II 

117TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 4010 

To amend title 28, United States Code, to provide for the establishment 

of a code of conduct for the justices of the Supreme Court of the 

United States, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

APRIL 6, 2022 

Mr. WHITEHOUSE (for himself and Mr. BLUMENTHAL) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on the 

Judiciary 

A BILL 

To amend title 28, United States Code, to provide for the 

establishment of a code of conduct for the justices of 

the Supreme Court of the United States, and for other 

purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘21st Century Courts 

5 Act of 2022’’. 


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1 SEC. 2. CODE OF CONDUCT FOR THE SUPREME COURT OF 

2 THE UNITED STATES. 

3 (a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 16 of title 28, United 

4 States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol5 lowing: 

6 ‘‘§ 365. Codes of conduct 

7 ‘‘(a) Not later than 180 days after the date of the 

8 enactment of this section— 

9 ‘‘(1) the Supreme Court of the United States 

10 shall, after appropriate public notice and opportunity 

11 for comment, issue a code of conduct for the justices 

12 of the Supreme Court; and 

13 ‘‘(2) the Judicial Conference of the United 

14 States shall issue a code of conduct for the judges 

15 of the courts of appeals, the district courts (includ16 ing bankruptcy judges and magistrate judges), and 

17 the Court of International Trade. 

18 ‘‘(b) If the Supreme Court of the United States fails 

19 to comply with subsection (a), the code of conduct for jus20 tices of the Supreme Court shall consist of the Code of 

21 Conduct for United States Judges, as in effect on the date 

22 of enactment of this section. 

23 ‘‘(c) The Supreme Court of the United States and 

24 the Judicial Conference may modify the applicable codes 

25 of conduct under this section after giving appropriate pub26 lic notice and opportunity for comment.’’. 


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1 (b) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENT.— 

2 The table of sections for chapter 16 of title 28, United 

3 States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol4 lowing: 

‘‘365. Codes of conduct.’’. 

5 SEC. 3. DISQUALIFICATION OF FEDERAL JUDGES. 

6 Section 455 of title 28, United States Code, is 

7 amended— 

8 (1) in subsection (a), by inserting ‘‘bankruptcy 

9 judge,’’ after ‘‘judge,’’; 

10 (2) in subsection (b), by adding at the end the 

11 following: 

12 ‘‘(6) Where the justice, judge bankruptcy judge, 

13 or magistrate judge of the United States received, 

14 during the 6-year period ending on the date on 

15 which the judge was assigned to the proceeding, in16 come, a gift, or reimbursement required to be re17 ported under section 102 of the Ethics in Govern18 ment Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.) from a party to 

19 the proceeding, a lawyer in the proceeding, an indi20 vidual employed in a supervisory capacity by a party 

21 or law firm in the proceeding, or an affiliate of a 

22 party or law firm in the proceeding. 

23 ‘‘(7) Where a party to the proceeding, a lawyer 

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1 ceeding, or an affiliate of a party or law firm in the 

2 proceeding made any lobbying contact or spent sub3 stantial funds in support of the nomination, con4 firmation, or appointment of the justice, judge, 

5 bankruptcy judge, or magistrate judge of the United 

6 States. 

7 ‘‘(8) Where the justice, judge, bankruptcy 

8 judge, or magistrate judge of the United States, 

9 their spouse, child, or spouse of their child has, dur10 ing the 6-year period ending on the date on which 

11 the justice, judge, bankruptcy judge, or magistrate 

12 judge of the United States was assigned to the pro13 ceeding— 

14 ‘‘(A) received income, a gift, or reimburse15 ment required to be reported under section 102 

16 of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 (5 

17 U.S.C. App.) from, or been employed or volun18 teered for more than 6 consecutive months in 

19 an official supervisory or advisory capacity for 

20 a party to the proceeding, a lawyer in the pro21 ceeding, or an affiliate of a party or law firm 

22 in the proceeding; or 

23 ‘‘(B) been employed or volunteered for 

24 more than 6 consecutive months in an official 


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1 supervisory or advisory capacity alongside a 

2 lawyer in the proceeding.’’; 

3 (3) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the 

4 following: 

5 ‘‘(c) A justice, judge, bankruptcy judge, or magistrate 

6 judge of the United States shall be informed about— 

7 ‘‘(1) the personal and fiduciary financial inter8 ests of the justice, judge, bankruptcy judge, or mag9 istrate judge of the United States; 

10 ‘‘(2) the personal financial interests of the 

11 spouse and minor children residing in the household 

12 of the justice, judge, bankruptcy judge, or mag13 istrate judge of the United States; and 

14 ‘‘(3) any interest that could be substantially af15 fected by the outcome of the proceeding.’’; 

16 (4) in subsection (d)— 

17 (A) in paragraph (4)— 

18 (i) in clause (iii), by inserting ‘‘and’’ 

19 at the end; and 

20 (ii) in clause (iv), by striking the pe21 riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; 

22 and 

23 (B) by adding at the end the following: 


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1 ‘‘(5) ‘official supervisory or advisory capacity’ 

2 includes acting as a director, officer, trustee, or any 

3 other equivalent position; 

4 ‘‘(6) ‘affiliate’ means an entity that effectively 

5 controls or is controlled by another entity or is asso6 ciated with another entity under common ownership 

7 or control, regardless of tax status or corporate 

8 form. Whether an entity is an affiliate of another 

9 shall be determined under the totality of the cir10 cumstances, including— 

11 ‘‘(A) whether the entities share employees, 

12 board members, or officers; 

13 ‘‘(B) whether the entities share facilities or 

14 mailing addresses; 

15 ‘‘(C) whether the entities are related orga16 nizations, as defined by the Internal Revenue 

17 Service; and 

18 ‘‘(D) any indicia that the 2 entities are 

19 alter egos or otherwise effectively the same or20 ganization regardless of tax status or corporate 

21 form; 

22 ‘‘(7) ‘substantial funds’ means an amount of 

23 money that a reasonable person would consider to be 

24 significant based on the totality of circumstances, in25 cluding— 


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1 ‘‘(A) the proportion of funds spent relative 

2 to the revenues or expenditures of the indi3 vidual or entity; 

4 ‘‘(B) the proportion of funds spent relative 

5 to other known spending in support of the nom6 ination, confirmation, or appointment of the 

7 justice, judge, bankruptcy judge, or magistrate 

8 judge of the United States; and 

9 ‘‘(C) any other objective indicia of the sig10 nificance of the financial support of the indi11 vidual or entity for the nomination, confirma12 tion, or appointment of the justice, judge, bank13 ruptcy judge, or magistrate judge of the United 

14 States.’’; 

15 (5) in subsection (e)— 

16 (A) by adding ‘‘bankruptcy judge,’’ after 

17 ‘‘judge,’’; 

18 (B) in the first sentence, by inserting ‘‘, 

19 unless the ground for disqualification arises 

20 under paragraph (7) of that subsection’’ before 

21 the period at the end; and 

22 (C) after the second sentence, by adding 

23 ‘‘Where the ground for disqualification arises 

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1 cepted only if offered by all parties to the pro2 ceeding.’’; 

3 (6) in subsection (f), by inserting ‘‘under sub4 section (b)(4)’’ after ‘‘disqualified’’; and 

5 (7) by adding at the end the following: 

6 ‘‘(g) If a justice, judge, bankruptcy judge, or mag7 istrate judge learns that a condition requiring disqualifica8 tion under this section is present, the justice, judge, bank9 ruptcy judge, or magistrate judge shall— 

10 ‘‘(1) immediately notify all parties to the pro11 ceeding; and 

12 ‘‘(2) include the notification required under 

13 paragraph (1) in the official record of the pro14 ceeding. 

15 ‘‘(h)(1) A justice, judge, bankruptcy judge, or mag16 istrate judge shall grant or certify to a reviewing panel 

17 a timely motion filed by a party to the proceeding that 

18 is accompanied by a certificate of good faith and an affi19 davit alleging facts sufficient to show that disqualification 

20 of the justice, judge, bankruptcy judge, or magistrate 

21 judge is required under this section or any other Federal 

22 law. 

23 ‘‘(2) A reviewing panel described in paragraph (1) 

24 shall be selected at random from judges of the United 

25 States who do not sit on the same court as the judge, 


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1 bankruptcy judge, or magistrate judge who is the subject 

2 of the motion or as the other members of the reviewing 

3 panel. No more than 1 member of the reviewing panel may 

4 be a judge of the same judicial circuit as the judge, bank5 ruptcy judge, or magistrate judge who is the subject of 

6 the motion. 

7 ‘‘(3) The Supreme Court of the United States shall 

8 be the reviewing panel for a motion seeking to disqualify 

9 a justice. 

10 ‘‘(i) The clerk of the applicable court shall publish 

11 timely notice on the website of the court of— 

12 ‘‘(1) any matter in which a justice, judge, bank13 ruptcy judge, or magistrate judge of the United 

14 States disqualifies is disqualified under this section; 

15 ‘‘(2) in the case of any matter in which the re16 viewing panel under subsection (h) rules on a motion 

17 to disqualify; and 

18 ‘‘(3) an explanation of each reason for the dis19 qualification or ruling, which shall include a specific 

20 identification of each circumstance that resulted in 

21 disqualification.’’. 

22 SEC. 4. CONFLICTS RELATED TO AMICI CURIAE. 

23 (a) IN GENERAL.—Exception as provided in sub24 section (b), the Supreme Court of the United States and 

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1 scribe rules of procedure in accordance with sections 2072 

2 through 2074 of title 28, United States Code, for prohib3 iting the filing of or striking an amicus brief that would 

4 result in the disqualification of a justice, judge, or mag5 istrate judge. 

6 (b) INITIAL TRANSMITTAL.—The Supreme Court of 

7 the United States shall transmit to Congress— 

8 (1) the proposed rules required under sub9 section (a) not later than 180 days after the date of 

10 enactment of this Act; and 

11 (2) any rules in addition to those transmitted 

12 under paragraph (1) pursuant to section 2074 of 

13 title 28, United States Code. 

14 SEC. 5. AMICUS DISCLOSURE. 

15 (a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 111 of title 28, United 

16 States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol17 lowing: 

18 ‘‘§ 1660. Disclosures related to amicus activities 

19 ‘‘(a) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘covered 

20 amicus’ means any person, including any affiliate of the 

21 person, that files an amicus brief in a calendar year in 

22 the Supreme Court of the United States or a court of ap23 peals of the United States. 

24 ‘‘(b) DISCLOSURE.— 


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1 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Any covered amicus that 

2 files an amicus brief in the Supreme Court of the 

3 United States or a court of appeals of the United 

4 States shall list in the amicus brief the name of any 

5 person who— 

6 ‘‘(A) contributed to the preparation or sub7 mission of the amicus brief; 

8 ‘‘(B) contributed not less than 3 percent of 

9 the gross annual revenue of the covered amicus 

10 for the previous calendar year if the covered 

11 amicus is not an individual; or 

12 ‘‘(C) contributed more than $100,000 to 

13 the covered amicus in the previous calendar 

14 year. 

15 ‘‘(2) EXCEPTIONS.—The requirements of this 

16 subsection shall not apply to amounts received by a 

17 covered amicus described in paragraph (1) in com18 mercial transactions in the ordinary course of any 

19 trade or business conducted by the covered amicus 

20 or in the form of investments (other than invest21 ments by the principal shareholder in a limited li22 ability corporation) in an organization if the 

23 amounts are unrelated to the amicus filing activities 

24 of the covered amicus. 


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1 ‘‘(c) AUDIT.—The Comptroller General of the United 

2 States shall conduct an annual audit to ensure compliance 

3 with this section. 

4 ‘‘(d) PROHIBITION ON PROVISION OF GIFTS OR

5 TRAVEL BY COVERED AMICI TO JUDGES AND JUS6 TICES.— 

7 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para8 graph (2), no covered amicus may make a gift or 

9 provide travel to a judge of a court of appeals of the 

10 United States, the Chief Justice of the United 

11 States, or an associate justice of the Supreme Court 

12 of the United States. 

13 ‘‘(2) REIMBURSEMENT FOR TRAVEL FOR AP14 PEARANCES AT ACCREDITED LAW SCHOOLS.—Para15 graph (1) shall not apply to reimbursement for trav16 el for an appearance at an accredited law school. 

17 ‘‘(e) CIVIL FINES.—Whoever knowingly fails to com18 ply with any provision of this section shall, upon proof of 

19 such knowing violation by a preponderance of the evi20 dence, be subject to a civil fine of not more than $200,000, 

21 depending on the extent and gravity of the violation. 

22 ‘‘(f) RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.— 

23 ‘‘(1) CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS.—Nothing in 

24 this section shall be construed to prohibit or inter25 fere with— 


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1 ‘‘(A) the right to petition the Government 

2 for the redress of grievances; 

3 ‘‘(B) the right to express a personal opin4 ion; or 

5 ‘‘(C) the right of association, protected by 

6 the First Amendment to the Constitution of the 

7 United States. 

8 ‘‘(2) PROHIBITION OF ACTIVITIES.—Nothing in 

9 this section shall be construed to prohibit, or to au10 thorize any court to prohibit, amicus activities by 

11 any person or entity, regardless of whether such per12 son or entity is in compliance with the requirements 

13 of this section. 

14 ‘‘(g) SEVERABILITY.—If any provision of this section, 

15 or the application thereof, is held invalid, the validity of 

16 the remainder of this section and the application of such 

17 provision to other persons and circumstances shall not be 

18 affected thereby.’’. 

19 (b) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENT.— 

20 The table of sections for chapter 111 of title 28, United 

21 States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol22 lowing: 

‘‘1660. Disclosures related to amicus activities.’’. 

23 SEC. 6. JUDICIAL TRAVEL. 

24 (a) DISCLOSURES REGARDING TRAVEL-RELATED

25 REIMBURSEMENTS.— 


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1 (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 102(a)(2)(B) of the 

2 Ethics in Government Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.) 

3 is amended— 

4 (A) by striking ‘‘source and a brief’’ and 

5 inserting ‘‘source, and a brief’’; 

6 (B) by inserting ‘‘, including the value,’’ 

7 before ‘‘of reimbursements’’; and 

8 (C) by striking ‘‘greater and received’’ and 

9 inserting ‘‘greater, received’’. 

10 (2) PERIODIC REPORTS.—Section 103 of the 

11 Ethics in Government Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.) 

12 is amended by adding at the end the following: 

13 ‘‘(m)(1) Not later than 30 days after completing trav14 el in connection with which a judicial officer receives, or 

15 will receive, a reimbursement required to be reported 

16 under section 102(a)(2)(B), the judicial officer shall file 

17 a report regarding the reimbursement. 

18 ‘‘(2) The Administrative Office of the United States 

19 Courts shall publish on a website of the Federal judiciary 

20 each report filed under paragraph (1).’’. 

21 (b) DEFINITION OF PERSONAL HOSPITALITY OF AN

22 INDIVIDUAL.— 

23 (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 109(14) of the Eth24 ics in Government Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.) is 

25 amended— 


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1 (A) by striking ‘‘any individual’ means’’ 

2 and inserting the following: ‘‘an individual’— 

3 ‘‘(A) means’’; 

4 (B) in subparagraph (A) (as so des5 ignated)— 

6 (i) by striking ‘‘his family’’ each place 

7 it appears and inserting ‘‘the family of the 

8 individual’’; and 

9 (ii) by adding ‘‘and’’ after the semi10 colon; and 

11 (C) by adding at the end the following: 

12 ‘‘(B) with respect to a judicial officer, does 

13 not include— 

14 ‘‘(i) private travel on a boat or air15 plane owned by an individual if that travel 

16 is substituting for commercial transpor17 tation; 

18 ‘‘(ii) any food, lodging, or entertain19 ment provided by an individual who has 

20 (or owns or controls an entity that has) a 

21 matter pending before the court on which 

22 the judicial officer serves or before a court 

23 the decisions of which may be appealed to 

24 the court on which the judicial officer 

25 serves; 


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1 ‘‘(iii) lodging at a residence or other 

2 property that is rented to others by the in3 dividual providing the hospitality; 

4 ‘‘(iv) hospitality provided by an indi5 vidual at— 

6 ‘‘(I) a restaurant, nightclub, re7 sort, hotel, or other commercial estab8 lishment; or 

9 ‘‘(II) a private club of which the 

10 individual is a paying member; 

11 ‘‘(v) hospitality extended by an indi12 vidual, the cost of which is paid for by a 

13 corporation or organization, including a 

14 corporation or organization that is not less 

15 than 10-percent owned by the individual; 

16 or 

17 ‘‘(vi) hospitality extended by an indi18 vidual, the cost of which is reimbursed to 

19 the individual by any third party.’’. 

20 (2) CERTIFICATION REGARDING LACK OF REIM21 BURSEMENT.—Section 102(a)(2) of the Ethics in 

22 Government Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.) is amend23 ed— 


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1 (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking ‘‘The 

2 identity’’ and inserting ‘‘Subject to subpara3 graphs (C) and (D), the identity’’; and 

4 (B) by adding at the end the following: 

5 ‘‘(D) A judicial officer who receives food, 

6 lodging, or entertainment that is exempted 

7 under subparagraph (A) from being reported as 

8 being food, lodging, or entertainment received 

9 as personal hospitality of an individual shall in10 clude in the report covering the period during 

11 which the food, lodging, or entertainment was 

12 received a certification that the cost of the food, 

13 lodging, or entertainment was not reimbursed 

14 by any third party.’’. 

15 SEC. 7. FINANCIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST. 

16 Section 208 of title 18, United States Code, is 

17 amended by inserting after ‘‘Government employee,’’, ‘‘or 

18 an officer or employee of the judicial branch of the United 

19 States Government,’’. 

20 SEC. 8. VIDEO RECORDING OF COURT PROCEEDINGS. 

21 (a) COURTS OF APPEALS.— 

22 (1) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 3 of title 28, United 

23 States Code, is amended by adding at the end the 

24 following: 


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1 ‘‘§ 50. Internet publication of certain video record2 ings 

3 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The open proceedings of each 

4 hearing of a court of appeals shall be made available by 

5 video for public transmission over the internet— 

6 ‘‘(1) to the extent practicable, in real time dur7 ing such hearing; and 

8 ‘‘(2) for not fewer than 5 years after the date 

9 on which the hearing concludes. 

10 ‘‘(b) COPYRIGHT PROTECTION NOT AVAILABLE.—An 

11 audio or video recording created pursuant to the require12 ment under this section shall be considered a work of the 

13 United States Government for purposes of section 105 of 

14 title 17.’’. 

15 (2) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMEND16 MENT.—The table of sections for chapter 3 of title 

17 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at 

18 the end the following: 

‘‘50. Internet publication of certain video recordings.’’. 

19 (b) SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.— 

20 (1) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 1 of title 28, United 

21 States Code, is amended by adding at the end the 

22 following: 

23 ‘‘§ 7. Internet publication of certain video recordings 

24 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Each oral argument and reading 

25 of an opinion before the Supreme Court of the United 


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1 States shall be made available by video for public trans2 mission over the internet— 

3 ‘‘(1) on the day of such oral argument and 

4 reading; and 

5 ‘‘(2) in real time during such oral argument 

6 and opinion reading. 

7 ‘‘(b) COPYRIGHT PROTECTION NOT AVAILABLE.—An 

8 recording created pursuant to the requirement under this 

9 section shall be considered a work of the United States 

10 Government for purposes of section 105 of title 17.’’. 

11 (2) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMEND12 MENT.—The table of sections for chapter 1 of title 

13 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at 

14 the end the following: 

‘‘7. Internet publication of certain video recordings.’’. 

15 SEC. 9. RESTRICTIONS ON SEALED COURT FILINGS. 

16 (a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 111 of title 28, United 

17 States Code, as amended by section 5 of this Act, is 

18 amended by adding at the end the following: 

19 ‘‘§ 1661. Restrictions on sealing judicial records 

20 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Unless otherwise provided by 

21 law, no court may seal any judicial record or any part of 

22 a judicial record unless— 

23 ‘‘(1) the court finds that a compelling interest 

24 justifies abridging the right of public access to the 

25 judicial record or the part of the judicial record; 


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1 ‘‘(2) the findings and conclusions of the court 

2 are specific to each judicial record or each part of 

3 a judicial record; 

4 ‘‘(3) the seal is narrowly tailored and lasts no 

5 longer than necessary; and 

6 ‘‘(4) the public has been given notice and op7 portunity to challenge the seal. 

8 ‘‘(b) RULES.— 

9 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para10 graph (2), the Supreme Court of the United States 

11 and the Judicial Conference of the United States 

12 shall prescribe rules of procedure in accordance with 

13 sections 2072 through 2074 to ensure that disin14 terested members of the public have a simplified and 

15 inexpensive process to contest a motion to seal a ju16 dicial record, to appeal an order sealing a judicial 

17 record, and to request that a judicial record be un18 sealed. No local rule of procedure may be less pro19 tective of the right of public access to judicial 

20 records than the rules prescribed under this sub21 section. Such rules shall be prescribed and submitted 

22 to the Congress pursuant to sections. 

23 ‘‘(2) INITIAL TRANSMITTAL.—The Supreme 

24 Court of the United States shall transmit to Con25 gress— 


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1 ‘‘(A) the proposed rules required under 

2 paragraph (1) not later than 1 year after the 

3 date of enactment of this section; and 

4 ‘‘(B) any rules in addition to those trans5 mitted under paragraph (1) pursuant to section 

6 2074 of title 28, United States Code. 

7 ‘‘(c) RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this 

8 section may be construed to— 

9 ‘‘(1) abolish, diminish, or infringe upon any 

10 right, responsibility, or remedy provided by the Con11 stitution of the United States or any other law; 

12 ‘‘(2) relieve a court of any part of the inde13 pendent duty of the court to enforce the right of 

14 public access to judicial records; or 

15 ‘‘(3) abrogate any rule of law that is more or 

16 additionally protective of the right of public access 

17 to judicial records.’’. 

18 (b) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENT.— 

19 The table of sections for chapter 111 of title 28, United 

20 States Code, as amended by section 5 of this Act, is 

21 amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘1661. Restrictions on sealing judicial records.’’. 

22 SEC. 10. STUDIES BY THE FEDERAL JUDICIAL CENTER. 

23 (a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than December 31, 

24 2022, and every other year thereafter, the Federal Judi25 cial Center shall conduct a study of the extent of compliVerDate Sep 11 2014 04:58 Apr 07, 2022 Jkt 029200 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S4010.IS S4010

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1 ance or noncompliance with the requirements of sections 

2 144 and 455 of title 28, United States Code, as amended 

3 by section 3 of this Act. 

4 (b) REPORTS TO CONGRESS.—Not later than April 

5 1 of each year following the completion of the study re6 quired under subsection (a)— 

7 (1) the Federal Judicial Center— 

8 (A) shall submit to Congress a report con9 taining the findings of the study; and 

10 (B) may submit to Congress recommenda11 tions to improve the compliance by the Federal 

12 judiciary with the requirements of sections 144 

13 and 455 of title 28, United States Code, as 

14 amended by section 3 of this Act; and 

15 (2) the Comptroller General of the United 

16 States shall submit to Congress a report containing 

17 an evaluation of the methodology and findings of the 

18 study. 

19 (c) FACILITATION OF STUDIES.—In order to facili20 tate the studies required under subsection (a)— 

21 (1) the Judicial Conference of the United 

22 States shall maintain a record of each instance in 

23 which a justice, judge, bankruptcy judge, or mag24 istrate judge was not assigned to a case due to poVerDate Sep 11 2014 04:58 Apr 07, 2022 Jkt 029200 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S4010.IS S4010

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1 tential or actual conflicts indicated on a conflicts 

2 sheet; and 

3 (2) the clerk of each court shall maintain and 

4 include in the relevant case docket a record of each 

5 instance in which a justice, judge, bankruptcy judge, 

6 or magistrate judge disqualifies after a case assign7 ment is made. 

Æ 


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