A ft erexami ni ng t he br i efs and appe l l at e r ecor d, t hi s panel has det erm i ned * unani m ous l yt o gr antt he part i es ’ r eques tfora dec i s i on on the br i efs w i thoutor al a rg u m e n t. See F ed . R . A p p . P . 3 4 (f); 10 th C ir . R . 3 4 . 1 (G ). T h e c ase is th ere fo re or der ed s ubm i t t ed w i t houtor al ar gum ent . T hi s or derand j udgm enti s notbi ndi ng pr ece dentexce ptundert he doctr i nes of l aw of the ca s e, r es j udi cat a and c ol l at er al e sto p p e l. Itm a yb e c ited , h o w e v e r, fo r its p e rsu a siv e v a lu e c o n sis ten t w ith Fed. R . A pp. P. 32. 1 and 10th C i r . R . 32. 1. 

## F I LED United States C ourt of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### F e b r u ary20,2007 Elisab eth A. Shumaker C l erk of C ourt UNI TED S TATES CO URT O F AP PEALS F O R T H E T E N T H C IR C U IT F RE D C OR L E Y, P lain tiff-A p p e llan t, v. DE P AR T M E NT OF VE T E RA NS A FFA I R S, byand thr ough t he H o n o ra b le A n th o n yJ. P rin c ip i, S ecret aryof V et erans A ffair s, D efe ndant - A ppel l ee. N o. 05- 7137 ( D . C . N o . 0 4 - C V - 4 8 2 - W) (E .D . O k la .)

ORDE R AND J UDGM EN T * B efor e KELLY , LU CE RO , and HA RTZ , C i rcui tJudg es.

Fr ed C or l eyappea l s t he di s tr i ctcourt ’ s gr antof s um m aryj udgm enti n favor o f h i s fo r me re mp l o y e r , t h e De p a r t me n to f Ve t e r a n s Affa i r s ( VA) , o n h i s c l a i ms fo rd i s a b i l i t yd i s c r i mi n a t i o n u n d e rt h e Re h a b i l i t a t i o n Ac to f 1 9 7 3 , 2 9 U. S . C. § 791, and forcons t ruct i ve di s char ge. H e al l eges t hathe has a phy s i cal- 2-

i m pai r m ent–a s ei zur e di s or der–t hats ubs t ant i al l yl i m i t s one orm or e maj orl i fe a c t i v i t i e s , a n d t h a th e i s t h e r e fo r e d i s a b l e d u n d e rth e Re h a b i l i t a t i o n Ac t . He cl ai m s t hatt he V A fai l ed t o acc om m odat e hi s di s abi l i tyand thathe w as cons t ruct i vel ydi s char ged w hen he c hos e t o pur s ue r et i r ementbenef i t s r atherthan a c c e p ta d e mo t i o n t o a l o we r - p a i d p o s i t i o n . W e a ffi r m. I . Backg r ound M r . C or l eybegan e m pl oym entw i th the V A i n 1992. A tal l t i m es r el evant to th is c a se , h e w a s a n E d u c a tio n C a se M a n a g e r (E C M ). H is jo b w a s to c o m m u n ica te w ith v e ter a n s a b o u t th e ir e d u c a tio n b e n e fits v ia te lep h o n e , em a il, a n d fa x e s, a s w e ll as in p e rso n e ith e r a t th e V A o ffice o r d u rin g to w n -h a ll m eet i ngs . E C M s w er e r equi r ed t o be ava i l abl e t o ans w ert el ephone c al l s fr om vet er ans fora l ar ge port i on of thei rw or k day s ; as of M ar ch 2003 the mi ni m um t i m e theyw er e t o be ava i l abl e w as s i x hour s perday . A nyi nqui ryr egar di ng a s peci fi c vet er an’ s educa t i on benef i t s r equi r ed us e of a comput ert o acc es s t he i nform at i on. M r . C or l eys uffe r ed the fi r s tof tw o m aj ors ei zur es i n 2000, w hi l e s t at i oned i n T ur keyon m i l i t arydut y . I n J anuary2001 he s uffe r ed a s econd maj ors ei zur e at hom e. H e r eport ed t o D r . E dw ar d M or oney , hi s pr i m arycar e phy s i ci an att he M us kogee, O kl ahoma, V A M edi cal C ent er( V A M C ) , t hathe w as havi ng seizu re-li k e a cti v ity , p ri m aril yw h il e h e slep t, as e v iden ce d b yu ri n ary i ncont i nence . D r . M or oneyr efe rr ed M r . C or l eyt o a V A M C neur ol ogi s tand- 3-

a d v is e d th a t h e s h o u ld n o t s h ip o u t to J o rd a n w ith h is A irN a tio n a l G u a rd u n it. M r. C o rle yb e g a n se e in g D r. L . K e ith S im m o n s, a p riv a te n e u ro lo g ist, in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h h i s s e i z u r e a c t i v i ty. O n F e b ru a ry1 , 2 0 0 1 , D r. M o ro n e ym a d e th e fo llo w in g n o tatio n in M r . C or l ey ’ s m edi cal fi l e: T he above r efe r ence d i ndi vi dual has devel oped a s ei zur e di s or der w h ich is p re se n tly [ ] c o n tro lled [ w ith ] m e d ica tio n . H o w e v e r h is str ess s h o u ld b e k ep t ata m inim u m to p rev en t brea k thro [u ]gh seizu re act i vi t y . H e s houl d notbe r equi r ed t o s pend more than 4 h[ou] r s / day on t he t el ephone. A plt . A pp . , V ol. I at10 9. M r. C orl eypresent ed thi s docu m ent t o P hy l l i s C urt i s, one of hi s s upervi s or s att he V A , on M ar ch 22, 2001. B egi nni ng thatdayhe sta rte d a ss istin g w ith tra in in g n e w e m p lo y e e s fo r fo u r h o u rs p e r d a y , ap p a re n tly re d u c in g h is a v a ilab le te lep h o n e tim e to a t m o st fo u r h o u rs. A lth o u g h th e n e e d to tra in n e w e m p lo y e e s w a s te m p o ra ry , M r. C o rle yh a d in d ica ted th a t p o ss ib ly so m e th in g c o u ld b e d o n e m e d ica llyto c o n tro l h is s e izu re s, so M s. C u rtis under s t ood t hatM r . C or l eyw oul d agai n be abl e t o per form hi s r egul ardut i es once t he t empora r yas s i gnm entw as compl et ed. O n M a rc h 2 7 , in d e sc rib in g h is m e d ica l h isto ryto D r. M a d h u su d a n K o d u ri, a ps y chi atr i s t , M r . C or l eyr epor t ed thatonce a w eek orm or e he w as havi ng s ei zur es , dur i ng w hi ch he s om et i m es pas s ed out . H e al s o t ol d D r . K odur i thathe w as notdr i vi ng. T her e ar e no furthernot at i ons i n M r . C or l ey ’ s m edi cal r ecor ds r egar di ng s ei zur e ac t i vi t yforal m os tei ghtm onths . I n N ovember2001 he- 4-

report ed to D r. S i m m on s an i ncrease i n the frequen cyof h i s sei zures s i nce A ug ust buti ndi cat ed thathe had nothad anyfur thergener al i zed c onvul s i ons . T he s e i z u r e s o c c u r r e d mo r e a tn i g h ta n d we r e e v i d e n c e d b yu r i n a ryi n c o n t i n e n c e . He al s o had a few epi s odes atw or k w hen he be came gl as s y - ey ed, and on occ as i on t he comput ers cr een w oul d i nduce a s ei zur e. D r . Si m m ons not ed thatM r . C or l eyw as o n a m o d ified w o rk sc h e d u le a n d re c o m m e n d e d th a t th is s c h e d u le c o n tin u e u n til t he s ei zur es w er e contr ol l ed. Fi ve mont hs l at er , i n A pr i l 2002, M r . C or l eyr eport ed a de cr eas ed f re q u e n c yo f

se izu re sy m p to m s to D r. K o d u ri. In Ju n e h e re p o rte d to D r. M o ro n e yth a t h e w a s h a v in g s e iz u re s o n c e a w e e k d u ri n g th e n ig h t. D r. M o ron eyn o ted th at D r. S im m o n s w as c h an g ing M r. C o rl ey ’s seizu re m edi cat i on. D r . Si m m ons pr ovi ded M r . C or l eyw i th a “r eturn t o w or k” form , at h is r eq u est, w h ich w as e ffec ti v e Ju n e 1 7 , 2 0 0 2 . T h e re turn -t o -w o rk fo rm r es t r i ct ed onl yM r . C or l ey ’ s us e of ha zar dous equi pm ent . T he form al s o i ndi cat ed th a t h is s e izu re m e d ica tio n w a s b e in g a d ju ste d , w h ich c o u ld in iti a llyre su lt i n i ncr eas ed s ei zur es . T he part i es di s put e w hetherthe haz ar dous - equi pm ent l i m i t at i on w as t he onl yl i m i t at i on aft erJ une 17, 2002, orw as i n addi t i on t o the pr evi ous four - hour l i m i t at i on on t el ephone w or k. A ft erM r . C or l eygave the re tu rn -to -w o rk fo rm to M s. C u rtis, h e c o n tin u e d to w o rk th e m o d ified sc h e d u le lim iti n g h is te lep h o n e tim e to fo u r h o u rs p e r d a y . In A u g u st 2 0 0 2 h e re p o rte d to Dr . M o r o n e yt h a th e h a d h a d n o mo r e s e i z u r e s a f t e rs wi t c h i n g me d i c a t i o n s . He- 5-

a sk e d D r. M o ro n e yfo r a lette r sta tin g th a t h e w a s fit fo r d u tyw ith th e A ir N at i on al G uard. T hat s am e m on th, M r. C orl eyadv i sed D r. K od uri that hi s l ast s e i z u r e h a d b e e n i n M a y. I n D ece m ber2002 M s . C ur t i s as ked M r . C or l eyt o pr ovi de updat ed d o c u m e n tatio n o f

h is m e d ica l co n d iti o n . M r. C o rle yse n t an e m a il t o D r . Si m m ons ’ s offi ce on D ece m ber18, as ki ng fora curr ent l ydat ed copyof D r . Si m m ons ’ s pr evi ous not e l i m i t i ng hi m t o fourhour s of t el ephone w or k per day . H e t ol d D r . Si m m ons t hathe had ha d an i ncr eas e i n s ei zur e ac t i vi ty , w hi ch s eemed t o be more pr eval entw i t h s eas onal orw eatherchange s . H e al s o i ndi cat ed t hathe had s uffe r ed a mi ds i zed s ei zur e atw or k the pr evi ous w eek a nd another o n e the n igh t befo re. D r. S im m o n s fa x ed b ac k the J u n e 2 0 0 2 return -t o -w o rk fo rm c o n tain in g o n lyth e re stric tio n o n u se o f h a z a rd o u s e q u ip m e n t, w ith a n o te to c o n tin u e th a t li m itatio n . M r. C o rle yd id n o t p ro v id e th is re tu rn -to -w o rk fo rm to th e V A . In ste a d , u p o n re c e iv in g D r. S im m o n s’s fa x , h e se n t an o th e r e m a il t o D r. S im m o n s’s o ffice o n D e c e m b e r 1 9 , as k in g o n c e a g a in fo r a n o te lim iti n g h is t el ephone t i m e t o fourhour s perday . D r . Si m m ons di d notr es pond. T he next day , D ece m ber20, M r . C or l eydes cr i bed hi s s ei zur e s pel l s t o D r . K odur i as i nt erm i t t entand l es s i nt ens e. H e al s o t ol d D r . K odur i thathe had be en pl ay i ng fo o tb a l l o c c a s i o n a l l y. O n D ece m ber31 M r . C or l eycont act ed D r . Si m m ons agai n, thi s t i m e as ki ng t he doct ort o r es ci nd t he pr i ors t at ementl i m i t i ng hi m t o fourhour s of t el ephone- 6-

t i m e and t o puthi m back on a r egul arw or k s chedul e. D r . Si m m ons r el eas ed M r. C o rle yto a re g u lar w o rk sc h e d u le b e g in n in g Ja n u a ry2 , 2 0 0 3 , w ith a n o te to a v o id a c tiv ityth a t m ig h t b e h a z a rd o u s if h e lo se s c o n sc io u sn e ss . O n c e a g a in M r . Co r l e yd i d n o tp r o v i d e t h i s n e w r e tu rn - t o - wo r k fo r m t o th e VA. O n J anuary10, 2003, M s . C ur t i s gave M r . C or l eya dea dl i ne of J anuary23 t o pr ovi de an upda t ed s t atus r eportfr om hi s doct or . She i ndi cat ed thati f he fai l ed to p rov ide th e u p d ated info rm ati o n , itw o u ld b e a ssu m ed that h e c o u ld p erfo rm t h e f u l l d u t i e s o f

a n E CM a n d h i s s c h e d u l e wo u l d b e a dj u s t e d a c c o r d i n g l y . On J anuary28, havi ng r ece i ved no updat ed document at i on, M s . C ur t i s r etur ned M r . C or l eyt o r egul ardut i es . O n M ar ch 18 he w as pl ace d on a per form ance - as s i s t ance pl an ( PA P) beca us e hi s aver age da i l yavai l abl e t el ephone t i m e i n J anuaryand Februaryhad bee n l es s than s i x hour s . D ur i ng M ar ch and A pr i l 2003 he s oughtm edi cal att ent i on fortw o knee i nj ur i es thathe had r ece i ved p layi n g se m ip ro fe ss io n a l fo o tb a ll. A t th e A p ril ap p o in tm e n t h e re p o rte d to D r . M or oneyt hathe cont i nued t o have noc tur nal ur i naryi ncont i nence , buti thad n o t in c re a s e d in f

re q u e n c ys in c e h e h a d s ta rt e d p la y in g s e m ip ro fe s s io n a l fo o tb a ll. O n M ay5 he w as t aken off the PA P aft eri m pr ovi ng hi s dai l yaver age t el ephone t i m e t o m eett he EC M per form ance s t andar d. I n J une he s oughtm edi cal att ent i on a g a in , th is tim e fo r p a in in h is a rm re la te d to m o v in g f u rn itu re th e d a yb e fo re . T h e re c o rd su g g e sts th a t at th a t ap p o in tm e n t h e d id n o t re p o rt a n yin c re a se in s e i z u r e a c t i v i t y.- 7-

O n Ju n e 2 9 , 2 0 0 3 , M r. C o rle ysig n e d a n a p p lica tio n fo rm se e k in g d isa b ili ty re tirem e n t. H e sa w D r. S im m o n s a b o u t a w e e k late r, af ter n o t h a v in g se e n h im forappr oxi m at el yone y ear . H e r eport ed t o D r . Si m m ons thathi s s ei zur es had been doi ng w el l unt i l a cha nge i n hi s w or k s chedul e. H e w as now exper i enci ng m or e fr equents ei zur es and w as undera l otof s tr es s . O n J ul y16 he s aw D r . M or oney , r epor t i ng cont i nued noctur nal s ei zur es char act er i zed bys haki ng, u ri n aryinco n ti n en ce , an d p o st i ctal stu p o r. H e ind icated that the d ayaf ter a s ei zur e he w as l ethar gi c and thathe had be en s l eepi ng m or e. H e had nots ought m ed ical att en ti o n at th e V A M C fo r his seizu re a cti v ityfo r ov er a y ea r. O n J ul y21, 2003, dur i ng a meet i ng w i th Fr anci e W r i ght , the s upervi s orof hi s di vi s i on, M r . C or l eys ubm i t t ed a J ul y15 s t at ementfr om D r . Si m m ons l i m i t i ng hi m t o fourhour s of t el ephone t i m e perday . I n r es pons e, M s . W r i ghtpr opos ed pos s i bl e al t ernat i ve comput erw or k he coul d do forpartof the day , butM r . C or l ey c lar ified th a t itw a s re a llyth e c o m p u ter , an d n o t th e tele p h o n e , tha t ca u se d h im pr obl ems. H e i ndi cat ed thathe w oul d s ubm i tanotherdoct or ’ s s t at ements ay i ng s o . T h a ts a me d a y , h e c o n t a c t e d a n e q u a l e mp l o yme n to p p o r tu n i ty( E E O) c o u n se lo r a t th e V A to a lleg e d isa b ili tyd isc rim in a tio n b yth e V A . H e late r to ld th e E E O c o u n se lo r th a t M s. W rig h t h a d in fo rm e d h im o n Ju ly2 1 th a t sh e w o u ld p u t h im o n a m o d ified w o rk sc h e d u le o n lyu n til O c to b e r 3 0 , af ter w h ich h e w o u ld have t o r etur n t o hi s nor m al E C M dut i es ort ake a notherpos i t i on thatw oul d be aT he part i es cons ent ed t o j ur i s di ct i on of a magi s tr at e j udge. A l l r efe r ence s 1 t o t he di s t r i ctcour t ’ s or derpert ai n t o the N ovember22, 2005, O r derof the m agi s t r at e j udge.

- 8- d em o ti o n . T h e n ex t day , Ju ly2 2 , h e su b m itted to M s. W ri g h t a return -t o -w o rk fo r m f r o m D r . S i m m o n s , l i m i t i n g h i s u s e o f a c o m p u t e rt o fo u rh o u r s p e rd a y. M s . W r i ghtpl ace d M r . C or l eyon a modi fi ed w or k s chedul e on J ul y30, lim iti n g h is c o m p u ter tim e to fo u r h o u rs p e r d a y . U n d e r th e m o d ified sc h e d u le t he r emai nderof the dayhe w oul d be as ked t o do w or k thatdi d noti nvol ve us i ng a c o m p u ter , b u t d id in v o lv e u sin g a tele p h o n e . M s. W rig h t in d ica ted th a t th is m o d ifi ed sch ed u le w o u ld b e li m it ed to 9 0 d ay s b ec au se th e n o n co m p u ter w o rk w as ata l ow erpaygr ade than hi s E C M pos i t i on. A ft er90 day s he w oul d be exp ect ed to r eturn aga i n to hi s r egu l ar EC M du t i es. M r . C or l eyw as aw ar ded ful l di s abi l i ty - r et i r ementbenef i t s effect i ve O ct ober3, 2003. H e s t opped havi ng s ei zur es i n A ugus torSept emberof 2004 and w as s ei zur e- fr ee unt i l atl eas tJ ul y2005. M r . Co r l e yfi l e d a c o mp l a i n ta g a i n s tth e VA o n Oc t o b e r2 8 , 2 0 0 4 . On A ugus t25, 2005, t he V A m oved fors um m aryj udgm enton hi s cl ai m s for di s abi l i t ydi s cr i m i nat i on, r et al i at i on, and cons truct i ve di s char ge. R ul i ng that M r . C or l ey ’ s evi dence of i nt erm i t t entdi ffi cul t i es w i th m aj orl i fe a ct i vi t i es di d not es t abl i s h an i m pai r m entt hatw as s uffi ci ent l ys ever e and pe r m anentt o be a di s abi l i t y , t he di s t r i ct court gr ant ed the V A ’ s m ot i on on t he R ehabi l i t at i on A ct 1- 9-

c laim s. T h e d istric t co u rt a lso g ra n ted su m m a ryju d g m e n t o n M r. C o rle y ’s c laim fo r a n u n p a id p e rfo rm a n c e b o n u s , w h ic h w a s n o t a d d re s s e d in th e V A ’s m o tio n . O n appea l M r . C or l eychal l enges onl ythe s um m aryj udgm enton hi s cl ai m s for di s abi l i t ydi s cr i m i nat i on and cons truct i ve di s char ge. I I . D i s cus s i on A . St andard of R evi ew W e re v ie w th e d is tr ic t c o u rt ’s g ra n t o f s u m m a ry ju d g m e n t d e n o v o . See R akit y v. D i l l on C os. , 302 F. 3d 1152, 1157 ( 10th C i r . 2002) . Sum m aryj udgm ent i s appr opr i at e “i f the pl eadi ngs , depos i t i ons , ans w er s t o i nt err ogat or i es , and admi s s i ons on fi l e, t ogetherw i t h the affi davi t s , i f any , s how t hatt her e i s no genui ne i s s ue as t o anym at er i al fac tand thatt he movi ng par tyi s ent i t l ed t o a j udgm entas a mat t erof l aw . ” Fed. R . C i v. P. 56( c) . “A fac ti s ‘ m at er i al ’ i f, u n d e r t h e g o v e rn in g la w , it c o u ld h a v e a n e ffe c t o n th e o u tc o m e o f th e la w s u it. A di s put e overa mat er i al fac ti s ‘ genui ne’ i f a r eas onabl e j urycoul d fi nd i n favorof t he non movi ng par t yon t he evi dence pr es ent ed. ” R a k ity , 302 F. 3d at1157 ( ci t at i on om i t t ed) . W e vi ew t he evi dence , and dr aw r eas onabl e i nfer ence s th e re f ro m , in th e lig h t m o s t fa v o ra b le to th e n o n m o v a n t. Id. at1160.

B. R e c or d on Su m m ar y Judgment W e addr es s fi r s ta pr el i m i naryi s s ue r ai s ed byt he V A r egar di ng the ext ent of the r ecor d on s um m aryj udgm ent . T he V A cont ends t hatM r . C or l ey i m pr oper l yi ncl uded the ent i r e tr ans cr i ptof D r . Si m m ons ’ s depos i t i on i n theWoodm an n o ted th a t th e sa m e sta n d a rd fo r a p rim a fa c ie c a se a p p lies in 2 act i ons br oughtundert he A m er i cans W i th D i s abi l i t i es A ct( A D A ) . 132 F. 3d at 1338. T he s t andar d appl i ed undert he A D A i s al s o us ed t o det erm i ne w hetheran a c t o f d is c ri m in a tio n v io la te s th e R e h a b ilita tio n A c t. See 29 U . S. C . § 791( g) ; 29 C . F . R . § 1 61 4. 20 3(b). W e t herefore r el yon cases apply i ng t he A D A i n the cou rs e o f th is o rd e r a n d ju d g m e n t.

- 10- A ppel l ant ’ s A ppendi x. W e agr ee w i th the V A thatthe ful l tr ans cr i ptw as not befor e the di s t r i ctcour ton s um m aryj udgm ent . “[T] he onl ypr operfunct i on of a cour tof appe al s i s t o r evi ew t he dec i s i on bel ow on the bas i s of the r ecor d that w as m ade be for e the di s t r i ctcourt . ” A l l en v. Mi nns tar, Inc. , 8 F. 3d 1470, 1474 ( 10t h C i r . 1993) ( i nt ernal quot at i on m arks om i t t ed) . T her efor e, w e w i l l r evi ew onl yt he page s of the Si m m ons depos i t i on tr ans cr i ptthatw er e befor e the di s tr i ct c o u rt : A p p e lla n t’ s A p p e n d ix , V o lu m e I a t 3 2 3 -3 2 5 a n d V o lu m e II a t 3 5 4 -3 5 6 . T he r emai ni ng pages of thatt r ans cr i pt–A ppel l ant ’ s A ppendi x, V ol um e I I at 3 6 4 -4 0 5

– a re s tr ic k e n f ro m th e re c o rd . See Aer o- Medi cal, Inc. v. Uni t ed Stat es , 2 3 F . 3 d 3 2 8 , 3 2 9 n . 2 (10 th C ir . 1 9 9 4 ). C . D i s abi l i t y D i s cri m i nat i on T o es t abl i s h a pr i m a fa ci e ca s e of di s abi l i tydi s cr i m i nat i on, M r . C or l eyw as r equi r ed t o s how t hat( 1) he w as a di s abl ed per s on w i thi n the meani ng of the R ehabi l i t at i on A ct ; ( 2) he w as otherw i s e qual i fi ed fort he j ob; and ( 3) he w as d is c ri m in a te d a g a in s t b e c a u s e o f h is d is a b ility. See Woodm an v. R unyon , 1 3 2 F . 3 d 1 3 3 0 , 1 3 3 8 (10 th C ir . 1 9 9 7 ). T h e R eh ab il it ati o n A ct de fin es th e term 2 d isa b ili ty in p e rtin e n t p a rt a s “ a p h y sic a l o r m e n tal im p a irm e n t th a t su b sta n tiallyM r . C or l eydoes notal l ege di s cr i m i nat i on bas ed on ei ther“a r ecor d of s uch 3 a n i mp a i r me n t ” o r“ b e i n g r e g a r d e d a s h a v i n g s u c h a n i mp a i r me n t , ” 4 2 U. S . C. § 12102( 2) , bot h of w hi ch ar e al s o i ncl uded i n the def i ni t i on of di s abi l i tyunder th e R e h a b ilita tio n A c t, s ee 2 9 U .S .C . § 7 9 4 (d ); McG es hi ck v . P r i nci pi , 357 F. 3d 1 1 4 6 , 1 1 5 0 (10 th C ir . 2 0 0 4 ).

- 11- l i m i t s one or m or e m aj or l i fe act i vi t i es . ” 29 U . S. C . § 705( 9) ( B ) . A l though the 3 V A does notdi s put e thatM r . C or l eyhas a s ei zur e di s or der , a phy s i cal i m pai r m ent a lo n e d o e s n o t m a k e o n e d isa b led . T h e im p a irm e n t m u st a lso su b sta n tiallylim it a m ajo r l ife a c tiv ity. See i d. ; Toy o ta Mo t o rMf g . , Ky . , In c . v . Wi l l i a ms , 53 4 U. S. 1 8 4 , 1 9 5 (20 0 2 ). T he r egul at i ons i s s ued byt he D epart m entof H eal th and H um an Servi ces undert he R ehabi l i t at i on A ctdefi ne maj orl i fe a ct i vi t i es as “func t i ons s uch as car i ng forone’ s s el f, per form i ng m anual t as ks , w al ki ng, s eei ng, hear i ng, sp e a k in g , b re a th in g , lea rn in g , an d w o rk in g .” 4 5 C .F .R . § 8 4 .3 (j)(2 )(ii). T h is list, h o w e v e r, i s n o t e x h a u s tiv e . See Poi ndexterv. A t chis on, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. C o. , 1 6 8 F .3 d 1 2 2 8 , 1 2 3 1 (1 0 th C ir. 1 9 9 9 ). T h e E q u a l E m p lo ym e n t O p p o rtu n ity C om m i s s i on ( E E O C ) has i s s ued r egul at i ons fur therdefi ni ng d isa b ili ty and su b sta n tia lly lim its . B e c a u se th e p a rties d o n o t d isp u te th e ir a p p lica tio n in th is c a s e , w e w ill a s s u m e th a t th e ys h o u ld b e a p p lie d h e re . S e e Toy o ta , 534 U . S. at 19 4. U nd er these regulat i on s subst an t i all y l i m i ts m eans: (I) U n a b le to p e rfo rm a m ajo r life a c tiv ityth a t th e a v e ra g e p e rso n in t he gene r al popul at i on can pe r form ; or( i i ) Si gni fi cant l yr es tr i ct ed as t o t he condi t i on, m annerordur at i on underw hi ch an i ndi vi dual can per form a part i cul arm aj orl i fe a ct i vi tyas compar ed t o the condi t i on,- 12-

m anner , ordur at i on underw hi ch the ave r age pe r s on i n the gene r al p o p u l a t i o n c a n p e r fo r m t h a ts a m e m aj o rl i fe a c t i v i ty. 29 C . F. R . § 1630. 2(j ) ( 1) . T he EE O C r egul at i ons l i s tthr ee fact or s t o be cons i der ed i n det erm i ni ng w hetheran i ndi vi dual i s s ubs t ant i al l yl i m i t ed i n a m aj orl i fe a ct i vi t y : “( I ) T he natur e and s ever i tyof the i m pai r m ent ; ( i i ) T he dur at i on orexpec t ed dur at i on of the i m pai r m ent ; and ( i i i ) T he perm anentorl ong t erm i m pact , orthe expe ct ed perm anentorl ong t erm i m pactof orr es ul t i ng fr om t he i m pai r m ent . ” Id. § 1630. 2(j ) ( 2) . “‘ Subst ant i al l y ’ . . . s ugges t s ‘ cons i der abl e’ or‘ t o a l ar ge degr ee. ’ ” Toy o ta , 5 3 4 U . S . at 19 6 (bra ck ets o m itted). T h u s, “[ t] o be s ubs t ant i al l yl i m i t ed i n a maj orl i fe a ct i vi ty , ‘ an i ndi vi dual m us thave a n i m pai r m entt hatpr event s ors ever el yr es tr i ct s the i ndi vi dual fr om doi ng act i vi t i es t hatar e of c entr al i m por t ance t o m os tpeopl e’ s dai l yl i ves , ’ ” and the i m pactof the i m pai r m entm us t“‘ be perm anentorl ong t erm . ’ ” McG es hi ck v . P r i nci pi , 357 F. 3d 1146, 1150 ( 10t h C i r . 2004) ( quot i ng Toy o ta , 5 3 4 U . S . at 19 8 ). T he di s t r i ctcour tgr ant ed s um m aryj udgm enti n favorof the V A on M r. C o rl ey ’s disab il ity -discrim ination claim af ter co n clud ing that h is seizure di s or derdi d nots ubs t ant i al l yl i m i tanym aj orl i fe a ct i vi tyand thatther efor e he w as notdi s abl ed undert he R ehabi l i t at i on A ct . B as ed on ourde novo r evi ew of th e re c o rd o n a p p e a l, w e a g re e w ith th e d istric t co u rt.- 13- 1. M aj or L i fe A ct i vi t i es Fi r s t , w e mustdet erm i ne w hi ch of M r . C or l ey ’ s m aj orl i fe a ct i vi t i es ar e at i s s ue. A pl ai nt i ff mustar t i cul at e w i th pr eci s i on the maj orl i fe a ct i vi tyaffect ed b yh is im p a ir m e n t. See Poi ndexter , 168 F. 3d at1232. O n appea l M r . C or l ey c o n ten d s th a t 1 5 d iffe re n t m ajo r life a c tiv iti e s w e re su b sta n tiallylim ited b yh is s ei zur e di s or der . B uthi s ar gum entbel ow and the di s tr i ctcourt ’ s deci s i on addr es s ed onl ys even a l l eged maj orl i fe a ct i vi t i es . T hi s courtw i l l notcons i der a n is s u e n o t p a s s e d u p o n b e lo w . See Walkerv. Mather ( In re Walker

) , 959 F. 2d 8 9 4 , 8 9 6 (10 th C ir . 1 9 9 2 ). N o r w il l w e re v iew an issue n o t r aised in ap p ell an t’ s o p e n in g b ri e f. See Stat e Farm F i r e & C as . C o. v. Mhoon , 3 1 F .3 d 9 7 9 , 9 8 4 n .7 ( 10t h C i r . 1994) . T her efor e, w e w i l l cons i deronl yt he fi ve ac t i vi t i es t hat M r . C or l eyr ai s ed both i n hi s openi ng br i ef on a ppeal and befor e the di s tr i ct co u rt : sl ee p ing , ca ri n g fo r his ch il d ren , g roc erysh o p p ing , o p era ti n g m ac h inery ( s uch as a l aw n m ow er ) , and w or ki ng. W hetheran ac t i vi t yal l eged t o be affec t ed byan i m pai r m enti s a “maj orl i fe a c tiv ity” u n d e r t h e R e h a b ilita tio n A c t is a q u e s tio n o f la w fo r t h e c o u rt . See D oebele v. Spr i nt/Uni t ed M gm t . C o. , 3 4 2 F .3 d 1 1 1 7 , 1 1 2 9 (1 0 th C ir . 2 0 0 3 ).

“‘ M aj or ’ i n t he phr as e ‘ m aj orl i fe a ct i vi t i es ’ m eans i m por t ant . ‘ M aj orl i fe a c tiv iti e s’ th u s re fe rs to th o se a c tiv iti e s th a t ar e o f c e n tra l im p o rta n c e to d a ily l i fe. ” Toy o ta , 53 4 U . S . at19 7 (ci t at i on om i t t ed). “A ‘m aj or l i fe acti vity ’ i s a b a sic a c tiv ityth a t th e a v e ra g e p e rso n in th e g e n e ra l p o p u latio n c a n p e rfo rm w ith- 14-

l i t t l e orno di ffi cul t y . ” P ack v . Km ar tC or p. , 1 6 6 F . 3 d 1 3 0 0 , 1 3 0 5 (10 th C ir . 1 9 9 9 ). T h e to u c h s to n e o f a m ajo r l ife a c tiv ity is i ts s ig n ific a n c e . See Poi ndexter , 1 6 8 F .3 d a t 1 2 3 1 . T h e R e h a b ilita tio n A c t r e g u la tio n s in c lu d e w o rk in g a s a m ajo r l ife a c tiv ity. See 45 C . F. R . § 84. 3(j ) ( 2) ( i i ) . A nd w e have hel d thats l eepi ng i s a maj orl i fe a c tiv ity. See Pack , 1 6 6 F .3 d a t 1 3 0 5 . M r. C o rle yc ites n o a u th o rityto su p p o rt h is cont ent i on t hatoper at i ng m achi nery , car i ng forhi s chi l dr en, and gr ocerys hoppi ng a re m ajo r l ife a c tiv itie s . See Phi l l i ps v. C alhoun , 956 F. 2d at949, 953- 54 ( 1 0 t h Ci r . 1 9 9 2 ) ( a p a rt ymu s ts u p p o r ti t s a r g u me n twi th l e g a l a u th o r i ty ) . T h e VA as s er t s , t he di s t r i ctcourtconcl uded, and w e agr ee, thatoper at i ng m achi neryi s not a m ajo r l ife a c tiv ity. See Weberv. Str i ppi t, Inc. , 186 F. 3d 907, 914 ( 8th C i r . 1999) (m o w in g th e law n n o t a m ajo r life a c tiv ity ). It is h a rd lyo f c e n tra l im p o rta n c e in dai l yl i fe. T he di s t r i ctcourtdi d notdeci de w hethercar i ng forone’ s chi l dr en or gr ocerys hoppi ng ar e maj orl i fe a ct i vi t i es . B utw e do notbel i eve thatei ther a c tiv itysta n d in g a lo n e is s u fficie n tlysig n ifica n t to q u a lifya s a m ajo r life a c tiv ity as compar ed t o t he enumer at ed maj orl i fe a ct i vi t i es underthe R ehabi l i t at i on A ct re g u la tio n s . See 45 C . F. R . § 84. 3(j ) ( 2) ( i i ) . A gai n, nei thercan be s ai d t o be c e n tr a l to d a ily life . See Poi ndexter , 1 6 8 F .3 d a t 1 2 3 1 ; see also Kr a u e lv . Io wa Me th o d is t Me d . C tr ., 9 5 F .3 d 6 7 4 , 6 7 7 (8 th C ir. 1 9 9 6 ) (c a rin g fo r o th e rs is n o t a m ajo r life a c tiv ity ); Novak v . P r i nci pi , 442 F. Supp. 2d 560, 567 ( N . D . I l l . 2006) (sa m e ); C o lw ellv. Su

ff o lk C o u n ty P o li ce D ep ’t , 158 F. 3d 635, 643 ( 2d C i r . 1998)- 15-

(m a ll sh o p p in g is n o t a m ajo r life a c tiv ity ); Turne rv. Sul l i van Uni v. Sys . , Inc. , 420 F. Supp. 2d 773, 784 ( W . D . K y . 2006) ( i nabi l i tyt o s hop forgr ocer i es by o n e se lf is n o t a s u b sta n tial lim itatio n o n a m ajo r life a c tiv ity ); c f. E m or y v. As tr aZe ne c a Pha r m ac e ut i c als LP , 401 F. 3d 174, 181 ( 3d C i r . 2005) ( cons i der i ng abi l i t yt o car e forone’ s chi l dr en as partof m aj orl i fe a ct i vi tyof per form i ng m anual t as ks ) . T hus , w e w i l l cons i deronl yw hetherM r . C or l ey ’ s s ei zur e di s or der s u b s ta n tia lly lim ite d h is tw o id e n tifie d m ajo r l ife a c tiv itie s : s le e p in g a n d w o rk in g . (W e add , ho w ever, t hat our di scussi on of these tw o acti vit i es w i l l stronglysugg est th a t M r. C o rl e y ’s o th e r a lle g e d m ajo r l ife a c tiv itie s w e re n o t s u b s ta n tia lly lim ite d .)

2. Subs t ant i al Li m i t at i on o f M aj or Li fe A c t i vi t y of Sl e e pi ng M r. C o rle ya ss e rts th a t th e d istric t co u rt m a d e n u m e ro u s e rro rs in c o n c lu d in g th a t h is s le e p in g w a s n o t s u b s ta n tia lly lim ite d b yh is s e iz u re d is o rd e r. H e ar gues t hatt he r ecor d does nots uppor tt he court ’ s concl us i ons t hathi s s ei zur es and thei reffect s w er e s por adi c, and he c l ai m s err ori n the court ’ s char act er i zat i on o f h is pro b lem s w ith sleep ing as in term ittent an d n o t l o n g -t erm o r sev ere . M o re s peci fi cal l y , he ar gues t hatt he r ecor d fai l s t o s uppor tt he court ’ s det erm i nat i on t hathe expe r i ence d no s ei zur e ac t i vi tyforext ended pe r i ods of t i m e af t err ece i vi ng m e d ica tio n . H e a lso a ss e rts th a t th e c o u rt in c o rre c tlyb a se d its no- s ubs t ant i al - l i m i t at i on concl us i on s ol el yon the effec t s of the tw o l ar ge s ei zur es t hathe s uffe r ed.- 16-

M r. C o rle ym a k e s tw o d iffe re n t ar g u m e n ts in su p p o rt o f h is c laim th a t h is se izu re d iso rd e r w a s s e v e re a n d su b sta n tiallylim ited h is s lee p in g . F irst, h e a ss e rts t hathe expe r i ence d fr equent , r egul ars ei zur es overan ext ended pe r i od of t i m e, w ith re su lti n g p e rm a n e n t o r lo n g -te rm d istu rb a n c e s a n d su b sta n tial e ffe c ts o n h is a b ili tyto sle e p . A ltern a tiv e ly , h e c o n ten d s th a t ev id e n c e o f th e e ffe c ts o f

h is s ei zur es dur i ng per i ods of i ncr eas ed s ei zur e ac t i vi tys uppor t s the conc l us i on that h is im p a ir m e n t w a s s e v e re a n d s u b s ta n tia lly lim ite d h is a b ility to s le e p . W e concl ude thathi s evi dence fai l s t o demonstr at e a tr i abl e i s s ue of factconce rni ng w h e th e r h is s e izu re a c tiv ityw a s s e v e re a n d w h e th e r its e ffe c ts o n h is a b ili tyto s l e e p we r e p e r ma n e n to rl o n g - t e r m.

a. E vi dence of

F requent Sei zures O ver Ex t ended P eri od I n hi s appea l br i ef M r . C or l eyr epea t edl yr efe r s t o a 21⁄2 - y earper i od dur i ng w h ich h e e x p e rie n c e d o n e o r m o re se izu re s p e r w e e k . T h e se c laim s o f w e e k ly s ei zur es overan ext ended pe r i od of t i m e, how ever , ar e nots uppor t ed byany c ita tio n to th e re c o rd . S e e R a k ity , 3 0 2 F .3 d a t 1 1 6 0 (a p p e llan t b e a rs r e sp o n sib ili ty o f p ro v id in g e ss e n tial re fe re n c e s to re c o rd to c a rryb u rd e n o f e sta b lish in g a triab le fac ti s s ue) . A nd t he r ecor d i ndi cat es otherw i s e. A s M r . C or l eyadmi t s , he w as s ei zur e- fr ee fors ever al m ont hs dur i ng thi s 21⁄2 - y earper i od, fr om ei therM ayor J une 2002 t o A ugus tof thaty ear . A l though he r eport ed t o hi s doct or s havi ng w e e k lyse izu re s in M a rc h 2 0 0 1 a n d Ju n e 2 0 0 2 , an d in c re a se s in se izu re a c tiv ityin N o v em b er 2 0 0 1 an d Ju ly2 0 0 3 , at oth er ti m es h e re p o rt ed that h is seizure s w ereA t le a s t o n e o f h is m ajo r s e iz u re s , h o w e v e r, o c c u rr e d b e fo re J a n u a ry 2 0 0 1 . 4 M r. C o rle ytes tifie d th a t th e first o f tw o m ajo r se izu re s h e e x p e rie n c e d w a s w h ile he w as depl oy ed w i t h hi s N at i onal G uar d uni ti n T ur keyi n 2000.

- 17- decreasi ng i n frequ ency(A pri l 20 02 ) orw ere i nterm i t t ent butl ess i ntense (D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 2 ). N ordi d M r . C or l eyevert es t i fyt o havi ng fr equents ei zur es overan ext ended per i od of t i m e thati nt er fer ed w i th hi s abi l i tyt o s l eep. W hen as ked how m any t ot al s ei zur es he had e xper i ence d, he t es t i fi ed thatfr om 1992 unt i l J ul y13, 2005 ( t he dat e of hi s depos i t i on) , t her e w er e 40- 50 occa s i ons w hen he ha d a s ei zur e that caused him t o sl eep m ore than usual. T w o o f t he 4 0-50 sei zures w ere m aj or ones, aft erw hi ch he s l eptforup t o 12 addi t i onal hour s . Fol l ow i ng the other , nonm aj or s ei zur es he s l eptforan addi t i onal thr ee t o fourhour s , orthr ough the morni ng and i nt o t he af

t ernoon. E ven i f the per i od dur i ng w hi ch M r . C or l eyexper i ence d the 4 0 -50 seizu res d id n o t beg in u n ti l Jan u ary2 0 0 1 , w h en h e fir st r ep o rt ed seizu re act i vi t y t o t he V A M C , and ende d i n A ugus torSept ember2004, w hen he t es t i fi ed 4 t hathe had s t opped havi ng s ei zur es al t ogether , he s t i l l w oul d have s uffe r ed, on a v e r a g e , o n l y a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e s e i z u r e p e rm o n th b a s e d o n h i s o w n t e s t i m o n y, w ith th e re su lti n g e ffe c ts u p o n h is s lee p sim ilarlyin ter m itt e n t. M r . C or l eyi s corr ectt hat , apartfr om t he per i od fr om M ayt o A ugus t2002, t her e i s no evi dence t o s uppor tt he di s tr i ctcourt ’ s concl us i on thathe w as not h a v in g se izu re s a t all. B u t n e ith e r is th e c o n v e rse tru e : th e re is n o re a so n a b le- 18-

in fe re n c e f

ro m th e e v id e n c e th a t h is s e izu re s o c c u rre d re g u lar lyo n a w e e k lyb a sis fo ra n u mb e ro f

y e a r s . No t wi t h s t a n d i n g th e a r g u me n t s i n h i s b r i e f, h i s o wn t es t i m onybel i es t hatconcl us i on. I tw as hi s bur den t o es t abl i s h the fr equenc yof h is im p a ir m e n t. S e e R a k ity , 3 0 2 F . 3 d at 11 5 7 -58 (w h en n o n m o v ing p artyb ea rs bur den of pr oof att r i al on di s pos i t i ve i s s ue, i tm us tgo bey ond pl eadi ngs and des i gnat e s peci fi c fa ct s t o s ur vi ve s um m aryj udgm ent ) . V i ew i ng the medi cal ev iden ce an d M r. C o rl ey ’s t esti m o n yin the li g h t m o st fav o rab le t o h im , the re co rd d o e s n o t es tab lish th a t o n a w e e k lyb a sis d u rin g th e las t 2 1⁄2 y e a rs o f h is empl oym entatt he V A he expe r i ence d s ei zur es caus i ng hi m t o s l eep mor e than u s u a l . W e a g r e e w i t h t h e d i s t r i c tc o u r tth a tth e e v i d e n c e e s t a b l i s h e s o n l y a sp o ra d ic o r in ter m itt e n t im p a irm e n t.

b . E v ide n ce o f P er iod s o f In cr ea sed S eizu re A ctivity A l t ernat i vel y , M r . C or l eyar gues t hatt he di s tr i ctcourti gnor ed hi s evi dence of per i ods of i ncr eas ed s ei zur e ac t i vi ty , w hi ch, he cont ends , s uppor t s t he concl us i on t hathi s i m pai r m entw as s ever e and s ubs t ant i al l yl i m i t ed hi s m aj orl i fe a c t i v i t yo f

s l e e p i n g . We d o n o tb e l i e v e t h a tt h e c o u r ti g n o r e d t h i s e v i d e n c e . We concl ude, as di d t he di s t r i ctcourt , t hatt he evi dence i s i ns uffi ci entt o es t abl i s h a triab le fa c t issu e re g a rd in g w h e th e r M r. C o rle y ’s im p a irm e n t w a s o f su c h se v e rity and dur at i on t hati tr es ul t ed i n perm anentorl ong- t erm i m pact s on hi s s l eepi ng. M r . C or l eyt es t i fi ed thatdur i ng per i ods of i ncr eas ed s ei zur e ac t i vi tyhe w o u ld h av e thre e to five s eizu res p er w ee k , af ter w h ich h e w o u ld sleep lon g er,- 19-

r es ul t i ng i n di s rupt i on t o hi s s l eep pa t t erns . H i s t es t i m onyr egar di ng i ncr eas ed s ei zur e ac t i vi t yfocus ed on the per i od fr om J anuary2003 unt i l the t i m e of the al l eged di s cr i m i nat i on i n J ul y2003. H e i ni t i al l yt es t i fi ed thatdur i ng thatper i od he mi s s ed w or k a mi ni m um of one da yperw eek, and as m anyas tw o orthr ee day s , as a r es ul tof hi s ext ended s l eepi ng fol l ow i ng s ei zur es dur i ng the ni ght . B ut th e e v id e n c e re flec ts th a t in Ja n u a ry2 0 0 3 D r. S im m o n s p ro v id e d h im , at h is re q u e s t, w ith a re tu rn -t o -w o rk fo rm re s to ri n g h im to h is re g u la r w o rk s c h e d u le . M or eover , on cr os s - exami nat i on he t es t i fi ed thathe bega n pl ay i ng s emi pr ofes s i onal footbal l i n D ece m ber2002 and he a cknow l edged t el l i ng D r . M or oneyfourm ont hs l at er , i n A pr i l 2003, thathi s s ei zur e s ym pt om s had not in c re a se d sin c e h e h a d b e g u n p layi n g se m ip ro fe ss io n a l fo o tb a ll. H e u lti m a tely test ifi ed that h is seizure ac ti v ityd id n o t i n cre ase u n ti l A p ri l and M ay2 0 0 3 . In J ul y2003 he r eport ed s ei zur e ac t i vi tyt o D r . M or oneyand more fr equents ei zur es t o D r. S i m m on s. T he al l eged di s cr i m i nat or yconduct–t el l i ng M r . C or l eythathi s new m odi fi ed w or k s chedul e w oul d be offer ed foronl y90 day s –occurr ed no l at erthan J ul y30, 2003. T hus , acc or di ng t o M r . C or l ey ’ s ow n t es t i m ony , as cl ar i fi ed on cr os s - exami nat i on, hi s onl yr el evant“per i od of i ncr eas ed s ei zur e ac t i vi ty ” bega n i n A pr i l orM ay2003 and appe ar ed t o cont i nue i nt o J ul y2003. T her e i s no e v id e n c e re g a rd in g h o w lo n g (o r w h e th e r) th a t p e rio d o f in c re a se d se izu re a c tiv ity- 20-

con t i nu ed af

t er J uly . (W e do kn ow that M r. C orl eyw as sei zure- free as of A ug ust o r S e p te m b e r 2 0 0 4 .) M r . C or l ey ’ s evi dence cert ai nl yes t abl i s hes thatatt i m es he expe r i ence d m or e fr equents ei zur e ac t i vi t y . A nd i n the ca s e of the fourm onths befor e the all eg ed d iscri m inato ryac t, h is t esti m o n yind icates tha t he w as h av ing m o re s ei zur es t han i n t he pr ece di ng m onths of thaty ear . B utthe evi dence as a w hol e, i ncl udi ng hi s ow n t es t i m onyaboutthe t ot al num berof s ei zur es he expe r i ence d dur i ng hi s empl oym entw i t h t he V A , does notes t abl i s h a tr i abl e fa cti s s ue re g a rd in g w h e th e r h is im p a irm e n t su b sta n tiallyre stric ted h is s lee p in g . T h e re is in su fficie n t ev id e n c e to su p p o rt h is c o n ten tio n th a t h is im p a irm e n t re su lted in perm anent , oreven l ong- t erm , effect s on hi s abi l i tyt o s l eep a s compar ed t o the aver age pe r s on i n t he gene r al popul at i on. A s the di s tr i ctcourtconcl uded, s uch i nt erm i t t enteffect s on a maj orl i fe a ct i vi tyar e i ns uffi ci entt o es t abl i s h an im p a ir m e n t th a t q u a lifie s a s a d is a b ility. See Pack , 166 F. 3d at1306 ( aff i r m i ng gr antof j udgm entas a mat t erof l aw w hen pl ai nt i ff’ s evi dence of epi s odes of s l eep di s rupt i on fai l ed t o es t abl i s h herpr obl ems w er e s ever e, l ong- t erm , orhad a p e rm a n e n t im p a c t); se e a lso Mc Will ia m s v . Je fferso n C o u n ty , 463 F. 3d 1113, 1116- 17 ( 10t h C i r . 2006) ( aff i r m i ng s um m aryj udgm entw hen evi dence s how ed onl yi nt erm i t t entdepr es s i ve epi s odes thatcaus ed di ffi cul tys l eepi ng and gett i ng al on g w i t h co -w orkers ) C r oy v. C obe Labs . , Inc. , 3 4 5 F . 3 d 1 1 9 9 , 1 2 0 4 (10 th C ir . 2003) ( aff

i r m i ng s um m aryj udgm entw hen pl ai nt i ff e s t abl i s hed onl ythats he w as- 21-

o f ten tem p o ra rilyu n a b le to f u n c tio n a s th e a v e ra g e p e rso n w o u ld , d u e to m u lti p le sclero sis) .- 22- c. E vi dence of

C l as s i fi cat i on of

M r. C orl ey as D i s abl ed by K ansas D epart m ent of R ehabi l i t at i ve Servi ces M r . C or l eyal s o ar gues t hatt he di s tr i ctcourti m pr oper l yi gnor ed the evi dence t hathe w as cl as s i fi ed as “di s abl ed” i n 2004 byt he K ans as D epart m entof R ehabi l i t at i ve Servi ces . I n oppos i t i on t o s um m aryj udgm ent , he s ubm i t t ed document s , l abel ed as E xhi bi tA , purpor t i ng t o be a c er t i fi cat e of e l i gi bi l i tyfr om K ans as R ehabi l i t at i on Ser vi ces and a br ochur e t i t l ed R ehabi l i t at i on Ser vi ces H andbook of Servi ces . H e as s ert ed i n the di s tr i ctcourtt hati tw as undi s put ed that he had r ece i ved s ervi ces fr om t he St at e of K ans as D epart m entof R ehabi l i t at i ve Ser vi ces as a “qua l i fi ed i ndi vi dual w i th a di s abi l i ty . ” The V A di d notdi s put e that M r . Co r l e yr e c e i v e d s e r v i c e s , b u ta r g u e d t h a tE x h i b i tA wa s i n a d mi s s i b l e . On appea l t he V A as s ert s t hatt he di s tr i ctcourtpr oper l yexcl uded fr om t he r ecor d and di d notcons i derE xhi bi tA , buti ti ncl udes no ci t at i on t o the r ecor d t o s uppor tt hat cont ent i on. W e do notr eac h the ques t i on of the admi s s i bi l i tyof Exhi bi tA for s um m ary -j udgm entpurpos es beca us e w e hol d thati ti s notr el evantt o the det erm i nat i on w hetherM r . C or l eyw as di s abl ed att he t i m e of the al l eged d isc rim in a tio n . A s M r. C o rle ya ss e rts in h is a p p e a l b rie f, h is “ im p a irm e n ts s h o u ld be exa m i ned att he t i m e the di s cr i m i nat i on t ook pl ace . ” A pl t . B r . at12. T he K ans as cert i fi cat i on i s nott empora l l yr el evantbeca us e i tw as i s s ued nea r l ya y ear a f ter th e a lleg e d d isc rim in a tio n . “T h e d e ter m in a tio n a s to w h e th e r a n in d iv id u a l is- 23-

a ‘ qual i fi ed i ndi vi dual w i t h a di s abi l i ty ’ m us tbe made as of the t i m e of the empl oym entdeci s i on. ” C is ner os v. Wi ls on , 226 F. 3d 1113, 1129 ( 10th C i r . 2000) (i n te rn a l q u o ta tio n m a rk s o m itte d ), over r ul ed on othergr ounds by B d. of Trs . of Un iv. o f A la . v. G a rr e tt , 531 U . S. 356 ( 2001) . I n C is ner os w e not ed thatevi dence o f th e p lain tiff ’s in a b ili tyto w o rk a t th e tim e o f th e law su it w a s n o t re lev a n t to w hethers he w as a qual i fi ed i ndi vi dual w i th a di s abi l i tyatthe t i m e of the al l eged d is c ri m in a tio n . Id. at1129 n. 12. L i kew i s e, a s how i ng thatM r . C or l eyw as d isa b led in Ju n e 2 0 0 4 is n o t re lev a n t to e sta b lish in g w h e th e r h e w a s d isa b led in J ul y2003. d. Fac t ualD i s put e R e ga r di ng W or k R e s t r i c t i ons Fi nal l y , M r . C or l eycont ends t hatt he fa ct s ar e i n di s put e r egar di ng w hether th e w o rk re stric tio n s p lac e d o n h im b yD r. S im m o n s in Ju n e 2 0 0 2 in c lu d e d o n ly avoi di ng haza r dous equi pm ent , oral s o cont i nued the pr evi ous l i m i t at i on of four hour s of t el ephone w or k perday . B utw e do notbel i eve thatt hi s di s put e i nvol ves anym at er i al fac tw hi ch coul d pr ecl ude s um m aryj udgm ent . E ven as s um i ng that M r . C or l ey ’ s ver s i on of hi s w or k r es tr i ct i ons as of J une 2002 w er e corr ect , t hat fac ti s notr el evantt o w hetherhi s s ei zur e di s or ders ubs t ant i al l yl i m i t ed hi s m aj or life a c tiv ity o f

s le e p in g . S e e R a k ity , 302 F. 3d at1157 ( “A di s put e overa mat er i al fac ti s ‘ genui ne’ i f a r eas onabl e j urycoul d fi nd i n favorof the nonmovi ng par t yon t he evi dence pr es ent ed. ”) . A s w e have concl uded, M r . C or l ey ’ s ow n t es t i m ony r e g a r d i n g t h e d u r a t i o n a n d s e v e r i tyo f h i s s e i z u r e a c t i v i tyd e fe a t s h i s c l a i m.- 24- 3. Subs t ant i al Li m i t at i on o f M aj or Li fe A c t i vi t y of W or ki ng “W ith resp ec t t o the m ajor li fe ac ti v ityo f w o rkin g [,] . . . [t]he term su b stan ti all yli m it s m ea n s sign ifi ca n tl yrestri cted in the ab il ityto p erfo rm eith er a cl as s of j obs ora br oad r ange of j obs i n var i ous cl as s es as compar ed t o the ave r age p e r s o n h a v i n g c o mp a r a b l e t r a i n i n g , s k i l l s a n d a b i l i t i e s . ” 2 9 C. F . R. § 1 6 3 0 .2 (j)(3 )(I); s ee Si em on v. A T&T C or p. , 1 1 7 F . 3 d 1 1 7 3 , 1 1 7 6 (10 th C ir . 1997) . T he EE O C r egul at i on s t at es t hat“cl as s of j obs ” r efe r s t o “j obs ut i l i zi ng sim ilar tra in in g , k n o w led g e , sk ill s o r a b ili ties ” w ith in “ th e g e o g ra p h ica l ar e a to w h ich th e [ p lai n ti ff] ha s rea so n ab le ac ce ss,” 29 C . F . R . § 1 6 3 0 . 2 (j )(3)(i i) (A )-( B ); and “br oad r ange of

j obs i n var i ous cl as s es ” r efe r s t o “j obs notut i l i zi ng s i m i l ar t r ai ni ng, know l edge, s ki l l s orabi l i t i es , w i thi n thatgeogr aphi cal ar ea, ” i d. § 1 6 3 0 .2 (j )( 3 )( ii) (C ). T hus , t o be s ubs t ant i al l yl i m i t ed i n the maj orl i fe a ct i vi t yof w or ki ng, one mustbe pr ecl uded fr om m or e than one type of j ob, a s peci al i zed job , o r a p arti cu lar j o b o f c h o ice. I f jo b s u ti li zing an ind ividu al’s sk ill s (b u t p e rh a p s n o t h is o r h e r u n iq u e tale n ts) a re a v a ilab le, o n e is notpr ecl uded fr om a s ubs t ant i al cl as s of j obs . Si m i l ar l y , i f a hos tof d i ffe r e n tt yp e s o f

j o b s a r e a v a i l a b l e , o n e i s n o tp r e c l u d e d f r o m a broad rang e of jobs. Sut t on v. Uni t ed Ai rLi nes , Inc. , 5 2 7 U . S . 4 7 1 , 4 9 2 (19 9 9 ). M r. C o rle ya ss e rts th a t th e d istric t co u rt e rre d in c o n c lu d in g th a t h is c laim fai l ed bec aus e ( 1) he di d notpr es entevi dence t hathe w as di s qual i fi ed fr om ot her j obs i n hi s geogr aphi cal ar ea r equi r i ng the s ame ski l l s and abi l i t i es t hathe br ought- 25-

to th e V A , an d (2 ) h e d id n o t p ro d u c e e v id e n c e o f jo b s in h is g e o g ra p h ica l ar e a to w h ic h h e h a d a c c e s s , o r t h e n u m b e r a n d typ e o f jo b s d e m a n d in g s im ila r t ra in in g . H e a rg u e s th a t th e e v id e n c e o f h is lim ited a b ili tyto p e rfo rm c e rta in a c tiv iti e s is su fficie n t to e sta b lish a triab le fa c t issu e re g a rd in g w h e th e r h e w a s s u b sta n tially l i m i t ed in w orki ng . S pecifi cal l y , he clai m s that the ev i den ce est abli shes that as a r es ul tof hi s s ei zur e di s or derhe w as for ecl os ed fr om j obs i nvol vi ng anyof the fo l l o wi n g a c t i v i t i e s : d r i v i n g , o p e r a t i n g ma c h i n e ry( i n c l u d i n g u s i n g a l a wn m o w e r ) , c h i l d c a r e , t e l e p h o n e o rc o m p u t e rw o r k fo rm o r e th a n fo u rh o u r s p e rd a y, m i l i t arys ervi ce, w or ki ng athei ght s , m ai nt enanc e, and hous ekee pi ng. M r . C or l eym i s appr ehends hi s bur den as the pl ai nt i ff. Fi r s t , he cha r act er i zes h i s e n u me r a t i o n o f

l i mi t a t i o n s a s “ s u b s t a n t i a l , ” i mp l y i n g th a tb yi t s s h e e rv o l u me t he l i s tes t abl i s hes t hathe i s s ubs t ant i al l yl i m i t ed i n w or ki ng. B uthe i s not s ubs t ant i al l yl i m i t ed i n t he maj orl i fe a ct i vi tyof w or ki ng i f ei ther( 1) “j obs ut i l i zi ng [hi s ] s ki l l s ( butperhaps nothi s . . . uni que t al ent s ) ar e ava i l abl e” or ( 2) “a hos tof di ffe r entt ypes of j obs ar e ava i l abl e. ” Sut t on 527 U . S. at492. T he l i m i t at i on s he l i st s hardl ycom pel the co nclusi on that ei ther ( 1) or ( 2) ( m uch l ess bot h) has been for ecl os ed. Second, M r . C or l eychi des the di s tr i ctcourtfornot m a k in g fin d in g s re g a rd in g w h a t s k ills a n d a b iliti e s h e b ro u g h t w ith h im to th e V A . B u t h e d id n o t p o in t th e d istric t co u rt to a n ye v id e n c e re g a rd in g h is re lev a n t sk ill s t hati ts houl d have c ons i der ed. H e l i kew i s e fa i l s t o poi ntthi s courtt o anypor t i on o f th e re c o rd in d ica tin g w h a t th o se sp e c ific s k ill s w e re . In ste a d h e sim p ly- 26-

c o n c l u d e s , wi t h o u ts p e c i fi c a t i o n , th a th i s r e l e v a n ts k i l l s e t s a r e th o s e o f a n ECM a n d th e sk ill s h e a c q u ire d in th e m ili tar y . T h ird , M r. C o rle yfa ils to p o in t to e v id e n c e in th e re c o rd re g a rd in g th e a v a ilab ili tyo f jo b s fo r h im in h is g e o g ra p h ic ar ea. I ns t ead, he cont ends t hatt he V A w as r equi r ed t o per form a s ur veyof avai l abl e j obs att he V A and he c r i t i ci zes i tforfai l i ng t o do s o. A s a fe der al empl oy ert he V A w oul d have be en r equi r ed r eas onabl yt o acc om m odat e hi m by i dent i fy i ng pos i t i ons w i t hi n the V A orotheragenc i es i n w hi ch he c oul d have funct i oned des pi t e hi s di s abi l i t y . B utthatdutydoes notar i s e unt i l he es t abl i s hes th a t h e h a s a d is a b ility. See Woodm an , 132 F. 3d at1337- 38 & n. 6 ( des cr i bi ng h eigh tene d d u tyo f fed era l em p loy ers to p rov ide re aso n ab le ac co m m o d ati o n ). It w as nott he V A ’ s bur den t o come for w ar d w i th evi dence of the numberand types of j obs avai l abl e orunavai l abl e t o M r . C or l eyi n hi s geogr aphi c ar ea. T he r equi r ementt hatt he pl ai nt i ff pr oduce the nec es s aryevi dence “‘ i s not m eantt o r equi r e an one r ous evi dent i arys how i ng. ’ ” EE O Cv. Heartw ay C orp ., 4 6 6 F .3 d 1 1 5 6 , 1 1 6 4 (1 0 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) ( q u o tin g E E O C C o m p lia n c e M a n u a l § 9 0 2 .4 ). M r . C or l eyw as notr equi r ed t o pr es entevi dence of a pr eci s e numberof j obs fr om w hi ch he w as di s qual i fi ed bec aus e of hi s i m pai r m ent . B uti n hi s ci r cumst ance s he di d need t o pr es ent“evi dence of gene r al empl oym entdemogra phi cs and/ orof r ecogni zed oc cupat i onal cl as s i fi cat i ons thati ndi cat e the appr oxi m at e numberof j obs ( e. g. , ‘ few , ’ ‘ m any , ’ ‘ m os t ’ ) fr om w hi ch [he ] w oul d be exc l uded. ” Id. (i n te rn a l q u o ta tio n m a rk s o m itte d ). S e e R a k ity , 3 0 2 F .3 d a t 1 1 6 2 (p lain tiff fa iled to- 27-

pr ovi de evi dence addr es s i ng hi s vocat i onal tr ai ni ng, r el evantgeogr aphi c ar ea, or n u m b e r a n d typ e o f

jo b s f ro m w h ich h e w a s d isq u a lifie d ); B ol t on v. Scr i vner , Inc. , 36 F. 3d 939, 943- 44 ( 10t h C i r . 1994) ( s ame) . M r . C or l eypr oduced no s uch evi dence . M r . C or l eyar gues t hatt he di s tr i ctcourtfai l ed t o cons i derhi s evi dence t hat he mi s s ed w or k fr equent l yaft era s ei zur e bec aus e he c oul d notw ake up, and that t hi s l i m i t at i on w oul d appl yt o al l j ob types i n al l geogr aphi c ar eas . B utevi dence of fr equentuns chedul ed abs ence s i s nots uffi ci entt o es t abl i s h a s ubs t ant i al l i m i t at i on o n th e m ajo r l ife a c tiv ity o f w o rk in g . See Croy , 345 F. 3d at1204. Fur therm or e, as w e have concl uded bas ed on hi s ow n t es t i m onyr egar di ng the natur e and e xt entof hi s s ei zur es and the pr ol onged s l eepi ng theyt r i gger ed, hi s i m pai r m entw as not s uffi ci ent l ys ever e, perm anent , orl ong- t erm t o l i m i ts ubs t ant i al l yhi s other i dent i fi ed maj orl i fe a ct i vi t yof s l eepi ng. W e r eac h the s ame concl us i on r egar di ng th e m ajo r life a c tiv ityo f w o rk in g . W e a g re e w ith th e d istric t co u rt th a t h e fa iled to p re se n t su fficie n t ev id e n c e to su p p o rt h is c laim th a t h is im p a irm e n t su b sta n tially l i m i t ed hi s abi l i t yt o w or k. W e ho l d thatM r. C orl eyfai l ed to est abli sh a t ri able i ssue of fac ton t he fir st el ementof a pr i m a fa ci e ca s e of di s abi l i tydi s cr i m i nat i on: t hathe w as a di s abl ed per s on.- 28- B . C onst ruct i ve D i s charge “C o n stru cti v e d isch arg e o cc u rs w h en the e m p loy er by i ts i l l egal dis cri m i na t ory acts h a s m a d e w o rk in g c o n d iti o n s s o d ifficu lt th a t a r e a so n a b le per s on i n t he empl oy ee’ s pos i t i on w oul d fee l compel l ed t o r es i gn. ” Sanchezv. D enve rP ub. Sch. , 164 F. 3d 527, 534 ( 10th C i r . 1998) ( i nt ernal quot at i on m arks om i t t ed, emphasi s added) . M r . C or l eyhas fai l ed t o es t abl i s h thathe had a d isa b ili ty . A c c o rd in g ly , h is “ c o n stru c tiv e d isc h a rg e c laim b a se d o n d isa b ili ty di s cr i m i nat i on [undert he R ehabi l i t at i on A ct ] nece s s ar i l yfai l s . ” We lls v . Sh a la la , 2 2 8 F .3 d 1 1 3 7 , 1 1 4 6 (1 0 th C ir. 2 0 0 0 ); see also Lanm an v. Johns on C ount y, Kan. , 393 F. 3d 1151, 1158 ( 10t h C i r . 2004) ( decl i ni ng t o addr es s cons truct i ve di s char ge w h en p lai n ti ff

fa il ed to es tablish d isab il ityu n d er the A D A ). T h e j u d g me n to f

t h e d i s t r i c tc o u r ti s AF F I RMED . E n tered fo r th e C o u rt H a rris L H a rtz C i r cui tJ udge