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Title:   Author  item
                                            DE GRAFF, DIRK - GHENT UNIV. GHENT BELGIUMitem
                                            ALIPPI, ADRIANA - LA PLATA, ARGENTINAitem
                                            BROWN, M - CSL YORK, UKitem
                                            Evans, Jayitem
                                            Feldlaufer, Markitem
                                            GREGORC, A - AIS, LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIAitem
                                            HORNITZKY, M - NSW,DPI, CAMDEN AUSTRALIAitem
                                            PERNAL, S.F. - AAF, ALBERTA CANADAitem
                                            SCHUCH, D.M.T - RS, PORTO ALEGRE BRAZILitem
                                            TITERA, D - BRI, CZECH REPUBLICitem
                                            TOMKIES, V. - CSL, YORK, UKitem
                                            RITTER, W. - TI, FREIBURG, GERMANY
  Submitted to: Letters in Applied Microbiology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 9/26/2006
                                    Publication  Date: 11/1/2006
                                    Citation: De Graff, D.C., Alippi, A.M., Brown, M., Evans, J.D., Feldlaufer, M.F., Gregorc, A., Hornitzky, M., Pernal, S., Schuch, D.F., Titera, D., Tomkies, V., Ritter, W. 2006. Diagnosis of american foulbrood disease in honeybees: A synthesis and proposed analytical protocols. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 43:583-590.Interpretive Summary: American foulbrood is a devastating bacterial disease of immature honey bees. With the international movement of bees, there is a need to standardize diagnosis methods for this disease. This paper describes the clinical symptoms of disease in field colonies and several new and existing laboratory methods to determine the precise agent of disease. This information will be used by regulatory scientists and agencies involved in insuring the safe transport of bees. The information will also be used by researchers attempting to understand the disease and develop new methods of control.
                                Technical Abstract: American foulbrood (AFB) is the most devastating bacterial disease affecting the larval and pupal stages of the honeybee (Apis mellifera).  As the discrimination between AFB and powdery scale disease could no longer hold stand, the pathogenic agent has recently been broadened up to the whole species Paenibacillus larvae.  The creamy, sometimes dark brown glue-like larval remains represent the most obvious sign of AFB but several other clinical symptoms have been described.  Sensitive and selective culture media are available for isolation of these spore-forming bacilli and the type of samples that can be collected for diagnosis of a suspect bee colony has further been expanded.  PCR methods for identification of the pathogen and for genotyping have been developed.   But when highly sophisticated equipment is lacking, the biochemical profiling of suspicious bacterial strains and several homemade or commercialized immunotechniques provide an adequate alternative for the molecular identification of P.larvae.


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