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Title:   Author  item
                                            McQuate, Grantitem
                                            Follett, Peter
  Submitted to: Hawaiian Entomological Society Proceedings
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 9/10/2006
                                    Publication  Date: 12/31/2006
                                    Citation: Mcquate, G.T., Follett, P.A. 2006. Use of attractants to suppress oriental fruit fly and cryptophlebia spp. in litchi. Hawaiian Entomological Society Proceedings.38:27-40.Interpretive Summary: Oriental fruit fly, the koa seedworm, and the litchi fruit moth (also known as the macadamia nut borer) are established pests of lychee fruits in Hawaii.  The latter two pests are both moths in the genus Cryptophlebia.   Infestation by oriental fruit fly and Cryptophlebia spp. can produce similar types of damage (e.g., holes, stains, release of fruit juices), making it difficult to visually distinguish which pest species caused the damage.  Field studies were conducted to minimize the occurrence of these types of fruit defects through use of a spinosad-based protein bait to suppress oriental fruit fly populations, and an 'attract-and-kill' product (a product in which an attractant is associated with a toxicant) to suppress Cryptophlebia  populations in lychee orchards.  The 'attract-and-kill' product used was based on a pheromone blend developed for the macadamia nut borer because preliminary tests identified that this blend was more attractive to both the koa seedworm and the macadamia nut borer than was a pheromone blend developed for the oriental fruit moth.  Cryptophlebia infestation was more than three-fold greater than infestation by oriental fruit fly in each of the orchards used in the study.   For both pests, there was no significant difference in infestation rate or infestation-related fruit damage between control and treatment orchards.  Improved bait sprays and improved attract-and-kill products, and/or larger treatment areas, may be needed to provide satisfactory levels of oriental fruit fly and Cryptophlebia suppression.
                                Technical Abstract: Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is subject to damage by a range of insect pests, the most important of which are the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), the koa seedworm, Cryptophlebia illepida (Butler), and the litchi fruitmoth, C. ombrodelta (Lower) (also known as the macadamia nut borer) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The activity of both tephritid fruit flies and Cryptophlebia spp. (hereafter referred to as Cryptophlebia) can lead to several types of fruit defects, including holes, stains, and release of fruit juices, making it difficult to distinguish which pest caused the damage.  Field studies were conducted to minimize the occurrence of these types of fruit defects through use of a spinosad-based protein bait (GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait) to suppress oriental fruit fly populations, and attract-and-kill (Last Call) to suppress Cryptophlebia  populations in litchi orchards at the scale of individual farms.  The Last Call product used was based on a pheromone blend developed for the macadamia nut borer because preliminary tests identified that this blend was more attractive to both C. ombrodelta and C. illepida than was a pheromone blend developed for the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck).  Overall, based on results from four split plot litchi orchards, there was no significant difference in oriental fruit fly trap catch between spray and control sections at any trap service date.  However, population reduction in the sprayed section of one orchard with a higher B. dorsalis population may have been a result of the spray application.  Cryptophlebia trap catch was significantly lower in the treated orchards after the first Last Call application.    Cryptophlebia infestation was more than three-fold greater than infestation by oriental fruit fly in each of the orchards.   For both pests, there was no significant difference in infestation rate or infestation-related fruit damage between control and treatment orchards.  Improved bait sprays and improved attract-and-kill products and/or larger treatment areas may be needed to provide satisfactory levels of oriental fruit fly and Cryptophlebia suppression.


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