UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 19-4922

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

RYAN RUSSELL PARKS, a/k/a Dinero,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. 

Thomas E. Johnston, Chief District Judge. (1:18-cr-00317-TEJ-1)

Submitted: February 26, 2021 Decided: March 10, 2021

Before WILKINSON, WYNN, and THACKER, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

Marc G. Hall, LAW OFFICES OF MARC G. HALL, P.C., Greenbelt, Maryland, for 

Appellant. Robert K. Hur, United States Attorney, Christine Duey, Matthew J. Maddox, 

Assistant United States Attorneys, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, 

Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2

PER CURIAM:

Ryan Russell Parks appeals his conviction for sex trafficking minors in violation of 

18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 1591(a), (b)(2), (c), and using interstate facilities to promote an enterprise 

involving a prostitution offense in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 1952(a)(3). On appeal, he 

contends that the district court erred in not suppressing a statement he made to law 

enforcement; admitting evidence that he had sex with minors in his sex trafficking 

enterprise; admitting expert testimony; denying his motion to suppress a photo

identification; and excluding evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 412. We affirm.

Parks first contends the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress a 

statement he gave to police officers while in their custody. “The Fifth Amendment 

provides that ‘No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against 

himself.’” United States v. Azua-Rinconada, 914 F.3d 319, 325 (4th Cir. 2019) (quoting 

U.S. Const. amend. V). “And the Supreme Court has mandated the use of procedural 

measures to ensure that defendants, when subjected to custodial interrogations, are advised 

of their Fifth Amendment rights.” Id. (citing Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444-45 

(1966)). “Thus, unless a defendant is advised of his Fifth Amendment rights pursuant to 

Miranda and voluntarily waives those rights, statements he makes during a custodial 

interrogation must be suppressed.” (Id.) (citation omitted).

“Coercive police activity is a necessary finding for a confession or a Miranda waiver 

to be considered involuntary.” United States v. Giddins, 858 F.3d 870, 881 (4th Cir. 2017). 

“‘The mere existence of threats, violence, implied promises, improper influence, or other 

coercive police activity, however, does not automatically render a confession involuntary. 
3

The proper inquiry is whether the defendant’s will has been overborne or his capacity for 

self-determination is critically impaired.’” Id. (citation omitted). To conduct this review, 

courts consider “‘the totality of the circumstances, including the characteristics of the 

defendant, the setting of the interview, and the details of the interrogation.’” United States 

v. Holmes, 670 F.3d 586, 592 (4th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted). 

“‘The Government bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence 

that the statement was voluntary.’” Giddins, 858 F.3d at 881 (citations omitted). “‘When 

reviewing the district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we review factual findings for 

clear error and the legal determination that the statement was voluntary de novo.’” Id. at 

878-79 (citations omitted). “When a suppression motion has been denied, this Court 

reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the government.” United States v. 

Abdallah, 911 F.3d 201, 209 (4th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted).

Having reviewed the record, we conclude the district court did not err in finding that 

Parks’s waiver and statement were voluntarily made, and in denying his motion to suppress 

the statement on this basis. There is no indication in the record that any law enforcement 

officer coerced him into making the statement or engaged in any conduct that caused his

will to be overborne. And the Government proved by a preponderance of the evidence that 

he waived his Miranda rights and made his statement voluntarily. 

Parks next contends that the district court erred in admitting evidence that he had 

sex with minors involved in his sex trafficking enterprise. We review a district court’s 

evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. United States v. Webb, 965 F.3d 262, 266 (4th 

Cir. 2020). “‘Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b)(1) prohibits evidence of a crime, wrong, or 
4

other act from being used to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular 

occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.’” Id. (citation omitted). 

“But Rule 404(b) ‘does not affect the admission of evidence that is intrinsic to the 

alleged crime.’” Id. (citation omitted). “Instead, the rule is ‘only applicable when the 

challenged evidence is extrinsic, that is, separate from or unrelated to the charged 

offense.’” United States v. Brizuela, 962 F.3d 784, 793 (4th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). 

“In contrast, acts that are a part of, or ‘intrinsic to, the alleged crime do not fall under Rule 

404(b)’s limitations on admissible evidence.’” Id. (citation omitted). 

“Rule 403 states that a district ‘court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative 

value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice . . . or needlessly 

presenting cumulative evidence.’” United States v. Tillmon, 954 F.3d 628, 643 (4th Cir. 

2019) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 403). “[W]hen considering whether evidence is unfairly 

prejudicial, ‘damage to a defendant’s case is not a basis for excluding probative evidence 

because evidence that is highly probative invariably will be prejudicial to the defense.’” 

Id. (citation omitted). “Instead, ‘[u]nfair prejudice speaks to the capacity of some 

concededly relevant evidence to lure the factfinder into declaring guilt on a ground different 

from proof specific to the offense charged.’” Id. (citation omitted).

We have reviewed the record and conclude that the district court did not abuse its 

discretion by admitting the challenged evidence, because it was intrinsic to the crimes 

charged. Parks was charged with sex trafficking minors in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§§ 2, 1591(a), (b)(2), (c). Under 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)(1), “the government must prove a 

defendant’s mens rea as to the victim’s age by presenting evidence either that ‘the 
5

defendant knew the child victim was a minor, or . . . the defendant recklessly disregarded 

the fact that the child victim was a minor.’” United States v. Whyte, 928 F.3d 1317, 1328 

(11th Cir. 2019) (citation omitted), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 874-75 (2020). “But subsection 

(c) provides an exception: ‘In a prosecution under subsection (a)(1) in which the defendant 

had a reasonable opportunity to observe the [victim], the Government need not prove that 

the defendant knew, or recklessly disregarded the fact, that the person had not attained the 

age of 18 years.’” Id. (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1591(c)). When Congress amended Section 

1591 in 2015, it “made clear that, when the government proves that the defendant had a 

reasonable opportunity to observe the victim, it need not prove either actual knowledge or

reckless disregard.” Id. at 1329-30. Thus, “section 1591(c) unambiguously creates an 

independent basis of liability when the government proves a defendant had a ‘reasonable 

opportunity to observe’ the victim” and “relieves the government of its burden of proving 

that the defendant either knew or recklessly disregarded the victim’s age.” Id. at 1330 

(citations omitted).

As the district court held, the disputed evidence was necessary and relevant to an 

element of the offense, because it was highly probative of whether Parks “had a reasonable 

opportunity to observe” the victim under 18 U.S.C. § 1591(c). Thus, it was intrinsic to the 

charge and not affected by Rule 404(b). Moreover, to the extent Parks contends the court 

should have excluded the evidence under Rule 403, we conclude the court did not abuse 

its discretion in ruling it was not unfairly prejudicial, since it was highly probative and not 

unduly shocking or sensational, i.e., no worse than his crimes of sex trafficking minors. 

See United States v. Byers, 649 F.3d 197, 210 (4th Cir. 2011) (“Generally speaking, ‘bad 
6

acts’ evidence, admissible under Rule 404, is not barred by Rule 403 where such evidence 

‘did not involve conduct any more sensational or disturbing than the crimes with which 

[the defendant] was charged.’” (quoting United States v. Boyd, 53 F.3d 631, 637 (4th Cir. 

1995))).

Parks next contends the district court erred in admitting expert testimony by Special 

Agent Carrie Landau based on her specialized knowledge of child sex trafficking. We

review a district court’s decision to admit expert testimony for abuse of discretion. United 

States v. Campbell, 963 F.3d 309, 313 (4th Cir. 2020). “Under Rule 702, a district court 

must ensure that the expert is qualified and that the expert’s testimony is both relevant and 

reliable.” United States v. Smith, 919 F.3d 825, 835 (4th Cir. 2019) (citing Daubert v. 

Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589 (1993)). “In performing this gatekeeping 

role, a district court ‘is not intended to serve as a replacement for the adversary system, 

and consequently, the rejection of expert testimony is the exception rather than the rule.’” 

Id. (citation omitted). “[O]ur Court has explained that whether testimony ‘assist[s] the trier 

of fact’ is the ‘touchstone’ of Rule 702.” Campbell, 963 F.3d at 314 (citation omitted). 

“[E]ven if an expert witness’s opinion is admissible under Rule 702, Rule 403 permits the 

district court to exclude relevant opinion testimony ‘if its probative value is substantially 

outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice.’” Id. at 314 n.1.

“The district court must exclude ‘expert testimony related to matters which are 

obviously . . . within the common knowledge of jurors.’” United States v. Fuertes, 805 

F.3d 485, 495 (4th Cir. 2015). While a district court “must exclude expert testimony on 

issues of witness credibility,” “the mere fact that expert testimony tends to corroborate the 
7

testimony of another witness is not grounds for exclusion; indeed it is surely the case that 

most expert opinion evidence proffered by litigants is paired with lay evidence that is in 

some fashion supported by the expert opinion.” Id. at 495-96 (citations omitted).

We have reviewed the record and conclude that the district court did not abuse its 

discretion, under either Rule 702 or Rule 403, in admitting Landau’s expert testimony, 

because it was relevant, reliable, and helpful for the jury. See United States v. Young, 955 

F.3d 608, 615 (7th Cir. 2020) (in prosecution for sex trafficking minors under 18 U.S.C. 

§ 1591, court “did not abuse its discretion by concluding that Landau’s expert testimony, 

which defined key terms and explained common sex-trafficking dynamics, was reliable 

and helpful for the jury”) (citations omitted); United States v. Brinson, 772 F.3d 1314, 

1318-20 (10th Cir. 2014) (in prosecution for sex trafficking children under 18 U.S.C. 

§ 1591, court did not abuse discretion in concluding detective’s expert testimony on 

prostitution trade helped jury and was reliable as it did not require a review of defendant’s 

case). Moreover, Parks invited the expert’s testimony about the truthfulness of statements 

by sex trafficking victims to law enforcement; and the mere fact that her testimony

corroborated testimony of other witnesses did not constitute improper bolstering.

Parks next contends that the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress 

evidence that a witness identified him based on a single photograph that was not part of an 

array. “Due process principles prohibit the admission at trial of an out-of-court 

identification obtained through procedures so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a 

very substantial likelihood of misidentification.” United States v. Saint Louis, 889 F.3d 

145, 152 (4th Cir. 2018) (citations omitted). “Yet even where unnecessarily suggestive 
8

procedures are used, due process does not require exclusion of the evidence if the 

‘identification was sufficiently reliable to preclude the substantial likelihood of 

misidentification.’” Id. (citation omitted). This Court reviews de novo the district court’s 

legal conclusion as to whether the identification violated the Due Process Clause. Id.

“The Supreme Court has established a two-step process to determine whether

identification testimony is admissible.” United States v. Greene, 704 F.3d 298, 305 (4th 

Cir. 2013) (citations omitted). “‘First, the court must consider whether the identification 

procedure is unnecessarily suggestive.’” Id. (citation omitted). “‘A procedure is 

unnecessarily suggestive if a positive identification is likely to result from factors other 

than the witness’s own recollection of the crime.’” Id. at 306 (citation omitted). “‘Second, 

if the procedure was unnecessarily suggestive, a court must look at several factors to 

determine if the identification testimony is nevertheless reliable under the totality of the 

circumstances.’” Id. at 305 (citation omitted). 

The Court “evaluate[s] reliability considering the totality of the circumstances,

including factors such as: (1) ‘the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the 

time of the crime’; (2) ‘the witness’ degree of attention’; (3) ‘the accuracy of the witness’ 

prior description of the criminal’; (4) ‘the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at 

the confrontation’; and (5) ‘the length of time between the crime and the confrontation.’” 

Saint Louis, 889 F.3d at 153 (citation omitted). The Court “weigh[s] these factors against 

‘the corrupting effect of the suggestive identification itself,’ keeping in mind that ‘the 

exclusion of such evidence is the exception to the rule that favors the admissibility of 

eyewitness identification for the jury’s consideration.’” Id. (citations omitted).
9

We have reviewed the record and conclude the district court did not err in denying 

Parks’s motion to suppress the single-photo identification. Even assuming the procedure

was unnecessarily suggestive, the court did not err in ruling the evidence was nevertheless 

reliable under the totality of the circumstances based on consideration of required factors.

Finally, Parks contends that the district court erred in excluding evidence of the 

victims’ alleged involvement in commercial sex acts pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 

412, because it violated his constitutional right to present a defense. The court admitted 

evidence of sex acts occurring within the time period that Parks was alleged to have 

trafficked the victims, concluding that such evidence was relevant to whether he was the 

one who recruited or enticed them to engage in commercial sex work. But the court found 

that evidence about sex work that occurred before or after Parks’s alleged trafficking was 

irrelevant and excluded it. 

Federal Rule of Evidence 412 bars evidence of a victim’s other sexual behavior, 

which includes a sex trafficking victim’s other prostitution activities, unless the exclusion 

of the evidence would violate a defendant’s constitutional rights. Fed. R. Evid. 412(a), 

(b)(1)(C); United States v. Haines, 918 F.3d 694, 697-98 (9th Cir. 2019) (citations omitted). 

Courts have also held that a district court does not infringe on a defendant’s constitutional 

rights by excluding evidence of a victim’s sexual history under Rule 412. See, e.g., Young, 

955 F.3d at 615; Haines, 918 F.3d at 698; United States v. Elbert, 561 F.3d 771, 776-78 

(8th Cir. 2009); cf. United States v. Maynes, 880 F.3d 110, 114-16 (4th Cir. 2018).

“District courts are given significant discretion in making evidentiary rulings, and 

we will reverse such decisions only upon finding an abuse of that discretion.” Maynes, 
10

880 F.3d at 115. “In considering Sixth Amendment challenges, specifically, ‘the 

Confrontation Clause guarantees an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not crossexamination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might 

wish.’” Id. (citations omitted). District courts retain wide latitude to impose reasonable 

limits on the admission of evidence, and “[t]here is no reason that this wide latitude should 

be removed in the context of questions regarding witnesses’ sexual histories.” Id. “The 

district court remains in the best position to strike a balance between the relevance of the 

information to the defense and . . . a mini-trial into the victims’ character.” Id. Moreover, 

a district court does not violate a defendant’s Fifth Amendment right to present a defense 

by excluding evidence of minor sex trafficking victims engaging in acts of prostitution 

before or after a defendant’s encounter with them, because the evidence is irrelevant and 

“would only prove other people may be guilty of similar offenses of recruiting, enticing, 

or causing these victims to engage in a commercial sex act.” Elbert, 561 F.3d at 777.

We have reviewed the record and conclude that the district court did not err or abuse 

its discretion by excluding evidence of Parks’s victims’ commercial sex acts that occurred 

outside of the time that he trafficked them. And he fails to show that the court’s carefully 

balanced ruling was an abuse of discretion or violated his constitutional rights.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment. We dispense with oral 

argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials 

before the court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED