[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 16-11350

________________________

D.C. Docket Nos. 0:14-cv-60629-RLR;

0:14-cv-61415-RLR

BROWN JORDAN INTERNATIONAL, INC., 

BJI HOLDINGS, LLC, 

BROWN JORDAN SERVICES, INC., 

BROWN JORDAN COMPANY, 

 Plaintiffs - Appellees,

versus

CHRISTOPHER CARMICLE, 

 Defendant - Appellant.

__________________________________________________________________

CHRISTOPHER CARMICLE,

 Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

BJI HOLDINGS, LLC, 

BROWN JORDAN INTERNATIONAL, INC.,

BROWN JORDAN SERVICES, INC.,

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 1 of 25 
2

GENE J. MORIARTY,

VINCENT A. TORTORICI, JR., et al.,

 Defendants - Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(January 25, 2017)

Before MARCUS and BLACK, Circuit Judges, and COHEN,* District Judge.

BLACK, Circuit Judge:

This case arises out of Christopher Carmicle’s termination from Brown 

Jordan1 in early 2014. The parties filed cross-complaints, and the two cases were 

consolidated. After granting summary judgment in favor of Brown Jordan on 

some of Carmicle’s claims, the district court conducted an 11-day bench trial and 

entered judgment on behalf of Brown Jordan. Carmicle appeals, raising issues 

regarding the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), 18 U.S.C. § 1030, the 

Stored Communications Act (SCA), 18 U.S.C. § 2701, wrongful discharge, and 

breach of an employment agreement. 

We affirm the district court. Carmicle’s CFAA arguments fail because 

Brown Jordan suffered “loss” as defined in the CFAA. As to his SCA issues, 

 * Honorable Mark Howard Cohen, United States District Judge, for the Northern District 

of Georgia, sitting by designation. 

 

1 We refer collectively to the Appellees as “Brown Jordan.”

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 2 of 25 
3

Carmicle waived his unopened-versus-opened-email argument because he did not 

fairly present it to the district court, and Brown Jordan showed Carmicle exceeded 

his authorization in accessing the emails of other Brown Jordan employees. 

Lastly, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment on Carmicle’s 

wrongful discharge claim or in concluding that Carmicle was terminated for cause 

as defined by the Employment Agreement.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

Carmicle began working for Brown Jordan in 2002. Carmicle rose swiftly 

through the ranks at Brown Jordan, the parent company of a number of entities 

engaged in the manufacture and sale of furniture for residential and commercial 

use. By 2005, Carmicle was responsible for the national accounts of Brown 

Jordan, which soon after led to his responsibility for a Brown Jordan subsidiary, 

Brown Jordan Services. According to Brown Jordan, Carmicle was never formally 

appointed as president of Brown Jordan Services, but was permitted to use the title 

as a “customer facing accommodation.”

When Gene Moriarty became CEO of Brown Jordan, Moriarty requested

Carmicle enter into an Executive Employment Agreement with Brown Jordan. 

The November 1, 2005 agreement solidified the terms of Carmicle’s employment

and is the only written employment agreement between Carmicle and Brown 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 3 of 25 
4

Jordan. Carmicle subsequently entered into Profits Interest Agreements with 

Brown Jordan, pursuant to which Carmicle acquired a profits interest in BJI 

Holdings, LLC, subject to the Agreements’ vesting and forfeiture provisions. 

Moriarty testified that he and others began to have doubts about Carmicle 

around 2011. Indication that Carmicle had been incurring excessive entertainment 

expenses began to appear. It was also discovered that Carmicle’s wife was on 

Brown Jordan’s payroll and Carmicle himself approved her salary. After a stern 

warning about these actions, Moriarty gave Carmicle a second chance. Moriarty 

also gave Carmicle greater responsibility making him responsible for Brown 

Jordan Company, another Brown Jordan subsidiary, in addition to Brown Jordan 

Services.

In 2013, Moriarty learned that Carmicle had breached his trust again by 

incurring more unauthorized expenses. As far as Moriarty was concerned, 

Carmicle had blown his second chance. Moriarty was ready to terminate 

Carmicle’s employment for cause.

However, Moriarty was persuaded not to pursue termination at that time. In 

the spring of 2013, Brown Jordan’s Board of Directors decided to hire an 

investment bank and offer Brown Jordan for sale. Brown Jordan would be sold as 

a whole to a single buyer, or alternatively, the commercial and consumer 

businesses would be divided and offered to separate purchasers. In the event 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 4 of 25 
5

Brown Jordan were sold separately, Moriarty would likely remain with the 

commercial business and Carmicle would remain with the consumer business, so 

Moriarty would no longer have to work with Carmicle and the buyer of the 

consumer business would have the benefit of continuity. Moriarty ultimately 

agreed that it was best not to terminate Carmicle’s employment while Brown 

Jordan was offered for sale.

In the meantime, Moriarty, Brown Jordan’s CFO, and Brown Jordan’s 

General Counsel decided to pursue a management buyout (MBO) of the 

commercial business. In connection with seeking lending to finance the MBO, 

they prepared a financial model that differed from that prepared by Brown Jordan’s 

investment bank for potential outside buyers.

In the summer of 2013, Brown Jordan began a transition from one email 

service to another. To assist in that transition, Brown Jordan’s Chief Information 

Officer provided a generic password—Password1—to Brown Jordan employees 

and instructed each to test his or her new email account with that password. 

Carmicle testified that he was suspicious that a subordinate employee he

considered difficult to manage was communicating directly with Moriarty, and that 

both were lying to Carmicle about a personnel issue. This prompted Carmicle to 

use the generic password to access their accounts and read their emails. From 

there, Carmicle’s behavior began to snowball. Carmicle repeatedly accessed the 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 5 of 25 
6

email accounts of other employees, including his superiors, with the generic 

password and used his personal iPad to take screenshots of hundreds of emails over 

the next six months. Along the way, Carmicle learned about the MBO and the 

second financial model. Carmicle also learned that Brown Jordan’s CFO was 

scrutinizing his expenses. 

As 2014 began, it became clear that Brown Jordan Services and Brown 

Jordan Company had not performed well. Brown Jordan’s Board of Directors was 

scheduled to meet in early 2014, and the poor performance of Brown Jordan 

Services and Brown Jordan Company were on the agenda. In an attempt to save 

his job, Carmicle wrote a letter to Brown Jordan’s Board of Directors in January of 

2014, accusing Moriarty and others of various illegal and fraudulent activities, 

including their preparation of a second financial model to the detriment of 

shareholder value in an attempt to secure the consumer business through an MBO. 

Concerned about Carmicle’s accusations, and because Carmicle had 

expressed a fear of retaliation, the Board of Directors hired an independent 

investigator. During the investigation into Carmicle’s allegations, Carmicle 

revealed to the investigator that he had learned much of the information contained 

in his letter by accessing others’ email accounts. The investigator ultimately 

concluded Carmicle’s allegations were entirely without merit, and reported that 

fact to the Board of Directors. The investigator also reported Carmicle’s email 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 6 of 25 
7

access and the fact Carmicle had used in excess of $100,000.00 in Brown Jordan

funds for unauthorized entertainment expenses. When the Board of Directors met 

in February 2014, they decided that Carmicle’s employment should be terminated 

for cause.

On February 17, 2014, Moriarty met with Carmicle and informed him of the 

decision to terminate his employment for cause. Carmicle demanded that he be 

permitted to take his personal laptop with him when he left, but was told it would 

not be returned to him until Carmicle proved he had used his own funds to 

purchase the laptop. As soon as he returned home, Carmicle used the “Find My 

iPhone” application to remotely lock a different laptop owned by Brown Jordan, 

rendering it inaccessible. Carmicle claimed he intended to lock his personal 

laptop, and inadvertently locked the Brown Jordan-owned laptop. Carmicle also 

claims to have subsequently lost the personal iPad with which he had taken 

screenshots of emails, and was therefore unable to produce it during the course of 

discovery.

B. Procedural Background

On March 11, 2014, Brown Jordan filed its initial Complaint against 

Christopher Carmicle in the Southern District of Florida, asserting, among other 

things (1) violation of the CFAA; (2) violation of the SCA; and (3) a declaration 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 7 of 25 
8

that Carmicle’s termination amounted to “cause” under their written employment 

agreement. 

Ten days later, Carmicle filed his initial complaint against Brown Jordan in 

Kentucky state court. He asserted numerous claims, but only two claims are at 

issue on appeal (1) wrongful termination, and (2) breach of contract. Carmicle’s 

complaint was removed to federal court and transferred to the Southern District of 

Florida. The two cases were then consolidated.

The district court denied both Carmicle’s motion to dismiss and for partial 

summary judgment as to Brown Jordan’s CFAA and SCA claims, and granted 

Brown Jordan’s motion for summary judgment on several claims, including 

Carmicle’s wrongful termination claim. 

The court then conducted an 11-day bench trial. In a lengthy memorandum 

opinion, the district court concluded Carmicle’s employment was terminated for 

cause (and that therefore Carmicle was not entitled to any profits interest or 

severance pay) due to his improper access of other employees’ email accounts. 

The district court also concluded the access of the email accounts violated the 

CFAA and SCA.

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 8 of 25 
9

II. DISCUSSION

A. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

Carmicle appeals the district court’s conclusion that he violated the CFAA. 

Carmicle contends the evidence established Brown Jordan suffered no loss as it is 

defined in the CFAA because he caused no damage to Brown Jordan’s computer 

system and there was no “interruption of service.” The loss Brown Jordan claims 

it incurred stems from a payment to an outside consultant, Crowe Horwath, to 

assess how Carmicle accessed the emails, and a payment to a contractor, Kroll, to 

sweep the office building for audio and video surveillance devices. Based on these 

payments, the district court found Brown Jordan sustained a “loss” within the 

meaning of the CFAA and awarded Brown Jordan damages.

Carmicle asserts there are two reasons that the alleged damages do not meet 

the CFAA’s definition of “loss”: (1) Brown Jordan’s “loss” did not stem from an 

“interruption of service;” and (2) Brown Jordan admits there was no damage to its 

computers and it paid no money to remedy such damage—specifically the fee 

Brown Jordan paid Crowe Horwath was unnecessary, and the fee Brown Jordan 

paid Kroll to sweep its building for surveillance does not relate to Brown Jordan’s 

computers at all and is not a compensable loss under the CFAA.

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 9 of 25 
10

1. Interruption of Service

Whether Carmicle violated the CFAA is a mixed question of law and fact, 

which we review de novo. Reynolds v. McInnes, 338 F.3d 1201, 1211 (11th Cir. 

2013). To the extent this issue involves the interpretation of the CFAA, it is a 

question of law we review de novo. Vista Mktg., LLC v. Burkett, 812 F.3d 954, 

962 (11th Cir. 2016).

“Whoever . . . intentionally accesses a computer without authorization or 

exceeds authorized access, and thereby obtains . . . information from any protected 

computer” violates the CFAA. 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(2)(C). “A civil action for a 

violation of this section may be brought only if the conduct involves 1 of the 

factors set forth in subclauses (I), (II), (III), (IV), or (V) of subsection (c)(4)(A)(i).” 

18 U.S.C. § 1030(g) (emphasis added). Subclause (I), applicable to the instant 

case, permits an action only if the plaintiff incurs a minimum “loss” of $5,000 as a 

result of the defendant’s violation of the CFAA. 18 U.S.C. § 1030(c)(4)(A)(i)(I). 

The CFAA provides that:

the term “loss” means any reasonable cost to any victim, including the 

cost of responding to an offense, conducting a damage assessment, 

and restoring the data, program, system, or information to its 

condition prior to the offenses, and any revenue lost, cost incurred, or 

other consequential damages incurred because of interruption of 

service.

18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(11).

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 10 of 25 
11

The interpretation of “loss” as defined by 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(11) is an 

issue of first impression in our Circuit. “As with any question of statutory 

interpretation, we begin by examining the text of the statute to determine whether 

its meaning is clear.” Harry v. Marchant, 291 F.3d 767, 770 (11th Cir. 2002) (en 

banc). When we construe a statute, “we must begin, and often should end as well, 

with the language of the statute itself.” Id. (quotations omitted). 

Two circuits have interpreted the definition of “loss” as set forth in 18 

U.S.C. § 1030(e)(11) to include the cost of responding to the offense, irrespective 

of whether there was an interruption of service. See Yoder & Frey Auctioneers, 

Inc. v. EquipmentFacts, LLC, 774 F.3d 1065, 1073-74 (6th Cir. 2014); A.V. ex rel. 

Vanderhye v. iParadigms, LLC, 562 F.3d 630, 646 (4th Cir. 2009). The Yoder

court explained its reasoning:

“Loss” is defined in the disjunctive—it includes “any reasonable cost 

to any victim including the cost of responding to an offense, 

conducting a damage assessment, and restoring the data, program, 

system, or information to its condition prior to the offense.” 18 

U.S.C. § 1030(e)(11). It also encompasses “any revenue lost, cost 

incurred, or other consequential damages incurred because of 

interruption of service.” Id. If a plaintiff is able to establish a loss of 

at least $5,000 in value, whether that be composed solely of costs 

identified in the first clause, or solely costs identified in the second 

clause, or a combination of both, then he may recover under the 

statute. 

Yoder, 774 F.3d at 1073.

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 11 of 25 
12

Although no Court of Appeals has interpreted the statute to require an 

interruption of service in all cases, a more narrow view followed by some district 

courts requires that any loss under the CFAA be the result of an “interruption of 

service.” See, e.g., Cont’l Grp., Inc. v. KW Prop. Mgmt., LLC, 622 F. Supp. 2d 

1357, 1371 (S.D. Fla. 2009). The court in Continental Group reasoned as follows: 

This Court . . . concludes that all loss must be as a result of 

“interruption of service.” Otherwise, it would appear that the second 

half of the “loss” definition is surplusage. If loss could be any 

reasonable cost without any interruption of service, then why would 

there even be a second half to the definition that limits some costs to 

an interruption of service. Rather, the better reading (though 

reasonable minds surely can differ until the Court of Appeals decides 

the issue) appears to be that all “loss” must be the result of an 

interruption of service. This conclusion is supported by the legislative 

intent in the CFAA, a criminal statute, to address interruption of 

service and damage to protected computers.

Id. 

We agree with the Fourth and Sixth Circuits. The plain language of the 

statutory definition includes two separate types of loss: (1) reasonable costs 

incurred in connection with such activities as responding to a violation, assessing 

the damage done, and restoring the affected data, program system, or information 

to its condition prior to the violation; and (2) any revenue lost, cost incurred, or 

other consequential damages incurred because of interruption of service. See 18 

U.S.C. § 1030(e)(11). The statute is written in the disjunctive, making the first 

type of loss independent of an interruption of service. Yoder, 774 F.3d at 1073. 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 12 of 25 
13

Contrary to the assertion of the court in Continental Group, this interpretation does 

not reduce “interruption of service” to surplusage. See Cont’l Grp., 622 F. Supp. 

2d at 1371. “Loss” includes the direct costs of responding to the violation in the 

first portion of the definition, and consequential damages resulting from 

interruption of service in the second. Thus, under a plain reading of the statute, 

Brown Jordan’s loss from Carmicle’s violation of the CFAA does not need to be 

related to an interruption of service in order to be compensable.

2. Damages

As to Carmicle’s argument that Brown Jordan’s expenses were unnecessary

and were therefore not compensable, the district court made a finding of fact that 

“[a]lthough Carmicle told [Brown Jordan] that he had accessed others’ emails 

using that generic password before [Brown Jordan] retained Crowe Horwath, 

[Brown Jordan] was unwilling to accept Carmicle’s word under the 

circumstances.” During its investigation, Crowe Horwath was unable to access the 

Brown Jordan-owned laptop because the password and PIN necessary to unlock 

the laptop were not provided. While Brown Jordan was aware of one way that 

Carmicle claimed he had accessed their systems, they had reason to doubt his 

credibility. It was therefore reasonable for Brown Jordan to hire both Crowe 

Horwath and Kroll to engage in an extensive forensic and physical review of 

Brown Jordan’s systems to determine the extent of Carmicle’s hacking activity. 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 13 of 25 
14

These losses were incurred in the course of responding to the offense2 and are

therefore compensable under the CFAA. See 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(11). 

B. Stored Communications Act

The district court determined that Carmicle violated the SCA when he 

accessed other employees’ emails without authorization. Carmicle contends he did 

not violate the SCA because the emails Carmicle accessed were not held in 

“electronic storage” as that term is defined by the SCA and because his email 

access was authorized. 

Anyone who “intentionally accesses without authorization a facility through 

which an electronic communication service is provided; or . . . intentionally 

exceeds an authorization to access that facility; and thereby obtains . . . access to a 

wire or electronic communication while it is in electronic storage in such system” 

is liable pursuant to the SCA. 18 U.S.C. § 2701(a); see also Vista Mktg., 812 F.3d 

at 962. As with the CFAA issue above, whether Carmicle violated the SCA is a 

mixed question of law and fact, which we review de novo. Reynolds, 338 F.3d at 

1211. To the extent this issue involves the interpretation of the SCA, it is a 

question of law we review de novo. Vista Mktg., 812 F.3d at 962.

 2

 Carmicle also contends there can be no loss under the CFAA unless it relates to fixing 

damage to a computer or network. However, the definition of loss includes “any reasonable cost 

to any victim, including the cost of responding to an offense . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(11)

(emphasis added). The reasonable cost of responding to the offense—in this case, the 

unauthorized email access—is not limited to damage to a computer or network. 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 14 of 25 
15

1. Whether the emails Carmicle accessed were in “electronic storage”

On appeal, Carmicle contends the emails he accessed were not in “electronic 

storage” as that term is defined by the SCA because the emails had already been 

opened by their intended recipients at the time he accessed them. Carmicle 

concedes there is a split of authority over this issue, but asserts that the more 

reasonable reading of the SCA exempts previously opened emails from the 

purview of the statute.

The unopened-versus-opened-email issue was raised to our court in Vista 

Marketing. We did not decide the issue in that case because the defendant 

conceded that at least some of the emails were unopened by their intended 

recipient at the time the defendant read them. Id. at 963. We noted that “much 

debate” surrounded the issue. Id. (citing Theofel v. Farey-Jones, 341 F.3d 978 (9th 

Cir. 2003), as amended by 359 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2004); In re DoubleClick Inc. 

Privacy Litig., 154 F. Supp. 2d 497, 511-12 (S.D.N.Y. 2001); Cheng v. Romo, No. 

11-10007-DJC, 2013 WL 6814691, *3-4 (D. Mass. Dec. 20, 2013); Pure Power 

Boot Camp v. Warrior Fitness Boot Camp, 587 F. Supp. 2d 548, 555-56 (S.D.N.Y. 

2008); Comput. Crime & Intellectual Prop. Section, Exec. Office for U.S. 

Attorneys, Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in 

Criminal Investigations, at 124 (3d ed. 2009); Orin Kerr, A User’s Guide to the 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 15 of 25 
16

Stored Communications Act and a Legislator’s Guide to Amending It, 72 Geo. 

Wash. L. Rev. 1208 (2004)). 

Once again, as in Vista Marketing, we will not “wade into the discussion” of 

this complicated issue, but for a different reason. See Vista Mktg., 812 F.3d at 963. 

Here, Carmicle did not fairly present the unopened-versus-opened-email issue to 

the district court. We are unable to reach the merits of this issue of first impression 

in our Circuit because “[w]e cannot allow [Carmicle] to argue a different case from 

the case [he] presented to the district court.” See Irving v. Mazda Motor Corp., 

136 F.3d 764, 769 (11th Cir. 1998). “As an appellate court with no fact finding 

mechanism, and, indeed without any factual averments made in the trial court, we 

are naturally hesitant to consider this claim.” Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest 

Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004).

The facts supporting Carmicle’s assertion that he never accessed unopened 

emails were never explained in any document or argument before the district court, 

and no discovery was ever conducted about them. See id. at 1332. When Brown 

Jordan stated its position on the issue, Carmicle disavowed he was arguing for a 

distinction between unopened and opened email, and put forth no facts that would 

support his claim. Thus, “it would be improvident for us to try to grapple with the 

important question whether” email that has already been opened by its intended 

recipient fits into the definition of “electronic storage” in the SCA. Id. We detail 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 16 of 25 
17

Carmicle’s argument in the district court as to this issue to illustrate how the issue 

was not fairly presented.

The unopened-versus-opened-email argument was most clearly presented in 

Carmicle’s motion to dismiss. He contended, in one sentence, that the SCA was 

inapplicable to the facts of his case because “an opened but undeleted email sitting 

on a server is not a ‘stored communication’ within the meaning of the SCA,” and 

cited two district court cases for the proposition. 

By the time Carmicle filed his partial motion for summary judgment, the 

focus of his argument had changed. Any reference to unopened or opened email 

vanished. Instead, his argument was that any message sitting in a recipient’s 

inbox, whether unopened or opened by the intended recipient, is not a “stored 

communication.” Carmicle contended the only time a message is a stored 

communication is during the brief interval when an email service stores a message 

until the addressee downloads it. Carmicle asserted the only way the SCA could 

be implicated is if a defendant “literally ‘intercept[s]’ the transmission during its 

transmission.” Carmicle also asserted that the emails were not held in storage by 

an internet service provider (ISP) for backup protection, but never mentioned the 

unopened-versus-opened-email distinction.

Brown Jordan’s opposition to Carmicle’s motion for partial summary 

judgment contended that “[c]ourts have not distinguished between unopened and 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 17 of 25 
18

opened email communications for the purposes of the SCA,” and included cases 

supporting its interpretation of the unopened-versus-opened-email issue. See 

Theofel, 359 F.3d at 1075, 1077; Pure Power Boot Camp, 587 F. Supp. 2d at 556; 

Cardinal Health 414, Inc. v. Adams, 582 F. Supp. 2d 967, 977 (M.D. Tenn. 2008).

Carmicle’s reply in support of his motion for summary judgment made clear that 

he was not arguing the unopened-versus-opened-email issue, stating:

Nor were the emails which Carmicle accessed “stored 

communications” as is required by the SCA. BJI’s argument that 

there is no differentiation between opened or unopened email misses 

the point. Stored communications are those which are held by the ISP 

immediately prior to delivery or stored by the ISP for back up. They 

are not emails which have been delivered locally and are resting in 

the inbox to which they were delivered. 

(Emphasis added). Thus, Carmicle disavowed that he was arguing for a distinction 

between unopened and opened email; rather, he was arguing that any email located 

in an intended recipient’s inbox, whether unopened or opened, was not covered by 

the SCA. 

This was the last reference to the issue of unopened versus opened email by 

the parties. During the 11-day trial in this case, neither Carmicle nor Brown 

Jordan elicited any trial testimony on the subject, and Carmicle made no reference 

to the issue in his pre-trial or post-trial proposed Conclusions of Law and Findings 

of Fact. In contrast, on appeal, Carmicle fully briefs the issue. 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 18 of 25 
19

Carmicle had an opportunity to fairly present this argument before the 

district court, but did not do so. Accordingly, this circumstance is not one in which 

we elect to evaluate an issue not fairly presented to the district court.3

 See Access 

Now, 385 F.3d at 1332. 

2. Whether Carmicle’s email access was authorized

Carmicle also contends he did not violate the SCA because his email access 

was authorized. His argument is that Brown Jordan’s company policy states that:

[E]mployees at [Brown Jordan] should have no expectation of privacy

while using company-owned or company-leased equipment. 

Information passing through or stored on [Brown Jordan] equipment 

can and will be monitored. Employees should also understand that 

[Brown Jordan] has the right to monitor and review Internet use and 

e-mail communications sent or received by employees. Access to 

another employee’s e-mail and internet usage is controlled by senior 

management. No IT staff person is authorized to give out passwords 

to users other than the account holder without the permission of senior 

management. Managers and employees who need access for 

legitimate [Brown Jordan] purposes to another employee’s e-mail 

must request such access from a member of corporate senior 

management. 

(Emphasis in original). Carmicle contends that because he was a member of 

“senior management” he was not required to request access from a member of 

corporate senior management. 

 3

 While we may choose to hear an argument fairly presented for the first time on appeal 

in special circumstances, the issue here does not meet any of the five circumstances in which we 

will consider such an issue. See Access Now, 385 F.3d at 1332. 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 19 of 25 
20

The district court concluded that even though the Computer and Internet 

Policy uses the terms “employees,” “managers,” “senior management,” and 

“corporate senior management” without definition, it found no ambiguity as to 

whether Carmicle’s use of the generic password was authorized. The district court 

determined it would be “unreasonable to interpret the Computer and Internet 

Policy as authorizing [Carmicle] to exploit a generic password—which by 

happenstance permitted Carmicle to access others’ email accounts without 

requesting such access through appropriate and otherwise necessary channels—

solely on suspicion of dishonesty concerning the content of communications 

between others, without any reason to suspect wrongful or illegal conduct prior to 

doing so.” We agree. The district court did not err in determining Carmicle’s 

email access was unauthorized. 

In sum, Carmicle’s arguments regarding the SCA are either waived or fail on 

their merits.4

 We affirm the district court’s conclusion that Carmicle’s actions 

violated the SCA.

 4

 We also reject Carmicle’s argument that he did not access a “facility” within the 

meaning of the SCA. The language of the SCA requires intentionally accessing without (or 

exceeding) authorization “a facility through which an electronic communication service is 

provided.” 18 U.S.C. § 2701(a) (emphasis added). The SCA does not define “facility,” see 

Garcia v. City of Laredo, 702 F.3d 788, 792 (5th Cir. 2012); however, the Oxford English 

Dictionary definition of “facility” includes “the physical means or equipment for doing 

something,” Oxford English Dictionary Online, http://www.oed.com/viewdictionary 

entry/Entry/67465. “Electronic communication service” is defined as “any service which 

provides users thereof the ability to send or receive wire or electronic communications.” 18 

U.S.C. § 2510(15). 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 20 of 25 
21

C. Wrongful Discharge

Carmicle argues the district court erred in granting summary judgment in 

favor of Brown Jordan on Carmicle’s wrongful discharge claim. He asserts that 

under Kentucky law,5 his discharge for reporting fraud and breach of fiduciary 

duty on the part of senior management is actionable. 

Under Kentucky law, there are only two situations where an employer’s 

reason for discharging an employee is so contrary to public policy as to be 

actionable: (1) “where the alleged reason for the discharge of the employee was 

the failure or refusal to violate a law in the course of employment,” or (2) “when 

the reason for the discharge was the employee’s exercise of a right conferred by a 

well-established legislative enactment.” Grzyb v. Evans, 700 S.W.2d 399, 402 (Ky. 

1985) (quotation omitted). Carmicle asserted a wrongful discharge claim under the 

second situation recognized by Grzyb, alleging he was terminated after he provided 

information on improper activities, and the district court addressed that issue. 

 

Brown Jordan presented evidence that Carmicle used a generic password to access the 

Microsoft Office 365 program, a cloud-based service. Microsoft Office 365 provides the ability 

to send and receive emails. Thus, Microsoft Office 365 is a facility through which an electronic 

communication service is provided. 

5

 Both parties agree that Kentucky law applies to this issue because the termination 

occurred in Kentucky. 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 21 of 25 
22

Carmicle also attempted to assert a claim under the first situation, but the district 

court denied amendment because the amended pleadings deadline had passed.6

The district court did not err7 in granting Brown Jordan’s motion for 

summary judgment on this issue. Carmicle argued he was terminated after 

providing information that corporate officers violated or were violating their 

fiduciary duties to Brown Jordan. Carmicle premised his claim on the following 

statute:

An officer with discretionary authority shall discharge his duties 

under that authority:

(a) In good faith;

(b) On an informed basis; and

(c) In a manner he honestly believes to be in the best interests of the 

corporation.

Ky. Rev. Stat. § 271B.8-420(1). 

Carmicle contends this statute shows he had fiduciary duties to Brown 

Jordan, and acting or failing to act otherwise than in good faith in the discharge of 

his duties could have subjected him to liability. Accordingly, he argues, there is a 

“clear, strong legislative expressing of public policy against” breaches of fiduciary 

 6 Carmicle tries to weave the public policy and violation of law arguments together in his

initial brief, but does not appeal the district court’s refusal to allow him to amend his complaint 

to add allegations under the second prong. 

7

 We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Fish v. Brown, 838 

F.3d 1153, 1156 (11th Cir. 2016).

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 22 of 25 
23

duty in Kentucky. See Hill v. Kentucky Lottery Corp., 327 S.W.3d 412, 422 (Ky. 

2010). 

But even assuming that this statute could support a wrongful discharge 

claim, the district court correctly concluded that the statute Carmicle cited did not 

apply because he was not a director or corporate officer. Brown Jordan provided 

evidence that Carmicle was not a corporate officer, and that his title of president 

was an honorary one only. Carmicle’s status was that of a managerial employee 

and Carmicle only had a “belief” that he was a corporate officer. The district court 

did not err in granting Brown Jordan summary judgment on this issue. 

D. Termination for Cause 

Carmicle contends that in determining Carmicle was terminated for cause as 

defined by the Employment Agreement, the district court ignored the requirement 

that Carmicle be given notice of his alleged negligence or misconduct in writing, 

and be given an opportunity to cure any such misconduct. He also argues that the 

court erred in determining that each time Carmicle accessed the email of another 

employee, he committed a separate occurrence of gross negligence or willful 

misconduct. 

At stake in this issue is Carmicle’s entitlement to profits interest and 

severance pay. The Executive Employment Agreement he entered into with 

Brown Jordan defines “cause,” among other things, as:

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 23 of 25 
24

[T]he Executive’s gross negligence or willful misconduct in the 

performance of his duties as an employee of [Brown Jordan] that is 

not cured within seven (7) days following written notice by [Brown 

Jordan] to the Executive of such gross negligence or willful 

misconduct, or three (3) occurrences of the Executive’s gross 

negligence or willful misconduct in any twelve-month period . . . . 

The district court first concluded that the contract was governed by Florida 

law, as stated in the contract. “In interpreting a contract under Florida law, we 

give effect to the plain language of contracts when that language is clear and 

unambiguous.” Equity Lifestyle Props., Inc. v. Fla. Mowing & Landscape Serv., 

Inc. ̧ 556 F.3d 1232, 1242 (11th Cir. 2009) (quotations omitted). The district court

concluded this language unambiguously establishes two separate grounds for 

termination with cause: (1) a single occurrence of gross negligence or willful 

misconduct that is not cured within seven days following written notice thereof, or 

(2) three occurrences of gross negligence or willful misconduct in any twelvemonth period, written notice of which is not required.

The district court did not err. The district court’s interpretation of the 

employment agreement is reasonable. As the district court stated, “[i]t would be 

unreasonable to interpret this language as requiring written notice and an 

opportunity to cure both after a single instance of gross negligence or willful 

misconduct and after three occurrences of gross negligence or willful misconduct 

in any twelve-month period, inasmuch as such an interpretation would render the 

definition either redundant or absurdly under-inclusive.” Further, the district court 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 24 of 25 
25

was correct to consider each of Carmicle’s separate access of emails as a separate 

event. Carmicle was terminated for cause as defined in the Employment 

Agreement and by incorporation in the Profits Interest Agreements.

III. CONCLUSION

We affirm the district court. Carmicle’s CFAA arguments fail because

Brown Jordan suffered loss as defined in the CFAA. As a matter of first 

impression, we hold a “loss” does not have to stem from an “interruption of 

service” to be compensable. Carmicle’s SCA arguments also fail. He waived his 

unopened-versus-opened-email argument because he did not fairly present it to the 

district court. Additionally, Brown Jordan showed Carmicle exceeded his 

authorization in accessing the emails of other Brown Jordan employees. Lastly, 

the district court did not err in granting summary judgment on Carmicle’s wrongful 

discharge claim or in determining that Carmicle was terminated for cause as 

defined by the Employment Agreement.

AFFIRMED. 

Case: 16-11350 Date Filed: 01/25/2017 Page: 25 of 25