COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Petty, Athey and Senior Judge Clements

SALWA JAFFAR

MEMORANDUM OPINION*

v. Record No. 1002-20-2 PER CURIAM

MAY 11, 2021

CITY OF FREDERICKSBURG DEPARTMENT 

 OF SOCIAL SERVICES

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF FREDERICKSBURG

Gordon F. Willis, Judge

(Matthew Muggeridge; FIDE Law, PLC, on brief), for appellant. 

Appellant submitting on brief.

(Robin N. Krueger; Patricia Joshi, Guardian ad litem for the minor 

children, on brief), for appellee. Appellee and Guardian ad litem

submitting on brief.

Salwa Jaffar (mother) appeals the circuit court’s orders finding that her three youngest 

children were abused or neglected and terminating her parental rights to those children. Mother 

argues that the circuit court erred in terminating her parental rights because “it erred in finding the 

evidence sufficient to support that the children were abused and neglected.” She further asserts that 

the circuit court erred in finding that she “had failed to remedy the causes and circumstances that led 

the children to come into [foster] care and remain in [foster] care.” Lastly, mother contends that the 

circuit court erred in finding that termination of her parental rights was in the best interests of the 

children. Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the parties, we conclude that the circuit court 

did not err. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the circuit court.

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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BACKGROUND1

“On appeal from the termination of parental rights, this Court is required to review the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing in the circuit court.” Yafi v. Stafford 

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 69 Va. App. 539, 550-51 (2018) (quoting Thach v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t 

of Hum. Servs., 63 Va. App. 157, 168 (2014)).

Mother and Adnan Saeed (father) are the biological parents to five children; the parents’ 

youngest two daughters and their youngest son are the subject of this appeal.2 In 2002, mother

and father, along with their oldest two children, moved from Iraq to the United States. Mother’s

and father’s youngest three children were born in the United States.

In 2006, after receiving reports of physical neglect and physical abuse, the Fairfax 

County Child Protective Services “began to have significant contact” with the family and offered 

them “extensive services.”3 The Fairfax County Department of Family Services remained 

involved with the family until 2013.

In March 2018, the family was living in Warren County, and the school counselor at the 

middle school contacted the parents because their youngest daughter, who was in eighth grade,

was harming herself and had suicidal ideations. The school counselor recommended counseling 

1 The record in this case was sealed. Nevertheless, the appeal necessitates unsealing 

relevant portions of the record to resolve the issues appellant has raised. Evidence and factual 

findings below that are necessary to address the assignments of error are included in this opinion. 

Consequently, “[t]o the extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed record, we 

unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. The remainder 

of the previously sealed record remains sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1 

(2017).

2 Mother’s and father’s two older children are over the age of eighteen. At the time of the 

circuit court hearing, the parents’ youngest three children were seventeen, fifteen, and twelve 

years old.

3 The Fairfax County Child Protective Services was involved with father, mother, their 

children, father’s ex-wife, and his children with his ex-wife.
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for their daughter. Three weeks later, the school counselor discovered that the child was 

continuing to self-harm and was telling her friends that she wanted to kill herself. The school 

counselor followed up with the parents and learned that they “were still looking” for a therapist 

for their daughter.

In June 2018, the youngest daughter again expressed suicidal ideations, so the school 

counselor tried contacting mother and father. Because both parents were at work, the school 

counselor received permission from father to transport the child to the hospital for an evaluation. 

Later that night, mother and father came to the hospital as the child was being transported to a 

different hospital under an emergency custody order. The next day, mother tried to convince the 

school counselor that the child was not suicidal and did not cut herself. The child saw a therapist

three times, but when the therapist suggested psychotropic medication, mother removed the child 

from therapy.

On May 3, 2019, the City of Fredericksburg Department of Social Services (the 

Department) received a report that the youngest daughter, who was fourteen years old at the 

time, had attempted to hang herself in the bathroom at school. Mother denied the reports and 

insisted that the marks on the child’s neck were “due to sugaring, a form of waxing.” Mother 

also claimed that the scars on the child’s arms were “from sugaring,” and not from self-harm. 

Mother stated that the child’s behavior was “only for attention” and that she did not have any 

mental health concerns. Mother reluctantly entered into a safety plan and agreed to refrain from 

abusing the children emotionally, verbally, and physically.

Later that evening, the Department confronted mother after learning that she already had 

broken the safety plan. Mother agreed to place the girls with someone who could care for the 

girls temporarily. Mother and father agreed to supervised visitation with the girls. The 
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Department allowed the parents’ youngest son to remain in the home, so long as mother agreed 

to refrain from “all forms of verbal, emotional, physical, and mental abuse.”

A few days later, the youngest daughter was hospitalized again for suicidal ideations. 

Afterwards, mother and father entered into another safety plan and agreed to refrain from 

contacting their daughters and abusing their youngest son.

The Department subsequently learned that mother had been verbally abusing the children 

daily and physically abusing them “at least once a week or more.” The children reported that 

mother threw items at them, pulled their hair, punched them, kicked them, and cursed at them. 

The Department observed bruises on the older daughter’s arm.

On May 28, 2019, the Department received a report alleging that mother had sexually 

abused her youngest son, who was eleven years old at the time.

4

 The Department met with the 

parents and informed them that the youngest son could not remain in the house with mother. 

Father and the youngest son agreed to leave the home. After a couple of weeks, father reported 

that he intended to return home to mother with the children because “it was causing problems for 

him.” Father claimed that everything was “okay” at home and that the children were safe in the 

home.

Based on the family’s extensive history with child protective services, the parents’ failure 

to comply with the safety plans and services, and the parents’ inability to comprehend how their 

actions affected the children, the Department removed the three children from their care and 

placed them in foster care on June 13, 2019. After the children’s removal, father and mother 

resumed living together. The Department’s investigation and observations led to mother’s 

subsequent arrest on three charges of assault and battery, one misdemeanor charge of 

4 The allegations of sexual abuse were unfounded.
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contributing to the delinquency of a minor, and a felony charge of child abuse/neglect causing 

serious injury.5

The Fredericksburg Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (the JDR court) 

subsequently adjudicated that the three children were abused or neglected and entered 

dispositional orders. Mother and father appealed the dispositional orders.

Meanwhile, the Department referred mother and father to Family Solutions for a 

reunification assessment. On November 20, 2019, the evaluator at Family Solutions issued her 

report after investigating the situation and meeting with the parents. The evaluator opined that 

the prognosis for successful reunification was “[e]xtremely poor.” The evaluator noted that 

“both parents adamantly denied any form of abuse or neglect” and “rated their parenting 

performance as superior.” The evaluator, however, found that “mother’s harsh and cruel 

treatment of all of the children reflect[ed] a pattern of pervasive physical and emotional abuse. 

The father’s failure to protect [was] equally damaging.” The evaluator noted that mother 

demonstrated “a lack of awareness and accountability” and “struggle[d]” to comply with the 

rules and directives. The evaluator emphasized that the youngest daughter had five inpatient 

psychiatric hospitalizations, yet the parents failed to understand the severity of the situation.

The Department retained Dr. Leigh Hagen, an expert in forensic psychology, to “offer 

some professional opinions and guidance” with the family. Dr. Hagen reviewed the record, met 

with the parents, and prepared a report. Dr. Hagen opined that there was “insufficient evidence 

of sustained and reliable improvement in parenting performance or family functioning since 

2006.” Dr. Hagen found that the various social services departments involved with the family 

5 The Fredericksburg Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (the JDR court) 

found that the facts were sufficient to find mother guilty of one count of assault and battery, but 

it deferred disposition. The Commonwealth nolle prosequied the misdemeanor charge of 

contributing to the delinquency of a minor, the felony charge of child abuse/neglect, and one 

count of assault and battery. The JDR court acquitted mother of one count of assault and battery.
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had “made sufficient effort to rehabilitate the parents by any reasonable means to remedy the 

circumstances in place prior to the child’s initial placement in foster care.” He did not believe 

that “other reasonable services would produce an appreciable result in remedying the 

circumstances in place prior to the child’s initial placement.” Dr. Hagen concluded that father 

and mother were “not in a position to safely parent any of these children.”

The Department had ongoing concerns about the parents’ ability to care for the children’s 

mental health needs and protect them from further abuse or neglect. On January 27, 2020, the 

JDR court approved the foster care goal of adoption for the three children and terminated 

mother’s and father’s parental rights. Mother and father appealed to the circuit court.

On August 18, 2020, the parties appeared before the circuit court for a hearing on the 

consolidated appeals from the JDR court. The social worker testified that mother and father still 

had not developed any insight into the needs of the children. Mother and father repeatedly had 

told the social worker that the children did not need mental health treatment and that their 

daughters were just seeking attention. Furthermore, the social worker expressed concern that

mother and father had not accepted their roles in the situation and their children’s placement in 

foster care. Mother and father insisted that they were “excellent” parents.

The Department presented evidence that neither one of the girls wanted to visit mother

and had not done so, but the girls had had “some visits” with father. The youngest son regularly 

visited father “via Zoom,” but had no visits with mother. All three children were participating in

therapy.

At the conclusion of the Department’s evidence, mother moved to strike, which the 

circuit court denied. Mother testified that she had attempted to find a counselor for her youngest 

daughter after her suicide attempt in June 2018, and that when she found a counselor, she 

stopped the counseling after three sessions because she did not agree to medicating the child. 
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Mother explained that after their move to Fredericksburg in August 2018, the child told her that 

she did not need to see a counselor or doctor, and mother did not see any problems; therefore,

mother did not seek mental health treatment for the child.

Mother testified that she wanted the children returned to her care. She denied physically 

abusing the children. She expressed her love for them and agreed to “never discipline them 

physically” if they were returned to her care. She claimed to have changed “a lot” since June 

2019 because now she was “more responsible” and thought more about the children and their 

needs.

The circuit court spoke with the parents’ daughters, who were fifteen and seventeen years 

old, in camera.

6

 The girls wanted to be adopted and did not object to the termination of their 

parents’ parental rights.

At the conclusion of all the evidence, mother renewed her motion to strike, which the 

circuit court denied. The circuit court found that the children were abused or neglected and that 

it was in the children’s best interests to terminate mother’s parental rights under Code 

§ 16.1-283(C)(2).

7

 This appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

“On review, ‘[a] trial court is presumed to have thoroughly weighed all the evidence, 

considered the statutory requirements, and made its determination based on the child’s best 

interests.’” Castillo v. Loudoun Cnty. Dep’t of Fam. Servs., 68 Va. App. 547, 558 (2018) 

(quoting Logan v. Fairfax Cnty. Dep’t of Hum. Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128 (1991)). “Where, as 

here, the court hears the evidence ore tenus, its finding is entitled to great weight and will not be 

6 The youngest son was twelve years old and did not speak with the judge.

7 The circuit court also terminated father’s parental rights, and he appealed the circuit 

court’s rulings. See Saeed v. City of Fredericksburg Dep’t of Soc. Servs., Record No. 

1292-20-2.
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disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Fauquier Cnty. 

Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Ridgeway, 59 Va. App. 185, 190 (2011) (quoting Martin v. Pittsylvania 

Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 3 Va. App. 15, 20 (1986)).

Abuse and neglect

Mother challenges the circuit court’s finding that the children were abused or neglected.

An abused or neglected child is defined as a child 

Whose parents or other person responsible for his [or her] care 

creates or inflicts, threatens to create or inflict, or allows to be 

created or inflicted upon such child a physical or mental injury by 

other than accidental means, or creates a substantial risk of death, 

disfigurement or impairment of bodily or mental functions . . . .

Code § 16.1-228(1). “[T]he statutory definitions of an abused or neglected child do not require 

proof of actual harm or impairment having been experienced by the child.” D. Farrell v. Warren 

Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 59 Va. App. 342, 364 (2012) (quoting Jenkins v. Winchester Dep’t of 

Soc. Servs., 12 Va. App. 1178, 1183 (1991)). Proof by a preponderance of the evidence is the 

appropriate standard for abuse and neglect cases. See Cumbo v. Dickenson Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. 

Servs., 62 Va. App. 124, 130 (2013).

The circuit court found that the family had “a long-standing toxic household that included 

violence and verbal, physical and emotional abuse.” The Department presented evidence that 

mother had verbally, emotionally, and physically abused all three children; her abuse included 

kicking the children, hitting the children, throwing objects at them, yelling at them, and pulling

their hair. The JDR court found that the facts were sufficient to convict mother of assault and 

battery against the older daughter. The younger daughter had attempted suicide multiple times, 

yet mother insisted that the child was just seeking attention and did not need mental health 

treatment.
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The circuit court rejected mother’s testimony that she did not abuse the children and 

found the Department’s evidence to be credible. “It is well established that the trier of fact 

ascertains a witness’ credibility, determines the weight to be given to their testimony, and has 

discretion to accept or reject any of the witness’ testimony.” Layman v. Layman, 62 Va. App. 

134, 137 (2013) (quoting Street v. Street, 25 Va. App. 380, 387 (1997) (en banc)). “This Court 

is bound by the credibility findings of the circuit court.” Tackett v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t of 

Hum. Servs., 62 Va. App. 296, 339 (2013).

Based on the totality of the record, the circuit court did not err in finding that a 

preponderance of the evidence proved that mother abused or neglected the children.

Termination of parental rights

Mother argues that the circuit court erred in finding that the evidence was sufficient to 

terminate her parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2) and that termination was in the 

children’s best interests. She contends that she had remedied the conditions that led to the 

children’s placement in foster care. She emphasizes that she participated in the required services

and had changed since the children entered foster care. She further challenges the methods used 

by the evaluator for the Family Reunification Assessment and any reliance on the report.

Code § 16.1-283(C)(2) states that a court may terminate parental rights if:

The parent or parents, without good cause, have been unwilling or 

unable within a reasonable period of time not to exceed 12 months 

from the date the child was placed in foster care to remedy 

substantially the conditions which led to or required continuation 

of the child’s foster care placement, notwithstanding the 

reasonable and appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental health 

or other rehabilitative agencies to such end.

“[S]ubsection C termination decisions hinge not so much on the magnitude of the 

problem that created the original danger to the child, but on the demonstrated failure of the 
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parent to make reasonable changes.” Yafi, 69 Va. App. at 552 (quoting Toms v. Hanover Dep’t 

of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 257, 271 (2005)).

The family had been involved with social services since 2006 and had received 

“extensive services” over the years; nevertheless, mother’s abuse toward the children continued. 

The Department presented evidence of the ongoing abuse, which eventually led to the youngest 

daughter attempting suicide several times and criminal charges against mother. Throughout the 

duration of the Department’s involvement, mother denied abusing the children and never 

understood how her actions affected them. Mother claimed that mental health treatment was not 

necessary for herself or the children.

The Department attempted to provide services to the parents and referred them for a 

family reunification assessment. The evaluator testified as an expert in family reunification 

without objection. Mother argues that the questionnaire she filled out at a meeting with Family 

Solutions was flawed, so the Department failed to meet its burden. The evaluator’s opinion, 

however, was based on more than the questionnaire, such as her interviews with the parents and 

children, her consultations with other mental health professionals and social workers, and her 

review of the Department’s records, the court’s records, medical records, and the CASA report. 

After reviewing and consulting with all the sources, the evaluator opined that the prognosis for 

reunification was “[e]xtremely poor.” Dr. Hagen, an expert in forensic psychology, 

independently reviewed the materials and interviewed the parents. He also opined that 

reunification efforts would be futile and found that the children would not be safe with mother.

Although mother testified that she had changed as a parent since the children entered 

foster care, she continued to deny the abuse and her role in the children’s placement in foster 

care. Mother dismissed testimony about her abusing the children as “a story.” The evidence, 
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however, supports the circuit court’s finding that the abuse was “long-standing and pervasive” in 

their family.

At the time of the circuit court hearing, the family had been involved with social services 

for approximately fourteen years. The Department remained concerned about the children’s 

safety and prevented mother from contacting or visiting them while they were in foster care. At 

the time of the circuit court hearing, mother was not in a position to visit the children, much less 

to resume custody of the children. “It is clearly not in the best interests of a child to spend a 

lengthy period of time waiting to find out when, or even if, a parent will be capable of resuming

his [or her] responsibilities.” Tackett, 62 Va. App. at 322 (quoting Kaywood v. Halifax Cnty.

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10 Va. App. 535, 540 (1990)).

Based on the totality of the circumstances, the circuit court did not err in terminating 

mother’s parental rights and finding that termination was in the children’s best interests.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s ruling is affirmed.

Affirmed.