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Title:   Author  item
                                            Brockmeier, Susanitem
                                            LOVING, CRYSTAL - GRADUATE STUDENT, ISUitem
                                            Nicholson, Tracyitem
                                            Palmer, Mitchell
  Submitted to: Veterinary Microbiology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 9/24/2007
                                    Publication  Date: 2/1/2008
                                    Citation: Brockmeier, S., Loving, C.L., Nicholson, T.L., Palmer, M.V. 2008. Coinfection of pigs with Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus and Bordetella bronchisphica. Veterinary Microbiology. 128(1-2):36-47.Interpretive Summary: Coinfection with two or more pathogens is a common occurrence in respiratory diseases of most species.  The manner in which multiple pathogens interact is not always straightforward, however.  Bordetella bronchiseptica and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) are respiratory pathogens of pigs whose relatives, B. pertussis and the SARS virus, cause respiratory disease in humans.  The effect of coinfection of PRCV and B. bronchiseptica was examined in pigs that were infected with either PRCV or B. bronchiseptica, or both PRCV and B. bronchiseptica.  Disease was more severe in the coinfected pigs as compared to the pigs infected with B. bronchiseptica or PRCV alone.  Coinfected pigs showed a greater and more sustained inflammatory immune response than pigs infected with either PRCV or B. bronchiseptica alone.  Thus, there appears to be a synergistic effect between PRCV and B. bronchiseptica that causes increased inflammation that may partially explain the increased severity of pneumonia in coinfected pigs.
                                Technical Abstract: Coinfection with two or more pathogens is a common occurrence in respiratory diseases of most species.  The manner in which multiple pathogens interact is not always straightforward, however.  Bordetella bronchiseptica and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) are respiratory pathogens of pigs whose relatives, B. pertussis and the SARS virus, cause respiratory disease in humans.  In an initial experiment, the effect of coinfection of PRCV and B. bronchiseptica was examined in thirty, 4-week-old pigs (10 pigs per group) that were infected with either PRCV or B. bronchiseptica, or both PRCV and B. bronchiseptica.  An additional 10 pigs served as sham infected controls.  Five pigs from each group were euthanized at 4 and 10 days post infection.  Gross and histopathological lung lesions were more severe in the coinfected group as compared to the groups infected with B. bronchiseptica or PRCV alone.  In order to investigate the potential role of proinflammatory cytokines in disease severity after coinfectecion, a second experiment was performed to examine cytokine transcription in alveolar macrophages from single and dually infected pigs.  A total of 48 pigs were divided equally into groups as above, but 4 pigs from each group were euthanized at 1, 4 and 10 days post infection.  Coinfected pigs showed a greater and more sustained transcription of proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6 and MCP-1, than pigs infected with either PRCV or B. bronchiseptica alone.  Thus, there appears to be a synergistic effect between PRCV and B. bronchiseptica with regards to proinflammatory cytokine transcription that may partially explain the increased severity of pneumonia in coinfected pigs.


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