I 

118TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 5293 

To expand youth access to voting, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

AUGUST 25, 2023 

Ms. WILLIAMS of Georgia (for herself, Mr. TORRES of New York, Mr. THOMPSON of Mississippi, Mr. MOULTON, Ms. PORTER, Mr. VARGAS, Mr. 

EVANS, Mr. SCHIFF, Ms. LEE of California, Mr. ESPAILLAT, Ms. JACOBS, Mr. CARTER of Louisiana, Ms. CLARKE of New York, Ms. SCANLON, Ms. BARRAGA ́N, Ms. PRESSLEY, Ms. KAMLAGER-DOVE, Mr. 

MULLIN, Ms. BROWN, Mrs. WATSON COLEMAN, Mr. DOGGETT, Ms. SEWELL, Ms. CROCKETT, Ms. JACKSON LEE, Ms. NORTON, Ms. MCCLELLAN, Ms. JAYAPAL, Mr. GRIJALVA, Ms. SA ́NCHEZ, Ms. SCHAKOWSKY, Mr. 

SARBANES, Mr. NICKEL, Mr. JACKSON of Illinois, Ms. TITUS, Ms. KELLY

of Illinois, Mr. GREEN of Texas, Ms. TLAIB, Mr. JOHNSON of Georgia, 

Mr. BOWMAN, Ms. WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Mr. PAYNE, Mr. 

KRISHNAMOORTHI, Mr. DAVIS of Illinois, Mr. BLUMENAUER, Mrs. 

CHERFILUS-MCCORMICK, Mr. RASKIN, and Mrs. NAPOLITANO) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on House 

Administration, and in addition to the Committee on the Judiciary, for 

a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for 

consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 

A BILL 

To expand youth access to voting, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 


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1 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

2 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

3 ‘‘Youth Voting Rights Act’’. 

4 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of 

5 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Sense of Congress. 

Sec. 3. Findings. 

Sec. 4. Enforcement of the 26th Amendment. 

Sec. 5. Treatment of public institutions of higher education as voter registration agencies under National Voter Registration Act of 1993. 

Sec. 6. Pre-registration of minors for voting in Federal elections. 

Sec. 7. On-campus polling locations. 

Sec. 8. Prohibition of residency requirements. 

Sec. 9. Requirements for voter identification. 

Sec. 10. Grants to States for activities to encourage involvement of youth in 

election activities. 

Sec. 11. Absentee voting. 

Sec. 12. Studies and data collection. 

6 SEC. 2. SENSE OF CONGRESS. 

7 It is the sense of Congress that— 

8 (1) 50 years ago, our Nation came together 

9 unanimously to expand the franchise to those 18 

10 years of age and older and to outlaw age-based dis11 crimination in accessing the franchise; 

12 (2) 50 years later, the promises of the 26th 

13 Amendment to the Constitution of the United States 

14 (referred to in this Act as the ‘‘26th Amendment’’) 

15 remain unfulfilled although the reasons that moti16 vated its ratification endure; and 

17 (3) pursuant to section 2 of the 26th Amend18 ment, Congress is empowered to enforce the article 


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1 by appropriate legislation and acts accordingly in 

2 this Act. 

3 SEC. 3. FINDINGS. 

4 Congress finds the following: 

5 (1) Over 50 years ago, on July 1, 1971, this 

6 Nation ratified into the Constitution of the United 

7 States the 26th Amendment, lowering the voting age 

8 from 21 to 18 years of age and outlawing the denial 

9 or abridgement of the right to vote on account of 

10 age. 

11 (2) Support for the 26th Amendment was near12 ly unanimous. The proposed constitutional amend13 ment passed with bipartisan supermajorities, passing 

14 in the Senate with a vote of 94–0, and passing in 

15 the House of Representatives with a vote of 401–19. 

16 The 26th Amendment was approved by the requisite 

17 38 States in less than 100 days, making it the 

18 quickest constitutional amendment to be ratified in 

19 United States history. 

20 (3) Support for lowering the voting age to 18 

21 was championed across the aisle. President Dwight 

22 Eisenhower, former Commander of the Allied 

23 Forces, included the issue in his 1954 State of the 

24 Union Address. Moreover, President Richard Nixon 

25 emphasized his support for the 26th Amendment 


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1 during its certification ceremony, describing that 

2 young people serve a critical role by infusing the 

3 practice of democracy with ‘‘some idealism, some 

4 courage, some stamina, some high moral purpose 

5 that this Nation always needs, because a country, 

6 throughout history, we find, goes through ebbs and 

7 flows of idealism.’’. Similarly, Senate majority leader 

8 Michael Mansfield and Senator Ted Kennedy were 

9 key advocates of the measure, having first proposed 

10 a statutory route for lowering the voting age in the 

11 Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970 (Public 

12 Law 91–285), in addition to supporting a path 

13 through constitutional ratification. 

14 (4) The Voting Rights Act Amendments of 

15 1970 (Public Law 91–285) marked the first Federal 

16 law to enfranchise youth and outlaw age discrimina17 tion in accessing the franchise. In title III of that 

18 Act, Congress declared, with strong bipartisan sup19 port, that the 21-year age requirement— 

20 (A) ‘‘denies and abridges the inherent con21 stitutional rights of citizens eighteen years of 

22 age but not yet twenty-one years of age to 

23 vote’’; 

24 (B) has the effect of denying those 

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1 tection of the laws that are guaranteed to them 

2 under the Fourteenth Amendment’’; and 

3 (C) ‘‘does not bear a reasonable relation4 ship to any compelling State interest.’’. 

5 (5) The age-based expansion of the franchise 

6 via the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970 was 

7 ultimately found by a strongly divided Supreme 

8 Court to be unconstitutional as applied to State and 

9 local races and constitutional as applied to Federal 

10 races. Thus, to ensure uniform election administra11 tion in Federal and State races, a constitutional so12 lution was required. 

13 (6) A variety of reasons were advanced to sup14 port ratification of the 26th Amendment. The 

15 emerging themes included— 

16 (A) the value of idealism, courage, and 

17 moral purpose that youth provide in reener18 gizing the practice of democracy; 

19 (B) the increased political competence of 

20 young people compared to prior generations, 

21 due to greater access to information through 

22 standardized education and technology such as 

23 then-widely available television sets; 


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1 (C) the increased responsibilities assumed 

2 by the group as they fought in war, assumed 

3 debt, and lived independently; 

4 (D) a general recognition of the Nation’s 

5 expansion toward a more inclusive suffrage; and 

6 (E) the stemming of unrest by encouraging 

7 institutionalized mechanisms to advance 

8 change. 

9 (7) In referring the 26th Amendment to the 

10 States for ratification, Congress invoked the Voting 

11 Rights Act and the principles protected by the 14th 

12 Amendment to the Constitution of the United 

13 States, explaining that ‘‘[F]orcing young voters to 

14 undertake special burdens-obtaining absentee ballots, 

15 or traveling to one centralized location in each city, 

16 for example-in order to exercise their right to vote 

17 might well serve to dissuade them from participating 

18 in the election. This result, and the election proce19 dures that create it, are at least inconsistent with 

20 the purpose of the Voting Rights [A]ct, which 

21 sought to encourage greater political participation on 

22 the part of the young; such segregation might even 

23 amount to a denial of their 14th Amendment right 

24 to equal protection of the laws in the exercise of the 

25 franchise.’’. 


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1 (8) According to the Center for Information & 

2 Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (re3 ferred to in this Act as ‘‘CIRCLE’’) of Tufts Uni4 versity, a record-high 28 percent of young people 

5 voted in the 2018 midterm elections, more than dou6 bling the record-low 13 percent youth turnout in 

7 2014. Still, young people vote at lower levels than 

8 older adults. 

9 (9) Lower youth voting rates are not a sign of 

10 generational apathy but of systemic barriers and 

11 issues with the culture of political engagement that 

12 have plagued young people of various generations for 

13 decades. Individuals that were part of older genera14 tions voted at similar rates as individuals in the Mil15 lennial and Gen Z generations when those older gen16 erations were youth. For the first presidential elec17 tion in which a generation’s entire 18–24 age cohort 

18 was eligible to vote (1972 for Boomers, 1992 for 

19 Gen X, and 2008 for Millennials), each participated 

20 at about 50 percent. 

21 (10) The outsized reliance by young voters on 

22 provisional ballots in recent years demonstrates the 

23 structural obstacles young voters face due to voter 

24 restrictions. A 2016 survey found that 1 in 4 

25 Millennials voted provisionally in the 2016 race, 


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1 compared to 6 percent of Baby Boomers, and 2 per2 cent of the Greatest Generation. 

3 (11) In addition to voting provisionally at dis4 proportionate rates, young voters’ provisional ballots 

5 are also disproportionally rejected. As determined by 

6 a recent Federal court, voters aged 18 to 21 in Flor7 ida had their provisional ballots rejected at a rate 

8 more than 4 times higher than the rejection rate for 

9 provisional ballots cast by voters between the ages of 

10 45 to 64. 

11 (12) Similarly, young voters experience a higher 

12 rejection rate of vote-by-mail ballots compared to 

13 older voters. One study found that voters aged 18 to 

14 21 had their vote-by-mail ballots rejected at a rate 

15 of over 5 times that of voters between the ages of 

16 45 to 64 and over 8 times those over the age of 65. 

17 These rejection rates trend with those of voters of 

18 color. For example, the study found that the rate of 

19 rejection of vote-by-mail ballots for Hispanic and Af20 rican American voters is over 2 times that of White 

21 voters. 

22 (13) Moreover, when special burdens are re23 moved, young people vote more frequently. Once 

24 polling places were finally situated on campuses dur25 ing the early voting period, pursuant to successful 


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1 26th Amendment litigation, one study found that on 

2 12 campuses alone, nearly 60,000 registered voters 

3 participated in the 2018 general election through 

4 early in-person voting. Young voters, people of color, 

5 and those who did not cast a ballot in 2016 dis6 proportionately voted at the on-campus voting loca7 tions. Voter turnout is bolstered by on-campus vot8 ing locations because those locations lower the op9 portunity costs for voting for all registered voters, 

10 particularly for young registered voters. 

11 (14) Young people are passionate about polit12 ical issues and often want to engage in the political 

13 process, but they face barriers to participation. For 

14 example, they may face structural obstacles such as 

15 proof requirements that obscure a young person’s 

16 right to vote, barriers to voter registration, inacces17 sible or poorly equipped polling places, campus ger18 rymanders, over-reliance on provisional ballots, un19 equal access to vote-by-mail, and unfair treatment of 

20 provisional and vote-by-mail ballots. Some of these 

21 barriers are acute for the youngest voters who are 

22 particularly transient and move every year, thereby 

23 struggling to update their voter registration, or who 

24 are less likely to have a driver’s license to use as 

25 voter identification. Youth voters are similarly vulVerDate Sep 11 2014 02:50 Aug 26, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H5293.IH H5293

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1 nerable to confusion about their right to vote from 

2 their campus residences. Although the Supreme 

3 Court summarily affirmed the right of college stu4 dents to vote from their campus residences in 1979, 

5 pursuant to the 26th Amendment, misinformation, 

6 disinformation, and legal challenges persist about 

7 this right. Congress finds that students indeed have 

8 a right to vote from their campus residences. Relat9 edly, many young people have not been taught about 

10 elections and voting, including the practicalities of 

11 registering and casting a ballot and the reasons why 

12 their voices and votes matter in democracy. 

13 (15) Seven States restrict access to vote-by-mail 

14 on account of age, allowing voters above a certain 

15 age to vote with no excuse, and requiring that voters 

16 below 60 or 65 meet a narrow list of excuses to vote17 by-mail. In those States, voters 65 and older com18 prise nearly 65 percent of all at-home ballots, where19 as the use of at-home ballots is more evenly distrib20 uted across age cohorts in States without the age21 restriction. In age-discriminatory vote-at-home 

22 States, 21 percent of adults over 65 voted at home 

23 in 2018, but less than 6 percent of voters 18–34 did 

24 so. Congress further finds that eligible voters, inVerDate Sep 11 2014 02:50 Aug 26, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H5293.IH H5293

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1 cluding youth, have the right to vote by mail in Fed2 eral elections free of prima facie age restrictions. 

3 (16) Studies reinforce the habit-forming nature 

4 of voting, making it all the more important that vot5 ing becomes normalized at an early age through un6 obstructed access to the ballot. For example, a re7 cent study found that on average, voting in 1 elec8 tion increases the probability of voting in a future 

9 election by 10 percentage points. 

10 (17) According to CIRCLE, youth without col11 lege experience also tend to vote at lower rates than 

12 young people in college. For example, in 2018, 28 

13 percent of youth (ages 18–29) voted, while the Insti14 tute for Democracy & Higher Education of Tufts 

15 University estimated that 40 percent of college stu16 dents cast a ballot. There are disparities by age, and 

17 even among youth; the youngest group (ages 18 and 

18 19) vote at lower rates. There are also disparities by 

19 urbanicity, with young people in rural areas and 

20 other civic deserts having lower voter turnout. 

21 (18) According to CIRCLE, low-income youth 

22 are acutely impacted, since their economic struggles 

23 translate into multiple logistical barriers to voting. A 

24 recent survey of low-income youth found that young 

25 voters reported barriers to voting, including— 


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1 (A) confusion with voter identification 

2 rules (88 percent); 

3 (B) confusion about the impact of voter 

4 disenfranchisement (42 percent reported lack of 

5 clarity about whether someone who paid a fine 

6 for driving under the influence could vote or if 

7 someone with a suspended driver’s license could 

8 vote); 

9 (C) confusion about the location of polling 

10 places (39 percent did not know where to vote); 

11 and 

12 (D) a high lack of confidence that they 

13 would be fully prepared to vote if an election 

14 happened ‘‘next week’’ (only half of surveyed 

15 youth reported confidence). 

16 (19) Moreover, youth reported negative voting 

17 experiences due to failure to see young people work18 ing at the polls (87 percent), failure to see poll 

19 workers that look like them (74 percent), and not 

20 believing that election officials make an effort to en21 sure that people like them can vote (59 percent). 

22 (20) Presidential election years are particularly 

23 consequential for youth voter engagement. For ex24 ample, 61 percent of 18- to 29-year-olds were reg25 istered to vote in 2008, compared to 49 percent in 


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1 2010. Moreover, youth who registered to vote are 

2 considerably more likely to vote. Among youth reg3 istered in 2008, 84 percent cast a ballot. 

4 (21) While direct youth voter registration, out5 reach, and engagement is typically heightened in the 

6 Summer and Fall months leading up to presidential 

7 elections, unprecedented obstacles presented them8 selves amid the COVID–19 pandemic as the econ9 omy slowed, the Nation shut down, and institutions 

10 of higher education, technical and vocational schools, 

11 and high schools, along with county election offices, 

12 changed their normal operations. 

13 (22) The 2020 primary cycle shed light on the 

14 unique obstacles faced by young voters in uncertain 

15 times as they were displaced from the college 

16 domiciles where they would eventually return. Con17 fused and misinformed about their right to vote 

18 from campus despite the temporary relocation, these 

19 voters had to adjust for the first time to obtaining, 

20 printing, properly filling out and submitting along 

21 with required proofs, and mailing postage-required 

22 official forms and paperwork, such as voter registra23 tion forms, absentee ballot requests, and absentee 

24 ballots. 


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1 (23) The 2020 election resulted in unprece2 dented voter turnout overall, boasting the highest 

3 turnout in United States history, with 17,000,000 

4 more voters compared to the last presidential cycle. 

5 The unprecedented trend tracked for youth voters as 

6 well. 2020 was the first election in which the major7 ity of voters under the age of 30 voted. States with 

8 the highest youth voter rates were those with more 

9 robust registration and vote by mail laws, such as 

10 those with pre-registration, same day registration, 

11 election day registration, early voting, and accessible 

12 no-excuse vote by mail opportunities. 

13 (24) The response to increased voter turnout 

14 has been an unprecedented number of State legisla15 tive proposals to make it harder to cast a valid bal16 lot, such as the imposition of limitations on the 

17 availability of drop-boxes, limitations on the count18 ing of out-of-precinct ballots, and the removal of stu19 dent identification as valid voter identification where 

20 required. Pressures have also mounted on the local 

21 level, with continued efforts to prevent or remove on22 campus polling locations, which are key to youth en23 gagement since they allow students to vote where 

24 they study, work, eat, and sleep. 


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1 (25) State and local election administration im2 pacts youth at large, including high school youth in 

3 their ability to pre-register in advance of turning 18, 

4 college students matriculating in traditional public 

5 and private 2- or 4-year institutions of higher edu6 cation or vocational and technical programs, and the 

7 most vulnerable or overlooked youth populations, 

8 such as those in less stable housing and those who 

9 do not pursue college education. 

10 (26) The 14th and 26th Amendments, and the 

11 Elections Clause of section 4 of article I and Guar12 antee Clause of section 4 of article IV, of the Con13 stitution empower Congress to protect the right to 

14 vote in Federal elections. 

15 (27) The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was always 

16 understood to be privately enforceable, and to con17 tain a private right of action by which all voters of 

18 the United States could guarantee the rights guar19 anteed therein. Recently, in light of the continued 

20 development of the law concerning privately enforce21 able statutes, academic discussion and jurispru22 dential dicta have incorrectly questioned the Voting 

23 Rights Act of 1965’s private right of action. This 

24 Act and the amendments made by this Act recognize 

25 the hundreds of cases brought by private plaintiffs 


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1 to enforce the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and re-af2 firms that such a private right of action has always 

3 existed for the Voting Rights Act of 1965. 

4 SEC. 4. ENFORCEMENT OF THE 26TH AMENDMENT. 

5 Title III of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 

6 10701 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the fol7 lowing: 

8 ‘‘SEC. 303. PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION; STANDARD OF RE9 VIEW; FEES. 

10 ‘‘(a) PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION.—Any person eight11 een years of age and older who is aggrieved by a denial 

12 or abridgment of the right of a citizen of the United States 

13 to vote on account of age may commence a civil action 

14 in any appropriate district court of the United States for 

15 relief. 

16 ‘‘(b) STANDARD OF REVIEW.—A denial or abridg17 ment of the right of a citizen of the United States to vote 

18 on account of age shall be established in a private right 

19 of action under subsection (a) if a qualification or pre20 requisite to voting or standard, practice, or procedure— 

21 ‘‘(1) has the effect of denying or abridging to 

22 citizens eighteen years of age and older the due 

23 process or equal protection of the laws that are 

24 guaranteed to them under the 14th and 26th 


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1 Amendments of the Constitution of the United 

2 States; and 

3 ‘‘(2) is not necessary to advance any compelling 

4 interest of a State or political subdivision. 

5 ‘‘(c) FEES AND COSTS.—The court, in an action 

6 under this section, shall allow the plaintiff, if the pre7 vailing party, to recover from the defendant reasonable at8 torneys’ and expert witness fees, and other costs of the 

9 action.’’. 

10 SEC. 5. TREATMENT OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER 

11 EDUCATION AS VOTER REGISTRATION AGEN12 CIES UNDER NATIONAL VOTER REGISTRA13 TION ACT OF 1993. 

14 (a) IN GENERAL.—Section 7(a)(2) of the National 

15 Voter Registration Act of 1993 (52 U.S.C. 20506(a)(2)) 

16 is amended— 

17 (1) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end of subpara18 graph (A); 

19 (2) by striking the period at the end of sub20 paragraph (B) and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

21 (3) by adding at the end the following new sub22 paragraph: 

23 ‘‘(C) all offices within public institutions of 

24 higher education, as defined in section 101 and 

25 section 102(c) of the Higher Education Act of 


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1 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001; 20 U.S.C. 1002(c)), 

2 that provide assistance to students.’’. 

3 (b) APPLICATION.—Section 4(b) of the National 

4 Voter Registration Act of 1993 (52 U.S.C. 20503(b)) is 

5 amended— 

6 (1) by redesignating paragraphs (1) and (2) as 

7 subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively, and indent8 ing appropriately; 

9 (2) by striking ‘‘STATES.—This Act’’ and in10 serting ‘‘STATES.—’’; 

11 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para12 graph (2), this Act’’; and 

13 (3) by adding at the end the following new 

14 paragraph: 

15 ‘‘(2) APPLICATION OF CERTAIN REQUIRE16 MENTS.—Notwithstanding paragraph (1), in the 

17 case of a State described in paragraph (1)(B), sub18 section (a)(3)(B), section 7, and paragraphs (1)(C), 

19 (5), and (6) of section 8(a) shall apply, but only 

20 with respect to institutions described in section 

21 7(a)(2)(C).’’. 

22 SEC. 6. PRE-REGISTRATION OF MINORS FOR VOTING IN 

23 FEDERAL ELECTIONS. 

24 (a) PRE-REGISTRATION OF MINORS FOR VOTING IN

25 FEDERAL ELECTIONS.—The National Voter Registration 


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1 Act of 1993 (52 U.S.C. 20501 et seq.) is amended by in2 serting after section 8 the following new section: 

3 ‘‘SEC. 8A. PRE-REGISTRATION PROCESS FOR MINORS. 

4 ‘‘(a) REQUIRING IMPLEMENTATION OF PRE-REG5 ISTRATION PROCESS.—Each State shall implement a 

6 process under which— 

7 ‘‘(1) an individual who is a resident of the State 

8 may apply to register to vote in elections for Federal 

9 office in the State at any time on or after the date 

10 on which the individual turns 16 years of age; 

11 ‘‘(2) if the individual is not 18 years of age or 

12 older at the time the individual applies under para13 graph (1) but would be eligible to vote in such pri14 mary or general elections if the individual were 18 

15 years of age, the State shall ensure that the indi16 vidual is registered to vote in elections for Federal 

17 office in the State that are held on or after the date 

18 on which the individual turns 18 years of age; and 

19 ‘‘(3) the activities the State implements in 

20 order to comply with sections 5 and 7 shall include 

21 pre-registration services (to the same extent as reg22 istration services) for qualifying individuals, as de23 scribed in this subsection. 

24 ‘‘(b) PERMITTING AVAILABILITY OF PROCESS FOR

25 YOUNGER INDIVIDUALS.—A State may, at its option, 


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1 make the process implemented under subsection (a) avail2 able to individuals who are younger than 16 years of 

3 age.’’. 

4 (b) APPLICATION.—Section 4(b)(2) of the National 

5 Voter Registration Act of 1993 (52 U.S.C. 20503(b)(2)), 

6 as added by section 5(b), is amended— 

7 (1) by striking ‘‘paragraph (1)(B), subsection 

8 (a)(3)(B)’’ and inserting ‘‘paragraph (1)(B)— 

9 ‘‘(A) subsection (a)(3)(B)’’; 

10 (2) in subparagraph (A), as added by para11 graph (1), by striking the period at the end and in12 serting ‘‘; and’’; and 

13 (3) by adding at the end the following new sub14 paragraph: 

15 ‘‘(B) section 8A shall apply.’’. 

16 (c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by 

17 this section shall take effect upon the expiration of the 

18 90-day period that begins on the date of the enactment 

19 of this Act. 

20 SEC. 7. ON-CAMPUS POLLING LOCATIONS. 

21 (a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

22 (1) CAMPUS.—The term ‘‘campus’’— 

23 (A) means a geographic site of an institu24 tion of higher education that is permanent in 

25 nature and offers courses in educational or 


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1 training programs which are available for stu2 dents to attend in person; and 

3 (B) includes main campuses, branch cam4 puses, and additional locations in the United 

5 States. 

6 (2) INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION.—The 

7 term ‘‘institution of higher education’’ has the 

8 meaning given that term in subsections (a) and (b) 

9 of section 101 and subsections (b) and (c) of section 

10 102 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 

11 U.S.C. 1001(a), 1001(b), 1002(b), 1002(c)). 

12 (3) STATE.—The term ‘‘State’’ means each of 

13 the several States and the District of Columbia. 

14 (b) IN GENERAL.—Each State shall ensure that poll15 ing places for each election for Federal office (referred to 

16 in this section as a ‘‘Federal election’’) are made available, 

17 on the date of a Federal election, on— 

18 (1) each campus of any State public institution 

19 of higher education in the State, except any such 

20 campus for which the State has received a waiver 

21 under subsection (e); and 

22 (2) each campus of any other institution of 

23 higher education in the State for which the State 

24 has received the institution’s written permission to 

25 have a polling place on campus. 


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1 (c) NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS.—Not less than 90 

2 days before the State’s deadline for certifying polling place 

3 locations in advance of each Federal election, the State 

4 shall request in writing permission to place a polling place 

5 for a Federal election, to be available on the date of that 

6 election, on the campus of each institution of higher edu7 cation that is not a State public institution of higher edu8 cation— 

9 (1) for the next Federal election; or 

10 (2) for a longer period of time, as agreed to by 

11 the State and the institution of higher education. 

12 (d) ALTERNATIVE POLLING PLACES.—For each in13 stitution of higher education that is not a State public in14 stitution of higher education and that does not give writ15 ten permission as described in subsection (c) for placement 

16 of a polling place on the institution’s campus, the State 

17 shall implement alternative procedures to ensure voting is 

18 accessible to youth on that campus who are age 18 and 

19 over. Such procedures may include— 

20 (1) offering free shuttles for such youth to 

21 other nearby polling locations; 

22 (2) making available on the campus absentee 

23 voting drop boxes for such youth; or 


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1 (3) offering an on-campus early voting option 

2 or a mobile unit on the campus for early voting or 

3 election day voting for such youth. 

4 (e) WAIVERS.— 

5 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Attorney General may, 

6 upon the request of a State, waive the requirement 

7 under subsection (b)(1) with respect to a Federal 

8 election for a campus described in such paragraph 

9 for which the State, in accordance with the guidance 

10 under paragraph (3)— 

11 (A) determines is an unsuitable polling lo12 cation in the State for that Federal election; 

13 and 

14 (B) agrees to require alternative proce15 dures at such campus to ensure voting in Fed16 eral elections is accessible to youth who are age 

17 18 and over for that Federal election. 

18 (2) APPLICATIONS TO INCLUDE ALTERNATIVE

19 PROCEDURES.—To request a waiver under para20 graph (1) with respect to a Federal election and for 

21 a campus described in subsection (b)(1), a State 

22 shall submit an application to the Attorney General 

23 that includes information on the alternative proce24 dures the State will require the State public institu25 tion of higher education to implement with respect 


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1 to that Federal election for that campus to ensure 

2 voting is accessible to youth who are age 18 and 

3 over. Such procedures may include— 

4 (A) offering free shuttles for such youth to 

5 other polling locations; 

6 (B) making available on the campus absen7 tee voting drop boxes for such youth; or 

8 (C) offering an on-campus early voting op9 tion or a mobile unit on the campus for early 

10 voting or election day voting for such youth. 

11 (3) GUIDANCE.—Not later than 180 days after 

12 the date of enactment of this Act, the Attorney Gen13 eral shall issue guidance on the administration of 

14 this section, including guidance on the coverage 

15 under this section of campuses and institutions of 

16 higher education, as defined in subsection (a), ac17 ceptable reasons for allowing a waiver under this 

18 subsection, and alternative procedures described in 

19 paragraph (2), with respect to a campus described 

20 in subsection (b)(1). Such guidance shall include 

21 considerations of issues relating to the accessibility 

22 of the campus, including— 

23 (A) the inability to modify the physical at24 tributes of the campus to make the campus ac25 cessible for voting; 


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1 (B) the proximity of the campus to local 

2 population centers; 

3 (C) the ability of youth age 18 and over 

4 who are from historically disadvantaged com5 munities to access the campus; 

6 (D) the ability of the institution of higher 

7 education to comply with other Federal or State 

8 laws relating to Federal elections at that cam9 pus location; and 

10 (E) the number of students enrolled at the 

11 institution of higher education in the year of 

12 the relevant Federal election. 

13 (f) ENFORCEMENT.— 

14 (1) ATTORNEY GENERAL.—The Attorney Gen15 eral may bring a civil action in an appropriate dis16 trict court for such declaratory or injunctive relief as 

17 is necessary to carry out this section. 

18 (2) PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION.— 

19 (A) A person who is aggrieved by a viola20 tion of this section may provide written notice 

21 of the violation to the chief election official of 

22 the State involved. 

23 (B) If the violation is not corrected within 

24 90 days after receipt of a notice under subpara25 graph (A), or within 20 days after receipt of 


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1 the notice if the violation occurred within 120 

2 days before the date of a Federal election, the 

3 aggrieved person may bring a civil action in an 

4 appropriate district court for declaratory or in5 junctive relief with respect to the violation. 

6 (C) If the violation occurred within 30 

7 days before the date of a Federal election, the 

8 aggrieved person need not provide notice to the 

9 chief election official of the State under sub10 paragraph (A) before bringing a civil action 

11 under subparagraph (B). 

12 (D) The court, in an action under this sec13 tion, shall allow the plaintiff, if the prevailing 

14 party, to recover from the defendant reasonable 

15 attorneys’ and expert witness fees and other 

16 costs of the action. 

17 SEC. 8. PROHIBITION OF RESIDENCY REQUIREMENTS. 

18 (a) APPLICABILITY TO ALL ELECTIONS FOR FED19 ERAL OFFICE.—Section 202 of the Voting Rights Act of 

20 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10502) is amended— 

21 (1) in subsection (a)— 

22 (A) in the matter preceding paragraph 

23 (1)— 


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1 (i) by striking ‘‘the offices of Presi2 dent and Vice President’’ and inserting 

3 ‘‘Federal office’’; and 

4 (ii) by striking ‘‘presidential elections’’ 

5 and inserting ‘‘elections for Federal of6 fice’’; 

7 (B) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘their 

8 President and Vice President’’ and inserting 

9 ‘‘Federal office’’; 

10 (C) in paragraph (5), by striking ‘‘; and’’ 

11 and inserting ‘‘, and in some cases, the twenty12 sixth amendment, including the right to vote 

13 from a college domicile; and’’; and 

14 (D) in paragraph (6), by striking ‘‘presi15 dential elections’’ and inserting ‘‘elections for 

16 Federal office’’; 

17 (2) in subsection (b)— 

18 (A) by striking ‘‘voting for President and 

19 Vice President’’ and inserting ‘‘voting in elec20 tions for Federal office’’; and 

21 (B) by striking ‘‘presidential elections’’ and 

22 inserting ‘‘elections for Federal office’’; 

23 (3) in subsection (c)— 


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1 (A) by striking ‘‘election for President and 

2 Vice President’’ and inserting ‘‘election for Fed3 eral office’’; and 

4 (B) by striking ‘‘electors for President and 

5 Vice President, or for President and Vice Presi6 dent,’’ and inserting ‘‘Federal office,’’ each 

7 place the term appears; 

8 (4) in subsection (d), by striking ‘‘the choice of 

9 electors for President and Vice President or for 

10 President and Vice President’’ and inserting ‘‘Fed11 eral office’’; 

12 (5) in subsection (e)— 

13 (A) by striking ‘‘election for President and 

14 Vice President’’ and inserting ‘‘election for Fed15 eral office’’; and 

16 (B) by striking ‘‘the choice of electors for 

17 President and Vice President, or for President 

18 and Vice President,’’ and inserting ‘‘Federal of19 fice’’; and 

20 (6) in subsection (f)— 

21 (A) by striking ‘‘election for President and 

22 Vice President’’ and inserting ‘‘election for Fed23 eral office’’; and 

24 (B) by striking ‘‘for the choice of electors 

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1 dent and Vice President,’’ and inserting ‘‘for 

2 Federal office’’. 

3 (b) PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION RELATING TO RESI4 DENCE REQUIREMENTS FOR VOTING.—Section 202 of the 

5 Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10502) is further 

6 amended by adding at the end the following: 

7 ‘‘(j) PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION.—Any person who 

8 is aggrieved by a violation of this section may commence 

9 a civil action in any appropriate district court of the 

10 United States for relief. The court, in an action under this 

11 section, shall allow the plaintiff, if the prevailing party, 

12 to recover from the defendant reasonable attorneys’ and 

13 expert witness fees and other costs of the action.’’. 

14 SEC. 9. REQUIREMENTS FOR VOTER IDENTIFICATION. 

15 (a) IN GENERAL.—Title III of the Help America 

16 Vote Act of 2002 (52 U.S.C. 21081 et seq.) is amended— 

17 (1) by redesignating sections 304 and 305 as 

18 sections 305 and 306, respectively; and 

19 (2) by inserting after section 303 the following 

20 new section: 

21 ‘‘SEC. 304. TREATMENT OF STUDENT IDENTIFICATION 

22 CARDS AS VOTER IDENTIFICATION. 

23 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—To the extent that a State or 

24 local jurisdiction has a voter identification requirement, 

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1 fication card issued by an institution of higher education 

2 as meeting such voter identification requirement. 

3 ‘‘(b) INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION.—For 

4 purposes of this section, the term ‘institution of higher 

5 education’ has the meaning given that term in subsections 

6 (a) and (b) of section 101 and subsections (b) and (c) of 

7 section 102 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 

8 U.S.C. 1001(a), 1001(b), 1002(b), 1002(c)).’’. 

9 (b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT RELATING TO EN10 FORCEMENT.—Section 401 of such Act (52 U.S.C. 21111) 

11 is amended by striking ‘‘and 303’’ and inserting ‘‘, 303, 

12 and 304’’. 

13 (c) CLERICAL AMENDMENTS.—The table of contents 

14 of such Act is amended— 

15 (1) by redesignating the items relating to sec16 tions 304 and 305 as relating to sections 305 and 

17 306, respectively; and 

18 (2) by inserting after the item relating to sec19 tion 303 the following new item: 

‘‘Sec. 304. Treatment of student identification cards as voter identification.’’. 

20 SEC. 10. GRANTS TO STATES FOR ACTIVITIES TO ENCOUR21 AGE INVOLVEMENT OF YOUTH IN ELECTION 

22 ACTIVITIES. 

23 (a) IN GENERAL.—Subtitle D of title II of the Help 

24 America Vote Act of 2002 (52 U.S.C. et seq.) is amended 

25 by adding at the end the following: 


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1 ‘‘PART 7—GRANTS TO ENCOURAGE YOUTH 

2 INVOLVEMENT IN ELECTION ACTIVITIES 

3 ‘‘SEC. 297. GRANTS TO ENCOURAGE YOUTH INVOLVEMENT 

4 IN ELECTION ACTIVITIES. 

5 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Commission shall make 

6 grants to eligible States to increase the involvement of 

7 youth, including those under 18 years of age, in public 

8 election activities in the State. 

9 ‘‘(b) ELIGIBILITY.— 

10 ‘‘(1) APPLICATION.—A State is eligible to re11 ceive a grant under this section if the State submits 

12 to the Commission, at such time and in such form 

13 as the Commission may require, an application con14 taining— 

15 ‘‘(A) a description of the State’s plan; 

16 ‘‘(B) a description of the performance 

17 measures and targets the State will use to de18 termine its success in carrying out the plan; 

19 and 

20 ‘‘(C) such other information and assur21 ances as the Commission may require. 

22 ‘‘(2) CONTENTS OF PLAN.—A State’s plan 

23 under this subsection shall include— 

24 ‘‘(A) methods to promote the use of the 

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1 tion 8A of the National Voter Registration Act 

2 of 1993; 

3 ‘‘(B) modifications to the curriculum of 

4 secondary schools in the State to promote civic 

5 engagement; 

6 ‘‘(C) a description of how the State will 

7 provide funding to secondary schools and insti8 tutions of higher education to enable those 

9 schools and institutions to support activities 

10 (including activities carried out by student or11 ganizations) to increase voter registration and 

12 voter turnout, including pre-registration where 

13 allowable; 

14 ‘‘(D) the creation of a paid fellowship pro15 gram for youth to work with State and local 

16 election officials to support youth civic and po17 litical engagement; 

18 ‘‘(E) a description of how the grant fund19 ing will reduce disparities in access to the elec20 toral process among youth who are members of 

21 protected classes, as defined by the Commis22 sion, under Federal law; and 

23 ‘‘(F) such other activities to encourage the 

24 involvement of youth in the electoral process as 

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1 couraging youth to serve as poll workers, dep2 uty voter registrars, or election workers where 

3 allowable, and outreach activities to engage sec4 ondary schools, postsecondary educational insti5 tutions, and the most vulnerable or overlooked 

6 youth populations, such as those in less stable 

7 housing and those who do not pursue college 

8 education. 

9 ‘‘(c) PERIOD OF GRANT; REPORT.— 

10 ‘‘(1) PERIOD OF GRANT.—A State receiving a 

11 grant under this section shall use the funds provided 

12 by the grant over a 2-year period agreed to between 

13 the State and the Commission. 

14 ‘‘(2) REPORT.—Not later than 6 months after 

15 the end of the 2-year period agreed to under para16 graph (1), the State shall submit to the Commission 

17 a report on the activities the State carried out with 

18 the funds provided by the grant, and shall include 

19 in the report an analysis of the extent to which the 

20 State met the performance measures and targets in21 cluded in its application under subsection (b)(2). 

22 ‘‘(d) STATE DEFINED.—In this section, the term 

23 ‘State’ means each of the several States, the District of 

24 Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the United 


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1 States Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the 

2 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. 

3 ‘‘(e) YOUTH ENGAGEMENT FUND.— 

4 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Commission shall es5 tablish a Youth Engagement Fund for the purpose 

6 of making grants under this section. 

7 ‘‘(2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATION.— 

8 There is authorized to be appropriated to the Youth 

9 Engagement Fund to carry out this section— 

10 ‘‘(A) for fiscal year 2024, $26,000,000; 

11 and 

12 ‘‘(B) for each subsequent fiscal year, the 

13 difference between $26,000,000 and the amount 

14 of unobligated funds in the Youth Engagement 

15 Fund as of the close of the preceding fiscal 

16 year. 

17 ‘‘(3) AVAILABILITY.—Funds appropriated pur18 suant to the authorization of appropriations in para19 graph (2) shall remain available for a period of 10 

20 years from the fiscal year in which appropriated.’’. 

21 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

22 of such Act is amended by adding at the end of the items 

23 relating to subtitle D of title II the following: 

‘‘PART 7—GRANTS TO ENCOURAGE YOUTH INVOLVEMENT IN ELECTION

ACTIVITIES

‘‘Sec. 297. Grants to encourage youth involvement in election activities.’’. 


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1 SEC. 11. ABSENTEE VOTING. 

2 (a) ENFORCEMENT OF 26TH AMENDMENT.—Section 

3 301(a)(1) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 

4 10701(a)(1)) is amended by inserting before the period 

5 at the end the following: ‘‘, including denials or 

6 abridgements of the rights of citizens of the United States 

7 to vote on account of age as a result of age-based restric8 tions for individuals of legal voting age to voting by mail’’. 

9 (b) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con10 gress that age-based restrictions for individuals of legal 

11 voting age to vote by mail constitute a violation of the 

12 26th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. 

13 SEC. 12. STUDIES AND DATA COLLECTION. 

14 (a) GAO STUDY.— 

15 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 

16 after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comp17 troller General of the United States shall submit to 

18 Congress a report on voter registration trends, ab19 sentee voting trends, and provisional voting trends, 

20 disaggregated by age and (where information on 

21 race is available) race in accordance with paragraph 

22 (2), including— 

23 (A) an examination of the reliance on ab24 sentee and provisional ballots by age; 

25 (B) an examination of the availability of 

26 polling places on the campuses of institutions of 


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1 higher education as defined in section 7 of this 

2 Act, including consideration of the characteris3 tics of those institutions and the populations 

4 they serve; 

5 (C) the rejection rates for voter registra6 tion applications and absentee ballot applica7 tions; 

8 (D) the rejection rates for absentee ballots 

9 and provisional ballots; and 

10 (E) the reasons for those rejections. 

11 (2) DISAGGREGATION.—The information de12 scribed in paragraph (1) shall be disaggregated ac13 cording to (where information on race is available) 

14 race and according to the following age cohorts: 

15 (A) 16 to 17. 

16 (B) 18 to 21. 

17 (C) 22 to 24. 

18 (D) 25 to 29. 

19 (E) 30 to 34. 

20 (F) 35 to 39. 

21 (G) 40 to 44. 

22 (H) 45 to 49. 

23 (I) 50 to 54. 

24 (J) 55 to 59. 

25 (K) 60 to 64. 


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1 (L) 65 to 69. 

2 (M) 70 to 74. 

3 (N) 75 to 79. 

4 (O) 80 to 84. 

5 (P) 85 and over. 

6 (b) ELECTION ASSISTANCE COMMISSION DATA COL7 LECTION.— 

8 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Election Assistance 

9 Commission shall collect, as a part of the Election 

10 Administration and Voting Survey effort, and make 

11 publicly available, data from States on— 

12 (A) application and rejection rates of voter 

13 registration applications and absentee ballot ap14 plications for elections for Federal office based 

15 on age and (where information on race is avail16 able) race; 

17 (B) application and rejection rates of ab18 sentee ballots and the issuance and rejection 

19 rates of provisional ballots cast for elections for 

20 Federal office based on age and (where infor21 mation on race is available) race; 

22 (C) the reasons provided by the State for 

23 the rejection of such ballots; and 

24 (D) information on the availability of poll25 ing places on the campuses of institutions of 


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1 higher education as defined in section 7 of this 

2 Act, including consideration of the characteris3 tics of those institutions and the populations 

4 they serve. 

5 (2) DISAGGREGATION.—The information de6 scribed in paragraph (1) shall be disaggregated ac7 cording to each age cohort described in subpara8 graphs (A) through (P) of subsection (a)(2). 

9 (3) REQUIRING STATE SUBMISSION OF INFOR10 MATION REGARDING REJECTED BALLOTS.— 

11 (A) REQUIREMENT.—Title III of the Help 

12 America Vote Act of 2002 (52 U.S.C. 21081 et 

13 seq.) is amended by inserting after section 303 

14 the following new section: 

15 ‘‘SEC. 303A. REQUIRED SUBMISSION OF INFORMATION RE16 GARDING REJECTED APPLICATIONS AND 

17 BALLOTS. 

18 ‘‘(a) REQUIREMENT.—Each State shall furnish to the 

19 Election Assistance Commission such information as the 

20 Commission may request for purposes of carrying out sec21 tion 10(b) of the Youth Voting Rights Act. 

22 ‘‘(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This section shall apply 

23 with respect to the elections for Federal office held on or 

24 after the date of enactment of this section.’’. 


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1 (B) ENFORCEMENT.—Section 401 of such 

2 Act (52 U.S.C. 21111) is amended by striking 

3 ‘‘and 303’’ and inserting ‘‘303, and 303A’’. 

4 (C) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of 

5 contents of such Act is amended by inserting 

6 after the item relating to section 303 the fol7 lowing new item: 

‘‘Sec. 303A. Required submission of information regarding rejected applications 

and ballots.’’. 

Æ 


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