1 

Filed 8/7/14 P. v. Prather CA2/4 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION FOUR 

THE PEOPLE, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

 v. 

CHRISTOPHER TRAMAIN PRATHER, 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 B248669 

 (Los Angeles County 

 Super. Ct. No. MA056374) 

 ORDER MODIFYING OPINION 

 [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT] 

THE COURT:* 

 It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on August 1, 2014, be modified as 

follows: 

 On page 5, first full paragraph under heading C, “CACI No. 1191” is changed to 

“CALCRIM No. 1191” so the sentence reads: 

 With regard to defendant’s prior offenses, the judge instructed the jury 

pursuant to CALCRIM No. 1191 as follows: 

 There is no change in the judgment. 

________________________________________________________________________ 
2 

*WILLHITE, Acting P. J. MANELLA, J. EDMON, J.**

 **Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to 

article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution. 
1 

Filed 8/1/14 (unmodified version) 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION FOUR 

THE PEOPLE, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

 v. 

CHRISTOPHER TRAMAIN PRATHER, 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 B248669 

 (Los Angeles County 

 Super. Ct. No. MA056374) 

 APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, John A. 

Murphy, Judge. Affirmed as modified. 

 George W. Taylor, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant. 

 Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Steven D. Matthews and 

Analee J. Brodie, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
2 

 Defendant Christopher Tramain Prather appeals from a judgment of conviction 

entered on jury verdicts finding him guilty of first degree burglary and sexual battery. He 

claims: (1) his conviction of first degree burglary was not supported by substantial 

evidence; (2) the trial court erred by admitting evidence of prior juvenile sexual offenses; 

and (3) the trial court erred by imposing a concurrent sentence for sexual battery. We 

direct the trial court to correct the abstract of judgment by staying the sentence for sexual 

battery, and we otherwise affirm. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

 On June 18, 2012, defendant was charged by information with first degree 

burglary with a person present in violation of Penal Code section 459 (count 1), and 

sexual battery in violation of Penal Code section 243.4, subdivision (e)(1) (count 2).1

 An 

amended information, filed September 11, 2012, alleged a third count, assault to commit 

a felony during the commission of a first degree burglary, in violation of Penal Code 

section 220, subdivision (b).2

 

 The case was tried to a jury in January and February 2013. The evidence at trial 

was as follows. 

 1 Penal Code section 459 provides in relevant part: “Every person who enters any 

house, room, [or] apartment . . . with intent to commit grand or petit larceny or any felony 

is guilty of burglary. As used in this chapter, ‘inhabited’ means currently being used for 

dwelling purposes, whether occupied or not.” 

 Penal Code section 243.4, subdivision (e)(1) provides in relevant part: “Any 

person who touches an intimate part of another person, if the touching is against the will 

of the person touched, and is for the specific purpose of sexual arousal, sexual 

gratification, or sexual abuse, is guilty of misdemeanor sexual battery, punishable by a 

fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not 

exceeding six months, or by both that fine and imprisonment.” 

2 Penal Code section 220, subdivision (b) provides: “(b) Any person who, in the 

commission of a burglary of the first degree, as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 460, 

assaults another with intent to commit rape, sodomy, oral copulation, or any violation of 

Section 264.1, 288, or 289 shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for life 

with the possibility of parole.” 
3 

A. The Burglary and Sexual Battery 

 Laura T. (Laura) testified that in 2012, she lived in a two-bedroom apartment on 

Kirkland Avenue in Lancaster, California, with her mother, Deborah T. (Deborah), and 

her two young children. During the afternoon of February 10, 2012, she walked to a 

convenience store a few blocks from her apartment to get cigarettes for her mother. Two 

men, one of whom was the defendant, followed her. She did not know either man. At 

some point, defendant’s companion asked Laura whether she lived in the Sienna Heights 

apartments, and she said she did. As she walked back to her apartment, Laura realized 

that defendant was a couple of feet behind her. She arrived at her apartment and knocked 

on the door. Defendant asked if he could have a cigarette. Laura said, “They’re not 

mine,” and walked into her apartment. 

 At about 2:00 a.m. the morning of February 11, 2012, Laura was awakened by 

someone opening the door to the bedroom where she and her infant son were sleeping. 

Laura was wearing a pajama shirt and shorts. When she moved, the door shut and then 

opened again. She saw defendant standing halfway in the bedroom door. She was 

scared. Something inside her—“a force of anger and scaredness”—told her to get 

defendant out of her house. She screamed at defendant to get out and pushed him 

towards the front door. Defendant asked her for a cigarette, and she said either that she 

did not have any or that they were not hers. At the front door, Laura told defendant to get 

out and started to push him. As she did so, he grabbed or cupped her left breast. He 

touched her breast “maybe three” times before she finally was able to get him out of the 

apartment. 

 As defendant left the apartment, Deborah came out of her bedroom. Laura called 

building security, which dispatched a security guard. Laura told the security guard what 

had happened and he called 911. Deputy sheriffs arrived and took Laura’s and Deborah’s 

statements. 

 Deborah testified that she was first aware of the incident when she heard a knock 

on her bedroom wall. She walked out of her bedroom and saw Laura yelling at someone 
4 

to get out of the house. Laura looked shocked and scared. It took Laura several minutes 

to be able to tell Deborah what happened, but she finally was able to say that the man 

who had followed her home had been in the apartment. 

 Following the incident, Laura or Deborah noticed a pair of men’s sandals on the 

patio outside the apartment. Defendant’s DNA was found on the sandals. 

 On May 29, 2012, a deputy sheriff showed Laura a six-pack photographic lineup. 

Laura identified defendant as the man who entered her apartment. The deputy then 

arrested defendant, who was also a resident of the Sienna Heights Apartments. 

 Deputy sheriffs interviewed defendant on May 30, 2012.3

 Defendant initially said 

he did not leave his shoes on Laura’s patio or enter her apartment. He then said he 

entered her apartment through her open front door to ask her for a cigarette. When she 

said she did not have one, he left. Later in the interview, he admitted entering the 

apartment through the sliding glass door after removing his shoes. He said he had not 

been honest at the beginning of the interview because he was embarrassed. 

 Defendant initially denied entering Laura’s bedroom or touching her. Later, he 

said he “probably accidentally” touched her breast; he ultimately admitted putting his 

hand on her breast “[m]aybe twice” “[j]ust for a second.” Defendant said he recently had 

introduced himself to Laura and “thought she was a cool person” with “big titties.” He 

“kinda wanted her to like” him. He had “never seen her with a — with a male, or 

nothing.” He grabbed her breasts because “they was just there.” Defendant said he had 

smoked marijuana the night of the incident and was high when he entered Laura’s 

apartment. 

B. Defendant’s Prior Sexual Offenses 

 Luanna S., a clerk at the Antelope Valley High School in Lancaster, testified that 

defendant had been a student at the school. In November 2007, he entered her work area 

and asked for a pen. A few minutes later, she felt someone breathing on her neck. She 

 3 The jury heard the taped interview and was given a transcript of the interview, 

which is part of the clerk’s transcript on appeal. 
5 

turned around to see defendant trying to adjust his clothing, with his erect penis exposed. 

When she saw him, defendant quickly covered his crotch with his hands and pulled his 

shirt down. She reported the incident to law enforcement and defendant was arrested in 

November 2007 for indecent exposure. Defendant told law enforcement his pants were 

falling down because his belt was loose and he was trying to pull them up. 

 Erika M., a probation officer, testified that she worked at juvenile hall in Sylmar in 

2008. In October 2008, she was summoned to defendant’s room, where she saw him 

standing on his bed, exposing himself. 

C. Jury Instructions Regarding Defendant’s Prior Offenses 

 With regard to defendant’s prior offenses, the judge instructed the jury pursuant to 

CACI No. 1191 as follows: 

 “The People presented evidence that the defendant committed the crimes of P.C. 

314 (Indecent Exposure), that were not charged in this case. . . . [¶] You may consider 

this evidence only if the People have proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the 

defendant in fact committed the uncharged offenses. Proof by a preponderance of the 

evidence is a different burden of proof from proof beyond a reasonable doubt. A fact is 

proved by a preponderance of the evidence if you conclude that it is more likely than not 

that the fact is true. 

 “If the People have not met this burden of proof, you must disregard this evidence 

entirely. 

 “If you decide that the defendant committed the uncharged offenses, you may, but 

are not required to, conclude from that evidence that the defendant was disposed or 

inclined to commit sexual offenses, and based on that decision, also conclude that the 

defendant was likely to commit and did commit sexual battery as charged in count 2, and 

assault to commit a felony during the commission of first degree burglary as charged in 

count 3. If you conclude that the defendant committed the uncharged offenses, that 

conclusion is only one factor to consider along with all the other evidence. It is not 

sufficient by itself to prove that the defendant is guilty of sexual battery as charged in 
6 

count 2 and assault to commit a felony during the commission of first degree burglary as 

charged in count 3. The People must still prove each charge beyond a reasonable doubt. 

 “Do not consider this evidence for any other purpose except for the limited 

purpose of determining if the defendant was disposed or inclined to commit sexual 

offenses, and based on that decision, also conclude that the defendant was likely to 

commit and did commit counts 2 and 3.” 

D. Verdict and Sentence 

 On February 4, 2013, the jury found defendant guilty of counts 1 and 2. The jury 

was unable to reach a verdict as to count 3. On May 10, 2013, the court sentenced 

defendant as follows: (1) as to count 1, a base term of six years; (2) as to count 2, six 

months in county jail, to be served concurrently with count 1. The court also imposed a 

variety of fines and dismissed count 3 of the amended information. 

 Defendant timely appealed. 

DISCUSSION 

I. Defendant’s Burglary Conviction Was Supported by Substantial Evidence 

 Defendant contends that his burglary conviction must be reversed because there 

was no substantial evidence that he entered Laura’s residence with the specific intent to 

commit rape or another felony as the burglary statute requires. The crime of burglary 

consists of an unlawful entry “accompanied by the ‘intent to commit grand or petit 

larceny or any felony.’” (People v. Montoya (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1027, 1041, quoting Pen. 

Code, § 459.) A defendant commits first degree burglary if the dwelling is inhabited. 

(Id., § 460.) “One may b[e] liable for burglary upon entry with the requisite intent to 

commit a felony or a theft (whether felony or misdemeanor), regardless of whether the 

felony or theft committed is different from that contemplated at the time of entry, or 

whether any felony or theft actually is committed.” (Montoya, supra, at pp. 1041-1042.) 
7 

 A defendant’s intent to commit a felony at the time of entry is a necessary element 

of burglary. (In re Leanna W. (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 735, 741, citing People v. Holt

(1997) 15 Cal.4th 619, 699 (Holt).) However, “‘“[w]hile the existence of the specific 

intent charged at the time of entering a building is necessary to constitute burglary in 

order to sustain a conviction, this element is rarely susceptible of direct proof and must 

usually be inferred from all of the facts and circumstances disclosed by the evidence.” 

[Citation.]’” (Holt, supra, at p. 669.) Whether the entry was accompanied by the 

requisite intent is a question of fact for the jury. (People v. Kwok (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 

1236, 1245.) 

 On appeal, we must affirm the conviction if “‘after viewing the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the 

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’ [Citations.] In making this 

assessment the court looks to the whole record, not just the evidence favorable to the 

respondent to determine if the evidence supporting the verdict is substantial in light of 

other facts. [Citations.]” (Holt, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 667.) 

 Defendant contends that the evidence, including that of his conduct during and 

after his entry, does not support a reasonable inference that he intended to commit a 

felony when he entered Laura’s apartment. He notes that the only felony defined for the 

jury was rape, defined as sexual intercourse by force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of 

immediate and unlawful bodily injury, and he urges that nothing he did upon entering the 

residence could be considered an act of force, violence, duress, or menace, or could 

create a fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury. 

 We do not agree. The evidence was that just hours after speaking briefly to a 

young woman whom defendant did not know, he entered her home, without her consent, 

in the middle of the night. Defendant did not knock on the front door or otherwise signal 

to the inhabitants that he wished to enter; instead, he removed his shoes (from which the 

jury could infer that defendant wished to move through the apartment without being 

heard) and entered the apartment through a side door. He then walked to Laura’s 

bedroom, where Laura was asleep and vulnerable, and opened the door. He exited the 
8 

apartment only after Laura screamed and pushed him towards the front door, grabbing 

Laura’s breasts several times as he did so. After his arrest, he admitted to police that he 

thought Laura was “a cool person” with “big titties” and that he had never seen her with a 

male companion. 

 From defendant’s stealthy entry in the middle of the night into the apartment of a 

woman with whom he was not acquainted, the jury could readily infer that defendant’s 

intent was illicit or illegal. Further, from defendant’s admission that he thought Laura 

had attractive breasts, his silent entry into her bedroom as she slept, and his repeated 

grabbing of her breasts as she pushed him from the apartment, the jury could reasonably 

have concluded that defendant entered the residence to commit rape or another felony 

sexual offense. 

 The present case is analogous to People v. Moody (1976) 59 Cal.App.3d 357 

(Moody), an appeal from a first degree burglary conviction. There, a 15-year-old girl was 

babysitting four children in their home. The babysitter and children fell asleep while 

watching television; at about 3:00 a.m., the babysitter awakened and sent the children up 

to their bedrooms. After the children had gone to their bedrooms, the babysitter heard a 

sound, turned, and saw defendant standing in the hall with his arms outstretched. The 

babysitter gasped or screamed, and defendant turned and fled. (Id. at p. 360.) 

 On appeal, defendant contended that the prosecution had failed to prove each 

element of first degree burglary. The court disagreed and affirmed: “Appellant entered 

the structure, to wit, a dwelling house, at night after all the doors had been locked and 

when discovered he had his arms outstretched toward the intended victim, a 15-year-old 

girl who was dressed only in a nightgown. When discovered he ran. Thereupon when 

confronted by a police officer appellant once again took flight. From the above facts, the 

jury could have concluded and there was substantial evidence to support a finding that 

appellant had either entered the house with an intent to commit theft or to commit rape.” 

(Moody, supra, 59 Cal.App.3d at p. 363.) 

People v. Padilla (1962) 210 Cal.App.2d 541 (Padilla) is also analogous. In that 

case, the victim awoke to find defendant sitting on her bed. She asked, “‘Who is it?’” 
9 

and defendant answered, “‘It’s me.’” (Id. at p. 542.) As she struggled to get free and 

began screaming, defendant ran from the house. (Ibid.) Defendant was convicted of 

burglary. On appeal, he contended there was no evidence that would warrant an 

inference of intent to rape. The Court of Appeal affirmed the conviction: “There can be 

no doubt that appellant entered the house of [the victim] in the nighttime and without 

consent. The evidence is clearly sufficient to warrant the conclusion that appellant 

entered the house for the purposes of raping [the victim].” (Id. at p. 544.) 

 As in both Moody and Padilla, defendant entered a stranger’s home in the middle 

of the night and approached a young woman dressed in night clothes, exiting only when 

she began to scream and struggle. As in those cases, therefore, the jury reasonably could 

infer an intent to rape. 

II. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Admitting Evidence of 

 Defendant’s Juvenile Sex Offenses

 Defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his prior 

juvenile sex offenses because they were not relevant to the present case. He concedes 

that evidence of prior sexual offenses may be admitted to show a propensity to commit 

sexual offenses in some cases, but he urges that propensity evidence should be admitted 

only if the prior and charged offenses are sufficiently similar. In the present case, he 

urges, indecent exposure and attempted rape share no elements, and “it cannot be said, 

without expert opinion, that the defendant’s commission of indecent exposure rationally 

supported an inference that he had a propensity or predisposition to commit rape.” For 

the reasons that follow, we do not agree. 

A. Statutory Framework

 Evidence Code section 11014

 prohibits the admission of character evidence, 

including evidence of specific instances of conduct, to prove a defendant’s conduct on 

another occasion. (§ 1101, subd. (a); People v. Falsetta (1999) 21 Cal.4th 903, 913 

 4 All subsequent undesignated statutory references are to the Evidence Code. 
10 

(Falsetta).) An exception to the rule exists when evidence of an uncharged offense is 

relevant to prove a fact, such as motive, intent, common plan, identity, or absence of 

mistake or accident, other than disposition to commit the charged conduct. (§ 1101, 

subd. (b).) 

 Section 1108, subdivision (a) provides an additional and broader exception to the 

general rule by allowing propensity evidence in sex offense cases. (Falsetta, supra, 21 

Cal.4th at p. 907.) Section 1108, subdivision (a) states: “In a criminal action in which 

the defendant is accused of a sexual offense, evidence of the defendant’s commission of 

another sexual offense or offenses is not made inadmissible by Section 1101, if the 

evidence is not inadmissible pursuant to Section 352.” 

 Section 352 provides: “The court in its discretion may exclude evidence if its 

probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will 

(a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue 

prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.” 

 The trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of prior bad acts evidence is reviewed 

for abuse of discretion. (People v. Carter (2005) 36 Cal.4th 1114, 1149.) Thus, it “‘must 

not be disturbed on appeal except on a showing that the court exercised its discretion in 

an arbitrary, capricious or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage 

of justice.’” (People v. Rodrigues (1994) 8 Cal.4th 1060, 1124.) 

B. Defendant’s Juvenile Priors Were Probative of His Intent in This Case 

 Defendant contends that for evidence of another crime to be admissible under 

section 1108, it must have some tendency in reason to show that the defendant is 

predisposed to engage in conduct of the type charged. He urges there exist no similarities 

between indecent exposure and attempted rape, and thus that his commission of indecent 

exposure was irrelevant to his propensity to commit rape. For the reasons that follow, we 

disagree. 
11 

1. Section 1108 Expresses a Legislative Judgment That an Individual 

Who Has Committed an Enumerated Sex Offense Has a Propensity 

to Commit Other Sex Offenses 

 Although we agree with defendant that indecent exposure and rape are distinct 

crimes, we disagree that defendant’s commission of indecent exposure was irrelevant to 

his propensity to commit rape. To the contrary, we believe that section 1108 expresses a 

legislative judgment that any enumerated sexual offense is relevant to a defendant’s 

propensity to commit another enumerated sexual offense, regardless of the degree of 

similarity between the two offenses. 

 In interpreting section 1108, we begin with the statute’s plain language. As we 

have said, section 1108, subdivision (a) permits, in a criminal action in which the 

defendant is accused of “a sexual offense,” introduction of evidence of “the defendant’s 

commission of another sexual offense or offenses” if the evidence is not inadmissible 

pursuant to section 352. (Italics added.) Subdivision (d) defines “sexual offense” as a 

crime that involved “[a]ny conduct proscribed by [Penal Code] Section 243.4 [sexual 

battery], 261 [rape], 261.5 [unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor], 262 [rape of a 

spouse], 264.1 [rape in concert with another], 266c [unlawful sexual intercourse, sexual 

penetration, oral copulation, or sodomy], 269 [aggravated sexual assault of a child], 286 

[sodomy], 288 [lewd acts on a child under 14 years], 288a [oral copulation], 288.2 

[distributing matter depicting minors engaging in sexual activity], 288.5 [continuous 

sexual abuse of a child], or 289 [forcible sexual penetration], or subdivision (b), (c), or 

(d) of Section 311.2 [distributing obscene matter] or Section 311.3 [sexual exploitation of 

a child], 311.4 [employing a minor to distribute obscene matter], 311.10 [advertising 

obscene matter depicting a minor], 311.11 [possessing matter depicting minor engaging 

in sexual conduct], 314 [indecent exposure], or 647.6 [annoying or molesting a minor],” 

or “[a]ny conduct proscribed by Section 220 of the Penal Code [assault with intent to 

commit rape, sodomy, or oral copulation],” or “[c]ontact, without consent, between any 

part of the defendant’s body or an object and the genitals or anus of another person,” or 

“[c]ontact, without consent, between the genitals or anus of the defendant and any part of 
12 

another person’s body,” or “[d]eriving sexual pleasure or gratification from the infliction 

of death, bodily injury, or physical pain on another person,” or “[a]n attempt or 

conspiracy to engage in conduct described in this paragraph.” (Italics added.) 

 By its plain language, therefore, the statute renders admissible in the trial of a 

sexual offense evidence of a defendant’s commission of “another sexual offense”—i.e., a 

crime involving “any of” the enumerated crimes. (Italics added.) It would have been a 

simple matter for the Legislature to limit the evidence admissible under section 1108 to 

“another similar sexual offense or offenses” had it so intended. Because section 1108 

does not contain any such limiting language, we presume that the Legislature did not 

intend such a limitation. (E.g., Soto v. State of California (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 196, 

202 [rejecting plaintiff’s contention that the immunity provided by Government Code 

section 8655 applied only in an emergency: “If the Legislature had intended to so limit 

the scope of the section, we presume it would have said so.”].) 

 The legislative history supports our conclusion. According to section 1108’s 

author, “‘At the hearing before the Judiciary Committee, there was discussion whether 

more exacting requirements of similarity between the charged offense and the 

defendant’s other offenses should be imposed. The decision was against making such a 

change, because doing so would tend to reintroduce the excessive requirements of 

specific similarity under prior law which [Assembly Bill No.] 882 is designed to 

overcome, . . . and could often prevent the admission and consideration of evidence of 

other sexual offenses in circumstances where it is rationally probative. Many sex 

offenders are not “specialists,” and commit a variety of offenses which differ in specific 

character.’” (Historical and Statutory Notes, 29B pt. 3B West’s Ann. Evid. Code 

(2009 ed.) foll. § 1108, p. 352, italics added.) 

 In Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th 903, a constitutional challenge to section 1108, the 

California Supreme Court concluded that admitting evidence of a defendant’s prior 

sexual offenses does not offend due process because, among other things, such offenses 

are highly relevant to defendant’s propensity to commit other sexual offenses. The court 

noted that in enacting section 1108, the Legislature had expanded the admissibility of 
13 

disposition or propensity evidence in sex offense cases “to assure that the trier of fact 

would be made aware of the defendant’s other sex offenses in evaluating the victim’s and 

the defendant’s credibility.” (Id. at p. 911.) Such expansion was appropriate because of 

the relevance of prior offense evidence: “Although defendant disputes the point, the case 

law clearly shows that evidence that he committed other sex offenses is at least 

circumstantially relevant to the issue of his disposition or propensity to commit these 

offenses. As noted in [People v.] Alcala [(1984) 36 Cal.3d 604], ‘Such evidence “is 

[deemed] objectionable, not because it has no appreciable probative value, but because it 

has too much.”’” (Falsetta, supra, at p. 915.) 

 In People v. Loy (2011) 52 Cal.4th 46 (Loy), the California Supreme Court 

expanded its holding in Falsetta to permit the introduction of evidence of prior sexual 

offenses under section 1108 even where defendant contended that the prior and charged 

crimes were not similar and, therefore, the commission of the first was not probative of 

defendant’s propensity to commit the second. In Loy, defendant was convicted of the 

1996 murder (while engaged in a lewd and lascivious act) of his 12-year-old niece. At 

trial, the prosecution presented evidence that in 1975 and again in 1981, defendant had 

been convicted of rape, oral copulation, and sodomy of two women, ages 16 and 32. (Id. 

at pp. 54-55.) Defendant contended the trial court erred in admitting this evidence 

because the prior crimes—raping two women to whom he was not related—were not 

similar to the charged crime, murdering his 12-year-old niece. 

 The court disagreed, explaining that even if the crimes were not similar, that fact 

“is not dispositive. Before section 1108 was enacted, Evidence Code section 1101 

governed the admission of prior criminal conduct, and a body of law developed 

concerning how similar the prior conduct had to be to the charged crime; the required 

degree of similarity varied depending on the use for which the evidence was offered. 

[Citation.] ‘All of that radically changed with respect to sex crime prosecutions with the 

advent of section 1108. . . . [S]ection 1108 now “permit[s] the jury in sex offense . . . 

cases to consider evidence of prior offenses for any relevant purpose” [citation], italics 

added), subject only to the prejudicial effect versus probative value weighing process 
14 

required by [Evidence Code] section 352.’ [Citation.] ‘In enacting Evidence Code 

section 1108, the Legislature decided evidence of uncharged sexual offenses is so 

uniquely probative in sex crimes prosecutions it is presumed admissible without regard to 

the limitations of Evidence Code section 1101.’ [Citation.] Or, as another court put it, 

‘[t]he charged and uncharged crimes need not be sufficiently similar that evidence of the 

latter would be admissible under Evidence Code section 1101, otherwise Evidence Code 

section 1108 would serve no purpose. It is enough the charged and uncharged offenses 

are sex offenses as defined in section 1108.’ (People v. Frazier (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 

30, 40-41.)” (Loy, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 63, italics added.) Thus, although defendant’s 

previous sexual offenses may not have been sufficiently similar to be admissible under 

section 1101, they nonetheless were admissible under section 1108. (Ibid.; see also 

People v. Story (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1282, 1293 [prior sexual offense evidence is 

“particularly probative” in sex cases].) 

 Under the authorities discussed above, section 1108 plainly applies in the present 

case. Defendant’s prior acts of indecent exposure (Pen. Code, § 314) and the charged 

acts of sexual battery and assault with intent to commit sexual battery (id., §§ 243.4, 

subd. (e)(1), and 220, subd. (b)) are within the express language of the statute. They thus 

were presumptively probative. Moreover, the prior and charged crimes had important 

similarities, in that both the priors and the offense charged here involved defendant 

obtaining sexual gratification by forcing himself sexually on women without their 

consent. Thus, although the specific manner in which defendant forced himself on his 

victims differed, in all three cases he apparently derived some sexual satisfaction from his 

victims’ unwilling participation. The trial court did not err in finding defendant’s prior 

sexual offenses relevant and probative. 

 2. People v. Earle Does Not Compel a Different Result 

In urging that his juvenile priors were not relevant, defendant relies heavily on 

People v. Earle (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 372 (Earle). There, the defendant was charged 

with two separate crimes—indecent exposure and assault to commit rape. Defendant 
15 

moved for separate trials, arguing that a joint trial would be prejudicial. The trial court 

denied the motion, and the defendant appealed. (Id. at pp. 384-385.) 

 On appeal, the court noted that a joint trial could not have prejudiced the 

defendant if evidence of the indecent exposure would have been admissible at the assault 

trial. (Earle, supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at pp. 387-388.) It concluded that such evidence 

would not have been admissible, finding that in the absence of expert testimony, a jury 

could not rationally conclude that the commission of indecent exposure rationally 

supports an inference that a perpetrator has a propensity or predisposition to commit rape. 

(Id. at p. 398.) The court said: “[A] propensity to commit one kind of sex act cannot be 

supposed, without further evidentiary foundation, to demonstrate a propensity to commit 

a different act. The psychological manuals are full of paraphilias, from clothing fetishes 

to self-mutilation, some of which are criminal, some of which are not. No layperson can 

do more than guess at the extent, if any, to which a person predisposed to one kind of 

deviant sexual conduct may be predisposed to another kind of deviant sexual conduct, 

criminal or otherwise. Is one who commits an act of necrophilia (Health & Saf. Code, 

§ 7052) more likely than a randomly selected person to commit an act of rape? Child 

molestation? Indecent exposure? Is a pedophile more likely than a rapist or a member of 

the public to commit necrophilia? Without some evidence on the subject, a jury cannot 

answer these questions.” (Earle, supra, at p. 399.) 

 To the extent Earle suggests or concludes categorically that indecent exposure is 

irrelevant without expert testimony to prove a different sexual offense, we disagree. The 

California Legislature, in enacting section 1108, made a legislative judgment that sexual 

offenses of particular classes are suggestive of a defendant’s propensity to commit other 

sexual offenses of those classes. It therefore permits the introduction of prior sexual 

offenses without requiring expert testimony as a prerequisite.5

 It is not our province to 

usurp the Legislature’s judgment in this regard. (See, e.g., People v. Wheeler (1992) 4 

 5 Indeed, at least one court has held that although the prosecution may introduce 

evidence of a defendant’s prior sexual offenses under section 1108, it may not offer 

expert testimony about a defendant’s disposition to engage in unlawful sexual conduct. 

(People v. McFarland (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 489, 493-497.) 
16 

Cal.4th 284, 300, modified by statute on other grounds as stated in People v. Duran

(2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 1448, 1459-1460 [declining to find misdemeanor convictions 

admissible for impeachment purposes where statute permitted admission of only felony 

convictions: “[T]he Legislature itself carefully weighed the distinction between felony 

and misdemeanor convictions when it decided to create a hearsay exception for felony 

convictions only. . . . We decline the People’s invitation to usurp the Legislature’s 

considered judgment.”].) 

 Further, requiring a battle of the experts to establish the relevance of different 

sexual offenses to one another in every case would abrogate the statute’s underlying 

policy to make prior sexual offenses more easily admissible in subsequent sexual offense 

prosecutions. Section 1108 “was intended in sex offense cases to relax the evidentiary 

restraints section 1101, subdivision (a), imposed, to assure that the trier of fact would be 

made aware of the defendant’s other sex offenses in evaluating the victim’s and the 

defendant’s credibility.” (Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 911, italics added.) The 

“Legislature’s principal justification for adopting section 1108 was a practical one: By 

their very nature, sex crimes are usually committed in seclusion without third party 

witnesses or substantial corroborating evidence. The ensuing trial often presents 

conflicting versions of the event and requires the trier of fact to make difficult credibility 

determinations. Section 1108 provides the trier of fact in a sex offense case the 

opportunity to learn of the defendant’s possible disposition to commit sex crimes.” (Id. at 

p. 915.) 

C. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Concluding That the 

Probative Value of Defendant’s Prior Sexual Offenses Was Not 

Outweighed by Their Prejudicial Effect

 Of course, merely because prior sexual offenses are relevant does not mean they 

are admissible: Under section 1108, the trial court “may no longer deem ‘propensity’ 

evidence unduly prejudicial per se, but must engage in a careful weighing process under 

section 352.” (Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at pp. 916-917.) “In exercising this discretion 
17 

as to a sexual offense, ‘trial judges must consider such factors as its nature, relevance, 

and possible remoteness, the degree of certainty of its commission and the likelihood of 

confusing, misleading, or distracting the jurors from their main inquiry, its similarity to 

the charged offense, its likely prejudicial impact on the jurors, the burden on the 

defendant in defending against the uncharged offense, and the availability of less 

prejudicial alternatives to its outright admission, such as admitting some but not all of the 

defendant’s other sex offenses, or excluding irrelevant though inflammatory details 

surrounding the offense.’ (People v. Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 917.) The court’s 

ruling under section 1108 is subject to review for abuse of discretion.” (Loy, supra, 52 

Cal.4th at p. 61.) 

 Our Supreme Court has recognized that evidence of previous criminal history 

inevitably has some prejudicial effect. Under section 1108, however, “this circumstance 

alone is no reason to exclude it. ‘[S]ection 1108 affects the practical operation of 

[Evidence Code] section 352 balancing “‘because admission and consideration of 

evidence of other sexual offenses to show character or disposition would be no longer 

treated as intrinsically prejudicial or impermissible. Hence, evidence offered under 

[section] 1108 could not be excluded on the basis of [section] 352 unless “the probability 

that its admission will . . . create substantial danger of undue prejudice”. . . substantially 

outweighed its probative value concerning the defendant’s disposition to commit the 

sexual offense or offenses with which he is charged and other matters relevant to the 

determination of the charge. As with other forms of relevant evidence that are not subject 

to any exclusionary principle, the presumption will be in favor of admission.’” 

(Historical Note, 29B pt. 3, West’s Ann. Evid. Code [(1998 pocket supp.)] foll. § 1108, 

p. 31.)’ (People v. Soto (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 966, 984, italics added.)” (Loy, supra, 52 

Cal.4th at p. 62.) 

 In the present case, a key issue for the jury was defendant’s specific intent—i.e., 

whether defendant intended to commit a felony when he entered Laura’s apartment. (In 

re Leanna W. (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 735, 741, citing Holt, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 699.) 

As we have said, defendant’s juvenile priors were circumstantial evidence of his 
18 

disposition or propensity to commit sexual offenses. (Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at 

p. 920.) As such, they were probative of his intent in this case. 

 Defendant contends that even if his juvenile priors were probative, their probative 

value was substantially outweighed by their prejudicial effect because they likely 

“inflame[d] the jury” and “bolster[ed] a very weak case” against him. We do not agree. 

As an initial matter, the facts of the prior offenses were not particularly inflammatory. 

Both priors involved defendant exposing himself, during the day, while in a public place, 

and without touching his victims. While these events were no doubt unpleasant for the 

women who experienced them, they presumably were less frightening than defendant’s 

conduct in the present case, where he entered a woman’s bedroom in the middle of the 

night, where she was alone with her very young child, and then repeatedly fondled her 

breasts. 

 Further, the priors did not introduce a sexual motive where one was not otherwise 

obvious to the jury. Under the facts of the case—a stealthy, middle-of-the-night entry 

into the bedroom of a sleeping young woman—the jury reasonably would have inferred 

that defendant intended to rape the victim. Indeed, rather than prejudicing defendant, the 

priors actually could have bolstered his defense by suggesting an alternative, 

nonfelonious6

 reason why defendant was in Laura’s bedroom: to expose himself to her, 

not to rape her. 

III. The Sentence for Count 2 Should Be Stayed Pursuant to Penal Code 

Section 654

 Defendant contends, and the Attorney General concedes, that his sentence on 

count 2 (sexual battery) should have been stayed under Penal Code section 654. We 

agree. “Section 654 . . . bars multiple punishment when a defendant is convicted of two 

or more offenses that are incident to one objective. (Neal v. State of California (1960) 55 

 6 Penal Code section 314, subdivision (1) “treats as a misdemeanor an act of 

‘willfully and lewdly’ exposing the ‘person, or the private parts thereof, in any public 

place, or in any place where there are present other persons to be offended or annoyed 

thereby.’” (People v. Eckard (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1241, 1244-1245.) 
19 

Cal.2d 11; People v. Latimer (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1203 [reaffirming Neal].) ‘Whether a 

course of criminal conduct is divisible and therefore gives rise to more than one act 

within the meaning of section 654 depends on the intent and objective of the actor. If all 

of the offenses were incident to one objective, the defendant may be punished for any one 

of such offenses but not for more than one.’ (Neal, supra, 55 Cal.2d at p. 19, italics 

added.)” (People v. Casica (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 320, 323.) Because defendant’s 

“intent and objective” in committing both the burglary and the sexual battery appear to 

have been the same—committing a sexual assault—the sexual battery should not have 

been separately punished. Defendant’s sentence for sexual battery therefore should be 

stayed. 

DISPOSITION 

 The trial court is directed to correct the abstract of judgment by ordering the 

sentence as to count 2 stayed pursuant to Penal Code section 654, and the clerk is 

directed to forward the amended abstract of judgment to the Department of Corrections 

and Rehabilitation. As modified, the judgment is affirmed. 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS 

 EDMON, J.*

We concur: 

 WILLHITE, Acting P. J. 

 

*Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to 

article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution. 
20 

 MANELLA, J.