[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 19

- 14785 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________

Agency No. A078

- 408

- 144

MARIE FRANCINE ELOI, Petitioner,

versus U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, Respondent.

________________________ Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals

________________________ ( July 21, 2021 ) Before BRANCH , LAG OA, and BRASHER , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 1 of 132 Marie Eloi petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeal s ’ (“BIA”) order denying her motion to rescind her removal order entered in absentia and to reopen her removal proceedings to apply for cancellation of removal. Eloi contends that her motion to reopen should not have been deemed time

- or number

barred because it was based on the lack of proper notice of her removal proceedings under Pereira v. Sessions , 138 S. Ct. 2105 (201 8). 1 Alternatively, Eloi argues that she was entitled to equitable tolling because she diligently pursued her immigration matters and Pereira constituted a fundamental change in the law

. After careful review, we deny her petition.
I. Background Eloi, a native and citizen of Haiti, was apprehended at Miami International Airport when she attempted to enter the United States in September 2000 with a French passport under someone else’s name that she had purchased from another individual

. She informed the immigration agent that interviewed her at the airport that she left Haiti because she was being persecuted and that she feared she would “be killed” i f she were ret urned to Haiti

. On September 29, 2000, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”) served Eloi with a notice to appear (“NTA”)

1 In Pereira , the Supreme Court held that a notice to appear that does not specify the time and place of the initial removal proceeding does not qualify as a “notice to appear under section 1229(a)” and therefore does not trigger the stop

- time rule for purposes of cancellation of removal. 138 S. Ct. at 2110, 211 5

.

USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 2 of 133 charging her with being removable, under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i), as an alien who by fraud or willful misrepresentati on sought to procure admission into the United States, and under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i )(I), as an immigrant who at the time of application for admission was not in possession of a valid entry document or valid unexpired passport or identity and nationality document. The
NTA stated that Eloi should appear before an immigration judge (“IJ”) at a particular location with the time and date to be determined. That same day, the Executive Office of Immigration Review (“EOIR”) served Eloi with a separate notice of hearing that stated that her hearing was scheduled for October 19, 2000, at 1 p.m. Thereafter, o n October 5, 2000, the immigration court mailed Eloi another notice of hearing, indicating that her master hearing was scheduled on December 29, 2000. And o n December 29, 2000, the immigration court sent her another notice of hearing indicati ng that her hearing was scheduled for February 9, 2001

. The notice stated that , if she failed to appear at the hearing for other than “exceptional circumstances beyond [her] control” she would be deemed ineligible for various forms of relief for a period of ten years from the date of the entry of a final order of removal

. Eloi failed to appear at the February 9, 2001 hearing , and the IJ conducted the removal hearing in absentia . The IJ found her removable as charged based on

USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 3 of 134 documentary evidence submitted by the INS , which established the truth of the factual allegations

. 2 The IJ concluded that by failing to appear for the hearing, Eloi abandoned any pending applications for relief from removal and any such applications were denied for lack of prosecution. In October 2001, Eloi filed a pro se motion to vacate her in absentia removal order and to reopen her removal proceedings. She asserted that she did not attend the hearing because she had retained a person who held himself out as a lawyer t o represent her, and he had told her that her hearing was rescheduled for August 2001. She stated that when she contacted this attorney about the in absentia removal order she received, he claimed that he had filed an appeal on her behalf, which she later learned was untrue. The IJ denied the motion, concluding that Eloi did not demonstrate “ exceptional circumstances ” for her failure to appear, failed to comply with Matter of Lozada , 19 I. & N. Dec. 637 (BIA 1988), and failed to submit any completed appli cation of relief. There is nothing in the record to indicate that Eloi appealed from this order. In October 2017, Eloi filed a counseled motion to reopen her removal proceedings based on exceptional circumstances, asserting that her proceedings should b e reopened because she was prima facie eligible to apply for temporary

2 An alien who fails to appear for her hearing “shall be ordered removed in absentia” upon proof that adequate written notice of the hearing was provided and that the alien is removable. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(A).

USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 4 of 135 protected status (“TPS”)

. Eloi contended that, al though her motion to reopen was time

- and number

- barred, the IJ should reopen her proceedings under his sua sponte authority because exceptional circumstances existed

— namely, the availability of TPS relief that did not exist at the time of her removal proceedings , the birth of her U.S. citizen son in 2008, and her 15

- year residence in the United
States as an upstandin g member of society

. The IJ denied Eloi’s motion to reopen, noting that Eloi failed to provide any argument for her failure to appear at the 2001 removal hearing, and she conceded that her motion was time

- and number

- barred. The IJ found that she failed to demonstrate exceptional circumstances for sua sponte reopening her case because, after her initial motion to reopen was denied, Eloi failed to take any action and remai ned in the United States illegally . Additionally, she applied previously for TPS in 2010, but when United States Customs and Immigration Service requested
an I

- 601 waiver, she failed to comply, failed to explain why, and continued to live in the United St ates illegally. Thus, the IJ found that “[t]he circumstances surrounding [Eloi’s] situation were not beyond her control and [were] entirely of her making.” Accordingly, the IJ declined to exercise her sua sponte authority to reopen Eloi’s case. Eloi ’s a ppeal to the BIA was unsuccessful

. Eloi filed a petition for review with this Court, but later moved successfully to dismiss her appeal voluntarily

.

USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 5 of 136 In February 2019, Eloi filed a counseled motion to rescind her 2001 in absentia removal order and reopen her removal proceedings with the BIA. Eloi argued that the 2001 removal order should be rescinded and her case reopened because her NTA did not specify the time or place of the hearing, and it therefore did not constitute proper notice under the Supreme Court’s then

- recent decision in
Pereira

. Further, because the NTA was defective the IJ lacked jurisdiction over her removal proceedings. She acknowledged that, post

- Pereira , the BIA issued its decision in Matter of Bermudez

- Cota , 27 I. & N. Dec. 441 (BIA 2018)

— holding that the statutory notice requirements are satisfied so long as the alien receives a subsequent notice of hearing specifying the time and place of the removal hearing

— but she argued that it did not apply to her case , as she sought to reopen her case to apply for cancellation of removal, not to terminate her proceedings. She further argued that her motion was not time

- or number

- barred because a motion to reopen based on a lack of notice may be filed at any time an d it was based on the new ruling in Pereira

. S he asserted that, if her proceedings were reopened, she would now be prima facie eligible to apply for cancellation of removal as the “stop

- time” rule for purposes of her continuous presence in the United Stat es for cancellation of removal was never triggered in light of the defective notice.

USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 6 of 137 Finally, she requested that the BIA exercise its sua sponte authority to reopen her case “or alternatively . . . that the [BIA] equitably toll the filing deadline for he r motion” based on “a fundamental change in the law” as a result of
Pereira . However, although she requested equitable tolling, her arguments focused exclusively on the BIA’s sua sponte authority to reopen her case. 3
The BIA denied Eloi’s motion

. The BIA found that her motion was both time

- and number

- barred. Furthermore, the BIA concluded that, even if it were not time

- and number

- barred, it would deny the motion because Eloi admitted that she received a notice of hearing with the relevant inform ation but she did not appear for the 2001 removal hearing, c iting its decision in Matter of Pena

- Mejia , 27 I. & N. Dec. 546 (BIA 2019) , which held that an in absentia removal order may be entered if written notice of the time and place of the hearing was g iven in a n NTA or in a subsequent notice of hearing

. As to her request to reopen proceedings so that she could apply for cancellation of removal, the BIA explained that it was “not persuaded that equitable tolling [was] warranted with this latest untimely and number barred motion.” Similarly, the BIA did not find that “exceptional circumstances” existed that would warrant exercise of its sua sponte authority to
reopen because eligibility or potential eligibility for cancellation of removal after a

3 In support of her motion, Eloi attached an application for cancellation of removal along with various supporting documents.

USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 7 of 138 removal order was entered was not uncommon and did not in and of itself present an exceptional circumstance

. 4 Eloi then filed her petition for review with this
Court.
II. Discussion Eloi argues that her motion should not have been deemed time

- or number

barred because it was based on the lack of proper notice of her removal proceedings under Pereira

. Alternatively, Eloi contends that the BIA abused its discretion in denying her motion as she was entitled to equitable tolling because she diligently pursued her immigration matters over the years, and Pereira fundamentally changed the law concerning proper notice. 5
“We review the BIA ’ s denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion. Our review is limited to determining whether there has been an exercise of

4 The BIA also noted that Eloi was not statutorily eligible for cancellation of removal , motions to reopen were generally disfavored, and Eloi had filed several motions to reopen, the latest of which was more than 18 years after she was ordered removed, which was “ not the purpose of a motion to reopen.”

5 Eloi also argues that, because her NTA was defective, the IJ lacked jurisdiction over her removal proce edings. This argument, however, is squarely foreclosed by our decision in Perez

Sanchez v. United States Attorney General , 935 F.3d 1148, 1154

– 56 (11th Cir. 2019). Relatedly, she argues that, in order to comport with an alien’s right to adequate notice a nd due process, an NTA must be a single document that includes all of the relevant information concerning the date, time, and place of the initial removal hearing. We dismiss this part of her petition for lack of jurisdiction because she failed to exhaust this claim before the BIA. Id. at 1157 (dismissing claim that alien’s NTA violated the agency’s claim

- processing rules because the alien failed to exhaust the claim before the agency). Similarly, to the extent that Eloi argues that the agency failed to comply with 8 C.F.R. § 1003.18(b) when issuing her NTA, we lack jurisdiction to review this claim because she failed to exhaust it before the BIA. Id.

USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 8 of 139 administrative discretion and whether the matter of exercise has been arbitrary or capricious.” Flores

- Panameno v. U.S. Att’ y Gen. , 913 F.3d 1036, 1040 (11th Cir. 2019) (quotation omitted); Jiang v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 568 F.3d 1252, 1256 (11th Cir. 2009) (same)

. “ The moving party bears a heavy burden, as motions to reopen are disfavored, especially in removal proceedings.” Zhan g v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 572 F.3d 1316, 1319 (11th Cir. 2009) ( internal citation omitted). “A petitioner may file one, and only one motion for reopening of an order of removal.” Bing Quan Lin v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 881 F.3d 860, 872 (11th Cir. 2018) ; see also 8 U.S.C. § 1229a( c )(7)(A) (“An alien may file one motion to reopen proceedings under this section

. . . .”) ; 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2) (“[A]n alien may file only one motion to reopen removal proceedings

. . . .”) ; 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(4)(ii)(“An alien may file only one motion pursuant to this paragraph.”)

. A motion to reopen “ must be made within 90 days of the removal order’s entry, or 180 days after entry of an order of removal entered in absentia where failure to appear was because of exceptional circumstances.” Lin , 881 F.3d at 872 (quotation omitted); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C) (i). Additionally, a removal order entered in absentia may be rescinded “upon a motion to reopen filed at any time if the alien demonstrates that [she] did not receive notice in accordance with [8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1) or (2)].” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii).

USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 9 of 1310 We have held that the statutory deadline s for a motion to reopen are “ non jurisdictional claim

- processing rule [s] and [are] , therefore, subject to equitable tolling. ” Lin , 881 F.3d at 872 (explaining that the 90

- day deadline is subject to equitable tolling); Avila

- Santoyo v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 713 F.3d 1 357, 13 59

– 63 & n.4 (11th Cir. 2013) ( en banc ) (overruling prior precedent holding that 90

- and 180

- day deadlines were jurisdictional and holding that they are claims

- processing rules that are subject to equitable tolling). Equitable tolling requires the petitioner to show “ that [she] (1)

. . . has be en pursuing [her] rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in [her] way. ” Lin , 881 F.3d at 872 (quotation omitted). Additionally, we have suggested, without deciding, that the numerical

one - motion statutory limitation may be a non - jurisdictional claim

- processing rule that is also subject to equitable tolling. See Ruiz

- Turcios v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 717 F.3d 847, 850 (11th Cir. 2013). Equitable t olling is an “extraordinary remedy” that should be used sparingly

. Booth v. Carnival Corp. , 522 F.3d 1148, 1150 (11th Cir. 2008). Here, i t is undisputed that the instant motion to reopen was Eloi’s third motion, and that the motion was not filed until February 2019

— 18 years after the entry of the IJ’s removal order in February 20 01. Even assuming arguendo that Eloi’s motion was timely based on § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii) because it was based on her alleged lack of notice , it was still number

- barred as only one motion to reopen

USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 10 of 1311 an in absentia removal order is statutorily authorized. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A) (“An alien may file one motion to reopen proceedings under this section

. . . .”); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(4)(ii)(“An alien may file only one motion pursuant to this paragraph.”) ; see al so Montano Cisneros v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 514 F.3d 1224, 1228 (11th Cir. 2008) (“The regulatory provision limiting petitioners to one motion to reopen an in absentia removal order permits one motion to reopen
per in absentia removal order.”)

. Accordingly, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Eloi’s motion was number

- barred. Furthermore, assuming arguendo that the numerical one

- motion rule is subject to equitable tolling, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in concludi ng that equitable tolling was not warranted in this case. First, Eloi bore the burden of proof to establish her entitlement to equitable tolling, see Lin , 881 F.3d at 872, but she failed to make any specific arguments concerning equitable tolling. Instea d, her arguments focused exclusively on the BIA’s sua sponte authority to reopen her proceedings. 6 And “[i]n the absence of any showing of [the petitioner’s] own diligence or [ extraordinary circumstances ] , [the petitioner] cannot be entitled to the rare and extraordinary remedy of equitable tolling.” San Martin v. McNeil , 633 F.3d 1257, 1271 (11th Cir. 2011) (third alteration in original) (quotation omitted);

6 And as Eloi acknowledges in her brief on appeal, we lack jurisdiction to review the BIA’s denial of a motion reopen based on the agency’s sua sponte authority. See Lenis v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 525 F.3d 1291, 1292

– 93 (11th Cir. 2008).

USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 11 of 1312 Sibley v. Culliver , 377 F.3d 1196, 1204 (11th C ir. 2004) (explaining that, when the petitioner “makes no effort to demonstrate ” that she satisfies the criteria, then she

“ is ineligible for equitable tolling”). Second, the record establishes that Eloi failed to pursue her rights diligently. She fil ed the underlying motion to reopen 18 years after the entry of the in absentia removal order. Moreover, with regard to the denials of her two prior motions to reopen, Eloi could have, but failed to, pursue appeals in this Court from those decisions. Alth ough she filed the underlying motion promptly after the Supreme Court’s decision in Pereria , the fact that the law may have changed in her favor does not establish that she has been pursuing her rights diligently for the past 18
years. 7
Third , she failed to demonstrate for purposes of equitable tolling that “ some extraordinary circumstance stood in [her] way .” Lin , 881 F.3d at 872. Both the Supreme Court and our Court have repeatedly held, in a different but analogous

7 Furthermore, the Su preme Court emphasized in Pereira that it was deciding only a “narrow question” about the continuous presence eligibility requirement for cancellation of removal and what triggers the stop

- time rule for purposes of that requirement. 138 S. Ct. at 2110. T hus, while the holding in Pereria relates to Eloi’s eligibility for the ultimate relief she would like to pursue

— cancellation of removal

— it does not undermine the agency’s basis for ordering her removed in absentia over 18 years ago. Moreover, her arguments concerning lack of notice are belied by the record. She does not dispute that the NTA was personally served on her, and in her first mot ion to reopen in October 2001 she acknowledged that she was aware of her removal hearing, but she failed to appear because a person, whom she thought was an attorney, told her that the hearing had been rescheduled. In other words, her failure to appear at her hearing was not due to a lack of notice, but due to her misplaced reliance on information conveyed to her by someone else.

USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 12 of 1313 context , that a change in the law does not constitute an extraordinary circumstance for purposes of reopening a case or for purposes of equitable tolling. See, e.g. , Gonzalez v. Crosby , 545 U.S. 524, 536 (2005) (holding that a change in the law does not constitute an extraordinary ci rcumstance that justifies reopening a case under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6) ) ; Arthur v. Thomas , 739 F.3d 611, 631 (11th Cir. 2014) (same) ; Howell v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr. , 730 F.3d 1257,
12 60

– 61 (11th Cir. 2013) (same); Outler v. United States , 485 F.3d 1273, 1281

– 82 (11th Cir. 2007) (holding that a change in the law does not constitute an extraordinary circumstance for purposes of equitable tolling). 8 Thus, it follows necessarily that the change in law as a result of Pereira was insufficient to constitute an extraordinary circumstance for purposes of equitable tolling of the

one motion to reopen rule. See Outler , 485 F.3d at 1281

– 82 . Accordingly, we conclude that the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying Eloi’s third motion to reopen, and we deny her petition for review. 9
PETITION DENIED .

8 The requirements for equitable tolling in the criminal or habeas context are the same as in the immigration context. See Avila

- Santoyo , 713 F.3d at 1363 n.5 ( en banc ).

9 Because we conclude that the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying Eloi’s third motion to reopen, we do not reach her arguments that the BIA’s post

- Pereira decisions holding that a subsequent notice of hearing cures a defective NTA were erroneously decided and should not be afforded any deference or her arguments concerning her eligibility for cancellation of removal. USCA11 Case: 19-14785 Date Filed: 07/21/2021 Page: 13 of 13