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Title:   Author  item
                                            Nisbet, Daviditem
                                            Callaway, Todditem
                                            Edrington, Thomasitem
                                            Anderson, Robinitem
                                            Poole, Toni
  Submitted to: Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 1/2/2008
                                    Publication  Date: 4/1/2008
                                    Citation: Nisbet, D.J., Callaway, T.R., Edrington, T.S., Anderson, R.C., Poole, T.L. 2008. Effects of ionophores on Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium growth in pure and mixed ruminal culture. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 5(2):193-198.Interpretive Summary: Ionophores are antimicrobials that are fed to feed animals in order to improve animal feed efficiency by inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria.  Enterococcus species are Gram-positive bacteria that have been reported to be a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes.  Although ionophores are not antibiotics and are not related to antibiotics mechanistically, concerns have been raised about the impact that feeding ionophores could have on antibiotic resistance in food animals.  In our study, we found that ionophores do inhibit the growth of Enterococcus in pure culture, but not in mixed ruminal bacterial culture.  Ionophore-resistant isolates were not isolated during this study from any of our pure or mixed cultures.  Our results indicate that the role of ionophores in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes through the intestinal Enterococcus sp. appears to be limited.
                                Technical Abstract: Enterococcus faecalis and faecium are Gram-positive human pathogens that can live in the gastrointestinal tract of food animals.  Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are an increasing threat to humans as a nosocomial infection, as well as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes.  Ionophores are feed-grade antimicrobials that are widely used to enhance the ruminal fermentation efficiency via inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria by dissipating ion and proton gradients.  Some bacteria can become resistant to ionophores, and this has prompted concerns about whether ionophore-resistance can enhance antibiotic resistance in intestinal bacteria.  Since enterococci are normal members of the ruminant intestinal tract and function as antibiotic resistance reservoir, the present study investigated whether treatment with the most commonly used ionophores affected the growth of enterococci, and whether ionophore-resistant enterococci developed.  Ionophores do inhibit the growth of enterococci in pure culture, but in our study did not alter populations in mixed ruminal bacterial culture.  Ionophore-resistant isolates were not isolated during this study from pure or mixed cultures.  Our results indicate that the role of ionophores in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes through the intestinal Enterococcus sp. appears to be limited.


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