This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A15-0858

In re Medtronic, Inc. Shareholder Litigation.

Filed January 25, 2016

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded

Reyes, Judge

Hennepin County District Court

File No. 27CV1411452

Vernon J. Vander Weide, Gregg M. Fishbein, Richard A. Lockridge, Lockridge, Grindal, 

Nauen, P.L.L.P., Minneapolis, Minnesota; and

Mark C. Gardy, James S. Notis, Jennifer Sarnelli, Gardy & Notis, LLP, New York, New 

York; and

Emily Komlossy, Ross Appel, Komlossy Law, P.A., Hollywood, Florida (for appellant)

James K. Langdon, Michelle S. Grant, James K. Nichols, Dorsey & Whitney, LLP, 

Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondents)

Considered and decided by Peterson, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and Reyes, 

Judge. 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

REYES, Judge

Appellant challenges the district court’s dismissal of his class-action suit against 

respondents arising out of respondent Medtronic, Inc.’s acquisition of an Irish 

corporation through an inversion, asserting that the inversion caused him to incur 

significant capital-gains taxes and diluted his corporate ownership. Appellant argues that 
2

the district court erred by (1) dismissing ten of his claims as derivative and for failing to 

comply with Minn. R. Civ. P. 23.09 and (2) dismissing two of his claims for failure to 

state a claim under Minn. R. Civ. P. 12.02(e). We affirm in part, reverse in part, and 

remand.

FACTS

Appellant has pleaded the following facts relevant to the appeal. On March 25, 

2014, José É. Alméida, the chief executive officer of Covidien (an Irish public limited 

company), contacted Omár Ishrak, the chief executive officer of respondent Medtronic,

Inc. (at the time, a Minnesota public company), to set up an in-person meeting to discuss 

a potential merger between the two companies. Following that meeting, the parties 

discussed potential merger options, including Medtronic acquiring Covidien through an 

“inversion.”

In an inversion transaction, Medtronic would no longer be a Minnesota-based 

company but would be incorporated in Ireland (New Medtronic). As a result, 

Medtronic’s future foreign earnings would not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes.

In order to recover some of the future lost federal-income-tax revenue, the Internal 

Revenue Service (IRS) imposes an excise tax (or capital-gains tax) on any shares held in 

taxable accounts by a company’s shareholders.1 According to Medtronic’s Form S-4, 

neither Medtronic nor Covidien would be subject to this excise tax (“None of Covidien or 

 

1 See I.R.C. Code § 7874 (2014) (addressing tax on inversion gain of expatriated entities); 

see also I.R.C. § 4985 (2014) (providing that a 15% excise tax is imposed on the value of 

stock compensation in 2014). Congress imposed this tax to discourage inversion 

transactions. 
3

New Medtronic are expected to be subject to U.S. federal income tax as a result of the 

merger or the scheme.”). And, in order to avoid violating IRS regulations, all Medtronic 

shareholders would incur a significant dilution in their shares that would not have been 

required in a non-inversion transaction.

Respondent Medtronic board of directors,

2

spoke with Covidien via teleconference 

in May 2014 to further discuss the potential inversion, Medtronic’s foreign-cash reserves, 

Covidien’s financial value, Covidien’s potential tax-free access to their overseas cash, 

and the impact of the merger. Notably, as part of the inversion proposal, Medtronic 

would provide its senior executives and the Individual Respondents a gross-up payment 

or “Excise Tax Reimbursement” of more than $60 million to compensate them for the 

excise tax they would incur as shareholders due to the inversion. No other Medtronic 

shareholders would receive this Excise Tax Reimbursement. Finally, Medtronic agreed 

to pay Covidien $850 million if the Medtronic shareholders did not ratify the inversion

transaction.

At the end of May 2014, Medtronic and Covidien negotiated the purchase price of 

Covidien, and on June 2, 2014, the Medtronic CEO and the Covidien CEO “reached a 

nonbinding oral understanding” to purchase Covidien at $92.50 per share. The next day,

the Medtronic Board and Covidien approved the transaction to purchase Covidien at 

$92.50 per share. On June 15, 2014, Medtronic announced the inversion, by which 

 

2 The Medtronic board of directors is composed of individual respondents Ishrak, 

Anderson, Donnelly, Dzau, Jackson, Leavitt, Lenehan, O’Leary, Powell, Pozen, and 

Reddy (Individual Respondents or the Medtronic Board). 
4

Medtronic would acquire Covidien. On that same day, Perella Weinberg Partners LP, an

independent advisory and asset-management firm, provided an opinion to the Medtronic 

Board, and they opined that the consideration Medtronic would pay was fair to Medtronic 

and to its shareholders. Accordingly, the Medtronic Board approved the inversion.

On July 2, 2014, appellant Lewis Merenstein filed a class-action suit against 

respondents. Appellant challenges “the decision to structure the acquisition as an 

inversion[, which] caused harm, both as to the [excise] taxes he is being forced to pay and 

as to that part of the dilution [in his corporate ownership] attributable to the need to 

comply with the IRS’s anti-inversion regulations.” On September 26, 2014, the district 

court granted an order consolidating appellant’s action with another shareholder’s laterfiled action.

The complaint alleges the following counts. Appellant alleges harm to him and 

Medtronic’s shareholders by the Individual Respondents for self-dealing (count I), breach 

of fiduciary duties (count II), and breaches of the standard of conduct for both officers 

and directors pursuant to Minn. Stat. §§ 302A.251, .361 (2014) (counts III and IV). 

Count V seeks equitable relief pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 302A.467 for each of these 

breaches. Counts VI and VIII-X allege harm based on violations of Minn. Stat. 

§ 302A.255 (2014) (count VI), §§ 302A.165, .251, .255, .521 (2014) (count VIII), 

§§ 302A.011, subd. 10, .551, .557, .559 (2014) (count IX), and § 302A.165 (count X). 

Count VII alleges harm based on Minn. Stat. § 302A.521. Counts XI and XII allege 

harm based on violations of Minn. Stat. §§ 80A.68, .76 (2014) (count XI), and 

§§ 80A.69, .76 (2014) (count XII).
5

Respondents moved for dismissal pursuant to Minn. R. Civ. P. 23.09 and Minn. R. 

Civ. P. 12.02(e), asserting that all the counts are derivative. The district court granted 

respondents’ motion to dismiss on March 20, 2015, concluding that counts I-X are 

derivative claims and that appellant failed to follow the procedures mandated by

rule 23.09.

3 The district court further concluded that, although counts XI and XII were 

direct claims, appellant failed to state a claim for relief pursuant to rule 12.02(e). This 

appeal follows. 

D E C I S I O N

Appellant challenges the district court’s conclusions that counts I-X are derivative 

and therefore subject to rule 23.09 and that counts XI-XII fail to state a claim under rule 

12.02(e). Appellant also argues that the district court mischaracterized and contradicted

certain allegations and failed to credit certain other factual allegations. After carefully 

reviewing each count, we conclude that the district court erred in determining that counts

I-VI and VIII-X are derivative and subject to rule 23.09. We agree with the district court 

that count VII is derivative and subject to dismissal. We agree with the district court that 

counts XI and XII are direct but conclude that appellant stated a claim for relief with 

respect to count XI. We therefore affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

 

3 Respondents moved for dismissal on two grounds, arguing that counts I-X were 

derivative and therefore subject to rule 23.09 and that the counts failed to state a claim 

under rule 12.02(e). But the district court only concluded that counts I-X were derivative 

and thus subject to rule 23.09. The parties did not request that this court determine 

whether counts I-X were sufficiently pleaded under rule 12.02(e) on the merits, and the 

district court similarly did not make these conclusions for counts I-X. Therefore, we only 

reach a decision on whether counts I-X are direct or derivative claims.
6

I. Dismissal of counts I-X as derivative claims

A. Direct vs. derivative claims

Under Minnesota law, a shareholder can file a direct or derivative claim against a 

corporation. Wessin v. Archives Corp., 592 N.W.2d 460, 467 (Minn. 1999). If a claim is 

determined to be derivative, then it is subject to the procedures of rule 23.09.4 When a 

shareholder alleges both direct and derivative claims in a single cause of action, he or she 

must comply with rule 23.09 only with respect to the derivative claims. Wessin, 592 

N.W.2d at 467. When the corporation itself is injured, yet the shareholder is only 

indirectly harmed, the claim must be litigated as a derivative claim. Stocke v. Berryman, 

632 N.W.2d 242, 247 (Minn. App. 2001), review denied (Minn. Sept. 25, 2001). 

In order to pursue a direct claim, a shareholder must be able to “allege some injury 

or harm that is separate and distinct from the injury or harm to the corporation and that is 

not dependent on the harm to the corporation.” Id. The court must focus its inquiry on 

the alleged injury when deciding whether a claim is direct or derivative. Wessin, 592 

N.W.2d at 464. But, a shareholder may not bring a direct suit where the cause of action 

belongs to the corporation. Stocke, 632 N.W.2d at 247. “A district court’s decision as to 

 

4 Under Minn. R. Civ. P. 23.09, (1) the plaintiff must be a shareholder at the time of the 

injury and must continuously remain a shareholder throughout the suit; (2) the complaint 

must allege the efforts, if any, of the shareholder in making a demand on the board to 

resolve the suit; and (3) if no demand was made on the board, the shareholder must 

provide the reason why he or she failed to make a demand or why making demand on the 

board was futile.
7

whether a claim is direct or derivative is subject to a [de novo] standard of appellate 

review.” Blohm v. Kelly, 765 N.W.2d 147, 153 (Minn. App. 2009). 

Much of the parties’ dispute over whether the claims are direct or derivative in this 

case hinges on whether a claim can be direct if it injures all shareholders. Because

Minnesota appellate courts infrequently review shareholder derivative actions, we turn to

Delaware law. See Prof'l Mgmt. Assocs., Inc. v. Coss, 598 N.W.2d 406, 412 (Minn. App. 

1999), review denied (Minn. Nov. 23, 1999). Therefore, we turn to a recent Delaware 

Supreme Court decision that is on point. In Tooley v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc., 

the Delaware Supreme Court distinguished between a stockholder’s derivative or direct 

claim based on whether all the stockholders or the corporation suffered the alleged harm

directly and received the benefit of the recovery or remedy. 845 A.2d 1031, 1035 (Del. 

2004). Acknowledging confusion caused by language in its earlier decisions, the court 

unequivocally held that “a direct, individual claim of stockholders that does not depend 

on harm to the corporation can also fall on all stockholders equally, without the claim 

thereby becoming a derivative claim.” Id. at 1037. (emphasis added). Therefore, under 

Tooley, a stockholder may bring a direct claim even if all shareholders are similarly 

injured and received the benefit of the recovery, so long as the injury is not suffered by 

the corporation. Id. 

The Tooley court’s analysis is consistent with the purpose of the shareholderderivative rule, which is based on the standing and real-party-in-interest doctrine that 

preserves the corporation’s claims to itself. It is also consistent with subsequent 

Minnesota case law. See Blohm, 765, N.W.2d at 153 (framing the inquiry as “whether 
8

the complained-of injury was an injury to the shareholder directly, or to the 

corporation”); Stocke, 632 N.W.2d at 247 (stating that a shareholder must allege “some 

injury or harm that is separate and distinct from the injury or harm to the corporation and 

that is not dependent on the harm to the corporation.)” review denied (Minn. Oct. 21, 

1987). And it would be illogical to preclude a shareholder from pursuing a claim that the 

corporation could not itself pursue because it was not injured. See, e.g., Strougo v. 

Bassini, 282 F.3d 162, 172 (2d Cir. 2002) (“An inquiry that asks only whether 

shareholders have suffered ‘undifferentiated harm,’ rather than whether the shareholders 

have suffered injury distinct from any potential injury to the corporation, could lead to 

situations in which shareholders are improperly left with an injury without legal 

recourse.”). Accordingly, we conclude that all shareholders may bring a direct claim if 

(1) all shareholders share the same injury; (2) the shareholders would receive the benefit

of the recovery or remedy; and (3) the injury is not suffered by the corporation. 

B. Appellant’s claims

We next turn to appellant’s specific arguments. Here, appellant argues that “the 

inversion was bad for all of Medtronic public shareholders” because the inversion diluted

their corporate stock ownership.” Because of the structure of the proposed transaction, 

appellant alleges that the Medtronic shareholders had little choice but to ratify the 

inversion to avoid the $850 million “payout.” Appellant maintains that the remedy 

sought is on behalf of shareholders; it seeks relief from Medtronic and not on behalf of 

Medtronic. Appellant further alleges that the inversion was bad for the shareholders who 
9

were “injured by a disloyal Board and for some Medtronic shareholders who, in addition 

to being diluted, are forced to pay capital gains taxes.” 

The district court determined that counts I-X were not direct claims but rather 

were derivative and subject to the procedural requirements in rule 23.09, and thus granted 

respondent’s motion to dismiss. Appellant maintains counts I-X are direct and not 

subject to rule 23.09. 

1. Counts I-VI and VIII-X

Appellant alleges that the inversion harmed Medtronic shareholders directly 

through involuntary capital-gains taxes and the dilution in their corporate stock 

ownership. He asserts that Medtronic was not injured by either the tax or dilution, but in 

fact benefited from the conduct that was injurious to shareholders. Appellant therefore 

asserts that these are direct claims not subject to the procedural requirements pursuant to 

rule 23.09, and the district court erred by determining that these counts were derivative 

claims subject to rule 23.09. We agree with respect to counts I-VI and VIII-X. 

Appellant alleges harm to himself and Medtronic’s shareholders by the Individual 

Respondents. Counts I-IV of the complaint allege that appellant and the shareholders 

were harmed directly by the inversion transaction approved by the Medtronic Board and 

entered into by Medtronic, which led to a dilution in the value of the shares of appellant 

and Medtronic shareholders in the company. Count V alleges that appellant and the 

shareholders are entitled to damages from respondents’ self-dealing and breaches in 

counts I-IV. Finally, appellant alleges that only he and the Medtronic shareholders were 

harmed because only the shareholders will experience a dilution in shares, not Medtronic. 
10

Appellant’s claim is direct because, (1) it alleges harm suffered by appellant directly; 

(2) he is a shareholder who will receive the benefit of the recovery or remedy; and (3) the 

claim “does not depend on harm to the corporation.” Tooley, 845 A.2d at 1037-38. 

Counts VI and VIII-X allege harm based on the Excise Tax Reimbursement under 

the theories of public policy and preferential treatment. Counts VI and VIII-X also allege 

harm to appellant and certain shareholders in incurring the 15% excise tax pursuant to 

IRC § 4985 due to the inversion. Medtronic is not subject to this tax under the inversion 

structure and thus is not harmed. Further, the Individual Respondents along with certain 

senior executives received the Excise Tax Reimbursement, which compensates them for 

the excise tax on their shares and makes them whole. No other shareholders, including 

appellant, received this reimbursement. Finally, if appellant prevails, he will receive the 

benefit, not the corporation. Counts VI and VIII-X likewise meet the requirements under 

Tooley of harm and benefit of recovery to appellant and not to the corporation. See 845 

A.2d at 1038.

Respondents argue that, if the impact on all shareholders is the same, then the 

claims must be derivative, relying on Nw. Racquet Swim & Health Clubs, Inc. v. Deloitte 

& Touche, 535 N.W.2d 612, 617-18 (Minn. 1995) (citing Seitz v. Michel, 148 Minn. 474, 

475, 181 N.W.2d 106, 106 (1921)). Northwest Racquet is distinguishable because in that 

case the debenture holders had alleged injuries separate and distinct from those injuries 

suffered by other debenture holders. Id. at 618. Thus, the supreme court did not have 

before it the issue we address here. Moreover, the Delaware Supreme Court 

unequivocally held that “a direct, individual claim of stockholders that does not 
11

depend on harm to the corporation can also fall on all stockholders equally, without the 

claim thereby becoming a derivative claim.” Tooley, 845 A.2d at 1037.

5

Moreover, certain shareholders, including appellant, suffered harm different than 

other shareholders. As previously mentioned, the Individual Respondents received the 

Excise Tax Reimbursement to compensate them for the 15% excise tax. Other 

shareholders must pay this tax without any compensation from Medtronic. Respondents 

concede that, if the injury is separate and distinct from an impact on shareholders as a 

whole, the claim is direct.6 See Nw. Racquet, 535 N.W.2d at 617-18. This further 

supports the conclusion that counts VI and VIII-X are direct claims. 

2. Count VII 

In count VII, appellant alleges that the financial indemnification to the Individual 

Respondents through the Excise Tax Reimbursement is void or voidable because they

violated Minn. Stat. § 302A.521.

7

 This is a harm that belongs to the corporation because 

voiding the Excise Tax Reimbursement would result in a return of funds to the 

 

5 Respondents’ argument falls prey to the logical fallacy identified by Daniel 

Kleinberger. “[A]s a matter of consequence when a shareholder’s injury is indirect, all 

shareholders have in common the same (indirect) injury. It does not logically follow, 

however, that whenever shareholders have a common injury they necessarily suffered 

their injury indirectly.” Daniel S. Kleinberger, Direct versus Derivative and the Law of 

Limited Liability Companies, 58 Baylor L. Rev. 63, 103 (Winter 2006).

6 Respondents make various arguments that appellants’ claims are derivative because the 

harm they complain of is actually due to corporate waste. See Wessin, 592 N.W.2d at 

464-66. However, with the exception of count VII, appellant’s arguments are not based 

on corporate waste.

7 The facts underlying this claim may be related to other claims that have not been 

dismissed as to the Individual Respondents’ fiduciary duties. We do not reach a decision 

on the merits whether the Individual Respondents breached their fiduciary duties. 
12

corporation. See Wessin, 592 N.W.2d at 464; Tooley, 845 A.2d at 1038. Appellant did 

not follow the procedures under rule 23.09. Therefore, the district court did not err in 

determining that count VII as pleaded is a derivative claim subject to dismissal under rule 

23.09. 

II. Dismissal of counts XI and XII under rule 12.02(e)

When a case is dismissed pursuant to rule 12.02(e) for failure to state a claim for 

which relief can be granted, we “review de novo whether a complaint sets forth a legally

sufficient claim for relief. We accept the facts alleged in the complaint as true and 

construe all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Walsh v. U.S. Bank, 

N.A, 851 N.W.2d 598, 606 (Minn. 2014) (citation omitted). Minn. R. Civ. P. 8.01 

provides that a complaint must “contain a short and plain statement of the claim showing 

that the pleader is entitled to relief and a demand for judgment for the relief sought.” A 

claim is sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss “if it is possible on any evidence which 

might be produced, consistent with the pleader’s theory, to grant the relief demanded.” 

N. States Power Co. v. Franklin, 265 Minn. 391, 395, 122 N.W.2d 26, 29 (1963); accord 

Bahr v. Capella Univ., 788 N.W.2d 76, 80 (Minn. 2010). 

The district court concluded that counts XI-XII, although direct, were “ripe for 

dismissal” because (1) the counts failed to allege that Medtronic made “false or

misleading statements,” (2) appellant was not “entitled to the omitted information,” and 

(3) respondents did not provide fraudulent financial advice to appellant. In determining 

that the claims were direct, the district court followed Blohm v. Kelly, in which this court 

concluded that “the right of access to corporate records is personal to each shareholder.” 
13

765 N.W.2d at 157. Similarly here, respondents were required under 17 C.F.R. 

§ 240.14a-9(a) (2014), Minn. Stat. §§ 80A.68, .69, and 302A.463 to provide information 

regarding the inversion to appellants. Respondents do not dispute the district court’s 

determination that the counts are direct claims, and we agree. On count XI, we disagree 

with the conclusion that appellant did not sufficiently plead the count to overcome rule 

12.02(e). On count XII, we reverse and remand for a determination of whether the count 

is sufficiently pleaded. We address each in turn.

A. Count XI

Under Minn. Stat. § 80A.68 a claim may be brought against a person who “in 

connection with the offer, sale, or purchase of a security, directly or indirectly” 

(1) employs a device to defraud; (2) makes untrue statements of material fact or omits 

material facts that makes statements made misleading; or (3) engages in an act that 

operates as a fraud or deceit.

To determine whether an alleged misrepresentation or omission is material, 

Minnesota courts rely on federal securities law. “To be actionable under the federal 

securities laws, misrepresentations or omissions must be material.” Rodney v. KPMG 

Peat Marwick, 143 F.3d 1140, 1143-44 (8th Cir. 1998). In the context of a proxy 

statement “[a]n omitted fact is material if there is a substantial likelihood that a 

reasonable shareholder would consider it important in deciding how to vote.” Basic Inc. 

v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 231, 108 S. Ct. 978, 980 (1988) (citing TSC Indus., Inc. v. 

Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438, 449, 96 S. Ct. 2126, 2132 (1976)). 
14

In certain cases, materiality may be decided as a matter of law, see Parnes v. 

Gateway 2000, Inc., 122 F.3d 539, 546 (8th Cir. 1997), but “[t]he [materiality] 

determination requires delicate assessments of the inferences a ‘reasonable shareholder’ 

would draw from a given set of facts and the significance of those inferences to [the 

shareholder],” TSC Indus., Inc., 426 U.S. at 450, 96 S. Ct. 2126 at 2133. Thus,

materiality is a “mixed question of law and fact,” and, because the determination of 

materiality involves fact-specific inferences about what a reasonable shareholder would 

do, it is generally not appropriate to resolve as a matter of law by summary judgment. Id. 

at 450, 96 S. Ct. at 2132-33; see Rodney, 143 F.3d at 1144 (concluding that materiality 

generally involves a factual question for the jury); see also In re Cabletron Sys., Inc., 311 

F.3d 11, 34 (1st Cir. 2002) (determining that the materiality of a statement or the 

omission of information is generally a question of fact for the jury rather than determined 

by the court on a motion to dismiss). 

“[A]ccept[ing] the facts alleged in the complaint as true and constru[ing] all 

reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party,” Walsh, 851 N.W.2d at 606,

appellant has sufficiently pleaded material misrepresentations and omitted statements.

The S-4 states repeatedly that the transaction is fair to all shareholders. But appellant 

alleges the following: the inversion is not “fair” to all Medtronic shareholders who 

incurred a 15% excise tax because certain shareholders received an Excise Tax 

Reimbursement whereas others did not; that the tax consequences were material to the 

Individual Respondents, who took care to evade them, see Swanson v. Am. Consumer 

Indus., Inc., 415 F.2d 1326, 1330-31 (7th Cir. 1969) (concealing directors’ conflict of 
15

interest was a material omission); that the inversion’s tax consequences were ignored by 

Perella Weinberg in rendering its fairness opinion; and that, the inversion resulted in 

dilution of share values to 70% of the original share value for Medtronic shareholders. 

Appellant’s allegations in count XI are sufficient to survive the motion to dismiss 

because “it is possible on any evidence which might be produced, consistent with the 

pleader’s theory, to grant the relief demanded.” N. States Power Co., 265 Minn. at 395, 

122 N.W.2d at 29; see also Bahr, 788 N.W.2d at 80. Appellant has sufficiently pleaded 

that the omissions and misleading statements in the disclosure were insufficient to 

explain the matter to be voted on. Therefore, the district court erred in dismissing count 

XI under rule 12.02(e) for failing to state a claim.

B. Count XII

Appellant argues that the district court erred in dismissing its direct claim under 

Minn. Stat. § 80A.69(a) for failure to state a claim. Under that statute:

It is unlawful for a person that advises others for compensation, 

either directly or indirectly or through publications or writings, 

as to the value of securities or the advisability of investing in, 

purchasing, or selling securities or that, for compensation and 

as part of a regular business, issues or promulgates analyses or 

reports relating to securities:

(1) to employ a device, scheme, or artifice to defraud 

another person; or

(2) to engage in an act, practice, or course of business that 

operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon another 

person.

Id. The district court concluded that appellant’s claim under section 80A.69 was without 

merit for failure to allege that the omitted information “caused other information in the S-
16

4 or [p]roxy to be false or misleading,” or that appellant was entitled to this information. 

But a claim under section 80A.69 is based solely on fraud, not on omitted information or 

false or misleading information. Cf. Minn. Stat. § 80A.68 (defining the elements for a 

general fraud claim, which includes using false or misleading information or omitting 

material facts). Therefore, the district court erred in applying the standard applicable to a 

claim under section 80A.68.

In two footnotes in their reply brief, respondents argue that, this court could affirm 

the district court on alternative grounds. Respondents argue that appellant failed to plead 

fraud with the specificity required by Minn. R. Civ. P. 9.02, that a security-fraud claim 

has a heightened pleading requirement, and there is a scienter requirement of knowledge 

and intent. See Merry v. Prestige Capital Mkts., Ltd., 944 F.Supp.2d 702, 709 (D. Minn. 

2013) (applying heightened pleading standard to claims under the Minnesota Securities 

Act); Martens v. Minn. Mining & Mfg. Co., 616 N.W.2d 732, 747 (Minn. 2000)

(dismissing fraud allegations under rule 12.02 where they did not meet the requirements

of fraudulent misrepresentation); see also Minneapolis Emps. Ret. Fund v. AllisonWilliams Co., 519 N.W.2d 176, 180-81 (Minn. 1994) (addressing scienter requirement 

for broker-dealer unsuitability claim brought under the Minnesota Securities Act). 

Respondents also argue that they are not “a person that advises others for compensation . 

. . as to the value of securities or the advisability of investing in, purchasing, or selling 

securities. . . or that, for compensation, . . . promulgates analyses or reports relating to 

securities.” Minn. Stat. § 80A.69(a).
17

These issues were not raised to or addressed by the district court, and we decline 

to address them in the first instance on appeal. On remand the district court shall

determine whether appellant pleaded with particularity a claim consistent with the 

requirements of Minn. Stat. § 80A.69(a), Minn. R. Civ. P. 9.02, and Minn. R. Civ. P. 

12.02(e). In sum, we affirm the dismissal of count VII and reverse on the remaining 

counts for proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.