T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on and i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by 9th C i r . R . 36- 3. NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS FOR T HE NI NTH CI RC UI T UN I T E D S T AT E S OF AME R I C A, P l ai nt i ff

- A pp el l ee , v. AN DR E S Z AR AT E - MOR AL E S , AK A S e a l C , A K A A c apul c o, D e f

e n d a n t - A p p e lla n t. N o. 08- 50577 D . C . N o. 8: 05 -c r- 00 29 0-JV S -3 ME MOR AN DU M *

UN I T E D S T AT E S OF AME R I C A, P l ai nt i ff

- A pp el l ee , v. AU GU S T I N O S UN A- R UE L AS , AK A S e a l F , A K A T i n, D e f

e n d a n t - A p p e lla n t. N o. 09- 50221 D . C . N o. 8: 05 -c r- 00 29 0-JV S -6

A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e C e n tr a l D is tr ic t o f C a lif o rn ia J a m e s V . S e l na , D i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng 

# FI LED APR28 2 010 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2 A r gue d a nd S ubm i tt e d J a nua ry 15, 2010

P a s a d e n a , C a lif

o rn ia B efo re: G O O D W IN , S C H R O E D E R , an d F IS H E R , C i rcu i tJu d g es. D ef endant s A nd re s Z ar at e- M oral es and A ug ust i no O suna-R uel as ( c o lle c tiv e ly “D e f

e n d a n ts ” ) ap p e a l f

r o m th e irc o n v ic tio n s f

o rc o n s p ir a c y to tr a n s p o r t a n d h a rb o rille g a l a lie n s in v io la tio n o f 8 U .S .C . § 1 3 2 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A ) ( v ) ( i) . W e h a v e j u r i s d i c t i o n u n d e r2 8 U . S. C. § 1 2 9 1 a n d 1 8 U . S. C. § 3 7 4 2 ( a ) . W e a f f i rm. A ttri al , the G ov ernm entca l l ed IC E S peci al A gentG re go ryB arr t o t es t i fyas a n e x p e r tw i tn e s s . A g e n tBa rr ’ s q u a l i f i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e tw e n ty - o n e y e a r s w i th I CE (fo rm erl y IN S ) as a sp eci al ag en tan d th ree years w i th th e U . S . B o rd er P atro l as a s p e c ia l a g e n t. H e te s tif

ie d th a t h is o p in io n s w e r e b a s e d o n h is e x p e r ie n c e s , a s w e ll as i nform at i on ob t ai ned from tw o con fi dent i al i nform ant s. T he confi dent i al i nf orm a nt s pr ovi de d i nf

orm a t i on r e ga r di ng one of the l e a de r s of

the s m uggl i ng or ga ni z a t i on, butthe i nf orm a t i on “ ha d nothi ng t o do w i th e i the rof the [ D ] e f e nda nt s . ” A ge ntB a rrf

ur the rt e s t i f

i e d tha the w a s abl e t o s e pa r a t e the kn ow l edge he acqui re d from the confi dent i al i nform ant s f rom hi s other kno w l edge, a nd hi s t e s t i m ony a nd opi ni ons w oul d notc ha nge i f he di s r e ga r de d the i nf

orm a t i on f r om the c onf

i de nt i a l i nf

orm a nt s . A ge ntB a rrr e f us e d t o di s c l os e the i de nt i t i e s of the c onf i de nt i a l i nf

orm a nt s outof

f e a rf orthe i rs a f

e ty , a nd the di s tr i c tc our tdi d not3

o rd er d i scl o su re. H o w ev er, th e d i stri ctco u rtd i d al l o w d efen se co u n sel t o cro sse xa m i ne A ge ntB a rraboutthe c onf i de nt i a l i nf

orm a nt s a nd e l i c i ttha tone c onf i de nt i a l i nf

orm a ntha d af

e l ony a l i e n s m uggl i ng c onvi c t i on, the othe rha d a m i sdem ea no r batt ery c on vi ct i on , and thatbo th con fi dent i al i nform ant s provi ded in f o rm a tio n in o r d e rto b e n e f it th e m s e lv e s r e g a r d in g th e iro w n p o s s ib le p ro secu t i o n s. D e f e nda nt s f i r s ta r gue tha tthe di s tr i c tc our tvi ol a t e d the i rC onf r ont a t i on C l aus e r i ght s a nd abus e d i t s di s c r e t i on unde rF e de r a l R ul e of E vi de nc e 705 by a l l ow i ng A ge ntB a rrt o t e s t i f y ba s e d on c onf

i de nt i a l i nf

orm a nti nf

orm a t i on w i thout orderi ng di sc l osure of the confi dent i al i nform ant s’ i dent i t i es . S uch errors ar e r e v ie w e d u n d e rth e h a rm le s s e rr o rs ta n d a r d . Se e U ni te d State s v . L ars on , 495 F . 3d 1 0 9 4 , 1 1 0 7 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 7 ) . A s s u m in g , ar gue ndo , thatan error occurr ed, i tw as h a rm le s s b e c au s e A g e n t B a rrte s tif ie d th a t h is te s tim o n y w o u ld n o t c h a n g e e v e n if h e d is r e g a r d e d th e in f

o rm a tio n f

r o m th e c o n f

id e n tia l in f

o rm a n ts . D e f e nda nt s ne xta r gue tha tthe di s tr i c tc our tabus e d i t s di s c r e t i on by a l l ow i ng A ge ntB a rr ’ s e xpe r tt e s t i m ony be c aus e he r e pe a t e d he a r s a y w i thout appl y i ng a ny e xpe r t i s e . A n e xpe r tm a y be us e d t o t e s t i f y t o m a tt e r s out s i de the e x p e c te d k n o w le d g e o f

th e a v e r a g e ju r o r . F e d . R . E v id . 7 0 2 ; U ni ted Stat es v. H an ke y , 203 F . 3d 1160, 1167 ( 9th C i r . 2000) . E xpe r tw i tne s s e s m a y r e l y on4

in a d m is s ib le h e a r s a y in f o rm in g th e iro p in io n s , s o lo n g a s it is o f atyp e r e a s o n ab ly r e lie d u p o n b y e x p e r ts in th e irf ie ld . F e d . R . E v id . 7 0 3 ; H an ke y , 2 0 3 F .3 d a t 1 1 6 9 . F ore xa m pl e , l a w e nf

or c e m e nta ge nt s t e s t i f

y i ng a s e xpe r t s m a y r e l y on i nadm i ss i bl e hea rs ayi n d es cr i bi ng the structure a nd op er at i on s of acr i m i nal o r g a n iz a tio n . I

d. H er e, A gentB arr t es t i fi ed thatsc ou t s oft en ob se rve r em ot e a re as for l aw enforce m entac t i vi ty bef ore acr ossi ng , fa m i l y m em bers i n the U ni t ed S t at es typi ca l l y paythe sm ug gl i ng fe e a ft erthe al i en arri ves, W es t ern U ni on i s oft en used f o rp a y m e n t , a n d e x c h a n g e s u s u a l l y h ap p e n i n l a r g e a n d b u s y p ark i n g l o t s . He further t es t i fi ed as t o the am ou ntof a typi ca l fe e a nd w hy sm ug gl er s pre fe r s m al l er a irp o r ts . T h u s , A g e n t B a rru s e d h is k n o w le d g e a s ala w e n f o r c e m e n t o f

f ic ia l to e x p la in m a tte r s o u ts id e th e e x p e c te d k n o w le d g e o f th e a v e r a g e ju r o r , a n d h is t e s t i m ony w a s pr ope r l y a dm i tt e d. F i n al l y, D efen d an t s arg u e th atth e d i stri ctco u rtv i o l at ed th ei r d u e p ro cess r ig h ts b y n o t o r d e r in g d is c lo s u r e o f th e c o n f id e n tia l in f

o rm a n ts ’ id e n titie s o r , a t a m i ni m um , hol di ng a n i n ca m era he a r i ng on the i s s ue . T he bur de n of pr ovi ng a need for di sc l osure i s on the defendant , and i ti s notsa t i sf i ed i f the defendantra i se s am e r e s u s p ic io n th a t th e id e n titie s m ig h t b e h e lp f u l. U n ite d S ta te s v . Kim , 577 F .2 d 4 7 3 , 4 7 8

– 7 9 ( 9 th C ir . 1 9 7 8 ) .5

H e r e , D e f

e nda nt s r a i s e no m or e than as pe c ul a t i ve a r gum e nttha tthe c onf i de nt i a l i nf

orm a nt s c oul d know tha tD e f e nda nt s w e r e notm e m be r s of the conspi ra cy . M oreover, even thi s s pecul at i ve ar gu m entw as no tra i se d t o the di stri ct c our t . T he r e f

or e , the di s tr i c tc our tdi d note rrby de c l i ni ng t o hol d a n i n ca m era h e a r in g o ro r d e r in g d is c lo s u r e o f th e c o n f id e n tia l in f

o rm a n ts ’ id e n titie s . AF F I RME D.