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Title:   Author  item
                                            Callaway, Todditem
                                            Morrow, Julieitem
                                            Poole, Toniitem
                                            Wallace, Frederickitem
                                            Anderson, Robinitem
                                            Dowd, Scotitem
                                            Edrington, Thomasitem
                                            Genovese, Kenneth

                                                         - *Ken*item
                                            Byrd Ii, James

                                                         - *Allen*item
                                            Harvey, Roger
  Submitted to: Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 2/15/2005
                                    Publication  Date: 9/2/2005
                                    Citation: Callaway, T.R., Morrow, J.L., Johnson, A.K., Dailey, J.W., Wallace, F.M., Wagstrom, E.A., McGlone, J.J., Lewis, A.R., Dowd, S.E., Poole, T.L., Edrington, T.S., Anderson, R.C., Genovese, K.J., Byrd II, J.A., Harvey, R.B., Nisbet, D.J. 2005. Environmental prevalence and persistence of Salmonella spp. in outdoor swine wallows. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 2:263-273.Interpretive Summary: Swine can harbor Salmonella in their gastrointestinal tracts.  In some production systems, swine are raised in outdoor conditions, and pigs reared outdoors create mud/water wallows.  In the present study, mud and water samples were collected from wallows over a 10 month period.  Salmonella was isolated from all of the wallows tested at some point during the study.  Genetically indistinguishable Salmonella types were found in neighboring and distant wallows, and in swine feces, indicating that the pathogenic bacteria could be circulating amongst the swine and their environment.  The role of wallows in spreading Salmonella throughout outdoor swine herds appears to be significant.
                                Technical Abstract: Swine can harbor Salmonella in their gastrointestinal tracts.  It has been estimated that up to 25% of the U. S. swine herd may carry Salmonella.  Housing sows in farrowing stalls has become controversial due to animal welfare-based criticisms.  An alternative production system is to keep sows outdoors on pasture with access to individual farrowing huts.  This study was designed to determine the effects of two production systems on food-borne pathogenic bacteria of sows housed indoors in farrowing stalls (n = 52) compared to sows housed outdoors (n = 52) in English style huts.  Each farrowing radial contained one wallow, from which mud (n = 290) and water (n = 290) samples were collected weekly. All samples were analyzed for generic E. coli, coliforms and Salmonella.  No differences (P >0.05) were detected in Salmonella, generic E. coli and coliform populations between indoor farrowing stalls and outdoor farrowing huts.  However, all 8 outdoor wallows contained Salmonella spp. at some point during the study (n = 49 Salmonella isolates).  Salmonella genotypes persisted within some wallows for >5 mo, and genetically indistinguishable isolates were found in multiple wallows.  Salmonella isolated from outdoor sow feces were genetically indistinguishable by PFGE from Salmonella isolated from wallows (n = 33) throughout the study, indicating that pathogenic bacteria were cycling between swine and their environment.  In conclusion, the role of wallows in disseminating Salmonella within an outdoor swine herd appears to be significant.


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