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Title:   Author  item
                                            Bailey, Bryanitem
                                            Bae, Hanhongitem
                                            Strem, Maryitem
                                            Samuels, Garyitem
                                            EVANS, H - CABI BIOSCIENCE, UKitem
                                            THOMAS, S - CABI BIOSCIENCE, UKitem
                                            HOLMES, K - CABI BIOSCIENCE, UK
  Submitted to: American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting
                                    Publication Type: Abstract Only
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 5/22/2005
                                    Publication  Date: 6/1/2005
                                    Citation: Bailey, B.A., Bae, H., Strem, M.D., Samuels, G.J., Evans, H.C., Thomas, S.E., Holmes, K.A. 2005. Molecular responses resulting from the endophytic association between Trichoderma species and cocoa (Theobroma cacao). American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting. Phytopathology 95:S5Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: A series of surveys were carried out in Brazil and Ecuador to collect endophytic fungi for use as biological control agents. The isolates collected consisted of a range of fungi, including  several known and new species of Trichoderma. The endophytic habit of these Trichoderma isolates within the tissues of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) both above and below ground was confirmed. Cacao seedlings were inoculated using agar plugs by a variety of methods including inoculation on water agar plates, inoculation of seedlings at the soil line or between the cotyledons, or by planting cacao seed in pre-colonized soil. The isolates were shown to differ in their abilities to colonize, depending on the cocoa tissue being studied (root, stems, cotyledons, leaves, xylem, plumules, or bark) and the method of inoculation. Changes in gene expression in response to colonization were identified in cocoa seedlings using differential display techniques. From 166 differential display bands that were cloned and sequenced, 115 unique ESTs were identified.  Putative functions for 58 of the 115 unique ESTs were determined based on sequence homology. A 142 member macro-array was developed consisting of the 115 endophyte associated ESTs plus 27 previously studied ESTs associated with plant defense in cacao.  After macro-array analysis, the expression of differentially expressed cacao and fungal ESTs was further studied using real-time PCR techniques. Endophyte associated gene expression will be used to monitor the impact and persistence of Trichoderma species when applied to cacao in the field.


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