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Title:   Author  item
                                            Huntzinger, Craigitem
                                            James, Rosalinditem
                                            BOSCH, JORDI - UNIV AUTONOMA BARCELONAitem
                                            Kemp, William

                                                         - *Bill*
  Submitted to: Journal of Economic Entomology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 4/9/2008
                                    Publication  Date: 6/20/2008
                                    Citation: Huntzinger, C., James, R.R., Bosch, J., Kemp, W.P. 2008. Fungicide Tests on Adult Alfalfa Leafcutting Bees Megachile rotundata (F.) (Hymenoptera:Megachilidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 101(3): 660-667Interpretive Summary: Chalkbrood is a fungal disease of bee larvae causing significant mortality in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, a bee that is used extensively for alfalfa seed pollination in the U.S. Using laboratory bioassays, we previously demonstrated that fungicides can reduce chalkbrood levels in this bee. However, a control method employing the use of fungicides must not be harmful to adult bees. The toxicity of four fungicides, Benlate®, Captan®, OrbitTM, and Rovral® to adult bees was evaluated using three different bioassays. In the first test, fungicides were applied to the bee’s thorax. In the second test, mimicking foliage residue, a piece of filter paper soaked in fungicide was placed on the bottom of a container of bees. The third test evaluated oral toxicity by feeding the bees fungicides incorporated into sugar-water. Both the topical and oral tests were sensitive and caused bee mortality while the filter paper test did not discriminate well among the fungicides. Toxicity was greater to males than to females. The use of fungicides for chalkbrood control is a logical choice, but caution should be used in how they are applied in the presence of bees.
                                Technical Abstract: Chalkbrood is a fungal disease of bee larvae caused by Ascosphaera aggregata. It causes significant mortality in the alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata), a bee that is used extensively for alfalfa seed pollination in the U.S. Using laboratory bioassays, we previously demonstrated that fungicides can reduce chalkbrood levels in this bee. However, a control method employing the use of fungicides must not be harmful to adult bees. The toxicity of four fungicides, Benlate®, Captan®, OrbitTM, and Rovral® to adult bees was evaluated using three different bioassays. In the first test, fungicides were applied to the bee’s thorax. In the second test, mimicking foliage residue, a piece of filter paper soaked in fungicide was placed on the bottom of a container of bees. The third test evaluated oral toxicity by incorporating fungicides into a sugar-water solution that was fed to the bees. The filter paper test did not discriminate among the fungicides well, and the oral test resulted in the greatest mortality. Toxicity to males was greater than to females. The use of fungicides for chalkbrood control is a logical choice, but caution should be used in how they are applied in the presence of bees.


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