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Title:   Author  item
                                            Obenland, David

                                                         - *Dave*item
                                            COLLIN, SUE - KEARNEY AG. CENTERitem
                                            SIEVERT, JIM - KEARNEY AG. CENTERitem
                                            FIELD, KENT - KEARNEY AG. CENTERitem
                                            TOYOTA, MARGO - KEARNEY AG. CENTERitem
                                            DOCTOR, JULIE - SUNKIST GROWERSitem
                                            ARPAIA, MARY LU - KEARNEY AG. CENTER
  Submitted to: Postharvest Biology and Technology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 6/16/2007
                                    Publication  Date: 2/1/2008
                                    Citation: Obenland, D.M., Collin, S., Sievert, J., Field, K., Toyota, M., Doctor, J., Arpaia, M. 2008. Commercial Packing and Storage of Navel Oranges Alters Aroma Volatiles and Reduces Flavor Quality. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 47(2):159-167.Interpretive Summary: Navel oranges are known to lose flavor quality after harvest and during storage but the reasons for this are not completely understood. A sensory panel evaluated the flavor of navel oranges after various steps in the packing process and found that the packing process in combination with storage caused a decrease in the freshness rating and a lessening in the likeability of the fruit. This change in flavor did not appear to be related to differences in sweetness and tartness but rather to alterations in the amounts of key flavor-related volatiles. These volatiles could potentially be monitored during the testing of packing and storage protocols for navel oranges to ensure that the minimum loss in flavor quality occurs following harvest.
                                Technical Abstract: Navel oranges were sampled either from the harvest bin, after the washer, after the waxer or at the end of the packing process in a commercial packing house and stored for 0, 3 or 6 weeks at 5 °C.  Individual oranges were analyzed for percent juice, SSC, TA and ethanol concentration and a portion of each fruit tasted and rated for freshness, tartness, sweetness and likeability (hedonic score).  Ethanol levels increased in the fruit as a result of storage and as a result of the waxing step of the packing line in both of the two tests.  In one of the tests there was a significant increase in ethanol caused by each of the packing line steps, indicating a physiological effect on the fruit of the packing line itself.  The freshness and likeability rating both decreased as a result of storage and packing, although packing had a lesser effect. All of the individual packing line steps could not be differentiated between each other in terms of an effect on flavor but the waxing step seemed to have the most impact.  The SSC/TA ratio increased significantly during storage.  In the third test navel oranges were sampled from the harvest bin and after the packing line and stored for 0, 3 or 6 wks at 5 °C.  Quality and sensory attributes were evaluated as in the previous two tests and fruit were also characterized for changes in aroma active volatiles using GC-olfactometry.  Freshness and likeability decreased as a result of storage but only in packed fruit.  Percent juice, SSC and TA did not change as a result of any of the treatments.  Ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and four constituents with uncertain identification were aroma-active compounds that increased while limonene decreased in amount to a greater degree in the packed fruit and may be at least partially responsible for the observed flavor changes.  Ethanol was not identified by GC-olfactometry but was more abundant in packed fruit and may have influenced flavor.


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