# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 6- 22 84

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Darre ll Gene And ers en

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

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App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t

fo r th e Nor th ern Dis tri ct of I owa , W at erl oo

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Su bm it te d: Jan ua ry

9, 2 01 7

Fil ed : Fe br

ua ry 17 , 20 17

[Un pu bl is he d]

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Befo re COLLOTON, MURPHY, and MELLOY, Circu it Ju dg es

.

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PER CURI AM.

Darre ll A n de rs en was on su pe rv is ed rel eas e whe n a swe at pa tc h he wor e to

de te ct dr ug us e sh owe d po si ti ve fo r co cai ne an d co cai ne m et ab ol it e. Afte r a he ari ngth e di st ric t co ur t de te rm in ed th at And ers en ha d vi ol at ed th e co nd it io ns of hi s rel eas e 1

an d se nt en ced hi m to se ve n m on th s im pr is on m en t. And ers en ap pe al s, an d we affi rm

.

I.

In May 20 04 Darre ll And ers en was se nt en ced to 15 0 m on th s im pr is on m en t an d

ei gh t y ears of su pe rv is ed rel eas e fo r dr ug rel at ed of fen se s. And ers en co m

pl et ed hi s

te rm of i m pr is on m en t an d b eg an su pe rv is ed rel eas e in Feb ru ary 20 14 . A co nd it io n

of And ers en 's rel eas e was th at he refr ai n fro m th e us e of co nt ro ll ed su bs t a n c e s

. In

Ma r c h 20 16 th e Uni te d St at es Pro ba ti on Offi ce be ga n m on it or in g And ers en 's

co m pl ia nc e wit h th is co n d i t i o n t h ro ug h th e us e of swe at pa tc he s whi ch cap tu re th e

weare r's swe at ov er a pe rio d of ti m e. Sweat ab so rb ed by th e pa tc h can th en be te st ed

fo r th e p res en ce o f co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc es an d t he ir m et ab ol it es

.

In Apr il 20 16 a swe at pa tc h th at And ers en ha d be en wea r i n g f o r a week was

rem ov ed an d t e s t e d

. In an in it ia l te st And ers en 's pa tc h te st ed po si ti ve fo r co cai ne

m et ab ol it e. The pr es en ce of co cai ne m et ab ol it e "i nd ic at es th at th e weare r's bo dy ha s

br ok en do wn co cai ne " an d is a ba si s fo r a co nc lu si on th at th e weare r ha s act ua ll y us ed

co cai ne . Uni te d S ta te s v . Meyer, 48 3 F .3d 86 5, 86 7 (8 th Cir . 20 07 ). A su bs eq ue nt

te st co nf irmed th at co cai ne m et ab ol it e was pr es en t in th e sa m pl e. The co nf

irmatio n

te st al so rev eal ed th at th e sa m pl e te st ed po si ti ve fo r co cai ne

. W he n as ke d ab ou t th e

res ul ts of th e swe at pa tc h te st s, And ers en de ni ed us in g co cai ne

. He fu rth er st at ed th at

whi le he was weari ng th e pa tc h he ha d en ga ge d in se xu al in te rco ur se wit h a wom an

who ha d be en us in g crac k co cai ne

. And ers en su gg es te d th at th e wom an 's swe at ha d

co nt am in at ed hi s p at ch an d c au se d t he po si ti ve tes ts

.

Afte r And ers en 's swe at pa tc h te st ed po si ti ve fo r co cai ne an d co cai ne

m et ab ol it e, th e go ve rn men t f i l ed a pe ti ti on to rev ok e hi s su pe rv is ed rel eas e. The

Th e Hon or ab le Lin da R. Rea de

, Ch ie f Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r t h e 1

Nor th ern Dis tri ct of I owa

.

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-di st ric t cou rt hel d a he ari ng at wh ic h a pro ba ti on off ic er tes ti fie d abo ut swe at pa tc h

pr oc ed ur es an d th e sp eci fic res ul ts in And ers en 's cas e. And ers en de ni ed th at he ha d

us ed co cai ne an d ag ai n of fere d hi s "s weat y se x" ex pl an at io n fo r th e po si ti v e t e s ts

.

The di st ric t co ur t de te rm in ed th at th e go ve rn m en t ha d es ta bli sh ed by a pr ep on de ran ce

of ev id en ce tha t An de rs en ha d vi ol at ed th e te rm s of his su pe rv is ed rel eas e by us in g

co cai ne . The d is tri ct co ur t s en te nc ed And ers en to sev en m on th s im pr is on m en t an d

fo ur y ears of s up erv is ed rel eas e. And ers en ap pe al s.

II.

W e rev ie w a di st ric t co ur t's rev oc at io n of su pe rv is ed rel eas e f o r a bu se of

di sc ret io n "an d it s un de rlyin g fact ua l fin di ng s as to whe th er a vi ol at io n oc cu rred fo r

c l e a r e r ro r." Uni te d St at es v. Rh on e, 64 7 F.3 d 77 7, 77 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) (in te rn al

qu ot at io n m ark s om it te d)

. W e wil l fin d th at a di st ric t co ur t co m m it te d cl ear erro r

"o nl y if we ha ve a de fin it e an d fir m co nv ic ti on th at th e di st ric t co ur t was m is ta ke n."

Id . (in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s o m it te d)

.

And ers en arg ue s th at th e di st ric t co u r t c l e a r l y erre d in fin di ng th at he ha d

vi ol at ed th e co nd it io ns of hi s su pe rv is ed rel eas e. And ers en po in ts to two fact s in

su pp or t of hi s arg um en t. Fi rs t, And ers en no te s th at th e co nf irmatio n te st pe rfo rm ed

on hi s swe at pa tc h in di cat ed m erel y th at co cai ne m et ab ol it e was "p res en t." Not at io ns

on th e te st res ul ts se em to in di cat e th at th ere is a di ffer en ce be twee n a "p res en t" res ul t

an d a "p os it iv e" res ul t, an d th at th e la tt er in di cat es a hi gh er co nc en tra ti on of co cai ne

m et ab ol it e th an th e fo rm er. A n d e r s e n su gg es ts th at th e lo wer am ou nt of co cai ne

m et ab ol it e in di cat ed in th e "p res en t" co nf irmatio n te st res ul t su pp or ts hi s co nt en ti on

th at hi s pa tc h was co nt am in at ed du rin g hi s se xu al act iv i t y w i t h a wom an who ha d

be en us in g crac k co cai ne

. Seco nd

, And ers en no te s th at th e co nf irmatio n te st res ul ts

in di cat e th at t h ere was si gn ifi can tl y m or e co cai ne th an co cai ne m et ab ol it e in th e

sa m pl e te st ed

. And ers en arg ue s th at th e rat io of co cai ne to co cai ne m et ab ol it e in hi s

te st res ul ts al so su pp or ts hi s e n v iro nm en ta l co nt am in at io n arg um en t. And ers en

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-arg ue s th at th es e fact s sh ou ld ha ve le d th e di s t r ic t co ur t to co nc lu de th at th e

go ve rn m en t ha d fai le d t o es ta bl is h by a pr ep on de ran ce of th e ev id en ce th at he ha d

us ed co cai ne

.

W e ha ve rep eat ed ly no te d th at "s weat pa tc h r e s u l t s a r e a ge ne ral ly rel ia bl e

m et ho d o f d e t e rm in in g whe th er an of fen de r ha s vi ol at ed a co nd it io n of hi s or he r

pr ob at io n." Meyer, 48 3 F.3 d at 86 9; se e, e.g

., Uni te d St at es v. Tol li ve r, 63 7 F. App 'x

24 5, 24 5 (8 th Ci r. 20 16 ) (p er cu ria m ). W e ha ve a l s o n o t ed

, ho wev er, th at "[t ]here

m ay w e l l be cert ai n in st an ces whe re of fen de rs of

fer co m pe ll in g reas on s to be li ev e

th at po si ti ve te st res ul ts fro m swe at pa tc he s are erro ne ou s." Meyer, 48 3 F.3 d at 86 9.

W e m us t th eref or e de te rm in e whe th er th e ev id en ce an d ex p l a n a t i o n s of fere d by

And ers en are co m

pe ll in g en ou gh t o c a l l in to qu es ti on th e rel ia bi li ty of th e swe at

pa tc h t es t re su lt s i n t hi s ca se . W e co nc lu de th at th ey are n ot

.

W it h res pe ct to And ers en 's fir st arg um en t, we no te th at he fo cu se s hi s at te nt io n

en ti rel y up on th e se co nd te st pe rfo rm ed on hi s swe at pa tc h sa m pl e, whi ch he al le ge s

in di cat ed th at co cai ne m et ab ol it e was m erel y pr es en t. The la bo rat or y al so pe rfo rm ed

an in it ia l te st on And ers en 's swe at pa tc h, ho wev er, whi ch refl ect ed a "p os it iv e" res ul t

fo r co cai ne m et ab ol it e. And ers en ha s gi ve n n o r e a s o n to cal l in to qu es ti on th e

rel ia bi li ty of th e fir st te st an d it s po si ti ve res ul t, whi ch wou ld se em to un de rm in e hi s

co nt en ti on th at a "p res en t" in st ead of "p os it iv e" res ul t on th e se co nd te st su pp or ts hi s

vi ew th at hi s s weat pa tc h was su bjec t t o e nv iro nm en ta l co nt am in at io n.

Ev en if we were al so to fo cu s ex cl us iv el y on th e res ul ts of th e se co nd te st

,

ho wev er, we w ou ld no t fin d th e "p res en t" res ul t s uf fic ie nt to un de rm in e th e d is tri ct

co ur t's de te rm in at io n th at th e go ve rn m en t ha d pr ov en th e su pe rvis ed rel eas e vi ol at io n

it al le ge d. A pr ob at io n offi cer tes ti fie d at Ande rs en 's su pe rv is ed rel eas e rev oc at io n

he ari ng th at th e res ul t s of th e se co nd te st were "a rep res en ta ti on co nf irming th at

[co cai ne m et ab ol it e] was pr es en t an d it m et or was ab ov e th e th res ho ld " fo r

es ta bl is hi ng a po si ti ve te st

. And ers en of fe r ed no ev id en ce to th e co nt rary. Und er

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-th es e ci rcu m st an ces

, t h e d i s t r ic t co ur t di d no t cl earl y err whe n it rel ie d on th e te st

res ul ts an d su pp or ti ng te st im on y to co nc l u d e t h a t th e go ve rn m en t ha d pr ov en by a

pr ep on de ran ce o f th e ev id en ce th at And ers en ha d vi ol at ed th e co nd it io ns of hi s

su pe rv is ed rel eas e b y

us in g c oc ai ne

.

And ers en 's se co nd arg um en t al so fai ls to es ta bl is h cl ear er r o r b y t he di st ric t

co ur t. In su pp or t of hi s arg um en t th at t h e r a t i o o f co cai ne to co cai ne m et ab ol it e

su gg es ts en vi ro nm en ta l co nta m ina tio n ra

the r tha n dir ect co ns um

pt io n, And ers en ci te s

ex pe rt t es ti m on y

gi ve n i n M ey er, 4 83 F.3d at 8 67 . The ex pe rt i n t ha t ca se sai d t ha t

se ei ng a "ce rta in rel at iv e rat io " of co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e to m et ab ol it e can all ow o ne

to "fe el m or e co nf

id en t th at th os e te st res ul ts , i n fact , a re refl ect iv e of act ua l u s e of

th e dr ug ." Mer el y po in ti ng ou t th at a cert ai n rat io of co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e to

m et ab ol it e m ig ht m ean th at it is le ss li ke ly th at a de fen da nt pe rs on al ly us ed a

co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e do es no t es ta bl is h th at th e r a t i o in th is cas e su pp or ts su ch a

co nc lu si on

, ho w e v e r

. To th e co nt rary, th e la bo rat or y th at te st ed And ers en 's swe at

pa tc h co nc lu de d th at bo th th e fir st an d se co nd te st s were po si ti ve

. We t h e r e f or e

can no t sa y th at th e di st ric t co ur t cl earl y erre d w h e n it de te rm in ed th at a

pr ep on de ran ce of th e ev id en ce su pp or te d th e go ve rn m en t's co nt en ti on th at And ers en

ha d v io la te d t he co nd it io ns of h is su pe rv is ed rel eas e b y us in g c oc ai ne

.

Acco rd in gl y , we affi rm

th e jud gm en t o f th e d is tri ct co ur t.

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