COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 02-10-00473-CV

OSWALD MISIGARO APPELLANT

V.

ANTOINETTE BASSOWOU APPELLEE

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FROM THE 233RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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I. INTRODUCTION

Appellant Oswald Misigaro, an inmate appearing here pro se, appeals the 

trial court’s order granting Appellee Antoinette Bassowou’s petition for divorce. 

In six issues,

2 Misigaro contends that his due process rights under both the state 

 

1See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.

2After filing briefs on February 25, 2011, and April 1, 2011, containing six 

issues, Misigaro later filed an amended brief consolidating his previous issues 
2

and federal constitutions were violated when the trial court conducted the final 

divorce hearing without his participation, despite the trial court’s attempts to 

contact Misigaro for his participation in the hearing; that the evidence is 

insufficient to support the trial court’s order granting the divorce; and that the trial 

court erred by distributing the community property unequally in Bassowou’s 

favor. We will affirm.

II. BACKGROUND

The trial court held a hearing regarding Bassowou’s petition for divorce on 

November 19, 2010. As the hearing began, the trial court announced that it was 

ready to proceed; that Misigaro was an inmate who was currently incarcerated;

and that per its previous order, it had granted Misigaro’s request to participate in 

the hearing by telephone. The trial court then called a number that Misigaro had 

provided to the trial court for his participation in the hearing. The switchboard 

operator answered the phone call and asked, ―[H]ow may I direct your call?‖ 

The trial court informed the operator that it was attempting to speak with Misigaro 

so that he might participate in the hearing. After the trial court identified itself to 

the operator, the operator informed the trial court that ―this is kind of the first 

 

into a single issue to ―assist this Honorable Court with a better concise ground for 

relief.‖ But because Misigaro is proceeding pro se, and out of an abundance of 

judicial caution, this court will address all six issues that Misigaro addresses in 

his initial briefs to this court. Misigaro’s amended brief and consolidated issue

address only his first three originally briefed issues. Bassowou responded to 

only five of the six issues Misigaro briefed.
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we’re hearing about this.‖ The switchboard operator then transferred the phone 

call to a ―Ms. Sanders,‖ who also attempted to aid the court in contacting 

Misigaro.

Sanders stated that although she could not get Misigaro ―out right now 

because, of course, we have - - you know, we have to have a certain amount of 

time to get him out. We have to pull him out of his house and everything,‖ she 

was willing to try to accommodate the court by getting Misigaro to the phone as 

quickly as she could. The trial court informed Sanders that it would proceed 

without Misigaro. The trial court also requested that the record reflect that it

attempted to contact Misigaro for the hearing and that he was not available to 

participate in the hearing telephonically. The trial court conducted the hearing 

and granted the divorce. This appeal followed.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Misigaro’s Absence from Divorce Hearing

In his first, second, third, and sixth issues from his original briefing and his 

consolidated issue from his amended brief, Misigaro contends that his due 

process rights under both the state and federal constitutions were violated when 

the trial court conducted the divorce hearing without his participation.3

 

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In part of what he calls his ―concise ground‖ in his amended brief, 

Misigaro alleges that he ―was deprived of participation because notice was not 

procedurally served correctly by The Texas Department of Criminal Justice 

policy.‖ We construe this allegation contained within this single issue from his 

amended brief as a fragment of his right-to-be-heard due process complaint 
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Although an inmate does not have an automatic right to appear personally 

in court, he does not automatically lose the right to access the courts by virtue of 

being incarcerated. In re Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d 163, 165 (Tex. 2003); In re D.D.J., 

136 S.W.3d 305, 311 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, no pet.). ―The right of a 

prisoner to have access to the courts entails not so much his personal presence 

as the opportunity to present evidence or contradict the evidence of the opposing 

party.‖ D.D.J., 136 S.W.3d at 314 (quoting Dodd v. Dodd, 17 S.W.3d 714, 717 

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.), disapproved of on other grounds 

by Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d at 166). Thus, if a court determines that a pro se inmate in 

a civil action is not entitled to leave prison to appear personally in court, the 

inmate should be allowed to proceed by affidavit, deposition, telephone, or other 

means. See, e.g., Sweed v. City of El Paso, 139 S.W.3d 450, 452 (Tex. App.—

El Paso 2004, no pet.); Boulden v. Boulden, 133 S.W.3d 884, 886–87 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.); D.D.J., 136 S.W.3d at 314. The responsibility to 

ensure that court-granted telephonic participation in a hearing occurs is on the 

inmate who requested the right to participate in the hearing. See In re D.L.S., 

No. 02-10-00366-CV, 2011 WL 2989830, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 21, 

 

found in his earlier briefing. But to the extent Misigaro might be complaining 

about notice as well as the right to be heard, the facts of this case belie any 

stance by Misigaro that he was not given notice. In his motion for continuance 

filed prior to the hearing, Misigaro states that he had been notified that the 

hearing would take place at 9:00 a.m. on November 19, 2010. Furthermore, 

Misigaro does not contest Bassowou’s assertion that he was in fact served. See

Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(g).
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2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (reasoning that after trial court granted telephonic 

participation in hearing regarding the termination of inmate’s parental rights, 

responsibility of setting up telephone conference was on inmate). We review the 

trial court’s determination to conduct a hearing without an inmate’s participation

under an abuse of discretion standard. Nance v. Nance, 904 S.W.2d 890, 892 

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1995, no writ); Armstrong v. Randle, 881 S.W.2d 53, 

57 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1994, writ denied). A trial court abuses its discretion 

only when the inmate has been effectively barred from presenting his case. 

Armstrong, 881 S.W.2d at 57.

In this case, the trial court denied Misigaro’s request for a bench warrant. 

But on September 8, 2010, the trial court granted Misigaro’s request to 

participate in the divorce hearing by telephone. On the date of the hearing—

November 19, 2010—the trial court called the case and attempted to call 

Misigaro. The switchboard operator at the facility where Misigaro is incarcerated 

stated over the telephone that the court’s call to them was ―the first we’re hearing 

about‖ Misigaro’s desired participation in the hearing. Sanders advised they 

needed ―a certain amount of time to get him out.‖ Furthermore, the trial court 

stated on the record that it was using the information provided to it by Misigaro 

himself in its attempt to contact him for participation in the hearing. Given that it 

was Misigaro’s responsibility to set up the telephone conference once the trial 

court had granted him the right to participate in the hearing through these means 
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and he failed to do so, we cannot conclude that he was effectively barred from 

presenting his case by the trial court’s actions. We hold that the trial court did not 

abuse its discretion by conducting the hearing without Misigaro’s participation

after it had granted Misigaro’s motion to participate telephonically and attempted 

to allow Misigaro’s participation by calling the prison. We overrule Misigaro’s 

first, second, third, and sixth issues from his original briefing, and his 

consolidated issue presented in his amended brief.

B. Sufficiency of Evidence to Support Divorce

In his fourth issue, Misigaro contends that the evidence is insufficient to 

support the trial court’s granting of divorce. Misigaro addresses only the 

sufficiency of the evidence regarding one ground moved on by Bassowou—

whether he treated Bassowou cruelly during the marriage. But Bassowou also 

petitioned for divorce on the theory that the marriage had become insupportable.

The insupportability ground of divorce is set out in section 6.001 of the 

family code. This ground, also known as a no-fault divorce, has three elements. 

Cusack v. Cusack, 491 S.W.2d 714, 716–17 (Tex. Civ. App.—Corpus Christi 

1973, writ dism’d) (discussing previous codification as section 3.01 of the former 

family code). They are: (1) that the marriage has become insupportable 

because of discord or conflict, (2) that discord or conflict destroys the legitimate 

ends of the marriage, and (3) that there is no reasonable expectation of 

reconciliation. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 6.001 (West 2006). The party petitioning 
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for a divorce on these grounds has a duty to establish the statutory elements with 

adequate evidence. In re Marriage of Richards, 991 S.W.2d 32, 37 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 1999, pet. dism’d).

Here, Bassowou specifically testified that (1) serious marital discord or 

conflict existed, (2) this conflict destroyed the legitimate ends of the marriage, 

and (3) there was no reasonable chance of reconciliation. Thus, there was 

ample evidence to support the trial court granting Bassowou’s petition for 

divorce. See In re Marriage of Beach, 97 S.W.3d 706, 708 (Tex. App.—Dallas 

2003, no pet.) (a wife’s testimony that her marriage was irreparable due to 

discord and a conflict of personalities between her and her husband, together 

with her testimony that there was no chance for reconciliation, established a 

prima facie case for a no-fault divorce under section 6.001). We overrule 

Misigaro’s fourth issue.

C. Division of Marital Property

In his fifth issue, Misigaro contends that the trial court erred when it divided 

the marital estate in an unequal manner. A trial court is required to divide the 

community estate in a manner that is just and right, having due regard for the 

rights of each party. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 7.001 (West 2006). Trial courts 

have broad discretion in dividing the community estate, and we presume a trial 

court has exercised its discretion properly. Murff v. Murff, 615 S.W.2d 696, 698–

99 (Tex. 1981). Therefore, absent an abuse of discretion, we will not disturb the 
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trial court’s division of the community estate on appeal. Id. at 698. Although a 

trial court need not divide the community estate equally, a disproportionate 

division must be supported by some reasonable basis. Ohendalski v. 

Ohendalski, 203 S.W.3d 910, 914 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2006, no pet.). ―If 

there is some evidence of a substantive and probative character to support the 

decision, the trial court does not abuse its discretion if it orders an unequal 

division of the marital estate.‖ Id. To prove an abuse of discretion, the 

complaining party must demonstrate from evidence in the record that the division 

was manifestly unjust or unfair. Pletcher v. Goetz, 9 S.W.3d 442, 446 (Tex. 

App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet. denied).

Here, the record reflects that the trial court awarded Bassowou a favorable 

and unequal division of the marital property. The record reveals that the trial 

court had grounds to make an unequal property division based upon its award of 

custody of the parties’ minor children to Bassowou. See Vannerson v. 

Vannerson, 857 S.W.2d 659, 669 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ 

denied) (the award of custody of any children is a factor that a court may 

consider in making a division of the marital estate); see also O’Connor v. 

O’Connor, 245 S.W.3d 511, 518 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.) 

(reasoning that trial court was justified in unequal division of property when party 

receiving larger share of division was responsible for care of children). Thus, 

Misigaro has failed to demonstrate from evidence in the record that the trial court 
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abused its discretion or that its division of the marital property was manifestly 

unjust or unfair. Pletcher, 9 S.W.3d at 446. We overrule Misigaro’s fifth issue.

IV. CONCLUSION

Having overruled all of Misigaro’s issues on appeal, we affirm the trial 

court’s order.

BILL MEIER

JUSTICE

PANEL: MCCOY, MEIER, and GABRIEL, JJ.

MCCOY, J. concurs without opinion.

DELIVERED: January 19, 2012