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Title:   Author  item
                                            COX-FOSTER, DIANA - PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVitem
                                            CONLAN, SEAN - COLUMBIA UNIVitem
                                            HOLMES, EDWARD - PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVitem
                                            PALACIOS, GUSTAVO - COLUMBIA UNIVitem
                                            Evans, Jayitem
                                            MORAN, NANCY - UNIV OF ARIZONAitem
                                            QUAN, PHENIX-LAN - COLUMBIA UNIVitem
                                            BRIESE, THOMAS - COLUMBIA UNIVitem
                                            HORNIG, MADY - COLUMBIA UNIVitem
                                            GEISER, DAVID - PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVitem
                                            MARTINSON, VINCE - UNIV OF ARIZONAitem
                                            VANENGELSDORP, DENNIS - PA DEPT OF AGRICULTUREitem
                                            KALKSTEIN, ABBY - PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVitem
                                            DRYSDALE, ANDREW - COLUMBIA UNIVitem
                                            HUI, JEFFREY - COLUMBIA UNIVitem
                                            ZHAI, JUNHUI - COLUMBIA UNIVitem
                                            CUI, LIWANG - PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVitem
                                            HUTCHISON, STEPHEN - 454 LIFE SCIENCESitem
                                            SIMONS, JAN FREDRIK - 454 LIFE SCIENCESitem
                                            EGHOLM, MICHAEL - 454 LIFE SCIENCESitem
                                            Pettis, Jefferyitem
                                            LIPKIN, W. IAN - COLUMBIA UNIV
  Submitted to: Science
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 8/30/2007
                                    Publication  Date: 9/6/2007
                                    Citation: Cox-Foster, D.L., Conlan, S., Holmes, E.C., Palacios, G., Evans, J.D., Moran, N.A., Quan, P., Briese, T., Hornig, M., Geiser, D.M., Martinson, V., Vanengelsdorp, D., Kalkstein, A.L., Drysdale, A., Hui, J., Zhai, J., Cui, L., Hutchison, S.K., Simons, J., Egholm, M., Pettis, J.S., Lipkin, W. 2007. A metagenomic survey of microbes in honey bee colony collapse disorder. Science. 318:283-287.Interpretive Summary: In Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), honey bee colonies inexplicably lose all of their workers. CCD has resulted in a loss of 50-90% of colonies in beekeeping operations across the United States. The observation that irradiated combs from affected colonies can be repopulated with naïve bees suggests an infectious basis for CCD. We used an unbiased metagenomic approach to survey the bacteria, fungi and viruses associated with CCD and normal hives. Candidate pathogens were screened for significance of association with CCD by examination of samples collected from several sites over a period of three years. One organism, Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) of bees, was strongly correlated with CCD and also found in bees recently imported from Australia.
                                Technical Abstract: In Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), honey bee colonies inexplicably lose all of their workers. CCD has resulted in a loss of 50-90% of colonies in beekeeping operations across the United States. The observation that irradiated combs from affected colonies can be repopulated with naïve bees suggests an infectious basis for CCD. We used an unbiased metagenomic approach to survey microflora in CCD hives, normal hives and imported royal jelly. Candidate pathogens were screened for significance of association with CCD by examination of samples collected from several sites over a period of three years. One organism, Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) of bees, was strongly correlated with CCD.  We have not proven a causal relationship between any infectious agent and CCD; nonetheless, the prevalence of IAPV sequences in CCD operations, as well as the temporal and geographic overlap of CCD and importation of IAPV infected bees from Australia, indicates that IAPV is a significant marker for CCD.


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