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Title:   Author  item
                                            Rice, Pamelaitem
                                            Hapeman, Cathleenitem
                                            Harman Fetcho, Jenniferitem
                                            Heighton Davies, Lynneitem
                                            McConnell, Lauraitem
                                            Sadeghi, Ali
  Submitted to: American Chemical Society Abstracts
                                    Publication Type: Abstract Only
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 3/23/2003
                                    Publication  Date: 3/23/2003
                                    Citation: Rice, P.J., Hapeman, C.J., Harman Fetcho, J.A., Heighton Davies, L., Mcconnell, L.L., Sadeghi, A.M. 2003. Environmental fate and ecological impact of copper hydroxide. American Chemical Society Abstracts. Abstract No. 64.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: Copper, applied in the form of copper hydroxide, is a widely used fungicide/bactericide for control of plant diseases. Copper has been shown to have adverse effects on aquatic organisms including a reduction in macroinvertebrate survival and structural and functional effects on fish nervous systems. In the Mid-Atlantic area, copper is applied to tomato plants up to 15x a growing season resulting in the use of 107,000 lbs. ai/yr. A field study comparing off-site loading of copper with runoff from tomato plants grown in two mulch systems was conducted to determine their environmental impact. Total copper loads in runoff from polyethylene mulch plots were 9x greater than from hairy vetch plots, representing 36 and 4% of applied copper respectively. The particulate-phase of runoff contained more than 80% of the copper loads from both cultivation practices. Controlling soil erosion with runoff will reduce the environmental impact of vegetable production.


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