II 

117TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 4420 

To provide for advancements in carbon removal research, quantification, and 

commercialization, including by harnessing natural processes, and for 

other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

JUNE 16, 2022 

Ms. COLLINS (for herself and Ms. CANTWELL) introduced the following bill; 

which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 

A BILL 

To provide for advancements in carbon removal research, 

quantification, and commercialization, including by harnessing natural processes, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

4 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

5 ‘‘Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies 

6 Act of 2022’’ or the ‘‘CREST Act of 2022’’. 

7 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 

8 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 


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Sec. 2. Definitions. 

TITLE I—CARBON REMOVAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

Subtitle A—Biomass Carbon Removal 

Sec. 101. Biomass carbon removal programs. 

Sec. 102. Biological carbon dioxide conversion programs. 

Subtitle B—Geological Carbon Removal 

Sec. 111. Carbon mineralization pilot projects. 

Sec. 112. Carbon mineralization resource assessment. 

Sec. 113. Tailings and waste mineralization program. 

Subtitle C—Aquatic Carbon Removal 

Sec. 121. Ocean carbon removal mission. 

Sec. 122. Direct ocean capture assessment. 

Sec. 123. Offshore carbon storage program and assessment. 

Subtitle D—Atmospheric Carbon Removal 

Sec. 131. Direct air capture technology manufacturing research program. 

Subtitle E—Carbon Removal Quantification 

Sec. 141. Carbon removal quantification. 

TITLE II—CARBON REMOVAL PURCHASING PILOT PROGRAM 

Sec. 201. Carbon removal purchasing pilot program. 

1 SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 

2 In this Act: 

3 (1) CARBON REMOVAL.—The term ‘‘carbon re4 moval’’ means the intentional removal, including by 

5 harnessing natural processes, of carbon dioxide di6 rectly from the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere 

7 and subsequent storage of the carbon dioxide in geo8 logical, biobased, or ocean reservoirs or in value9 added products that results in a net removal of car10 bon dioxide from the atmosphere, as measured on a 

11 lifecycle basis. 


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1 (2) CARBON REMOVAL TECHNOLOGY OR AP2 PROACH.—The term ‘‘carbon removal technology or 

3 approach’’ includes— 

4 (A) direct air capture with durable storage; 

5 (B) soil carbon sequestration; 

6 (C) biomass carbon removal and storage; 

7 (D) enhanced mineralization; 

8 (E) ocean-based carbon dioxide removal; 

9 and 

10 (F) afforestation or reforestation. 

11 (3) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 

12 the Secretary of Energy. 

13 TITLE I—CARBON REMOVAL 

14 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

15 Subtitle A—Biomass Carbon 

16 Removal 

17 SEC. 101. BIOMASS CARBON REMOVAL PROGRAMS. 

18 (a) OFFICE OF SCIENCE.—Section 306 of the De19 partment of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 

20 U.S.C. 18644) is amended by adding at the end the fol21 lowing: 

22 ‘‘(e) ALGAL BIOMASS CARBON REMOVAL.— 

23 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall carry 

24 out a research and development program to gain un25 derstanding of the underlying biology of algal bioVerDate Sep 11 2014 00:25 Jun 18, 2022 Jkt 029200 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S4420.IS S4420

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1 mass systems and the possible use of algal biomass 

2 systems as a means of carbon removal (as defined 

3 in section 2 of the Carbon Removal and Emissions 

4 Storage Technologies Act of 2022) from the air and 

5 aquatic sources. 

6 ‘‘(2) REQUIREMENTS.—The program carried 

7 out under paragraph (1) shall— 

8 ‘‘(A) support efforts to reduce long-term 

9 technical barriers for algal biomass with carbon 

10 capture; and 

11 ‘‘(B) coordinate closely with the Bioenergy 

12 Technologies Office and the Office of Fossil En13 ergy and Carbon Management.’’. 

14 (b) OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEW15 ABLE ENERGY.—Section 932 of the Energy Policy Act of 

16 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16232) is amended— 

17 (1) in subsection (b)— 

18 (A) in paragraph (5), by striking ‘‘and’’ 

19 after the semicolon; 

20 (B) in paragraph (6), by striking the pe21 riod and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

22 (C) by adding at the end the following: 

23 ‘‘(7) biological carbon removal (as defined in 

24 section 2 of the Carbon Removal and Emissions 

25 Storage Technologies Act of 2022).’’; and 


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1 (2) by inserting after subsection (e) the fol2 lowing: 

3 ‘‘(f) BIOLOGICAL CARBON REMOVAL.— 

4 ‘‘(1) DEFINITION OF CARBON REMOVAL.—In 

5 this subsection, the term ‘carbon removal’ has the 

6 meaning given the term in section 2 of the Carbon 

7 Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 

8 2022. 

9 ‘‘(2) GOALS.—The goals of the biological car10 bon removal program under subsection (b)(7) shall 

11 be to develop and deploy, in partnership with indus12 try and institutions of higher education— 

13 ‘‘(A) improved tools and understanding of 

14 feedstocks, supplies, and logistics with respect 

15 to carbon removal using biomass sources; 

16 ‘‘(B) technologies for the optimized conver17 sion of aquatic and terrestrial biomass for car18 bon removal; 

19 ‘‘(C) cost-competitive carbon capture tech20 nologies applied to bioenergy, including— 

21 ‘‘(i) algal, terrestrial, and marine bio22 mass; 

23 ‘‘(ii) biofuels; and 

24 ‘‘(iii) bioproducts; and 


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1 ‘‘(D) applied research on best practices in 

2 macroalgae cultivation and phenotype selection, 

3 including by carrying out aquatic pilot projects. 

4 ‘‘(3) COORDINATION.—Activities conducted 

5 under this subsection shall be coordinated with the 

6 relevant programs of the Office of Science, the Of7 fice of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management, and 

8 the Department of Agriculture.’’. 

9 (c) OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MAN10 AGEMENT.—Section 962(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 

11 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16292(b)) is amended— 

12 (1) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘performance 

13 of’’ and all that follows through the period at the 

14 end and inserting the following: ‘‘performance of— 

15 ‘‘(A) coal and natural gas use; 

16 ‘‘(B) biomass with carbon capture for utili17 zation or permanent storage; and 

18 ‘‘(C) manufacturing and industrial facili19 ties.’’; and 

20 (2) in paragraph (3)— 

21 (A) in subparagraph (A)— 

22 (i) in clause (v), by striking ‘‘and’’ 

23 after the semicolon; 

24 (ii) in clause (vi), by striking the pe25 riod at the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 


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1 (iii) by adding at the end the fol2 lowing: 

3 ‘‘(vii) developing advanced boilers to 

4 enable net-negative lifecycle carbon emis5 sions through co-firing with biomass.’’; and 

6 (B) by adding at the end the following: 

7 ‘‘(G) Developing carbon capture tech8 nologies applied to bioenergy systems that re9 sult in net-negative lifecycle carbon emissions, 

10 including— 

11 ‘‘(i) biofuels production; 

12 ‘‘(ii) bioproducts; 

13 ‘‘(iii) biomass used in power systems 

14 and industrial applications; and 

15 ‘‘(iv) fossil fuel power systems and in16 dustrial systems co-fired with biomass.’’. 

17 (d) OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEW18 ABLE ENERGY.— 

19 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Energy Independence 

20 and Security Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17001 et seq.) 

21 is amended by striking section 228 (121 Stat. 1535) 

22 and inserting the following: 

23 ‘‘SEC. 228. AQUATIC BIOMASS. 

24 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Bioenergy 

25 Technologies Office shall carry out applied research on— 


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1 ‘‘(1) microalgae and macroalgae cultivation and 

2 phenotype selection; and 

3 ‘‘(2) optimization of aquatic biomass conversion 

4 pathways. 

5 ‘‘(b) REQUIREMENTS.—The research carried out 

6 under subsection (a) shall support efforts— 

7 ‘‘(1) to develop best practices in microalgae and 

8 macroalgae cultivation and phenotype selection, in9 cluding by carrying out aquatic pilot projects— 

10 ‘‘(A) on microalgae and macroalgae; and 

11 ‘‘(B) in freshwater and seawater; and 

12 ‘‘(2) to optimize aquatic biomass conversion 

13 pathways that result in carbon removal (as defined 

14 in section 2 of the Carbon Removal and Emissions 

15 Storage Technologies Act of 2022) for biopower, 

16 biofuels, and other uses. 

17 ‘‘(c) FUNDING.—There are authorized to be appro18 priated to the Secretary to carry out this section— 

19 ‘‘(1) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; 

20 ‘‘(2) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and 

21 ‘‘(3) $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 

22 through 2027.’’. 

23 (2) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of con24 tents for the Energy Independence and Security Act 

25 of 2007 (Public Law 110–140; 121 Stat. 1493) is 


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1 amended by striking the item relating to section 228 

2 and inserting the following: 

‘‘Sec. 228. Aquatic biomass.’’. 

3 SEC. 102. BIOLOGICAL CARBON DIOXIDE CONVERSION PRO4 GRAMS. 

5 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Energy Policy Act of 2005 

6 is amended by inserting after section 977 (42 U.S.C. 

7 16317) the following: 

8 ‘‘SEC. 977A. BIOLOGICAL CARBON DIOXIDE CONVERSION 

9 PROGRAMS. 

10 ‘‘(a) GENETIC MODELING AND TOOLS; 

11 BIOPROSPECTING.— 

12 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Office 

13 of Science shall establish a program to improve ge14 netic modeling and manipulation for carbon dioxide 

15 conversion. 

16 ‘‘(2) METHODOLOGY.—The program established 

17 under paragraph (1) shall— 

18 ‘‘(A) support efforts to improve carbon di19 oxide uptake and conversion through genetic 

20 manipulation of crops and trees, including— 

21 ‘‘(i) soil enhancements; 

22 ‘‘(ii) enhanced photosynthesis, includ23 ing microbial soil amendments and 

24 perennialization; and 

25 ‘‘(iii) root growth; and 


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1 ‘‘(B) support efforts to bioprospect using 

2 tools and high-throughput screening methods 

3 for organisms with unique attributes related to 

4 carbon dioxide conversion. 

5 ‘‘(3) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the pro6 gram established under paragraph (1), the Director 

7 of the Office of Science shall coordinate with the 

8 National Science Foundation and the Agricultural 

9 Research Service. 

10 ‘‘(b) NEW MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICA11 TION.— 

12 ‘‘(1) DEFINITION OF CARBON REMOVAL.—In 

13 this subsection, the term ‘carbon removal’ has the 

14 meaning given the term in section 2 of the Carbon 

15 Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 

16 2022. 

17 ‘‘(2) PROGRAM.—The Assistant Secretary for 

18 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, in con19 sultation with the Secretary of Agriculture, shall es20 tablish a program to develop new biologically based 

21 carbon dioxide utilization products and coproducts 

22 that result in carbon removal. 

23 ‘‘(3) METHODOLOGY.—The program established 

24 under paragraph (2) shall— 


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1 ‘‘(A) support efforts to develop new carbon 

2 dioxide utilization products that result in car3 bon removal; 

4 ‘‘(B) prioritize products that have the po5 tential to be deployed at a large scale; and 

6 ‘‘(C) support efforts to develop valorization 

7 of coproducts for— 

8 ‘‘(i) feed; 

9 ‘‘(ii) fuel; and 

10 ‘‘(iii) other uses.’’. 

11 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

12 for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 

13 119 Stat. 600) is amended by inserting after the item re14 lating to section 977 the following: 

‘‘Sec. 977A. Biological carbon dioxide conversion programs.’’. 

15 Subtitle B—Geological Carbon 

16 Removal 

17 SEC. 111. CARBON MINERALIZATION PILOT PROJECTS. 

18 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Energy Policy Act of 2005 

19 is amended by inserting after section 963 (42 U.S.C. 

20 16293) the following: 

21 ‘‘SEC. 963A. CARBON MINERALIZATION PILOT PROJECTS. 

22 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, in consultation 

23 with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and At24 mospheric Administration and the Director of the United 

25 States Geological Survey, shall conduct field experiments 


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1 of ex situ and in situ carbon mineralization approaches 

2 for the purposes of advancing carbon removal technologies 

3 or approaches (as defined in section 2 of the Carbon Re4 moval and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022). 

5 ‘‘(b) ACTIVITIES.—In carrying out subsection (a), the 

6 Secretary shall— 

7 ‘‘(1) conduct field experiments of ex situ carbon 

8 mineralization— 

9 ‘‘(A) using desalination brine treatment; 

10 and 

11 ‘‘(B) through the broadcast of reactive 

12 minerals on— 

13 ‘‘(i) soils; 

14 ‘‘(ii) beaches; and 

15 ‘‘(iii) shallow oceans; and 

16 ‘‘(2) conduct field experiments of in situ carbon 

17 mineralization, including through drilling and injec18 tion in reactive formations for— 

19 ‘‘(A) mantle peridotite; 

20 ‘‘(B) basalt; and 

21 ‘‘(C) other relevant formations. 

22 ‘‘(c) FIELD EXPERIMENT GOALS AND OBJEC23 TIVES.—The Secretary shall develop goals and objectives 

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1 crease the energy requirements and costs to produce the 

2 resulting mineralized carbon. 

3 ‘‘(d) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.—In carrying out 

4 field experiments under this section, the Secretary shall 

5 comply with all applicable environmental laws and regula6 tions. 

7 ‘‘(e) FUNDING.—There are authorized to be appro8 priated to the Secretary to carry out this section— 

9 ‘‘(1) $4,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; 

10 ‘‘(2) $9,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

11 ‘‘(3) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and 

12 ‘‘(4) $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 

13 and 2027.’’. 

14 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

15 for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 

16 119 Stat. 600) is amended by inserting after the item re17 lating to section 963 the following: 

‘‘Sec. 963A. Carbon mineralization pilot projects.’’. 

18 SEC. 112. CARBON MINERALIZATION RESOURCE ASSESS19 MENT. 

20 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Interior (re21 ferred to in this section as the ‘‘Secretary’’) shall complete 

22 a national assessment of the potential for using carbon 

23 mineralization for carbon removal, in accordance with the 

24 methodology developed under subsection (b). 


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1 (b) METHODOLOGY.—Not later than 2 years after 

2 the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, acting 

3 through the Director of the United States Geological Sur4 vey, shall develop a methodology to assess geological re5 sources, mine tailings, and other alkaline industrial wastes 

6 to identify sustainable sources of reactive minerals suit7 able for carbon mineralization, while taking into consider8 ation minerals and mineral classes with high reactivity and 

9 fast kinetics. 

10 (c) COORDINATION.— 

11 (1) FEDERAL COORDINATION.—To ensure the 

12 maximum usefulness and success of the assessment 

13 under subsection (a), the Secretary shall— 

14 (A) consult with the Secretary of Energy 

15 and the Administrator of the Environmental 

16 Protection Agency on the format and content of 

17 the assessment; and 

18 (B) share relevant data with the Depart19 ment of Energy and the Environmental Protec20 tion Agency. 

21 (2) STATE COORDINATION.—The Secretary 

22 shall consult with State geological surveys and other 

23 relevant entities to ensure, to the maximum extent 

24 practicable, the usefulness and success of the assess25 ment under subsection (a). 


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1 (d) REPORT.— 

2 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 

3 after the date on which the assessment under sub4 section (a) is completed, the Secretary shall submit 

5 to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 

6 of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Re7 sources of the House of Representatives a report de8 scribing the findings under the assessment, including 

9 the locations and available quantities of suitable re10 active minerals. 

11 (2) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.—Not later than 30 

12 days after the date on which the Secretary submits 

13 the report under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall 

14 make the report publicly available. 

15 SEC. 113. TAILINGS AND WASTE MINERALIZATION PRO16 GRAM. 

17 (a) TAILINGS AND WASTE MINERALIZATION PRO18 GRAM.— 

19 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall conduct 

20 field experiments to examine the use of mine tailings 

21 and industrial wastes for the purpose of carbon min22 eralization. 

23 (2) ACTIVITIES.—The field experiments using 

24 mine tailings and industrial wastes conducted under 

25 paragraph (1) shall assess— 


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1 (A) the reusing of industrial slags and 

2 mine tailings in manufacturing; and 

3 (B) other industrial wastes that may have 

4 carbon mineralization properties. 

5 (b) STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MIN6 ERALIZATION PRODUCTS.— 

7 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 3 years after 

8 the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary 

9 shall conduct, and submit to Congress a report that 

10 describes the results of, a study on the environ11 mental impacts of— 

12 (A) broadcasting materials and distrib13 uting piles of mine tailings at various scales for 

14 the purposes of enhanced carbon mineralization; 

15 and 

16 (B) additional mining for the purposes of 

17 carbon mineralization. 

18 (2) REQUIREMENTS.—The study under para19 graph (1) shall include an analysis of— 

20 (A) the relative carbon removal potential 

21 associated with various scales of carbon min22 eralization; 

23 (B) the cost of environmental mitigation of 

24 the environmental impacts identified under the 

25 study; and 


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1 (C) opportunities— 

2 (i) for remediation; 

3 (ii) to co-extract reactive minerals 

4 with conventional mining operations; and 

5 (iii) for the use of reactive minerals in 

6 mining remediation. 

7 Subtitle C—Aquatic Carbon 

8 Removal 

9 SEC. 121. OCEAN CARBON REMOVAL MISSION. 

10 Section 969D of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 

11 U.S.C. 16298d) is amended— 

12 (1) in subsection (a) by inserting ‘‘and aquatic 

13 sources’’ after ‘‘atmosphere’’; and 

14 (2) in subsection (c)— 

15 (A) in paragraph (5), by striking ‘‘and’’ 

16 after the semicolon; 

17 (B) in paragraph (6), by striking the pe18 riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 

19 (C) by adding at the end the following: 

20 ‘‘(7) ocean carbon removal and strategies, such 

21 as— 

22 ‘‘(A) blue carbon, which is the manage23 ment of vegetated coastal habitats (including 

24 mangroves, tidal marshes, seagrasses, kelp for25 ests, and other tidal, freshwater, or saltwater 


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1 wetlands) that sequester carbon (including 

2 autochthonous carbon and allochthonous car3 bon) from the atmosphere, accumulate carbon 

4 in biomass, and store the carbon in soils; 

5 ‘‘(B) direct ocean capture (as described in 

6 section 122(a) of the Carbon Removal and 

7 Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022); 

8 ‘‘(C) microalgae and macroalgae cultiva9 tion for— 

10 ‘‘(i) biofuels; 

11 ‘‘(ii) bioproducts; and 

12 ‘‘(iii) carbon storage; and 

13 ‘‘(D) ocean alkalinity enhancement; and 

14 ‘‘(8) any combination of activities described in 

15 paragraphs (1) through (7) that have the potential 

16 for significant carbon removal (as defined in section 

17 2 of the Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage 

18 Technologies Act of 2022).’’. 

19 SEC. 122. DIRECT OCEAN CAPTURE ASSESSMENT. 

20 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall conduct a 

21 comprehensive assessment of the potential for removing 

22 carbon dioxide directly from the oceans. 

23 (b) METHODOLOGY.—In conducting the assessment 

24 under subsection (a), the Secretary shall consider the po25 tential and relative merits of— 


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1 (1) pathways, methods, and technologies that 

2 are able to directly remove carbon dioxide from the 

3 oceans through engineered or inorganic processes; 

4 and 

5 (2) technologies such as filters, membranes, 

6 phase change systems, chemical conversion, or other 

7 technological pathways. 

8 (c) INCLUSION.—In conducting the assessment under 

9 subsection (a), the Secretary shall incorporate any infor10 mation on the results of activities conducted under section 

11 223 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal 

12 Year 2020 (10 U.S.C. 4001 note; Public Law 116–92). 

13 (d) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the date 

14 of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation 

15 with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and At16 mospheric Administration, shall submit to the Committees 

17 on Energy and Natural Resources and Commerce, 

18 Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Com19 mittee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Rep20 resentatives a report describing the results of the assess21 ment under subsection (a). 

22 (e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

23 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

24 out this section— 

25 (1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; 


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1 (2) $4,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and 

2 (3) $8,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 

3 through 2027. 

4 SEC. 123. OFFSHORE CARBON STORAGE PROGRAM AND AS5 SESSMENT. 

6 (a) CARBON DIOXIDE IMPACTS AND FATE IN THE

7 OCEAN.— 

8 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Department of Energy 

9 Carbon Capture and Sequestration Research, Devel10 opment, and Demonstration Act of 2007 (Public 

11 Law 110–140; 121 Stat. 1704) is amended by add12 ing at the end the following: 

13 ‘‘SEC. 709. CARBON DIOXIDE IMPACTS AND FATE IN THE 

14 OCEAN. 

15 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish a 

16 program to monitor, research, and model the ecological 

17 impacts of ocean carbon dioxide removal and storage tech18 niques. 

19 ‘‘(b) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the program 

20 established under subsection (a), the Secretary shall co21 ordinate with the Administrator of the National Oceanic 

22 and Atmospheric Administration and the Administrator of 

23 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 


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1 ‘‘(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

2 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

3 out this section— 

4 ‘‘(1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; and 

5 ‘‘(2) $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 

6 through 2027.’’. 

7 (2) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of con8 tents for the Energy Independence and Security Act 

9 of 2007 (Public Law 110–140; 121 Stat. 1496) is 

10 amended by inserting after the item relating to sec11 tion 708 the following: 

‘‘Sec. 709. Carbon dioxide impacts and fate in the ocean.’’. 

12 (b) OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF RESOURCE AS13 SESSMENT.— 

14 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after 

15 the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary 

16 shall— 

17 (A) expand the CarbonSAFE Initiative of 

18 the Department of Energy to complete a na19 tional carbon mineralization assessment that ex20 amines the full range of carbon mineralization 

21 storage potential for the outer Continental 

22 Shelf region; and 

23 (B) submit to the Committees on Energy 

24 and Natural Resources and Commerce, Science, 

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1 mittee on Energy and Commerce of the House 

2 of Representatives a report describing the re3 sults of the assessment. 

4 (2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 

5 There is authorized to be appropriated to the Sec6 retary to carry out this subsection $5,000,000 for 

7 each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027. 

8 (c) ASSESSMENT TO DETERMINE THE POTENTIAL

9 FOR OFFSHORE CARBON STORAGE.— 

10 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, in consulta11 tion with the Secretary of the Interior, the Adminis12 trator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and 

13 the Administrator of the National Oceanic and At14 mospheric Administration, shall conduct a com15 prehensive assessment of the potential for offshore 

16 carbon storage, including an assessment of— 

17 (A) the potential for offshore carbon stor18 age— 

19 (i) in deep offshore sub-seabed loca20 tions, such as in geological formations; 

21 (ii) at the seabed, such as through 

22 biomass sinking; and 

23 (iii) within the oceans, such as liquid 

24 carbon dioxide storage; and 


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1 (B) other relevant methods of offshore car2 bon storage. 

3 (2) INCLUSION.—The assessment under para4 graph (1) shall include recommendations of meas5 ures that the Department of Energy may take to im6 prove the ease, safety, and security of offshore car7 bon dioxide storage. 

8 (3) REPORTING.—Not later than 2 years after 

9 the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary 

10 shall submit to the Committees on Energy and Nat11 ural Resources and Commerce, Science, and Trans12 portation of the Senate and the Committee on En13 ergy and Commerce of the House of Representatives 

14 a report describing the results of the assessment 

15 under paragraph (1). 

16 Subtitle D—Atmospheric Carbon 

17 Removal 

18 SEC. 131. DIRECT AIR CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY MANUFAC19 TURING RESEARCH PROGRAM. 

20 (a) INITIATIVE.— 

21 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish 

22 a program for the research, development, and dem23 onstration of manufacturing techniques for direct air 

24 capture technologies (referred to in this section as 

25 the ‘‘program’’). 


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1 (2) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the pro2 gram, the Secretary shall leverage expertise and re3 sources from— 

4 (A) the Office of Science; 

5 (B) the Office of Energy Efficiency and 

6 Renewable Energy; and 

7 (C) the Office of Fossil Energy and Car8 bon Management. 

9 (b) CONTACTOR DESIGN.— 

10 (1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the program, 

11 the Secretary shall conduct research on applied tech12 nology development of air contactor design. 

13 (2) REQUIREMENTS.—The research under para14 graph (1) shall support efforts to improve air 

15 contactors with— 

16 (A) low pressure drop; 

17 (B) high surface area; and 

18 (C) high longevity. 

19 (c) MANUFACTURING IMPROVEMENT.— 

20 (1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the program, 

21 the Secretary shall conduct research scaling-up man22 ufacturing of direct air capture components. 

23 (2) REQUIREMENTS.—The research under para24 graph (1) shall— 


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1 (A) support efforts to improve techniques 

2 for low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture 

3 components and materials; and 

4 (B) be coordinated with private industry 

5 and universities. 

6 (d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

7 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary— 

8 (1) to carry out subsection (b)— 

9 (A) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; 

10 (B) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and 

11 (C) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 

12 2025 through 2027; and 

13 (2) to carry out subsection (c)— 

14 (A) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; 

15 (B) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and 

16 (C) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 

17 2025 through 2027. 

18 Subtitle E—Carbon Removal 

19 Quantification 

20 SEC. 141. CARBON REMOVAL QUANTIFICATION. 

21 (a) IN GENERAL.—Title V of the Energy Act of 2020 

22 (42 U.S.C. 16298e et seq.) is amended by adding at the 

23 end the following: 


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1 ‘‘SEC. 5003. QUANTIFYING THE BENEFITS OF CARBON RE2 MOVAL. 

3 ‘‘(a) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this section are— 

4 ‘‘(1) to quantify the net carbon removed 

5 through atmospheric and aquatic carbon removal 

6 pathways; 

7 ‘‘(2) to determine the current and projected 

8 carbon removal capacity of atmospheric and aquatic 

9 carbon removal pathways; 

10 ‘‘(3) to determine the current and likely future 

11 technical readiness of carbon removal technologies or 

12 approaches for large-scale carbon removal deploy13 ment; and 

14 ‘‘(4) to aid in the commercialization of carbon 

15 removal technologies or approaches. 

16 ‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

17 ‘‘(1) CARBON REMOVAL; CARBON REMOVAL

18 TECHNOLOGY OR APPROACH.—The terms ‘carbon re19 moval’ and ‘carbon removal technology or approach’ 

20 have the meanings given the terms in section 2 of 

21 the Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Tech22 nologies Act of 2022. 

23 ‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE ENTITY.—The term ‘eligible en24 tity’ means any of the following entities: 

25 ‘‘(A) An institution of higher education. 

26 ‘‘(B) A National Laboratory. 


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1 ‘‘(C) A Federal research agency. 

2 ‘‘(D) A State research agency. 

3 ‘‘(E) A nonprofit research organization. 

4 ‘‘(F) An industrial entity. 

5 ‘‘(G) A consortium of 2 or more entities 

6 described in subparagraphs (A) through (F). 

7 ‘‘(3) SECRETARY.—The term ‘Secretary’ means 

8 the Secretary of Energy. 

9 ‘‘(c) CARBON REMOVAL FOOTPRINT PROGRAM.— 

10 ‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 1 year 

11 after the date of enactment of this section, the Sec12 retary shall establish a program to carry out the 

13 purposes described in subsection (a), including by 

14 providing financial assistance to eligible entities to 

15 examine the technological, economic, and environ16 mental impacts of carbon removal pathways and 

17 technologies. 

18 ‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES.—Activities eligible 

19 to receive financial assistance under this section in20 clude— 

21 ‘‘(A) assessments of technological or eco22 nomic barriers to the widescale deployment of 

23 carbon removal pathways and technologies; and 

24 ‘‘(B) lifecycle assessments for carbon re25 moval pathways and technologies, including 


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1 gathering data in partnership with a direct air 

2 capture test center authorized under section 

3 969D(f)(1) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 

4 (42 U.S.C. 16298d(f)(1)). 

5 ‘‘(3) APPLICATIONS.—An eligible entity seeking 

6 financial assistance under this section shall submit 

7 to the Secretary an application that includes a de8 scription of— 

9 ‘‘(A) the applicable project; 

10 ‘‘(B) the software programs, consultants, 

11 and general methodologies to be used to con12 duct the assessment; 

13 ‘‘(C) the location of any applicable facility 

14 or project; 

15 ‘‘(D) expected feedstocks and other inputs; 

16 and 

17 ‘‘(E) the expected use of carbon removed. 

18 ‘‘(4) PRIORITY.—In selecting eligible entities to 

19 receive financial assistance under this section, the 

20 Secretary shall give priority to eligible entities 

21 that— 

22 ‘‘(A) make the assessment publicly avail23 able, with confidential business information re24 dacted or removed; and 


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1 ‘‘(B) have not previously received financial 

2 assistance under this section.’’. 

3 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

4 for the Energy Act of 2020 (Public Law 116–260; 134 

5 Stat. 2419) is amended by inserting after the item relating 

6 to section 5002 the following: 

‘‘Sec. 5003. Quantifying the benefits of carbon removal.’’. 

7 TITLE II—CARBON REMOVAL 

8 PURCHASING PILOT PROGRAM 

9 SEC. 201. CARBON REMOVAL PURCHASING PILOT PRO10 GRAM. 

11 (a) IN GENERAL.—Subtitle F of title IX of the En12 ergy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) is 

13 amended by adding at the end the following: 

14 ‘‘SEC. 969E. CARBON REMOVAL PURCHASING PILOT PRO15 GRAM. 

16 ‘‘(a) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this section are— 

17 ‘‘(1) to accelerate the deployment and commer18 cialization of carbon removal pathways and tech19 nologies; 

20 ‘‘(2) to stimulate the development and commer21 cialization of low-carbon products made with carbon 

22 dioxide removed from the atmosphere or oceans; and 

23 ‘‘(3) to support the development of technologies 

24 relating to carbon removal. 

25 ‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 


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1 ‘‘(1) ADDITIONAL.—The term ‘additional’, with 

2 respect to carbon dioxide removed from the atmos3 phere or upper hydrosphere, means that carbon di4 oxide was removed pursuant to an intentional carbon 

5 removal activity that delivers a net removal of car6 bon dioxide from the atmosphere, measured on a 

7 lifecycle basis, that would not have occurred without 

8 the carbon removal activity. 

9 ‘‘(2) ALL-IN COST.—The term ‘all-in cost’ 

10 means the total cost of— 

11 ‘‘(A) the capture, transport, and storage of 

12 carbon dioxide; and 

13 ‘‘(B) the measurement, reporting, and 

14 verification of carbon dioxide removed on a net 

15 ton carbon dioxide equivalent basis. 

16 ‘‘(3) ELIGIBLE ENTITY.—The term ‘eligible en17 tity’ means a carbon removal facility that— 

18 ‘‘(A) is located in the United States; 

19 ‘‘(B) meets all applicable Federal and 

20 State permitting requirements; and 

21 ‘‘(C) meets financial and technical criteria 

22 established by the Secretary. 

23 ‘‘(4) REMOVAL.—The term ‘removal’ means— 


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1 ‘‘(A) the capture of carbon dioxide from 

2 the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere through a 

3 chemical, physical, or other process; and 

4 ‘‘(B) the subsequent permanent storage or 

5 use of the carbon dioxide in a manner that en6 sures that the carbon dioxide does not reenter 

7 the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere. 

8 ‘‘(5) UPPER HYDROSPHERE.—The term ‘upper 

9 hydrosphere’ means the total liquid water existing 

10 on the surface level of the earth, including— 

11 ‘‘(A) oceans; 

12 ‘‘(B) lakes; 

13 ‘‘(C) rivers; and 

14 ‘‘(D) other surface bodies of water. 

15 ‘‘(c) PROGRAM.— 

16 ‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall es17 tablish a competitive purchasing pilot program under 

18 which the Secretary shall purchase from eligible en19 tities carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere 

20 or upper hydrosphere. 

21 ‘‘(2) PURCHASE.—In carrying out the pilot pro22 gram under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall pur23 chase, subject to the availability of appropriations, 

24 removed carbon dioxide from eligible entities— 


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1 ‘‘(A) until the date on which the first re2 verse auction is held under paragraph (3), by 

3 making a payment per net ton carbon equiva4 lent basis to account for lifecycle greenhouse 

5 gas inputs to carbon removal in an amount de6 termined by the Secretary; and 

7 ‘‘(B) beginning with the first reverse auc8 tion held under paragraph (3), in accordance 

9 with the reverse auction procedures described in 

10 that paragraph. 

11 ‘‘(3) REVERSE AUCTION PROCEDURES.— 

12 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 2 years 

13 after the date of enactment of this section, and 

14 annually thereafter, the Secretary shall conduct 

15 a reverse auction under which— 

16 ‘‘(i) the Secretary shall solicit bids 

17 from eligible entities in each tier described 

18 in subparagraph (B)(ii) (referred to in this 

19 section as a ‘permanence tier’); and 

20 ‘‘(ii) eligible entities shall submit to 

21 the Secretary sealed bids describing— 

22 ‘‘(I) a desired price for the re23 moved carbon dioxide on a per net ton 

24 carbon dioxide equivalent basis; 


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1 ‘‘(II) the estimated net ton car2 bon dioxide equivalent removed by the 

3 eligible entity annually that the eligi4 ble entity desires the Secretary to 

5 purchase at the desired price; 

6 ‘‘(III) details of the permanence 

7 of the removed carbon dioxide; 

8 ‘‘(IV) details on the purity, loca9 tion, and transportation options for 

10 the removed carbon dioxide to be pur11 chased by the Secretary for purposes 

12 of the all-in costs; 

13 ‘‘(V) a lifecycle assessment of the 

14 operation to quantify the net carbon 

15 dioxide removed, while accounting for 

16 greenhouse gas emissions associated 

17 with the production of the inputs nec18 essary for the carbon dioxide removal 

19 and storage processes; and 

20 ‘‘(VI) any other details the Sec21 retary may require. 

22 ‘‘(B) SELECTION.— 

23 ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary 

24 shall— 


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1 ‘‘(I) examine the bids submitted 

2 under subparagraph (A)(ii) to deter3 mine which bids are acceptable under 

4 the criteria established by the Sec5 retary for the applicable permanence 

6 tier; and 

7 ‘‘(II) of the bids determined to be 

8 acceptable under subclause (I), select 

9 the bids containing the lowest desired 

10 price for carbon dioxide until the 

11 amount of funds available for the ap12 plicable permanence tier of the reverse 

13 auction is obligated. 

14 ‘‘(ii) PERMANENCE TIERS.—In select15 ing bids under clause (i), the Secretary 

16 shall group the permanence of each carbon 

17 removal bid into 1 of the following 2 tiers: 

18 ‘‘(I) Medium-term tier for bids 

19 providing for the removal of carbon 

20 dioxide for at least 100 years, but 

21 fewer than 1,000 years. 

22 ‘‘(II) Long-term tier for bids pro23 viding for the removal of carbon diox24 ide for 1,000 years or more. 


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1 ‘‘(iii) PRIORITY.—In any case in 

2 which the desired price in 2 or more bids 

3 submitted under subparagraph (A)(ii) for 

4 an applicable permanence tier is equal, the 

5 Secretary shall give priority to eligible enti6 ties that demonstrate outstanding potential 

7 for local and regional economic develop8 ment in carrying out projects to remove 

9 carbon dioxide from ambient air or aquatic 

10 sources. 

11 ‘‘(4) COST CAP.— 

12 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subpara13 graph (B), for purposes of a reverse auction 

14 under paragraph (3), the Secretary shall— 

15 ‘‘(i) determine the current average 

16 market price per net ton carbon dioxide 

17 equivalent basis to account for lifecycle 

18 greenhouse gas inputs of removed carbon 

19 within each permanence tier; and 

20 ‘‘(ii) set that price as the maximum 

21 price per ton to be paid under the reverse 

22 auction within each permanence tier. 

23 ‘‘(B) INCREASED CAP.—In the case of an 

24 eligible entity that uses a technology that has 

25 the potential to eventually remove carbon dioxVerDate Sep 11 2014 00:25 Jun 18, 2022 Jkt 029200 PO 00000 Frm 00035 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S4420.IS S4420

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1 ide at an all-in cost of less than $100 per net 

2 ton carbon dioxide equivalent, the Secretary 

3 shall double the maximum price per net ton 

4 carbon dioxide equivalent established under 

5 subparagraph (A)(ii) with respect to the eligible 

6 entity. 

7 ‘‘(5) REQUIREMENT.—In purchasing removed 

8 carbon dioxide under the program under paragraph 

9 (1), the Secretary shall determine that the carbon 

10 dioxide— 

11 ‘‘(A) is additional; 

12 ‘‘(B) shall be delivered not later than 5 

13 years after the date of the purchase; 

14 ‘‘(C) shall have a monitoring, reporting, 

15 and verification plan approved by the Depart16 ment of Energy; and 

17 ‘‘(D) has not less than a 99 percent likeli18 hood of being stored for not fewer than 100 

19 years. 

20 ‘‘(d) USE OF CARBON DIOXIDE.—Carbon dioxide 

21 purchased under the pilot program under subsection (c), 

22 at the discretion of the Secretary, may be used or stored 

23 in any manner that ensures that the carbon dioxide does 

24 not reenter the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere during 


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1 the time period associated with the applicable permanence 

2 tier. 

3 ‘‘(e) PILOT PROGRAM COORDINATION.—Amounts 

4 made available under this section may be made available 

5 to carry out pilot and demonstration projects described in 

6 section 969D(f)(2)(B) and section 969D(g). 

7 ‘‘(f) CONFIDENTIALITY.—The Secretary shall estab8 lish procedures to ensure that any confidential, private, 

9 proprietary, or privileged information that is included in 

10 a sealed bid submitted under this section is not publicly 

11 disclosed or otherwise improperly used. 

12 ‘‘(g) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 

13 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be 

14 appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this sec15 tion— 

16 ‘‘(A) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; 

17 ‘‘(B) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and 

18 ‘‘(C) $60,000,000 for each of fiscal years 

19 2025 through 2027. 

20 ‘‘(2) ALLOCATION.—Amounts made available 

21 under paragraph (1) for each fiscal year shall be al22 located between the permanence tiers as follows: 

23 ‘‘(A) 70 percent shall be allocated for the 

24 permanence tier described in subsection 

25 (c)(3)(B)(ii)(II). 


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1 ‘‘(B) 30 percent shall be allocated for the 

2 permanence tier described in subsection 

3 (c)(3)(B)(ii)(I).’’. 

4 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

5 for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–59; 

6 119 Stat. 600; 134 Stat. 2550) is amended by adding at 

7 the end of the items relating to subtitle F of title IX the 

8 following: 

‘‘Sec. 969E. Carbon removal purchasing pilot program.’’. 

Æ 


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