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Title:   Author  item
                                            KOZUKUE, NOBUYUKI - UIDUCK UNIV. KOREAitem
                                            HAN, JAE-SOOK - UIDUCK UNIV. KOREAitem
                                            LEE, SIN-JUNG - YEUNGNAM UNIV. KOREAitem
                                            KIM, JOUNG-AE - YEUNGNAM UNIV. KOREAitem
                                            LEE, KAP-RANG - YEUNGNAM UNIV. KOREAitem
                                            PARK, MI-JIN - YEUNGNAM UNIV. KOREAitem
                                            Levin, Carolitem
                                            Friedman, Mendel
  Submitted to: Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 9/13/2005
                                    Publication  Date: 11/15/2005
                                    Citation: Kozukue, N., Han, J., Lee, S., Kim, J., Lee, K., Park, M., Levin, C.E., Friedman, M. 2005. Analysis of seven capsaicinoids in peppers and pepper-containing foods by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 53:9172-9181.Interpretive Summary: Capsaicinoids, pungent compounds of the fruit of the pepper plant (Capsicum annuum), are reported to exhibit  antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria including Bacilli, Clostridiae, Salmonellae, and Helicobacter. In a collaborative study with Korean scientists, we validated an improved liquid-chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the separation and analysis of seven capsaicinoids.  The method was successfully applied to various parts of the pepper fruit, to fresh and freeze-dried peppers, and to pepper-containing foods with very low to very high content of capsaicinoids.  The described procedure may be generally useful for preparative isolation of individual capsaicinoids for testing against foodborne pathogens
                                Technical Abstract: Diverse procedures have been reported for the separation and analysis of secondary metabolites called capsaicinoids, pungent compounds in the fruit of various species of the Capsicum (Solanaceae) plant.  To further improve the usefulness of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid-chromatography/mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) methods, studies were carried out on the influence of several parameters on the analysis of extracts containing up to seven capsaicinoids.  The analysis was optimized by defining effects on retention times of (a) the composition of the mobile phase (acetonitrile: 5% formic acid in H2O); (b) column length (Inertsil ODS-3v, 150 -400 mm); and (c) capacity values (k) of column packing.  Identification was based on retention times and mass spectra of individual peaks.  Quantification was based on the UV response in the HPLC method and on recoveries from spiked samples.  The results make it possible to select analysis conditions that produce well-separated peaks associated with seven capsaicinoids extracted from pepper-containing matrices.  The method (limit of detection of ~ 15-30 ng) was used to quantify capsaicinoid levels in extracts of various parts of the pepper fruit (pericarp, placenta, seeds and in the top, middle, and base parts of whole peppers); in fresh and freeze-dried peppers; and in pepper-containing foods.  The results demonstrate the usefulness of the method for the analysis of a wide range of very low to very high amounts of capsaicinoids (~ 0.5 to 3000 μg/g). The described procedures should be generally useful for assessing the role of capsaicinoids in host-plant resistance, microbiology, nutrition, and medicine.


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