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Title:   Author  item
                                            Palmer, Mitchellitem
                                            Waters, Wadeitem
                                            PEDERSEN, DOUGLAS - APHISitem
                                            Stoffregen, William
  Submitted to: Journal of Wildlife Diseases
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 1/3/2004
                                    Publication  Date: 10/1/2004
                                    Citation: Palmer, M.V., Waters, W.R., Pedersen, D.D., Stoffregen, W.C. 2004. Induction of neutralizing antibodies in reindeer (rangifer tarandus) after administration of  killed west nile virus vaccine. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 40(4):759-62.Interpretive Summary: In 2002, West Nile virus (WNV) infection with serious clinical disease was described in reindeer. The susceptibility of reindeer to WNV prompted questions concerning vaccination of reindeer to prevent WNV infection. Vaccination of reindeer with a killed WNV vaccine resulted in high levels of anti-WNV antibodies suggestive of protection. All vaccinated reindeer developed high levels of antibodies to WNV. Reindeer without previous natural exposure to WNV required a primary vaccination and 1 to 2 booster vaccinations for development of antibodies to WNV. This information will be useful to reindeer producers, veterinarians and animal health officials and result in improved protection of reindeer from WNV infection.
                                Technical Abstract: In 2002, West Nile virus (WNV) infection with clinical neurological disease and non-suppurative encephalomyelitis was described in reindeer. The susceptibility of reindeer to WNV prompted questions concerning vaccination of reindeer to prevent WNV infection. Vaccination of reindeer with a killed WNV vaccine resulted in high titers of virus neutralizing antibodies. All vaccinated reindeer developed high neutralizing antibody titers to WNV. Reindeer without antibody titers from previous natural exposure to WNV required a primary vaccination and 1 to 2 booster vaccinations for development of neutralizing antibody to WNV.


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