# Patent

## Title
Fabric closure with an access opening for cargo containers

## Abstract

A fabric closure, and enclosure, are provided for cargo containers, including a fabric panel formed of high-strength yarns, and a selectively closeable opening formed in the fabric panel for access therethrough, the selectively closeable opening having a substantially vertical opening, and a slide fastener for closure thereof.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of transportation, and, more particularly, to cargo containers having a fabric closure formed of high strength yarns, with an easy access opening, that functions both as a cut-resistant cargo curtain and a load retainer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Cargo containers of many forms have been used for transporting land, sea, and air cargo for many years. For example, one type of cargo container is box-like, with at least two side walls, a top, and a flat bottom. Another type of cargo container has opposed side walls and a rounded back and top. From the side, this type of container resembles a quadrant of a circle, and is shaped in this matter to conform to the shape of the cargo bay of cargo transport aircraft. Typically, and regardless of the shape or geometry of the container, one end or side of the cargo container is open for loading and unloading cargo.
Various door closures have been used for opening and closing the open ends of such containers. One type of closure has been a rigid door closure which covers the opening to reduce tampering, to prevent the loss of small items, and to prevent the cargo from being exposed to dirt, moisture, and ultraviolet light. Another type of closures includes the combination of a webbing and a fabric closure. This type of closure has been generally preferred over rigid door closures because it tends to be much lighter and less expensive. The fabric covers have typically been formed from canvas, or vinyl coated nylon or polyester. However, each of these fabrics lacks the durability to withstand physical stresses or lacks resistance to environmental conditions or harsh chemicals common to the transportation industry. For example, exposure to ultraviolet light, diesel and jet fuels, and oils, tends to rapidly degrade such fabric covers. Accordingly, the durability of a cargo cover is ultimately determined by its tear-strength, abrasion resistance, cut-and-stab resistance and ability to withstand environmental and chemical exposure. Otherwise, the product life is very limited and replacement costs are high. Because fabric covers lack the durability to also serve as load retainers, a separate webbing or netting is required to keep the cargo restrained so that it cannot pass through the covered end or fall out.
In more recent years, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,395,682, fabric closures have been developed of a woven fabric formed of yarns of the fabric are constructed of long-chain extended (ultra-high molecular weight) polyethylene fibers. Such closures have exhibited increased strength and durability, while being considerably lighter than fabrics previously available. More specifically, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,755,232, the fabric closures have been formed as a unitary panel, having web straps spaced apart and attached to the panel for releasable attachment to existing fasteners on the cargo container. In a further improvement to eliminate the need to completely remove the fabric closure from the cargo container for loading and unloading purposes, a fabric closure was developed comprising a single panels, or two panels, having an access opening for loading, unloading, and inspecting cargo, with the loosening or removal of a minimal number of straps and fasteners.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The inventors have discovered that, while having an access opening in the fabric closure facilitates less labor and time intensive requirements for loading and unloading of cargo, including such an access opening creates problems in and of itself, such as vulnerability of exposure of the cargo to contaminants and environmental elements, as well as possible penetration by cargo handling equipment are serious drawbacks.
The present invention is directed to a closure for covering the openings of cargo containers, baggage trailers, or trucks that accomplishes both of the above-described functions. Thus, the closure described hereinafter functions as both a cut-resistant cargo curtain and a load retainer for preventing cargo from falling out of the cargo container or otherwise penetrating the closure. Further, the closure described herein may be installed or removed in a fraction of the time required to install separate covers and nets or webbing and is not subject to the entanglement problems inherent in the prior art. Additionally, an easy access is provided in the unitary panel to facilitate loading, unloading, and inspection of the contents of a cargo container without having to completely remove the unitary cover.
Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention is to provide a cut resistant fabric curtain and load retainer for enclosing at least one open end or side of cargo containers having side walls, a top, and a bottom. As used here, “cargo containers” include uniform load devices (ULDs), air cargo containers, sea-land containers, over-land trailers, and the like. Also as used herein, “wall” refers to any of various upright constructions having a length much greater than the thickness and presenting a continuous surface except where pierced by doors, windows, etc. A wall may be planar or have curvature in its construction.
The fabric curtain and load retainer includes at least one panel of fabric formed of at least one layer of fabric woven with yarns formed from fibers sufficiently cut and tear resistant to prevent cargo from penetrating the curtain. The fabric is desirably also resistant to heat, cold, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and chemicals such as diesel and jet fuels and oils. Two high strength yarns formed from long chain polyethylene fibers are available from Honeywell under the trademark SPECTRA® or from DSM under the trademark DYNEEMA®. The term “high strength yarns” means yarns formed from fibers having a tenacity exceeding 7 grams/denier and initial tensile moduli of at least about 150 g/d. Other suitable high-strength yarns having the characteristics described above also may include ultra high molecular weight aramids, and ultra high molecular weight polypropylene, and those formed of blends of such compositions. Aramids are intended also to include para-aramids such as KEVLAR® by DuPont. The fabric should further be coated or laminated with a thermoplastic film.
The fabric closure is formed so that it substantially covers the open end of the cargo container. Preferably, at least some portion overlaps the peripheral edges of the cargo container side walls and top. The overlap portion provides an additional barrier to environmental or other anticipated undesirable elements, and this barrier may be further enhanced by securing the overlap portion around the periphery of the cargo container with a cable or the like that is inserted through a hem formed in the edge of the overlap portion and fastened to the lower front corners of the container. Alternatively, the fabric closure may be secured around the periphery of the open end of the cargo container with riveted fasteners, as such fasteners are well known in the art.
Once the fabric closure has been secured around the periphery of the cargo container, it must be drawn taut to restrain cargo stowed in the container. One way of tensioning the fabric panel is by means of web straps and fasteners that are attached around at least part of the periphery of the fabric closure. For example, it may be desirable to attach the fabric cover along one side and along either the top or bottom of the cargo container with hooks that are attached to the outer edges of the fabric. Adjustable fasteners attached along the opposite side and top or bottom of the fabric closure may then serve the dual function of attaching the fabric closure to those sides of the cargo container as well as drawing the fabric taut, thereby restraining cargo stowed in the cargo container, while preventing items of cargo from slipping around or through the fabric closure. Preferably, the fabric closure is constructed so that opposed pairs of web straps are attached around the periphery of the fabric panel. The term “opposed pair” means that each strap of a pair is positioned at a point on the opposite side of the panel from the other so that the pair form a “load path”. The straps are located to correspond with fasteners attached to the cargo container around the open end thereof. Again, each pair should include one member that is adjustable so that the cover can be made taut. When the strap pairs are attached co-linearly to a high-strength fabric panel such as that described herein, the straps and fabric combination provide load restraint at least equivalent to separately formed webbing or nets. The straps are formed of nylon, but any suitable high strength webbing material may be used. The term “high strength webbing” material means webbing having a tear strength of about 900 pounds or more per linear inch of webbing width. Desirably the straps are sewn to the fabric panel with a high strength thread such as SPECTRA® or DYNEEMA®. The web straps are secured to fasteners, such as hooks and buckles, for securing the top and opposed bottom portions of the fabric panel to the cargo container.
A selectively closeable opening is formed in the fabric panel for access therethrough, and includes at least a vertical opening and sometimes a horizontal opening. A slide fastener is attached along adjacent edges of the length of the vertical opening and the horizontal opening, wherein the fabric panel prevents passage of cargo items which may be stowed in the container around and through the fabric closure.
In some embodiments, the fabric closure further includes web closure straps that are attached adjacent to and on both sides of the substantially vertical opening, the web closure straps having attached fasteners for further securing together both sides of the substantially vertical opening and insuring stability of the load contained therein. The slide fastener, or zipper, attached along the substantially vertical opening may include a tab that is moveable to open from the bottom upwardly and to close from the top downwardly. A flap may be provided to extend along the substantially vertical opening, the substantially horizontal opening, or both to overly and protect the slide fasteners from contamination and exposure to the elements.
In some embodiments the vertical opening terminates at a point near, but not all the way at the top. In other embodiments, the fabric panel extends entirely from the bottom to the top, in which case the panel is essentially formed of two sections joined along adjacent edges where closed. In some embodiments, the horizontal opening intersects the vertical opening to create a T-shaped selectively closeable opening. Alternatively, the horizontal opening may extend from a point spaced apart from one of the opposed side edges of the fabric panel and terminates at the intersection with the vertical opening, to form an inverted L-shape.
These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art after a reading of the following description of the preferred embodiment when considered with the drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic environmental view of a prior art closure for a cargo container.
FIG. 2 is a front perspective view illustrating how the closure of FIG. 1 is secured around the periphery of the cargo container with a cable.
FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a hook assembly-type fastener for securing the prior art closure to a cargo container.
FIG. 3B is a perspective view of a snap hook assembly-type fastener for securing the closure to a cargo container;
FIG. 3C is a perspective view of an adjustable snap hook assembly-type fastener for making the prior art closure taut.
FIG. 3D is a perspective view of a flat hook and cam buckle assembly for securing the opening in the panel;
FIG. 4 is a schematic environmental view of the closure of FIG. 1 with an access opening formed in the closure according to the present invention; and
FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of a closure constructed according to the present invention for a cargo container.
FIG. 6 is a front perspective view of an alternate closure constructed according to the present invention for a cargo container.
FIG. 7 is a front perspective view of another alternate closure constructed according to the present invention for a cargo container.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the drawings in general and to FIGS. 1 through 3D in particular, and by way of background for the present invention, it will be understood that the illustrations are for the purpose of describing known fabric enclosures for open end cargo containers.
As best seen in FIG. 1, a unitary fabric closure that combines the functions of a separate cut-resistant fabric, and of a webbing, is depicted generally as 10. Closure 10 is used in conjunction with a cargo container 12, having side walls 14, a top wall 16, and a bottom 20. While the cargo container 12 shown in FIG. 1 has a dome-shaped top wall 16, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that cargo containers 12 are manufactured in various shapes and sizes. Accordingly, side walls 14, top wall 16, and bottom 20 may vary.
Closure 10 is formed from at least one panel 22 with at least one layer of a fabric woven with high strength yarns formed substantially from high tenacity fibers sufficiently cut resistant to prevent penetration by cargo, or cargo handling equipment. While minor amounts of other fibers (less than 50%) might be blended herewith, the yarns should be primarily from yarns having a tenacity of at least 20 grams/denier.
As used herein, the term “high tenacity fibers” means fibers which have tenacities equal to or greater than about 7 g/d. Preferably, these fibers have initial tensile moduli of at least about 150 g/d and energies-to-break of at least about 8 J/g as measured by ASTM D2256. As used herein, the terms “initial tensile modulus”, “tensile modulus” and “modulus” mean the modulus of elasticity as measured by ASTM 2256 for a yarn and by ASTM D638 for an elastomer or matrix material.
Preferably, the high tenacity fibers have tenacities equal to or greater than about 10 g,/d, more preferably equal to or greater than about 15 g/d, even more preferably equal to or greater than about 20 g/d, and most preferably equal to or greater than about 25 g/d.
The yarns and fabrics of the invention may be comprised of one or more different high strength fibers. The yarns may be in essentially parallel alignment, or the yarns may be twisted, over-wrapped or entangled. The fabrics of the invention may be woven with yarns having different fibers in the warp and weft directions, or in other directions.
The cross-sections of fibers useful herein may vary widely. They may be circular, flat or oblong in cross-section. They may also be of irregular or regular multi-lobal cross-section having one or more regular or irregular lobes projecting from the linear or longitudinal axis of the fibers. It is preferred that the fibers be of substantially circular, flat or oblong cross-section, most preferably substantially circular.
High tenacity fibers useful in the yarns and fabrics of the invention include highly oriented high molecular weight polyolefin fibers, particularly high modulus polyethylene fibers, aramid fibers, polybenzazole fibers such as polybenzoxazole (PBO) and polybenzothiazole (PBT), polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polyacrylonitrile fibers, liquid crystal copolyester fibers, basalt or other mineral fibers, as well as rigid rod polymer fibers, and mixtures and blends thereof. Preferred high strength fibers useful in this invention include polyolefin fibers, aramid fibers and polybenzazole fibers, and mixtures and blends thereof. Most preferred are high modulus polyethylene fibers, aramid fibers and polybenzoxazole fibers, and blends and mixtures thereof. The yarns may comprise a single type of fiber or blends of two or more fibers. Additionally, different fibers may be employed in the fiber network.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,457,985 generally discusses such high molecular weight polyethylene and polypropylene fibers, and the disclosure of this patent is hereby incorporated by reference to the extent that it is not inconsistent herewith. In the case of polyethylene, suitable fibers are those of weight average molecular weight of at least about 150,000, preferably at least about one million and more preferably between about two million and about five million. Such high molecular weight polyethylene fibers may be spun in solution (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,137,394 and 4,356,138), or a filament spun from a solution to form a gel structure (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,413,110, German Off. No. 3,004, 699 and GB Patent No. 2051667), or the polyethylene fibers may be produced by a rolling and drawing process (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,657). As used herein, the term polyethylene means a predominantly linear polyethylene material that may contain minor amounts of chain branching or comonomers not exceeding about 5 modifying units per 100 main chain carbon atoms, and that may also contain admixed therewith not more than about 50 wt % of one or more polymeric additives such as alkene-l-polymers, in particular low density polyethylene, polypropylene or polybutylene, copolymers containing mono-olefins as primary monomers, oxidized polyolefins, graft polyolefin copolymers and polyoxymethylenes, or low molecular weight additives such as antioxidants, lubricants, ultraviolet screening agents, colorants and the like which are commonly incorporated.
High tenacity polyethylene fibers (also referred to as extended chain or high modulus polyethylene fibers) are preferred and are sold under the trademark SPECTRA® by Honeywell International Inc. of Morristown, N.J., U.S.A.
Depending upon the formation technique, the draw ratio and temperatures, and other conditions, a variety of properties can be imparted to these fibers. The tenacity of the fibers are at least about 7 g/d, preferably at least about 15 g/d, more preferably at least about 20 g/d and most preferably at least about 25 g/d. Similarly, the initial tensile modulus of the fibers, as measured by an Instron tensile testing machine, is preferably at least about 300 g/d, more preferably at least about 500 g/d, still more preferably at least about 1,000 g/d and most preferably at least about 1,200 g/d. These highest values for initial tensile modulus and tenacity are generally obtainable only by employing solution grown or gel spinning processes. Many of the filaments have melting points higher than the melting point of the polymer from which they were formed. Thus, for example, high molecular weight polyethylene of about 150,000, preferably about one million and more preferably about two million molecular weight generally have melting points, in the bulk of 138° C. The highly oriented polyethylene filaments made of these materials have melting points of from about 7° C. to about 13° C. higher. Thus, a slight increase in melting point reflects the crystalline perfection and higher crystalline orientation of the filaments as compared to the bulk polymer.
Similarly, highly oriented high molecular weight polypropylene fibers of weight average molecular weight at least about 200,000, preferably at least about one million and more preferably at least about two million may be used. Such extended chain polypropylene may be formed into reasonably well oriented filaments by the techniques prescribed in the various references referred to above, and especially by the technique of U.S. Pat. No. 4,413,110. Since polypropylene is a much less crystalline material than polyethylene and contains pendant methyl groups, tenacity values achievable with polypropylene are generally substantially lower than the corresponding values for polyethylene. Accordingly, a suitable tenacity is preferably at least about 8 g/d, more preferably at least about 11 g/d. The initial tensile modulus for polypropylene is preferably at least about 160 g/d, more preferably at least about 200 g/d. The melting point of the polypropylene is generally raised several degrees by the orientation process, such that the polypropylene filament preferably has a main melting point of at least 168° C., more preferably at least 170° C. The particularly [referred ranges for the above described parameters can advantageously provide improved performance in the final article. Employing fibers having a weight average molecular weight of at least about 200,000 coupled with the preferred ranges for the above-described parameters (modulus and tenacity) can provide advantageously improved performance in the final article.
In the case of aramid fibers, suitable fibers formed from aromatic polyamides are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,671,542, which is incorporated herein by reference to the extent not inconsistent herewith. Preferred aramid fibers will have a tenacity of at least about 20 g/d, an initial tensile modulus of at least about 400 g/d and an energy-to-break at least about 8 J/g, and particularly preferred aramid fibers will have a tenacity of at least about 20 g/d and an energy-to-break of at least about 20 J/g. Most preferred aramid fibers will have a tenacity of at least about 20 g/d, a modulus of at least about 900 g/d and an energy-to-break of at least about 30 J/g. For example, polyp-phenylene terephthalamide) filaments which have moderately high moduli and tenacity values are particularly useful in forming ballistic resistant composites. Examples are Kevlar® 29 which has 500 g/d and 22 g/d and Kevlar® 49 which has 1000 g/d and 22 g/d as values of initial tensile modulus and tenacity, respectively. Examples are Twaron® T2000 from Teijin which has a denier of 1000. Other examples are Kevlar® 29 which has 500 g/d and 22 g/d as values of initial tensile modulus and tenacity, respectively, as well as Kevlar® 129 and KM2 which are available in 400, 640 and 840 deniers from du Pont. Aramid fibers from other manufacturers can also be used in this invention. Copolymers of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) may also be used, such as co-poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide 3,4′ oxydiphenylene terephthalamide). Also useful in the practice of this invention are poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) fibers sold by du Pont under the trade name Nomex®.
High molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol (PV-OH) fibers having high tensile modulus are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,711 to Kwon et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference to the extent it is not inconsistent herewith. High molecular weight PV-OH fibers should have a weight average molecular weight of at least about 200,000. Particularly useful PV-OH fibers should have a modulus of at least about 300 g/d, a tenacity preferably at least about 10 g/d, more preferably at least about 14 g/d and most preferably at least about 17 g/d, and an energy to break of at least about 8 J/g. PV-OH fiber having such properties can be produced, for example, by the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,267.
In the case of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), the PAN fiber should have a weight average molecular weight of at least about 400,000. Particularly useful PAN fiber should have a tenacity of preferably at least about 10 g/d and an energy to break of at least about 8 J/g. PAN fiber having a molecular weight of at least about 400,000, a tenacity of at least about 15 to 20 g/d and an energy to break of at least about 8 J/g is most useful; and such fibers are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No 4,535,027.
One preferred material is a woven fabric formed from SPECTRA® polyethylene fibers. In one embodiment, the fabric preferably has between about 15 and about 45 ends per inch (about 5.9 to about 17.7 ends per cm) in both the warp and fill directions, and more preferably between about 17 and about 33 ends per inch (about 6.7 to about 13 ends per cm). The yarns are preferably each between about 650 and about 1200 denier. The result is a woven fabric weighing preferably between about 2 and about 15 ounces per square yard (about 67.8 to about 508.6 g/m2), and more preferably between about 5 and about 11 ounces per square yard (about 169.5 to about 373.0 g/m2). The following table provides fabric constructions that are suitable for use in the present invention, As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the fabric constructions described here are exemplary only and not intended to limit the invention thereto. Each of these uncoated fabrics is available from Hexcel of Anderson, S.C., and is made from SPECTRA® fiber:




















Yarn




Weight
Thickness
Counts
Denier


Style
Weave
(Oz/Yd2)
(Inches)
(Ends/Inch)
(Warp/Fill)







902
Plain
5.5
0.018
17 × 17
1200/1200


904
Plain
6.3
0.017
34 × 34
650/650


952
Plain
6.0
0.017
34 × 34
650/650









As shown in the table, a plain weave fabric having 17 ends per inch of 1200 denier SPECTRA® 900 fiber in both the warp and fill directions weighs only about 5.5 ounces per square yard (about 186.5 g/m2), but has a breaking strength of greater than 800 pounds force per inch (1401 N/cm) in both directions. Other weaves than a plain weave may be employed, such as a basket weave.
The fabric should further be coated or laminated with a thermoplastic film, to provide additional protection from the elements, including waterproofing. As used herein, the terms “coated” and “laminated” may be used interchangeably to describe one or more protective layers applied to a fabric substrate. Exemplary coated fabrics for providing such protection are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,280,546 and 7,820,570, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. This coated fabric includes: (a) a fabric in which high performance yarns are a major constituent and have a denier between about 360 and 1,200; (b) a thermoplastic film bonded to at least one side of the fabric. The thermoplastic film comprising ethylene vinyl acetate, or low density polyethylene, or a combination of the two.
Panel 22 is sized to completely cover the open end of cargo container 12 and to overlap the side and top edges of container 12 with an edge portion 13. Edge portion 13 provides an additional barrier to environmental or other anticipated undesirable elements. As shown in FIG. 2, a hem 15 may be formed in the outer edge of portion 13 for insertion therethrough by a cable 17. Edge portion 13 may then be secured around the periphery of container 12 by fastening opposite ends of cable 17 with clamps 21, or other suitable fasteners. Once secured with clamps 21, cable 17 provides a seal by snugly holding edge portion 13 in a channel 19, such a channel 19 being conventional for cargo containers. Alternatively, and as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 8 described below, the edge portions 13, of the fabric closure, with hems 15 as needed, may be secured around the periphery of the open end of the cargo container with riveted fasteners, as such fasteners are well known in the art.
As shown in FIG. 1, a plurality of opposed web strap pairs 24 and 25 are attached to the top and bottom portions of panel 22 in such fashion and alignment as to provide the same structural arrangement, or “load path,” that a series of continuous web straps might have if attached separately. That is, the combination of a high strength fabric closure with web straps attached thereto along a common axis, forms at least the equivalent restraining force as continuous straps.
Similarly, opposed web strap pairs 26 and 28 are attached to opposing side portions of panel 22. Web straps 24, 25, 26, and 28 are formed from nylon, but other high strength webbing materials may be substituted. The term “high strength webbing” material means webbing having a tear strength of about 900 pounds or more per linear inch of webbing width. Straps 24, 25, 26, and 28 are desirably sewn to panel 22 with high strength threads such as SPECTRA®, or DYNEEMA®, available from DSM.
As is standard in the transportation industry, some cargo container constructions 12 are already normally supplied with a plurality of straps with rings 32 affixed to the cargo container 12 for attaching web straps or separate webbing thereto. Web straps 24, 25, 26, and 28 are aligned to correspond with straps with rings 32 for convenient attachment thereto. A variety of fastener types are commercially available for attachment to the web straps. As shown in FIG. 1, fasteners 34 and 36 are attached to each of the web strap pairs 24, 25, and 26, 28. FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate two types of fasteners 34′ and 34′′ that are suitable for such attachment, although the choice of fasteners is dependent upon the specific container 12, government regulations regarding transportation of specific containers, and the particular application. While fastener 34′ is a simpler construction, 34′′ provides an additional measure of attachment. FIG. 3A shows fastener 34′ as a simple hook assembly comprised of a hook 202 attached to a ring 204 with a strap portion 206. Fastener 34′ is attached to panel 22 with strap 24 or 28. Hook 202 mates with ring 32 that is connected to cargo container 12 with strap 30. Strap portion 206, as well as strap portions 306, 406, and 506 shown in FIGS. 3A through 3D are designed as “sacrificial loops.” That is, should hook 202 require replacement, strap portion 206 may be cut to enable such replacement. A new strap portion 206 may then be looped and sewn to connect a new hook 202 to ring 204 without the need for the timely and costly replacement or alteration of straps 24 or 28, attached to panel 22.
Similarly, FIG. 3B illustrates an alternative fastener 34′′, a snap-hook assembly comprised of a snap hook 302 attached to a ring 304 with a strap portion 306. Fastener 34′′ is attached to panel 22 with strap 24 or 28. Snap-hook 302 mates with ring 32 connected to cargo container 12 via strap 30. The fasteners shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B are but two possible fasteners that may be used from the wide variety of available fasteners. Fasteners 34 may be simple hooks, snap hooks, or other fasteners suitable for mating with rings 32. Since fasteners 34 are non-adjustable, desirably fasteners 36 are adjustable for taking up the slack in panel 22 and providing additional load restraint for the cargo stowed in container 12. FIG. 3C illustrates one possible adjustable fastener 36, 136 suitable for such purpose, comprised of a snap-hook 402 connected to an adjustable buckle 404 with a strap portion 406. The adjustable buckle 404 attaches strap portion 406 to ring 410. Ring 410 attaches to strap 25, 26, thereby securing fastener 36, 136 to panel 22. Fastener 36, 136 is attached to panel 22 with straps and 26.
As shown in FIG. 4, a first aspect of the present invention, designated 100, includes a panel 122 formed from the same material as panel 22 and with a substantially vertical opening 123 extending substantially the length of panel 122. Opening 123 comprises two separate portions or sides, shown in FIG. 4 as 122a and 122b. Non-adjustable web straps 124 and fasteners 134 are attached to adjacent edges of panels 122a and 122b. A slide fastener, or zipper, 128 is attached along the adjacent edges of substantially the entire length of the vertical opening 123. As used herein, the terms “slide fastener” and “zipper” refer to a device used for fastening materials, and comprising two toothed tracks or spiral metal or plastic coils, each bordering one of the two edges to be joined, and having a piece that either interlocks or separates the two edges when pulled. As will be appreciated, the slide fastener 128 that is attached along the vertical opening 123 separates from the bottom edge of the panel 122 upwardly, and interlocks from the top edge of the vertical opening 123 downwardly. Suitable slide fasteners should be at least about 10 gauge, as “gauge” is commonly measured in the art, to provide the heavy-duty load restraint needed. One suitable slide fastener type is a heavy-duty molded plastic zipper (resists corrosive effects of salt and seawater) such as the No. 15 Big Zip, available from Lenzip Manufacturing Corporation of Rolling Meadows, Ill., as Part No. 1540 E. As will be appreciated, depending upon the loading and unloading preferences of the cargo carrier, the zippers used may be either Open Top, Closed Bottom (in which the two tracks do not completely separate when the zipper is opened), or Open Top, Open Bottom (in which the two tracks do completely separate when the zipper is opened).
Optionally, to protect the slide fastener from contamination and exposure from the elements, a flap 129 may be affixed to the panel 122b by sewing, adhering, etc. to extend along the length of the vertical opening 123, the flap having one edge attached to the fabric panel and an opposed free edge overlying the slide fastener 128. To further protect the slide fastener 128 from contaminants and environmental exposure, the flap 129 may be secured to panel 122a with a hook and look fastener, such as VELCRO® 131.
Web strap pairs 140 and 142 are connected with adjustable fasteners 127 to secure opening 123 for transit. Adjustable fasteners 127 function to take-up the slack in panels 122a, 122b in the horizontal direction, while also providing additional load restraint for the cargo in container 12. FIG. 3D illustrates one adjustable fastener 127 that preferably is used. Fastener 127 is comprised of flat hook 502 connected to ring 504 with strap portion 506. Ring 504 is attached with web strap 140 to panel section 122a. Hook 502 mates with adjustable cam buckle 508 that is connected to ring 510 with strap portion 512. Ring 510 is attached with strap 142 to panel section 122b. Non-adjustable straps 124 with fasteners 134, such as those fasteners shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, are attached along the bottom and side portions of panels 122a and 122b, and straps 125 with adjustable fasteners 136 are attached along the top portion of panels 122a and 122b. Adjustable fasteners 136, such as that shown in FIG. 3C, function to take-up slack in the vertical direction and apply additional load restraint for the cargo in container 12.
Turning now to FIG. 5, another aspect of the present invention is directed to a fabric closure 200 for a cargo container 12 of the type described above. As shown in FIG. 5, and as described in greater detail below, the fabric closure 200 of the present invention includes a panel 222 having a selectively closeable access opening 223 formed in a single panel. The selectively closeable access 223 comprises a substantially vertical opening 223a, having a length extending from the bottom edge of the fabric panel and to a point spaced apart from the top edge of the fabric panel. In the embodiment shown, access 223 further comprises a substantially horizontal opening, having a length extending across at least a portion of the fabric panel and intersecting the substantially vertical opening. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the substantially horizontal opening comprises two horizontal portions 223b and 223c, which each extend from a point spaced from an opposed side edge of the panel toward the center of the panel 222 and intersect at the upper edge of the vertical opening 223a to create a substantially T-shaped access. A slide fastener, or zipper, 128 is attached along substantially the entire length of the vertical opening 223a. Similarly, a slide fastener 129 is attached along the length of each of the horizontal portions 223b and 223c. As will be appreciated, the slide fastener 128 that is attached along the vertical opening 223a separates from the bottom edge of the panel 222 upwardly, and interlocks from the top edge of the vertical opening 223a downwardly. Slide fasteners 129 separate from the intersection with vertical opening 223a outwardly toward the opposed side edges of the panel 222 and interlock when an interlocking piece, or tab, is moved inwardly toward the top of the vertical opening 223a. 
Optionally, to protect the slide fasteners from contamination and exposure from the elements, a flap 230 may be affixed to the panel 222 by sewing, adhering, etc. to extend along the length of the vertical opening 223a, the flap having one edge attached to the fabric panel and an opposed free edge overlying the slide fastener 128. Similarly, one or more flaps 232 may be affixed along the length of the horizontal openings 223b and 223c to overly the slide fasters 129 on those horizontal portions.
In the aspect shown in FIG. 5, non-adjustable web straps 124 and fasteners 134 are attached to side portions of the panel 222. Web strap pairs 140 are connected with adjustable fasteners 127 to further secure opening 223a for transit. Adjustable fasteners 126 function to take-up the slack in panel 222 in the horizontal direction, while also providing additional load restraint for the cargo in container 12. Again, FIG. 3D illustrates one adjustable fastener 127 that preferably is used. Fastener 127 is comprised of flat hook 502 connected to ring 504 with strap portion 506. Ring 504 is attached with web strap 140 to panel section 122a. Hook 502 mates with adjustable cam buckle 508 that is connected to ring 510 with strap portion 512. Ring 510 is attached with strap 142 to panel section 122b. Non-adjustable straps 124 with fasteners 134, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, are attached along the bottom and side portions of panels 122a and 122b, and straps 125 with adjustable fasteners 136 are attached along the top portion of panels 122a and 122b. Adjustable fasteners 136 function to take-up slack in the vertical direction and apply additional load restraint for the cargo in container 12.
Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 6, a fabric closure 400 for a cargo container 312, may be formed in the same manner as described above and shown in FIG. 5, except that the access opening 423 is configured differently. As shown in FIG. 6, the single panel 422 also has a selectively closeable access opening 423. Similar in construction to panel 222 in FIG. 5, the selectively closeable access 423 comprises a substantially vertical opening 423a, having a length extending from the bottom edge of the fabric panel to a point spaced apart from the top edge of the fabric panel. Access 423 also further comprises a substantially horizontal opening, having a length extending across at least a portion of the fabric panel and intersecting the substantially vertical opening; however, the substantially horizontal opening comprises only a single openable section 423b, which extends from a point spaced apart from one of the opposed side edges of the fabric panel 323 and terminates at the intersection with the substantially vertical opening. Thus, the selectively closeable access has an inverted L-shape, depending upon whether the substantially horizontal opening 423b extends from the left side (as viewed from the front of panel 423) or the rights side (as viewed from the front of panel 423). Again, a slide fastener, or zipper, 128 is attached along substantially the entire length of the vertical opening 423a, and a slide fastener 129 is attached along the length of the horizontal portions 423b. Again, the slide fastener 128 that is attached along the vertical opening 423 a may separate from the bottom edge of the panel 422 upwardly, and interlock from the top edge of the vertical opening 423a downwardly. Again, slide fasteners 129 separate from the intersection with vertical opening 423a outwardly toward the opposed side edges of the panel 422 and interlock when the interlocking piece, or tab, is moved inwardly toward the top of the vertical opening 423a. 
Again, optionally, to protect the slide fasteners from contamination and exposure from the elements, a flap 420 may be affixed to the panel 422 by sewing, adhering, etc. to extend along the length of the vertical opening 423a, the flap having one edge attached to the fabric panel and an opposed free edge overlying the slide fastener 125. Similarly, one or more flaps 329 may be affixed along the length of the horizontal opening 423b to overly and protect the slide faster 127 on that horizontal portion. To further protect the slide fasteners 128 and 129 from contaminants and environmental exposure, the flaps 420 and 432 may be secured to panel 422 with a hook and look fastener, such as VELCRO® 431.
Similar to the previous embodiments, non-adjustable web straps 124 and fasteners 134 or web straps 126 with adjustable fasteners 136 may be attached to spaced apart locations about the bottom of the panel 422 for secure attachment, and adjustment, as desired of the enclosure 400 to the bottom of the cargo container 312. Again, for addition strength and load restraint, web strap pairs 140 may be connected with adjustable fasteners 128 to further secure opening 423a for transit.
Turning lastly to FIG. 7, another exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown. As shown, another more regularly shaped cargo container type 412, with walls 514, top 516, and bottom 520, is illustrated having a fabric enclosure 500 over an open end. The fabric enclosure 500 also is formed of the same fabric described above and comprising cut and puncture resistant long chain polyethylene fibers/yarns. The fabric enclosure 500 comprises edge portions 513 overlapping the edges of the cargo container 412, the edge portions in this embodiment being secured about the perimeter of the cargo container 412 by spaced rivets 524, instead of spaced fasteners.
In the aspect shown in FIG. 7, the closure may be applied to the smaller type of containers. As illustrated the single panel 522 includes a selectively closeable access 523 which may comprise one or, as illustrated, two substantially vertical openings 523a and 523b, each having a length extending from the bottom edge of the fabric panel 522 to a point spaced apart from the top edge of the fabric panel. A slide fastener, or zipper, 128 is attached along substantially the entire length of each vertical opening 523a, 523b. Again, the slide fasteners 128 that are attached along the vertical opening 523a, 523b may separate from the bottom edge of the panel 522 upwardly, and interlock from the top edge of the vertical openings downwardly.
Again, optionally, to protect the slide fasteners from contamination and exposure from the elements, flaps 519 may be affixed to the panel 522 by sewing, adhering, etc. to extend along the length of the vertical openings 523a, 523b, each flap having one edge attached to the fabric panel 522 and an opposed free edge overlying its respective slide fastener 128. Also, again, to further protect the slide fasteners 128 from contaminants and environmental exposure, the flaps 519 may be secured to panel 522 with a hook and look fastener material, such as VELCRO® 531.
Certain modifications and improvements will occur to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the foregoing description. It should be understood that all such modifications and improvements have been deleted herein for the sake of conciseness and readability but are properly within the scope of the following claims.

## Claims

1. A fabric closure for the open side of cargo containers of the type having a plurality of side walls, one of which is open, a top, a bottom, said fabric closure comprising:
(a) a cut and puncture-resistant, substantially waterproof, fabric panel formed of high-strength yarns made with fibers having a tenacity greater than about 20 grams/denier, the fabric panel having top and bottom edges and opposed side edges, wherein the top, bottom, and side edges of the fabric panel are attached to the container side, top, and bottom walls adjacent the open end; and
(b) a selectively closeable opening formed in the fabric panel for access therethrough, the selectively closeable opening comprising:
(i) a substantially vertical opening between adjacent edges of the fabric having a length extending from the bottom edge of the fabric panel and extending to a point adjacent to but spaced from the top edge of the fabric panel;
(ii) a substantially horizontal opening spaced from the top edge of the fabric panel, formed between adjacent edges of fabric, having a length which covers at least a majority of the width of the fabric panel and that intersects the substantially vertical opening at the upper extremity thereof;
(iii) a first continuous slide fastener attached along adjacent edges of the length of the substantially vertical opening; and
(iv) a flap extending along at least one of substantially vertical opening and the substantially horizontal opening, the flap having one edge attached to the fabric panel and an opposed free edge overlying the at least one slide fastener;

wherein the vertical and horizontal openings in the fabric panel allow for access to at least a majority of the open side wall of the cargo container when open, and prevents passage of cargo items, which may be stowed in the container, around and through the fabric closure when closed.

2. The fabric closure of claim 1, wherein the fabric is formed with yarn formed primarily from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers.

3. The fabric closure of claim 1, further comprising a coating applied to the fabric panel.

4. The fabric closure of claim 3, wherein the coating comprises:
(a) a first thermoplastic film applied directly on at least one side of the fabric, the thermoplastic film comprising ethylene vinyl acetate and having a thickness of between about 2 and 8 mils; and
(b) a second, outer thermoplastic film applied over the first thermoplastic film, the second thermoplastic film being a high density polyethylene or a low density polyethylene and having a thickness of between about 1.5 and 20 mils.

5. The fabric closure of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) a plurality of web straps, each web strap having one end attached to the panel at points spaced from but adjacent the top, bottom, and side edges and forming a marginal area of the panel, the other end of each web strap extending outwardly toward the top, bottom, and side edges of the panel for releasable attachment to the cargo container; and
(b) selected ones of the web straps arranged in opposed pairs along top and bottom edges and along opposed side edges, each of said opposed pairs of web straps when attached to the cargo container creating a load path across the fabric panel that restrains the cargo therein.

6. The fabric closure of claim 5, wherein the marginal area of the panel between the point of attachment of the straps and the adjacent edges forming side, top and bottom portions which wrap around the end of the container, the edges of the fabric panel including a hem through which a cable extends to secure the edges of the fabric panel around the end of the container.

7. The fabric closure of claim 1, further including a plurality of web closure straps attached adjacent to and on both sides of the substantially vertical opening, the plurality of web closure straps having fasteners attached thereto for securing together both sides of the substantially vertical opening.

8. The fabric enclosure of claim 1, wherein the selectively closeable opening formed in the fabric panel further comprises at least one second continuous slide fastener attached along the length of the substantially horizontal opening.

9. The fabric closure of claim 8, wherein the first continuous slide fastener is a first zipper attached along the substantially vertical opening, the first zipper is openable from the bottom upwardly and closeable from the top downwardly, and wherein the at least one second continuous slide fastener attached along the length of the substantially horizontal opening is openable outwardly and closeable inwardly relative to the point of intersection.

10. The fabric closure of claim 9, wherein the slide fasteners are at least 10 gauge.

11. The fabric closure of claim 8, wherein the substantially horizontal opening intersects the substantially vertical opening to create a T-shaped selectively closeable opening.

12. The fabric closure of claim 8, wherein the substantially horizontal opening extends from a point spaced apart from one of the opposed side edges of the fabric panel and terminates at the intersection with the substantially vertical opening.

13. The fabric closure of claim 1, wherein the free edge of the flap and the fabric panel overlain by the free edge further comprise a hook and loop fastening material for securing the free edge to the fabric panel.

14. A system, comprising:
(a) a cargo container having a plurality of side walls, a top, a bottom, and at least one open end; and
(b) a fabric closure, comprising:
(i)a cut and puncture-resistant, substantially waterproof, fabric panel formed of high-strength yarns made with fibers having a tenacity greater than about 20 grams/denier, the fabric panel having top and bottom edges and opposed side edges, wherein the top, bottom, and side edges of the fabric panel are attached to the container side, top, and bottom walls adjacent the open end; and
(ii) a selectively closeable opening formed in the fabric panel for access therethrough, comprising:
(A) a substantially vertical opening between adjacent edges of the fabric having a length extending from the bottom edge of the fabric panel and extending to a point adjacent to but spaced from the top edge of the fabric panel;
(B) a substantially horizontal opening spaced from the top edge of the fabric panel, formed between adjacent edges of fabric, having a length which covers at least a majority of the width of the fabric panel and that intersects the substantially vertical opening at the upper extremity thereof;
(C) a first continuous slide fastener attached along adjacent edges of the length of the substantially vertical opening; and
(D) a flap extending along at least one of the substantially vertical opening and the substantially horizontal opening, the flap having one edge attached to the fabric panel and an opposed free edge overlying the first continuous slide fastener;


wherein the vertical and horizontal openings in the fabric panel allow for access to at least a majority of the open end of the cargo container when open, and prevents passage of cargo items, which may be stowed in the container, around and through the fabric closure when closed.

15. The system of claim 14 wherein the fabric is formed with yarn formed primarily from and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers.

16. The system of claim 14, further comprising a coating applied to the fabric panel.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein the coating comprises:
(a) a first thermoplastic film applied directly on at least one side of the fabric, the thermoplastic film comprising ethylene vinyl acetate and having a thickness of between about 2 and 8 mils; and
(b) a second, outer thermoplastic film applied over the first thermoplastic film, the second thermoplastic film being a high density polyethylene or a low density polyethylene and having a thickness of between about 1.5 and 20 mils.

18. The fabric closure of claim 14, wherein the cargo container comprises riveted connection points along the side walls and top at spaced points around at least one open end for riveted connection of the fabric closure thereto.

19. The system of claim 14, wherein the cargo container comprises fasteners connected to the side walls, top, and bottom at spaced points around at least one open end.

20. The system of claim 19, further comprising:
(a) a plurality of web straps, each web strap having one end attached to the panel at points spaced from but adjacent the top, bottom, and side edges and forming a marginal area of the panel, the other end of each web strap extending outwardly toward the top, bottom, and side edges of the panel for releasable attachment to the cargo container fasteners; and
(b) selected ones of the web straps arranged in opposed pairs along top and bottom edges and along opposed side edges, each of said opposed pairs of web straps when attached to the fasteners creating a load path across the fabric panel that restrains the cargo therein.

21. The system of claim 14 wherein the marginal area of the panel between the point of attachment of the straps and the adjacent edges forming side, top and bottom portions which wrap around the end of the container, the edges of the fabric panel including a hem through which a cable extends to secure the edges of the fabric panel around the end of the container.

22. The system of claim 14 further including a plurality of web closure straps attached adjacent to and on both sides of the substantially vertical opening, the plurality of web closure straps having fasteners attached thereto for securing together both sides of the substantially vertical opening.

23. The system of claim 14, wherein the selectively closeable opening formed in the fabric panel further comprises at least one second continuous slide fastener attached along the length of the substantially horizontal opening.

24. The system of claim 23, wherein the first continuous slide fastener is a first zipper attached along the substantially vertical opening, the first zipper is openable from the bottom upwardly and closeable from the top downwardly, and wherein the at least one second continuous slide fastener attached along the length of the substantially horizontal opening is openable outwardly and closeable inwardly relative to the point of intersection.

25. The system of claim 14, wherein the free edge of the flap and the fabric panel overlain by the free edge further comprise a hook and loop fastening material for securing the free edge to the fabric panel.

26. The system of claim 14, wherein the substantially horizontal opening intersects the substantially vertical opening to create a T-shaped selectively closeable opening.

27. The system of claim 14, wherein the substantially horizontal opening extends from a point spaced apart from one of the opposed side edges of the fabric panel and terminates at the intersection with the substantially vertical opening.

28. The system of claim 14, wherein the slide fasteners are at least 10 gauge.