U.S. flagAn official website of the United States government
                    Here's how you know **Official websites use .gov**
                            
                            A **.gov** website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
 **Secure .gov websites use HTTPS**
                            
                            A **lock** (                            
                              A locked padlock                                                      
                            
                            ) or **https://** means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.


Menu Agricultural Research Service
						
                    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
 close



Research
                Research Home
                            National Programs
                            Research Projects
                            Scientific Manuscripts
                            International Engagement
                            Scientific Software/Models
                            Databases and Datasets
                            Office of Scientific Quality Review
            Media
                News & Features
                            Multimedia
                            Briefing Room
                            Down on the Farm
                            Press Room
                            Science in Your Shopping Cart
                            Scientific Discoveries
                            Tellus
                            Under the Microscope
            About ARS
                About ARS Home
                            Staff Directory
                            Labs and Research Centers (Map)
                            Headquarter Offices
                            Organizational Chart
                            Employee Services (REE Employees Only)
                            Office of Outreach, Diversity, and Equal Opportunity
            Work With Us
                Work With Us Home
                            ARS Vacancies at USAJOBS
                            Careers at ARS Information
                            Scientific Collaborations
                            Extramural Agreements
                            1890 Faculty Research Sabbatical ProgramSearch small
                    Search
            
            ARS Home
                                About ARS
                                Contact Us




ARS Home Northeast Area Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania Eastern Regional Research Center Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Research Publications at this Location





- ARS National Programs
- Search for a scientific manuscript
- Search for a research project
- ARS Software
- Programs and Projects
- Collaborations
- Subjects of Investigation
- Publications

Title:   Author  item
                                            Richards, Gary
  Submitted to: Meeting Abstract
                                    Publication Type: Proceedings
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 6/18/2008
                                    Publication  Date: 3/1/2009
                                    Citation: Richards, G.P. 2009. AN OVERVIEW OF ENTERIC VIRUS EXTRACTION AND ASSAY METHODS. In:P.Busby (ed)., Proceedings of the 6th Int'l Conference on Molluscan Shellfish Safety, Blenheim, New Zealand. pp.111-118.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: Enteric viruses, particularly norovirus and hepatitis A virus, are major contaminants of molluscan shellfish, leading to outbreaks of viral illness.  A host of procedures have been developed for the extraction and assay of viruses from shellfish.  Early extraction and assay methods focused on the detection of vaccine strains of poliovirus as a possible indicator for other enteric viral pathogens.  Plaque and cytopathogenicity assays, the radioimmunofocus assay, and luminescent immunofocus assay were developed to detect viruses capable of replication in cell cultures.  The advent of molecular biology opened the way for reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative RT-PCR.  In spite of the advances made, the extraction procedures are time-consuming and complex.  Assay methods suffer from limitations including the presence of inhibitory compounds in the extracts and the inability to differentiate infectious from inactivated viruses using molecular methods.  Recent advances in the propagation of noroviruses may ultimately make RT-PCR methods obsolete.  This presentation describes: a) general procedures for virus extraction from shellfish, b) cell-culture-based and molecular methods for virus assay, c) limitations in the procedures, d) factors important to the interpretation of results, e) harmonization of methods, f) new discoveries that may change the way shellfish are analyzed, and g) future directions for research.


Return to top


Connect with ARS Sign up


ARS Home
                            USDA.gov
                            Plain Writing
                            Policies & Links
                            Civil Rights Statements
                            FOIA
                            Accessibility Statement
                            Privacy Policy
                            Non-Discrimination Statement
                            Quality of Information
                            USA.gov
                            WhiteHouse.gov