I 

118TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 5160 

To require the Secretary of Agriculture to conduct research relating to measurement, monitoring, reporting, and verification of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

AUGUST 4, 2023 

Mr. SORENSEN (for himself and Mr. LAWLER) introduced the following bill; 

which was referred to the Committee on Agriculture 

A BILL 

To require the Secretary of Agriculture to conduct research 

relating to measurement, monitoring, reporting, and 

verification of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Advancing Research 

5 on Agricultural Climate Impacts Act of 2023’’. 

6 SEC. 2. DEFINITION OF SECRETARY. 

7 In this Act, the term ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Sec8 retary of Agriculture. 


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1 SEC. 3. STANDARD SOIL CARBON MEASUREMENT METHOD2 OLOGY. 

3 (a) METHODOLOGY.— 

4 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 270 days 

5 after the date of enactment of this Act, the Sec6 retary shall develop a standardized methodology to 

7 directly measure soil carbon for research and con8 servation purposes. 

9 (2) REVIEW.—In developing the methodology 

10 under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall conduct a 

11 review of widely used existing methodologies for di12 rect soil carbon measurement. 

13 (3) CONSULTATION.—In developing the meth14 odology under paragraph (1) and conducting the re15 view under paragraph (2), the Secretary shall con16 sult with— 

17 (A) agricultural producers, including so18 cially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers (as 

19 defined in section 355(e) of the Consolidated 

20 Farm and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 

21 2003(e))); 

22 (B) soil carbon experts; 

23 (C) nonprofit organizations; 

24 (D) academic researchers; and 


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1 (E) other stakeholders who reflect the 

2 operational, geographic, and socioeconomic di3 versity of United States agricultural operations. 

4 (4) REQUIREMENTS.—The methodology devel5 oped under paragraph (1) shall, to the maximum ex6 tent practicable— 

7 (A) be usable at any location at which soil 

8 carbon can be directly measured; 

9 (B)(i) require measurement to a standard 

10 soil depth sufficient for measuring the core set 

11 of variables described in paragraph (5), deter12 mined using the best available science; or 

13 (ii) if measurement to the standard soil 

14 depth described in clause (i) is not practicable 

15 due to insufficient soil depth or other factors 

16 relating to the applicable sample site, require 

17 measurement in accordance with an alternate 

18 approach developed by the Secretary, using the 

19 best available science, that— 

20 (I) requires measurement to the max21 imum allowable depth of a sample site; and 

22 (II) produces data that is interoper23 able with data collected by measurement to 

24 the standard soil depth in accordance with 

25 clause (i); 


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1 (C) measure the core set of variables de2 scribed in paragraph (5) to produce a standard 

3 set of reporting metrics; 

4 (D) produce data that is interoperable with 

5 other data collected by the Department of Agri6 culture; 

7 (E) account for calibration differences in 

8 soil analysis between testing facilities; 

9 (F) account for differences in uncertainty 

10 between different measurement tools; and 

11 (G) be usable for voluntary reporting of 

12 soil carbon data under subsection (b). 

13 (5) CORE VARIABLES.—The methodology devel14 oped under paragraph (1) shall measure the fol15 lowing core set of variables for each sample: 

16 (A) Bulk density. 

17 (B) Organic carbon concentration. 

18 (C) Rock fraction volume and weight. 

19 (D) Other variables, as determined by the 

20 Secretary. 

21 (b) VOLUNTARY SOIL CARBON DATA REPORTING.— 

22 (1) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.— 

23 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, acting 

24 through the Chief of the Natural Resources 

25 Conservation Service, shall provide to producers 


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1 described in paragraph (2) technical assistance, 

2 including guidance, for voluntarily measuring, 

3 monitoring, and reporting to the Secretary soil 

4 carbon data using the methodology developed 

5 under subsection (a). 

6 (B) GUIDANCE.—Guidance provided under 

7 subparagraph (A) shall be, at a minimum— 

8 (i) available in multiple languages; 

9 and 

10 (ii) available to producers described in 

11 paragraph (2) in both digital and analog 

12 formats. 

13 (2) APPLICABILITY.—The guidance developed 

14 under paragraph (1) shall be applicable to— 

15 (A) producers that are recipients of grants 

16 under programs described in paragraph (3) to 

17 voluntarily measure, monitor, and report to the 

18 Secretary soil carbon outcomes under those pro19 grams; and 

20 (B) any other producer that elects to vol21 untarily report to the Secretary direct measure22 ments of soil carbon data. 

23 (3) PROGRAMS DESCRIBED.—The programs re24 ferred to in paragraph (2)(A) include— 


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1 (A) conservation innovation grants under 

2 section 1240H of the Food Security Act of 

3 1985 (16 U.S.C. 3839aa–8); 

4 (B) the sustainable agriculture research 

5 and education program under subtitle B of title 

6 XVI of the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, 

7 and Trade Act of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 5801 et seq.); 

8 (C) the organic agriculture research and 

9 extension initiative established under section 

10 1672B of that Act (7 U.S.C. 5925b); 

11 (D) grants under the Agriculture and Food 

12 Research Initiative under section 2(b) of the 

13 Competitive, Special, and Facilities Research 

14 Grant Act (7 U.S.C. 3157(b)); and 

15 (E) such other programs as the Secretary 

16 determines to be appropriate. 

17 (4) REQUIREMENT.—The Secretary shall seek 

18 to provide culturally appropriate technical assistance 

19 and guidance under paragraph (1) to socially dis20 advantaged farmers and ranchers (as defined in sec21 tion 355(e) of the Consolidated Farm and Rural De22 velopment Act (7 U.S.C. 2003(e))). 

23 (c) UPDATES.— 

24 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall update 

25 the methodology developed under subsection (a)(1) 


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1 and the guidance issued under subsection (b)(1)(B) 

2 as needed to reflect the best-available data science. 

3 (2) INTEROPERABILITY.—In making any up4 dates under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall en5 sure that data collected with the updated method6 ology remains interoperable with previously collected 

7 measurements. 

8 (d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is 

9 authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section 

10 $2,000,000 for each fiscal year. 

11 SEC. 4. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MEASUREMENT TOOLS 

12 UNDER AFRI. 

13 Section 2(b)(2)(D) of the Competitive, Special, and 

14 Facilities Research Grant Act (7 U.S.C. 3157(b)(2)(D)) 

15 is amended— 

16 (1) in clause (vii), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

17 (2) in clause (viii), by striking the period at the 

18 end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

19 (3) by adding at the end the following: 

20 ‘‘(ix) measuring, monitoring, report21 ing, and verifying greenhouse gas emis22 sions and carbon sequestration.’’. 


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1 SEC. 5. SOIL HEALTH AND CARBON DEMONSTRATION 

2 TRIALS. 

3 (a) ON-FARM CONSERVATION INNOVATION

4 TRIALS.—Section 1240H(c) of the Food Security Act of 

5 1985 (16 U.S.C. 3839aa–8(c)) is amended— 

6 (1) in paragraph (1)(B)(i), by striking sub7 clause (III) and inserting the following: 

8 ‘‘(III) soil health management 

9 systems, including— 

10 ‘‘(aa) systems to maintain or 

11 increase soil carbon levels; and 

12 ‘‘(bb) cost-effective tools to 

13 measure, monitor, report, and 

14 verify greenhouse gas emissions 

15 and carbon sequestration;’’; and 

16 (2) in paragraph (3)(D), by striking ‘‘3 years’’ 

17 each place it appears and inserting ‘‘5 years’’. 

18 (b) SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND

19 EDUCATION PROGRAM.—Section 1621(e) of the Food, Ag20 riculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 

21 5811(e)) is amended— 

22 (1) by striking ‘‘The Secretary’’ and inserting 

23 the following: 

24 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary’’; and 

25 (2) by adding at the end the following: 


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1 ‘‘(2) SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION DEM2 ONSTRATION PROJECTS.—In carrying out this sec3 tion, the Secretary shall conduct on-farm demonstra4 tion projects for soil carbon sequestration.’’. 

5 SEC. 6. SOIL CARBON INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS NET6 WORK. 

7 Chapter 5 of subtitle D of title XII of the Food Secu8 rity Act of 1985 is amended by inserting after section 

9 1240M (16 U.S.C. 3839bb) the following: 

10 ‘‘SEC. 1240N. SOIL CARBON INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS NET11 WORK. 

12 ‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

13 ‘‘(1) CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES.—The term 

14 ‘conservation activities’ has the meaning given the 

15 term in section 1240I. 

16 ‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE LAND.—The term ‘eligible land’ 

17 means public and private cropland, rangeland, 

18 pastureland, and wetlands in the United States. 

19 ‘‘(3) PROGRAM.—The term ‘program’ means 

20 the program established under subsection (b)(1). 

21 ‘‘(4) REGIONAL RESOURCE AREA.—The term 

22 ‘regional resource area’ means a contiguous area of 

23 eligible land that has similar resource characteris24 tics. 


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1 ‘‘(5) RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS.—The term 

2 ‘resource characteristics’ means— 

3 ‘‘(A) geographic, climate, natural resource, 

4 and soil type characteristics; and 

5 ‘‘(B) any other characteristics that the 

6 Secretary determines to be appropriate for the 

7 purpose of carrying out the program. 

8 ‘‘(6) SECRETARY.—The term ‘Secretary’ means 

9 the Secretary, acting jointly through the Chief of the 

10 Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Ad11 ministrator of the Agricultural Research Service. 

12 ‘‘(b) ESTABLISHMENT.— 

13 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall estab14 lish a program to inventory, monitor, and analyze 

15 soil carbon changes on eligible land in the United 

16 States. 

17 ‘‘(2) PURPOSES.—The purposes of the program 

18 are— 

19 ‘‘(A) to analyze soil properties, including 

20 soil organic carbon, across space, time, and 

21 depth; 

22 ‘‘(B) to analyze the impacts of land man23 agement strategies, including conservation ac24 tivities, on soil carbon sequestration; and 


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1 ‘‘(C) to inform any tools of the Secretary 

2 designed to predict the impacts of different land 

3 management practices, including implementing 

4 conservation activities, on greenhouse gas emis5 sions and soil carbon sequestration across the 

6 United States. 

7 ‘‘(3) CONSULTATION.—In carrying out the pro8 gram, the Secretary shall consult with the Director 

9 of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, 

10 the Chief of the Forest Service, the Chief Data Offi11 cer, the Administrator of the Environmental Protec12 tion Agency, the Secretary of Energy, and the head 

13 of any other department or agency that the Sec14 retary determines to be appropriate. 

15 ‘‘(c) SAMPLING.— 

16 ‘‘(1) SAMPLE SITES.—The Secretary shall select 

17 sample sites under the program by taking into con18 sideration— 

19 ‘‘(A) the accessibility of sites; 

20 ‘‘(B) the ease of collecting repeated meas21 urements over time; and 

22 ‘‘(C) such other factors as the Secretary 

23 determines to be appropriate. 

24 ‘‘(2) PREFERENCE.—In selecting sample sites 

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1 erence to sites that have been used for soil testing 

2 previously. 

3 ‘‘(3) NUMBER OF SAMPLE SITES.—The Sec4 retary shall select sufficient sample sites under para5 graph (1) to analyze changes in soil carbon across 

6 regional resource areas, as determined by the Sec7 retary, over time, taking into account the geo8 graphical size and heterogeneity of each regional re9 source area. 

10 ‘‘(d) INVENTORY.— 

11 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Every 5 years, the Sec12 retary shall prepare an inventory of soil carbon 

13 stocks on eligible land, under which the Secretary 

14 shall collect measurements at each sample site se15 lected under subsection (c). 

16 ‘‘(2) METHODOLOGY.—The Secretary shall en17 sure that the methodology developed under section 

18 3(a) of the Advancing Research on Agricultural Cli19 mate Impacts Act of 2023 is used for purposes of 

20 conducting measurements at each sample site under 

21 the program. 

22 ‘‘(3) MINIMUM NUMBER OF SAMPLES.—The 

23 Secretary shall measure a sufficient number of sam24 ples to analyze changes in soil carbon at each sample 


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1 site selected under subsection (c) for each inventory 

2 under paragraph (1). 

3 ‘‘(4) CHARACTERISTICS.—In preparing the in4 ventory under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall 

5 document the following characteristics for each sam6 ple site selected under subsection (c): 

7 ‘‘(A) Soil type and texture. 

8 ‘‘(B) Land use history, including conserva9 tion activities. 

10 ‘‘(C) Environmental characteristics, such 

11 as temperature and precipitation. 

12 ‘‘(D) Other characteristics, as determined 

13 by the Secretary. 

14 ‘‘(e) INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIONS.— 

15 ‘‘(1) PROTECTION OF PRIVATE PROPERTY

16 RIGHTS.—Before selecting a sample site under sub17 section (c) or conducting any measurement under 

18 subsection (d)(1), the Secretary shall obtain author19 ization from the owner of the eligible land. 

20 ‘‘(2) VOLUNTARINESS REQUIREMENT.—The 

21 Secretary may not require authorization under para22 graph (1) or any other participation in any activity 

23 under this section as a condition on receipt of any 

24 benefit under a program administered by the Sec25 retary. 


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1 ‘‘(3) DATA PRIVACY PROTECTION.—In carrying 

2 out the program, the Secretary shall ensure that 

3 data is collected and analyzed while respecting rel4 evant privacy safeguards and does not include any 

5 identifiable, proprietary, or personal information of 

6 individual land owners or operators. 

7 ‘‘(f) DATA CENTER.— 

8 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Data collected under the 

9 program shall be maintained in a data center oper10 ated by the Secretary. 

11 ‘‘(2) PARTNERSHIPS.—The data center de12 scribed in paragraph (1) may be operated in part13 nership with 1 or more of the following entities, if 

14 the entity complies with paragraph (4): 

15 ‘‘(A) An 1862 Institution (as defined in 

16 section 2 of the Agricultural Research, Exten17 sion, and Education Reform Act of 1998 (7 

18 U.S.C. 7601)). 

19 ‘‘(B) An 1890 Institution (as defined in 

20 that section). 

21 ‘‘(C) A 1994 Institution (as defined in sec22 tion 532 of the Equity in Educational Land23 Grant Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 note; 

24 Public Law 103–382)). 


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1 ‘‘(D) Institutions of higher education with 

2 expertise in predictive modeling, large-scale 

3 data collection, soil carbon research, or agricul4 tural land management to mitigate climate 

5 change. 

6 ‘‘(E) Federal research centers. 

7 ‘‘(3) APPLICATIONS.—An entity described in 

8 any of subparagraphs (A) through (E) of paragraph 

9 (2) seeking to enter into a partnership to manage 

10 the data center described in paragraph (1) shall sub11 mit to the Secretary an application at such time, in 

12 such manner, and containing such information as 

13 the Secretary may require. 

14 ‘‘(4) REQUIREMENTS.—The data center de15 scribed in paragraph (1) shall— 

16 ‘‘(A) use the industry standard protocols 

17 to protect identifiable, proprietary, or personal 

18 information of individual land owners or opera19 tors; 

20 ‘‘(B) ensure that individual producer data 

21 is not sold through the center; and 

22 ‘‘(C) comply with all applicable privacy re23 quirements, including— 

24 ‘‘(i) section 1770 of the Food Security 

25 Act of 1985 (7 U.S.C. 2276); 


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1 ‘‘(ii) section 1619 of the Food, Con2 servation, and Energy Act of 2008 (7 

3 U.S.C. 8791); 

4 ‘‘(iii) section 502(c) of the Federal 

5 Crop Insurance Act (7 U.S.C. 1502(c)); 

6 and 

7 ‘‘(iv) section 552 of title 5, United 

8 States Code. 

9 ‘‘(5) LIMITED RELEASE OF INFORMATION.— 

10 The Secretary may release or disclose information 

11 maintained in the data center described in para12 graph (1) pursuant to section 1619(b)(3)(A)(i) of 

13 the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (7 

14 U.S.C. 8791(b)(3)(A)(i)) to researchers for the pur15 poses of statistically analyzing the information. 

16 ‘‘(g) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.—On completion of each 

17 inventory under subsection (d)(1), the Secretary shall 

18 make publicly available— 

19 ‘‘(1) the statistical or aggregated form of data 

20 collected from measurements under that subsection; 

21 ‘‘(2) information regarding the methodology 

22 used to collect that data; and 

23 ‘‘(3) any analysis made of the measurements 

24 described in paragraph (1). 


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1 ‘‘(h) REPORTS.—On completion of each inventory 

2 under subsection (d)(1), the Secretary shall prepare, pub3 lish, and make available to the public a report that— 

4 ‘‘(1) contains a description of soil carbon 

5 trends, including by incorporating measurements 

6 conducted under subsection (d) during the 5 years 

7 covered by the report; 

8 ‘‘(2) contains an analysis of the impact of dif9 ferent land management practices, including imple10 menting 1 or more conservation activities, on soil 

11 carbon levels; 

12 ‘‘(3) contains an analysis of the effect of weath13 er and climate variability on the observed trends; 

14 ‘‘(4) contains an analysis of how land manage15 ment practices, including conservation activities, 

16 that influence soil carbon sequestration may affect 

17 the rate of emissions of other greenhouse gases in 

18 the agricultural sector, including methane and ni19 trous oxide; and 

20 ‘‘(5) establishes a benchmark for the baseline 

21 soil carbon absent additional conservation activities. 

22 ‘‘(i) STRATEGIC PLAN.—Not later than 1 year after 

23 the date of enactment of the Advancing Research on Agri24 cultural Climate Impacts Act of 2023, the Secretary shall 

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1 ment and carry out this section, which shall describe in 

2 detail— 

3 ‘‘(1) the organization and procedures necessary 

4 to implement and carry out this section; 

5 ‘‘(2) the plan for measurements in each re6 gional resource area under subsection (d)(1) for the 

7 first 5-year interval, including the schedule and the 

8 number of samples collected from each sample site 

9 selected under subsection (c). 

10 ‘‘(j) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

11 is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section 

12 $17,500,000 for each fiscal year.’’. 

13 SEC. 7. PREDICTIVE MODELS. 

14 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall develop and 

15 maintain a modeling tool (or combination of tools) that 

16 shall predict the impacts of different land management 

17 practices, including implementing conservation activities, 

18 on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon sequestration 

19 across the United States. 

20 (b) CONSULTATION.—In developing the modeling tool 

21 or tools under subsection (a), the Secretary shall consult 

22 with— 

23 (1) the Secretary of Energy; 

24 (2) the Administrator of the Environmental 

25 Protection Agency; 


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1 (3) agricultural producers, including socially 

2 disadvantaged farmers and ranchers (as defined in 

3 section 355(e) of the Consolidated Farm and Rural 

4 Development Act (7 U.S.C. 2003(e))); 

5 (4) soil carbon experts; 

6 (5) nonprofit organizations; 

7 (6) academic researchers; 

8 (7) private companies with expertise in soil car9 bon sequestration or greenhouse gas monitoring for 

10 agricultural operations; and 

11 (8) other stakeholders, including the heads of 

12 other appropriate Federal agencies or non-Federal 

13 entities, who reflect the operational, geographic, and 

14 socioeconomic diversity of United States agricultural 

15 operations. 

16 (c) REQUIREMENTS.—The modeling tool or tools de17 scribed in subsection (a) shall— 

18 (1) be anchored in direct measurements of land, 

19 including soil sampling, such as under the program 

20 established under section 1240N of the Food Secu21 rity Act of 1985 and the programs described in sec22 tion 3(b)(3); 

23 (2) account for differences that could impact 

24 land management outcomes, including— 

25 (A) soil type; 


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1 (B) type of land use; 

2 (C) type of crop; 

3 (D) geography and local climate; 

4 (E) geographic size of the land-use oper5 ation; 

6 (F) ongoing or existing conservation activi7 ties; and 

8 (G) such other items as the Secretary de9 termines to be appropriate; 

10 (3) allow a user of the tool to estimate the 

11 changes in greenhouse gas emissions or soil carbon 

12 sequestration, and the uncertainty of those esti13 mated changes, that occur as a result of imple14 menting 1 or more conservation activities; and 

15 (4) be user-friendly and accessible— 

16 (A) to producers and researchers; and 

17 (B) in multiple languages. 

18 (d) REVIEWS AND UPDATES.— 

19 (1) REVIEWS.—Not less frequently than annu20 ally, the modeling tool or tools described in sub21 section (a) shall be reviewed to determine if an up22 date is required to reflect the best available data and 

23 science. 

24 (2) UPDATES.—If it is determined that an up25 date is required under paragraph (1), the update 


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1 shall be made not later than 1 year after the date 

2 of that determination. 

3 (e) PARTNERS.— 

4 (1) IN GENERAL.—In analyzing data, con5 ducting research, and developing and maintaining 

6 the modeling tool or tools under subsection (a), the 

7 Secretary may partner with— 

8 (A) an Institution described in paragraph 

9 (2); 

10 (B) an institution of higher education with 

11 expertise in predictive modeling, large-scale 

12 data collection, soil carbon research, or agricul13 tural land management to mitigate climate 

14 change; or 

15 (C) a Federal research center. 

16 (2) INSTITUTIONS DESCRIBED.—An Institution 

17 referred to in paragraph (1)(A) is any of the fol18 lowing: 

19 (A) An 1862 Institution (as defined in sec20 tion 2 of the Agricultural Research, Extension, 

21 and Education Reform Act of 1998 (7 U.S.C. 

22 7601)). 

23 (B) An 1890 Institution (as defined in 

24 that section). 


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1 (C) A 1994 Institution (as defined in sec2 tion 532 of the Equity in Educational Land3 Grant Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 note; 

4 Public Law 103–382)). 

5 (f) ANNUAL REPORT.—Not later than 2 years after 

6 the date of enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, 

7 the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report that— 

8 (1) describes the progress of the Secretary in 

9 developing the modeling tool or tools under sub10 section (a); 

11 (2) contains an assessment of the accuracy with 

12 which a user will be able to use the tool to determine 

13 the permanence and additionality of greenhouse gas 

14 emissions reduced or carbon sequestered; 

15 (3) describes the models and data that the Sec16 retary has developed or collected, or intends to de17 velop or collect, as applicable, for purposes of devel18 oping or maintaining the tool; 

19 (4) describes— 

20 (A) whether it was determined that an up21 date was required under subsection (d)(1); and 

22 (B) if an update was required, the specifics 

23 of the update; 

24 (5) includes any other information that, as de25 termined by the Secretary, is relevant to— 


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1 (A) the efficacy of the tool; 

2 (B) the intended applications of the tool; 

3 or 

4 (C) the determination of— 

5 (i) changes in greenhouse gas emis6 sions or soil carbon sequestration associ7 ated with producer land-use practices; or 

8 (ii)(I) estimates of the impacts of land 

9 use practices, including conservation activi10 ties, on greenhouse gas emissions and soil 

11 carbon sequestration; and 

12 (II) the measurement error of the 

13 tool. 

14 (g) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is 

15 authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section 

16 $500,000 for each fiscal year. 

Æ 


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