# Patent

## Title
Using biometrics as an encryption key

## Abstract

An image of an biometric part is used as encryption or decryption key. The biometric part image is obtained, and items within the biometric part are analyzed. Relationships between those parts are determined, e.g. ratios between different parameters of different parts. Those ratios are then used to form the key. A sequence of biometric information can used in which case both the information itself and the sequence are used to form to the key.

## Background
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/160,439 filed Oct. 19, 1999.


BACKGROUND
Biometrics allows a person to use a unique part of their body for identification purposes.
Many different body part templates have been suggested for biometrics, including fingerprints, face prints, retinal scans and DNA sequences.
Many different ways of obtaining and using biometric information are well known in the art. The body part is compared with a prestored template. A match between the part and the template allows some action to be taken. Effectively these previous biometric systems used the biometric information as a key that opens a lock. The biometric information is compared with a template. The lock opens based on the comparison.
Continuing the analogy, once the key has unlocked the lock, the user has access to information.
Encryption has also been used for security, but in a different way. Encryption is used to change the information itself. No lock and key is necessary—the information can be disseminated, and the decryption key can be used to retrieve it.
Encryption is often used for messages, e.g. by email. Encryption is also used to keep private certain information in an account, for example.
One popular kind of encryption is public key cryptography. The encryption key is public and anyone can use it. Only the person having the private key can decrypt a message, however. If user A encrypts a message with user B's public key, only B can decrypt the message. No one else, not even user A, can decrypt the message. Other similar cryptosystems are known. All have in common that there must be a decryption key  typically a large number.
SUMMARY
It can be difficult to store the key for an encryption system. For instance, in a public key cryptography system, the user typically stores their private key inside their computer. However, a person with access to the user's computer can obtain access to the private key with much less security than is provided by the key itself. The private key is too long to memorize (e.g. 128 bits), and instead must be transported for example on a transportable storage medium. This is by itself inconvenient.
The present application teaches a way of using biometrics to form an encryption and/or decryption key. The biometric information itself is translated into an encryption and/or decryption key. Therefore, the key is always available to the user, since it is formed based on the user's body parts.
The key is formed by comparing the relationship of parts of the biometric information.
An aspect of the invention uses a sequence of biometric information as the key. Only the specified sequence forms a proper key. Therefore, surreptitiously obtaining the user's biometric information will not enable forming a proper key without also knowing the proper combination.
Another aspect uses relative information from the biometric information to form the key. In this way, the key is formed independent of the absolute dimensions of the biometric information. The key that is formed can use the obtained information as a “seed”, or can use the information directly.
Yet another aspect uses the concept of relative dimensions with biometrics as they have been conventionally been conceived, to determine if the biometric information fits a proper profile, and use that recognition to allow access.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other aspects of the invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment;
FIG. 2 shows a layout of an exemplary fingerprint;
FIG. 3 shows a flowchart of operation; and
FIG. 4 shows a special kind of fingerprint reader, and an example of its operation.



DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
An embodiment is shown in FIG. 1. A personal computer system 99 includes a biometric reading device 102. The personal computer 99 itself runs an application software layer 110 (e.g. an operating system) that includes security software 120. The security software relies on a cryptographic key for its proper operation.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the security software 120 is a public key encryption/decryption system. The private key is based on the user's biometric information.
FIG. 1 shows the user placing a body part 100 into a biometric reading device 102. The information from the user's body part 100 is transmitted along line 105 to software layer 110, running the application program 120, for example, a security program.
The biometric device 102 can be any conventional fingerprint reader, which reads and produces an analog image or digital sample of the fingerprint. Either case produces what is effectively an image of the user's fingerprint. The image is conceptually shown in FIG. 2. All fingerprints have certain general characteristics. The fingerprints have a number of ridges 222, 224, 226, which come together at a substantially center point 200. The center point of the user's fingerprint is taken as a center line. A number of ridges are formed around that center point. The lines on each user's fingerprint are different. A typical fingerprint may have approximately 25 to 35 lines in the width wise direction, and approximately 30 to 60 lines in the length wise direction. In this embodiment, the center point 200 is used as a point to draw reference lines. The reference line 210 defines a widthwise direction and the line 220 defines a lengthwise direction.
Since a typical fingerprint scanner provides an image of the entire fingerprint, all of this processing can be done in the computer 99. This is carried out according to the flowchart of FIG. 3 which may run on computer 110.
At 300, the system finds a reference point and defines reference lines. The reference lines can include one line such as 210 in FIG. 2, or alternatively can be more than one reference line. A second reference line, for example could be reference line 220 in FIG. 2. Since the whole image of the fingerprint is available these lines can easily be made parallel or perpendicular to an “axis”.
At 302, the system determines ridge spacing along the reference line. For example, in FIG. 2, a first ridge 222 closest to the determined center is taken as the first found ridge. This is the ridge closest to the reference point, and avoids determination of the edge of the fingerprint, or determining what is the first ridge. The ridge 222 in this embodiment is defined as the ridge, on the left, closest to the center. The second ridge 224 is the next ridge over to the left.
The ridge 226 after that is the next ridge to the left. For purposes of illustration, the system determines the spacing between 10 ridges on the left and 10 ridges on the right. This produces 20 values.
At 304, the system finds the average of all the values.
Then at 306 the current value is compared to the average. “0” is defined if the current value is higher than the average, or a “1” if the current value is lower than the average. If the spacing is equal to the average, then the value is taken as the inverse of the bit before it.
A simple example is shown in FIG. 4. The sensor 100 detects distances, here shown as 5, 4, 6, 8, 9 and 4. The total of these is 36, and since third are six distances, the average is 6. Now each of the values is compared with the average, to obtain 00×110, since the last bit represents a tie. This flips the x bit before it to obtain 001110. At 308, the value thus obtained is stored as part n of the key. 310 detects if the key is complete. If so, the key is used at 312. If not, flow returns to 300 to obtain another part of the key. This can use another specified reference line, e.g., a perpendicular line such as shown as line 220. It could alternately and more preferably be biometric information from a different biometric part, e.g. a different finger.
The lines that are used to obtain the information can also be at specified angles to the reference lines, e.g., at 22 degrees. The angles can be set, or can be entered by the user, as a form of personal identification. For example, the user can enter 22 while a specified finger is in the reader. This takes the line along 22 degrees. It effectively forms a PIN that must be entered to obtain the proper code from the biometric information.
By piecing together the decryption key from different body parts, the present system also provides an additional layer of security. The system above has described getting about 20 digits from a single biometric scan. This may correspond to 20 bits. If two orthogonal dimensions are defined as shown in the picture, this doubles the amount of information to 40 bits. However, by combining three fingerprints, a much more robust key length of 120 bits can be obtained. Moreover, additional security is provided by the specific selection of fingerprints. Only the user knows which biometric items to input, how many, and in which order. This effectively forms a barrier against others using this information.
An advantage of the present system comes from the use of relative, rather than absolute, information. No calibration is necessary, since each of the values is calculated based on comparing parts of the fingerprint to itself, not to some absolute reference. The digits are unambiguous, since there is no calibration, only an internal sensing of relationships among the different parts. The only necessary commonality is resolution—the image sensor used must have sufficient resolution to sense each ridge of the fingerprint.
FIG. 4 shows an embodiment in which the fingerprint sensor is actually an image sensor chip, e.g., a CCD image sensor or active pixel sensor type device or infra-red photodetect. The chip's active surface is usually placed to receive the image of a larger area. However, in this embodiment, the pixels of the sensor are directly mapped to the user's finger. The finger is placed directly on the sensor. The position and orientation of the user's finger does not matter, since an unambiguous reference is obtained from the comparison of the different parts of the biometric information.
Another embodiment uses the relative relationship of the biometric information as described above in the conventional way that biometric information has been used. The relative relationship among the biometric information is used to form a number. That number is compared against a prestored number to determine identity. The test yields a pass if the information agrees.
Other biometric information can be used in a similar way. Retinal scans can be used by determining the same kind of relationship among lines of the scan, for example.
Other embodiments are within the disclosed invention.

## Claims

1. A method of accessing files on a computer, comprising:
scanning a human body part to obtain information of said human body part that is indicative of at least one characteristic of the human body part;
receiving information indicative of a value known to the user, wherein said value has been entered by a user into the computer, and wherein said value identifies a portion of said scanned human body part among the whole scanned human body part;
based on both said information indicative of said body part, and also on said value, using said computer for obtaining a cryptographic key, by using only said portion of said scanned human body part identified by said received value to carry out at least a portion of said obtaining, and wherein said cryptographic key is used to enable a cryptographic operation which includes at least one of encryption or decryption of at least one file, on the computer; and
using said cryptographic key to carry out at least one of encryption and/or decryption of at least one file on the computer.

2. A method as in claim 1, wherein said scanning produces information which represents sufficient information about the human body part to render said information unique relative to other scanning of other body parts.

3. A method as in claim 2, wherein said scanning comprises scanning a fingerprint to obtain information indicative of said fingerprint, and said received value identifies a feature of said fingerprint to be used by said encryption.

4. A method as in claim 3, wherein said forming a cryptographic key comprises identifying a reference on the fingerprint, and using said received value to identify information within said fingerprint that has a specified angle relative to a reference line to obtain said biometric information.

5. A method as in claim 2, wherein said forming uses said biometric information to form information that is independent of any absolute dimensions in an image representing said biometric information.

6. A method as in claim 2, wherein said human body part is scanned to produce digital information that is indicative of an analog image, and further comprising converting aspects of the analog image into digital information indicative of said cryptographic key.

7. A method as in claim 1, wherein said forming a cryptographic key comprises first forming a first part of the cryptographic key using a first portion of the biometric information, subsequently and separately forming another part of the cryptographic key using another portion of the biometric information, and using both said one portion and said another portion of said biometric information together to form said cryptographic key.

8. A method as in claim 7, wherein said forming comprises obtaining said first part of the cryptographic key from the one portion of the biometric scan, and obtaining said another part of the cryptographic key from said another portion within the same biometric scan as the first portion, wherein said another portion is a different portion of the image than a first portion of image in which said one portion of the biometric scan is obtained.

9. A method as in claim 7, wherein said forming comprises obtaining said first part of the cryptographic key from the one portion of the biometric scan, and getting said another part of the cryptographic key from said another portion within a different biometric scan from that scan that provides the first portion, wherein said another portion is based on a different image than a first image from which said one portion of the biometric scan is obtained.

10. A method as in claim 9, wherein said different biometric scan is a scan of a different body part than the part that provides said one portion.

11. A method as in claim 1, wherein said biometric scan includes a retinal scan.

12. A method as in claim 1, wherein said using comprises determining an average of values within the scanned body part, and wherein said obtaining a cryptographic key operates based on whether said values are greater than or less than said average.

13. A system comprising;
a first scanning part that operates to scan a human body part and obtain information indicative of characteristics of said human body part;
a computer, including an input device, receiving information indicative of a value entered by a user into the computer and said computer also storing plural files therein,
said computer running a routine that operates based on said information indicative of said body part, and also on said value to obtain a cryptographic key which is used to carry out an a cryptographic operation, wherein said value that is entered by said user identifies only a portion of said scanned human body part, and said routine carries out said encryption only if said value properly identifies said portion of said scanned human body part, including at least one of encryption or decryption of at least one of said files on the computer, and to use said cryptographic key to carry out at least one of encryption and/or decryption of said at least one file on the computer.

14. A system as in claim 13, wherein said scanning produces information indicative of an image which represents sufficient information about the human body part to render said information unique relative to other scanning of other body parts.

15. A system as in claim 14, wherein said first scanning part includes a fingerprint scanner.

16. A system as in claim 14, wherein said human body part is a fingerprint, and said routine forms said cryptographic key by identifying a reference on the fingerprint using said value, and using location of features on the fingerprint relative to said reference to obtain said biometric information.

17. A system as in claim 13, wherein said routing forms said cryptographic key by first forming a first part of the cryptographic key using a first portion of the biometric information, subsequently forming another part of the cryptographic key using another portion of the biometric information, and using both said one portion and said another portion of said biometric information together to form said cryptographic key.

18. A system as in claim 17, wherein said routine forms said first portion and said different portion of the image than a first portion of image in which said one portion of the biometric scan is obtained.

19. A system as in claim 17, wherein said routine forms said first portion and said another portion from different biometric scans, wherein said another portion is based on a different image than a first image from which said one portion of the biometric scan is obtained.

20. A system as in claim 19, wherein a second biometric scan is a scan of a different body part than the part that provides said one portion.

21. A system as in claim 13, wherein said first scanning part includes a retinal scanner.

22. A system as in claim 13, wherein said computer runs a routine that obtains an average of said information indicative of characteristics of said human body part, and said running a routine obtains a cryptographic key based on whether said values are greater than or less than said average.

23. A method, comprising:
scanning a human body part to obtain first information therefrom that uniquely represents the scanned body part;
receiving second information indicative of a value known to the user;
forming third information from one portion of said first information, said one portion being along a different reference than said first information, and forming fourth information from another portion of said first information, said another portion being along a different reference than said first information; and
obtaining a cryptographic key based on all of said second information, said third information, and said fourth information; and
using said cryptographic key to carry out one of an encryption of information or a decryption of information on a computer.

24. A method as in claim 23, wherein said scanning comprises obtaining one of a fingerprint scan or a retinal scan.

25. A method as in claim 23, further comprising using said value to identify only a portion of said scanned human body part, and wherein said obtaining a cryptographic key comprises using said only a portion as a reference.