# Patent

## Title
Word line drivers in non-volatile memory device and method having a shared power bank and processor-based systems using same

## Abstract

A word line driver system that utilizes a voltage selection circuit to supply one of several voltages to an output node coupled to a plurality of word line control circuits. Each word line control circuit is coupled to a respective word line in an array of non-volatile memory cells. The voltage selection circuit may include selectable low pass filters for filtering the supplied voltage supplied to the word lines in the array of memory cells without significantly increasing the overall die-size of the device.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/007,361, filed Jan. 14, 2011, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/572,957, filed Oct. 2, 2009, U.S. Pat. No. 7,872,920, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/652,817, filed Jan. 12, 2007, U.S. Pat. No. 7,609,559. These applications and patents are each incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety, for any purpose.


TECHNICAL FIELD
Embodiments of the invention relate to non-volatile memory devices, and, more particularly, to non-volatile memory device word line drivers.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A prior art flash memory device includes a memory array containing a large number of flash memory cells divided into a number of blocks. The voltage on each of the word lines is controlled by a word line driver to program, erase or read the memory cells in the respective row. FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a circuit that includes one of several prior art word line drivers 301 that would normally be used in a row decoder (not shown) to couple one of several possible voltages to a respective word line 30. Thus, respective word line drivers 301 are provided for all of the word lines 30 in a block. Each word line driver 301a-301N includes several voltage nodes 312-328 that are coupled to receive a supply voltage having a respective magnitude. The voltage nodes 312-328 are coupled to the respective word line 30 through a switch 320 enabled in accordance with the operation of the selected row of memory cells. The switches 320 are NMOS transistors controlled by a high voltage shifter 310, such as a charge pump circuit (not shown) or by other means known to one skilled in the art. When enabled, the high voltage shifter 310 provides a voltage to turn ON the transistor switch 320 and couple the respective voltage nodes 312-328 to the selected word line 30. Additionally, each driver 301 includes a stand-by switch 362 and a voltage discharge circuit 364 coupled to the word line 30. The stand-by switch 362 is enabled when the memory block is inactive, and disabled when the memory block receives a command for a memory operation. The voltage discharge circuit 364, which conventionally includes a high impedance for causing any voltage capacitively stored on the respective word line 30, including voltage stored on capacitors coupled to the word line 30 such as a capacitor 315 (which is discussed further below), to be gradually discharged after a memory operation is complete to prepare for the next command.
The word line driver 301 includes a program block 302 to apply a programming voltage to one of the word line 30 selected for programming during a programming operation, a read block 306 to apply one of several read voltages to a word line 30 selected for reading during a read operation, and an enable block 304 to apply one of two enable voltages to a non-selected word line 30 during either a programming or reading operation. The program voltage supplied by the program block 302 must be sufficiently large to store charge on the floating gate when the selected memory cell is programmed. When the switch 320 is enabled, the program node 312 is coupled in series with a resistor 313 and a capacitor 315, which in combination act as a low pass filter 311 that filters the supplied voltage before the voltage is applied to the word line 30. The low pass filter 311 is used as a delay element to minimize disturbances due to word line-to-word line coupling when the signal applied to the word line 30 transitions to a high voltage level or a low voltage level. During the program operation, the enable block 304 applies a program enable voltage from the program enable node 314 to a respective one of the word lines 30 that is not selected for programming. As described above, a voltage sufficient to turn on all the unselected memory cells 14 must be applied to the word lines 30 of the other rows to program the selected row.
Similarly, during a read operation, the read block 306 applies a read voltage to a respective word line 30 that is selected for reading. Since the memory cell is capable of storing multiple bits of data at multiple levels of charge on its floating gate, several read voltages are made available through multiple bias voltage nodes 324-328. For example, since a 2-bit multilevel memory cell 14 may be programmed to one of four threshold voltage levels, three read voltages are used to read data from one of four possible states (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1). Bias voltage node A 324 may provide a voltage level for discriminating between states (0,0) or (0,1), the voltage level provided to the bias voltage node B 326 may be used to read states (0,1) or (1,0), and the voltage level provided to the bias voltage node C 328 may be used to read states (1,0) or (1,1). During the read operation, the enable block 304 applies a read enable voltage from the read enable node 316 to a respective one of the word lines 30 if the word line is not selected for reading to turn on the memory cells 14 of the non-selected rows as previously described.
As mentioned above, respective word line drivers 301 must be provided for all of the word lines 30 in a block. Therefore, for a block containing 32 rows of memory cells, 32 word line drivers 301 must be provided. The area on a semiconductor die that must be devoted to such word line drivers is further increased by the use of the multilevel memory cell in the flash memory block 10 since more voltage levels must be supplied by each of the word line drivers 301 as more bits are stored in the memory cells. Specifically, each additional voltage that is supplied requires an additional voltage node to incorporate in the word line driver 301 circuitry or by some other circuitry. Therefore, as the number of read voltages supplied to the select memory cells increases, each of the drivers 301 require additional circuitry. Therefore, the memory chip must accommodate a greater number of the larger drivers 301, resulting in a much larger die size. For example, the word line driver 301a shown in FIG. 1 requires 7 transistors 320, 1 low-pass filter 311, 6 high voltage shifters 310 and 1 voltage discharge circuit 364. A block of memory cells having 32 rows would therefore require 224 (7*32) transistors 320, 7 low-pass filters 311, 192 (6*32) high voltage shifters, and 7 voltage discharge circuits 364. This large number of components can require a significant amount of area on a semiconductor die, thus increasing the cost of non-volatile memory devices having row decoders that use the word line drivers 301.
There is therefore a need for a non-volatile memory device and method that reduces the circuit size of the word line drivers 301 to reduce the overall die size of the memory chip.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a circuit of a plurality of prior art word line drivers, each word line driver being respectively coupled to a word line.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the manner in which a prior art word line driver requires a large number of switches to couple voltages to a row of flash memory cells.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the manner in which a word line driver according to an embodiment of the invention requires considerably fewer switches to couple voltages to a row of non-volatile memory cells
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a word line driver system according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a more detailed block diagram of the word line driver system of FIG. 4 according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a flash memory device having a row decoder that includes a word line driver system according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a simplified block diagram of a processor-based system including the flash memory device of FIG. 6.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to non-volatile memory devices in which a word line driver size is reduced. Certain details are set forth below to provide a sufficient understanding of the invention. However, it will be clear to one skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without these particular details. In other instances, well-known circuits, control signals, and timing protocols have not been shown in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention.
FIGS. 2 and 3 are provided to illustrate the design of a word line driver system 500 according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2 shows a design of prior art word line driver system 400 using word line drivers 401 having switches 420 and voltage nodes V1 and V2 that are configured similarly to the prior art word line drivers 301 of FIG. 1. For simplicity, each word line driver 401 receives only two voltages V1 and V2, whose respective nodes are connected in parallel and coupled to the corresponding word line 30 WLN. Therefore, a total of 2N voltage nodes are coupled to the word lines 30 through a total of 2N switches 420, where N is the number of word lines 30, and also the number of 401. For example, if N=32, a total of 64 voltage nodes and 64 switches 420 are utilized by all the drivers 401. It is apparent from FIG. 2 that as more voltage nodes are added to expand the range of voltage levels to the memory cells 14 or as more word lines 30 are included in the word line driver system 400 the number of switches 420 also increases proportionately.
A word line driver system 500 according to an embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 3. The system 500 differs in at least one manner from the prior art word line driver system 400 of FIG. 1 in that the size of the word line driver system 500 is much smaller, therefore the overall die size of the memory device is smaller. The nodes to the voltages V1 and V2 are eliminated from each of the drivers 401, and replaced by a single switch 520 that controls the voltage level selection applied to the respective word line 30. The voltages V1 and V2 are instead supplied to the word lines 30 by a single power multiplexer (“mux”) circuit 502 that is coupled to all the word lines 30 by a node 505. Therefore, the 2N voltage nodes utilized by the drivers 401 in the prior art system 400 are reduced to only 2 nodes located in the power mux circuit 502, and the 2N switches 420 of the prior art system 400 is reduced to N+2 switches 520 in the word line driver system 500, eliminating N−2 switches 520. For example, if N=32, a total of 34 switches are utilized in the system 500 instead of the 64 switches in the prior art system 400, reducing the overall size of the chip by 30 switches.
A word line driver system 600 according to one embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 4. Similar to the word line driver system 500 of FIG. 3, the system 600 includes a single power mux circuit 650 from which all the voltages are supplied from a range of voltage levels. The power mux circuit 650 includes a program block 632, an enable block 634 having a program enable node 635 and a read enable node 637, and a read block 642 that includes three bias voltage nodes 624, 626, 628. The program block 632, the enable block 634, and the read block 642 operate in the same manner as the program block 302, enable block 304 and the read block 306 of FIG. 1 except that they do not supply their respective voltages to a word line. Therefore, in the interest of brevity, the structure and operation of the program block 632, the enable block 634, and the read block 642 will not be repeated. However, in contrast to the word line driver system 300, only a single program block 632, enable block 634, and read block 642 are needed for an entire block because they are placed only in the power mux circuit 650. The voltages generated by the blocks 632, 634, 642 depend on the nature of the memory operation. For a programming operation, the program block 632 outputs a program voltage, the enable block 634 outputs a program enable voltage from the program enable node 635, and the read block 642 does not output any voltage. For a read operation, the program block 632 does not output any voltage, the enable block 634 outputs a read enable voltage from the read enable node 637, and the read block 642 sequentially outputs respective read voltages from the bias voltage nodes.
In contrast to the drivers 301 in the system 300, the power mux circuit 650 supplies the voltages to a set of word line drivers 601 simplified to act only as a switch that selectively applies a voltage to the respective word line 30. As a result, the size of each driver 601 is substantially reduced. Each of the word line drivers 601 include a program switch 602 to couple the programming voltage to the word line 30 of a selected row of memory cells 14 during a program operation, an enable switch 604 to couple the programming or read enable voltage to the word line 30 of the unselected row of cells during either a program or read operation, and a read switch 606 to couple the bias voltages to the word line 30 of a selected row of memory cells 14 during a read operation.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a word line driver system 700 that includes a power mux circuit 750 and a word line driver 701 according to an embodiment of FIG. 4, but in greater detail. The word line driver system 700 includes many of the same components as the word line driver system 300 operating in the same manner and, in the interest of brevity, these same components will not be described again. The circuitry for each word line driver 701 includes NMOS transistors 320 that act as the switches 602, 604, 606 described above. The drivers 701 may also include a means to enable the transistors 320, such as the high voltage shifter 310, and the stand-by switch 362 that disables the row when the word line driver system 700 is inactive. All other auxiliary components are eliminated from the drivers 301, and instead placed once in a single location in the power mux circuit 750. Similar to the power mux circuit 650, the power mux circuit 750 includes a program block 732, an enable block 734 and a read block 742, each of which includes its own voltage discharge circuits 364, stand-by switches 362 and switches 320 to the voltage supply nodes that are controlled by the high voltage shifters 310. By categorizing each block according to function, the signal lines supplying voltages for a particular memory operation may be grouped in parallel and coupled to supply a single voltage to further simplify the power mux circuit 750. For example, since there are multiple voltages for a read operation, all the signal lines to supply the bias voltages A, B, C are organized in parallel to share a node 753. The selected bias voltage is then applied to the node 753 by activating the corresponding switch 320. Similarly, since the word line driver system 700 is in either a program operation, a read operation or an erase operation, the program enable voltage and the read enable voltage are configured in parallel and share a node 755 to which only one voltage is applied at one time. Only one program voltage is needed, but auxiliary components may be included in the program block 732. Since only one power mux circuit 750 is needed for the entire word line driver system 700, the circuit may be complex, and designed to include optional features without encountering a significant die-size penalty. For example, the program block 732 may include multiple low-pass filter elements 711 to optionally provide varying filter bandwidths without significantly increasing the die size. Alternatively, the read block 742 may include additional bias voltages to access an increased number of bits stored in the memory cells 14.
In summary, the word line driver system 700 significantly reduces the size of the drivers 701 in three respects. First, using an analysis similar to describing the number of switches reduced in the system 500 of FIG. 3, six of the transistors 320 in each of the drivers 301 of FIG. 1 are reduced to three in each of the drivers 701 in FIG. 5, but six transistors 320 are utilized once by the power mux circuit 750. If N is the total number of drivers 701 in the system 700, then the 6N transistors 320 of the prior art drivers 301 are reduced to 3N+6 transistors 320 due to the drivers 701 and power mux circuit 750 in the system 700, reducing the overall number of transistors by 3N−6. Additionally, 3N−6 of the high voltage shifters 310 that correspond to 3N−6 transistors 320 are also eliminated. In another respect, the N number of low pass filters 311 in the drivers 301 are replaced by one low pass filter 711 in the program block 732, eliminating the number of filters by N−1. Finally, in a similar manner, the voltage discharge circuits 364 are eliminated from the drivers 301 and utilized once in each of the blocks 732, 734, 742 of the power mux circuit 750, consequently reducing the number of voltage discharge circuits 364 by N−3. By reducing the total number of transistors 320 and auxiliary circuits, such as the low pass filters 711 and the voltage discharge circuits 364, the die size of the system 700 is notedly reduced.
A flash memory device 100 that includes the word line driver system according to one embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 6. The flash memory device 100 includes an array 130 of flash memory cells arranged in banks of rows and columns.
Most command signals, the address signals and the write data signals are applied to the memory device 100 as sets of sequential input/output (“I/O”) signals transmitted through an I/O bus 134. Similarly, read data signals are output from the flash memory device 100 through the I/O bus 134. The I/O bus is connected to an I/O control unit 140 that routes the signals between the I/O bus 134 and an internal data bus 142, an internal address bus 144, and an internal command bus 146. The flash memory device 100 also includes a control logic unit 150 that receives a number of control signals either externally or through the command bus 146 to control the operation of the memory device 100. The address bus 144 applies row address signals to a row decoder 160 and column address signals to a column decoder 164. The row decoder 160 includes a word line driver system 162, which may be the word line driver system 700 or a word line driver system according to another embodiment of the invention, which drives the word lines 30 with appropriate voltages corresponding to the decoded row address signals and the type of memory operation. As described above, the word line driver system 162 minimizes the overall circuitry of the row decoder 160 to minimize the die size of the memory device 100. Similarly, the column decoder 164 enables write data signals to be applied to bit lines for columns corresponding to the column address signals and allow read data signals to be coupled from bit lines for columns corresponding to the column address signals.
In response to the memory commands decoded by the control logic unit 150, the flash memory cells in the array 130 are erased, programmed, or read. The memory array 130 is programmed on a row-by-row or page-by-page basis. After the row address signals have been applied to the address bus 144, the I/O control unit 140 routes write data signals to a cache register 170. The write data signals are stored in the cache register 170 in successive sets each having a size corresponding to the width of the I/O bus 134. The cache register 170 sequentially stores the sets of write data signals for an entire row or page of flash memory cells in the array 130. All of the stored write data signals are then used to program a row or page of memory cells in the array 130 selected by the row address coupled through the address bus 144. In a similar manner, during a read operation, data signals from a row or page of memory cells selected by the row address coupled through the address bus 144 are stored in a data register 180. Sets of data signals corresponding in size to the width of the I/O bus 134 are then sequentially transferred through the I/O control unit 140 from the data register 180 to the I/O bus 134.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a processor-based system 900 including processor circuitry 902 having a volatile memory 910 of FIG. 6. The processor circuitry 902 is coupled through address, data, and control buses to the volatile memory 910 to provide for writing data to and reading data from the volatile memory 910. The processor circuitry 902 includes circuitry for performing various processing functions, such as executing specific software to perform specific calculations or tasks. The processor-based system 900 also includes one or more input devices 904 coupled to the processor circuitry 902 to allow an operator to interface with the processor-based system 900. Examples of input devices 904 include keypads, touch screens, and scroll wheels. The processor-based system 900 also includes one or more output devices 906 coupled to the processor circuitry 902 to provide output information to the operator. In one example, the output device 906 is a visual display providing visual information to the operator. Data storage 908 is also coupled to the processor circuitry 902 to store data that is to be retained even when power is not supplied to the processor-based system 900 or to the data storage 908. The flash memory device 100, or a flash memory device according to some other example of the invention, can be used for the data storage 908.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the disclosed embodiments, persons skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the invention. Such modifications are well within the skill of those ordinarily skilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A word line driver system comprising:
a power multiplexer circuit configured to output a selected voltage to a corresponding node;
a plurality of word lines, each of the plurality of word lines coupled to a respective plurality of memory cells; and
a plurality of switches, each individual switch of the plurality of switches coupled to a respective word line of the plurality of word lines and configured to couple the respective word line to the corresponding node.

2. The word line driver system of claim 1, wherein the power multiplexer circuit comprises:
a program block configured to provide a program voltage to a program node;
an enable block configured to provide an enable voltage to an enable node; and
a read block configured to provide a read voltage to a read node.

3. The word line driver system of claim 2, wherein the program block comprises a first switch that is selectively activated to selectively provide the program voltage to the program node.

4. The word line driver system of claim 2, wherein the enable block comprises:
a second switch that is selectively activated to provide a program enable voltage to the enable node as the enable voltage; and
a third switch that is selectively activated to provide a read enable voltage to the enable node as the enable voltage.

5. The word line driver system of claim 2, the read block comprises at least one read bias switch, wherein the at least one read bias switch is selectively activated to provide a read bias voltage to the read node as the read voltage.

6. The word line driver system of claim 5, wherein the at least one read bias switch comprises:
a first read bias switch that is selectively activated to provide a first read bias voltage to the read node as the read voltage; and
a second read bias switch that is selectively activated to provide a second read bias value to the read node as the read voltage.

7. The word line driver system of claim 2, wherein each of the program block, the read block, and the enable block comprises a discharge circuit.

8. An apparatus comprising:
a power multiplexer circuit configured to provide a plurality of voltages, each voltage provided to a respective one of a plurality of nodes;
a plurality of word lines, each of the plurality of word lines coupled to a respective plurality of memory cells; and
a plurality of word line drivers, each coupled to the plurality of nodes and to a respective one of the plurality of word lines, the plurality of word line drivers each configured to couple the respective one of the plurality of word lines to at least one of the plurality of nodes.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein each of the plurality of word line drivers comprises:
a program switch configured to selectively couple a program node to the respective one of the plurality of word lines;
a enable switch configured to selectively couple an enable node to the respective one of the plurality of word lines; and
a read switch configured to selectively couple a bias voltage to the respective one of the plurality of word lines.

10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the power multiplexer circuit includes a program block comprising:
a first switch that is selectively activated to provide an unfiltered program voltage to one or more low pass filter elements; and
the one or more low pass filter elements coupled between the first switch and the program node, the one or more low pass filter elements configured to filter the unfiltered program voltage to produce the program voltage and provide the program voltage to the program node.

11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the power multiplexer circuit includes an enable block comprising:
a second switch that is selectively activated to provide a program enable value to the enable node as the enable voltage; and
a third switch that is selectively activated to provide a read enable value to the enable node as the enable voltage.

12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein a first word line driver of the plurality of word line drivers comrpises a plurality of switches, the plurality of switches comprises:
a first switch that is selectively activated to couple a first word line of the plurality of word lines to a program node;
a second switch that is selectively activated to selectively couple the first word line to an enable node; and
a third switch that is selectively activated to selectively couple the first word line to a read node.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein a second word line driver of the plurality of word line drivers comprises a plurality of switches, the plurality of switches further comprises:
a fourth switch that is selectively activated to selectively couple a second word line of the plurality of word lines to the program node;
a fifth switch that is selectively activated to selectively couple the second word line to the enable node; and
a sixth switch that is selectively activated to selectively couple the second word line to the read node.

14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of switches comprise a transistor.

15. A method comprising:
selecting, at a power multiplexer circuit, a voltage as an output signal based on a memory access request, the output signal applied to a node coupled to a plurality of word lines, each word line coupled through a respective switch; and
selectively providing the output signal from the power multiplexer circuit to at least one word line of the plurality of word lines.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising receiving the memory access request at the power multiplexer circuit.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein selecting the voltage as the output signal further comprises:
supplying, from the power multiplexer circuit, a program enable voltage as the output signal in response to the memory access request including a program command; and
supplying, from the power multiplexer circuit, a programming voltage as the output signal during a programming operation.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein selecting the voltage as the output signal further comprises filtering, at the power multiplexer circuit, the output signal during the programming operation.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein selecting the voltage as the output signal further comprises:
supplying, from the power multiplexer circuit, a read enable voltage as the output signal in response to the memory access request including a read command; and
supplying, from the power multiplexer circuit, a read voltage as the output signal during a read operation.

20. The method of claim 15 further comprising gradually discharging the output voltage signal from the at least one word line after a memory operation is complete.