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Title:   Author  item
                                            Jung, Yong Sooitem
                                            Anderson, Robinitem
                                            Edrington, Thomasitem
                                            Genovese, Kenneth

                                                         - *Ken*item
                                            Byrd Ii, James

                                                         - *Allen*item
                                            Callaway, Todditem
                                            Nisbet, David
  Submitted to: Journal of Food Protection
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 2/13/2004
                                    Publication  Date: 9/1/2004
                                    Citation: Jung, Y., Anderson, R.C., Edrington, T.S., Genovese, K.J., Byrd II, J.A., Callaway, T.R., Nisbet, D.J. 2004. Experimental use of 2-nitropropanol for reduction of Salmonella typhimurium in the ceca of broiler chicks. Journal of Food Protection. 67:1945-1947.Interpretive Summary: Salmonella contamination of poultry products is an important cause of food poisoning in America.  Two experiments were conducted to test the killing effect of 2-nitropropanol, a novel nitrocompound, against harmful Salmonella bacteria in the gut of chicks.  Treatments were given orally and the concentration of Salmonella was measured.   Results from experiments showed that this treatment killed Salmonella by more than 99%.  This is the first report to show that this compound, 2-nitropropanol, has killing activity against Salmonella in a chicken model.  The development of this compound as a feed additive will enhance the US food safety program in poultry and will ultimately help the poultry industry produce safer products for the American consumer.
                                Technical Abstract: The effect of 2-nitropropanol (2NPOH) administration on concentrations of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Typhimurium) strain in experimentally infected chicks was determined.  In two separate experiments, chicks orally challenged with approximately 10**6 CFU per ml of antibiotic marked (novobiocin and nalidixic acid) Typhimurium strain at 6 days of age were divided into three groups: control (0 mg 2NPOH/bird), 0.5X (6.5 mg 2NPOH/bird), and 1X (13 mg 2NPOH/bird) (experiment I) or four groups: control, 1X, 5X (65 mg 2NPOH/bird) and 10X (130 mg 2NPOH/bird) (experiment II).  Treatments were administered orally one day post Typhimurium challenge.  Cecal contents collected at necropsy 24 and 48 h after treatment were subjected to bacterial and volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis.  In experiment I, concentrations (mean +/- SD log10 CFU/g) of Typhimurium were reduced (P < 0.05) in the group administered 1X treatment at both the 24 and 48 h samplings compared to the untreated controls (2.58 +/- 2.10 versus 4.64 +/- 1.79 and 2.88 +/- 2.78 versus 5.03 +/- 2.42; 24 and 48 h, respectively).  In experiment II mean +/- SD populations of Typhimurium were reduced (P < 0.05) in all groups receiving 2NPOH (1X, 5X, and 10X) compared to untreated controls (3.65 +/- 2.01, 3.39 +/- 2.42, 3.47 +/- 1.55 versus 6.09 +/- 1.02, respectively).  Analysis of VFA accumulation showed that concentrations of propionate were reduced (P < 0.05) by the 1X treatment.  Mean concentrations of total VFA within 2NPOH treated groups were not different (P < 0.05) at 24 and 48 h.  The results obtained in this study demonstrate that 2NPOH exhibits bactericidal activity against Typhimurium in vivo.


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