T.C. Summary Opinion 2003-105

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

FRANK PLANKO, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 9248-01S. Filed July 25, 2003.

Frank Planko, pro se.

Wendy D. Gardner, for respondent.

GOLDBERG, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant

to the provisions of section 7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in

effect at the time the petition was filed. The decision to be

entered is not reviewable by any other court, and this opinion

should not be cited as authority. Unless otherwise indicated,

subsequent section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in

effect for the year at issue, and all Rule references are to the

Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
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Respondent determined a deficiency of $3,190 in petitioner’s

Federal income tax for the taxable year 1998. The issues for

decision are: (1) Whether petitioner is entitled to dependency

exemption deductions; and (2) whether petitioner is entitled to

head of household status.

Some of the facts in this case have been stipulated and are

so found. The stipulation of facts and the attached exhibits are

incorporated herein by this reference. At the time the petition

was filed, petitioner lived in Brick, New Jersey.

Petitioner was married to Mary O’Hara (Ms. O’Hara) in 1986. 

Petitioner and Ms. O’Hara had two children during the marriage: 

Thomas Planko and Michael Planko (collectively, the children). 

Petitioner and Ms. O’Hara were separated in 1990 and were

divorced under a decree of divorce on June 16, 1995.

Pursuant to an order filed on April 14, 1997, in the

Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division-Family Part,

petitioner and Ms. O’Hara were granted joint legal custody of the

children. The detailed order provides that all major decisions

concerning the children’s health, education, safety, and welfare

are to be made jointly. However, there is no provision in the

custody order dealing with the dependency exemption deductions.

The order granted physical custody of the children to

petitioner every Tuesday beginning at the end of the school day

or as soon thereafter as possible and continuing until Thursday
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morning when the children are returned to school. Petitioner was

granted physical custody of the children on alternate weekends

from Friday at the end of the school day or as soon thereafter as

possible until Monday morning when the children are returned to

school. Ms. O’Hara was granted physical custody of the children

during alternate weekends and during the week when petitioner did

not have custody.

During times when school was not in session, petitioner’s

weekend custody ran from Friday at 5:00 p.m. until Monday at 8:00

a.m., at which time the children were to be returned to Ms.

O’Hara. During these times, Ms. O’Hara has physical custody from

Monday at 8:00 a.m. until Tuesday at 5:00 p.m. and from Thursday

at 8:00 a.m. until Friday at 5:00 p.m. Petitioner was

responsible for all pickups and drop offs of the children in

accordance with the custody schedule.

The custody order was in effect during the entire 1998 tax

year. There was no multiple support agreement in effect during

the year at issue. Petitioner did not file Form 8332, Release of

Claim to Exemption for Child of Divorced or Separated Parents,

with his 1998 tax return.

Petitioner and Ms. O’Hara lived apart at all times during

the year at issue. Combined, petitioner and Ms. O’Hara provided

more than half of the support for the children in 1998.

Petitioner claimed two dependency exemption deductions and
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head of household status on his 1998 tax return. In the notice

of deficiency, respondent disallowed the dependency exemption

deductions because petitioner failed to establish that he had

physical custody of the children for the greater part of the

year. Respondent also disallowed the head of household status

because petitioner failed to establish that he maintained a home

for himself and a qualifying dependent for more than 6 months

during 1998.

We decide the deficiency issues in this case on the basis of

the evidence in the record without regard to the burden of proof. 

Accordingly, we need not decide whether section 7491(a)(1) is

applicable in this case. See Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C.

438 (2001).

Dependency Exemptions

Section 151(c) allows a taxpayer to deduct an annual

exemption amount for each dependent of the taxpayer. Section

152(a)(1) defines the term “dependent” to include a taxpayer’s

child, provided that more than half of the child’s support was

received from the taxpayer during the calendar year. However,

special rules apply in the case of a child of divorced parents. 

See sec. 152(e).

Pursuant to section 152(e)(1), if a child receives more than

half of his support during the calendar year from divorced

parents, and such child is in the custody of one or both parents
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for more than one-half of the calendar year, then such child is

treated for purposes of section 152(a) as receiving more than

half his support from the parent having custody for a greater

portion of the calendar year.

For purposes of section 152(e), custody is determined by the

terms of the most recent divorce or custody decree. Sec. 1.152-

4(b), Income Tax Regs. However, in the event of split or joint

custody, or if no decree establishes custody, custody will be

deemed to be with the parent who, as between both parents, has

the physical custody of the child for the greater portion of the

calendar year. Id. The custody determination under section

152(e) applies regardless of which parent actually provided the

support. See sec. 152(e)(1).

For purposes of section 152(e), the parent having custody

for a greater portion of the calendar year is referred to as the

“custodial parent”, and the term “noncustodial parent” means the

parent who is not the custodial parent.

There are three exceptions to the support test determined in

section 152(e)(1). Under these exceptions, the noncustodial

parent is treated as providing over half of a child’s support if: 

(1) Pursuant to section 152(e)(2), the custodial parent signs a

written declaration that such custodial parent will not claim

such child as a dependent, and the noncustodial parent attaches

such written declaration to the noncustodial parent’s return for
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the taxable year; (2) pursuant to section 152(e)(3), there is a

multiple support agreement between the parties as provided in

section 152(c); or (3) pursuant to section 152(e)(4), there is a

qualified pre-1985 instrument providing that the noncustodial

parent shall be entitled to any deduction allowable under section

151 for such child, provided that certain other requisites, not

pertinent here, are met.

The dispute in this case centers around which parent had

physical custody of the children for a greater portion of 1998. 

Petitioner asserts that the children spent 183 nights in his home

and 182 nights in Ms. O’Hara’s home; therefore, he is the

custodial parent. Respondent asserts that the children were in

the physical custody of Ms. O’Hara for more time in 1998 than

they were with petitioner; therefore, petitioner is the

noncustodial parent.

The accuracy of petitioner’s claim that the children spent

more time with him because he had custody 183 nights is

questionable. Petitioner’s claim fails to distinguish between

those days on which Ms. O’Hara had physical custody for the

majority of the day, yet the children spent the night with

petitioner. For instance, petitioner claimed all alternate

Fridays as a full day of custody. However, when the children

were not in school and petitioner picked the children up at 5:00

p.m. on Friday, petitioner would only have physical custody for 7
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hours of the day, yet claim the entire day for himself. Because

the custody order provides for the custody to change at different

times on different days, we determine physical custody in this

case on a hourly basis.

Based on a calendar prepared by Ms. O’Hara and received into

evidence at trial, respondent determined that during 1998 the

children were in the physical custody of Ms. O’Hara for a minimum

of 4,898 hours and in the physical custody of petitioner for a

maximum of 3,862 hours. The calendar follows very closely to the

schedule in the custody order. Both petitioner and Ms. O’Hara

testified that the custody order was strictly followed. We

believe that the calendar accurately represents the custody of

the children for 1998.

On brief, petitioner argues that the hours allotted to Ms.

O’Hara are inflated because her hours contain time when the

children were attending school. Petitioner claims that while the

children are in school they are not in the physical custody of

either parent, but are in the joint legal custody of both

parents. Petitioner attached a monthly calendar to his brief,

which, from the standpoint of the exact days and nights the

children were in the custody of either parent, is essentially

identical to the calendar prepared by Ms. O’Hara. The calendars

differ in that petitioner’s calendar excludes the hours of each

day that the children spent in school from the time allotted to
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each parent’s physical custody. However, even excluding the

hours when the children were in school, petitioner’s calculations

show that the children spent 3,672 hours in his physical custody

and 3,704 hours in the physical custody of Ms. O’Hara. Assuming

we excluded the hours the children were in school, petitioner’s

own calculations still show that the children spent 32 more hours

in the physical custody of Ms. O’Hara than they did with

petitioner.

Petitioner dismisses the 32-hour difference as

mathematically insignificant. However, the Code draws no such

distinctions and provides a bright line test. The plain language

of section 152(e)(1) provides that the “parent having custody for

a greater portion of the calendar year” is the custodial parent,

no matter how minimal the time difference may be. Petitioner

further argues on brief that the 32-hour differential is not

accurate because the children often spent time with Ms. O’Hara’s

relatives while she was at work; therefore, the children actually

spent more time in his physical custody than with Ms. O’Hara. 

Petitioner presented no evidence at trial to support his

allegation. See Rule 143(b); Niedringhaus v. Commissioner, 99

T.C. 202, 214 n.7 (1992)(Statements in a brief that are not

supported by testimony or documents at trial are not evidence.).

If we were to determine that the children are in the

physical custody of a parent while attending school, the custody
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order dictates that Ms. O’Hara would have substantially more

hours per year of physical custody than would petitioner. 

However, we need not determine whether the children are in the

physical custody of either parent while attending school because

petitioner’s hourly calendar, which is essentially identical to

Ms. O’Hara’s calendar except for the school issue, clearly

establishes that the children spent more time in the physical

custody of Ms. O’Hara. According to petitioner’s own calendar,

Ms. O’Hara maintained custody of the children for a greater

portion of 1998, although by only the slightest margin. 

Accordingly, petitioner has failed to substantiate that he had

physical custody of the children for a greater portion of 1998.

Since Ms. O’Hara had physical custody of the children for a

greater portion of 1998 than did petitioner, she is the custodial

parent, and petitioner is the noncustodial parent for purposes of

section 152(e). Thus, petitioner is allowed the dependency

exemption deductions only if one of the three exceptions in

section 152(e) is met. However, none of the exceptions apply. 

Petitioner failed to attach a signed written declaration to his

tax return, no multiple support agreement exists, and no

qualified pre-1985 instrument exists. Therefore, petitioner is

not entitled to a dependency exemption deduction for either of

the children for the year at issue.
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Head of Household Status

According to the relevant part of section 2(b), a taxpayer

shall be considered a head of household if such individual (1) is

not married at the close of the taxable year, and (2) maintains

as his home a household which constitutes for more than one-half

of the taxable year the principal place of abode of a son or

daughter of the taxpayer. Sec. 2(b)(1)(A)(i). Thus, petitioner

must establish that the children lived in petitioner’s home for

more than 6 months in 1998.

Because we determined above that the children were not in

the physical custody of petitioner for more than half of the year

at issue, petitioner could not have maintained a household that

was the children’s principal place of abode for more than onehalf of 1998. Accordingly, petitioner is not entitled to the

head of household filing status claimed for 1998.

Reviewed and adopted as the report of the Small Tax Case

Division.

Decision will be entered

for respondent.