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Title:   Author  item
                                            TYLER, BRETT - VIRGINA POLYTECHNICitem
                                            TRIPATHI, SUCHETA - VIRGINIA POLYTEHNICitem
                                            Grunwald, Niklaus

                                                         - *Nik*item
                                            LAMOUR, KURT - UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEEitem
                                            IVORS, KELLY - NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVitem
                                            GARBELOTTO, MATTEO - UC BERKELEYitem
                                            PUTNAM, NIK - DOE JOINT GENOME INSTitem
                                            GRIGORIEV, IGOR - DOE JOINT GENOME INSTitem
                                            ROKHSAR, DANIEL - DOE JOINT GENOME INSTitem
                                            BOORE, JEFFREY - DOE JOINT GENOME INST
  Submitted to: Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium
                                    Publication Type: Abstract Only
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 12/15/2004
                                    Publication  Date: 12/15/2004
                                    Citation: Tyler, B., Tripathi, S., Grunwald, N.J., Lamour, K., Ivors, K., Garbelotto, M., Putnam, N., Grigoriev, I., Rokhsar, D., Boore, J. 2004. Genome sequence of Phytophthora ramorum: Implications for management [abstract]. Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium. p42.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract: A draft genome sequence has been determined for Phytophthora ramorum, together with a draft sequence of the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae. The P. ramorum genome was sequenced to a depth of 7-fold coverage, while the P. sojae genome was sequenced to a depth of 9-fold coverage. The genome size of P. ramorum was estimated to be significantly smaller than that of P. sojae, 65 Mb compared to 95 Mb, with the difference lying primarily in the amount of repetitive sequences in the P. sojae genome. Computer predictions estimate the number of genes in P. ramorum to be 15,473 while 19,027 are predicted for P. sojae. Most of the differences in gene number result from larger multigene families in P. sojae. Six hundred and twenty-four genes were predicted to be unique to P. ramorum, while 1755 were predicted to be unique to P. sojae. The generally high level of similarity of most P. ramorum and P. sojae genes predicts that, in general, chemical treatments developed for other Phytophthora species should also be  effective against P. ramorum. The small size of the P. ramorum genome and lack of extensive numbers of duplicated chromosomal segments effectively eliminates the hypothesis that P. ramorum is a recent hybrid between two other Phytophthora species. The two Phytophthora genome sequences are available at http://genome.jgi-psf.org/. 

A critical need in understanding the epidemiology of P. ramorum is the need to be able to distinguish different genetic individuals of P. ramorum so that patterns of spread can be traced. However, very little genetic variation can be detected in P. ramorum isolates from the US by using conventional techniques such as AFLPs (1), presumably because most of the population was derived clonally from a single introduction or a small number of introductions of closely related strains. The P. ramorum genome sequence now offers the possibility of examining the genome directly for regions that may be useful in genetically distinguishing closely related strains. Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) or microsatellites have been used for genetic typing of an extensive variety of eukaryotic organisms. A total of 1,000 microsatellite loci were observed in the genome of P. ramorum. Dinucleotide repeats were the most abundant microsatellite repeats making up 56% of all repeats followed by trinucleotide repeats at 29%. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) offer another resource for identifying recent variation, such as gene conversion or mitotic crossing over (2). Sequencing of the P. ramorum genome identified approximately 200,000 sites at which the genome sequence of this diploid organism is polymorphic. Screening of these SSR and SNP sites is underway to determine if any of these sites are variable enough to detect recent genetic divergence in the P. ramorum population that could be used track patterns of spread.

1. Ivors KI, Hayden KJ, Bonants PJM, Rizzo DM, Garbelotto M. (2004) 'AFLP and phylogenetic analyses of North American and European populations of Phytophthora ramorum'. Mycological Research 108, 378'392.

2. Chamnanpunt, J., Shan, W-X and Tyler, B.M. (2001) "High frequency mitotic gene conversion in genetic hybrids of the oomycete Phytophthora sojae" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98(25), 14530-14535.


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