United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit 

___________________________

No. 21-3550

___________________________ 

Manda Roberson, individually and on behalf of the Heirs at Law of A.A.R., a 

minor; Alfonzo Roberson, individually and on behalf of the Heirs at Law of 

A.A.R., a minor

 Plaintiffs - Appellants

v.

The Dakota Boys & Girls Ranch; Shauna Faye Holweger, in her individual 

capacity as a Ranch staff member; Ebony James, in her individual capacity as a 

Ranch staff member

 Defendants - Appellees

John Does, 1-2 acting in their individual capacities as supervisors at the Ranch

 Defendant

____________

Appeal from United States District Court 

for the District of North Dakota - Eastern

____________ 

Submitted: June 15, 2022

Filed: August 2, 2022

____________ 

Before GRUENDER, BENTON, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges. 

____________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.
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The North Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation took full 

custody of a young girl, A.A.R., from her parents and placed her at the Dakota Boys 

& Girls Ranch, a private psychiatric facility. After only a few months there, A.A.R.

committed suicide. Her parents, Manda and Alfonzo Roberson, sued the Ranch and 

its employees under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court dismissed the Complaint, 

concluding the Robersons failed to state a plausible claim that the Defendants were 

state actors under § 1983. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this Court 

reverses and remands. 

I. 

By 12, A.A.R. had been diagnosed with many mental illnesses, including 

bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and depression, as well as 

substance abuse involving various intoxicants, including alcohol and opioids. 

A.A.R. had also stolen a vehicle, damaged others’ property after threatening to attack 

them, and resisted arrest.

On May 16, 2018—after these acts and a number of psychiatric 

hospitalizations—a North Dakota Juvenile Court found 12-year-old A.A.R. 

“delinquent,” “disobedient,” and “unruly,” and ordered that she “be removed from 

the care, custody and control of her parents.” 5/16/18 Corrected Juvenile Findings 

of Fact and Order for Disposition (In Custody) ¶ 4, 10, DCD 15-6 at 3. The court 

placed her “under the full care, custody and control of the State Department of 

Corrections, to be supervised by the Division of Juvenile Services, for placement 

and care, for a period of one year dating from May 3, 2018.” 

The court granted the Division of Juvenile Services (“DJS”) power to “place 

[A.A.R.] outside of the parental home and outside of the State of North Dakota, if 

deemed to be appropriate and in the best interest of the child.” The court authorized

A.A.R.’s “immediate placement at the Youth Correctional Center in Mandan, North 

Dakota.” The court ordered: “[A.A.R.] and her parents shall fully cooperate with 
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any recommendations of the Division of Juvenile Services, including any 

assessments, testing, evaluations, or drug screening.” 

That same month, A.A.R. was placed at the Youth Correctional Center 

(“YCC”). On August 2, 2018, A.A.R. attempted to commit suicide there. On August 

20, 2018, A.A.R. was taken from the YCC and admitted to the Dakota Boys & Girls 

Ranch in Fargo, North Dakota. “It was anticipated that A.A.R. would remain at the 

Ranch for four months.” 

The Ranch operates a private “psychiatric residential treatment facility” 

(“PRTF”) that provides: psychiatric and other medical care; education at its school; 

and, recreational and spiritual activities. Shauna Faye Holweger was a Ranch 

employee who supervised A.A.R.’s “residential pod”; Ebony Rochelle James was 

another staff member there.

The Ranch developed a comprehensive treatment plan for A.A.R., which 

included therapy and medication for her mental illnesses. A.A.R. was immediately 

“placed on a ‘line of sight restriction,’” meaning she had to be visually monitored 

and within eyesight of staff at all times. She remained on this or similar restrictions 

for much of her time there. At the Ranch, A.A.R. exhibited suicidal ideation, making 

comments and notes about killing herself. 

On October 2, 2018, A.A.R. experienced an emotional breakdown, attempted 

to escape her residential pod, and effectively held a staff-member “hostage” in that 

person’s office. In response that evening, Holweger told A.A.R. she would not 

attend school and would lose “studio privileges.” This “greatly upset” A.A.R. She

soon asked to be admitted to the bathroom, around 9:00 p.m. Upon entering the 

bathroom, A.A.R. briefly returned to her room, hid a bedsheet under her shirt, and 

returned to the bathroom. Holweger and James both saw her “grab[] something,” 

and take it into the bathroom, with Holweger “noting that A.A.R.’s shirt looked 

‘bunchy.’” However, neither of them tried to inspect what A.A.R. had grabbed, or 

stop her from returning to the bathroom. Instead, Holweger moved A.A.R.’s 
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mattress into the pod common area, “standard procedure” for “suicidal residents.” 

A note on the mattress, written by A.A.R., said that A.A.R. “deserves to DIE!” 

A.A.R. committed suicide in the bathroom, hanging herself from a doorknob 

with the bedsheet. Holweger and James were just outside the bathroom, on the other 

side of the door. Ambulance personnel pronounced A.A.R. dead at 9:53 p.m. 

The Robersons sued the Ranch, Holweger, James, and two John Does under 

§ 1983. Count I asserts an Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference claim against 

Holweger and James. Count II, later voluntarily dismissed, asserted supervisory 

liability against their supervisors, John Does 1 and 2. Count III asserts a failure-totrain claim against the Ranch. 

The Ranch, Holweger, and James jointly moved to dismiss, arguing the 

Robersons failed to state a claim that they were state actors, as required for § 1983. 

The district court granted the motion. The Robersons appeal. 

II. 

This Court reviews “de novo a grant of a motion to dismiss for failure to state 

a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).” Schulte v. Conopco, Inc., 997 F.3d 823, 825 (8th Cir. 

2021). “[A] complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 

state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. (quotations omitted). This 

Court “accept[s] as true all factual allegations in the light most favorable to the 

nonmoving party.” Id. (quotations omitted). However, “naked assertions devoid of 

further factual enhancement,” do not suffice, nor do “[t]hreadbare recitals of the 

elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements.” Ashcroft 

v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (cleaned up) (quotations omitted). “Rather, the 

facts alleged must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” 

In re Pre-Filled Propane Tank Antitrust Litig., 860 F.3d 1059, 1063 (8th Cir. 2017) 

(en banc) (quotations omitted).
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Courts may consider “‘matters incorporated by reference or integral to the 

claim, items subject to judicial notice, matters of public record, orders, items 

appearing in the record of the case, and exhibits attached to the complaint whose 

authenticity is unquestioned;’ without converting” a motion to dismiss under Rule 

12(b)(6) into one for summary judgment. Zean v. Fairview Health Servs., 858 F.3d 

520, 526 (8th Cir. 2017), quoting Miller v. Redwood Tox. Lab, Inc., 688 F.3d 928, 

931 n.3 (8th Cir. 2012). Specifically, this Court properly considers “underlying state 

court decisions because they [a]re matters of public record.” Greenman v. Jessen, 

787 F.3d 882, 887 (8th Cir. 2015).

A.

Section 1983 makes liable any “person who, under color of any statute, 

ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State” subjects any person “to the 

deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and 

laws” of the United States. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To state a claim under § 1983, “a 

plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to show ‘(1) that the defendant(s) acted under 

color of state law, and (2) that the alleged wrongful conduct deprived the plaintiff of 

a constitutionally protected federal right.’” Zutz v. Nelson, 601 F.3d 842, 848 (8th 

Cir. 2010), quoting Schmidt v. City of Bella Villa, 557 F.3d 564, 571 (8th Cir. 2009).

“Only a state actor can face § 1983 liability” for acting under color of state 

law. Doe v. N. Homes, Inc., 11 F.4th 633, 637 (8th Cir. 2021). However, “in a few 

limited circumstances, a private entity can qualify as a state actor.” Id. (quotations 

omitted). Whether a private entity commits state action is a “‘necessarily fact-bound 

inquiry.’” Id., quoting Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., Inc., 457 U.S. 922, 939 

(1982).

To assess state action, this Court answers two questions. First, “whether the 

claimed deprivation resulted from the exercise of a right or privilege having its 

source in state authority.” Wickersham v. City of Columbia, 481 F.3d 591, 597 (8th 

Cir. 2007) (quotations omitted); see also Ams. United for Separation of Church & 
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State v. Prison Fellowship Ministries, Inc., 509 F.3d 406, 422 (8th Cir. 2007) 

(assessing first element). 

Second, “whether the party engaging in the deprivation may be appropriately 

characterized as a state actor.” Wickersham, 481 F.3d at 597 (quotations omitted); 

see generally Lugar, 457 U.S. at 937-39 (establishing and explaining test). This 

may occur in a few circumstances, including when (1) “‘the private entity performs 

a traditional, exclusive public function,’” or (2) “‘the government acts jointly with 

the private entity.’” Doe, 11 F.4th at 637, quoting Manhattan Cmty. Access Corp. 

v. Halleck, 139 S. Ct. 1921, 1928 (2019) (“Manhattan Cmty.”); see also 

Wickersham, 481 F.3d at 597 (listing, as among those circumstances that make the 

party a state actor: a private party’s use of “power traditionally exclusively reserved 

to the State”; willful participation in a “joint activity with the State”; and “pervasive 

entwinement” between it and the State (quotations omitted)).

“Our ultimate conclusion must turn on the particular facts of the case, since 

only by sifting facts and weighing circumstances can the nonobvious involvement 

of the State in private conduct be attributed its true significance.” Doe, 11 F.4th at 

637, quoting Wickersham, 481 F.3d at 597. “The one unyielding requirement is that 

there be a close nexus not merely between the state and the private party, but between 

the state and the alleged deprivation itself.” Wickersham, 481 F.3d at 597 

(quotations omitted). “No such nexus exists where a private party acts with the mere 

approval or acquiescence of the state.” Id. 

B. 

Turning to the first question of the state-actor analysis: the claimed 

deprivation—here, deliberate indifference to A.A.R.’s medical needs—resulted 

from the exercise of a right based in state authority—namely, the Ranch’s right to 

provide medical treatment for a person in state custody. Compare Norfleet ex rel. 

Norfleet v. Arkansas Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 989 F.2d 289, 293 (8th Cir. 1993)

(stating that “imprisonment is not the only custodial relationship in which the state 
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must safeguard an individual’s rights,” and holding “that the state had an obligation 

to provide adequate medical care, protection and supervision” to asthmatic child 

because it “took [him] from his caregiver and placed him in foster care”), with West

v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 55 (1988) (recognizing that the State has a “right to punish 

[a prisoner] by incarceration and to deny him a venue independent of the State to 

obtain needed medical care,” and holding private doctor was a state actor when he 

treated a state prisoner).

The parties do not contest this, so this Court need not belabor it. See 

Roberson Br. at ii, 13-15 (arguing only the second state-actor question); Opp’n Br.

at iii, 16 (noting the first state-actor question but never assessing it); see also 

Manhattan Cmty., 139 S. Ct. at 1927-33 (omitting the first question and addressing 

only the second to answer “whether private operators of public access cable channels 

are state actors”). 

Turning to the second question of the state-action test: whether the defendant 

“may be appropriately characterized as a state actor.” Wickersham, 581 F.3d at 597 

(cleaned up). This characterization is appropriate where an otherwise private actor 

“perform[ed] a traditional, exclusive public function.” Doe, 11 F.4th at 637. This

may occur “when the government has outsourced one of its constitutional 

obligations to a private entity.” Manhattan Cmty., 139 S. Ct. at 1929 n.1. 

In West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42 (1988), the Supreme Court held that a doctor 

who practiced privately, and who contracted with North Carolina to provide medical 

treatment to prisoners in a state prison, was a state actor when treating prisoners. 

West, 487 U.S. at 57. Because “the State was constitutionally obligated to provide 

medical treatment to injured inmates,” West held that “the delegation of that 

traditionally exclusive public function to a private physician gave rise to a finding of 

state action.” Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 55 (1999) (emphasis 

added); see also Rodriguez v. Plymouth Ambulance Serv., 577 F.3d 816, 826 (7th 

Cir. 2009) (stating West applied the public function test). Thus, the Supreme Court 

has characterized West as an instance in which “a private entity” was “deemed a state 
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actor” because the government “outsourced one of its constitutional obligations”—

the duty “to provide medical care to prison inmates.” Manhattan Cmty., 139 S. Ct. 

at 1929 n.1. 

Much as North Carolina outsourced its constitutional duty to provide medical 

care to a prisoner, North Dakota here outsourced its constitutional duty to provide 

medical care to a child in its custody, delegating a traditional, exclusive public 

function to the Ranch. 

1.

North Dakota had a constitutional obligation to provide A.A.R. adequate 

medical care under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. “When 

the State by the affirmative exercise of its power so restrains an individual’s liberty 

that it renders him unable to care for himself, and at the same time fails to provide 

for his basic human needs—e.g., food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and 

reasonable safety—it transgresses the substantive limits on state action set by . . . the 

Due Process Clause.” DeShaney v. Winnebago Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 

189, 200 (1989). Thus, “the Due Process Clause imposes a duty on state actors to 

protect or care for citizens . . . in custodial and other settings in which the state has 

limited the individuals’ ability to care for themselves.” Gregory v. City of Rogers, 

Ark., 974 F.2d 1006, 1010 (8th Cir. 1992) (en banc). 

This duty extends to child custody. When a state takes full custody of a child, 

the child “loses his freedom and ability to make decisions about his own welfare, 

and must rely on the state to take care of his needs.” Norfleet, 989 F.2d at 293. As 

a result, the state has a constitutional “obligation to provide adequate medical care, 

protection and supervision.” Norfleet, 989 F.2d at 293 (8th Cir. 1993) (applying 

pre- and post-DeShaney precedent to find that complaint stated deliberate 

indifference claim under § 1983, and qualified immunity did not apply). 
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The duty to provide medical care applies to psychological care as much as 

physical. See Shelton v. Arkansas Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 677 F.3d 837, 840 (8th 

Cir. 2012) (“State actors in mental health facilities owe a constitutional-level duty 

of care to involuntarily held patients.”); DeShaney, 489 U.S. at 199 (“[T]he 

Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause requires the State to provide 

involuntarily committed mental patients with such services as are necessary to 

ensure their reasonable safety from themselves and others.” (quotations omitted)); 

cf. Liebe v. Norton, 157 F.3d 574, 577 (8th Cir. 1998) (“[O]nce one is classified as 

a suicide risk, the right to be protected from that risk would seem to fall under the 

ambit of the right to have medical needs addressed.”). 

When North Dakota took custody of A.A.R., it assumed the duty to give her

adequate medical care. DJS had custody of A.A.R. As the Complaint alleges, 

“A.A.R. became a ward of the state of North Dakota in May of 2018 after numerous 

legal issues and a number of psychiatric hospitalizations,” and, “[a]s a result, . . . 

was placed at the [YCC].” The May 2018 Order effected these changes. The Order 

“removed [A.A.R.] from the care, custody and control of her parents,” and “placed 

[her] under the full care, custody and control of the State Department of Corrections, 

to be supervised by [DJS], . . . for a period of one year dating from May 3, 2018, or 

further order of the Court.” The Order granted DJS “the power to place [A.A.R.] 

outside of the parental home and outside of the State of North Dakota”; gave DJS 

the power to consent to emergency medical treatment; and, ordered that “her parents 

shall fully cooperate with any recommendations of the Division of Juvenile Services 

including any assessments, testing, evaluations or drug screening,” as well as sign 

“any and all release of information forms authorizing” DJS to exchange information 

necessary to treat A.A.R. 

By these orders, DJS had sole “care, custody and control” of A.A.R. from 

May 2018 to May 2019—including in October 2018, when A.A.R. committed 

suicide at the Ranch. DJS alone could select her treatment facility and medical 
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providers. Her parents were legally required to comply with DJS’s choices and 

could not remove her from the Ranch.

1

 

Moreover, the Complaint does not allege—and the Ranch does not argue—

that, after the May 2018 Order, custody over A.A.R. changed, or that an entity other 

than DJS sought her admission to the Ranch and controlled whether she remained 

there. In light of the allegations and May 2018 Order, inferring any of these 

alternatives would violate the requirement that the Complaint be read in the light 

most favorable to the non-movant at the motion-to-dismiss stage. See Schulte, 997 

F.3d at 825 (providing standard). 

The district court violated the motion-to-dismiss standard when it concluded 

that the Complaint, read in conjunction with the May 2018 Order, contains “no 

factual allegations that the only medical care A.A.R. could have received was that 

provided by the State of North Dakota.” MTD Order at 9 n.3, 10, DCD 26. This

conclusion is not possible without drawing an inference contrary to the Complaint 

and against the Robersons: that DJS lost custody of A.A.R., and some other person 

could select her medical providers. 

Because North Dakota took custody of A.A.R., it had a constitutional duty to 

provide adequate medical care to her. See Norfleet, 989 F.2d at 293 (holding the 

“state had an obligation to provide adequate medical care, protection and 

supervision” to minor where it took him “from his caregiver and placed him in foster 

care”); K.H. ex rel. Murphy v. Morgan, 914 F.2d 846, 849 (7th Cir. 1990) (finding 

that, where “the state removed a child from the custody of her parents,” it could not 

1

The Ranch’s counsel underscored this at the district court’s Motion to 

Dismiss hearing. See MTD Tr. 15:22-16:9, DCD 32 (“[A.A.R.’s P]arents [did not] 

have the ability to come and take her out of the facility. . . . Based on the court order 

[from] juvenile court, that is a decision that is left to [DJS]. But at all times [DJS] 

could have come at any point in time, picked A.A.R. up and moved her to another 

facility, taken her somewhere else. . . . [T]he the custody and control at all times still 

rested with the State of North Dakota.”). 
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“place her in a position of danger”—or impair her “mental health”—“without 

thereby violating her rights under the due process clause of the Fourteenth 

Amendment”). 

 

2.

North Dakota outsourced its constitutional obligation to the Ranch. DJS had 

custody of A.A.R. during her time at the Ranch, and sole discretion to choose her 

medical providers. DJS removed A.A.R. from YCC and applied for PRTF 

admission to the Ranch for an expected four-month period. After admitting A.A.R, 

the Ranch took complete day-to-day responsibility for every aspect of her care, from 

medication and therapy to school and housing. See Compl. ¶¶ 59, 66 (detailing 

prescription changes by the Ranch); ¶ 47 (identifying “therapy plan” and frequency); 

¶¶ 36, 78, 90 (discussing attendance at and ban from Ranch school); ¶¶ 36, 78-79, 

93, 111 (discussing A.A.R’s housing at the Ranch). It did so under a medical 

treatment plan with DJS input. The Ranch listed a “DJS Worker – Aimee DeSherlia” 

as the only person, other than Ranch staff and her parents, “involved in A.A.R’s 

treatment” under her “Treatment Plan.” DJS’s decision to remove A.A.R. from YCC 

and place her at the Ranch for PRTF care—18 days after A.A.R.’s suicide attempt 

at YCC—outsourced DJS’s obligation for A.A.R.’s medical treatment to the Ranch. 

Moreover, the expectation that A.A.R. would stay at the Ranch, a PRTF, for 

only “four months,” until “December 2018”—well before DJS’s custody would end 

in May 2019 under the court’s May 2018 Order—reinforces that DJS placed her at 

the Ranch not for a permanent placement, but for critical medical care. See Compl.

¶ 32. 

Where North Dakota “outsourced one of its constitutional obligations”—the 

duty to provide adequate medical care—to the Ranch, that “private entity may . . . 

be deemed a state actor.” Manhattan Cmty., 139 S. Ct. at 1929 n.1. 
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3.

North Dakota had a constitutional obligation under the Due Process Clause,

which the Ranch assumed. Thus, this Court need not assess whether the State had a 

similar obligation under the Eighth Amendment. However, the parties focused much 

of their analysis on West and subsequent Eighth Amendment cases. That precedent 

reinforces that the Ranch was a state actor here.

The Fourteenth Amendment precedent for a state’s duty to provide medical 

care to persons in state custody draws upon, and is intertwined with, the Eighth 

Amendment precedent for a state’s duty to provide medical care to prisoners. See, 

e.g., DeShaney, 489 U.S. at 198 (stating that “the Eighth Amendment[] . . . requires 

the State to provide adequate medical care to incarcerated prisoners” under Estelle 

v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976), while the “Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process 

Clause requires the State to provide involuntarily committed mental patients” with 

services “to ensure their reasonable safety” under Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 

307 (1982), and summarizing that “when the State . . . so restrains an individual’s 

liberty that it renders him unable to care for himself, and . . . fails to provide for his 

. . . medical care, and reasonable safety—it transgresses the substantive limits on 

state action set by the Eighth Amendment and the Due Process Clause”); Norfleet, 

989 F.2d at 291 (8th Cir. 1993) (describing Youngberg as taking Estelle’s 

reasoning—“that the Eighth Amendment requires a state to provide adequate 

medical care to incarcerated prisoners because a prisoner cannot care for himself and 

must rely on prison officials to treat his medical needs”—and applying “this analysis 

. . . to involuntarily committed mental patients” under the Fourteenth Amendment). 

Given the similarities between states’ obligations to people in their custody 

under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments, Eighth Amendment state-action 

precedent is persuasive here. See Dolihite v. Maughon ex rel. Videon, 74 F.3d 1027, 

1044 (11th Cir. 1996) (citing West for the proposition that, “[a]s physicians under 

contract with the state, [private] psychiatrists were state actors subject to liability 

under § 1983” for Fourteenth Amendment due process violation); West, 487 U.S. at 
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58 (Scalia, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (agreeing that 

private doctor was a state actor, but arguing the doctor violated the Fourteenth 

Amendment Due Process Clause, not the Eighth Amendment).

Providing medical care to a state detainee is a performance of a traditional, 

exclusive public function. See West, 487 U.S. at 57; Am. Mfrs., 526 U.S. at 55. 

Under West, a private medical facility conducts this public function even if it also 

treats non-state detainees or lacks a financial contract with the state. “It is the 

physician’s function within the state system, not the precise terms of his 

employment, that determines whether his actions can fairly be attributed to the 

State.” West, 487 U.S. at 55-56. “[T]he dispositive issue concerns the relationship 

among the State, the physician, and the prisoner.” Id. at 56. 

In Conner v. Donnelly, 42 F.3d 220, 225 (4th Cir. 1994), the Fourth Circuit 

held that “private physicians who treat state prisoners without the benefit of a 

contract” are state actors under West. Conner, 42 F.3d at 225 (emphasis added) 

(holding so where neither private doctor nor facility were employed by or had 

contracts with the state, see id. at 222). Whether a physician or facility “has a 

contractual duty or simply treats a prisoner without a formal arrangement,” the 

provider’s function is the same: the state authorizes the person “to provide medical 

care,” and “the prisoner has no choice but to accept the treatment offered by the 

physician.” Id. at 225. Thus: 

If a physician treating a prisoner—whether by contract or 

by referral—misuses his power by demonstrating 

deliberate indifference to the prisoner’s serious medical 

needs, the prisoner suffers a deprivation under color of 

state law. The source of the deprivation does not change 

because the physician has no contractual relationship with 

the state: the physician acts under color of state law 

because the state has incarcerated the prisoner and denied 

him the possibility of obtaining adequate medical care on 

his own.
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Id. While the prison in Conner paid the doctor for his services, the court emphasized 

the doctor “had the state’s authorization to treat” the prisoner and could do so “only 

because he was so authorized by the state.” Id. Similarly, although the doctor used 

a private facility and “his own equipment,” the doctor remained a state actor because 

“the physician’s function while working for the state, not the place where he 

performs his duties,” determines his status. Id. at 226. The doctor’s function in the 

state system, and his authorization to treat the prisoner, were dispositive—not the 

location or a contract. The doctor “acted under color of state law because he 

assumed the state’s constitutional obligation to provide medical care.” Id.

Similarly, in Rodriguez v. Plymouth Ambulance Service, 577 F.3d 816 (7th 

Cir. 2009), the Seventh Circuit held that staff members at private hospital were state 

actors where the hospital treated a prisoner for multiple days. Rodriguez, 577 F.3d

at 831 (affirming dismissal of hospital where complaint named only staff and did not 

allege a policy or failure to train, but reversing dismissal of staff because “the 

allegations [against them] are sufficient to state a claim under [§] 1983,” id. at 832). 

The court identified two critical facts that showed the hospital’s treatment 

“was tied to . . . his overall medical care” and “acting in the stead of the state in 

providing” that care. Id. First, the facility placed the prisoner “in a prison ward of 

the hospital,” which showed “an ongoing relationship with prison authorities for the 

care of prisoner-patients.” Id. Second, the plaintiff’s time at the hospital “was not 

simply for emergency treatment, but [for] a stay of several days.” Id. This showed 

the facility assumed “the state’s special responsibility to incarcerated persons,” and 

had not acted purely on “a preexisting obligation to serve all persons who present 

themselves for emergency treatment.” Id. at 827. 

Just as in Rodriguez, the Ranch’s relationship to DJS makes it and its 

employees state actors here. First, the Ranch maintained a clear, ongoing 

relationship with DJS by providing long-term treatment to A.A.R. on behalf of DJS. 

Only DJS could remove A.A.R. from YCC and apply for PRTF admission to the 

Ranch, and the Ranch chose to admit A.A.R. Moreover, the Ranch had a DJS 
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employee involved in A.A.R.’s treatment plan. These allegations show the Ranch 

knew of DJS’s involvement and undertook to treat A.A.R., a state ward. The absence 

of a contract allegation does not change its role in providing medical care on behalf 

of the State. Cf. Conner, 42 F.3d at 225 (holding “private physicians who treat state 

prisoners without the benefit of a contract” are state actors); cf. also Rodriguez, 577 

F.3d at 827 (acknowledging that “West tells us that the contractual relationship 

between the state and the medical care provider cannot be the focus of our inquiry,” 

and instead focusing on whether the provider “assume[d] the state’s responsibility 

for” treating prisoners). 

Second, the Ranch’s months-long treatment of A.A.R. reinforces that it 

assumed the State’s role in her medical care. DJS transferred A.A.R. to the Ranch 

for an expected four-month period, and the Ranch treated her 24-hours a day for 

almost three months. This far exceeds the “several days” found adequate in 

Rodriguez. See Rodriguez, 577 F.3d at 831. Moreover, the expectation that 

A.A.R.’s stay at the Ranch would end months before DJS’s custody underscores that 

DJS placed her at the Ranch for medical care. The Ranch’s assumption of all 

medical treatment for A.A.R. from the State makes it a state actor. Cf. Rodriguez, 

577 F.3d at 831-32. 

West, Conner, and Rodriguez make clear that in this circumstance, a private 

medical provider is a state actor regardless of whether it has a contract with, or 

receives payment from, the state. See, e.g., West, 487 U.S. at 56 n.15 (“[A]lthough 

the provision of medical services is a function traditionally performed by private 

individuals, the context in which [the provider] performs these services for the State 

(quite apart from the source of remuneration) distinguishes the relationship between 

[him] and [the prisoner] from the ordinary physician-patient relationship.” (emphasis 

added)). 

Just as in Conner, A.A.R. had “no choice but to accept the treatment offered 

by the” Ranch because DJS took full custody and control of her, placed her at the 

Ranch, and “denied h[er] the possibility of obtaining adequate medical care on h[er] 
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own.” See Conner, 42 F.3d at 225. The Ranch, meanwhile, “had the state’s 

authorization to treat” A.A.R. and could do so “only because [it] was so authorized 

by the state.” See id. “[N]o one fact can function as a necessary condition across 

the board for finding state action.” Brentwood Acad. v. Tennessee Secondary Sch. 

Athletic Ass’n, 531 U.S. 288, 295 (2001). But here the allegations and Order state 

a claim that the Ranch was a state actor regardless of whether it had any formal 

contractual or pecuniary relationship with the State. 

Finally, the Ranch argues that it was “acting with mere approval or 

acquiescence of the state,” because “treatment at a PRTF is not based on an 

individual’s status as a prisoner and admission to a PRTF is not incarceration in the 

State system,” citing Sabri v. Whittier All., 833 F.3d 995, 1000 (8th Cir. 2016), and

North Dakota Administrative Code chapter 75-03-17, which establishes PRTF 

requirements.

West rejects this theory. “Defendants are not removed from the purview of 

§ 1983 simply because they are professionals acting in accordance with professional 

discretion and judgment.” West, 487 U.S. at 52. In West, the doctor’s use of 

professional, medical judgment did not preclude him from being a state actor. See

id. at 51-52. Rather, the salient fact was that “his relationship with other prison 

authorities was cooperative.” See id. at 51 (emphasis added). “It is the physician’s 

function within the state system . . . that determines whether his actions can fairly be 

attributed to the State.” Id. at 55-56.

So too here. That the Ranch attempted to provide the medical treatment and 

did so in compliance with North Dakota’s PRTF requirements is no different from 

the doctor in West treating prisoners while complying with his independent 

“professional and ethical obligations.” Id. at 51. 

The critical facts are that the Ranch cooperated with North Dakota, that 

A.A.R. could receive treatment only from it, and that it functioned as A.A.R.’s 

medical provider “within the state system,” West, 487 U.S. at 55; see Conner, 42 
-17-

F.3d at 224 (“The fact that physicians are professionals exercising their own 

independent professional judgment does not determine whether they act under color 

of state law when treating prisoners.”). These facts make it a state actor. Cf. Conner, 

42 F.3d at 225 (“[The doctor] acted under color of state law even though he had no 

obligation—either through direct employment or by contractual arrangement—to 

accept [the prisoner] as a patient.”). 

By assuming North Dakota’s constitutional obligation to provide A.A.R.’s 

medical treatment, the Ranch became a state actor. The Robersons state a plausible 

claim against it under § 1983. 

III. 

The Roberson also state a plausible claim against the Ranch’s employees. 

They allege that Holweger and James were Ranch employees tasked with monitoring 

A.A.R. and ensuring her safety under the treatment plan. The Complaint details 

Holweger’s and James’s positions and failure to prevent A.A.R.’s suicide. The 

Defendants do not contest that a finding of state action by the Ranch establishes state 

action by its employees. Because the Robersons plausibly allege the Ranch was a 

state actor, its employees were too. See Rodriguez, 577 F.3d at 832 (finding 

complaint stated plausible § 1983 claims against hospital’s staff members where it 

alleged facts showing the hospital itself was a state actor).

* * * * * * *

 

The judgment is reversed and the case remanded. 

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