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Title:   Author  item
                                            Zhu, Hepingitem
                                            Brazee, Rossitem
                                            Derksen, Richarditem
                                            Fox, Robertitem
                                            Krause, Charlesitem
                                            OZKAN, H - OSUitem
                                            LOSELY, K - HERMAN LOSELY & SON, INC.
  Submitted to: Transactions of the ASAE
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 8/2/2006
                                    Publication  Date: 10/16/2006
                                    Citation: Zhu, H., Brazee, R.D., Derksen, R.C., Fox, R.D., Krause, C.R., Ozkan, H.E., Losely, K.E. 2006. A Specially Designed Air-Assist Sprayer to Improve Spray Penetration and Air Jet Velocity Distribution inside Dense Nursery Crops. Transactions of the ASAE. 49(5):1285-1294.Interpretive Summary: Due to the large number of species in nursery production, commercially available sprayers have limited capacity for treating specific nursery species. To control insects and diseases inside dense nursery canopies, existing spray techniques have used either excessive or inadequate pesticide delivery to target areas, resulting in increased cost and contamination of the environment. Sprayers commonly used for field crops are unable to deliver sufficient pesticide to the inner or lower dense nursery canopies where insects and diseases frequently attack. In many cases, high application rates are used to increase the amount of pesticide deposited inside dense canopies, but the spray deposits at the top of plants are saturated. Due to limitation of proper pesticide delivery systems for dense nursery crops, large amounts of pesticide are wasted or improperly applied. Growers are seeking new sprayers or customized delivery systems that can operate economically and effectively with minimum canopy damage and optimum pest control. A specially designed five-port, air-assist sprayer was developed and investigated to improve spray penetration into dense nursery canopies in a commercial nursery field. Spray deposits and dynamic air velocities at various locations inside the canopies were measured at the time when the sprayer passed over the canopies. Test results indicated spray deposits inside taxus canopies increased exponentially as the peak air velocity increased. The air assist sprayer had great spray penetration capability and spray deposition uniformity inside taxus canopies.
                                Technical Abstract: New sprayers are needed to deliver droplets uniformly within dense nursery crops to obtain healthy and marketable plants in the nursery industry. An air-assist sprayer with five-port nozzles was developed and investigated to improve spray penetration into dense nursery canopies. Spray deposits at top, middle and bottom of canopies were characterized using fluorescence detection, and were compared at three nozzle heights in a commercial nursery field. Dynamic air velocities corresponding to the deposit sampling locations inside and outside the canopy were measured at the time when the sprayer passed over the canopies. Air jet velocity profiles from nozzle outlets to 0.79 m below the nozzles were determined experimentally and mathematically. The measured air jet velocity decreased from 40.1 to 19.4 m/s when the distance from the orifice increased from 0.33 to 0.79 m. The peak velocities at the top and middle elevations for both inside and outside the canopy decreased as the nozzle height above the ground increased, but the peak velocities at the bottom elevation for both situations were not significantly decreased as the nozzle height increased. The average period of time for dynamic air velocities higher than 1 m/s inside the canopy was 1.9 s at 2.5 cm, 3.8 s at 25 cm and 1.1 s at 46 cm. The mean spray deposit inside taxus canopies with leaf area index of 5.96 increased in an exponential function as the peak air velocity increased. The spray penetration capability and spray deposition uniformity inside taxus canopies were greatly improved with the five-port air assist sprayer.


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