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Title:   Author  item
                                            MORIMOTO, MASANORI - KINKI UNIV.-JAPANitem
                                            Cantrell, Charlesitem
                                            Libous-Bailey, Lynnitem
                                            Duke, Stephen
  Submitted to: Phytochemistry
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 9/26/2008
                                    Publication  Date: 1/20/2009
                                    Citation: Morimoto, M., Cantrell, C.L., Libous Bailey, L.M., Duke, S.O. 2009. Phytotoxicity of Constituents of Glandular Trichomes and the Leaf Surface of Camphorweed, Heterotheca subaxillaris. Phytochemistry. 70:69-74.Interpretive Summary: Camphorweed, Heterotheca subaxillaris, has a camphor-like odor, and its leaf surfaces contain glandular trichomes of the type that contains high levels of  bioactive terpenoids in other plant species.  Phytotoxic compounds (calamenene-type sesquiterpenes, borneol, and methylated flavones) were isolated from the dichloromethane wash of camphorweed shoots. Of the compounds isolated,  2-methoxycalamenene-14-carboxylic acid, had the strongest plant growth inhibitor against bentgrass, lettuce, and 
duckweed.  It was as potent as some commercial herbicides.
                                Technical Abstract: Camphorweed, Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. & Rusby has a camphor-like odor, and its leaf surfaces contain glandular trichomes of the type shown to contain high levels of isoprenoids in other species.  Phytotoxic calamenene-type sesquiterpenes (1-4, 8-10), borneol (11) and methylated flavones (12-15) were isolated from the dichloromethane rinsate of camphorweed aerial parts. The strongest plant growth inhibitor against Agrostis stolonifera and Lactuca sativa seedlings, as well as duckweed (Lemna pausicostata), was the 2-methoxycalamenene-14-carboxylic acid (1). Esterification of calamenene carboxylic acids decreased their biological activity.


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