court is "not required to issue a 

statement of decision with regard to [a] fee award." (Ketchum v. Moses (2001) 24 

Cal.4th 1122, 1140.) Here, the trial court expressly found that Sweetwater met all

elements for an award of fees under section 1021.5. We will not disturb the 

determination absent a showing it is clearly wrong or there is no reasonable basis for the 

award. (San Bernardino Valley, supra, 155 Cal.App.3d at p. 754.) "The pertinent 

question is whether the grounds given by the court for its [grant] of an award are 

consistent with the substantive law of section 1021.5 and, if so, whether their application 

to the facts of this case is within the range of discretion conferred upon the trial courts 

under section 1021.5, read in light of the purposes and policy of the statute." (City of 

Sacramento v. Drew (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 1287, 1298.)

We reject appellants' assertion that the de novo standard of review applies to our 

review. Such review is only warranted where the determination of whether the criteria 

for an award of attorney fees has been satisfied amounts to statutory construction and a 

question of law. (Whitley, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 1213.) This is not such a case because 

the trial court made no findings and provided no grounds for its conclusion to award fees. 

We must presume that the trial court made all factual findings to support its order and 
8

that the trial court was aware of and followed the applicable law. (Shaw v. County of 

Santa Cruz (2008) 170 Cal.App.4th 229, 267; People v. Stowell (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1107, 

1114.) " 'A judgment or order of the lower court is presumed correct. All intendments 

and presumptions are indulged to support it on matters as to which the record is silent, 

and error must be affirmatively shown. This is not only a general principle of appellate 

practice but an ingredient of the constitutional doctrine of reversible error.' " (Denham v. 

Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, 564.)

A. Sweetwater Qualified As a Successful Party

Appellants assert that Sweetwater did not qualify as a successful party under 

section 1021.5 as a matter of law because: (1) it failed to achieve its primary goal, (2) the 

relief granted by the trial court was illusory and inconsequential, and (3) its suit was not a 

catalyst in motivating the actions of either Julian or Diego Valley. As we shall explain, 

we reject this argument because Sweetwater obtained a judgment in its favor and 

qualified as a successful party for this reason. Appellants' reliance on the catalyst theory 

of recovery and cases pertaining to this theory are inapposite.

Under section 1021.5, "[a] 'successful party' means a 'prevailing' party." (Bowman 

v. City of Berkeley (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 173, 178 (Bowman).) "It is settled, however, 

that a party need not prevail on every claim presented in an action in order to be 

considered a successful party within the meaning of the section." (Wallace v. Consumers 

Cooperative of Berkeley, Inc. (1985) 170 Cal.App.3d 836, 846 (Wallace).) A party who 

" ' " 'succeed[s] on any significant issue in litigation which achieves some of the benefit 

the parties sought in bringing suit' " ' " (Bowman, at p. 178, italics omitted) may be 
9

considered a prevailing party "for attorney's fees purposes." (Ibid.) "The significance of 

the . . . issue was a matter for the trial court's judgment." (Ibid.)

Here, appellants argued to the trial court that Sweetwater failed to achieve its 

primary litigation goal and that the minimal relief it obtained was different than 

requested, had no impact on Diego Plus, and was not the catalyst for Diego Plus taking 

any action. The trial court necessarily rejected these arguments.

The prayer in Sweetwater's petition requested that a peremptory writ of mandate 

issue to Julian to: (1) set aside Diego Valley's charter, (2) discharge its oversight duties 

over Diego Valley, (3) refrain from approving charter schools operating outside Julian's

geographic boundaries, and (4) revoke Diego Valley's charter and prohibit Diego Valley 

from operating charter schools in violation of the charter and the law. It requested that a 

peremptory writ of mandate issue to Diego Valley to: (1) submit a legally sufficient 

charter petition complying with the requirements of the CSA, including submission to the 

school district(s) in which it proposes to operate; and (2) with respect to location of its 

charter school(s), strictly comply with the location and notice provisions of the CSA by 

following the requisite process outlined in Education Code sections 47605 and 47605.1. 

Sweetwater requested declaratory relief stating that the operation of a charter 

school by Diego Valley outside of Julian's geographic boundaries violated the CSA and 

that Julian thus had a ministerial duty to revoke Diego Valley's charter. Sweetwater also 

requested injunctive relief to preclude the opening and operation of a proposed resource 

center in National City and precluding Julian and Diego Valley from taking further action 

in violation of the law. 
10

Before trial, the court issued a tentative ruling. After trial, the court adopted its 

tentative ruling. The trial court's tentative ruling concluded that Diego Valley and Diego 

Springs were not separate legal entities, but fictitious business names of Diego Plus. It 

concluded that Diego Plus operated the National City and Chula Vista facilities through 

Diego Valley. It found that Diego Plus was not granted a waiver to operate either 

facility, "[t]herefore the operation through Diego Valley at these two facilities would be

in violation of the Education Code and [Anderson, supra,] 4 Cal.App.5th 262." (Italics 

added.) The court, however, denied Sweetwater's petition for writ of mandate finding, in 

part, that ordering compliance with the law to be "superfluous." The court issued a 

declaration that Diego Valley's operation at the National City and Chula Vista facilities 

"would be in violation the Education Code" (italics added) and granted injunctive relief 

prohibiting Diego Valley from operating both facilities.

Appellants contend that Sweetwater is not a successful party for purposes of an 

attorney fee award under section 1021.5 because Sweetwater did not prevail on any of its 

claims as to Julian. Appellants are correct that Sweetwater did not prevail on any of its 

claims as to Julian, an argument Julian made to the trial court. The trial court likely 

rejected this argument, however, because it ignores settled law that a party need not 

prevail on every claim to be considered a successful party under section 1021.5. 

(Wallace, supra, 170 Cal.App.3d at p. 846; Bowman, supra, 131 Cal.App.4th at p. 177.) 

Rather, partial success is a factor to be considered by the trial court in determining the 

amount of fees awarded. (Wallace, at pp. 846-847.) Moreover, CCP section 1021.5 

allows attorney fees to be recovered against "opposing parties," meaning "a party whose 
11

position in the litigation was adverse to that of the prevailing party." (Nestande v. 

Watson (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 232, 240-241.) A finding of fault or misconduct by the 

opposing party is not required. (Mejia v City of Los Angeles (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 151, 

161 (Mejia).) Julian qualified as an opposing party liable for an attorney fee award under 

section 1021.5. Although Julian could have asked the trial court to apportion the fee 

award, it did not make such a request and the trial court found appellants jointly and 

severally liable. (See, e.g., Mejia, at p. 156 [fees assessed 50 percent against city, 50 

percent against real party in interest].)

Appellants next assert that Sweetwater does not qualify as a successful party 

because the declaratory and injunctive relief awarded by the trial court was illusory and 

inconsequential. Appellants' argument is based on the wording of the trial court's 

tentative ruling, which stated:

"As to the second cause of action, the operation of Diego Valley at 

the National City Facility and the Chula Vista Facility would be in 

violation of the Education Code, therefore Sweetwater is entitled to 

declaratory relief in that regard. Sweetwater is also entitled to 

injunctive relief prohibiting Diego Plus from operating as Diego 

Valley at the National City Facility and Chula Vista Facility. 

Sweetwater's request for declaratory and injunctive relief is therefore 

granted." (Italics added.)

Appellants contend that the trial court phrased its order in the subjunctive because 

Sweetwater failed to establish that Diego Valley ever operated at either the National City 

facility or the Chula Vista facility and that the court fashioned unnecessary relief. The 

record shows that one of the primary factual disputes before the trial court was whether 

appellants were operating within Sweetwater's geographical boundaries. Sweetwater 
12

argued to the trial court that Diego Plus, through Diego Valley and Diego Springs,

operated both the National City and the Chula Vista facilities, whereas appellants argued

that Diego Valley does not operate and has never operated within Sweetwater's 

geographic boundaries. Julian specifically argued to the trial court that declaratory relief 

must be denied because Diego Valley was not operating within Sweetwater's geographic 

boundaries; thus, there was no actual controversy between the parties and a declaratory 

judgment would merely offer advice on hypothetical facts. 

To qualify for declaratory relief under section 1060 a plaintiff must show its action 

is a proper subject of declaratory relief and that an actual controversy exists involving 

justiciable questions relating to the rights or obligations of a party. (Brownfield v. Daniel 

Freeman Marina Hospital (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 405, 410 (Brownfield).) "The 'actual 

controversy' requirement concerns the existence of present controversy relating to the 

legal rights and duties of the respective parties pursuant to contract [§ 1060], statute or 

order." (Ibid.) 

As Julian correctly noted in its arguments to the trial court, declaratory relief is not 

appropriate where a controversy is "conjectural, anticipated to occur in the future, or an 

attempt to obtain an advisory opinion from the court." (Brownfield, supra, 208 

Cal.App.3d at p. 410.) Here, the trial court necessarily rejected appellants' factual 

arguments that Diego Plus was not operating within Sweetwater's geographic boundaries 

finding that (1) Diego Plus operated the two facilities through Diego Valley, and (2) 

Sweetwater was "entitled to" both declaratory and injunctive relief and "grant[ing]" of 

such relief. The trial court's statement that operation of the two facilities "would be in 
13

violation of the Education Code" (rather than stating "is" a violation) created an 

ambiguity. The parties, however, did not object to the court's ruling or request 

clarification or additions. Appellants also did not appeal from the court's ruling on 

Sweetwater's petition and the propriety of that ruling is not before us.4

In opposing Sweetwater's request for an attorney fee award, Diego Plus argued

that the phrasing of the trial court's tentative ruling shows it rejected Sweetwater's 

argument that Diego Plus was operating within Sweetwater's geographic boundaries. The 

trial court necessarily rejected this argument by impliedly finding that Sweetwater 

qualified as a successful party under section 1021.5 and awarding it fees. The court's 

 

4 Upon a party's timely and proper request, a trial court must issue a statement of 

decision upon "the trial of a question of fact by the court." (§ 632.) The statement must 

explain "the factual and legal basis for [the court's] decision as to each of the principal 

controverted issues at trial . . . ." (Ibid.) In trials completed in one calendar day, a 

request for statement of decision must be made before the matter is submitted for 

decision. (Ibid.) "The statement of decision provides the trial court's reasoning on 

disputed issues and is our touchstone to determine whether or not the trial court's decision 

is supported by the facts and the law." (Slavin v. Borinstein (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 713, 

718.) A request for a statement of decision allows the trial court to review its 

memorandum of intended decision and "to make . . . corrections, additions, or deletions it 

deems necessary or appropriate." (Miramar Hotel Corp. v. Frank B. Hall & Co. (1985) 

163 Cal.App.3d 1126, 1129.)

Appellants do not claim that they timely requested a statement of decision and we 

have not found such a request. Additionally, although a trial court may state that its 

tentative decision is the court's proposed statement of decision or direct that the tentative 

decision shall be the statement of decision, the trial court did not choose either of these 

options. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.1590(c)(1) & (4).) The trial court's tentative ruling 

is no substitute for a statement of decision. While we may examine a trial court's 

tentative or memorandum decision to help interpret its findings and conclusions, the 

function of a memorandum decision on appellate review is very limited and a 

memorandum opinion "will not be used in determining whether or not the . . . findings of 

the court are supported by the evidence." (Balding v. Atchison, T. & S.F. Ry. Co. (1964) 

225 Cal.App.2d 254, 258.)
14

tentative ruling on Sweetwater's petition supports this implied finding because it shows 

that the trial court found Sweetwater "entitled to" both declaratory and injunctive relief. 

The declaratory and injunctive relief granted by the trial court changed the legal 

relationship between the parties. Traditional (noncatalyst) success requires the claimant 

to prevail by obtaining " 'a judicially recognized change in the legal relationship between 

the parties.' " (Tipton-Whittingham v. City of Los Angeles (2004) 34 Cal.4th 604, 608 

(Tipton).) The trial court could have reasonably concluded that the relief it granted 

qualified Sweetwater as the successful party in the litigation. In this situation, the trial 

court did not need to rely on a "catalyst theory" which permits a trial court to award fees 

under section 1021.5 without a judicial resolution of the litigation if the defendant 

changes its behavior substantially because of, and in the manner sought by, the litigation. 

(Graham, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 560.) 

Because the record supports a conclusion that the trial court found Sweetwater to 

be a successful party in the traditional (noncatalyst) sense, there is no need for us to 

address appellants' argument, and cited authorities, that Sweetwater did not accomplish 

its primary litigation aim because this inquiry is relevant only in catalyst cases. (Lyons v. 

Chinese Hospital Assn. (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 1331, 1346 ["[T]rial court's conclusion 

that [party] could not be considered a successful party because he did not accomplish his 

'primary' litigation aim 'is based on language in "catalyst" cases, where the issue is 

whether a party who has not obtained any judicial relief is nevertheless entitled to 

fees."].)
15

In any event, even assuming the trial court found Sweetwater to be a successful 

party under a catalyst theory, the record supports Sweetwater's entitlement to successful 

party status under this theory. Under the catalyst theory, plaintiffs may be considered to 

be the prevailing party when they achieve their litigation objectives, even though they 

succeed "by means of [the] defendant's 'voluntary' change in response to the litigation,"

rather than by means of a final judgment." (Graham, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 572.) To 

constitute a successful party under the catalyst theory, "a plaintiff must establish that (1) 

the lawsuit was a catalyst motivating the [defendant] to provide the primary relief sought; 

(2) that the lawsuit had merit and achieved its catalytic effect by threat of victory, not by 

dint of nuisance and threat of expense . . . ; and (3) that the [plaintiff] reasonably 

attempted to settle the litigation prior to filing the lawsuit." (Tipton, supra, 34 Cal.4th at 

p. 608.)

Sweetwater's petition makes clear that its central grievance was appellants'

operation of charter schools within its geographic boundaries.5 The trial court could 

have reasonably concluded that Sweetwater's primary goal in this action was to compel 

appellants' compliance with the geographic requirements in the CSA. "To satisfy the 

causation prong of the catalyst theory, the plaintiff need not show the 'litigation [was] the 

only cause of defendant's acquiescence. Rather, [the] litigation need only be a substantial 

factor contributing to defendant's action." (Cates v. Chiang (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 791, 

807.) The trial court could have reasonably concluded that this action was the catalyst in 

 

5 Appellants do not dispute that Sweetwater tried to settle this litigation. 
16

motivating appellants' pursuit of waivers from the SBE and that these waivers mooted 

Sweetwater's mandamus claims. Accordingly, even under a catalyst theory of recovery, 

the trial court would not have erred in finding Sweetwater to be the successful party.6

For the first time in its reply brief, appellants argue that Sweetwater is not a 

successful party because it obtained no relief as to Diego Valley and Diego Springs.

Generally, arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief are forfeited. (In re 

Marriage of Khera & Sameer (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1467, 1477 [" 'Obvious reasons of 

fairness militate against consideration of an issue raised initially in the reply brief of an 

appellant.' "].) Nonetheless, we exercise our discretion to address this argument because 

it is easily resolved. As appellants note, Diego Valley and Diego Springs are separate 

charter schools and are not defendants to this action. However, Diego Plus is a defendant 

and the trial court found that Diego Valley and Diego Springs were not separate legal 

entities, but fictitious business names of Diego Plus. "Use of a fictitious business name[, 

however,] does not create a separate legal entity . . . ' " . . . distinct from the person 

operating the business." ' " (Pinkerton's Inc. v. Superior Court (1996) 49 Cal.App.4th 

1342, 1348, italics omitted.) If Diego Valley and Diego Springs are merely fictitious 

business names under which Diego Plus operated, then Diego Valley and Diego Springs 

could not even be named as defendants—they are not legal entities. Thus, by granting 

 

6 Sweetwater's request for judicial notice of documents showing the closure of 

Diego Springs and Diego Valley is denied. These closures occurred after the trial court 

made its fee award. We generally do not take judicial notice of evidence not presented to 

the trial court. (Vons Companies, Inc. v. Seabest Foods, Inc. (1996) 14 Cal.4th 434, 444, 

fn. 3.)
17

declaratory and injunctive relief against Diego Plus, the court granted relief as against the 

fictitious business names under which Diego Plus operated.

B. Sweetwater Satisfied the Remaining Section 1021.5 Criteria

Even if the trial court did not err in determining that Sweetwater was a successful

party, appellants claim that Sweetwater failed to establish that its action (1) sought to 

enforce an important right affecting the public interest, (2) conferred a significant benefit 

on the general public or a large class of persons, and (3) was not necessary or 

burdensome enough to warrant an award of attorney fees. (Vasquez, supra, 45 Cal.4th at 

pp. 250-251.) We address the challenged criterion in turn.

1. Enforcement of important right affecting public interest

Appellants contend that this action did not enforce the right of children to receive 

a public education, any constitutional rights, or any other important public right. They 

again assert that "the trial did not hold that either Diego Valley or Julian violated any law, 

but rather that only Diego Valley had the potential to do so." Appellants reason that 

since they "neither acted nor failed to act in such a way as to violate or compromise an 

important right as to require enforcement through litigation, Sweetwater cannot be found 

to have 'enforced' any right by way of its litigation."

Sweetwater notes that the Legislature added the geographic restrictions to the CSA 

to improve charter school oversight which is critical to the constitutionality of charter

schools and the CSA. By operating illegally outside Julian's district boundaries, 

Sweetwater contends that "Diego Plus circumvents all local input and any meaningful 

oversight by a financially interested authorizer." Sweetwater argues that "[o]ut of district 
18

charter school operation leaves public charter schools unaccountable to the communities

they serve who: (1) are often unable to attend the board meetings held by distant and 

remote school districts; and (2) cannot vote or run as a candidate in the election of board 

members responsible for controlling the distant charter schools. Also, the diversion of 

funds to illegally authorized charter schools is a drain on limited public education funds." 

Sweetwater maintains that halting appellants' illegal charter school operations furthers 

these important public interests. 

In determining whether the right vindicated in a particular case is sufficiently 

important to justify a fee award, courts must "exercise judgment in attempting to 

ascertain the 'strength' or 'societal importance' of the right involved" (Woodland Hills 

Residents Assn, Inc. v. City Council (1979) 23 Cal.3d 917, 935 (Woodland Hills)) and 

"should generally realistically assess the significance of that right in terms of its 

relationship to the achievement of fundamental legislative goals." (Id. at p. 936.) Courts 

have broadly interpreted the important right concept and "frequently reject attempts to 

characterize rights in their most narrow or personal light." (Pearl, Cal. Attorney Fee 

Awards (Cont.Ed.Bar 3d ed. 2019) § 3.40, p. 3-14.)

In Woodland Hills, the plaintiffs prevailed on a procedural rather than substantive 

basis and sought attorney fees under section 1021.5. (Woodland Hills, supra, 23 Cal.3d 

at p. 937.) The Supreme Court rejected defendant's contention that complying with a 

technical requirement "does not rise to the level of an 'important right' for purposes of 

section 1021.5." (Ibid.) Our high court noted that "the fact that a plaintiff is able to win 

his case on a 'preliminary' issue, thereby obviating the adjudication of a theoretically 
19

more 'important' right, should not necessarily foreclose the plaintiff from obtaining 

attorney fees under a statutory provision." (Id. at p. 938.) The court explained that "it 

would be both unfair and contrary to the legislative purpose of section 1021.5 to deprive 

a plaintiff of attorney fees simply because the court decides the case in plaintiff's favor on 

a 'simpler' or less 'important' theory." (Ibid.) Rather, when a plaintiff prevails on a 

preliminary issue, a "trial court, utilizing its traditional equitable discretion (now codified 

in § 1021.5), must realistically assess the litigation and determine, from a practical 

perspective, whether or not the action served to vindicate an important right so as to 

justify an attorney fee award." (Ibid.) This rationale applies here. 

California's Constitution guarantees a free public education, established through 

"a system of common schools." (Cal. Const., art. IX, § 5.) Charter schools are part of 

this public system of common schools (Ed. Code, §§ 47601, 47615, subd. (a)(1)), but are 

"strictly creatures of statute. From how charter schools come into being, to who attends 

and who can teach, to how they are governed and structured, to funding, accountability 

and evaluation—the Legislature has plotted all aspects of their existence." (Wilson v. 

State Bd. of Education (1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 1125, 1135.) "Once approved, charter 

schools are operated independently, but are subject to public oversight. [Citations.] Such 

public 'control and oversight . . . legitimize[s] charter schools' [citation] and arguably is 

constitutionally necessary." (Today's Fresh Start, Inc. v. Los Angeles County Office of 

Education (2013) 57 Cal.4th 197, 206 (Today's Fresh).) Charter schools have a 

"complicated relationship with other public schools. 'Obviously charter schools are not in 

opposition to the public school system. On the contrary, they are a part of that system.' 
20

[Citation.] Nevertheless, 'charter schools compete with traditional public schools for 

students, and they receive funding based on the number of students they recruit and retain 

at the expense of the traditional system.' " (Id. at pp. 206-207.) 

Legislative history materials show that the issue of where charter schools would 

operate has been an issue since the inception of the CSA. The legislative counsel noted 

that despite "the lack of any explicit authorization for a school district governing board to 

approve the charter of a school that would operate outside the district, . . . this is a 

common practice among charter schools." (Sen. Com. on Education., Analysis of Assem. 

Bill No. 1994 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) June 25, 2001.) The lack of geographic restrictions 

on charter school operations resulted in school districts approving charter schools for a 

"bounty." (Sen. Com. on Education, Staff Rep. on Assem. Bill No. 1994 (2001-2002 

Reg. Sess.) In one case, "the charter was charged a percentage of their revenue limit, on 

the average of 15%, in exchange for the [charter] authorization." (Ibid.) 

In 2002 the Legislature amended the CSA to add "stringent geographical 

restrictions for the operation of charter schools." (California School Bds. Assn. v. State 

Bd. of Education (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 1298, 1307 (California School).) "The impetus 

behind those amendments, which were sponsored by the State Superintendent of Public 

Instruction, was explained in an analysis prepared for the Senate Committee on 

Education. 'The [State Board] has in practice allowed single charters to be used to 

authorize the operation of multiple school sites, which are called "satellites" of the 

charter. Satellites have often operated at considerable distance from the "home" charter. 

Early this year the Gateway Charter School, chartered by the Fresno Unified School 
21

District, was the subject of several newspaper articles and an ongoing law enforcement 

investigation, concerning allegations that satellites of the Gateway School were operating 

in violation of several laws. Gateway's charter was revoked by the district governing 

board who cited the difficulties of keeping track of remote (satellite) operations as a 

reason why various anomalies were not discovered sooner.' [Citation.] As stated in a 

comment to another analysis, '[b]y placing a geographic restriction on a charter school's 

operations, this bill would help clarify a district's sovereignty over public education 

provided within its boundaries and [would] enhance oversight of charter schools.' " (Id.

at pp. 1307-1308.)

Charter schools must now be located within the boundaries of the school districts 

where they are chartered, with limited exceptions. (California School, supra, 186 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1308; see Ed. Code, §§ 47605, subd. (a)(1), 47605.1.) Specifically, 

Education Code section 47605, subdivision (a)(1) provides: "A petition for the 

establishment of a charter school shall identify a single charter school that will operate 

within the geographic boundaries of that school district. A charter school may propose to 

operate at multiple sites within the school district if each location is identified in the 

charter school petition." The Anderson court interpreted this language as applying to "all

charter schools whether classroom-based or nonclassroom-based." (Anderson, supra, 4 

Cal.App.5th at p. 277.) Additionally, the in-district geographic boundary limitation 

"appl[ies] to the operation of the charter school" including locations, such as resource 

centers, that provide educational support to charter school students. (Id. at p. 276.) 
22

In awarding fees under section 1021.5 the trial court impliedly found that 

Sweetwater's action enforced an important right affecting the public interest. We cannot 

conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in making this finding. "The chartering 

of a school and the charter school's compliance with the law, the regulations, and the 

conditions imposed on its charter can be matters of serious concern to the public and to 

our public school system." (California School, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1326.) 

"[P]ublic 'control and oversight . . . legitimize[s] charter schools' . . . ." (Today's Fresh, 

supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 206.) "If monitoring and enforcement are, in reality, either lax or 

nonexistent, then the entire statutory scheme governing charter schools is called into 

question." (California School, at p. 1326.)

Here, the trial court found that Diego Plus operated within Sweetwater's 

geographic boundaries and ordered that this practice stop. In view of the foregoing 

authorities, the trial court could have reasonably found that requiring compliance with the 

geographic boundary requirements of the CSA enforced an important right affecting the 

public interest. 

2. Significant public benefit

Appellants contend that the prospective declaratory and injunctive relief granted 

by the trial court provides no significant benefit to Sweetwater, Sweetwater's constituents 

or anyone else. They claim that Sweetwater is the only potential beneficiary of this 

action and that such self-serving litigation does not warrant an award of attorney fees.

An award of attorney fees to the prevailing party is justified in an action if "a 

significant benefit, whether pecuniary or nonpecuniary, has been conferred on the general 
23

public or a large class of persons." (§ 1021.5, subd. (a).) " '[T]he "significant benefit"

that will justify an attorney fee award need not represent a "tangible" asset or a "concrete"

gain but, in some cases, may be recognized simply from the effectuation of a fundamental 

constitutional or statutory policy.' [Citation.] The benefit may be conceptual or doctrinal 

[citation], and the California Supreme Court has recognized that 'the litigation underlying 

the section 1021.5 award can involve rights or benefits that are somewhat intangible.' "

(Environmental Protection Information Center v. Department of Forestry & Fire 

Protection (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 217, 233.) "The fact that litigation enforces existing 

rights does not mean that a substantial benefit to the public cannot result. Attorney fees 

have consistently been awarded for the enforcement of well-defined, existing 

obligations." (Press v. Lucky Stores, Inc. (1983) 34 Cal.3d 311, 318.) "The 'extent of the 

public benefit need not be great to justify an attorney fee award' " under section 1021.5. 

(Center for Biological Diversity v. County of San Bernardino (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 

866, 894.) Nor is it required that the class of persons benefited be " 'readily 

ascertainable.' " (Northwest Energetic Services, LLC v. California Franchise Tax Bd.

(2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 841, 876, fn. 19.)

Here, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that Sweetwater's action

advanced the public's interest in the lawful operation of charter schools and the 

Legislature's oversight objectives reflected in the CSA's location requirements. Even 

more broadly, the trial court could have found that through this action Sweetwater has 

helped preserve the constitutionality of charter schools within the public education 
24

system. The trial court could have reasonably concluded that advancement of these 

objectives conferred a significant benefit on the general public.

3. Necessity and Financial Burden of Private Enforcement

The necessity and financial burden requirement " ' "examines two issues: whether 

private enforcement was necessary and whether the financial burden of private 

enforcement warrants subsidizing the successful party's attorneys." ' " (Whitley, supra, 

50 Cal.4th at p. 1214.) Where, as here, the action is between two public entities 

(Sweetwater and Julian), the question is the necessity of "enforcement by one public 

entity against another public entity." (§ 1021.5.) Appellants argue this action was not 

necessary because it resulted in a ruling regarding Diego Valley's "hypothetical future 

actions which 'would be in violation of the [CSA].' " Given that Sweetwater obtained no 

practical relief, appellants reason that the trial court clearly erred in finding this action 

necessary. Appellants are mistaken in analyzing this element.

The necessity of private enforcement element of the section 1021.5 analysis 

requires courts to consider only one fact—the availability of public enforcement. 

(Whitley, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 1217.) Here, because Sweetwater and Julian were public

entities, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that this action was necessary to 

enforce compliance with the CSA.

We next consider the financial burdens and incentives involved in bringing the 

lawsuit. (Whitley, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 1215.) This inquiry examines "the costs of the 

litigation [and] any offsetting financial benefits that the litigation yields or reasonably 

could have been expected to yield." (Ibid.) This cost-benefit analysis seeks to determine 
25

whether the financial burden of the lawsuit was out of proportion to the plaintiffs'

individual stake in the matter. (Ibid.) Our high court noted that "courts have quite 

logically focused not only on the costs of the litigation but also any offsetting financial 

benefits that the litigation yields or reasonably could have been expected to yield." 

(Ibid.) 

"[T]he absence of a monetary award, or of precise amounts attached to financial 

incentives, does not prevent a court from determining whether the plaintiff's financial 

burden in pursuing the lawsuit is ' " 'out of proportion to his individual stake in the 

matter.' " ' " (Summit Media, LLC v. City of Los Angeles (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 171, 

193.) No abuse in awarding fees can be found where the facts show "that the plaintiff's 

'future money advantage . . . is speculative' [citation], or that the plaintiff's' ' "pecuniary 

benefit will be indirect and uncertain." ' " (Ibid.)

Appellants claim that the trial court's order accomplished one thing, the 

elimination of Sweetwater's competition for average daily attendance per-student funding 

(ADA funding). Because of this, appellants argue that Sweetwater failed to meet its 

burden of establishing that the cost of litigation transcended its expected personal 

financial stake in the increased ADA funding it expected to receive at the outset of this 

litigation. Appellants note that for the academic year of 2017-2018, Sweetwater 

estimated that it would receive over $9,500 per student per year. Accordingly, 

Sweetwater would only have to enroll or re-enroll 20 students for just one academic year 

to equal the amount of its fees in this action.
26

Sweetwater asserts that appellants' argument "grossly mischaracterize[s] school 

district accounting by ignoring offsetting educational costs and relying on assumptions 

about hypothetical student transfers unsupported by any part of the appellate record." 

Sweetwater contends that a more accurate review of school district accounting compares 

total revenue and total expenditures. We agree with Sweetwater.

Sweetwater concedes that ADA funding is directly tied to student enrollment, 

which correlates to revenue. It points out, however, that while its proposed budget for the 

2017-2018 school year reflects $453,861,354 in total revenue, total expenditures amount 

to $453,166,553, for a net revenue of $694,801. Sweetwater presented evidence that it 

serves "over 40,000 students." Accepting appellants' student worth theory, Sweetwater 

points out that this amounts to approximately $17 in net revenue per student.

In contrast, Diego Valley enrolled 686 students throughout San Diego county.

Even assuming all these students were eligible to enroll in Sweetwater schools, and that 

they did enroll, this amounts to a trivial financial gain for Sweetwater. The record 

supports the trial court's implied conclusion that Sweetwater's personal financial stake in 

this litigation was insufficient to warrant its decision to incur significant attorney fees and 

costs in the prosecution of this action. 

Finally, appellants contend that Sweetwater is disqualified from receiving a 

section 1021.5 fee award because its petition contained a prayer for damages. This 

argument is forfeited because it was not raised below, in appellants' opening briefing, nor

is it supported with a citation to authority. (In re Marriage of Khera & Sameer, supra, 

206 Cal.App.4th at p. 1477; Roe v. McDonald's Corp. (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1107, 
27

1114 [issue raised without citation to authority requires no discussion]; Ochoa v. Pacific 

Gas & Electric Co. (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 1480, 1488, fn. 3 ["arguments not asserted 

below are waived and will not be considered for the first time on appeal"].) 

In any event, we reject this argument on the merits. Our independent research has 

uncovered no support for appellants' contention. Additionally, we note that Sweetwater's 

prayer contained a boilerplate request "[f]or such damages and other and further relief as 

the Court deems just and proper." Sweetwater, however, did not request damages in its 

briefing to the trial court, nor did it request damages in its argument at trial. Accordingly, 

we are not convinced that the trial court abused its discretion in impliedly finding that the 

financial burden of private enforcement warranted subsidizing Sweetwater's attorneys.

In summary, we conclude that appellants have not shown that the trial court 

committed factual or legal error, or otherwise abused its discretion, in determining that 

the statutory criteria had been satisfied. Accordingly, we conclude that Sweetwater was 

entitled to an award of attorney fees and proceed to the parties' arguments about the 

amount of the fees awarded.

C. No Abuse of Discretion in Awarding Fees

Sweetwater sought $163,728.50 in attorney fees. In support of its request, 

Sweetwater filed declarations prepared by three attorneys itemizing the hourly rate and 

work performed on a categorical basis. The trial court awarded Sweetwater $163,728.05 

in attorney fees, jointly and severally against Julian and Diego Plus. 

Determination of the amount of an attorney fees award under section 1021.5 

begins with the calculation of a lodestar figure. (Graham, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 579.) 
28

The lodestar figure equals the hours expended by the attorney multiplied by that 

attorney's reasonable hourly rate. (Ibid.) "It is not necessary to provide detailed billing 

timesheets to support an award of attorney fees under the lodestar method. . . . 

Declarations of counsel setting forth the reasonable hourly rate, the number of hours 

worked and the tasks performed are sufficient." (Concepcion v. Amscan Holdings, Inc.

(2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1309, 1324.) The party seeking attorney fees has "the burden of 

showing that the fees incurred were 'allowable,' were 'reasonably necessary to the conduct 

of the litigation,' and were 'reasonable in amount.' " (Levy v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., 

Inc. (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 807, 816.)

"With respect to the amount of fees awarded, there is no question our review must 

be highly deferential to the views of the trial court. [Citation.] As our high court has 

repeatedly stated, ' " '[t]he "experienced trial judge is the best judge of the value of 

professional services rendered in his [or her] court, and while his judgment is of course 

subject to review, it will not be disturbed unless the appellate court is convinced that it is 

clearly wrong"—meaning that it abused its discretion.' " ' " (Children's Hospital & 

Medical Center v. Bonta' (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 740, 777.)

"A trial court may not rubberstamp a request for attorney fees, but must determine 

the number of hours reasonably expended." (Donahue v. Donahue (2010) 182 

Cal.App.4th 259, 271.) Diego Plus cited this authority to the trial court in its written 

opposition. "In the absence of evidence to the contrary, we presume that the trial court 

considered the relevant factors" (Gorman v. Tassajara Development Corp. (2009) 178 
29

Cal.App.4th 44, 67), including whether Sweetwater reasonably expended the number of 

hours it spent on this action. 

Appellants assert that even assuming Sweetwater's entitlement to a fee award, the 

trial court erred in the amount of fees awarded. Appellants note that the court awarded

Sweetwater the full amount of fees requested and contend that the court merely 

"rubberstamped" Sweetwater's fee request. As examples of the trial court's failure to 

analyze the time spent by Sweetwater's counsel, appellants observe that the trial court 

awarded Sweetwater over 80 hours, or approximately $20,000 worth of fees, for tasks 

related to the intervenor students. It also awarded 10 hours (approximately $2,000 worth 

of fees) for tasks related to potential criminal violations of the CSA by Diego Plus. 

Additional violations of the CSA, whether criminal or not, could form a basis for 

Sweetwater to amend its petition. It was not unreasonable for Sweetwater to investigate 

this issue and request fees for this work. Nor was it unreasonable for the trial court to 

award these fees. The same law firm represented the intervening students and Diego 

Plus. The students intervened seeking essentially the opposite relief of that requested by 

Sweetwater in its petition. The students' claims were related to the primary litigation, and 

we find nothing clearly wrong in the trial court's exercise of discretion to award 

Sweetwater its fees related to the intervening students. 

Appellants also complain that Sweetwater did not present billing timesheets to 

support their request, but presented declarations with general summaries of blockedbilling statements. "The law is clear, however, that an award of attorney fees may be 

based on counsel's declarations, without production of detailed time records." (Raining 
30

Data Corp. v. Barrenechea (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1363, 1375.) Here, the three 

attorneys primarily involved in the litigation provided declarations under penalty of 

perjury supporting the hours sought, which were broken down by hours expended in each 

category of services rendered. The same trial judge presided over the entire matter, was 

familiar with the record and issues, and was thus well equipped to evaluate the 

reasonableness of the time expended by Sweetwater's counsel. (California Interstate Tel. 

Co. v. Prescott (1964) 228 Cal.App.2d 408, 411 ["The pleadings, depositions, and other 

evidence of the actual work performed by defense counsel were before the court. Upon 

this evidence alone the court had discretion to set the fee."].) "The lack of detailed billing 

statements perhaps is relevant to the credibility of [the attorney's declaration]; however, 

the lack of billing statements does not automatically establish that there was insufficient 

evidence for the trial court to render a decision." (City of Colton v. Singletary (2012) 206 

Cal.App.4th 751, 786.)

Appellants specifically complain that the trial court had insufficient information 

with which to determine the reasonableness of 108.6 hours spent by attorney Keith 

Yeomans related to drafting the motion for judgment on the petition. Yeomans's

declaration stated that the 108.6 hours were spent as follows: "Research, draft, and revise 

motion for judgment on petition for writ of mandate; analysis of oppositions to motion 

for judgment on petition for writ of mandate; research, draft, and revise reply to 

oppositions to motion for judgment on petition for writ of mandate; and communications 

re same." This brief description, however, is not the only information before the trial 

court. The court also had the 35-page motion, supported by six declarations, 52 exhibits 
31

and legislative history. The court also had appellants' two opposition briefs, two requests 

for judicial notice, evidentiary objections and numerous exhibits to which Sweetwater 

filed a consolidated reply. At the beginning of trial the court acknowledged the breadth 

and complexity of the material, stating:

"Ladies and gentlemen. [¶] Thank you for the opportunity to read 

and read and read and read. It is a complicated case, and I have tried 

very hard, as I'm sure you have, to analyze the facts and the legal 

arguments and the law to come up with an appropriate decision."

This record does not support appellants' assertion that the trial court had 

insufficient information to evaluate the work performed by Sweetwater's counsel. Nor 

does it support appellants' claim that the trial court abused its discretion when it declined 

to reduce the amount of fees requested.

Appellants next complain about 10 blocked-billing entries by attorney Yeomans, 

totaling 108.1 hours, that related to the first set of written discovery. The trial court, 

however, had before it the material Yeomans either drafted or reviewed, including:

discovery requests, appellants' responses, and three motions to compel and opposition 

thereto. Again, we discern no abuse of discretion in awarding the requested fees for this 

work.

Finally, appellants contend that Sweetwater's fee award should be reduced based 

on its partial success. Julian specifically argued to the trial court that the "majority of the 

work performed by Sweetwater's legal counsel was unnecessary to achieve Sweetwater's 

limited success." The trial court impliedly rejected this argument by declining to reduce 

the fee award.
32

We apply a two-step inquiry in analyzing whether section 1021.5 fees are 

appropriate where a plaintiff achieves limited success. (Espejo v. The Copley Press, Inc. 

(2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 329, 382 (Espejo).) The first step is to determine whether the 

prevailing party's successful and unsuccessful claims are related. (Ibid.) "If the different 

claims are based on different facts and legal theories, they are unrelated; if they involve a 

common core of facts or are based on related legal theories, they are related." (Ibid.) 

Here, all of Sweetwater's claims were legally and factually related such that an 

apportionment of fees was unwarranted. 

Where claims are related, the second step requires the trial court to evaluate the 

significance of the overall relief obtained by the plaintiff in relation to the hours 

reasonably expended on the litigation and reduce the lodestar calculation if the relief is 

limited in comparison to the scope of the litigation as a whole. (Espejo, supra, 13 

Cal.App.5th at p. 382.) "[T]he fee award should not be reduced simply because the 

plaintiff failed to prevail on every contention raised in the lawsuit. [Citation.] Litigants 

in good faith may raise alternative legal grounds for a desired outcome, and the court's 

rejection of or failure to reach certain grounds is not a sufficient reason for reducing a 

fee. The result is what matters." (Hensley v. Eckerhart (1983) 461 U.S. 424, 435.)

Sweetwater filed this litigation to stop appellants' operation of charter schools 

within its geographic boundaries. The trial court impliedly found that Diego Plus was 

operating within Sweetwater's geographic boundaries and granted Sweetwater both 

declaratory and injunctive relief. The court, however, declined to issue a writ of mandate 

directing that Julian revoke Diego Valley's charter, finding that revoking Diego Valley's 
33

charter was not the only reasonable exercise of discretion under the circumstances. The 

court cited the waivers granted by the SBE, noting that the waivers were designed to 

minimize disruption to students. Accordingly, the court denied the requested relief based 

on the detrimental impact this action would have on a large number of students. The trial 

court also declined to order the remaining mandamus relief requested against Julian and 

Diego Plus because it found that writs mandating compliance with the law to be 

"superfluous." Thus, although the court ultimately denied Sweetwater's petition for writ 

of mandate, its denial did not reflect adversely on the merits for these claims. Given 

these circumstances, the trial court could have concluded that Sweetwater's attorneys 

reasonably expended all its listed hours. On this record, we cannot conclude that the trial 

court abused its discretion in awarding Sweetwater all its requested fees.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Respondent is entitled to its costs on appeal.

NARES, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

BENKE, J.
34

Filed 6/28/19

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SWEETWATER UNION HIGH SCHOOL 

DISTRICT,

Plaintiff and Respondent, 

v.

JULIAN UNION ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 

DISTRICT et. al.

Defendants and Appellants.

D073878

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2015-00021033-

 CU-MC-CTL)

 ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION

 FOR PUBLICATION

THE COURT:

The opinion in this case filed June 4, 2019, was not certified for publication. It 

appearing the opinion meets the standards for publication specified in California Rules of 

Court, rule 8.1105(c), the request pursuant to rule 8.1120(a) for publication is 

GRANTED.

IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED that the opinion meets the standards for publication 

specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c); and
35

ORDERED that the words "Not to Be Published in the Official Reports" appearing 

on page 1 of said opinion be deleted and the opinion herein be published in the Official 

Reports.

McCONNELL, P. J.

Copies to: All parties