Filed 2/24/15 Fowler v. CarMax. CA3/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

JOHN WADE FOWLER et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

CARMAX, INC., et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

 B238426

 (Los Angeles County

 Super. Ct. No. BC388340)

 ORDER MODIFYING OPINION

 AND DENYING REHEARING

 [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

THE COURT:

It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on January 28, 2015, be modified as 

follows:

1. On page 18, first sentence of the second full paragraph, the word “addressed” is 

changed to “briefed.”

There is no change in the judgment.

The petition for rehearing is denied.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.

______________________________________________________________________

CHANEY, Acting P. J. JOHNSON, J.
Filed 1/28/15 Fowler v. CarMax CA2/1 (unmodified version)

Opinion following remand from U.S. Supreme Court

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

JOHN WADE FOWLER et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

CARMAX, INC., et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

 B238426

 (Los Angeles County

 Super. Ct. No. BC388340)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, William F. 

Highberger, Judge. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

Kingsley & Kingsley, Eric B. Kingsley, Darren M. Cohen; The Cooper Law Firm, 

Scott B. Cooper; The Carter Law Firm and Roger R. Carter for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, Jack F. Sholkoff and Christopher W. 

Decker for Defendants and Respondents.

_____________________
2

John Wade Fowler and Wahid Areso filed class complaints against CarMax,1

alleging wage and hour violations. Fowler and Areso appealed from the trial court’s 

order granting CarMax’s motion to compel arbitration. In a prior opinion, we reversed 

and remanded with directions on the ground that the trial court erred in concluding that 

Gentry v. Superior Court (2007) 42 Cal.4th 443 (Gentry) had been rejected by the United 

States Supreme Court in AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion (2011) 563 U.S. ___ [179 

L.Ed.2 742, 131 S.Ct. 1740] (Concepcion), and we directed the trial court to determine 

whether the factors in Gentry existed to allow Fowler to proceed in court with the class 

action. (Fowler v. Carmax (March 26, 2013, B238426) [nonpub. opn.].) The California 

Supreme Court denied review. (July 10, 2013, S210443.)

CarMax filed a petition for writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court, and on 

February 24, 2014, the court granted the writ (134 S.Ct. 1277), vacated the judgment, and 

remanded to this court for further consideration in light of American Express Co. v. 

Italian Colors Restaurant (2013) 570 U.S. ____ [186 L.Ed.2d 417, 133 S.Ct. 2304] 

(Italian Colors), decided three months after our prior opinion in this case. We requested

and reviewed supplemental briefing from the parties on the application of Italian Colors. 

Subsequently, the California Supreme Court decided Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los 

Angeles, LLC (2014) (Iskanian) 59 Cal.4th 348, 366, holding that “in light of 

Concepcion, the FAA [Federal Arbitration Act] preempts the Gentry rule.” We therefore 

affirm the trial court order granting the motion to compel arbitration as to all but Fowler’s 

and Areso’s representative claims under the Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 

(PAGA), Labor Code section 2698 et seq.

Portions of the following are substantially similar to our prior opinion.

 

1 CarMax, Inc., CarMax Auto Superstores California, LLC, and CarMax Auto 

Superstores West Coast, Inc. CarMax, Inc. was dismissed without prejudice pursuant to 

a tolling agreement by stipulation and order filed June 24, 2008.
3

BACKGROUND

As a condition of applying for employment with CarMax, Fowler and Areso were 

required to sign the CarMax dispute resolution agreement, which provided that any 

claims arising out of employment with CarMax be “settle[d] . . . exclusively by final and 

binding arbitration before a neutral Arbitrator,” and any arbitration “will be conducted in 

accordance with the CarMax Dispute Resolution Rules and Procedures.” Fowler signed 

the agreement on August 5, 2006, and Areso signed it on May 17, 2006; CarMax also 

signed the agreement. Fowler and Areso received a copy of the associated Dispute 

Resolution Rules and Procedures. We hereinafter refer to the agreement and the 

incorporated rules and procedures collectively as the arbitration agreement.

The arbitration agreement allowed each party up to 20 interrogatories or document 

requests, and allowed each party to take up to three depositions. The arbitrator had the 

discretion to permit additional discovery “[u]pon the request of any Party and a showing 

of substantial need . . . but only if the Arbitrator finds that such additional discovery is 

not overly burdensome, and will not unduly delay conclusion of the arbitration.”

The arbitration agreement also prohibited class arbitration: “The Arbitrator shall 

not consolidate claims of different Associates into one proceeding, nor shall the 

Arbitrator have the power to hear an arbitration as a class action (a class action involves 

an arbitration or lawsuit where representative members of a large group who claim to 

share a common interest seek collective relief).” The agreement also provided: “CarMax 

may alter or terminate the [arbitration agreement] on December 31 of any year upon 

giving thirty (30) calendar days written notice to Associates, provided that all claims 

arising before alteration or termination shall be subject to the [arbitration agreement] in 

effect at the time the Arbitration Request Form is received by the Company.” Notice of 

termination or alteration of the arbitration agreement “may be given by posting a written 

notice by December 1 of each year at all CarMax locations.” The arbitration agreement 

and any award pursuant to it “shall be enforceable and subject to the Federal Arbitration 

Act, 9 U.S.[C. ]§ 1, et seq. . . .”
4

In April 2008, Fowler, who was employed by CarMax as a sales consultant, filed a 

putative class action in superior court on behalf of a class of himself and other nonexempt 

CarMax employees, including a subclass of sales consultants. The complaint alleged that 

CarMax failed to provide meal and rest periods, failed to comply with wage statement 

requirements, failed to timely pay wages due at termination, and violated the unfair 

competition law. Areso’s wife Leena, who also was employed by CarMax as a sales 

consultant, filed a putative class action against CarMax on behalf of all persons employed 

by CarMax as sales consultants in the four years prior to filing, and an amended 

complaint filed in July 2008 added Areso as a named plaintiff. Areso’s first amended 

complaint alleged that CarMax failed to provide meal breaks and violated the unfair 

competition law. The amended complaint also included a claim for civil penalties for 

plaintiffs and the proposed class pursuant to the Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 

(PAGA), Labor Code section 2698 et seq. Areso filed a notice of related cases, and the 

actions were assigned to the same courtroom.

Discovery ensued on both sides. On August 20, 2008, Fowler and Areso 

(hereinafter, collectively Plaintiffs) propounded special interrogatories and requests for 

production of documents to CarMax; CarMax responded in October 2008. Also in 

August 2008, CarMax propounded 34 requests for production of documents on Plaintiffs, 

who responded on September 24, 2008. On November 20, 2008, CarMax propounded 

special interrogatories on Plaintiffs, who responded in December 2008. On February 17, 

2009, Plaintiffs served a second set of special interrogatories and requests for production 

of documents on CarMax, who responded in April 2009. Also in April 2009, CarMax 

served a second set of special interrogatories, and a second set of requests for production, 

on Plaintiffs. CarMax took the deposition of Leena Areso in September 2008, and took 

the deposition of Wahid Areso in October 2008. In January 2009, Plaintiffs took the 

deposition of CarMax’s persons most knowledgeable.

CarMax filed two motions for summary adjudication in January 2009: one as to 

Leena and Wahid Areso’s first cause of action for failure to pay overtime, and another as 
5

to Fowler’s fourth cause of action for failure to provide itemized wage statements. The 

trial court granted both of CarMax’s motions for summary adjudication on June 16, 2009. 

That same day, pursuant to a stipulation by the parties, the trial court stayed Plaintiffs’ 

cases until the California Supreme Court entered a decision following its grant of review 

in Brinker Restaurant Corp. v. Superior Court (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 25.2 Leena 

Areso appealed the summary adjudication on her overtime claim, and dismissed her other 

claims; we affirmed the trial court’s ruling. (Areso v. CarMax, Inc. (2011) 195 

Cal.App.4th 996.) The remaining issues in Plaintiffs’ putative class actions are that 

CarMax failed to provide meal periods (Fowler and Areso) and rest periods (Fowler), and 

derivative claims.

While the stay was still in effect, on June 2, 2011, counsel for Carmax sent a letter 

to Plaintiff’s counsel requesting that Plaintiffs submit their cases to arbitration and 

dismiss their class claims, in light of the United States Supreme Court’s April 27, 2011 

decision in Concepcion, supra, 563 U.S. ___. Counsel for Plaintiffs refused, responding 

that CarMax had taken steps inconsistent with the intent to invoke arbitration and had 

waived its right to compel arbitration. Plaintiffs also argued that in any event, the 

agreement was substantively and procedurally unconscionable and therefore 

unenforceable.

CarMax then filed a motion on or about June 17, 2011 to vacate the stay and 

compel arbitration on an individual basis. Plaintiffs filed an opposition on July 1, 2011, 

arguing that CarMax had waived its right to compel arbitration, the agreement was 

procedurally and substantively unconscionable, Concepcion did not preempt the 

California Supreme Court decision in Gentry, supra, 42 Cal.4th 443, the agreement

violated the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (29 U.S.C. § 151 et seq.), and the 

Plaintiffs’ claims under PAGA were not arbitrable. Plaintiffs requested that the court 

 

2 On April 12, 2012, the California Supreme Court determined issues related to 

meal and rest periods not in issue on this appeal in Brinker Restaurant Corp. v. Superior 

Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004 (Brinker).
6

allow additional discovery before issuing a ruling to “develop a more extensive factual 

record on whether Defendants’ class action ban would prevent Plaintiffs and the putative 

class members from vindicating their non-waivable statutory rights. Because Defendants 

had never raised this issue before the instant motion, there was no need to conduct 

discovery on the issue.”

On July 19, 2011, the trial court held a hearing on CarMax’s motion to compel 

arbitration, took the case under submission, and requested supplemental briefing from 

both parties. The court issued a proposed order granting the motion to compel on 

November 9, 2011. After further argument on November 17, 2011, the court issued an 

order granting CarMax’s motion to compel on November 21, 2011. The trial court 

granted the motion “based primarily on the holding and reasoning of [Concepcion],” 

which the court believed “raise[d] serious questions as to the continued validity of case 

such as [Gentry]. . . .” The court found: CarMax had not waived its right to compel 

arbitration; Gentry was no longer applicable to determine whether the class action waiver 

was invalid; the arbitration agreement was not unconscionable merely because it was a 

contract of adhesion; the PAGA claims were arbitrable but only on an individual basis;

and the NLRA did not preempt the agreement. The court concluded that Plaintiffs were 

required “to arbitrate their individual claims without inclusion of the class claims.” The 

court stayed the case pending completion of the arbitration.

Plaintiffs filed a timely notice of appeal.

DISCUSSION

I. The trial court’s order granting the motion to compel is appealable.

CarMax contends that the trial court’s order compelling arbitration is not 

appealable and we should therefore dismiss the appeal. We disagree.

A trial court order compelling arbitration is ordinarily reviewable only after the 

arbitration is complete and a party appeals from the resulting judgment. (Muao v. 

Grosvenor Properties, Ltd. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 1085, 1088–1089.) An exception is 

the death knell doctrine, which allows immediate appeal of such an order if it effectively 
7

terminates class claims while allowing individual claims to proceed. As the California 

Supreme Court recently explained, an order “determining the plaintiff could not maintain 

his claims as a class action but could seek individual relief, was appealable . . . [b]ecause 

the order effectively rang the death knell for the class claims,” and therefore was “in 

essence a final judgment on those claims.” (In re Baycol Cases I , and II (2011) 51 

Cal.4th 751, 757.) This permits an appeal from “an order that . . . amounts to a de facto 

final judgment for absent plaintiffs, under circumstances where . . . the persistence of 

viable but perhaps de minimis individual plaintiff claims creates a risk no formal final 

judgment will ever be entered.” (Id. at p. 759.) That is precisely what the trial court’s

order granting CarMax’s motion to compel did, in finding the class action waiver was 

enforceable and requiring Plaintiffs to arbitrate their individual claims without inclusion 

of the class claims. In re Baycol Cases I and II make clear that Plaintiffs need not 

present evidence that they will not be able to pursue their individual claims as a result of 

the trial court’s order. CarMax’s reliance on dicta to the contrary in Nelsen v. Legacy 

Partners Residential, Inc. (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 11153 and Szetela v. Discover Bank 

(2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 1094, is therefore to no avail. The order is appealable. (Franco v. 

Athens Disposal Co., Inc. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1277, 1288, abrogated on other 

grounds by Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 366.)

II. CarMax did not waive the right to compel arbitration.

The trial court concluded that CarMax had not waived its right to compel 

arbitration, although before it moved to compel CarMax had filed two successful motions 

 

3 Despite what it termed Nelsen’s “default” in failing to show that he could not 

pursue his individual claims, the court of appeal concluded it did not need to decide 

whether Nelsen’s appeal was within the death knell doctrine, instead exercising its 

discretion to treat the appeal as a petition for a writ of mandate to “ensure appellate 

review of the court’s arbitration order in the event there is no future appellate proceeding 

in which the order will be reviewable.” (Nelsen v. Legacy Partners Residential, Inc., 

supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 1123.) In this case, the trial court’s minute order stated: 

“This matter is worthy of immediate appellate review via writ proceeding under the 

standards of C.C.P. section 166.1, and plaintiffs should so advise the Court of Appeal.”
8

for summary adjudication and obtained “substantial discovery” from the Plaintiffs: “It is 

true that this all happened, but the key point is that it would have appeared pointless and 

probably even a risky strategy . . . for defendants and their counsel to challenge the 

controlling effect of Discover Bank [v. Superior Court (2005) 36 Cal.4th 148 (overruled 

in Concepcion, supra, 563 U.S. ___) ( Discover Bank)] and Gentry . . . and similar 

California appellate authorities which appeared to prohibit state court enforcement of 

mandatory arbitration clauses to require individual arbitration only in the context of 

wage-and-hour class actions.” The trial court also stated, without further elaboration: 

“Further, and as a separate basis to find no waiver, plaintiffs have failed to make the 

required showing of resulting prejudice.” On appeal, CarMax argues that when Plaintiffs 

filed their class action complaints in 2008, the California Supreme Court had held that 

class action waivers were both procedurally and substantively unconscionable and thus 

unenforceable, first in the context of a consumer contract of adhesion (Discover Bank, at 

pp. 162–163), and then in the employment context (Gentry, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 463). 

CarMax contends that it would therefore have been futile to invoke the arbitration 

agreement, because under Gentry the arbitration agreement would have been 

unenforceable.

Public policy strongly favors arbitration and “requires a close judicial scrutiny of 

waiver claims.” (St. Agnes Medical Center v. PacifiCare of California (2003) 31 Cal.4th 

1187, 1195 (St. Agnes).) “Although a court may deny a petition to compel arbitration on 

the ground of waiver [citation] waivers are not to be lightly inferred and the party seeking 

to establish a waiver bears a heavy burden of proof.” (Ibid.; Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th 

at p. 375.) “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in

favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract 

language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.”

(Moses H. Cone Hospital v. Mercury Constr. Corp. (1983) 460 U.S. 1, 24–25 [103 S.Ct. 

927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765].)
9

A written agreement to arbitrate an existing or future dispute can be waived if not 

properly asserted. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1281.2, subd. (a).) Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th 

348 characterized the waiver inquiry as including whether the actions of the party seeking 

arbitration were inconsistent with the right to arbitrate; whether the machinery of 

litigation had been substantially invoked before the party seeking to compel arbitration 

notified the other party of an intent to arbitrate; whether a delay was “‘unreasonable’”;

and the “‘critical’” question of whether the party opposing arbitration has been prejudiced

by the delay in the start of arbitration. (Id. at pp. 375–376.) When, as in this case, “‘“the 

facts are undisputed and only one inference may reasonably be drawn, the issue is one of 

law and the reviewing court is not bound by the trial court’s ruling.”’ [Citation.]” (Id. at 

p. 375.) The essential facts in this case are undisputed, and we therefore engage in de 

novo review.

Initially, we note that Plaintiffs filed their class complaints in April and May of 

2008, and roughly a year later in June 2009, the parties stipulated to a stay of Plaintiffs’ 

cases pending the California Supreme Court’s 2012 decision in Brinker, supra, 53 

Cal.4th 1004. That stay was still in effect when counsel for CarMax requested arbitration 

in June 2011. For the purpose of our waiver analysis, only slightly more than a year 

passed before CarMax indicated that it intended to move to compel for arbitration.

First, CarMax did not take any significant action inconsistent with the right to

arbitrate. CarMax engaged in more discovery than provided for in the arbitration 

agreement, but as noted above, the agreement also allowed the parties to request 

additional discovery from the arbitrator. CarMax also successfully moved for summary 

adjudication on two causes of action, but as CarMax points out, the arbitration agreement 

provides that a party may “challenge[ ] the legal sufficiency of an asserted claim . . . in a 

pre-hearing brief,” and the arbitrator had the power to strike a legally deficient claim 

prior to the arbitration hearing.

Second, the litigation machinery had been substantially invoked, with significant 

discovery and two summary adjudication motions, but again, those actions were
10

consistent with the terms of the arbitration agreement. CarMax did not take any 

important intervening steps such as engaging in judicial discovery not available in 

arbitration. The arbitration agreement provided a mechanism for CarMax to request the 

somewhat more extensive discovery it propounded, and “there is no indication that 

[CarMax] obtained any material information through pretrial discovery that it could not 

have obtained through arbitral discovery.” (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 378.)

Third, the delay was not unreasonable. CarMax did not delay for a long period 

before moving to compel arbitration and seeking a stay. During the year after the filing 

of the complaints and before the parties stipulated to a stay pending the decision in 

Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th 1004, Gentry made a motion to compel a highly risky 

proposition. “[F]utility as grounds for delaying arbitration is implicit in the general 

waiver principles we have endorsed,” and that the prevailing law “made the motion [to 

compel] highly unlikely to succeed weighs in favor of finding that the party has not 

waived its right to arbitrate.” (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 376.) Further, when 

CarMax first requested arbitration with the stay still in effect, it acted only slightly more 

than a month after Concepcion “cast Gentry into doubt” (id. at p. 375), and CarMax filed 

its motion to compel only two weeks later.

Finally, Plaintiffs have not made the critical showing of prejudice. Although

Plaintiffs argue that the three years between the filing of their complaints and the motion 

to compel impaired their ability to enjoy the benefits or efficiencies of arbitration, as we 

pointed out above, fully two of those three years were subject to a stay agreed to by 

Plaintiffs pending the resolution of legal questions (not in issue here) by the California 

Supreme Court in Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th 1004. The parties actively litigated the 

cases during the year preceding the stay, and Plaintiffs do not argue that any evidence 

was lost. (See St. Agnes, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 1204.) The expenses associated with 

litigation do not, without more, constitute prejudice when the delay in initiating 

arbitration was not unreasonable, and “engag[ing] in various forms of pretrial litigation 

does not compel the conclusion that the party has waived its right to arbitrate when a later 
11

change in the law permits arbitration.” (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 377–378.)

Given the strong presumption against waiver, we agree with the trial court that no 

waiver occurred.

III. The arbitration agreement is not unconscionable.

Plaintiffs contend that even if CarMax did not waive the right to arbitrate, the 

arbitration agreement is unconscionable. We agree with the trial court that the arbitration 

agreement as a whole is not unconscionable.

An agreement to arbitrate is invalid if it is both procedurally and substantively 

unconscionable. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1281; Civ. Code, § 1670.5; Armendariz v. 

Foundation Health Psychcare Services, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 83, 114 (Armendariz).)4 

The two types of unconscionability need not be present in the same degree, and “the more 

substantively oppressive the contract term, the less evidence of procedural 

unconscionability is required to come to the conclusion that the term is enforceable, and 

vice versa.” (Armendariz, at p. 114.)

Procedural unconscionability arises in the making of the agreement, focusing on 

“the oppression that arises from unequal bargaining power and the surprise to the weaker 

party that results from hidden terms or the lack of informed choice.” (Ajamian v. 

CantorCO2e, L.P. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 771, 795.) There is no question here that the 

arbitration agreement, presented to Plaintiffs for signature on a take-it-or-leave-it basis as 

 

4 The trial court expressed doubt that Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th 83, remained 

valid after Concepcion. Our Supreme Court has continued to employ Armendariz to 

determine whether arbitration agreements are unconscionable. (Sonic-Calabasas A., Inc. 

v. Moreno (2013) 57 Cal.4th 1109, 1130; Pinnacle Museum Tower Assn. v. Pinnacle 

Market Development (US), LLC (2012) 55 Cal.4th 223, 246–250.) The court applied 

Armendariz in Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 382–383, in finding that Iskanian’s right 

to bring a PAGA action was not waivable. We therefore employ Armendariz to examine 

whether the arbitration agreement as a whole is unconscionable. (See, e.g., Sanchez v. 

CarMax Auto Superstores California LLC (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 398, 402; Graham v. 

Bank of America, N. A. (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 594, 616; Tiri v. Lucky Chances, Inc. 

(2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 231, 239; Carmona v. Lincoln Millennium Car Wash, Inc. (2014) 

226 Cal.App.4th 74, 83–84; Lane v. Francis Capital Management LLC (2014) 224 

Cal.App.4th 676, 689–693.)
12

a precondition to applying for employment with CarMax, was a standard contract of 

adhesion imposed and drafted by CarMax, the party with superior bargaining power. 

(Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 113.) Plaintiffs do not argue, however, that they 

were surprised by hidden terms or somehow not informed of the terms of the agreement. 

There was therefore only some evidence of procedural unconscionability.

Substantive unconscionability focuses on “‘“overly harsh”’ or ‘“one-sided”’ 

results.” (Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 114.) Plaintiffs argue that the provision 

allowing CarMax to alter or terminate the arbitration agreement on December 31 of any 

year by posting notice 30 days in advance at CarMax locations is unilateral and renders 

the agreement substantively unconscionable. We found the modification provision did 

not make the CarMax arbitration agreement illusory in Casas v. Carmax Auto 

Superstores California, LLC (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 1233, 1237, and noted that under 

California law, even a modification provision not providing for advance notice does not 

render an arbitration agreement illusory and thus unconscionable, because the agreement 

also contains an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. (Ibid; Peleg v. Neiman 

Marcus Group, Inc. (2012) 204 Cal.App.4th 1425, 1463–1464.)

Although Plaintiffs do not raise this point, the arbitration agreement also provides: 

“[A]ll claims arising before alteration or termination shall be subject to the [agreement] 

in effect at the time the Arbitration Request Form is received by the Company.” To the 

extent that this express statement would subject claims “arising” before a modification 

but not submitted to arbitration until after incorporation of that modification into the 

arbitration agreement, the covenant of good faith and fair dealing cannot vary the plain

language. (Peleg v. Neiman Marcus Group, Inc., supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at p. 1465.)5 

Nevertheless, the arbitration agreement also provides that if any of the arbitration rules 

 

5 Plaintiffs cite Ingle v. Circuit City Stores, Inc. (9th Cir. 2003) 328 F.3d 1165, 

overruled on another point in Concepcion, which found unconscionable a unilateral 

modification clause in an arbitration agreement. That case, however, expressly did not 

hold that the clause by itself rendered the agreement unenforceable. (Ingle, at pp. 1179–

1180, fn. 23.)
13

“is held to be in conflict with a mandatory provision of applicable law, the conflicting 

Rule or Procedure shall be modified automatically to comply with the mandatory 

provision” until the rules can be formally modified to comply with the law. “That 

express statement . . . means that should an employee assert a claim that arose before 

modification of the agreement, CarMax could not apply the modifications to that claim.” 

(Casas v. Carmax, supra, 224 Cal.App.4th at p. 1237.) The modification provision 

therefore does not constitute sufficient evidence of substantive unconscionability to 

counterbalance the relatively low level of procedural unconscionability.

IV. Gentry is preempted by the FAA.

The trial court concluded that Concepcion rejected Gentry to the extent that it 

subjected a class action waiver in an arbitration agreement to special scrutiny as a 

precondition to determining whether to enforce the waiver. Our original opinion reversed 

the trial court on this point. The Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari regarding our 

decision reversing the trial court, vacated the judgment, and remanded to us for 

reconsideration. “‘Where intervening developments . . . reveal a reasonable probability 

that the decision below rests upon a premise that the lower court would reject if given the 

opportunity for further consideration, and where it appears that such a redetermination 

may determine the ultimate outcome of the litigation, [an order granting the petition, 

vacating the judgment below, and remanding the case . . . ] is, we believe, potentially 

appropriate.’ [Citations.]” (Greene v. Fisher (2011) 565 U.S. ___ [132 S.Ct. 38, 45, 181 

L.Ed.2d 336].) Italian Colors, supra, 133 S.Ct. 2304, decided three months after our 

initial opinion, and Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th 348, decided a year after Italian Colors, 

establish that the FAA preempts the rule in Gentry and the trial court was correct.

Discover Bank, supra, 36 Cal.4th 148, which the United States Supreme Court 

overruled in Concepcion, supra, 563 U.S. ___, involved a consumer contract of adhesion 

(a credit cardholder agreement). Our Supreme Court concluded that class action 

arbitration waivers found in such consumer contracts may be substantively

unconscionable “‘inasmuch as they may operate effectively as exculpatory contract 
14

clauses that are contrary to public policy.’” (Discover Bank, at p. 161.) The court 

explained that when a consumer contract of adhesion contains a class arbitration waiver, 

under circumstances where disputes likely involve small amounts of damages, and where 

a litigant alleges that the party with the greater bargaining power engages in a scheme to 

deliberately cheat individual consumers out of small amounts of money, under California 

law such a waiver is invalid as unconscionable. (Id. at pp. 162–163.)

The California Supreme Court followed Discover Bank with Gentry, supra, 42 

Cal.4th 443, in which the court held that a class action waiver in an arbitration agreement 

not in a consumer contract, but between an employee and his employer, would be invalid

“under some circumstances [in which] such a provision would lead to a de facto waiver 

and would impermissibly interfere with employees’ ability to vindicate unwaivable rights 

and to enforce the overtime laws.” (Gentry, at p. 457.) The court noted that individual 

awards in wage-and-hour cases tended to be modest, and employees and their attorneys 

must weigh that anticipated modest recovery (and the modest means of the plaintiffs) 

against the risk of not prevailing and incurring substantial attorney fees. Further, a 

current employee who sues his employer faces a greater risk of retaliation, individual 

employees may not sue because they are unaware that their legal rights may be violated, 

and even where some individual claims are larger, class actions may be necessary for the 

effective enforcement of statutory policies. (Id. at pp. 458–462.) Under those 

circumstances and any others imposing “real world obstacles to the vindication of class 

members’ rights . . . through individual arbitration,” (id. at p. 463) a class action waiver 

has an “exculpatory effect” and violates Civil Code section 1668. (Gentry, at pp. 457, 

463.) After considering those factors, if the trial court concludes that a class action “is

likely to be a significantly more effective practical means of vindicating the rights of the 

affected employees than individual litigation or arbitration, and finds that the 

disallowance of the class action will likely lead to a less comprehensive enforcement of 

overtime laws for the employees alleged to be affected by the employer’s violations, it 

must invalidate the class arbitration waiver to ensure that these employees can ‘vindicate 
15

[their] unwaivable rights . . . .’” (Gentry, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 463.) If no other 

provision in the arbitration agreement is unenforceable, the court should invalidate the 

waiver and send the case to arbitration as a class action, or have the class action heard in 

court if the parties so stipulate. (Id. at p. 466.) Gentry required the trial court to 

determine whether “whether a class . . . action . . . is a significantly more effective 

practical means of vindicating unwaivable statutory rights, which is a discretionary 

determination subject to abuse of discretion review.” (Arguelles-Romero v. Superior 

Court (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 825, 841.) Our original opinion directed the trial court, on 

remand, to determine whether the Gentry factors required that Plaintiffs be allowed to 

proceed with the class action in spite of the waiver in the agreement.

Italian Colors, supra, 133 S.Ct. 2304 clarified that even when statutory rights are 

at stake, an arbitration agreement may include a valid waiver of class actions regardless 

of whether the facts show that such suits would be significantly more effective in 

vindicating those rights. In Italian Colors, the respondents were merchants who accepted 

American Express cards, pursuant to an agreement with American Express containing a 

clause that required all disputes to be resolved by arbitration, and provided “‘[t]here shall 

be no right or authority for any Claims to be arbitrated on a class action basis.’ 

[Citation.]” (Id. at p. 2308.) Respondents brought a class action against American 

Express for violation of the federal antitrust laws, alleging that American Express used its 

monopoly power in the charge card market to force merchants to accept credit cards at 

higher rates than competing cards. (Ibid.) When American Express moved to enforce the 

waiver and compel individual arbitration under the FAA, the merchants submitted an 

expert’s declaration estimating that it would cost from several hundred thousand dollars 

to $1 million to do the analysis necessary to prove the antitrust claims, while the 

maximum individual recovery, even with trebled damages, would be less than $39,000. 

The Court of Appeal held that the waiver was unenforceable, because the merchants had 

proven that their costs would be prohibitive if they were compelled to arbitrate under the 

class action waiver. (Ibid.) The court granted certiorari to consider “‘[w]hether the 
16

Federal Arbitration Act permits courts . . . to invalidate arbitration agreements on the 

ground that they do not permit class arbitration of a federal-law claim.” (Ibid.)

The court concluded that courts could not invalidate an arbitration agreement 

when a claim alleged violation of a federal statute, unless the FAA had been 

‘“‘overridden by a contrary congressional command.”’” (Italian Colors, supra, 133 S.Ct. 

at p. 2309.) No such command existed, as nothing in the antitrust laws showed an 

intention to preclude a waiver of a class action procedure, and the federal rule 

establishing class actions did not establish an entitlement to class proceedings whenever 

litigants sought to vindicate a statutory right. (Ibid.) Further, the court rejected any 

“judge-made exception to the FAA . . . allowing courts to invalidate agreements that 

prevent the ‘effective vindication’ of a federal statutory right” (when plaintiffs lack 

economic incentive to pursue claims individually in arbitration). (Id. at p. 2310.) “[T]he 

fact that it is not worth the expense involved in proving a statutory remedy does not 

constitute the elimination of the right to pursue that remedy.” (Id. at p. 2311.) As an 

example, the court cited a case “enforcing a class waiver in an arbitration agreement even 

though the federal statute at issue, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, expressly 

permitted collective actions.’” (Ibid.) “[T]he FAA’s command to enforce arbitration 

agreements trumps any interest in ensuring the prosecution of low-value claims.” (Id. at 

p. 2312, fn. 5.)

In Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th 348, an employee signed an arbitration agreement 

expressly waiving class and representative actions against the employer, a transportation 

company. The employee’s first amended complaint alleged individual and class claims 

against the company, alleging seven causes of action for Labor Code violations and a 

claim for unfair competition, and also seeking civil penalties in a representative capacity 

under PAGA. (Id. at pp. 360–361.) The company filed a motion to compel arbitration,

which the trial court granted. Shortly thereafter, the California Supreme Court decided 

Gentry, and the Court of Appeal issued a writ of mandate directing the superior court to 

reconsider its ruling. On remand, the company withdrew its motion to compel, and the 
17

trial court granted the employee’s motion to certify the class. When the Supreme Court 

issued Concepcion, the company renewed its motion to compel, and the trial court ruled 

in favor of the company, ordering the case into individual arbitration and dismissing the 

class claims with prejudice. (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 361.) The Court of Appeal 

affirmed, and the California Supreme Court granted review. (Id. at pp. 361–362.) The 

court held that “Concepcion made clear that even if a state law rule against consumer 

class waivers were limited to ‘class proceedings [that] are necessary to prosecute smalldollar claims that might otherwise slip through the legal system,’ it would still be 

preempted because states cannot require a procedure that interferes with fundamental 

attributes of arbitration ‘even if it is desirable for unrelated reasons.’” (Id. at p. 364.) 

Under Concepcion and Italian Colors, “even if a class waiver is exculpatory in a 

particular case, it is nonetheless preempted by the FAA. Under the logic of Concepcion, 

the FAA preempts Gentry’s rule against employment class waivers.” (Iskanian, supra, 

59 Cal.4th at p. 364.)

We therefore affirm the trial court’s conclusion that Gentry does not apply to 

subject the class action waiver in this case to special scrutiny as a precondition to 

enforcement.

V. The NLRA does not bar enforcement of the arbitration agreement.

The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) concluded in D.R. Horton, Inc. & 

Cuda (2012) 357 NLRB No. 184, that requiring an employee to waive class treatment of 

grievances regarding wage claims violated an employee’s rights under the NLRA. After 

a thorough analysis of the NLRB’s decision and the Fifth Circuit’s subsequent decision in 

D.R. Horton, Inc. v. NLRB (5th Cir. 2013) 737 F.3d 344, the Iskanian court concluded:

“[I]n light of the FAA’s ‘“liberal federal policy favoring arbitration”’ (Concepcion, 

supra, 563 U.S. at p. ___ [131 S.Ct. at p. 1745), . . . sections 7 and 8 of the NLRA do not 

represent ‘“a contrary congressional command’” overriding the FAA’s mandate

(CompuCredit [Corp.] v. Greenwood [(2012)] 565 U.S. at p. ___ [132 S.Ct. [665,]
18

669]).” (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 373; see Nelsen v. Legacy Partners Residential,

Inc., supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1133–1135.)

VI. The representative PAGA claims are not subject to waiver.

The trial court concluded that under the arbitration agreement’s language 

prohibiting arbitration of a class action, defined as “an arbitration or lawsuit where 

representative members of a large group who claim to share a common interest seek 

collective relief,” Plaintiffs could pursue only their individual PAGA claims in 

arbitration. Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th 348 confirms, however, that an arbitration 

agreement may not expressly waive an employee’s representative claim under PAGA, as 

such a waiver “is contrary to public policy and unenforceable as a matter of state law,”

and that such a claim is not preempted by the FAA. (Id. at p. 384.) As an express waiver 

is prohibited, an implied waiver of Plaintiffs’ PAGA claims cannot be read into the 

arbitration agreement.

As in Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th 348, questions remain that the parties have not 

addressed: “(1) Will the parties agree on a single forum for resolving the PAGA claim 

and the other claims? (2) If not, is it appropriate to bifurcate the claims, with individual 

claims going to arbitration and the representative PAGA claim to litigation? (3) If such 

bifurcation occurs, should the arbitration be stayed pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure 

section 1281.2?” (Id. at pp. 391–392.) The parties may address those questions on 

remand. (Id. at p. 392.)
19

DISPOSITION

The trial court’s order enforcing the Private Attorneys General Act of 2004, Labor 

Code section 2698 et seq., waiver in the arbitration agreement is reversed. On remand, 

the parties shall decide whether to agree on a single forum for all claims; if not, whether 

to bifurcate the claims, sending individual claims to arbitration and the representative 

Private Attorneys General Act claims to litigation; and if bifurcation occurs, whether to 

stay the arbitration pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 1281.2. In all other 

respects, the judgment is affirmed. Each side is to bear its costs on appeal.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.

JOHNSON, J.

We concur:

CHANEY, Acting P. J.

MILLER, J.*

 

*

Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant 

to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.