IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA24-112

Filed 20 August 2024

Lenoir County, No. 23 JA 34

IN THE MATTER OF: K.C. 

Appeal by Respondent-Mother from order entered 24 October 2023 by Judge 

Beth Heath in Lenoir County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 14 May 

2024. 

Jeffrey L. Miller, for Respondent-Mother. 

Sonya Davis, for Respondent-Father, no brief filed.

Robert Griffin, for Petitioner-Appellee Lenoir County Department of Social 

Services.

Winston & Strawn, LLP, by Stacie C. Knight, for the Guardian Ad Litem.

CARPENTER, Judge.

Respondent-Mother appeals from an order (the “Order”) adjudicating the 

juvenile, Ken,1 neglected within the meaning of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(15) and 

granting temporary custody of Ken to the Lenoir County Department of Social 

Services (“DSS”). On appeal, Respondent-Mother argues the trial court erred in 

adjudicating Ken as a neglected juvenile. After careful review, we affirm the Order. 

I. Factual & Procedural Background

1 A pseudonym is used to protect the juvenile’s identity and for ease of reading. See N.C. R. 

App. P. 42(b). 
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Opinion of the Court

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Ken was born in August of 2022 to Respondent-Mother and Father, who were 

and remain an unmarried couple. On 19 May 2023, DSS filed its juvenile petition. 

The petition alleged that Ken was a neglected juvenile due to a positive meconium 

test, unsuccessful attempts by DSS to engage Respondent-Mother in substance-abuse 

treatment, a lack of response from Respondent-Mother to texts and calls from DSS, 

and multiple missed medical appointments regarding Ken’s health issues. That same 

day, the trial court signed an order for nonsecure custody, placing Ken under 

temporary DSS custody. On 18 September 2023, the trial court conducted the 

adjudication hearing. Respondent-Mother appeared with counsel, and the evidence 

tended to show the following. 

At Ken’s birth, Respondent-Mother’s urine screen was positive for 

amphetamines. Ken’s meconium screening, which tested Ken’s first bowel 

movement, was positive for amphetamines and methamphetamine. On 9 August 

2022, DSS began its involvement with Ken, Respondent-Mother, and Father due to 

Respondent-Mother’s positive urine screen and Ken’s positive meconium test. DSS 

regularly communicated, or made unsuccessful attempts to communicate, with 

Respondent-Mother and Father, attempted to engage Respondent-Mother in 

substance-abuse treatment, and assisted Respondent-Mother with transportation to 

some of Ken’s necessary medical appointments. 

Soon after his birth, Ken developed health conditions—including jaundice, an 

abscess, a hernia, and MRSA—which required medical care in addition to his 
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wellness checks. On 8 August 2022, Respondent-Mother took Ken to the doctor for 

jaundice, but then cancelled a newborn visit on 9 August 2022 and no-showed for a 

sick-newborn recheck on 10 August 2022. On 11 August 2022, Respondent-Mother 

took Ken to the doctor for a well-child visit. On 15 August 2022, Respondent-Mother 

took Ken to the doctor for a walk-in appointment due to concerns over his deep sleep, 

jaundiced color, and white patches on his tongue. She then cancelled a weight check 

on 18 August 2022 and no-showed two weight checks on 19 and 20 August 2022. 

A month later, Respondent-Mother took Ken to the doctor for: concerns 

regarding formula intolerance, thrush, nasal congestion, coughing, and sneezing on 

16 September 2022; a diaper rash on 26 September 2022; and a hernia on 4 October 

2022. Respondent-Mother then cancelled an ultrasound appointment for the hernia 

on 7 October 2022 before completing the ultrasound on 11 October 2022. Afterward, 

she missed an appointment with the surgical center for Ken’s hernia and cancelled 

twice before meeting with the surgical center on 2 November 2022. RespondentMother cancelled a follow-up surgical appointment on 8 November 2022 and a wellchild visit at the clinic on 11 November 2022. 

On 8 December 2022, Respondent-Mother took Ken to the doctor regarding an 

abscess on his buttocks. Afterward, she cancelled a well-child visit, a surgical 

appointment for the hernia, and a checkup for the abscess. On 19 December 2022, 

Respondent-Mother attended a checkup for Ken’s abscess, but cancelled a well-child 

visit and two checkups for Ken’s cough and congestion afterward. On 6 February 
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2023, she took Ken to the doctor for a positive COVID test but subsequently cancelled 

two well-child visits. 

On 23 February 2023, Respondent-Mother took Ken for his five-month wellchild visit when he was six months old. Then she cancelled two follow-up 

appointments regarding Ken’s cough and no-showed a surgical appointment 

regarding Ken’s hernia. Respondent-Mother took Ken for a well-child visit on 24 

April 2023, a sick visit regarding seizure activity and MRSA on 9 May 2023, a 

diagnostic neurological visit for MRSA on 10 May 2023, and a visit for hernia removal 

on 11 May 2023. Afterward, she cancelled a well-child visit on 26 June 2023 and a 

urology visit on 29 June 2023. In sum, as of 30 June 2023, Respondent-Mother failed 

to attend twenty-four out of forty-one medical appointments for Ken. 

Respondent-Mother denied any substance use after discovering she was 

pregnant with Ken at eighteen weeks. She also claimed DSS did not request 

substance-abuse and mental-health assessments until December 2022. RespondentMother did not obtain a mental-health assessment until the week before the 

adjudication hearing due to issues with insurance, and she never completed a 

substance-abuse assessment due to having “a lot going on.” Respondent-Mother then 

said she “did not recall” the missed appointments or claimed she only rescheduled or 

postponed them to a later date. She had difficulty arranging transportation without 

her own car, despite qualifying for Medicaid and its transportation services, and 
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obtained transportation from her mother, friend, social worker, and EMS when 

necessary. 

In the Order, the trial court made the following findings of fact within Finding 

11, in pertinent part: 

[t]he minor child’s meconium tested positive for 

amphetamines and methamphetamines at birth

. . . . 

Respondent Mother has no explanation as to why the 

minor child’s meconium was positive for 

methamphetamine and amphetamines

. . . .

Many of those appointments were no shows and 

cancellations because of issues with transportation

. . . . 

Respondent Mother was requested to complete a mental 

health assessment and substance abuse assessment; 

however, Respondent Mother has not submitted to a 

mental health assessment and/or substance abuse 

assessment, until submitting to a mental health 

assessment on the last business day prior to the trial of this 

matter, more than one year from the birth of the minor 

child . . . .

Based on these findings, the trial court concluded Ken was a neglected juvenile. 

A disposition hearing followed the trial court’s adjudication decision, and the trial 

court entered an initial disposition order. On 17 November 2023, Respondent-Mother 

timely appealed from the Order. Father did not appeal.

II. Jurisdiction

This Court has jurisdiction under N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7A-27(b)(2), 7B-1001(a)(3) 

(2023).
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III. Issue

The issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in adjudicating Ken as a 

neglected juvenile.

IV. Analysis

On appeal, Respondent-Mother challenges the trial court’s adjudication of Ken 

as a neglected juvenile. Specifically, Respondent-Mother argues that her attempts to 

obtain substance-abuse and mental-health assessments, coupled with the fact that 

she provided Ken with necessary medical care, do not constitute neglect, since a 

positive meconium test alone is not enough to sustain an adjudication of neglect. 

Conversely, DSS argues that Respondent-Mother did not provide proper care for Ken, 

had not provided or arranged necessary medical care, and allowed the creation of an 

environment that was injurious to Ken’s welfare. We agree with DSS. 

A. Standard of Review

“When reviewing a trial court’s order adjudicating a juvenile abused, 

neglected, or dependent, this Court’s duty is ‘to determine (1) whether the findings of 

fact are supported by clear and convincing evidence, and (2) whether the legal 

conclusions are supported by findings of fact.’” In re F.C.D., 244 N.C. App. 243, 246, 

780 S.E.2d 214, 217 (2015) (quoting In re T.H.T., 185 N.C. App. 337, 343, 648 S.E.2d 

519, 523 (2007)). “It is well settled that in a non-jury neglect adjudication, the trial 

court’s findings of fact supported by clear and convincing competent evidence are 
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deemed conclusive, even where some evidence supports contrary findings.” In re 

J.A.M., 372 N.C. 1, 8, 822 S.E.2d 693, 698 (2019) (purgandum). 

“The clear and convincing standard requires evidence that ‘should fully 

convince.’” Scarborough v. Dillard’s, Inc., 363 N.C. 715, 721, 693 S.E.2d 640, 643 

(2009) (quoting In re Will of McCauley, 356 N.C. 91, 101, 565 S.E.2d 88, 95 (2002)). 

“This burden is more exacting than the preponderance of the evidence standard 

generally applied in civil cases, but less than the beyond a reasonable doubt standard 

applied in criminal matters.” Id. at 721, 693 S.E.2d at 643 (citing Williams v. Blue 

Ridge Bldg. & Loan Ass’n, 207 N.C. 362, 363–64, 177 S.E. 176, 177 (1934)). 

Findings of fact are binding if they are not challenged on appeal. Koufman v. 

Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 97, 408 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1991). When reviewing findings of 

fact in a juvenile order, we set aside findings that lack sufficient evidentiary support 

and examine whether the remaining findings support the trial court’s determination. 

In re A.J.L.H., 384 N.C. 45, 52, 884 S.E.2d 687, 693 (2023).

The determination of whether a child is abused, neglected, or dependent is a 

conclusion of law. In re Ellis, 135 N.C. App. 338, 340, 520 S.E.2d 118, 120 (1999). We 

review the trial court’s conclusions of law de novo. In re K.S., 380 N.C. 60, 65, 868 

S.E.2d 1, 9 (2022) (citing In re C.B.C., 373 N.C. 16, 19, 832 S.E.2d 692, 695 (2019)). 

Under a de novo review, this Court “‘considers the matter anew and freely substitutes 

its own judgment’ for that of the lower tribunal.” State v. Williams, 362 N.C. 628, 
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632–33, 669 S.E.2d 290, 294 (2008) (quoting In re Greens of Pine Glen, Ltd. P’ship, 

356 N.C. 642, 647, 576 S.E.2d 316, 319 (2003)).

B. Adjudication of Neglect

We have a two-step process for abuse and neglect proceedings: an adjudicatory 

stage and a dispositional stage. In re K.W., 272 N.C. App. 487, 493, 846 S.E.2d 584, 

589 (2020). “If the trial court finds at adjudication that the allegations in a petition 

have been proven by clear and convincing evidence and concludes based on those 

findings that a juvenile is abused, neglected, or dependent, the court then moves on 

to an initial disposition hearing.” Id. at 493, 846 S.E.2d at 589 (citing N.C. Gen. Stat. 

§ 7B-901 (2019)). At the dispositional stage, “the trial court, in its discretion, 

determines the child’s placement based on the best interests of the child.” Id. at 493,

846 S.E.2d at 589. As Respondent-Mother’s appeal is limited to the adjudication 

phase, we focus our review on the adjudication portion of the Order.

The Juvenile Code defines a neglected juvenile as “[a]ny juvenile less than 18 

years of age . . . whose parent, guardian, custodian, or caretaker does any of the 

following:”

a. Does not provide proper care, supervision, or discipline. 

b. Has abandoned the juvenile, except where that juvenile 

is a safely surrendered infant as defined in this 

Subchapter.

c. Has not provided or arranged for the provision of 

necessary medical or remedial care.

d. Or whose parent, guardian, or custodian has refused to 

follow the recommendations of the Juvenile and Family 

Team made pursuant to Article 27A of this Chapter.
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e. Creates or allows to be created a living environment that 

is injurious to the juvenile’s welfare. 

f. Has participated or attempted to participate in the 

unlawful transfer of custody of the juvenile under [N.C. 

Gen. Stat. §] 14-321.2.

g. Has placed the juvenile for care or adoption in violation 

of law.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(15) (2023). 

Before adjudicating a juvenile neglected, the trial court must also find “some 

physical, mental, or emotional impairment of the juvenile or a substantial risk of such 

impairment as a consequence of the failure to provide ‘proper care, supervision, or 

discipline.’” In re Stumbo, 357 N.C. 279, 283, 582 S.E.2d 255, 258 (2003) (quoting In 

re Safriet, 112 N.C. App. 747, 752, 436 S.E.2d 898, 901–02 (1993)). With newborns, 

“the decision of the trial court must of necessity be predictive in nature, as the trial 

court must assess whether there is a substantial risk of future abuse or neglect of a 

child based on the historical facts of the case.” In re McLean, 135 N.C. App. 387, 396, 

521 S.E.2d 121, 127 (1999). The Supreme Court of North Carolina has found neglect 

in cases where “the conduct at issue constituted either severe or dangerous conduct 

or a pattern of conduct either causing injury or potentially causing injury to the 

juvenile.” In re Stumbo, 357 N.C. at 283, 582 S.E.2d at 258.

“[T]he clear and convincing evidence in the record must show current 

circumstances that present a risk to the juvenile.” In re J.A.M., 372 N.C. 1, 9, 822 

S.E.2d 693, 698 (2019). But “[t]he trial court is granted some discretion in 

determining whether children are at risk for a particular kind of harm given their 
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age and the environment in which they reside.” In re A.D., 278 N.C. App. 637, 642, 

863 S.E.2d 317, 321–22 (2021) (internal quotations and citation omitted). “It is wellestablished that the trial court need not wait for actual harm to occur to the child if 

there is a substantial risk of harm to the child in the home.” In re D.B.J., 197 N.C. 

App. 752, 755, 678 S.E.2d 778, 780 (2009). 

As such, a trial court can consider evidence of a parent’s mental health and 

substance-abuse issues. See In re C.C., 260 N.C. App. 182, 191–94, 817 S.E.2d 894, 

900–01 (2018). Mental health issues, which are a “fixed and ongoing circumstance,” 

can lead to an adjudication of neglect. In re G.W., 286 N.C. App. 587, 594, 882 S.E.2d 

81, 88 (2022) (citing In re Q.M., 275 N.C. App. 34, 41, 852 S.E.2d 687, 693 (2020) and 

In re V.B., 239 N.C. App. 340, 344, 768 S.E.2d 867, 870 (2015)). Findings that “show 

a prolonged period of drug use in the home” which pose a substantial risk of harm to 

a child can support an adjudication of neglect. See In re K.H., 281 N.C. App. 259, 270, 

867 S.E.2d 757, 765 (2022). 

1. Meconium Test

On appeal, Respondent-Mother does not challenge the finding of fact that Ken’s 

meconium test, taken shortly after his birth, was positive for amphetamines and 

methamphetamine. Thus, the results of the meconium test are binding on appeal. 

See Koufman, 330 N.C. at 97, 408 S.E.2d at 731. 

A positive meconium test alone, however, is not sufficient to support an 

adjudication of neglect. See In re D.S., 286 N.C. App. 1, 16, 879 S.E.2d 335, 346 (2022) 
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(“[T]here [must be] additional adjudicatory evidence showing [the child] was at any 

further risk of harm from Mother’s prior drug use after she was discharged from the 

hospital . . . .”). Rather, “the trial court must find that there were ‘current 

circumstances’ that rendered [the child’s] environment unsafe.” Id. at 16, 879 S.E.2d 

at 346 (citing In re G.C., 284 N.C. App. 313, 318, 876 S.E.2d 95, 99 (2022), rev’d on 

other grounds, 384 N.C. 62, 884 S.E.2d 658 (2023)).

2. Health Assessments

Health assessments of a parent can help the trial court determine the “current 

circumstances” of a child’s environment. See id. at 16, 879 S.E.2d at 346; N.C. Gen. 

Stat. § 7B-101(15)(e). This is especially true with newborns, when “the trial court 

must assess whether there is a substantial risk of future abuse or neglect of a child 

based on the historical facts of the case” and make a decision that is “predictive in 

nature.” See In re McLean, 135 N.C. App. at 396, 521 S.E.2d at 127.

Here, Respondent-Mother disputes the timeliness of DSS’s requests for her 

health assessments, arguing that DSS only notified her of its request for a substanceabuse assessment in December 2022, and that she consistently attempted to get a 

mental-health assessment. We disagree. 

First, after a positive drug screen at Ken’s birth, Respondent-Mother never 

completed a substance-abuse assessment. Respondent-Mother’s drug use during 

pregnancy posed “a substantial risk of harm” to Ken. See In re K.H., 281 N.C. App. 

at 270, 867 S.E.2d at 765. Thus, a substance-abuse assessment after Ken’s meconium 
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results and Respondent-Mother’s positive urine screen was necessary for the trial 

court to assess the “current circumstances” of Ken’s environment. See In re D.S., 286 

N.C. App. at 16, 879 S.E.2d at 346. 

Second, Respondent-Mother did not timely obtain a mental-health assessment 

before the September 2023 adjudication hearing. Respondent-Mother’s mental 

health issues are a “fixed and ongoing circumstance,” see In re G.W., 286 N.C. App. at 

594, 882 S.E.2d at 88, that pose a “substantial risk of harm” to Ken, see In re K.H., 

281 N.C. App. at 270, 867 S.E.2d at 765. Thus, this information is relevant for a trial 

court to render a decision “predictive in nature” regarding the child’s environment. 

See In re McLean, 135 N.C. App. at 396, 521 S.E.2d at 127.

Respondent-Mother’s failure to complete the substance-abuse assessment and 

timely complete the mental-health assessment is clear and convincing evidence 

tending to support a substantial risk of future neglect. See id. at 390, 521 S.E.2d at 

123. Without these assessments, Respondent-Mother cannot get the proper 

treatment for the “fixed and ongoing” issues, see In re G.W., 286 N.C. App. at 594, 882 

S.E.2d at 88, that impact her ability to provide adequate care for Ken, see N.C. Gen. 

Stat. § 7B-101(15). Thus, because of Ken’s positive meconium test and RespondentMother’s positive urine screen, coupled with her failure to take substance-abuse and 

mental-health assessments, the trial court appropriately determined that “there 

[was] a substantial risk of future abuse or neglect of [Ken] based on the historical 

facts of the case.” See In re McLean, 135 N.C. App. at 396, 521 S.E.2d at 127.
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3. Medical Appointments

Respondent-Mother also contests the trial court’s finding of fact that she 

missed “many” of Ken’s medical appointments. Although she concedes she did miss 

“some” of Ken’s medical appointments, she argues that these appointments were 

merely “rearranged” due to transportation issues, which is not enough to show neglect 

in providing necessary medical treatment. We disagree. 

Despite Ken’s health concerns, including a hernia that needed surgical 

removal, an abscess, and MRSA, Respondent-Mother failed to attend twenty-four out 

of forty-one appointments due to cancellations and no-shows, all within the first year 

of Ken’s life. When an infant has substantial health concerns, sporadically attending 

necessary medical appointments and procedures can pose a “substantial risk” of 

harm. See In re J.G.B., 177 N.C. App. 375, 380–81, 628 S.E.2d 450, 454–55 (2006) 

(finding that attending some but not all medical appointments can lead to an 

adjudication of neglect); see also In re J.N.J., 286 N.C. App. 599, 616, 881 S.E.2d 890, 

902 (2022) (adjudicating a medically fragile infant as neglected when parents did not 

provide all necessary medical equipment); In re S.W., 187 N.C. App. 505, 507, 653, 

S.E.2d 425, 426 (2007) (affirming an adjudication of neglect where respondents 

allowed the juvenile’s four broken ribs to go untreated for up to eight weeks).

By missing a substantial number of Ken’s necessary medical appointments, 

Respondent-Mother failed to provide necessary medical care. See In re F.C.D., 244 

N.C. App. at 246, 780 S.E.2d at 217. For example, when Ken needed a hernia 
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removed, Respondent-Mother cancelled or no-showed several surgical appointments. 

This is “clear and convincing evidence” that Respondent-Mother did not arrange 

necessary medical care for Ken. See id. at 246, 780 S.E.2d at 217. 

Respondent-Mother failed to provide Ken with proper care by not ensuring his 

attendance for necessary medical appointments, not completing the substance-abuse 

assessment, and not timely completing the mental-health assessment. See N.C. Gen. 

Stat. § 7B-101(15)(a), (c). This evidence, in combination with the unchallenged 

finding of fact that Ken’s meconium test was positive for amphetamines and 

methamphetamine, see Koufman, 330 N.C. at 97, 408 S.E.2d at 731, fully convinces 

that Ken’s environment was injurious to his welfare, see Scarborough, 363 N.C. at

721, 693 S.E.2d at 643; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(15)(e). Thus, the trial court correctly 

determined that Ken faced a substantial risk of future neglect based on the historical 

facts of the case. See In re McLean, 135 N.C. App. at 396, 521 S.E.2d at 127.

Based upon the foregoing, the trial court’s findings of fact were supported by 

clear and convincing evidence, and its conclusions were supported by those findings 

of fact. See In re F.C.D., 244 N.C. App. at 246, 780 S.E.2d at 217. Accordingly, the 

trial court did not err in adjudicating Ken as a neglected juvenile. See N.C. Gen. Stat. 

§ 7B-101(15). 

V. Conclusion

We hold that the trial court did not err in adjudicating Ken as a neglected 

juvenile. The trial court made sufficient findings of fact supported by clear and 
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convincing evidence relating to the current circumstances of Respondent-Mother, 

which show a substantial risk of future neglect to Ken. The findings in turn support 

the conclusion of law that Ken is a neglected juvenile.

AFFIRMED.

Judges TYSON and MURPHY concur.