If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

-1-

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

UNPUBLISHED

May 27, 2021

v Nos. 348347; 348350

Wayne Circuit Court

BERNARD ANTOINE HARDRICK, LC Nos. 15-007481-01-FH;

15-008119-01-FH

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and RIORDAN and O’BRIEN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant appeals as of right his convictions after a jury trial of one count of conducting a 

criminal enterprise, MCL 750.159i(1), and three counts of false pretenses ($1,000 or more but less 

than $20,000), MCL 750.218(4)(a). The trial court sentenced defendant as a fourth-offense 

habitual offender, MCL 769.12, to 20 to 35 years in prison for each conviction. For the reasons 

provided below, we affirm defendant’s convictions, but we remand to the trial court for the 

ministerial task of correcting clerical errors in the judgments of sentence.

I. FACTS AND HISTORY

For the most part, the underlying facts of these cases are straightforward and were admitted 

by defendant at trial. Within a couple of weeks of being paroled from prison on June 16, 2015, 

defendant found so-called “abandoned” or vacant homes in Wayne County. His plan was to utilize 

the doctrine of “adverse possession” to claim an “interest” in the properties and then sell the 

properties.1 To effectuate this plan, quitclaim deeds were created, either by him or at his direction, 

that showed the properties being transferred from himself to one of his companies. Defendant 

recorded these deeds with the Wayne County Register of Deeds. Defendant would then list the 

properties on the Craigslist website for sale or lease to own. When prospective buyers inquired

 

1 Defendant explained that, while imprisoned, he learned about adverse possession while 

conducting legal research in the law library.
-2-

about the properties, defendant met them at the properties, told them he was the owner, and showed

them the quitclaim deeds as “proof” that he held title. 

Defendant was originally tried in 2016 and convicted of nine counts of forgery of a 

document affecting real property, MCL 750.248b, nine counts of uttering and publishing a 

document affecting real property, MCL 750.249b, three counts of using false pretenses to obtain 

money in an amount of $1,000 or more but less than $20,000, MCL 750.218(4)(a), and one count 

of conducting a criminal enterprise, MCL 750.159i(1). In a prior appeal, this Court reversed the 

convictions of forgery and uttering and publishing because the quitclaim deeds that were at the 

heart of those charged crimes were not “falsely made.” People v Hardrick, unpublished per curiam 

opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued December 19, 2017 (Docket Nos. 333568 & 333898), p 5. 

In other words, the instruments “did not purport to be anything other than quitclaim deeds 

conveying whatever interest defendant had in the property to his company or vice versa.” Id. 

(emphasis added). The fact that defendant held no legal interest in the properties did not affect the 

authenticity of the deeds.

This Court also held that there was sufficient evidence to support defendant’s convictions 

of conducting a criminal enterprise and false pretenses, id. at 3-5, but still reversed those 

convictions and remanded to the trial court for a new trial on those four counts because defendant’s 

right to self-representation was violated, id. at 6-7. Accordingly, this Court remanded for a new 

trial on the charges of conducting a criminal enterprise and three counts of using false pretenses to 

obtain money in an amount of $1,000 or more but less than $20,000. Id. at 9.

Although defendant stated that he had recorded deeds for 21 properties, the retrial primarily 

involved five properties: 18300 Glastonbury in Detroit, 3290 Sherbourne in Detroit, 13591 Lenore

in Redford, 10065 West Outer Drive in Detroit, and 12661 Fordline in Southgate.2 Evidence was 

presented that at the time of the transactions at issue, defendant had no property interest in the 

various properties. Indeed, during the summer of 2015, after their respective foreclosures, the 

following people or banks owned the various properties: M&T Bank owned the Glastonbury 

property after a March 15, 2012 sheriff’s sale; Bank of America owned the Sherbourne property 

after a February 26, 2015 sheriff’s sale; Chase Bank owned the Lenore property after a June 14, 

2012 sheriff’s sale; MetLife Bank owned the Outer Drive property after a January 17, 2013 

sheriff’s sale; and Cynthia Bowman had been the owner of the Fordline property since November 

26, 1993. There was no evidence that any of these owners transferred any interest in the properties 

to defendant or his companies.

Defendant did not deny recording quitclaim deeds for these various properties and 

informing prospective purchasers that he was the “owner” before “selling” the properties to these 

 

2 Specifically, a fifth amended information, which was the most current information leading up to 

the retrial, alleged in Count 1 that defendant had conducted a criminal enterprise with the predicate 

offenses being five instances of engaging in false pretenses for the Glastonbury, Sherbourne, 

Lenore, West Outer Drive, and Fordline properties. In Count 2, defendant was charged with false 

pretenses related to the Glastonbury property. In Count 3, defendant was charged with false 

pretenses related to the Sherbourne property. And in Count 4, defendant was charged with false 

pretenses related to the Lenore property.
-3-

individuals. His defense at trial was that no deceit was involved because he thought that he was 

following the law of adverse possession. While defendant acknowledged that adverse possession 

takes 15 years to obtain “clear title,” he asserted that he thought that before that time elapsed, he 

still had “the right to exercise powers and privileges of ownership.”

The jury did not believe defendant and found him guilty as charged of one count of 

conducting a criminal enterprise and three counts of obtaining property valued at $1,000 or more 

but less than $20,000 by false pretenses.

II. RIGHT TO BE PRESENT AND TO BE REPRESENTED

Defendant argues that a new trial is required because his right to be present and his right to 

representation were violated when the trial court removed him from the courtroom during a portion 

of the prosecutor’s closing argument and during the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument. We disagree.

During the prosecutor’s closing arguments, defendant, representing himself, interrupted no 

fewer than 10 times. Each time defendant took exception with something the prosecutor said and 

attempted to place an objection on the record. After the third interruption, the trial court stated:

I can’t tell the prosecutor how to conduct her closing argument as I can’t 

tell you how to conduct yours, as long as it is orderly and it reflects what the 

evidence in the case said.

So please don’t interrupt anymore. Closing arguments are not evidence.

Despite the trial court’s admonishment to not interrupt anymore during closing arguments, 

defendant interrupted the prosecutor’s very next statement, which characterized defendant as 

“scamming victim after victim.” The court then told defendant to “[h]old your objections until the 

end of the arguments and then we’ll make a record. Keep track of them and we’ll make a record.” 

The court further noted that if defendant continued to interrupt, it was going to deduct time from 

his closing arguments.

Undeterred, defendant interrupted the prosecutor’s argument another seven times, for a 

total of 10 times. After this tenth interruption, the trial court excused the jury and had defendant 

removed, saying:

Mr. Hardrick, I told you at the beginning of this trial that if you continued, 

I almost excluded you from being present in your own trial and that you would be 

back there in the cell listening to it over a microphone.

You have continually tried to make a mockery of the legal system, of the 

court system. You don’t respect yourself, you don’t respect the citizens who are 

present, the Judge’s staff, you don’t respect anyone. You claim to be as good a 

lawyer as any lawyer who has a certification with . . . that training but you don’t 

respect it. So you are really showing us a large degree of confusion. But I allowed 

you to represent yourself because I was convinced that you could do that and you 

have done that. But you are disobeying this court order. I told you yesterday when 

you were on the stand not to talk about the appellate process in this case. You still 
-4-

told the jury that the case has been appealed, that the case had been reversed and 

the Supreme Court had done this, this and this, and I continually told you not to do 

it. I said if you continued to do it I was going to discontinue your testimony. I 

didn’t discontinue your testimony. I let you go on and disrespect this Court and 

disregard this Court, okay.

Today I keep telling you that these are closing arguments, they’re not 

evidence. Don’t improperly interrupt the prosecutor when she’s talking about what 

the evidence showed and what the prosecutor’s position is on this case. You will 

have an opportunity to do it when we bring you back form the cell.

So I am going to exclude you from this trial right now. We are going to set 

up the microphone in the cell so we can finish this closing argument. When it is 

your turn, we’ll bring you out. If you disregard the Court’s order at that point, then 

I am going to discontinue your closing arguments. I am going to charge the jury 

and then a higher court can decide if I was right or wrong.

Let’s take him back to the back.[3]

Although defendant was removed, standby counsel remained at defense table.

The prosecutor subsequently finished the last portion of her closing argument without 

interruption, which encompassed approximately three pages in the transcript. After defendant was 

brought back in and conducted his closing argument, he was led out again for the prosecutor’s 

rebuttal argument, which encompassed about two pages of the transcript.4

On appeal, defendant claims that his right to be present and his right to representation were 

violated. Because defendant never argued in the trial court that his constitutional rights were 

violated, this issue is not preserved. See People v Cameron, 291 Mich App 599, 617; 806 NW2d 

371 (2011). Unpreserved constitutional issues are reviewed for plain error affecting substantial 

rights. People v Wiley, 324 Mich App 130, 150; 919 NW2d 802 (2018). Thus, to avoid forfeiture, 

defendant must show that an error occurred, that the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, and that 

the error affected his substantial rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 

(1999). This last requirement generally requires a showing of prejudice, which means showing 

“that the error affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Id.

“The right to be present at one’s trial is a fundamental right guaranteed the defendant by 

both statute, [MCL 768.3], and as part of Fourteenth Amendment due process, Illinois v Allen, 397 

US 337; 90 S Ct 1057; 25 L Ed 2d 353 (1970).” People v Montgomery, 64 Mich App 101, 103; 

 

3

It appears that the trial court misspoke when it used the term “microphone” and instead meant 

“speaker.” There is no indication that the court intended to allow defendant to speak to the 

courtroom through a microphone, which would have frustrated the very purpose of defendant’s 

removal.

4 The prosecutor’s argument and rebuttal encompassed approximately 20 pages total in the 

transcript.
-5-

235 NW2d 75 (1975). However, through his conduct in the courtroom, a defendant can waive his 

right to be present. Id. Specifically, a defendant can waive his right to be present by “being so 

disorderly or disruptive that his trial cannot be continued while he is present.” People v Buie (On 

Remand), 298 Mich App 50, 57; 825 NW2d 361 (2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

Defendant in this case interrupted the prosecutor’s closing argument 10 times before he 

was removed from the courtroom. After the third interruption, to keep the proceedings moving, 

the trial court instructed defendant to save his “objections” for after the prosecutor’s arguments. 

Despite this mandate, defendant continued to interrupt. After the tenth interruption (seventh after 

being told not to interrupt anymore), the trial court finally removed defendant from the courtroom. 

Defendant’s repeated interruptions can best be characterized as disagreements with the 

prosecutor’s view of the evidence and legal theories. But this is precisely the purpose of closing 

argument. See People v Finley, 161 Mich App 1, 9; 410 NW2d 282 (1987) (“The purpose of 

closing argument is to allow attorneys to comment on the evidence and to argue their theories of 

the law to the jury.”), aff’d 431 Mich 506 (1988). Consequently, defendant’s “objections” had no 

merit.5

Thus, with defendant repeatedly interrupting the prosecutor’s argument for unfounded 

reasons, it is clear that defendant was being disruptive and was subject to being removed. 

However, the United States Supreme Court has said that a disruptive defendant can be removed 

only “after he has been warned by the judge that he will be removed if he continues his disruptive 

behavior.” Allen, 397 US at 343. There is no indication in the record that the trial court warned 

defendant that his continued behavior of interrupting the proceeding could result in his removal. 

Instead, the only warning given was that defendant’s allotment of time for his own closing 

argument could be reduced. Consequently, it appears that the trial court erred—not by removing 

defendant, but by removing him without first warning him that removal would be a consequence 

of his continued disruptive actions.

“[T]he test for whether a defendant’s absence from a part of his trial requires reversal of 

his conviction is whether there was any reasonable possibility that defendant was prejudiced by 

his absence.” People v Armstrong, 212 Mich App 121, 129; 536 NW2d 789 (1995); see also 

People v Morgan, 400 Mich 527, 535; 255 NW2d 603 (1977) (“[I]t is no longer the law that injury 

is conclusively presumed from defendant’s every absence during the course of a trial.”); Buie, 298 

Mich App at 59. Given the relatively short time defendant was absent, the fact that his absence 

only pertained to the prosecutor’s rebuttal and a small portion the prosecutor’s closing argument, 

and that defendant was able to continue to hear the prosecutor’s arguments over a speaker in 

another room, defendant has failed to show a “reasonable possibility” that he was prejudiced. 

Defendant argues that he was prejudiced because he was unable to make any further objections or 

request any curative instructions. However, defendant does not identify any specific, valid 

objections he would have raised had be remained present. After reviewing the remainder of the 

prosecutor’s closing argument and her rebuttal argument, we likewise see no grounds where an 

 

5 On appeal, defendant does not argue that any of the prosecutor’s remarks during closing argument 

were improper.
-6-

objection would have been successful. Thus, any objection would have been futile, and any 

inability to raise a futile objection cannot constitute prejudice. 

Moreover, defendant’s contention that he was unable to make any further objections to the 

prosecutor’s argument is not supported by the record. The trial court clearly stated that defendant 

could—and requested that he do—raise any objections he wanted at the conclusion of the 

prosecutor’s argument. It is evident from the record that defendant could still hear everything that 

was being said while he was removed. Thus, defendant could have raised any objection after 

arguments, as the trial court requested. Simply put, contrary to defendant’s assertion on appeal, 

he was not prohibited from raising objections to anything that was said while he was absent from 

the courtroom. 

Therefore, although it appears that the trial court plainly erred by not providing a warning 

to defendant before removing him from the courtroom, reversal is not warranted on this issue 

because there is no reasonable possibility that he was prejudiced.6

Defendant also argues that his removal denied him the right to representation. Defendant’s 

argument has no merit. First, it is undisputed that defendant had waived his right to counsel and 

instead desired to represent himself. Second, defendant identifies no authority that, merely 

because he was representing himself, his right to self-representation could not be waived on 

account of disruptive behavior.

Defendant also claims that the issue was “compounded” because the trial court never 

expressly designated his standby counsel as the primary counsel after defendant’s removal. We

agree that, ideally, the trial court should have informed standby counsel that she was no longer 

“standing by” after defendant’s removal. But by definition, being “standby” meant that counsel 

would take over the representation of defendant if he was unable or unwilling to continue 

representing himself. See Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed), (defining “standby counsel” as “[a] 

lawyer appointed by the court to be prepared to represent a defendant who waived the right to 

counsel” and “[a] court-appointed or privately hired lawyer who is prepared to assume 

representation of a client if the client’s primary lawyer withdraws or is fired by the client, of if a 

pro se defendant’s self-representation ends”). Thus, it is not obvious or clear that defendant was 

without representation after his removal. Although the trial court did not expressly designate

counsel as “primary” counsel, there is nothing in the record that shows that counsel did not 

nonetheless take on that role. The fact that counsel did not raise any objections during the 

remainder of the prosecutor’s closing argument or during the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument 

should not be considered significant where defendant does not identify any specific, valid grounds 

 

6 Our conclusion that reversal is not warranted on this issue would remain unchanged even if the 

issue was deemed preserved, i.e., that defendant, by his conduct, preserved an objection to his 

removal from the courtroom. This is because the “reasonable possibility” standard applies 

regardless of whether an objection is lodged. See generally, People v Woods, 172 Mich App 476, 

479-480; 432 NW2d 736 (1988) (addressing whether the defendant’s absence from trial warranted 

a new trial without discussion of issue preservation). 
-7-

for an objection, and none are apparent. Therefore, defendant cannot show under the plain-error 

standard that he was without representation during closing arguments.7

Lastly, defendant argues that the trial court erred by failing to provide a curative instruction 

to the jury regarding his absence. However, when asked if he was satisfied with the instructions 

as given, defendant only had a concern regarding the unanimity instruction. Accordingly, any 

instructions or lack thereof regarding defendant’s disruptions and subsequent removal are waived, 

and waiver extinguishes any error. People v Carter, 462 Mich 206, 215-216; 612 NW2d 144 

(2000). In any event, defendant’s assertion that the trial court provided no instruction on this 

matter, either immediately after defendant was removed or during final jury instructions, is not 

supported by the record. One of the very first instructions the trial court provided during the final 

instructions was that “[a]ny disruptions that we’ve had during the trial, please do not pay attention 

to these disruptions and not use it in any way to decide your verdict in this case.” Given the lack 

of other “disruptions” during trial, it is apparent that the trial court was referring to defendant and 

his earlier removal. Consequently, even if defendant had not waived this issue with respect to jury 

instructions, and the issue was merely unpreserved, defendant cannot show any plain error.

III. JURY INSTRUCTIONS

Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it failed to provide the jury with an 

instruction on a claim-of-right defense and an instruction on adverse possession. We disagree.

“The determination whether a jury instruction is applicable to the facts of a case is reviewed 

for an abuse of discretion; however, questions of law relative to jury instructions are reviewed de 

novo.” People v Mikulen, 324 Mich App 14, 20; 919 NW2d 454 (2018). A court abuses its 

discretion when it selects an outcome falling outside the range of reasonable and principled 

outcomes. People v Dixon-Bey, 321 Mich App 490, 496; 909 NW2d 458 (2017). Further, whether 

a defendant was denied the constitutional right to present a defense is reviewed de novo. People 

v Kurr, 253 Mich App 317, 327; 654 NW2d 651 (2002).

Defendant’s primary defense at trial was that he thought he was exercising his rights under 

the doctrine of adverse possession when he recorded quitclaim deeds for properties he did not own 

and then later attempted to sell those properties. Consequently, defendant requested that the trial 

court provide the jury with instructions regarding a claim-of-right defense and adverse possession. 

The trial court denied the requests because it determined that there was insufficient evidence to 

support the instructions.

“A court must properly instruct the jury so that [the jury] may correctly and intelligently 

decide the case. The instruction to the jury must include all elements of the crime charged, and 

 

7 Regardless of what standard we apply to his assertion that he was without representation during 

closing arguments, we nonetheless conclude that reversal is not warranted because he has not 

affirmatively shown that he was without counsel during that stage of the proceedings. See Brooks 

v United States, 500 F2d 103, 105 (CA 8, 1974) (explaining that “[o]rdinarily, the burden of proof 

is on an accused to establish that he was denied the right to counsel” at a critical stage) (citation 

omitted). 
-8-

must not exclude from jury consideration material issues, defenses or theories if there is evidence 

to support them.” People v Traver, 502 Mich 23, 31; 917 NW2d 260 (2018) (quotation marks and 

citations omitted). Further, the United States Constitution guarantees that “[a] criminal defendant 

must be provided a meaningful opportunity to present evidence in his or her own defense.” People 

v Bosca, 310 Mich App 1, 47; 871 NW2d 307 (2015).

The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that there was insufficient 

evidence to support instructing the jury on adverse possession and a claim-of-right defense.

“To establish adverse possession, the party claiming it must show ‘clear and cogent proof 

of possession that is actual, visible, open, notorious, exclusive, continuous and uninterrupted for 

the statutory period of 15 years, hostile and under cover of claim of right.’ ” Beach v Lima Twp, 

489 Mich 99, 106; 802 NW2d 1 (2011), quoting Burns v Foster, 348 Mich 8, 14; 81 NW2d 386 

(1957). In this instance, there was no evidence to show that the requirements of adverse possession 

had been met. Even assuming that defendant met the “actual, visible, open, notorious, exclusive, 

[and] continuous” requirements of possession,8he did not meet the 15-year requirement. Indeed, 

as the prosecutor noted in her closing argument, defendant barely had 15 days of “possession,” let 

alone 15 years. Notably, defendant admitted that he did not meet the 15-year requirement as well. 

Therefore, the trial court did not err by refusing to provide an instruction on adverse possession 

when it was undisputed that the elements were not satisfied.

Although defendant acknowledged that he did not meet the 15-year statutory period, he 

claimed that under his view of the law, an adverse possessor would have “the right to exercise the 

powers and privileges of ownership,” even before that 15-year period lapsed. Contrary to 

defendant’s assertion, that is not the law of adverse possession. See Beach, 489 Mich at 107 

(stating that only after the statutory period ends does the adverse possessor acquire “legal title”). 

Consequently, there is no instruction that could have aided defendant with his theory. At best, 

defendant could have claimed, which he did, that this was his understanding of the law after 

conducting his own research. But because this defense primarily deals with defendant’s personal, 

subjective beliefs, no jury instruction was needed regarding the actual legal concept of adverse 

possession. In fact, because the law does not support defendant’s view, providing the law to the 

jury may have inured to the benefit of the prosecution. In other words, not having the trial court

provide the law of adverse possession to the jurors allowed them to work from a somewhat 

nebulous concept,9 which arguably gave them a better chance at believing defendant. Accordingly, 

because an instruction on adverse possession did not support defendant’s theory, he cannot show 

how he was denied the right to present a defense. Importantly, defendant was able to present his 

defense that he had no intent to deceive because he thought we was acting within his understanding 

 

8

 We note that merely recording a quitclaim deed and showing the property to prospective buyers 

hardly constitutes the type of open, visible, and notorious possession needed. See Burns, 348 Mich 

at 15 (“To make good a claim of title by adverse possession, . . . the possession must be so open, 

visible, and notorious as to raise the presumption of notice to the world that the right of the true 

owner is invaled intentionally.”) (emphasis in original).

9 Although the trial court did not provide an instruction on adverse possession, a rough definition 

was mentioned by a witness. Regardless, it was stressed that the court was to be the source of law.
-9-

of the law of adverse possession. No instruction on the actual law of adverse possession would 

have helped him with this defense.

At trial, defendant also requested the following claim-of-right instruction:

Claim of title or claim of right is essential to adverse possession, but it is 

not necessary that an adverse claimant should believe in his title, or that he should 

have any title. He may have no shadow of title and be fully aware of that fact, but 

he must claim title. He may go into possession without any claim of title, but his 

possession does not become adverse until he asserts one; and he may assert it by 

openly exercising acts of ownership, with the intention of holding the property as 

his own to the exclusion of all others. [Some capitalization altered.]

Preliminarily, the instruction that defendant argues on appeal should have been provided is not the 

same as the one he actually requested. On appeal, defendant cites M Crim JI 7.5 as the instruction 

that should have been given, but that instruction deals with a defense to larceny.10 Therefore, to 

the extent that defendant contends that the trial court should have provided M Crim JI 7.5, that 

issue is not preserved. See People v Sabin (On Second Remand), 242 Mich App 656, 657; 620 

NW2d 19 (2000). And because M Crim JI 7.5 addresses larceny-type crimes, the trial court did 

not plainly err by failing to provide that instruction in this instance. That is because this case dealt 

with real property that cannot be the subject of a larceny. See People v March, 499 Mich 389, 

401; 886 NW2d 396 (2016).

 

10 M Crim JI 7.5 provides as follows:

(1) To be guilty of [larceny / robbery / (state other crime) ] , a person must 

intend to steal. In this case, there has been some evidence that the defendant took 

the property because [he / she] claimed the right to do so. If so, the defendant did 

not intend to steal.

(2) When does such a claimed right exist? It exists if the defendant took 

the property honestly believing that it was legally [his / hers] or that [he / she] had 

a legal right to have it. Two things are important: the defendant’s belief must be 

honest, and [he / she] must claim a legal right to the property.

(3) You should notice that the test is whether the defendant honestly 

believed [he / she] had such a right. It does not matter if the defendant was mistaken 

or should have known otherwise. [It also does not matter if the defendant (used 

force / trespassed) to get the property or if [he / she] knew that someone else claimed 

the property.]

(4) The defendant does not have to prove [he / she] claimed the right to take 

the property. Instead, the prosecutor must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that 

the defendant took the property without a good-faith claimed right to do so.
-10-

Moreover, the trial court did not err by declining to provide the requested instruction 

regarding a claim of right. Defendant obtained this “instruction” from Smith v Feneley, 240 Mich 

439, 441-442; 215 NW 353 (1927), and it pertains to adverse possession. Specifically, the Court 

was addressing the “claim of right” element of adverse possession, explaining that “[t]he belief or 

knowledge of the adverse claimant is not as important as his intentions. The intention is the 

controlling consideration and it is not the knowledge or belief that another has superior title, but 

the recognition of that title that destroys the adverse character of possession.” Id. at 441. As 

already discussed, any instruction on adverse possession was not warranted, so this further layer 

of law with regard to adverse possession also was not warranted. Notably, nothing prevented 

defendant from explaining to the jury that this is the law or text he found, which formed the basis 

for his belief that he had actual title or right to the properties. In other words, the relevance of this 

passage goes only to defendant’s state of mind after reading it. Accordingly, it would not have 

been proper for the court to instruct the jury on it. Instead, the law, i.e., the text that defendant 

found and supposedly relied on, was more evidentiary in nature as a way to explain his thought 

process.11

Likewise, because the failure to provide this instruction did not affect defendant’s ability 

to present his defense, his constitutional right to present a defense was not violated.

IV. CLERICAL ERRORS IN JUDGMENTS

Defendant requests that this Court remand to the trial court for correction of clerical errors 

in the judgments of sentence. Because there are other errors in the judgments as well, we agree 

that remand for the ministerial task of modifying the judgments is warranted.

In the instant case, defendant initially was sentenced under two judgments of sentence that 

were entered on March 6, 2019, one for LC 15-007481-01-FH and another for LC 15-008119-01-

FH. Both judgments were later amended on August 31, 2020. All four judgments state, “The 

defendant was found guilty on 03/23/2016.” These dates of conviction are incorrect. Those dates 

represent the dates defendant was convicted at his first trial; but after this Court’s remand and a 

new trial was held, defendant was convicted on February 2, 2019.

Additional, more substantial clerical errors are also apparent in the judgments of sentence. 

In LC 15-007481-01-FH, defendant was convicted of one count of conducting a criminal enterprise 

and one count of false pretenses. The amended judgment of sentence specifies that defendant was 

convicted of these counts, but in the sentence portion, it only lists the sentence for the conductinga-criminal-enterprise conviction. Defendant’s sentence for the false-pretenses conviction is not 

listed and should be reflected on this judgment.

 

11 Moreover, defendant’s interpretation at trial of this excerpt from Smith is incorrect. This 

provision does not mean that an adverse possessor actually has all rights and privileges of 

ownership before the expiration of the 15-year period. Instead, an adverse possessor must act as 

if he has such rights, but the possessor has no actual title or rights before the expiration of that 15-

year period.
-11-

Furthermore, the amended judgment of sentence for LC 15-008119-01-FH states that 

defendant was found guilty of two counts of false pretenses, which are listed as Counts 2 and 4. 

But under the sentencing portion, the counts are listed as Counts 3 and 4. They properly should 

be listed as Counts 3 and 4 because Counts 1 and 2 were captured on the other judgment.12

Therefore, we remand for the ministerial task of correcting the amended judgments of 

sentence as follows:

LC No. 15-007481-01-FH

 under “THE COURT FINDS” section, the date of conviction should be 

listed as 02/07/2019

 under the sentencing section, the sentencing for Count 2 that had been 

omitted should be added

LC No. 15-008119-01-FH

 under “THE COURT FINDS” section, the date of conviction should be 

listed as 02/07/2019

 under “THE COURT FINDS” section, the counts should be listed as Counts 

3 and 4 to match how they are represented in the sentencing section

V. DEFENDANT’S STANDARD 4 BRIEF

Defendant raises several additional issues in his Standard 4 brief on appeal,13 but as 

discussed below, none have merit.

A. DUE PROCESS

Defendant argues that his right to due process was violated because the information failed 

to inform him which charged counts were associated with which lower court file, and because the 

information alleged that Redford Township was the only victim. We disagree. This Court reviews 

constitutional issues de novo. People v Benton, 294 Mich App 191, 203; 817 NW2d 599 (2011).

After this Court’s remand and before defendant’s retrial commenced, a fifth amended 

information was issued, which listed only a single case number, “8215007481.” And under 

“Complainant or Victim,” the information only listed “TOWNSHIP OF REDFORD.”

“The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment mandates that a state’s method for 

charging a crime give a defendant fair notice of the charge against the defendant, to permit the 

defendant to adequately prepare a defense.” People v Chapo, 283 Mich App 360, 364; 770 NW2d 

 

12 Indeed, the initial March 6, 2019 judgment labeled them as Counts 3 and 4.

13 A pro se brief filed pursuant to Supreme Court Administrative Order No. 2004-6, Standard 4.
-12-

68 (2009). “The purpose of an information in a criminal case is to inform the defendant of the 

charge made against him.” People v Carriger, 37 Mich App 605, 609; 195 NW2d 25 (1972) 

(quotation marks and citation omitted). An information is to contain the following: (1) the “nature 

of the offense stated in language which will fairly apprise the accused and the court of the offense 

charged”; (2) “[t]he time of the offense as near as may be”; and (3) “[t]hat the offense was 

committed in the county or within the jurisdiction of the court.” MCL 767.45(1)(a)-(c). Further, 

under MCL 767.76 and MCR 6.112(H), a court may amend an information at any time, which can 

be before, during, or after trial. See People v McGee, 258 Mich App 683, 687; 672 NW2d 191 

(2003). But any “amendment must not cause unacceptable prejudice to the defendant through 

‘unfair surprise, inadequate notice, or insufficient opportunity to defend.’ ” Id. at 688, quoting 

People v Hunt, 442 Mich 359, 364; 501 NW2d 151 (1993); see also Chapo, 283 Mich App at 364 

(“Prejudice is essential to any claim of inadequate notice.”).

We find no error requiring reversal on account of the information failing to state which 

count was associated with which lower court file. For one thing, the information does specify—it 

clearly provides that all four counts are associated with case “8215007481,” which presumably 

relates to LC 15-007481-01-FH. Accordingly, the premise for defendant’s argument that he was 

never informed which counts were associated with which lower court files is not supported by the 

record. Plainly, defendant was notified that all the counts were associated with LC 15-007481-01-

FH. The accuracy of this is another matter, but defendant cites no authority for the proposition 

that a (presumed) error in the listing of a lower-case number on an information is a ground for 

reversal. Indeed, it is not clear how any such error could be deemed prejudicial.

14

 Regardless of 

what the court number was supposed to be, the information provided defendant with the required 

notice on the four separate counts. Therefore, his argument related to a purported lack of a lower 

court file number (or an incorrect lower court file number) does not warrant reversal.

The other aspect of defendant’s argument is that the information fails to identify anyone 

other than Redford Township as a victim. Notably, under MCL 767.45(1), naming a victim is not 

required. All that is required is to adequately describe the nature of the charged offense. And in 

the information, it mentioned the specific addresses from the real estate transactions that were 

associated with each incident of false pretenses. Accordingly, despite the fifth amended 

information not listing the names of the individuals who had been defrauded on these transactions, 

the information supplied sufficient information, by virtue of the inclusion of the addresses for the 

various property transactions, for defendant to know which conduct was at issue. Moreover, 

contrary to defendant’s assertion, the prosecutor did amend the information to add these individual 

victim names. The fact that this sixth amended information was created after trial is of no moment 

because that is expressly permitted under the law, as long as there is no prejudice. McGee, 258 

Mich App at 687-688. And defendant cannot show any prejudice because in his first trial, there 

was evidence presented that all of these named victims had been involved with defendant in the 

various property transactions. Thus, the addition of the names in the sixth amended information 

does not and cannot constitute unfair surprise.

 

14 It was undisputed that while there were two different case files originally, the cases were 

consolidated for trial.
-13-

In sum, defendant’s complaints about the information are unwarranted. He has failed to 

show how he was prejudiced by any perceived errors. There is no question that he had notice of 

the charges he was facing at trial. Aside from the fifth (and sixth) amended information clearly 

specifying the charges he was facing, this Court’s prior decision specified which four counts were 

subject to retrial. Hardrick, unpub op at 1, 9.15 It was immaterial which lower court files these 

counts were tied to.

B. ADDITION OF COUNTS

Defendant argues that reversal is required because he was tried on charges that the 

prosecution had added after this Court’s remand that were not the subject of a preliminary 

examination. We disagree with defendant’s positions.

At the outset, defendant’s position is multifaceted and somewhat hard to follow. He 

acknowledges that this Court remanded for a new trial on one count of conducting a criminal 

enterprise and three counts of false pretenses. Although a new trial was held on these four charges, 

he maintains that this was improper. Most of his argument stems from the fact that in the third 

amended information, which was the latest information for defendant’s original trial, under the 

conducting-a-criminal-enterprise charge, it alleged that defendant knowingly conducted or 

participated “in the affairs of the enterprise directly or indirectly through a pattern of racketeering 

activity, consisting of two or more” incidents. The information then listed 13 incidents of 

racketeering. Of those 13 incidents, 10 were for the forgery of a document affecting real property 

and three were for false pretenses. Notably, the three incidents involving false pretenses were for 

transactions involving properties located at 18300 Glastonbury, 12661 Fordline, and 10065 West 

Outer Drive.16

On remand, new information documents were filed. Because this Court determined that 

defendant could not be convicted of forgery of documents affecting real property, Hardrick unpub 

op at 5, the fifth amended information removed references to those crimes and spelled out that the 

racketeering activities consisted of false pretenses for the properties located at 13591 Lenore, 

18300 Glastonbury, 3290 Sherbourne, 12661 Fordline, and 10065 West Outer Drive. Thus, 

instead of three incidents of false pretenses supporting the charge of conducting a criminal 

enterprise, there were now five.

Consequently, defendant’s characterization that the prosecutor “added” charges is 

unfounded. This Court ordered that defendant was subject to retrial on one count of conducting a 

 

15 This Court stated that defendant was subject to retrial on “the charges of conducting a criminal 

enterprise and using false pretenses to obtain money in an amount of $1,000 or more, but less than 

$20,000.” Hardrick, unpub op at 9. But earlier in its opinion, this Court specified that the 

conducting-a-criminal-enterprise count was from LC No. 15-007481-01-FH. Id. at 1. The opinion 

further reflected that one count of false pretenses came from LC No. 15-007481-01-FH and two 

counts of false pretenses came from LC No. 15-008119-01-FH. Id.

16 Separately, the third amended information listed three individual counts of false pretenses 

(Counts 26, 30, and 31) for the Lenore, Glastonbury, and Sherbourne properties.
-14-

criminal enterprise and three counts of false pretenses, and that is what happened. The prosecutor 

did not “add” any charges at the retrial. At the prior trial, defendant was charged with, inter alia, 

one count of conducting a criminal enterprise and three counts of false pretenses, with the three 

false-pretenses counts relating to 13591 Lenore, 18300 Glastonbury, and 3290 Sherbourne. Those 

same charges were at issue in the second trial.

The only difference was that after this Court’s remand for a new trial, the prosecutor listed 

five incidents of false pretenses to support the conducting-a-criminal-enterprise allegation instead 

of the three that were alleged in the third amended information. The addition of these other 

incidents of racketeering did not result in a “new” charge or offense being added. In both the third 

amended information (subject of first trial) and the fifth amended information (subject of second 

trial), there was a count of conducting a criminal enterprise.

Also, to the extent that defendant focuses on the addition of these two incidents of false 

pretenses to support the charge of conducting a criminal enterprise in the fifth amended 

information, he cannot show any prejudice. Notably, the two “extra” instances of false pretenses

in support of that charge were alleged, as independent crimes, in the third amended information. 

Simply put, although the prosecutor alleged that there were more instances of racketeering to 

support the crime of conducting a criminal enterprise, these additional instances already had been 

alleged as separate crimes in the original trial. Therefore, defendant was not prejudiced. The 

third amended information put him on notice that he had to defend against the allegations that he 

had engaged in false pretenses related to the Glastonbury, Fordline, Outer Drive, Lenore, and 

Sherbourne transactions. Thus, there can be no prejudice when the fifth amended information also 

alleged that defendant had engaged in false pretenses related to those very same properties.

In sum, defendant has failed to show how there was any “unfair[] surprise or prejudice” 

with how he was charged in the fifth (or sixth) amended information. MCR 6.112(H).

Defendant’s contention that he was denied a preliminary examination with respect to the 

“new” racketeering charge also is unfounded. As already explained, there was no “new” 

racketeering charge. Thus, because the racketeering charge was the subject of the September 8, 

2015 preliminary examination, which was held before the first trial, defendant cannot show any 

error or prejudice. See People v Sims, 257 Mich 478, 482; 241 NW 247 (1932) (“There being no 

new or different charge introduced by amendment, there is no occasion for a new examination or 

a rearraignment.”).

C. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

Defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction of 

conducting a criminal enterprise. We disagree.

A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is reviewed de novo by viewing the evidence 

in a light most favorable to the prosecution to “determine if any rational trier of fact could have 

found that the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v 

Cline, 276 Mich App 634, 642; 741 NW2d 563 (2007) (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

“All conflicts with regard to the evidence must be resolved in favor of the prosecution. 

Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences drawn from it may be sufficient to prove the 
-15-

elements of the crime.” People v Wilkens, 267 Mich App 728, 738; 705 NW2d 728 (2005) (citation 

omitted).

MCL 750.159i(1) provides that “[a] person employed by, or associated with, an enterprise 

shall not knowingly conduct or participate in the affairs of the enterprise directly or indirectly 

through a pattern of racketeering activity.” Racketeering is defined, in relevant part, as 

“committing, attempting to commit, [or] conspiring to commit . . . an offense for financial gain” 

involving false pretenses. MCL 750.159g(w). And a “pattern of racketeering” is defined, in 

relevant part, as “not less than 2 incidents of racketeering,” MCL 750.159f(c), where 

“racketeering” includes incidents of obtaining money or property through false pretenses, MCL 

750.159g(w).

Notably, defendant does not actually aver that there was insufficient evidence introduced 

at trial to support his conviction. Instead, he first argues that his conviction should be overturned 

because of what was stated in the original information that was filed in this case. Specifically, he 

avers that because the initial information only listed a single instance of false pretenses as a 

predicate offense for the conducting-a-criminal-enterprise charge, the offense cannot be 

established because it requires two or more instances.17 But he does not explain (1) how an 

information is relevant to whether there was sufficient evidence presented at trial to support a 

conviction and (2) assuming information documents were relevant, why the initial information 

would be of significance in any event, when the fifth amended information was the most recent 

one before his retrial. And assuming the information from the first trial was relevant, the third 

amended information, which was the effective one at the time of defendant’s first trial, listed 

among the predicate offenses under the conducting-a-criminal-enterprise count instances of false 

pretenses related to 18300 Glastonbury, 12661 Fordline, and 10065 West Outer Drive. Thus, with 

the fifth amended information listing five instances of false pretenses, the pertinent information 

documents at both trials each listed “2 or more” instances of false pretenses. MCL 750.159f(c). 

Accordingly, defendant’s position that there was only a single predicate instance of false pretenses 

is without merit.

For his second argument, defendant asserts that there was insufficient evidence that 

Redford Township was a victim of the charged crimes. Again, defendant focuses on the 

information, where the fifth amended information only listed Redford Township as the 

“complainant or victim.” He does not dispute that there was evidence presented showing that 

several individuals had given him money on account of his representations that he owned the 

properties in question. Moreover, assuming that this type of “victim” designation on an 

information is controlling,18 defendant ignores that a sixth amended information listed the names 

of individual victims. Thus, the premise for this argument is wanting.

 

17 Along with this one instance of false pretenses, the information also listed 10 instances of forgery 

of a document affecting real property as the predicate offenses for the conducting-a-criminalenterprise count.

18 Defendant cites no authority showing that such a designation is controlling in any manner.
-16-

Defendant next argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction 

because he actually held a legal claim to the properties. However defendant wishes to characterize 

his “claim,” there was no evidence that he possessed legal title to the properties. On the contrary, 

there was evidence that at the time defendant “sold” the properties in question, other people or 

banks owned the properties—not him. Defendant’s reliance on his various deeds is grossly 

misplaced. There is nothing magical about recording a document with the register of deeds.19 His 

recording of quitclaim deeds that purported to give his companies legal title merely transferred 

whatever interest he had in the properties (which was none) to those entities. There is no question 

that defendant held no valid property interests in these properties20; thus, the quitclaim deeds 

transferred nothing. This is why defendant’s forgery convictions were overturned, but the falsepretenses convictions were not—“the deeds only purported to convey whatever interest defendant 

or his company possessed, even if neither possessed any legal interest.” Hardrick, unpub op at 5. 

Defendant’s reliance on the doctrine of adverse possession fails for many reasons, but the primary 

one is that the 15-year statutory period had not elapsed.

21

 Indeed, defendant freely admitted this 

at trial. Thus, as explained in Part III, contrary to defendant’s assertions, until that 15-year period 

lapses, defendant holds no title. 

Despite not qualifying to take title under the doctrine of adverse possession, defendant 

nonetheless would have to be acquitted if he held an honest belief that he was the owner of the 

properties because false pretenses requires, among other things, that “at the time the pretense was 

used[,] the defendant must have known it to be false.” People v Lueth, 253 Mich App 670, 680; 

660 NW2d 322 (2002). This was a determination for the jury, and the jury found defendant not 

credible in this regard. As this Court stated previously, “[a]though defendant claimed he believed 

he was the owner [on account of his understanding of the law], the jury could have reasonably 

found that defendant knew the representations to be false.” Hardrick, unpub op at 5. Thus, there 

was sufficient evidence to support defendant’s convictions, which all involved false pretenses.

In his fourth argument, defendant contends that the trial court entered a conviction for 

conducting a criminal enterprise “based on one count of false pretenses.” This is not true. First, 

the judgment of sentence does not indicate what the underlying conduct was in relation to this 

 

19 Indeed, it was presented at trial that the register of deeds has no power or authority to look into 

the validity of any document before being recorded. As an example, an employee from the Wayne 

County Mortgage and Deed Fraud Unit explained that as long as the document is filled out, it will 

be accepted for recording, even if it reflects a conveyance from “Bugs Bunny” to “Elmer Fudd.”

20 Although defendant at trial and on appeal cites this Court’s prior opinion for its pronouncement 

that the forgery charges were not proper, defendant fails to also acknowledged that the lack of 

“forgery” does not make his deeds “legitimate” in the sense that they conveyed actual title. See 

Hardrick, unpub op at 4 (“The evidence presented at trial, however, showed that defendant was 

not the owner of the properties.”).

21 There should be little question that whatever “possession” defendant had was minimal and 

fleeting and certainly not open, visible, or notorious, which are required to sustain a claim of 

adverse possession. See Note 6 of this opinion.
-17-

conviction. Defendant apparently is conflating the fact that in that judgment of sentence, he also 

was convicted of one count of false pretenses. But that false-pretenses conviction is wholly 

independent from the conviction for conducting a criminal enterprise. As had been discussed ad 

nauseum at the trial court, defendant was to be tried on four separate and distinct counts: one count 

of conducting a criminal enterprise and three counts of false pretenses.22 While the conducting-acriminal-enterprise count involved other underlying conduct, that underlying conduct did not have 

to be charged as individual counts. Therefore, defendant’s assertion that he was convicted on the 

basis on a single underlying act is not supported by the record. Indeed, the trial court instructed 

the jury that there were multiple alleged incidents of racketeering as the basis for this particular 

charge. As such, there is no basis for defendant’s contention that his conviction was premised on 

a single underlying act. As previously described, there was evidence presented that defendant 

engaged in false pretenses multiple times. Because defendant admitted to creating and recording 

the deeds and selling the various properties, the only question the jury had to resolve was whether 

defendant’s assertions to the purchasers that he was the “owner” was done with the knowledge 

that he was not the true owner. See Lueth, 253 Mich App at 680. And in this instance, the jury 

did not accept his version and instead concluded that defendant knew that he did not hold title.

Because none of defendant’s arguments has any merit, he cannot prevail on the issue of 

there being insufficient evidence to support his conviction for conducting a criminal enterprise.

D. RIGHT OF CONFRONTATION

Defendant argues that he was denied the right to confront his accuser, Redford Township. 

We disagree.

“The Confrontation Clause of the United States Constitution provides that ‘[i]n all criminal 

prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against 

him . . . .’ ” People v Fackelman, 489 Mich 515, 524-525; 802 NW2d 552 (2011), quoting US 

Const, Am VI. “The Confrontation Clause is primarily a functional right in which the right to 

confront and cross-examine witnesses is aimed at truth-seeking and promoting reliability in 

criminal trials.” People v Nunley, 491 Mich 686, 697; 821 NW2d 642 (2012) (quotation marks 

and citation omitted). The right is violated when out-of-court testimonial statements are admitted 

in evidence, unless the declarant appeared at trial or the defendant had a previous opportunity to 

cross-examine the declarant. Id. at 698.

Defendant does not cite any evidence that was admitted contrary to this constitutional 

mandate. Put another way, defendant has not identified any testimonial statements that were 

admitted into evidence at trial where the declarant was not subject to cross-examination. 

Accordingly, he has failed to show how his right of confrontation was violated.

 

22 The trial court stressed to the jury that the four charged crimes are indeed separate charges and 

each one would be reflected on its own verdict form.
-18-

Instead, as with most of his issues, defendant focuses on the information. In the fifth 

amended information, it listed the “Complainant or Victim” as Redford Township.23 Because of 

this designation, defendant maintains that he had the right to cross-examine Redford Township, 

seemingly irrespective of the evidence introduced. Defendant’s view seems to take a simplistic 

view of the Confrontation Clause, such that any “victim” must be subject to cross-examination.24 

As already described, this is not what the Confrontation Clause requires. As long as there were no 

testimonial statements attributable to “Redford Township” that were admitted into evidence, the 

Confrontation Clause is not implicated. See id. And here, no such statements were introduced 

into evidence.

E. DOUBLE JEOPARDY

Defendant argues that his convictions for conducting a criminal enterprise and false 

pretenses violate double jeopardy because the allegations of false pretenses were contained within 

the conducting-a-criminal-enterprise crime. We disagree.

An issue is preserved if it is raised in and decided by the trial court. Cameron, 291 Mich 

App at 617. Defendant never asserted that he was being tried or punished for the same crimes 

(false pretenses) twice in violation of double jeopardy. Accordingly, that portion of defendant’s 

argument is not preserved. Defendant, however, did raise the issue of relitigating the legality of 

his deeds. Therefore, that argument is preserved. But to the extent that this issue also involves 

prosecutorial misconduct during rebuttal, defendant raised no objections; therefore, that aspect is 

not preserved.25

“The Double Jeopardy Clause, US Const, Am V, protects against ‘(1) multiple 

prosecutions for the same offense after acquittal or conviction; and (2) multiple punishments for 

the same offense.’ ” People v Duenaz, 306 Mich App 85, 105; 854 NW2d 531 (2014) (citation 

omitted; emphasis in original); see also Const 1963, art 1, § 15. However, “when the Legislature 

has clearly expressed the intent for multiple punishments, the prohibition against double jeopardy 

is not violated.” Duenaz, 306 Mich App at 106. In other words, “the Double Jeopardy Clause acts 

as a restraint on the prosecutor and the Courts, not the Legislature.” People v Mitchell, 456 Mich 

693, 695; 575 NW2d 283 (1998). Thus, when the issue is one of multiple punishments, the proper 

analysis is to determine whether there is a clear indication of legislative intent to impose multiple 

punishments for the same offense, and if so, then there is no double-jeopardy violation. Id. at 695-

696.

 

23 As previously discussed, a sixth amended information added the names of the individual victims 

as well.

24 This position is untenable because under defendant’s theory, no murder could successfully be 

prosecuted because the victim would not be able to testify at trial.

25 As noted earlier, although defendant was removed from the courtroom during the prosecutor’s 

rebuttal argument, he was permitted to listen to the arguments over a speaker and the trial court 

had previously instructed him to raise any objections to any comments at the conclusion of the 

arguments. He did not do so.
-19-

In this instance, defendant was convicted of one count of conducting a criminal enterprise 

and three counts of false pretenses. As previously noted, in the fifth amended information, the 

predicate offenses for the conducting-a-criminal-enterprise charge were five instances of false 

pretenses. The fact that defendant was punished for conducting a criminal enterprise, when the 

predicate offenses were obtaining money or property though false pretenses, does not preclude 

defendant from also being punished separately for any predicate instance of false pretenses. That 

is because MCL 750.159j(13) states, “Criminal penalties under this section are not mutually 

exclusive and do not preclude the application of any other criminal or civil remedy under this 

section or any other provisions of law.” Therefore, because the Legislature has expressly allowed 

for multiple punishments related to conducting a criminal enterprise, double jeopardy is not 

violated.

Although not truly a double-jeopardy issue, defendant also argues that because of this 

Court’s prior decision, the issue whether his deeds were “legitimate” could not be relitigated at his 

new trial. Because he is arguing that the issue of the legitimacy of the deeds could not be 

relitigated, and because he was not retried on any forgery-related charges, this issue seems to fall 

under the doctrine of collateral estoppel. “Collateral estoppel precludes relitigation of an issue in 

a subsequent, different cause of action between the same parties where the prior proceeding 

culminated in a valid, final judgment and the issue was (1) actually litigated, and (2) necessarily 

determined.” People v Gates, 434 Mich 146, 154; 452 NW2d 627 (1990). The issue regarding 

the “legality” of the deeds was actually determined in the prior appeal. Specifically, this Court 

held that because quitclaim deeds merely convey a grantor’s complete interest or claim in real 

property to another, without any warranty that title is valid, the deeds themselves could not be 

“falsely made,” which negated any claim of forgery and uttering and publishing a document. 

Hardrick, unpub op at 5-6.

But on retrial, none of defendant’s charges required a showing that the deeds were “falsely 

made.” Therefore, it is not clear how double jeopardy or collateral estoppel were implicated. 

Defendant seems to take issue with how the prosecutor argued that the deeds were not “legitimate.” 

Hence, the issue defendant presents appears to be one of prosecutorial misconduct related to the 

prosecutor’s arguments. The test is whether a defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial due 

to the actions of the prosecutor. People v Rodriguez, 251 Mich App 10, 30; 650 NW2d 96 (2002). 

A prosecutor’s comments are to “be read as a whole and evaluated in light of defense arguments 

and the relationship they bear to the evidence admitted at trial.” Id.

Defendant cites the following statements from the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument:

One of the things that the Defendant claims is that he keeps saying his deeds 

are legitimate and the Court of Appeals has overturned it. And you heard the Judge 

instruct him over and over and over that you’ve heard no evidence of that. Yet he 

continues to try and ply that. There has been no evidence that his quitclaim deeds 

are legitimate in any form or fashion other than the fact that he continues to say 

that, just like he continues to say I’m the owner, I’m the owner.

But this comment was in response to defendant’s argument:
-20-

I have a legitimate quitclaim deed to the property no matter how I obtained 

it. It has already been ruled by the Court of Appeals that what I did was legit. This 

is just a different scenario of how I obtained the properties, how I’m being charged 

for obtaining the properties and selling them. So, just, you know, take that into 

consideration or not.

When viewed in context, although the prosecutor said that there was no evidence to show 

that the deeds were “legitimate,” it is apparent that the prosecutor was not contending that the 

deeds were forged, but rather that they were ineffective to provide defendant with a valid legal 

interest in the properties. Arguably, the prosecutor could have used more precise words, but her 

use of “legitimate” mirrored defendant’s use of “legitimate” and “legit.” Importantly, defendant 

was not merely arguing that the deeds were not forged instruments—he was instead contending 

that the deeds established that he had some type of valid property interest. It was this aspect that 

the prosecutor was refuting. Because defendant’s position was wrong as a matter of law,26 and the 

prosecutor was trying to refute it, defendant cannot show how this comment denied him a fair trial. 

Significantly, the trial court instructed the jury on how quitclaim deeds do not guarantee anything 

about title and instead merely transfer “whatever interest the grantor may have in the property to 

another.”

As a result, because none of defendant’s arguments for this issue has any merit, he is not 

entitled to any relief.

VI. CONCLUSION

We affirm defendant’s convictions, but we remand to the trial court for the ministerial task 

of amending the judgments of sentence to correct clerical errors. The judgment in LC No. 15-

00748-01-FH is to reflect February 7, 2019, as the date of conviction and is to show the sentence 

for Count 2, which was omitted. The judgment in LC No. 15-008119-01-FH is to reflect the 

February 7, 2019 conviction date, and is to show the two counts of false pretenses as Counts 3 and 

4. We do not retain jurisdiction.

/s/ Amy Ronayne Krause

/s/ Michael J. Riordan

/s/ Colleen A. O’Brien

 

26 The existence of a quitclaim deed does not necessarily equate to the existence of a property 

interest. As this Court stated in its prior opinion, “A quitclaim deed is defined as ‘[a] deed that 

conveys a grantor’s complete interest or claim in certain real property but that nether warrants nor 

professes that the title is valid.’ Thus, the deeds only purported to convey whatever interest 

defendant or his company possessed, even if neither possessed any legal interest.” Hardrick, 

unpub op at 5 (emphasis added; citation omitted).