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Title:   Author  item
                                            Greenberg, Shoilitem
                                            Sappington, Thomasitem
                                            Elzen, Garyitem
                                            NORMAN, JOHN - TEXAS A&M UNIVitem
                                            SPARKS, ALTON - TEXAS A&M UNIV
  Submitted to: Pest Management Science
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 10/21/2003
                                    Publication  Date: 9/1/2004
                                    Citation: Greenberg, S.M., Sappington, T.W., Elzen, G.W., Norman, J.W., Sparks, A.N. 2004. Effects of insecticides and defoliants applied alone and in combination for control of overwintering boll weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) -- Laboratory and field studies. Pest Management Science. 60:849-858.Interpretive Summary: Boll weevils cost the U. S. cotton industry $300 million annually in yield losses.  In addition, current management strategies and suppression programs for boll weevils depend on substantial insecticide input.  Frequent insecticide applications are expensive and create a risk to the environment.  We found that pre-harvest application of insecticides at half rates with conventional cotton defoliants performed as well or better than full rates of insecticides alone.  Use of this strategy may reduce late-season boll weevil populations before weevils disperse to overwintering habitats, reduce dispersal of whiteflies and aphids to winter crops, and reduce associated environmental problems.
                                Technical Abstract: In laboratory, greenhouse, and field tests, we determined effects of combining full rates of defoliants Def 6 and Dropp WP, half rates of the insecticides Karate Z or Guthion 0.2L with the herbicide Harmony Extra, and a combination of half rates of Def and Dropp on the quality of defoliation and mortality of boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman.  Application of a full rate of Def and application of a half rate of Def with a full rate of Dropp both exhibited a toxic effect against boll weevils, while application of a full rate of Def with a half rate of Karate, a full rate of Def with a half rate of Guthion, and a half rate of Def with a full rate of Dropp and a half rate of Guthion provided equal or better control of boll weevil than did a full rate of Guthion or Karate alone.  Dropp WP and Harmony Extra alone or in combination with insecticides did not affect boll weevil mortality.  Treatment with a half rate of Def and a half rate of Dropp significantly increased defoliation compared to full rates of Def or Dropp alone, and provided adequate defoliation for approximately the same cost per hectare.


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