COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Clements, Felton and McClanahan 

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia 

GEORGE C. PAPPAS 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 2351-03-4 JUDGE WALTER S. FELTON, JR. 

 AUGUST 17, 2004 

CATHERINE E. PAPPAS 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY 

Leslie M. Alden, Judge 

 Dennis M. Hottell (Christopher Malinowski; Angela M. Cross; 

Dennis M. Hottell & Associates, P.C., on briefs), for appellant. 

 Peter M. Fitzner (Matthews, Snider, Norton & Fitzner, on brief), 

 for appellee. 

 George C. Pappas (husband) appeals the judgment of the trial court modifying the amount 

of spousal support previously awarded to Catherine E. Pappas (wife) in the parties’ property 

settlement agreement (PSA) which was incorporated, but not merged, into their final decree of 

divorce. Husband contends that the trial court erred in considering the provisions of the PSA and 

the parties’ pre-PSA negotiations relating to spousal support in computing the modified support 

award; that it erred in imputing income to husband; in ordering husband to pay the modified support 

award retroactive to April 1, 2003 when payment of spousal support had been suspended by a prior 

court order; and in ruling that it lacked authority to modify the duration of wife’s support award 

under the provisions of the PSA. Finding no error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
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BACKGROUND 

 George C. Pappas (husband) and Catherine E. Pappas (wife) were married on June 18, 

1989. No children were born of the marriage. On May 24, 2002, they entered into a property 

settlement agreement (PSA), which resolved all issues of spousal support and equitable 

distribution. The PSA was affirmed, ratified and incorporated, but not merged, into the final 

decree dissolving the parties’ marriage. 

Under the provisions of the PSA, husband agreed to pay wife $5,700 per month from 

December 2001 until June 2002, and thereafter $4,000 per month for twelve years and four months, 

unless terminated due to wife’s remarriage, her habitual cohabitation analogous to marriage, or the 

death of either party. Pursuant to the PSA, husband received marital property valued at $35,000 and 

wife received assets, including the marital residence, valued at $397,585. The PSA also provided 

that “either party may hereafter petition any court of competent jurisdiction for an increase or 

decrease of spousal support and maintenance pursuant to § 20-109 . . . .” 

 At the time the parties entered into the PSA, husband was the President and CEO of Plesk, 

Inc., an information technology company, where he had been employed since June 2001 at an 

annual salary of $190,000. Both parties anticipated husband’s employment would continue when 

they entered into the PSA. On December 16, 2002, husband’s employment at Plesk was terminated 

as the result of financial difficulties experienced by his employer. 

 Immediately following his termination, husband began seeking comparable alternative 

employment in the information technology sector. Due to a poor market, employment opportunities 

consistent with his former level of employment were largely unavailable. Meanwhile wife, who had 

not been employed during the marriage, obtained employment earning approximately $46,000 

annually. 
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 On December 31, 2002, less than seven months after the entry of the final decree of divorce 

incorporating the parties’ PSA, husband filed a motion to modify spousal support. He 

simultaneously filed a pendente lite motion to suspend the support payments, which the trial court 

granted on January 10, 2003. 

 On July 23, 2003, the trial court heard evidence ore tenus. Both parties presented expert 

testimony related to husband’s job search following his loss of employment. The trial court 

admitted the parties’ PSA into evidence, as well as evidence of the parties’ pre-PSA negotiations 

regarding spousal support. 

 The trial court found that the PSA provided authority for it to determine modification of 

spousal support. It concluded that husband’s termination of employment resulting from his 

employer’s financial difficulties was a material change in circumstances not reasonably 

contemplated by the parties at the time they entered into the PSA. It also found that its authority to 

modify the spousal support was limited to modifying the amount of support, but not its duration; 

that the evidence supported an imputation of $100,000 annual income to husband; and that after 

considering all the factors of Code § 20-107.1(E), husband’s monthly spousal support payments 

should be reduced from $4,000 a month to $2,500 a month, retroactive to April 1, 2003, and payable 

at that rate for the duration established by the parties’ PSA. It denied wife’s request for an award of 

attorney’s fees. On August 6, 2003, the trial court entered a final order reflecting its decision of July 

23, 2003. Husband’s motion to reconsider was also denied on August 6, 2003. 

ANALYSIS 

I. 

 On appeal, we review the evidence, and all reasonable inferences fairly deducible from it, 

in the light most favorable to the prevailing party below. Alphin v. Alphin, 15 Va. App. 395, 

399, 424 S.E.2d 572, 574 (1992). When a trial court hears the evidence ore tenus, its findings 
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are entitled to great weight and will not be disturbed on appeal unless “plainly wrong or without 

evidence to support it.” Pommerenke v. Pommerenke, 7 Va. App. 241, 244, 372 S.E.2d 630, 631 

(1988). “The determination whether a spouse is entitled to [a reduction or increase in spousal] 

support, and if so how much, is a matter within the discretion of the [trial] court and will not be 

disturbed on appeal unless it is clear that some injustice has been done.” Dukelow v. Dukelow, 2 

Va. App. 21, 27, 341 S.E.2d 208, 211 (1986). 

II. 

Husband contends that the trial court erred in considering the provisions of the PSA and 

the parties’ pre-PSA negotiations related to spousal support in modifying the spousal support 

award. He argues that the trial court erred because this evidence relates to past financial 

circumstances of the parties rather than their current financial circumstances. 

Code § 20-109(B) provides in pertinent part that: 

Upon consideration of the factors set forth in subsection E of 

§ 20-107.1, the court may increase, decrease or terminate the 

amount or duration of the award upon finding that (i) there has 

been a material change in the circumstances of the parties, not 

reasonably in the contemplation of the parties when the award was 

made . . . . 

“The moving party in a petition for modification of support is required to prove both a 

material change in circumstances and that this change warrants a modification of support.” 

Schoenwetter v. Schoenwetter, 8 Va. App. 601, 605, 383 S.E.2d 28, 30 (1989). “The material 

change in circumstances must have occurred after the most recent judicial review of the award, 

and ‘must bear upon the financial needs of the dependent spouse or the ability of the supporting 

spouse to pay.’” Moreno v. Moreno, 24 Va. App. 190, 195, 480 S.E.2d 792, 795 (1997) (quoting 

Hollowell v. Hollowell, 6 Va. App. 417, 419, 369 S.E.2d 451, 452 (1988)). “In [modifying] 

spousal support, the [trial court] . . . is guided by the . . . factors that are set forth in Code 

§ 20-107.1. When the [trial court] has given due consideration to these factors, [its] 
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determination will not be disturbed on appeal except for clear abuse of discretion.” Collier v. 

Collier, 2 Va. App. 125, 129, 341 S.E.2d 827, 829 (1986). 

The trial court concluded that husband’s loss of employment resulting from his 

employer’s financial difficulties was a material change in circumstances not reasonably 

anticipated by the parties when they entered into the PSA setting spousal support. It noted that 

both the PSA and the parties’ pre-PSA negotiations demonstrated the parties’ expectations that 

husband would continue to be employed at a substantial annual income. Husband conceded in 

his reply brief that a proper consideration of Code § 20-109(B) requires the trial court to consider 

this evidence in determining whether a material change in circumstances not contemplated by the 

parties had occurred. 

Once a material change in circumstances warranting modification has been established, 

Code § 20-109(B) requires the trial court to consider the factors set forth in Code § 20-107.1(E) 

to determine the amount of the award. In reducing the amount of husband’s monthly spousal 

support obligation, the trial court stated that it based its decision on the evidence presented, 

including the property and support provisions contained in the PSA, the argument of counsel, 

and all the factors enumerated in Code §§ 20-107.1(E) and 20-109. 

Husband argues that the trial court erred in considering the PSA property and support 

provisions, as well as the parties’ pre-PSA negotiations regarding support, in determining the 

amount of the modified support payments, because those matters related to the parties’ past 

financial circumstances rather then their current financial circumstances. The trial court ruled 

that Code § 20-107.1(E)(7) and (13) permitted it to “consider the agreement that the parties made 

and the property interests that resulted from that.” Code § 20-107.1(E)(7) requires the court to 

consider “the property interests of the parties, both real and personal, tangible and intangible.” 
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Code § 20-107.1(E)(13), the “catch-all” provision, requires it to consider “[s]uch other 

factors, . . . as are necessary to consider the equities between the parties.” 

The PSA contained the agreed distribution of the parties’ personal property, retirement 

accounts, marital home, provisions for life and health insurance, as well as their agreement on 

spousal support. The trial court considered the provisions of the PSA relevant to the original 

division of the parties’ property in determining whether, and to what degree, modification of the 

existing spousal support award might be appropriate. It ruled that Code § 20-107.1(E)(13) 

permitted it to consider other financial factors established by the PSA. We conclude that the trial 

court did not err in considering the PSA, as its provisions established financial factors the court 

was required to consider under Code § 20-107.1(E)(7) and (13). 

The PSA established the lifestyle the parties expected husband to financially maintain for 

wife following the dissolution of the marriage, namely the lifestyle which she was accustomed to 

during the marriage. Stubblebine v. Stubblebine, 22 Va. App. 703, 710, 473 S.E.2d 72, 75 

(1996) (en banc) (citations omitted). 

Moreover, the trial court explicitly stated that it based its modification decision not only 

upon the financial factors in the PSA, but also on the current financial and other circumstances of 

the parties as required by Code § 20-107.1. The trial court noted that it considered all of the 

factors in Code § 20-107.1(E). It specifically found both parties were employable. It found that 

husband had a college degree, and a long history of well-paid employment in the information 

technology industry. It found that he had a wide range of experience in sales, marketing, and 

executive positions. It concluded that husband “could and should be working at a job that pays 

$100,000” annually, and it imputed that income to him. It also found that, while wife essentially 

was not employed outside the home during the twelve-year marriage, she was currently employed, 

earning approximately $46,000 annually. This Court has previously said that in determining a 
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modification in spousal support, a trial court must consider the statutory factors of Code 

§ 20-107.1, but that it is not “required to quantify or elaborate exactly what weight or 

consideration it has given to each of the statutory factors.” Woolley v. Woolley, 3 Va. App. 337, 

345, 349 S.E.2d 422, 426 (1986). 

We find from the record before us that the trial court properly considered the required 

statutory factors in its decision to modify husband’s spousal support payments. We also find that 

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in considering the property and support provisions of 

the PSA in its determinations. Because the trial court based its modification of support decision 

on credible evidence in the record, we conclude that the trial court did not err in its modification 

of husband’s spousal support obligations. See id.

III. 

 Husband contends that the trial court erred in imputing an annual income of $100,000 to 

him. He argues that the evidence failed to show that he was voluntarily foregoing gainful 

employment. 

 “In setting or modifying spousal support or child support, a court may impute income to a 

party voluntarily unemployed or underemployed.” Blackburn v. Michael, 30 Va. App. 95, 102, 

515 S.E.2d 780, 783 (1999); see Stubblebine, 22 Va. App. at 708, 473 S.E.2d at 74. The party 

seeking imputation of income has the burden of proving that the other party is voluntarily 

underemployed or is voluntarily foregoing gainful employment. Blackburn, 30 Va. App. at 102, 

515 S.E.2d at 784. Whether to impute income lies within the sound discretion of the trial court, 

and its decision will not be reversed unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. See

Blackburn, 30 Va. App. at 102, 515 S.E.2d at 784 (citing Saleem v. Saleem, 26 Va. App. 384, 

393, 494 S.E.2d 883, 887 (1998)). 
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 The record contains credible evidence from which the trial court could reasonably 

conclude husband was voluntarily foregoing gainful employment and that his education, training 

and experience warranted imputing to him an annual income of $100,000. See id.

 The record shows that husband possessed a college degree, had twenty years of work 

experience in sales and marketing, and had been employed by various technology companies as 

an executive. Moreover, wife presented expert testimony from a vocational rehabilitation 

consultant that husband was in fact employable at an annual salary between $100,000 and 

$175,000, and there were jobs available within the area for which husband was qualified and for 

which he had not applied. Husband presented evidence of his efforts to locate employment from 

the time he lost his job, including providing logs of his employer contacts and records of his job 

search. He presented evidence that positions comparable to that he held at the time the PSA was 

entered were scarce as a result of the downturn in the technology industry. Wife’s expert 

testified that husband’s efforts were inadequate based on the number of contacts that he had 

made, many of which were essentially networking contacts from his previous employment, and 

few of which were for actual available positions. Wife’s expert also testified that husband’s job 

search since March 2003 had not been aggressive and required “more volume.” Wife’s expert 

also testified that there were executive positions available in the area that were similar to 

husband’s past experience in business development, marketing, and sales with annual salaries 

between $125,000 and $175,000. The expert opined that husband should lower his expectations 

and seek positions earning $100,000 annually; and that there were positions available as sales 

executive, account manager, and marketing director paying salaries of “$100,000 plus per year.” 

 Based on the evidence before it, the trial court concluded, “that [husband] could and 

should be working in a job that pays at least $100,000,” and imputed an annual income of 

$100,000 to husband in determining the modified spousal support award. We affirm the 
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judgment of the trial court imputing an annual income of $100,000 to husband based on the 

record before us. 

IV. 

 Husband also asserts that the trial court erred in ordering that the modified spousal support 

payments be made retroactive to April 1, 2003. He argues that the trial court’s previous grant of his 

pendente lite motion on January 10, 2003, suspending his spousal support payments until the 

modification determination had been made, barred the retroactive support. 

 Husband argues that Code § 20-103 grants the court authority to “make any order 

proper . . . to enable a party to carry on a suit . . .” including petitions to modify spousal support. He 

asserts that the pendente lite order suspending his support obligation temporarily was to enable him 

to engage in proceedings to modify his support obligation to meet his changed financial 

circumstances. He argues that the court was without authority to order the modified support to be 

made retroactively to a period when it had suspended the support payments, arguing that any 

modification must be prospective from the final order disposing of the petition to modify. We 

disagree.

 Code § 20-112 provides that a spousal support award “may be [retroactively] modified 

with respect to any period during which there is a pending petition for modification, but only 

from the date that notice of such petition has been given to the responding party.” (Emphasis 

added.); see Reid v. Reid, 245 Va. 409, 414, 429 S.E.2d 208, 211 (1993) (holding that the trial 

court has authority to award spousal support retroactively to the period when the suit was 

pending). 

The trial court’s order suspending support payments temporarily, without prejudice, was 

not an order eliminating husband’s obligation to make those payments altogether. It was simply 

an order suspending his requirement to make those payments until his petition for modification 
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had been heard, and a decision regarding modification was made.1 On July 23, 2003, the trial 

court reduced the amount of spousal support husband was required to pay wife from $4,000 

monthly to $2,500 monthly, and made the modified payments retroactive to April 1, 2003, a date 

within the period the modification proceedings were pending. The effect of the trial court’s 

order temporarily suspending husband’s obligation to pay spousal support did not limit the trial 

court’s ability to order the modified support payments to be effective retroactively. 

[W]hether to make modification of a support order effective during 

a period when a petition is pending is entirely within the discretion 

of the trial court. Its decision in this regard will not be disturbed 

on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. 

O’Brien v. Rose, 14 Va. App. 960, 965, 420 S.E.2d 246, 249 (1992). 

Because the trial court had the authority to suspend husband’s payments during the 

period pending its ruling on modification, as well as to require him to make these payments 

pending its decision, we find it did not abuse its discretion in ordering the modification reducing 

the amount of support to be effective April 1, 2003. 

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in ordering husband to pay the 

modified spousal support obligation retroactive to April 1, 2003. 

V. 

Husband further contends that the trial court erred when it concluded that the provisions 

of the PSA did not permit it to modify the duration of the spousal support award. He argues that 

because the PSA reserves the right to the parties to seek support modification pursuant to the 

provisions of Code § 20-109, the trial court had authority to modify not only the amount of the 

support payments, but their duration as well. See Code § 20-109(B). 

 1

 The status of the support payments payable under the PSA from the date of the order 

suspending the payments to the retroactive effective date of the modified payments is not before 

us, and we express no opinion concerning them. 
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The PSA provides in pertinent part that: 

It is specifically agreed . . . that either party may hereafter petition 

any court of competent jurisdiction for an increase or decrease of 

the spousal support and maintenance, pursuant to § 20-109 of the 

1950 Code of Virginia, as amended. The power, jurisdiction and 

authority of the court to entertain and adjudicate such a petition, 

pursuant to § 20-109, are expressly reserved and retained. 

(Emphasis added.) 

 The parties do not contest that the PSA provides for a defined duration spousal support 

award. 

 Code § 20-109(B) provides that “a court may consider a modification of an award of 

spousal support for a defined duration upon a petition of either party filed within the time 

covered by the duration of the award” and that after considering the appropriate factors, “the 

court may increase, decrease, or terminate the amount or duration of the award” on a finding 

that there has been a material change of circumstances not contemplated by the parties. 

(Emphasis added.) 

 Code § 20-109(C) provides that where the parties have entered into a stipulation or 

contract regarding payment of spousal support made part of the final decree, “no decree or order 

directing the payment of support and maintenance for the spouse . . . shall be entered except in 

accordance with that stipulation or contract.” Thus, for husband to prevail on his argument, he 

must establish that the trial court had authority under the PSA to alter the duration of the spousal 

support award. 

 “Support agreements that are voluntarily made by the parties are subject to the same rules 

of construction applicable to contracts generally.” Goldin v. Goldin, 34 Va. App. 95, 107, 538 

S.E.2d 326, 332 (2000) (citing Tiffany v. Tiffany, 1 Va. App. 11, 15, 332 S.E.2d 796, 799 

(1985)). “‘The guiding light in the construction of a contract is the intention of the parties as 

expressed by them in the words they have used, and courts are bound to say that the parties 
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intended what the written instrument plainly declares.’” Wilson v. Holyfield, 227 Va. 184, 187, 

313 S.E.2d 396, 398 (1994) (quoting Magann Corp. v. Electrical Works, 203 Va. 259, 264, 123 

S.E.2d 377, 381 (1962)). Where an agreement is plain and unambiguous in its terms, we will not 

substitute, include or ignore words to change the plain meaning of the agreement. See

Southerland v. Estate of Southerland, 249 Va. 584, 590, 457 S.E.2d 375, 378 (1995). 

 We find no ambiguity in the plain language the parties used in the PSA establishing the 

right of either party to seek judicial modification of the support award. While the PSA provided 

each the right to “petition any court of competent jurisdiction for an increase or decrease of 

spousal support and maintenance, pursuant to § 20-109,” the plain language of the PSA does not 

authorize the trial court to either terminate the spousal support award or to change the term of 

duration of the support payments. (Emphasis added.) The PSA specifically provides that 

payments of spousal support terminate “after 155 consecutive payments have been made, . . . if 

not earlier terminated as a result of one or more of the occurrences specified” in the agreement. 

None of the specified occurrences, namely: the death of either party, wife’s remarriage or 

habitual cohabitation with another person in a relationship analogous to marriage, were alleged 

to have occurred or occurred in fact. 

The trial court lacked authority to award spousal support contrary to the terms of the 

parties’ agreement. See Pendleton v. Pendleton, 22 Va. App. 503, 507, 471 S.E.2d 783, 784 

(1996). Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s decision that it lacked authority under 

the terms of the PSA to modify the duration of wife’s spousal support award. 

VI. 

Both parties seek an award of attorney’s fees on appeal. 

The rationale for the appellate court being the proper forum to 

determine the propriety of an award of attorney’s fees for efforts 

expended on appeal is clear. The appellate court has the 

opportunity to view the record in its entirety and determine 
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whether the appeal is frivolous or whether other reasons exist for 

requiring additional payment. 

O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). 

Reviewing the record of the proceedings as a whole, we conclude that each party should 

be responsible for their respective attorney’s fees incurred on appeal. 

CONCLUSION 

 For the above reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not err in modifying the spousal 

support award by considering the parties’ PSA and pre-PSA negotiations or in imputing $100,000 

annual income to husband. We also conclude that the trial court did not err in making the modified 

spousal support award retroactive to April 1, 2003, or in concluding that it was barred from 

modifying the duration of the award. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

 Affirmed.