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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: C.W., A 

MINOR

APPEAL OF: R.W., FATHER

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1713 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Order Entered June 10, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Juvenile Division at 

No(s): CP-51-DP-0000802-2021

IN THE INTEREST OF: C.W., A 

MINOR

APPEAL OF: M.W., MOTHER

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1714 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Order Entered June 10, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Juvenile Division at 

No(s): CP-51-DP-0000802-2021

BEFORE: BOWES, J., KING, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED JANUARY 17, 2023

R.W. (“Father”) and M.W. (“Mother”) (collectively, “Parents”) appeal 

from the June 10, 2022 finding that they perpetrated child abuse against their 

daughter, C.W., pursuant to the Child Protective Services Law (“CPSL”). While 

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Parents’ appeals are listed consecutively as separate actions, we dispose of 

both appeals in a single writing because they involve overlapping facts and 

shared legal arguments. We affirm.

C.W. was born in January of 2021. Six months later, C.W.’s pediatrician, 

Sarah Taub, M.D., diagnosed the child with “failure to thrive” and directed 

Parents to take the child to Bryn Mawr Hospital. N.T., 9/24/21, at 14-15. 

Upon admission into the pediatric unit, C.W. weighed “almost nine pounds.” 

Id. at 15. C.W. was treated in the hospital by Margarita Sergonis, M.D., a 

pediatric physician, who diagnosed C.W. as suffering from “severe 

malnutrition.” Id. at 11, 16. In addition, Dr. Sergonis found C.W. 

“developmentally delayed in that she was not able to roll over at the time, and 

was unable to sit without support, and really didn’t do well with pushing herself 

up on her chest. She seemed weak. . . . She had some muscle wasting. . . . 

[S]he had very thin extremities.” Id. at 26. Dr. Sergonis testified that “the 

trajectory of [C.W.’s] brain growth was also starting to slow.” Id. at 17. 

Dr. Sergonis ordered a variety of testing for C.W. while in the hospital, 

none of which explained her severe malnutrition. Id. at 18-19. According to 

Dr. Sergonis, C.W. was fed formula every three to four hours while in the 

hospital, and she observed that C.W. “was very hungry, and she wanted 

more[;] she was an eager feeder.” Id. at 21. Dr. Sergonis ordered that C.W. 

be given six ounces of formula per feeding in the hospital. Id. By the time 

of her discharge on August 5, 2021, C.W. had gained a total of 400 grams, or 
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80 grams of weight each day in the hospital. Id. at 27, 30. As such, Dr. 

Sergonis opined to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that C.W.’s

severe malnutrition “was due to inadequate caloric intake.” Id. at 31. 

Following a general protective services report, which the Philadelphia 

Department of Human Services (“DHS”) ultimately validated, C.W. was 

discharged from the hospital into the protective custody of DHS. N.T., 

2/16/22, at 12, 14. The juvenile court issued a shelter care order the following 

day. On August 10, 2021, DHS filed a dependency petition, which it amended 

on November 2, 2021, pursuant to the Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6302, and 

requested a finding of child abuse pursuant to the portion of the CPSL

concerning “[c]ausing serious physical neglect of a child.” 23 Pa.C.S. 

§ 6303(b.1)(7). 

The juvenile hearing commenced on September 24, 2021, and 

continued November 4, 2021, and February 16, 2022. During all the hearings, 

C.W. was represented by a guardian ad litem (“GAL”). Parents consented to 

C.W.’s adjudication of dependency but disputed the disposition and the child 

abuse allegations. DHS presented, inter alia, the testimony of Drs. Sergonis

and Taub, Jacqueline Staggers-Fields, who investigated the Child Protective 

Services (“CPS”) report for DHS, and Laura Crooks, a Montgomery County 

caseworker who was previously assigned to the family in relation to the 

protective custody of Parents’ two older sons due to diagnoses of failure to 
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thrive when the children were twenty months old and five months old, 

respectively.1

At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing, the juvenile court 

adjudicated C.W. dependent and maintained her foster care placement. The 

agency designated the CPS report as “indicated2” based on Dr. Sergonis’s

testimony during the initial adjudicatory hearing on September 24, 2021, but 

the juvenile court deferred its child abuse ruling until after oral argument on 

June 10, 2022. Significantly, during the ensuing argument, the GAL proffered 

that C.W. “was a victim of child abuse, perpetrated knowingly and recklessly 

by [M]other and [F]ather by their failure to provide [C.W.] with the adequate 

nutrition and calories she needed for her growth and development.” N.T., 

6/10/22, at 16. At the conclusion of argument, the juvenile court found that 

C.W. was a victim of child abuse perpetrated by Mother and Father pursuant 

to 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1). Accordingly, the court updated the designation of 

the CPS report from “indicated” to “founded,” i.e., it made a judicial 

____________________________________________

1 The two older siblings are not part of this appeal. They were previously 

adjudicated dependent, but the Montgomery County agency closed the 

family’s case in 2021, due to Parents moving out of the county as well as 

meeting their permanency goals. On February 16, 2022, Parents stipulated 

that these children would remain in the family home subject to DHS 

supervision. N.T., 2/16/22, at 10.

2 A CPS report is “indicated” where “an investigation by the department or 

county agency determines that substantial evidence of the alleged abuse by a 

perpetrator exists based on . . . (i) [a]vailable medical evidence[;] (ii) [t]he 

child protective service investigation[; or] (iii) [a]n admission of the acts of 

abuse by the perpetrator.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(a)(1).
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adjudication of abuse. See 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(a)(1). Mother and Father 

timely filed notices of appeal and concise statements of errors complained of 

on appeal. The juvenile court complied with Rule 1925(a) by identifying the 

portions of the certified record that state the court’s reasons for the order. 

Mother presents the following issue on appeal:

1. Did the trial court err as a matter of law and abuse its 

discretion by finding Mother to be a perpetrator of child abuse 

pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303 in the absence of clear and 

convincing evidence that Mother acted with at least reckless 

intent?

Mother’s brief at 3.

Father presents the following issue on appeal:

1. Did the trial court err and/or abuse its discretion by making a 

finding of child abuse under the Child Protective Services Law, 

23 Pa.C.S. §§ 6301-6385[,] that was not supported by the 

record and testimony proffered[?]

Father’s brief at 8.

Our standard of review “requires an appellate court to accept the 

findings of fact and credibility determinations of the trial court if they are 

supported by the record, but does not require the appellate court to accept 

the lower court’s inferences or conclusions of law. Accordingly, we review for 

an abuse of discretion.” In the Interest of X.P., 248 A.3d 1274, 1276

(Pa.Super. 2021) (citation omitted). “The trial court is free to believe all, part, 

or none of the evidence presented and is likewise free to make all credibility 

determinations and resolve conflicts in the evidence.” Id. (citation omitted).

This Court has explained:
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Although dependency proceedings are governed by the Juvenile

Act (Act), the CPSL controls determinations regarding findings

of child abuse, which the juvenile courts must find by clear and

convincing evidence. In re L.V., 209 A.3d 399, 417 (Pa.Super.

2019); see also In the Interest of X.P., 248 A.3d 1274, 1276

(Pa.Super. 2021) (same). The CPSL “does not provide for legal

determinations of abuse; it is mainly a vehicle for reporting abuse

and bringing quickly into play those services (including court

hearings) available through county protective service facilities for

the care of the child.” In the Interest of J.R.W., 631 A.2d 1019,

1022 (Pa.Super. 1993). The Act and the CPSL must be applied

together in the resolution of child abuse complaints under the

CPSL and reference must be made to the definition sections of

both the Law and the CPSL to determine how that finding of child

abuse is interrelated. Id. at 1023.

As part of a dependency adjudication, a court may find a parent

or caregiver to be the perpetrator of child abuse as defined by the

CPSL. In re S.L., 202 A.3d 723, 728 (Pa.Super. 2019). Section

6381 of the CPSL, which governs evidence in court proceedings,

states that “in addition to the rules of evidence . . . relating to

juvenile matters, the rules of evidence in this section shall

govern in child abuse proceedings in court.” 23 Pa.C.S.

§ 6381(a) (emphasis added). . . .

In In the Interest of N.B.-A., 224 A.3d 661 (Pa. 2020), the

Pennsylvania Supreme Court recently reiterated the appropriate

standard of proof for a finding of child abuse:

The requisite standard of proof for a finding of child

abuse pursuant to section 6303(b.1) of the CPSL is clear

and convincing evidence. A petitioning party must

demonstrate the existence of child abuse by the clear and

convincing evidence standard applicable to most

dependency determinations, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6341(c). Clear

and convincing evidence is “evidence that is so clear,

direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable the trier of fact

to come to a clear conviction, without hesitancy, of the

truth of the precise facts in issue.” . . .

Id. at 668 (citations omitted).
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In the Interest of C.B., 264 A.3d 761, 770 (Pa.Super. 2021) (en banc) 

(cleaned up) (footnotes omitted).

Instantly, DHS alleged child abuse against Parents pursuant to

§ 6303(b.1)(7) of the CPSL, which provides “The term ‘child abuse’ shall mean 

intentionally, knowingly or recklessly . . . [c]ausing serious physical neglect of 

a child.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1)(7). In this vein, “Serious physical neglect”

is defined as

Any of the following when committed by a perpetrator that 

endangers a child’s life or health, threatens a child’s well-being, 

causes bodily injury or impairs a child’s health, development or 

functioning:

(1) A repeated, prolonged or egregious failure to supervise a 

child in a manner that is appropriate considering the child’s 

developmental age and abilities.

(2) The failure to provide a child with adequate essentials of 

life, including food, shelter or medical care.

23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(a) (“Serious physical neglect”).

At the outset, we address, collectively, Parents’ challenge to the juvenile

court’s finding that they acted at least recklessly. For purposes of the CPSL, 

the term “recklessly” has the same meaning as set forth in 18 Pa.C.S. § 302, 

which provides, 

A person acts recklessly with respect to a material element of 

an offense when he consciously disregards a substantial and 

unjustifiable risk that the material element exists or will result 

from his conduct. The risk must be of such a nature and degree 

that, considering the nature and intent of the actor’s conduct 

and the circumstances known to him, its disregard involves a 

gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable 

person would observe in the actor’s situation.
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18 Pa.C.S. § 302(b)(1)-(3).

Mother argues that DHS failed to prove clearly and convincingly that she 

acted with at least reckless intent in causing C.W. serious physical neglect by 

failing to provide her with sufficient calories to sustain her life and 

development. Mother’s brief at 15. Mother asserts the evidence demonstrates

that she (1) was aware of the substantial risk to C.W.’s health by not gaining 

weight; (2) attempted to provide the child with adequate calories, but did not 

know how much formula she should have been feeding C.W., and was unaware 

how much food the child “was actually receiving” due to the nature of breastfeeding; and (3) never missed an appointment with Dr. Taub, the pediatrician. 

Id. at 17-18, 20, 22, 27. Mother argues, “Given the information known to 

[her], she did not deviate from the conduct of a reasonable person in her 

situation.” Id. at 20. 

Likewise, Father argues that DHS failed to prove that he acted with 

reckless intent in causing C.W. serious physical neglect. Specifically, Father 

argues that he did not consciously disregard a substantial risk of injury to C.W. 

but “diligently attempted to avoid the risk considering the information he had.” 

Father’s brief at 19. Father asserts there is no testimony demonstrating that 

he “knew exactly how much formula or breast milk C.W. needed and that he 

was disregarding any recommendation and putting C.W.’s health at risk.” Id. 

at 22. Further, Father asserts that when Dr. Taub recommended that formula 

be fed to the child, “she was not clear at all on how many ounces Mother or 
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Father should feed.” Id. Like Mother, Father emphasizes that he and Mother 

attended every medical appointment for C.W. and followed all 

recommendations. Id. at 21. Moreover, he claims:

While hospitalized, C.W.’s formula had to be changed and then at 

that time, she did begin to gain weight. N.T., 9/24/21, at 43. 

However, even upon discharge from the hospital, C.W. remained 

under the one percentile on the growth/weight chart and C.W. was 

referred to genetics to follow up with her. N.T., 11/4/21, at 55-

56.

Id. at 21-22. 

Both DHS and the GAL filed separate responsive briefs in Parents’ 

appeals. DHS responded that Parents “perpetrated serious physical neglect 

against C.W. by knowingly and recklessly failing to provide C.W. with sufficient 

calories, which threatened her well-being and impaired her health, 

development or functioning.” DHS briefs at 20. The GAL, in support of the 

order, responded by asserting that Parents “disregarded the instructions of 

C.W.’s doctor to feed C.W. an adequate amount of formula to promote her 

growth and development and left C.W. in a state of failure to thrive.” GAL 

briefs at 29. We agree.

The trial court offered the following rationale from the bench:

[M]other and [F]ather were reporting . . . to Dr. Taub [C.W.’s 

pediatrician] . . . that they were feeding [C.W.] 30 ounces [of 

formula per day], based on the number of bottles they described 

she was getting per day and the number of ounces in those 

bottles. 

And so, what that says to me is that [M]other and [F]ather clearly 

knew from the doctor the minimum number of ounces that she 
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was looking for [C.W.] to have, and they were reporting that she 

was receiving those number of ounces. 

Juxtapose that against the testimony from Dr. Sergonis, that 

when [C.W.] was admitted to the hospital, those are the exact 

same numbers of ounces that they fed her in the hospital, and she 

gained weight.

And, in fact, Dr. Taub testified that when the foster parent came 

in for the follow-up visit, after [C.W.] had been released from the 

hospital, the foster parent also reported giving her 30 ounces, and 

[C.W.] was still gaining weight.

So, [C.W.] gained two pounds in the hospital, after only five days,

receiving the same number of ounces of food that [M]other and 

[F]ather at home. And let me add, [M]other and [F]ather were 

reporting to Dr. Taub that, in addition to the 30 ounces, [C.W.] 

was getting some solid foods.

None of that is consistent with what was shown and proven when 

she was in the hospital. And so, it is for that reason I am going 

to find that . . . DHS proved, by clear and convincing evidence,

they knew exactly how many ounces [C.W.] was supposed to be 

given, and, in fact, her hospital stay over five days shows that, 

when given those ounces, she would have been gaining weight.

And so, I’m going to find [M]other and [F]ather as perpetrators of 

child abuse, based on [C.W.]’s failure to thrive. They knowingly, 

or recklessly — however you want to put it — I’m going to put it 

under knowingly — did not give her the amount of food she was 

supposed to get, because had they given her the amount she was 

supposed to get, the evidence shows she would have gained 

weight, because, in fact, she did gain weight in the hospital, given 

the same amount of food.

N.T., 6/10/22, at 39-41. 

As outlined, infra, the certified record supports the juvenile court’s 

findings. Mother brought C.W. to her first appointment with Dr. Taub on 

February 26, 2021, when she was one month old. N.T., 11/4/21, at 15, 18. 

The child then weighed 7 pounds, 1.9 ounces, which was “slightly more” than 
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her birth weight of 6 pounds, 8.6 ounces. Id. at 17. Dr. Taub testified that 

Mother reported breast-feeding eight or nine times in a twenty-four-hour 

period, and she reported no problems with feeding or any other matters 

related to a one-month-old child. Id. at 18. Dr. Taub testified that her office 

note reflected that C.W. “was gaining weight slowly,” but, based on Mother’s 

report that she was nursing well and “had a good routine at home, making 

sure to wake the baby to feed,” Dr. Taub had no specific concern regarding 

C.W. at that time. Id. at 19.

Mother next brought C.W. to her scheduled appointment with Dr. Taub 

on April 9, 2021, when C.W. was slightly more than two months old. Id. at 

20. C.W. weighed 8 pounds, 3.9 ounces. Id. at 21. Mother reported that 

she was still breast-feeding and “feeding every three to four hours overnight, 

sometimes longer.” Id. at 21-22. Dr. Taub testified that Mother reported she 

tried to introduce the bottle, but “the baby was not accepting the bottle that 

well.” Id. at 21. Dr. Taub’s office note reflected the child’s “poor weight gain, 

[and] her slowed weight curve.” Id. at 22. She discussed with Mother adding 

“more breast-feeding sessions, overnight feedings,” using a breast pump, and 

using formula to supplement because C.W.’s growth was “suboptimal.” Id. at 

22, 24. Dr. Taub testified that Mother expressed no concerns regarding 

feeding C.W. at the time. Id. at 24. 

Mother brought C.W. for her third scheduled appointment with Dr. Taub 

on May 3, 2021, when she was three months old. Id. at 24. C.W. weighed 8 
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pounds, 3.9 ounces, reflecting no change from the previous visit, and the child 

remained below the first percentile within the growth chart. Id. at 25, 29. 

Dr. Taub testified that Mother “disclosed that she had not supplemented 

formula at that time, as per our previous discussion.” Id. (emphasis added). 

At this visit, Dr. Taub diagnosed C.W. with “failure to thrive.” Id. at 27. She 

explained that the diagnosis “is a physical manifestation of suboptimal 

nutrition that can affect the growth and development of a child.” Id. Dr. Taub 

testified that she discussed with Mother “the importance of giving formula in 

a measurement of at least 24 ounces daily.” Id. She testified that Mother 

appeared to understand her instructions and did not raise any concerns or 

issues with accessing formula for C.W. Id. at 28. 

Both Mother and Father brought C.W. to her next appointment with Dr. 

Taub one week later, on May 10, 2021. Id. at 30. C.W. weighed 8 pounds, 

3.2 ounces, reflecting a loss of 0.7 ounces. Id. Dr. Taub testified that, at 

that visit, Parents “were visibly upset and angry, both by their physical body 

language and . . . their louder voices. They verbalized to me that they felt 

traumatized from previous [child welfare agency] involvement when their 

other child was removed from their home.” Id. at 31. Moreover, Dr. Taub 

testified that Parents told her “they bought Similac organic” formula, but C.W. 

“was still not taking bottles from them.” Id. Nevertheless, Dr. Taub testified 

that she gave Father a bottle to feed C.W. in the office, and she “observed her 

taking it very well. She took two ounces of Similac Sensitive. . . . So, that 
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was reassuring to see.” Id. at 31-32. According to Dr. Taub, the appointment 

proceeded as follows.

Father agreed to start feeding her formula at a minimum of every 

three hours. I gave more formula samples [to Parents] at that 

visit. I think [M]other was expressing a desire to continue to 

breast-feed, but we [added] formula . . . between [feedings] to 

maximize growth.

We discussed that we had to follow her back in one week[,] and 

we discussed that labs may . . . or a hospital admission have to 

be done for this issue. I wanted them to call me if it wasn’t 

working with the formula feedings prior to [the next visit], and the 

family agreed with that plan at that time.

Id. at 32. Dr. Taub clarified, “I always discuss the amount that is appropriate, 

which is 24 to 30 ounces of formula. I did not note it in my chart, but that is 

my recommendation with formula feedings in general.” Id. at 33. 

Parents brought C.W. to the next scheduled appointment on May 17, 

2021. Id. at 34. C.W. weighed 8 pounds, 7.5 ounces, reflecting a gain of 4 

ounces. Id. Dr. Taub testified that Parents told her C.W. “was taking 4 ounces 

of Similac organic, and they were offering that at least four times a day.” Id. 

at 34. She continued: 

They said it took a few days for her to get used to taking it, but 

now she was taking it well — the bottle, that is — and they were 

seeing an increase in her urine and stool output. She was sleeping 

better, and more alert.

And, at that point, they did voice concern that all three of their 

children did have issues with gaining weight early in infancy, and 

they wanted to explore genetic counseling. . . .

I sent them to Genetics at CHOP for further evaluation.
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Id. at 35. Dr. Taub testified that, according to Parents, “things were going 

smoothly,” so she scheduled the follow-up visit for two or three weeks, “or 

sooner, if they had any issues giving her formula in between.” Id. 

Parents brought C.W. for the sixth appointment with Dr. Taub on June 

4, 2021. Id. at 36-37. C.W. weighed 8 pounds, 13 ounces, reflecting that 

she had gained approximately 5 ounces. Id. at 36. Dr. Taub continued to 

diagnose C.W. with “failure to thrive.” Id. at 39. Dr. Taub testified that 

Parents reported that “[M]other was giving at least 2 ounces of formula — of 

the Similac organic [formula] — and offering that four to six times per day —

no other concern.” Id. at 37. Dr. Taub testified that this was less formula 

than she had recommended. Id. She stated:

I emphasized giving more formula. I always discuss . . . my goals 

for . . . formula feeding. So, that 24 ounces is my goal, at 

minimum. I did discuss adding in some solid foods, as I was trying 

to add in some calories, some more nutrition for her growth, and 

then I discussed following up.

Id. at 38. Dr. Taub testified that Parents appeared to understand her 

instructions, and they raised no problems with feeding C.W. Id. at 40.

Parents brought C.W. to the next scheduled appointment on July 30, 

2021, at which point she was six months old. Id. at 41-42. C.W. weighed 8 

pounds, 12 ounces, reflecting a one-ounce loss. Id. at 42. Dr. Taub testified 

that Parents reported as follows during this visit:

[C.W.] was breast-feeding twice a day and giv[en] six-ounce 

bottles, about five per day, not taking long to feed, taking solids 

twice a day, tolerating feeds well. They had genetic testing done, 

but we didn’t have the lab work back at that point.
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Id. at 42. Nonetheless, Dr. Taub testified that C.W. “didn’t appear well. She 

was very thin. She appeared lethargic. . . . [S]he didn’t seem very alert, as 

in previous visits. So, I was very concerned for her well-being.” Id. at 43. 

Dr. Taub further explained that C.W. “was severely malnourished, and she 

was showing signs that she was dehydrated, and we needed her to be 

hospitalized. . . .” Id. at 44. Dr. Taub testified that it was important for C.W.

to be monitored in a hospital setting due to “refeeding syndrome,” which is 

caused by “introducing nutrition into someone’s body who’s been in a state of 

starvation . . . [and has the] potential for fatal outcomes, such as seizures or 

heart irregularities[.]” Id. Dr. Taub arranged for C.W. to be directly admitted 

to Bryn Mawr Hospital; however, she agreed to Parents admitting her the 

following day so that they had time to make childcare arrangements for their 

other children. Id. at 43-45. 

Based on Parents’ report to Dr. Taub at the last visit before C.W.’s 

hospitalization that they were feeding her “six-ounce bottles, about five per 

day,” i.e., 30 ounces of formula per day, we discern no abuse of discretion in

the court’s finding that Parents “clearly knew from the doctor the minimum 

number of ounces that she was looking for [C.W.] to have.” N.T., 6/10/22, at 

40. 

Further, Dr. Sergonis noted that Parents likewise reported to the 

hospital that they were feeding C.W. six ounces of Similac Organic formula six 
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times per day.

3

 N.T., 9/24/21, at 20. Dr. Sergonis stated that she asked 

Mother to confirm that amount and 

Mother thought about it, and she’s like, “You know, maybe it’s 

more like five . . . bottles a day.” And I said, . . . “Does she ever 

leave anything in the bottle or does she usually drink at all?” And 

she said, “Sometimes maybe she’d leave an ounce or so.”

Id. at 24. On direct examination, Dr. Sergonis testified:

[I]f Mom had been feeding her as she described, [C.W.] would be 

getting about 150 calories per kilogram per day. And what she 

needed for catch-up growth was like 110. So if she was getting 

150, she shouldn’t have been where she was at. And then during 

the hospitalization, . . . we made sure she was at least getting 

110, but many days she took more [than] that. She was just 

guzzling. So . . . she gained weight with those higher calories. 

And so . . . it didn’t add up that . . . if they were giving that much 

at home [C.W.] should have not been where she was.

Id. at 31 (emphasis added). In fact, Dr. Sergonis testified that C.W. “far 

exceeded” the caloric consumption goals set for her in the hospital. Id. at 35-

36. 

Dr. Taub’s testimony confirmed Dr. Sergonis’s observation. The 

following exchange occurred during the September 2021 hearing,

Q. Do you believe that [M]other and [F]ather followed your 

recommendations of feeding the child from 24 to 30 ounces of 

formula daily?

 

[Dr. Taub]. No, I do not.

Q. And why don’t you believe that?

____________________________________________

3 Parents also reported to the hospital that they were feeding C.W. “rice cereal 

and baby purees [without] vomiting[.]” N.T., 9/24/21, at 20. 
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[Dr. Taub]. [B]ecause it took direct observation to note that . . . 

with that amount of formula, she did gain weight.

 [I]t would have been expected, you know, had they been giving 

her that amount of formula previously, that she would’ve gained 

to the same degree that she did when it was observed by [the 

hospital].

. . . .

Q. And was it reasonable for [P]arents not to follow your 

recommendations?

[Dr. Taub]. I do not think that it was, no.

Q. And why not?

[Dr. Taub]. Because it wasn’t providing optimal growth for their 

child . . . and was putting her at risk for developing potentially 

long-term outcomes — poor outcomes with — like I said 

previously, with cognition, behavior, and learning difficulties as 

well.

Id. at 53-54. Thus, the testimony by C.W.’s treating physicians supports the 

court’s conclusion that Parents acted with conscious disregard of the 

substantial and unjustifiable risk of failing to provide C.W. with adequate

calories to sustain her life and proper development. This evidence is 

particularly weighty in light of the fact that Parents’ two older children

previously endured failure-to-thrive diagnoses while in Parents’ care. During 

that episode, the juvenile court placed the children in protective custody, 

adjudicated them dependent, and only permitted the children to return home

after their conditions improved. N.T., 11/4/21, at 68-69, 77-78. Hence, we 

reject Parents’ instant contention that they acted reasonably to combat C.W.’s 
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failure to thrive prior to her hospitalization given the information known to 

them at the time. 

Having found the certified record supports the juvenile court’s finding of 

recklessness, we next review the discrete allegations of error that Mother and 

Father assert separately.

First, Father argues that the only reason that C.W. gained weight while 

in the hospital was the doctors’ decision to adjust the composition of the child’s

formula. This assertion is misplaced. The hospital was required to alter the 

formula, not to further supplement the child’s nutrition but, because C.W. 

developed a condition related to her severe malnutrition. Dr. Sergonis 

explained that, upon consuming the appropriate number of calories, the

amount of calcium and phosphorus in C.W.’s system increased to a point 

where her “kidneys weren’t able to handle the load being provided by the 

formula with those minerals.” N.T., 9/24/21, at 28-29. She opined, “the 

reason [C.W.’s] kidneys were having this issue was because of the 

malnutrition, that [her kidneys] just weren’t functioning as well as they should 

have.” Id. Dr. Sergonis further testified that she changed C.W.’s formula to 

“a low-mineral formula called Similac 60/40. So it’s like a medical formula 

that’s lower in those things. And then with that her levels came down nicely.” 

Id. Significantly, and contrary to Father’s contention, Dr. Sergonis did not 

indicate that C.W.’s low-mineral formula provided additional nutrition that was 

not available in the original formula. Hence, there is no evidence to support 
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the notion that C.W.’s weight gain was related to the new formula, as opposed 

to the hospital simply feeding the child the appropriate amount of formula per 

day. 

Likewise, for several reasons, the certified record also belies Father’s 

contention that “even upon discharge from the hospital, C.W. remained under 

the one percentile on the growth/weight chart and C.W. was referred to 

genetics to follow up with her.” Father’s brief at 21-22. First, contrary to 

Father’s assertion, Dr. Taub referred the child to “Genetics at CHOP” prior to 

her hospitalization, and Dr. Sergonis testified that the results of the genetic 

testing were not received by the time of discharge. N.T., 11/4/21, at 35; N.T., 

9/24/21, at 42. Accordingly, the genetic testing was not ordered because of

the child’s continued failure to thrive. Indeed, both doctors testified that the 

genetic test results were eventually returned as “normal.” Id. at 51; N.T., 

9/24/21, at 42. Thus, notwithstanding Father’s repeated protestations, the 

certified record is devoid of evidence to support his belief that C.W.’s failure 

to thrive is a consequence of genetics.

Furthermore, Father’s argument simply ignores the fact that C.W. 

continued to progress after her discharge from the hospital on August 5, 2021. 

N.T., 11/4/21, at 59. C.W.’s foster parents brought the child to Dr. Taub four 

days after discharge and she weighed 10 pounds, 10.7 ounces, which reflected 

a gain of two pounds since July 30, 2021. Id. at 46-47. Dr. Taub testified 

that the foster parent reported C.W. “was taking at least 30 ounces per day,
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up to eight ounces per feeding. . . . [C.W.] was sleeping at night. . . . [W]hile 

[C.W.] was awake, . . . she noticed that she was more alert and interactive.” 

Id. at 47-48. The foster parent brought C.W. to her next appointment with 

Dr. Taub on August 20, 2021, and the child weighed 11 pounds, 14 ounces, 

which reflected an additional gain of one pound, three ounces. Id. at 50. In 

addition, the child’s development was beginning to show improvement. Dr. 

Taub testified that C.W. was “starting to do more motor skills, starting to grasp 

— rolling, holding objects, but not bearing weight . . . on her legs.” Id. at 50-

51. Dr. Taub continued that C.W. “appeared well. She appeared more alert.” 

Id. at 51. Thus, considering the foregoing evidence, Father’s claim that C.W.’s 

health condition did not improve when she received consistent feedings is

wholly unsupported by the record.

Finally, we address Mother’s allegations of error, and reject them for the 

following reasons. Mother relies upon A.B. v. Department of Public 

Welfare, 869 A.2d 1129 (Pa.Cmwlth. 2005), for the proposition that “even if 

a parent is improperly feeding a child with an awareness they are doing so, 

that, in and of itself, is not sufficient for a finding of child abuse based on 

failure to thrive.” Mother’s brief at 24. In A.B., the Commonwealth Court 

reversed an adjudication of the Department of Public Welfare denying the 

mother’s request to expunge a report of indicated child abuse of her then 
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three-month-old child.

4

 In that case, the record evidence indicated that the 

child’s actual weight loss between her first and fifth and final visit with the 

pediatrician was only two ounces. The Commonwealth Court held that the 

child’s “two[-]ounce weight loss [between September 2001 through December 

10, 2001] without other medical problems was not sufficiently significant to 

be characterized as ‘failing to thrive’ while in [the mother]’s custody as a result 

of being deprived of the ‘essentials of life.’” Id. at 1133. The Court further 

found, “This cannot be deemed a significant loss, considering that [the child] 

was born prematurely, weighed only 4 pounds, 8 and 1⁄2 ounces at birth, and 

remained hospitalized for several weeks before being released into [the 

mother]’s custody.” Id. In contrast, in this case, between C.W.’s first and 

final visit with Dr. Taub before her admission into the hospital, the child failed 

to gain appropriate weight and was diagnosed with failure to thrive due to 

severe malnutrition and developmental delay. Hence, Mother’s reliance on 

A.B. is unavailing.

Accordingly, we affirm the order finding C.W. a victim of child abuse and 

Parents the perpetrators pursuant to § 6303(b.1)(7) of the CPSL. 

Order affirmed.

____________________________________________

4 The mother requested that the indicated report be expunged pursuant to 

§ 6341(a)(2), which has since been amended.
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 1/17/2023