[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 96-9288

________________________

 BRB #94-0507, OWCP #6-136921 

SEACO AND SIGNAL MUTUAL ADMINISTRATION,

Petitioner, 

versus

ALONZO RICHARDSON and DIRECTOR,

OFFICE OF WORKERS COMPENSATION PROGRAMS,

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Respondents.

________________________

Petition for Review of an Order of the Benefits Review Board

United States Department of Labor

_________________________

(March 11, 1998)

Before ANDERSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges, and HOEVELER*, Senior District

Judge.

PER CURIAM:

_______________________

* Honorable William M. Hoeveler, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of

Florida, sitting by designation.
1

 Signal Mutual Administration is the insurance

carrier for SEACO.

2

 Richardson worked on August 21 and 23, 1991, and

did not seek temporary total disability benefits for

those two days.

2

In this case, SEACO and Signal Mutual Administration1 (“the petitioners”) petition

for review of an order of the United States Department of Labor Benefits Review Board

affirming a decision by an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) in which the ALJ denied the

petitioners’ request for a credit for certain payments made to the respondent, Alonzo

Richardson, during the period of his disability. Because we conclude that the container

royalty and holiday/vacation payments received by Richardson do not constitute “advance

payments of compensation” under 33 U.S.C. § 914(j) and do not represent post-injury

“wage-earning capacity” under 33 U.S.C. § 908(h), we affirm the Benefits Review

Board’s affirmance of the ALJ’s decision denying the petitioners’ request for a credit.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On April 8, 1991, Alonzo Richardson injured his lower back and stomach while

in the course of his employment as a longshoreman with SEACO. This injury resulted

in Richardson’s absence from work during the period from April 9, 1991, through

January 31, 1992.2

 SEACO paid compensation to Richardson for temporary total

disability from April 9, 1991, to August 1, 1991, and from September 5, 1991, to

December 18, 1991. In December 1991, pursuant to his International Longshoremen

Association (“ILA”) contract, Richardson received a lump sum payment of
3

 The parties stipulated that under Richardson’s

ILA contract, a longshoreman with 700 hours of work in

the contract year, which runs from October 1 to

September 30, qualifies for container royalty pay and

holiday/vacation pay. These payments are made from the

Container Royalty and Holiday/Vacation Funds and are

made in December for each contract year ending the

previous September 30. Under the ILA contract, if an

employee is injured while in the course of employment

and receives temporary total disability payments, then

the employee is entitled to 3 hours per day toward his

container royalty pay requirement and 20 hours per week

toward his holiday/vacation pay requirement. These

hours are referred to as “gratuity” hours. Richardson

had worked 635 hours prior to his injury on April 8,

1991, and worked 12 more hours when he returned to work

on August 21 and 23, 1991. He was credited with the

remaining 53 hours necessary to meet the 700 hour

requirement by virtue of receiving “gratuity” hours

during the period of his disability.

4

 The petitioners also claimed that Richardson

received similar container royalty and holiday/vacation

payments in December 1992 for the 1992 contract year,

and they also sought a credit for these payments.

3

approximately $10,000 in “container royalty” and “holiday/vacation” pay.3 In a

hearing before an ALJ, Richardson sought temporary total disability compensation for

the brief periods of time not already paid by SEACO; at the same hearing the

petitioners sought a credit for alleged overpayments of compensation due to the

container royalty and holiday/vacation pay Richardson received pursuant to his ILA

contract.4

 In a September 22, 1993, order, the ALJ granted Richardson’s request for

temporary total disability compensation during the disputed time periods and denied

the petitioners’ request for a credit for the container royalty and holiday/vacation
5

 The ALJ resolved a number of other issues that

are not relevant to this appeal.

4

payments made to Richardson during the period of his disability.5 Only the latter

ruling was challenged by the petitioners in their appeal to the Benefits Review Board. 

The ALJ’s decision was deemed affirmed by the Benefits Review Board pursuant to

Public Law 104-134 because the petitioners’ appeal was pending before the Board for

longer than a year and was not acted upon before September 12, 1996. This affirmance

is considered a final order of the Benefits Review Board, and thus the petitioners filed

a petition for review of the order before this court.

II. DISCUSSION

The only issue raised in this appeal is a legal question, and thus we will engage

in de novo review of the ALJ’s decision. The petitioners contend that they are entitled

to a credit under § 14(j) of the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, 33

U.S.C. § 914(j), et seq. (“LHWCA”), which provides that “[i]f the employer has made

advance payments of compensation, he shall be entitled to be reimbursed out of any

unpaid installment or installments of compensation due.” 33 U.S.C. § 914(j) (1986). 

We conclude that the petitioners are not entitled to a credit under § 14(j) because they

have introduced no evidence that the container royalty and holiday/vacation payments

made to Richardson were intended as advance payments “in lieu of compensation,” as

is required under § 14(j) of the LHWCA. See Branch v. Ceres Corp., 29 BRBS 53, 55

(1995), aff’d mem., 96 F.3d 1438 (4th Cir. 1996). The fact that Richardson and other
6

 Section 14(k) was the precursor to § 14(j) and

also allowed a credit for employers that made “advance

payments of compensation” to an employee.

5

longshoremen are able to “earn” these payments regardless of whether they are

disabled “belies a finding that these payments were intended as advance payments of

compensation.” Trice v. Virginia International Terminals, Inc., 30 BRBS 165, 168

(1996) (reversing ALJ’s decision to grant employer a credit under § 14(j) for container

royalty and vacation/holiday payments made to employee during his period of

disability). Section 14(j) deals with situations in which an employer voluntarily

continues the salary of an injured employee and the employee subsequently establishes

an entitlement to disability benefits that are lower than the voluntary salary payments

made by the employer. See generally, Tibbetts v. Bath Iron Works, Corp., 10 BRBS

245, 247-248 (1979) (concluding that employer was entitled to a credit under § 14(k)

of the LHWCA).6

 In that situation, the employer is entitled to a credit under § 14(j) for

its advance payments of salary because the salary continuation is considered an

advance on disability benefits. The instant situation simply is not contemplated by §

14(j) of the LHWCA.

The petitioners argue that denying an employer a credit for container royalty and

holiday/vacation payments made to an employee during a period of disability is unfair

because container royalty and holiday/vacation payments are included in determining
7

 Pre-injury “average weekly wage” is used to

calculate a disabled employee’s entitlement to

disability benefits. If an employee is found to be

temporarily totally disabled, his disability benefits

are equal to two-thirds of his pre-injury “average

weekly wage.” 33 U.S.C. § 908(b). If an employee is

only temporarily partially disabled, then he receives

two-thirds of the difference between his pre-injury

average weekly wage and his remaining earning capacity. 

33 U.S.C. § 908(c)(21) (1986).

6

an employee’s pre-injury “average weekly wage.”7 See Lopez v. Southern Stevedores,

23 BRBS 295, 300 (1990) (holding that container royalty and holiday/vacation

payments should be included in determining an employee’s pre-injury “average weekly

wage” because these payments are part of an employee’s income). Under the

petitioners’ theory, container royalty and holiday/vacation payments must be treated as

“wages” for all purposes, including employer credits, in order to avoid double recovery

for the employee. See Codero v. International Terminal Operating Co., 25 BRBS 332,

337-338 (ALJ) (1991); Mitchell v. Smith & Kelly Co., 25 BRBS 201, 207 (ALJ)

(1991). The two ALJ decisions relied on by the petitioners, Codero and Mitchell, did

not find that the employer was entitled to a credit under § 14(j) of the LHWCA. See

Codero, 25 BRBS at 339 (specifically noting that the employer was not seeking a

credit under § 14(j)); Mitchell, 25 BRBS at 207-208 (same). Rather, Codero and

Mitchell allowed the employer a credit because the ALJ found that container royalty

and holiday/vacation payments represented post-injury “wage-earning capacity” to the
8

 In the case of a temporary partial disability,

the employer gets credit for the employee’s post-injury

“wage-earning capacity.” See supra note 7.

9

 Section 8(h) provides that the wage-earning

capacity of an injured employee for purposes of

determining temporary partial disability under § 8(e)

“shall be determined by his actual earnings if such

actual earnings fairly and reasonably represent his

wage-earning capacity.” 33 U.S.C. § 908(h) (1986).

7

employee and thus the employee was partially,8 rather than totally, disabled. This

reasoning was recently rejected in both Eagle Marine Services v. Director, Office of

Workers Compensation Programs, 115 F.3d 735, 737 (9th Cir. 1997), and Branch v.

Ceres Corporation, 29 BRBS 53, 55-56 (1995), aff’d mem., 96 F.3d 1438 (4th Cir.

1996). In Eagle Marine Services, the court concluded that the disabled employee’s

receipt of holiday pay did not reflect post-injury “wage-earning capacity” under § 8(h)

of the LHWCA9

 because, under the ILA contract, the employee’s entitlement to the

holiday pay “was based principally upon his working a certain number of hours in the

previous year.” Eagle Marine Services, 115 F.3d at 737 (concluding that the

employee’s holiday pay was “a measure of pre-injury earning capacity, not of postinjury earning capacity” and that the employer’s emphasis on the timing of the receipt

of the wages “erroneously equates earning with receipt and obscures the distinction

between wages and wage-earning capacity”). We agree. The lump-sum container

royalty and holiday/vacation payments received by Richardson in December 1991 were

principally earned as a result of Richardson’s pre-injury employment during the
8

contract year ending September 1991. The “gratuity” hours that Richardson received

during his period of disability were credited to Richardson pursuant to the terms of the

ILA union contract and were not based on any services rendered by Richardson to

SEACO. Therefore, we hold that Richardson’s receipt of container royalty and

holiday/vacation payments does not represent post-injury “wage-earning capacity”

under § 8(h), that the payments do not convert his temporary total disability to a partial

disability, and thus that the petitioners are not entitled to any credit for these payments

to Richardson during the period of his disability. 

For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the petitioners are not entitled to a credit

under § 14(j) for container royalty and holiday/vacation payments made to Richardson

during the period of his disability; and we hold that those payments do not represent

post-injury “wage-earning capacity” under § 8(h) and thus those payments do not

convert Richardson’s temporary total disability into a partial disability. Accordingly,

the Benefits Review Board’s administrative affirmance of the ALJ’s decision denying

the petitioners’ request for a credit is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.