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Title:   Author  item
                                            Cheung, Andrewitem
                                            Lager, Kellyitem
                                            Gauger, Phillipitem
                                            Baker, Amyitem
                                            OPRIESSNIG, T - IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
  Submitted to: International Symposium on Emerging and Re-Emerging Pig Diseases
                                    Publication Type: Proceedings
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 6/7/2007
                                    Publication  Date: 6/24/2007
                                    Citation: Cheung, A.K., Lager, K.M., Gauger, P.C., Vincent, A.L., Opriessnig, T. 2007. Comparison of the pathogenicity of porcine circovirus type 2 group 1 and group 2 isolates. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Emerging and Re-Emerging Pig Diseases, June 24-27, 2007, Krakow, Poland. p. 273. Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: 1. Introduction and Objectives
   Phylogenetically, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can be divided into two major genotypic groups, PCV2-group 1 and PCV2-group 2 .1 It was noted that PCV2 group designations have no apparent association with disease status or geographic area. Interestingly, all of the PCV2 isolates from the United States until late 2005 belonged to group 2, while virus isolates from other countries may be found in both PCV2 groups.
    In late 2005, sporadic cases of an acute onset disease of high mortality were observed in 10- to 16-week-old growing pigs among USA swine herds. Tissues from affected pigs in Kansas, Iowa, and North Carolina were examined and PCV2-group 1 virus was consistently detected among these tissues.2 Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed several distinct features that are characteristic of either PCV2-group 1 (71 entries) or PCV2-group 2 (62 entries) : (1) The PCV2-group 1 sequences are 1767 nucleotides, while PCV2-group 2 sequences are 1768 nucleotides. The deleted nucleotide of PCV2-group 1 is located at nucleotide 1040. (2) Rep (18%) and ORF3 (16%) exhibit fewer nucleotide variations than the capsid gene (28%). (3) Distinct stretches of nucleotide or amino acid sequences may serve as signature motifs for genotype grouping of PCV2 isolates. The capsid gene nucleotide sequence at position 1486-1476 for PCV2-group 1 (87 entries) is TCA/AAC/CCC/CG (which codes for the N-terminal residues of amino acid sequence SNPRSV), while the nucleotide sequence at position 1487-1477 for PCV2-group 2 (64 entries) is ACC/AAC/AAA/AT (which codes for the N-terminal residues of amino acid sequence TNKI S[I62/64]).
   The objective of this communication was to examine the pathogenic capability of PCV-group 1 and PCV-group 2 isolates in swine. 

2. Material and methods
   Virus. Infectious viruses were generated from bacterial plasmids containing PCV2-group 1 (GenBank accession number DQ629115) and PCV2-group 2 (GenBank accession number DQ629114) nucleotide sequences. The viral genomes were excised from the bacterial plasmids, ligated and delivered into PK15 cells via lipofectamine transfection.  Infectious viruses were recovered from the transfection cell cultures after 1 week. 
   Experimental design. Twelve pigs were derived under sterile conditions and maintained germ-free in isolators (4 pigs / isolator).  The pigs were fed a sterile milk diet and at 12 days of age (day 0 of the experiment) were given an intranasal inoculation of either PCV2-group 1 virus (Isolator-A), PCV2-group 2 virus (Isolator-B) or cell culture medium (Isolator-C).  The pigs were monitored for clinical signs with a plan of euthanizing all pigs 35 days-post-inoculation.  

3. Results
   Day 22: In the morning 1 Isolator-A pig was anorexic, listless, and had a mild dyspnea. During the course of the day it developed a severe dyspnea and by that evening a second pig in the same isolator became anorexic, listless, and had a mild dyspnea. Both pigs were euthanized for post-mortem examination. They had similar gross lesions consisting of peritoneal and thoracic effusions that were cloudy and icteric, pneumonia with interlobular edema, enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and gelatinous edema around the kidneys, base of the heart, and the mesentery of the spiral colon. Hemorrhages were seen along the renal cortico-medullary junction. Two pigs from Isolator-B and Isolator-C were euthanized and examined on day 23.  No gross lesions were observed in either Isolator-C pig.  The only lesions found in the Isolator-B pigs were enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes. 
   Day 27: On the morning of day 27 one pig in Isolator-A was found dead and the last remaining pig was listless, anorexic, and had severe dyspnea.  This pig was euthanized.  Both pigs had gross lesions similar to the other 2 Isolator-A pigs euthanized 5 days earlier.  Thus, all 4 Iso


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