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Title:   Author  item
                                            Lydon, Johnitem
                                            CASALE, JOHN - US DEPT. OF JUSTICE DEAitem
                                            Kong, Hyesukitem
                                            SULLIVAN, JOE - UNIVERSITY OF MDitem
                                            Daughtry, Craigitem
                                            Bailey, Bryan
  Submitted to: Photochemistry and Photobiology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 2/19/2009
                                    Publication  Date: 4/21/2009
                                    Citation: Lydon, J., Casale, J.F., Kong, H.N., Sullivan, J.H., Daughtry, C.S., Bailey, B.A. 2009. The effects of ambient solar UV radiation on alkaloid production by Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 85(5):1156:1161.Interpretive Summary: The study demonstrated that UV radiation can alter the alkaloid composition of E. novogranatense var. novogranatense.  It specifically deomonstrated that a group of alkaloids, the truxillines, is likely produced photochemically and not biochemically, with UV radiation causing two molecules of cinnamoylcocaine to combine into a molecule of truxilline.  In addition to explaining the origin of the truxillines, the results validate the inclusion of truxillines in models to establish the geographic origin of illicit cocaine.
                                Technical Abstract: Cocaine-producing species of Erythroxylum have been cultivated in South America for centuries, yet little is know of environmental effects on alkaloid production in these species.  Given the high incidence of UV radiation in the equatorial and high altitude environments in which cocaine-producing species of Erythroxylum are cultivated, the present study was conducted to determine the effects of UV-B and UV-A radiation on alkaloid production in the cocaine-producing species Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense.  Plants were grown in the field under shelters that were transparent to UV radiation (+UV-B & +UV-A) or filtered the UV-B (-UV-B & +UV-A) or both the UV-B and UV-A (-UV-B & -UV-A) portion of the solar spectrum.  The treatments had no significant affect on plant biomass, specific leaf weight, or cocaine and trans-cinnamoylcocaine levels in the leaves.  Absorption values in the UV region of acidified-methanol leaf extracts were higher for plants grown under the +UV-B & +UV-A treatment as compared to the -UV-B & -UV-A treatment.  The alkaloid cis-cinnamoylcocaine decreased in the leaves of plants grown under the +UV-B & +UV-A treatment as compared to the -UV-A & -UV-B treatment.  The truxillines, dimmers of cinnamoylcocaine, increased in leaves of plants that grew under both the -UV-B & +UV-A and the +UV-B & + UV-A treatments as compared to the -UV-B & -UV-A treatment.  The results support the hypothesis that UV radiation is involved in the formation of truxillines from cinnamoylcocaines.


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