RECORD IMPOUNDED

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-4648-18T3

A.B.,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

D.M.O.,

Defendant-Appellant.

_______________________

Submitted May 20, 2020 – Decided June 8, 2020

Before Judges Koblitz and Mawla.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, 

Chancery Division, Family Part, Passaic County, 

Docket No. FV-16-1688-19.

Law Offices of Ian J. Hirsch & Associates, LLC, 

attorneys for appellant (Ian J. Hirsch and Borce 

Martinoski, on the brief). 

Respondent has not filed a brief. 

PER CURIAM

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the 

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
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Defendant D.M.O.1appeals from the May 29, 2019 Family Part order, 

granting plaintiff A.B. a final restraining order (FRO), pursuant to the 

Prevention of Domestic Violence Act (PDVA), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. 

Defendant argues that plaintiff presented insufficient evidence of the predicate 

acts of harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4, and cyber harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-

4.1, and that plaintiff was in need of a FRO. Because the court's analysis of 

the second prong of the test announced in Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112 

(App. Div. 2006), was incomplete and failed to consider the relevant N.J.S.A. 

2C:25-29(a) factors, we reverse.

Plaintiff, now seventy-two years old, and defendant, now forty-one years 

old, were involved romantically for about four years, including the two years 

they lived together in plaintiff's home. Plaintiff owns an estate, which 

includes a farm and dog kennel business. He testified that defendant "came to 

[him] when she . . . [was] going through a divorce, she had no money [and] she 

had no place to go." After she "begged [him] to take her in," plaintiff allowed 

defendant to rent a barn. She was a tenant there for two years, paying her rent 

timely. 

 

1

 We use initials to protect the identity of victims of domestic violence and to 

preserve the confidentiality of these proceedings. R. 1:38-3(d)(9) to -(10).
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Defendant then moved into plaintiff's house with her two children in 

2017. Plaintiff testified he "tried to be a father to these children," and he 

"lend[ed] [defendant] money all the time" to support her and her children. 

In March 2019, they separated when plaintiff left his residence. 

Recognizing that defendant's children "ha[d] to finish the school year," 

plaintiff let defendant and her children stay in his home while he lived "about a 

mile up the street" with his secretary and her boyfriend. Plaintiff testified that 

he was "not living in [his] house, cause [he was] afraid for [his] life with 

[defendant]." 

On May 8, 2019, the parties argued over defendant parking a horse 

trailer in the driveway of plaintiff's home. Plaintiff took issue with defendant 

"bringing the trailer to the residential area" and worried that his grass would be 

ruined. When plaintiff saw defendant trying to park the trailer, he stopped on 

the driveway apron to block defendant. Defendant got out of her vehicle to 

ask plaintiff to move, but when he refused, she allegedly "started hollering and 

screaming" and called him a "f'in piece of shit." Defendant's daughter also got 

out of the vehicle and told plaintiff to leave her mom alone. Defendant told 

plaintiff she was calling the police, so he moved out of the way to let her park. 
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On May 10, 2019, plaintiff obtained a temporary restraining order (TRO) 

against defendant alleging harassment and cyber harassment. In the TRO, 

plaintiff stated that in addition to the trailer incident, defendant filed a false 

animal abuse complaint against him with the local health department and 

posted false comments on Facebook about his business, alleging that he 

medicated the dogs and did not walk or feed them enough. Under the prior 

history of domestic violence section on the TRO, plaintiff reported that in 

March 2019, defendant touched his buttocks approximately five times without 

his consent. 

The FRO trial was scheduled for May 20, 2019, but on that date the 

court issued a continuance order, stating that "pla[intiff's] failure to appear at 

the next [trial] may result in dismissal." On May 29, 2019, plaintiff appeared 

pro se while defendant was represented by counsel at trial. 

Both parties testified. While defendant denied calling plaintiff a "f-in

piece of shit" or touching him without his consent, she admitted to posting 

negative comments about plaintiff's dog kennel business. She explained that 

she saw about "[sixty] comments" on Facebook about defendant's business, so 

she "added a comment to it as well" because she "wanted people to be aware of 

what [she] knew" as "a firsthand witness to everything." 
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Plaintiff and defendant both introduced as exhibits images of these 

comments, but the court did not admit them into evidence. Although plaintiff 

brought his kennel manager and defendant brought her daughter to testify, the 

court did not hear their testimony, concluding "it [was] not going to help the 

[c]ourt make a decision." 

The court issued an oral decision granting plaintiff a FRO. It 

emphasized that because the parties dated and cohabitated, the PDVA was 

applicable. While recognizing that harassment and cyber harassment do not 

cover injury to an individual's business reputation, the court nevertheless 

found that plaintiff established those predicate acts of violence because

defendant's motivation in harming plaintiff's business, "had to be for the 

purpose of emotional distress" and defendant used offensive language against 

him. The court determined that although plaintiff initiated this domestic 

violence matter as a means to evict defendant from his home after the 

dismissal of his landlord/tenant action, defendant's actions and testimony were

"concerning," particularly her apparent admission that because she and 

plaintiff did not have a written agreement, she was not going to leave his home 

without a satisfactory arrangement. 
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The court noted that defendant had previously filed a domestic violence 

complaint against plaintiff, but the application was denied because defendant 

appeared to "us[e] [her] domestic violence complaint as a sword, and not as a 

shield." Finding "serious concerns" as to defendant's intentions, motivation 

and credibility in contrast to plaintiff who was "very credible[]," the court 

concluded that a FRO was required to protect plaintiff from further harm or 

abuse. The court also ordered defendant to vacate plaintiff's home by June 30, 

2019. 

"We have a strictly limited standard of review from the fact-findings of 

the Family Part judge." R.L.U. v. J.P., 457 N.J. Super. 129, 134 (App. Div. 

2018) (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. I.H.C., 415 N.J. Super. 

551, 577 (App. Div. 2010)). Because a Family Part judge "possess[es] special 

expertise in the field of domestic relations," we defer to those factual findings. 

Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 412 (1998). We defer also because Family 

Part judges have the "opportunity to make first-hand credibility judgments 

about the witnesses who appeared on the stand." R.L.U., 457 N.J. Super. at 

134. When reviewing an FRO we "grant substantial deference to the trial 

court's findings of fact and the legal conclusions based upon those findings." 

D.N. v. K.M., 429 N.J. Super. 592, 596 (App. Div. 2013). 
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We may, however, disturb the factual findings and legal conclusions of 

the trial court if we are "convinced that they are so manifestly unsupported by 

or inconsistent with the competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence 

as to offend the interests of justice." Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412 (quoting Rova 

Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)). Questions of 

law are reviewed de novo. R.L.U., 457 N.J. Super. at 134. 

"[D]omestic violence is a term of art which defines a pattern of abusive

and controlling behavior injurious to its victims." Jutchenko v. Jutchenko, 283 

N.J. Super. 17, 20 (App. Div. 1995) (quoting Peranio v. Peranio, 280 N.J. 

Super. 47, 52 (App. Div. 1995)). The PDVA defines domestic violence as the 

occurrence of at least one of nineteen specific offenses. N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a). 

The court found defendant committed two such offenses.

A. Harassment.

A person commits the offense of harassment

if, with purpose to harass another, he [or she]:

a. Makes, or causes to be made, a communication or 

communications anonymously or at extremely 

inconvenient hours, or in offensively coarse language, 

or any other manner likely to cause annoyance or 

alarm;

b. Subjects another to striking, kicking, shoving, or 

other offensive touching, or threatens to do so; or
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c. Engages in any other course of alarming conduct or 

of repeatedly committed acts with purpose to alarm or 

seriously annoy such other person.

[N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4(a) to -(c).]

When determining whether a defendant acted with the purpose to harass, a 

court must be mindful that "a party may mask an intent to harass with what 

could otherwise be an innocent act." J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 458, 488 (2011). 

"A finding of a purpose to harass may be inferred from the evidence 

presented," and a court may use "[c]ommon sense and experience" to 

determine a defendant's intent. State v. Hoffman, 149 N.J. 564, 577 (1997). 

Courts should consider the totality of the circumstances to determine whether 

an underlying act of harassment in the context of domestic violence has 

occurred. Id. at 584.

Defendant argues on appeal that even if she did call plaintiff a "f-in

piece of shit," that comment in itself does not constitute domestic violence. 

Having found plaintiff more credible than defendant, the court relied upon 

plaintiff's testimony to determine "it appears to be language that [defendant] 

uses, and it appears to be abusive and harassing." The court emphasized that 

defendant's acknowledgement that she posted negative comments about

plaintiff's business on Facebook made "plain that her intention here [was] to 
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harass and abuse [plaintiff]. [The posts] appear[ed] not to be intended to offer 

friendly warnings to people. In fact, she[] . . . complain[ed] about the 

business that she testifie[d] she managed." The court found that the offensive 

statement coupled with the Facebook posts, under all of the circumstances of 

the parties' estrangement satisfied the elements of harassment. 

The trial court found that defendant selecting this time to raise concerns 

online about plaintiff's dog kennel business after being aware of the alleged 

conditions for about six years, demonstrates that she acted with a purpose to 

harass. The trial court found "it[] [was] more likely than not that [defendant] 

engaged in behavior repeatedly by posting, and in the driveway by using rude 

and offensive language." 

The court acted within its discretion when determining that given "the 

pride that [plaintiff] has . . . in the services that he offers [and] the pride that 

he has in his reputation," that he explained took him ten years to build, 

defendants' negative Facebook posts about plaintiff's business were alarming 

and annoying to him, especially because plaintiff asserted that defendant's 

comments were "entirely untrue." Thus, plaintiff proved harassment under 

N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4 subsections (a) and (c).
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B. Cyber Harassment.

Cyber harassment occurs when a person, acting with a purpose to harass, 

"communicat[es] in an online capacity . . . and . . . (2) knowingly sends, posts, 

comments, requests, suggests, or proposes any lewd, indecent, or obscene 

material to or about a person with the intent to emotionally harm a reasonable 

person or place a reasonable person in fear." N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4.1(a)(2).

The court emphasized that although "there's nothing [in the statute] 

about using the internet to impair someone's business reputation, only to harm

someone emotionally," it "suppose[d]" the statute could be "strain[ed] to make 

the argument that [the Facebook] posts were designed to cause harm to 

[plaintiff's] property, and therefore, cause him emotional harm." Because 

"certainly harming a business had to be done for the purpose of emotional 

distress," the court found plaintiff proved by the preponderance of the 

evidence that defendant cyber harassed him.

The court, however, failed to account for the "lewd, indecent, or obscene 

material" element of the statute. See id. Without a showing that defendant's 

Facebook posts satisfied one of those characteristics, causing emotional harm 

to plaintiff was insufficient to satisfy a finding of cyber harassment. See State 

v. Carroll, 456 N.J. Super. 520, 534-35 (App. Div. 2018) (holding "the trial 
11 A-4648-18T3

court erred in finding probable cause for the cyber-harassment charge" 

because, despite "[t]he Facebook posts [being] indisputably coarse and 

insulting," they did not constitute "lewd, indecent, or obscene material"). 

Insufficient evidence was presented to support the predicate offense of cyber 

harassment. Only one predicate offense, however, is required to enter an FRO

and plaintiff presented sufficient credible evidence for a finding of harassment, 

if not cyber harassment.

C. Need for an FRO.

When deciding whether to grant a FRO, the trial court has a "two-fold" 

task. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125. A court must first determine whether the 

plaintiff can demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the 

defendant has committed a predicate act of violence under N.J.S.A. 2C:25-

19(a). Ibid. If a predicate act is established, the court must then determine 

"whether a restraining order is necessary, upon an evaluation of the factors set 

forth in N.J.S.A. 2C: 25-29(a)(1) to -29(a)(6), to protect the victim from an 

immediate danger or to prevent further abuse." Id. at 127. 

Under the second prong of Silver, a court "shall consider but not be 

limited to" six factors, of which three are relevant here:
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(1) The previous history of domestic violence between 

the plaintiff and defendant, including threats, 

harassment and physical abuse;

(2) The existence of immediate danger to person or 

property;

(3) The financial circumstances of the plaintiff and 

defendant. 

[N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to -(3).]

When addressing this prong in its oral decision, the court noted it was 

"frankly struggling" to determine whether plaintiff needed a FRO. The court 

explained that defendant "appear[ed] to be saying . . . [he was] using this 

[domestic violence matter] as a way to evict [defendant] from [his] home," but 

"[o]n the other hand, [the court found] a clear pattern of conduct by [plaintiff]

that [was] designed to cause injury, harm, emotional and otherwise to 

[plaintiff]." 

The court interpreted plaintiff's testimony that she would "need help to 

move out" by July 1 because she "can't do it alone" to mean that plaintiff had 

"no intention of leaving [plaintiff's] home" and was "going to continue to stay . 

. . [and] take advantage of what [plaintiff was] permitting [her] to take 

advantage of . . . by staying." This testimony "sort of capped it for [the 

court]," and was the final reason why the FRO was granted. 
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Although an FRO may be granted "in the absence of . . . a pattern [or 

history of abuse] where there is 'one sufficiently egregious action,'" Silver, 387 

N.J. Super. at 128 (quoting Cesare, 154 N.J. at 402), here the offense of 

harassment was not sufficiently egregious. The court failed to consider the 

relevant N.J.S.A. 25-29(a) factors in its decision and thus, without further 

findings, its determination to issue an FRO was a misguided exercise of

discretion. 

We therefore remand for the court to hold a hearing, with the parties' 

participation, to determine whether an FRO is necessary after considering the 

appropriate statutory and other factors. The court may choose to accept 

additional testimony. We note that plaintiff did not participate in this appeal. 

Having removed defendant from his premises through the domestic violence 

proceedings a year ago, plaintiff may no longer believe he is in need of an 

FRO.

Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.