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Title:   Author  item
                                            SREEKUMAR, C - USDA,ARS,ANRI,APDIitem
                                            Hill, Doloresitem
                                            Miska, Kateitem
                                            Rosenthal, Benjaminitem
                                            VIANNA, M C - USDA,ARS,ANRIitem
                                            VENTURINI, L - LA PLATA, ARGENTINAitem
                                            BASSO, W - LA PLATA, ARGENTINAitem
                                            GENNAN, S - SAO PAULO, BRAZILitem
                                            LINDSAY, D - BLACKSBURG, VAitem
                                            Dubey, Jitender
  Submitted to: Experimental Parasitology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 4/2/2004
                                    Publication  Date: 5/1/2004
                                    Citation: Sreekumar, C., Hill, D.E., Miska, K.B., Rosenthal, B.M., Vianna, M.B., Venturini, L., Basso, W., Gennan, S.M., Lindsay, D.S., Dubey, J.P. 2004. Hammondia heydorni:  evidence of genetic diverity among isolates from dogs. Experimental Parasitology. 107:65-71.Interpretive Summary: Hammondia heydorni is a single-celled parasite of livestock.  Dogs are its main reservoir hosts.  Scientists at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center report genetic biodiversity among 14 isolates of H. heydorni and compare results with closely related parasites.  The results will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists and veterinarians.
                                Technical Abstract: Isolates of Hammondia heydorni from dogs form Argentina, Brazil and the United States were analysed for genetic diversity. A total of 14 isolates were tested for their ability to produce amplification using three PCR assays, one targeting the common toxoplasmatiid ITS-1 region and 2 amplifying novel, H. heydorni- specific loci, HhAP7 and HhAP10. While the ITS-1 fragments could be amplified from all isolates, only 6 isolates were capable of amplifying the specific target fragments from the novel loci. The resulting PCR products were further investigated for genetic diversity using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques. RFLP polymorphism was evident only at the HhAP10 locus, differentiating 2 Argentinean isolates from the rest. Mobility shifts on SSCP gels revealed that the 2 Argentinean isolates were not only different from the other 4 isolates, but were also different from each other both at HhAP7 and HhAP10 loci. The ITS-1 fragments of all isolates were identical by RFLP. However, 2 distinct mobility patterns were noticed on SSCP gels. Sequence analysis of the three PCR fragments confirmed the SSCP findings.  Based on the sequence data, from the ITS-1 and  the 2 random loci, the isolates could be  broadly classified into 2 distinct groups, with minor differences/polymorphisms  evident within these groups.  In contrast, very little heterogeneity was noticed in the sequences of corresponding ITS-1 regions of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii isolates, available in the public database. The present study reveals that there is a considerable degree of microheterogeneity among isolates of H. heydorni.  This diversity should be taken into consideration while comparing the


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