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Title:   Author  item
                                            ADDA, CYRILLE - IITA, BENINitem
                                            BORGEMEISTER, CHRISTIAN - HANNOVER UNIVitem
                                            BILIWA, ALPHONSE - PPS LOME, TOGOitem
                                            Meikle, Williamitem
                                            MARKHAM, RICHARD - IITA, BENINitem
                                            POEHLING, HANS - HANNOVER UNIV
  Submitted to: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 8/1/2002
                                    Publication  Date: 12/20/2002
                                    Citation: ADDA, C., BORGEMEISTER, C., BILIWA, A., MEIKLE, W.G., MARKHAM, R.H., POEHLING, H.M. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN POST-HARVEST MAIZE: A CASE STUDY FROM THE REPUBLIC OF TOGO (WEST AFRICA). AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT. 2002.Interpretive Summary: 1. Problem: A full analysis of the cost effectiveness of the integrated pest management options proposed by various workers at research institutes and plant protection agencies for West African farmers has not been done. Many options have been proposed, such as using high-yield rather than local maize varieties, and using pesticide or not, but little work has been conducted to find out if a given option or group of options actually makes money for the farmer.  
2. Approach: A large scale field experiment was conducted with different combinations of IPM options: using local or high-yield maize varieties, selecting ears for storage, and using pesticide.  Farmers, agricultural extensionists, and researchers were all involved.  Pest type and density was recorded once a month for each grain store, as well as grain damage and % grain loss.  The cost of growing the maize and applying fertilizer, and of buying pesticide, was also included, and the maize at the end was valued according to the current maize market price.
3. Results: Overall, the farmer's method of storage - using local varieties, for one thing, performed the worst.  The recommendations of the plant protection agency and the IPM package as recommended by researchers did well, as long as the high-yielding maize varieties were used.
                                Technical Abstract: A large-scale experiment on maize storage systems was carried out in Atakpamé (Plateaux region of Togo), between autumn 1996 and spring 1997. An integrated pest management (IPM) approach, based on research findings at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and intended to control insect pests in rural maize stores was compared with (1) the locally prevalent methods of storage of farmers from the Plateaux region and (2) with the storage system recommended by the National Plant Protection Service in Togo (SPV).  Two storage systems were designed based on IPM principles, one using a local variety (chosen mainly for its excellent husk cover characteristics), the second including an improved variety (with higher yield and moderately good husk cover characteristics), and both depending on visual selection of cobs at harvest to reduce initial insect infestation.  The experiment was conducted in a collaborative manner, including representatives of the SPV, farmers from the Plateaux region, and researchers from IITA.  Population dynamics of major insects and associated losses to stored maize were monitored monthly over an 8-month period, while an on-site evaluation of pest infestation and losses was conducted after 6 and 8 months of storage.  The performance of the different storage systems was evaluated in terms of pest densities, grain weight losses and cost efficiency.   The IPM-based systems were as effective as the pesticide-based SPV system in reducing infestation and grain losses.  When only the incremental net returns from the storage practices were considered, both the IPM approach and the recommendations of the SPV performed better than the farmers' methods of storage.  However, when the yields (per hectare) fo the different maize varieties used in the respective storage systems were included in the cost and return analysis, the IPM storage systems using the local variety performed worse.


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