NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 20a0549n.06

No. 20-3235

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

CELSO AJQUI GOMEZ,

Petitioner,

v.

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

Respondent.

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW 

OF AN ORDER OF THE 

BOARD OF IMMIGRATION 

APPEALS

OPINION

Before: BATCHELDER, MOORE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Celso Ajqui Gomez petitions for review of 

the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) denying his applications for relief from 

removal. Because substantial evidence supports the BIA’s decision and the immigration judge’s 

underlying decision that the BIA adopted, we DENY the petition for review.

I. BACKGROUND

Ajqui Gomez is a native and citizen of Guatemala. Administrative Record (“A.R.”) at 335

(Notice to Appear). He entered the United States on or about August 11, 2014, and was not 

admitted or paroled after inspection by an Immigration Officer. Id. After being served with a 

notice to appear, and conceding its removability charge, id. at 140–41 (Hr’g Tr. at 38–39), Ajqui 

Gomez appeared before an immigration judge for removal proceedings on May 14, 2018, and 
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submitted an application for relief from removal, id. at 157–58 (Hr’g Tr. at 53–54). He applied 

for asylum, statutory withholding of removal, and withholding of removal under the Convention 

Against Torture (“CAT”). Id. at 67 (I-589 Appl. at 5).

During Ajqui Gomez’s removal proceedings, he detailed the efforts of three members of 

the Mara-13 gang to recruit him. During his first encounter with the gang, he declined their request 

to join them, and they became upset but did not harm him. Id. at 170 (Hr’g Tr. at 66). During his 

second encounter with the gang members, Ajqui Gomez not only rebuffed their efforts to recruit 

him but “told them to stop looking for [him].” Id. at 174 (Hr’g Tr. at 70). In response, one of the 

gang members—whom Ajqui Gomez identified by name—said that “it was better to think about 

it because if [he] decided not, they were going to kill [him].” Id. Although the gang members 

“said that nothing was going to happen that time, [they said that] the next time they would either 

hit [him] or torture [him].” Id. at 175 (Hr’g Tr. at 71). In his final encounter with the gang 

members, Ajqui Gomez told them that he did not want to join the gang, and they physically 

attacked him, telling him that “if [he] did anything they w[ould] kill [him] and [his] family and 

that they w[ould] continue looking for [him] until they found [him].” Id. at 179 (Hr’g Tr. at 75). 

Eventually, he lost consciousness out of fear, and the gang members stopped the beating. Id. at 

177 (Hr’g Tr. at 73). Ajqui Gomez remembers his parents coming and bringing him home. Id. at 

178 (Hr’g Tr. at 74). When asked why the gang members wanted him to join so badly, Ajqui 

Gomez testified that “they wanted to recruit more people, to hurt more people.” Id. at 180 (Hr’g 

Tr. at 76). The IJ asked him, “Is there any other reason you think they were looking for you other 

than the fact you were a young male?” to which Ajqui Gomez responded, “There’s no other 

reason.” Id. at 182 (Hr’g Tr. at 78).
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The IJ rendered an oral decision denying relief to Ajqui Gomez. After determining that 

the particular social group (“PSG”) in question was “young Guatemalan males who refuse gang 

recruitment” and that Ajqui Gomez was a credible witness, the IJ stated that “[c]learly the issue in 

this case is nexus.” Id. at 95, 97 (IJ Decision at 2, 4). Without stating a conclusion, the IJ 

proceeded to discuss three BIA decisions that “do not find resistance to gang membership and 

recruitment by gangs to be a particular social group cognizable by this Court.” Id. at 97–98 (IJ 

Decision at 4–5). The IJ made no conclusions regarding the cognizability of Ajqui Gomez’s 

proposed PSG. Instead, shifting back to nexus, the IJ stated: “This is very simply a case of an 

individual fleeing general criminal conditions and fleeing from the gang fearing that they would 

harm him should they attempt to recruit him.” Id. at 98 (IJ Decision at 5). The IJ also found that 

there was no nexus between the persecution and Ajqui Gomez’s other proposed PSG related to his 

indigenous group.1 Id. As to both PSGs, the IJ denied the application for asylum. Id.

The IJ next concluded that because statutory withholding of removal requires a higher 

probability of persecution than asylum and because Ajqui Gomez had failed to demonstrate nexus, 

he logically failed to establish entitlement to relief. Id. Finally, the IJ concluded that Ajqui Gomez

was ineligible for relief under the Convention Against Torture, id. at 98–99 (IJ Decision at 5–6), a 

conclusion that Ajqui Gomez does not challenge in this petition. The IJ determined that Ajqui 

Gomez would be ineligible for voluntary departure, denied his applications for relief from removal, 

and ordered him removed from the United States to Guatemala. Id. at 99 (IJ Decision at 6). Ajqui 

Gomez appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. Id. at 47–49 (Notice of Appeal at 1–3).

1Ajqui Gomez does not challenge this finding in the present petition, so we do not consider 

it here.
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The BIA dismissed Ajqui Gomez’s appeal in a two-page order, adopting the IJ’s decision 

as its own, id. at 3 (BIA Decision at 1). The Board acknowledged that the IJ did not make a finding 

as to the cognizability of Ajqui Gomez’s proposed PSG and that “[i]nstead, the Immigration Judge 

held that ‘the issue in this case is nexus.’” Id. at 4 (BIA Decision at 2) (quoting IJ Decision at 4). 

The Board concluded that it “discern[ed] no clear error with the Immigration Judge’s finding that 

there is no nexus to any proposed particular social group; rather, ‘this is a very simple case of an 

individual fleeing general criminal conditions.’” Id. (quoting IJ Decision at 4–5). The Board thus 

dismissed Ajqui Gomez’s appeal on the same grounds as the IJ’s decision. Id.

Ajqui Gomez timely filed this petition for review. We have jurisdiction to review the BIA’s 

decision pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1).

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“Where, as here, the BIA reviewed the IJ’s decision de novo and issued its own separate 

opinion, we review the BIA’s opinion as the final agency determination.” Hassan v. Holder, 604 

F.3d 915, 924 (6th Cir. 2010). “However, to the extent the BIA adopted the immigration judge’s 

reasoning, this court also reviews the immigration judge’s decision.” Sanchez-Robles v. Lynch, 

808 F.3d 688, 692 (6th Cir. 2015). We “review[] both the immigration judge’s and the BIA’s 

factual findings under the substantial-evidence standard.” Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435 

(6th Cir. 2009). “The substantial-evidence standard requires us to defer to the agency’s findings 

of fact ‘if supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered 

as a whole.’” Abdurakhmanov v. Holder, 735 F.3d 341, 345 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Mikhailevitch 

v. INS, 146 F.3d 384, 388 (6th Cir. 1998) (citations omitted)). “These findings ‘are conclusive 

unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.’” Ben Hamida 
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v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 734, 736 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). We review 

questions of law de novo. Giraldo v. Holder, 654 F.3d 609, 611 (6th Cir. 2011).

III. DISCUSSION

The IJ and BIA concluded that Ajqui Gomez failed to demonstrate a nexus between the 

harm he suffered and a protected ground. In order for an applicant to qualify for asylum, “the 

applicant must establish that race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, 

or political opinion was or will be at least one central reason for persecuting the applicant.” 8 

U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). That is, there must be “a link between the acts of persecution and the 

petitioner’s protected-group identity.” Stserba v. Holder, 646 F.3d 964, 972 (6th Cir. 2011). “It 

is not sufficient that the applicant has been subjected to indiscriminate abuse, . . . or has been the 

victim of a random crime.” Gilaj v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275, 285 (6th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). 

“Instead, the applicant must establish that he or she was specifically targeted . . . for abuse based 

on one of the statutorily protected grounds.” Id. Whether a nexus existed between Ajqui Gomez’s 

alleged persecution and his proposed PSG is a factual determination that we review for substantial 

evidence. See Zaldana Menijar v. Lynch, 812 F.3d 491, 500 (6th Cir. 2015).

Ajqui Gomez argues that the IJ’s conclusion that he fled “general criminal conditions,” 

A.R. at 98 (IJ Decision at 5), is erroneous. Pet’r’s Br. at 8 (arguing that the application for relief 

“does not describe ‘generalized criminal activity’”). Instead, he argues that “he would not have 

been targeted but for his refusal to join the gang.” Id. According to Ajqui Gomez, this basis for 

being targeted—his membership in the PSG of “young Guatemalan males who refuse gang 

recruitment”—is the only one evident in the record. In Ajqui Gomez’s view,

[t]here is no other basis to link the attacks. He wasn’t robbed; he did not have a 

personal issue with the attackers, etc.
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It is one thing for the BIA to reject the proposed particular social group, but

it is quite different for it to agree there was no nexus when there is no other plausible 

reasons [sic] for the attacks.

Id. at 8–9. In response, the government first argues that Ajqui Gomez “must establish that the 

wrongdoer knows or believes that [the victim] has a protected characteristic and must be motivated 

by it.” Resp’t’s Br. at 11. The government then argues that Ajqui Gomez was targeted not on 

account of his membership in his proposed PSG but rather “in furtherance of the criminal group’s 

recruitment and criminal activities.” Resp’t’s Br. at 8; id. at 12 (“The only motive identified within 

the record was to further the gang’s size and influence.”). It points to Ajqui Gomez’s own 

testimony that he was targeted because the gang wanted to recruit people and for no other reason, 

and says that “[t]here is no evidence that Mr. Gomez was singled out for his ethnicity or even for 

rejecting the recruitment offer.” Id. at 12.

Even accepting Ajqui Gomez’s assertions as true, and even assuming that his proposed 

PSG is cognizable under the INA, his nexus argument is foreclosed by binding precedent.2 In 

I.N.S. v. Elias–Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478 (1992), the Supreme Court considered whether forced 

recruitment by guerrillas seeking to “fill their ranks” constituted persecution “on account of” a 

statutorily protected ground. Id. at 482. The Court rejected the Ninth Circuit’s conclusion that the 

petitioner’s opposition to recruitment constituted a political opinion and that retaliation he feared 

from the guerrillas would have been on account of this opinion. Much of the Court’s opinion deals 

2

In assuming that Ajqui Gomez’s proposed PSG is cognizable, we note that we have never 

held that an IJ is required to make a finding as to the cognizability of an underlying protected 

ground before proceeding to the nexus analysis. See Santos v. Attorney Gen. of U.S., 552 F. App’x 

197, 202 (3d Cir. 2014) (explaining that the INA does not “require[] the BIA to determine the legal 

cognizability of each proposed group before proceeding to the nexus analysis”).
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specifically with what constitutes a “political” motive, which is irrelevant to this case. Id. at 481–

82. What is relevant here is the Court’s discussion of basing an application for relief from removal 

on a resistance to recruitment:

[W]e need not decide whether the evidence compels the conclusion that Elias–

Zacarias held a political opinion. Even if it does, Elias–Zacarias still has to establish 

that the record also compels the conclusion that he has a “well-founded fear” that 

the guerrillas will persecute him because of that political opinion, rather than 

because of his refusal to fight with them.

Id. at 483. Thus, according to the Supreme Court, persecution based on the petitioner’s “refusal 

to fight with [the persecutors]” was insufficient to merit relief, and the claim failed. The same is 

true here. Ajqui Gomez’s only argument is that he was persecuted because of his refusal to join 

the gang, which he frames as the definition of his particular social group. But precisely the same 

rhetorical framing was rejected in Elias-Zacarias, as shown above; persecution based on refusing 

to fight with a group was rejected as basis for demonstrating nexus to a statutorily protected 

ground. Our own caselaw supports the same conclusion. See Khozhaynova v. Holder, 641 F.3d 

187, 196 (6th Cir. 2011) (“Khozhaynova failed to connect the attacks on her and her husband, the 

robberies, the fire or the threat to kidnap her son, to anything more than the financial demands of 

criminal corruption.”); Zaldana Menijar, 812 F.3d at 500 (“[F]orced recruitment alone does not 

establish the nexus of persecution ‘on account of’ a protected statutory ground.”); Cruz-Guzman 

v. Barr, 920 F.3d 1033, 1037 (6th Cir. 2019) (“Cruz’s evidence does not show that 18th Street’s 

actions were motivated by a particular animus toward the Cruz-Guzman family itself, as opposed 

to an ordinary criminal desire for financial gain.”). And even if the Supreme Court had not directly 

rejected this sort of nexus argument, substantial evidence—namely, Ajqui Gomez’s own 

testimony—would support the IJ’s and BIA’s conclusions that the gang’s persecution of him was 
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based centrally not on animus toward “young Guatemalan males who refuse gang recruitment,” 

but on his individual refusal to join their gang, against their wishes to expand their reach. For this 

reason, Ajqui Gomez’s asylum claim fails.

Separate from the asylum analysis, we note one harmless error in the IJ’s and BIA’s 

analyses of withholding of removal. Specifically, they relied on the false premise that a doomed 

asylum claim connotes a doomed withholding claim. The IJ stated: “Having failed to demonstrate 

that nexus, it logically follows that [Ajqui Gomez] cannot meet the higher standard of a clear 

probability of persecution required by withholding of removal under the statute.” A.R. at 98 (IJ 

Decision at 5). This sentence conflates two critically different parts of a withholding claim, a 

difference we recently highlighted in Guzman-Vazquez v. Barr, 959 F.3d 253 (6th Cir. 2020). It 

is true that the INA’s withholding-of-removal provision requires an applicant to demonstrate a 

higher likelihood of persecution than required of an applicant for asylum. Id. at 274. But this is 

distinct from the issue of nexus, which represents a lower burden for withholding applicants than 

for asylum applicants. Id. (“Our observation in Singh [v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 396 (6th Cir. 2005),]

that withholding poses a ‘higher burden’ than asylum related only to the former’s steeper 

requirement of more-likely-than-not persecution.”). Whereas asylum applicants must demonstrate 

that a protected ground was “one central reason” for their persecution, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(l)(B)(i),

withholding applicants must demonstrate only that such ground was “a reason” for their 

persecution, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(C). See Guzman-Vazquez, 959 F.3d at 270–74. Thus, 

“fail[ing] to demonstrate nexus” in an asylum application has nothing to do with “meet[ing] the 

higher standard of a clear probability of persecution” in a withholding application. A.R. at 98 (IJ 

Decision at 5). A doomed asylum claim does not necessarily mean a doomed withholding claim. 
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In this case, however, Ajqui Gomez has not demonstrated a nexus to a proposed PSG, even when 

the lower standard for withholding (“a reason,” as opposed to “one central reason”) controls. 

Therefore, Ajqui Gomez’s withholding claim fails.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we DENY the petition for review.