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Title:   Author  item
                                            Callaway, Todditem
                                            Anderson, Robinitem
                                            Edrington, Thomasitem
                                            Genovese, Kenneth

                                                         - *Ken*item
                                            Poole, Toniitem
                                            Harvey, Rogeritem
                                            Nisbet, Daviditem
                                            DUNKLEY, K - TX A&M UNIVERSITY
  Submitted to: Improving the Safety of Fresh Meat
                                    Publication Type: Book / Chapter
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 7/6/2004
                                    Publication  Date: 9/1/2005
                                    Citation: Callaway, T.R., Anderson, R.C., Edrington, T.S., Genovese, K.J., Poole, T.L., Harvey, R.B., Nisbet, D.J., Dunkley, K.S. 2005. Probiotics, vaccines and other interventions for pathogen control in animals. In: Sofos, J.N., editor. Improving the Safety of Fresh Meat. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Limited. p. 192-213.Interpretive Summary: The North American public demands access to a safe and wholesome food supply. Although the North American food supply is considered one of the safest if not the safest in the world, food-borne illnesses still occur and are too frequently associated with products derived from animal agriculture. While the meat industry has continuously sought improvement in the safety of its products, much of the research has logically focused on post-slaughter strategies. More recently, pre-slaughter intervention points have been given due consideration as strategies to improve food safety. The use of vaccination, prebiotics, probiotics, competitive exclusion, antibiotics, antimicrobials, proper animal management and innovative water and feed management strategies can potentially reduce the incidence of food-borne pathogenic bacteria that enter the abattoir. Further research is needed to develop multiple effective intervention strategies that specifically target the pre-slaughter 'critical control point(s)' in order to improve overall food and environmental safety.
                                Technical Abstract: Food-borne pathogenic bacteria that inhabit the gut of food animals cause millions of human illnesses in the U.S. each year. Although slaughter plants do an excellent job in reducing food-borne pathogenic bacteria populations on carcasses before they enter the human food chain the plants cannot completely eliminate the flood of potential pathogens entering the abattoir. Also, in-plant pathogen reduction strategies do nothing to reduce pathogens entering the environment on farms, via water runoff from farms and feedlots in recreational waters, in contaminated drinking water, or from direct animal contact in petting zoos. Therefore, several intervention strategies have been devised to reduce food borne pathogenic bacteria populations in the gut of animals on the farm before they enter the slaughter plant. These include such widely varied techniques as vaccinating animals against food borne pathogenic bacteria, the utilization of a mixed bacterial population to prevent colonization by pathogens, employing bacterial viruses to specifically reduce existing pathogen populations, using novel chemical methods, and/or the use of non-traditional antimicrobials to decrease or eliminate pathogens.


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