U.S. flagAn official website of the United States government
                    Here's how you know **Official websites use .gov**
                            
                            A **.gov** website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
 **Secure .gov websites use HTTPS**
                            
                            A **lock** (                            
                              A locked padlock                                                      
                            
                            ) or **https://** means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.


Menu Agricultural Research Service
						
                    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
 close



Research
                Research Home
                            National Programs
                            Research Projects
                            Scientific Manuscripts
                            International Engagement
                            Scientific Software/Models
                            Databases and Datasets
                            Office of Scientific Quality Review
            Media
                News & Features
                            Multimedia
                            Briefing Room
                            Down on the Farm
                            Press Room
                            Science in Your Shopping Cart
                            Scientific Discoveries
                            Tellus
                            Under the Microscope
            About ARS
                About ARS Home
                            Staff Directory
                            Labs and Research Centers (Map)
                            Headquarter Offices
                            Organizational Chart
                            Employee Services (REE Employees Only)
                            Office of Outreach, Diversity, and Equal Opportunity
            Work With Us
                Work With Us Home
                            ARS Vacancies at USAJOBS
                            Careers at ARS Information
                            Scientific Collaborations
                            Extramural Agreements
                            1890 Faculty Research Sabbatical ProgramSearch small
                    Search
            
            ARS Home
                                About ARS
                                Contact Us




ARS Home Research Publications at this Location





- ARS National Programs
- Search for a scientific manuscript
- Search for a research project
- ARS Software
- Programs and Projects
- Collaborations
- Subjects of Investigation
- Publications

Title:   Author  item
                                            Bailey, Bryanitem
                                            Oneill, Nicholeitem
                                            Anderson, James
  Submitted to: Weed Science
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 10/22/2003
                                    Publication  Date: 5/6/2004
                                    Citation: Bailey, B.A., Oneill, N.R., Anderson, J.D. 2004. Influence of adjuvants on disease development by pleospora papaveracea on opium poppy (papaver somniferm) and resulting yield losses. Weed Science. 52:424-432.Interpretive Summary: Opium poppy is illegally grown in many countries for the production of the illicit narcotic drug heroin.  Biocontrol strategies using the fungi Pleospora papaveracea are being studied as alternatives to current control measures.  P. papaveracea produce spores that can be used in bioherbicide preparations.  For a bioherbicide to be effective, formulations must be developed that optimize infection and disease development after application in the field.  We evaluated formulations made up of various surfactants and other adjuvants for their abilities to enhance disease development in opium poppy after bioherbicidal applications of P. papaveracea spores.  Of the adjuvants tested, Tween 20 (1% v/v) was most effective at enhancing diseases development by P. papaveracea.  Within two to four weeks after application, opium poppy treated with P. papaveracea in Tween 20 (1%v/v) averaged 60% to 80% necrosis with an associated 40% reduction in yield.  Tween 20 is readily available and has been shown effective as a surfactant in other bioherbicide formulations.  Optimizing formulations should improve the potential for use of P. papaveracea as a bioherbicide for the control of opium poppy.  This will offer drug enforcement agencies around the world new strategies for controlling illicit opium poppy production in the field.
                                Technical Abstract: The influences of formulation adjuvants on disease severity caused by bioherbicide applications of the opium poppy pathogen P. papaveracea were evaluated.  Tween 20, Tween 80, Triton X 100, Tactic, Celgard, and Keltrol inhibited appressoria formation but not conidia germination on detached leaves.  The disease severity varied from 10.7% to 82.5% necrosis in duplicate, one plant/plot, field experiments involving eight adjuvants at various concentrations plus or minus pathogen (field experiments one and two).  The three best performing adjuvants, when combined with pathogen, Tactic (1% v/v), Bond (1% v/v), and Tween 20 (1% v/v), were included along with Tween 20 (0.001% v/v) in duplicate, four plants/plot, field experiments (field experiments three and four) in 1998.  Tween 20 (1% v/v) plus pathogen caused the most severe disease averaging 68% necrosis within two weeks of treatment.  Overall, plots treated with adjuvant plus P. papaveracea had a 22.3% reduction in capsule weight/plot as compared to plots treated with the adjuvant alone.  The Tween 20 (1% v/v) plus pathogen treatment caused the largest reduction in yield, a 35.3% reduction in capsule weight/plot. Tactic (1% v/v), Silwet-L77 (0.1% v/v), Tween 20 (1% v/v), and Tween 20 (0.001% v/v) were included in duplicate, 16 plants/plot, field experiments (field experiments 5 and 6) in 1999.  Again, treatment with Tween 20 (1% v/v) plus pathogen caused the most severe disease averaging 56.3% necrosis within two weeks of treatment.  In 1999, plots treated with adjuvant plus pathogen averaged a 35.1% reduction in capsule weight, as compared to plots treated with the adjuvants alone.  The Tween 20 (1% v/v) plus pathogen treatment caused the largest reduction in yield, a 42.6% reduction in capsule weight/plot.


Return to top


Connect with ARS Sign up


ARS Home
                            USDA.gov
                            Plain Writing
                            Policies & Links
                            Civil Rights Statements
                            FOIA
                            Accessibility Statement
                            Privacy Policy
                            Non-Discrimination Statement
                            Quality of Information
                            USA.gov
                            WhiteHouse.gov