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Title:   Author  item
                                            Neven, Lisa
  Submitted to: Journal of Economic Entomology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 1/15/2005
                                    Publication  Date: 6/15/2005
                                    Citation: Neven, L.G. 2005. Combined heat and controlled atmosphere quarantine treatments for control of codling moth in sweet cherries. Journal of Economic Entomology. 98(3):709-715.Interpretive Summary: Codling moth is considered a pest of quarantine concern in sweet cherries shipped to Japan and other countries where this pest does not occur. Currently, methyl bromide fumigation is the only approved postharvest treatment approved to treat sweet cherries to prevent accidental introduction of this pest to these countries. Methyl bromide fumigation does not meet current organic standards in either the United States or Japan. Thus, there is a need to develop a quarantine treatment which would meet these standards.

A combination of short duration using high temperatures under low oxygen - elevated carbon dioxide environments were developed to control codling moth in sweet cherries. These treatments have been shown to provide control of all life stages of codling moth while preserving commodity market quality. We showed that the most tolerant stage of codling moth was effectively controlled by treating and killing 5,000 in each of the two treatments with zero survivors. We also demonstrated that it is the low levels of oxygen, more than the high levels of carbon dioxide, which provide the enhanced mortality in these treatments. These treatments may be used to provide quarantine security in exported sweet cherries where codling moth is a quarantine concern, and fumigation with methyl bromide is not desired.
                                Technical Abstract: Non-chemical qurantine treatments using a combination of short duration high temperatures under low oxygen - elevated carbon dioxide atmospheric environment were developed to control codling moth in sweet cherries. The two treatments developed are a chamber temperature of 45 degrees C for 45 minutes and a chamber temperature of 47 degrees C for 25 minutes uner a 1% oxygen, 15% carbon dioxide, -2 degrees C dew point environment. These treatments have been shown to provide control of all life stages of codling moth while preserving commodity market quality.  The 3rd and 4th instar of codling moth are equally tolerant to CATTS treatments and are the most tolerant immature stages to these treatments.

It was also determined that low levels of oxygen are more important than elevated carbon dioxide in achieving desired insect mortality. Efficacy tests of both treatments resulted in 100% mortality of 5,000 3rd instar codling moth in each treatment. These treatments may be used to provide quarantine security in exported sweet cherries where codling moth is a quarantine concern, and fumigation with methyl bromide is not desired.


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