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Title:   Author  item
                                            Straus, David

                                                         - *Dave*
  Submitted to: The Catfish Journal
                                    Publication Type: Trade Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 6/11/2007
                                    Publication  Date: 7/12/2007
                                    Citation: Straus, D.L. 2007. Copper sulfate: Liquid or crystals? The Catfish Journal. 21(11):17.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: Two separate experiments were conducted to evaluate copper toxicity to channel catfish and free-swimming Ichthyophthirius multifiliis or Ich (the stage of Ich that can be treated); the compounds we used were CuSO4 crystals and a non-chelated liquid CuSO4 product.  In 96 hr tests conducted in aquaria at both low (48 ppm) and high (243 ppm) alkalinity, there was no difference in toxicity to catfish between the two products.  Likewise, there was very little difference in toxicity to free-swimming Ich.  Based on equivalent concentrations of copper, we found no evidence that the liquid CuSO4 product would be more effective than CuSO4 crystals.


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