FOURTH DIVISION

DILLARD, P. J.,

RICKMAN and PIPKIN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

January 29, 2024

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A23A1265. TUCKER et al v. BRANNEN LAKE EAST, LLC.

DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

Brannen Lake East, LLC—the owner of Brannen Lake and much, but not all,

of thepropertysurrounding the lake—filed a declaratory judgment action againstJohn

Tucker and Burney Marsh—owners of property next to the lake—to determine

whether it had the right to restrict their use of the lake. Following an evidentiary

hearing, the trial court ruled in favor of BLE. Tucker and Marsh appeal, contending

the trial court erred in doing so because the deed to their property established an

easement for use of the lake by express grant. For the following reasons, we agree and

reverse.
A trial court’s findings of fact after a declaratory-judgment hearing are

“analogous to a jury verdict and will not be interfered with if there is any evidence to

support them”;

1

but we reviewthe trial court’s conclusions oflawde novo.

2

So viewed,

the record shows that on May 7, 2015, Tucker and Marsh purchased property on

Brannen Lake in Statesboro—located at 1000 Brannen Lake Road—from Irvin

Brannen, III; RoyPilgrim Otwell, III; Caroline Otwell Harless; MatthewWilliamson;

Jonathan Williamson; and Irvin Brannen, Jr., Family Limited Partnership. The

warranty deed conveying the property described the tract as follows:

All that certain tract or parcel of land lying and being in the 45th G.M.

District of Bulloch County, Georgia[,] being Lot 6 according to a plat of

Brannen Lake prepared by Lamar O Reddick andAssociates, Registered

Surveyors, dated June 24, 1993[,] and recorded in Plat Book 41, Page 80,

Bulloch County records. The aforesaid plat and description thereon are

hereby incorporated by reference and made a part hereof.

1 Strange v. Towns, 330 Ga. App. 876, 876 (769 SE2d 604) (2015) (punctuation

omitted); accord Bank of the Ozarks v.DKK Dev.Co., 315 Ga.App. 539, 540 (726 SE2d

608) (2012).

2 See Strange, 330 Ga. App. at 876 (punctuation omitted); accord Bank of the

Ozarks, 315 Ga. App. at 540.

2
The June 24, 1993 plat referenced in Tucker and Marsh’s warranty deed is a

subdivision plat for Lots 1, 3-13, 15, and 16 of Brannen Lake, and the plat depicts the

lake as being contiguous with those other lots in the subdivision, including Lot 6—the

lot which Tucker and Marsh own. Notably, the Brannen Lake subdivision plat and a

survey of Lot 6—both of which were recorded in the Bulloch County records—did

not place any restrictions on access or use of Brannen Lake. In addition, the property

included a house and a five-tier dock on the lake. And over the course of the next six

years, Tucker andMarsh boated on and otherwise used the lake on nearly a daily basis.

On January 31, 2022, BLE purchased Brannen Lake, as well as a significant

amount of property on the east side of the lake, from Caroline Otwell Harless andRoy

Otwell, III—two ofthe former owners ofTucker andMarsh’s property.In late March

of that same year, Cecil Kennedy—BLE’s principal and managing member—was

boating on the lake with his family when he became involved in a heated argument

with Tucker, who was also boating, regarding whether the motor on Kennedy’s boat

exceeded the horsepower of those normally permitted for use. One week after this

confrontation (on March 30, 2022), BLE’s counsel sent Tucker and Marsh a letter,

noting that their 2015 deed did not convey any rights to the lake; that a 1987 deed in

3
their chain of title incorporated covenants restricting use of the lake and provided the

lake’s owners with the power to control access; and therefore, as current owners of

Brannen Lake, BLE was terminating their access effective immediately.

Despite this letter, Tucker andMarsh continued using the lake.And as a result,

on June 24, 2022, BLE filed a declaratory-judgment action against them, seeking a

determination of whether it had the right to restrict their use of the lake. Tucker and

Marsh filed a response, and on September 7, 2022, the trial court began an evidentiary

hearing on the matter, but continued it after BLE’s two witnesses testified so the

parties could attempt mediation. Several months later, after mediation was

unsuccessful, the court resumed the hearing, during which Tucker and Marsh’s

witnesses testified, and they claimed to have an express easement to use the lake as a

result of the subdivision plat referenced in their warranty deed. At the conclusion of

the hearing, the trial court took the matter under advisement. But one month later, it

issued an order ruling that Tucker andMarsh’s deed only provided an implied license

subject to revocation, rather than an easement, and so BLE’s letter to them after the

confrontation terminated that license. This appeal follows.

4
In their sole enumeration of error, Tucker and Marsh contend the trial court

erred in ruling that BLE could restrict their access to Brannen Lake, arguing the deed

to their property incorporating the subdivision plat established an easement for use of

the lake by express grant. We agree.

Generally speaking, an easement is “an interest in land owned and possessed

by another.”

3 And Georgia law has long recognized that when a developer “conveys

lots with reference to a subdivision plat, the grantees may receive easements in certain

features—mostly streets and parks—that are designated on the plat.”

4

Indeed, for a

small category of features, “designating them appropriately on the subdivision plat is

enough, absent contrary evidence based in the plat or deed, to demonstrate clear

3 WSCEResort Owner, LLCv.Holland, 315Ga. 691, 694 (2) (a) (884 SE2d 282)

(2023); see Rahn v. Pittman, 216 Ga. 523, 524 (1) (118 SE2d 85) (1961) (holding that

a property right was createdwhen grantee’s deed referred to subdivision plat showing

right of way); Hollomon v. Bd. of Ed. of Stewart Cnty., 168 Ga. 359, 364 (147 SE 882)

(1929) (explaining that “[a]n easement is a right in the owner of one parcel of land, by

reason of such ownership, to use the land of another for a special purpose not

inconsistent with the general property in the owner” (citation and punctuation

omitted)).

4 Holland, 315 Ga. at 695 (2) (a); see Stanfield v. Brewton, 228 Ga. 92, 94-95 (1)

(a)-(b) (184 SE2d 352) (1971) (explaining that when “the owners of a tract of land

subdivide it into lots, record a map or plat showing such lots, with designated streets

and a public park, and sell lots with reference to such map or plat,” the purchasers

“have an easement in these public areas”).

5
intent to grant an easement in the features to lot owners who bought with reference

to the plat.”

5

Importantly, the decisions of the Supreme Court of Georgia have

included in this category “(1) streets designated and laid out on the subdivision plat;

(2) parks; and (3) lakes, which we have equated to parks.”

6 These features share two

things in common with the first being that there is “simply a well-settled

understanding, reflectedin more than a century of our decisions,thatwhen these basic

features are designated on a subdivision plat, there is ordinarily no reason to doubt

that they are included as part of the unified plan for the subdivision and meant for the

lot owners’ use.”

7

Second, and equally important, these are “the sort of features for

5 Holland, 315 Ga. at 697 (2) (b) (i).

6

Id. at 698 (2) (b) (i) (citations omitted); see, e.g., Goodson v. Ford, 290 Ga. 662,

665 (3) (725 SE2d 229) (2012) (holding when a property owner subdivides land,

records a subdivision plat designating streets, and sells lots in the subdivision with

reference to the plat, she is “presumed to have irrevocably dedicated such streets for

the use of all of the lot owners in the subdivision” (punctuation omitted)); Higgins v.

Odom, 246 Ga. 309, 310 (271 SE2d 211) (1980) (“When a developer sells lots

according to a subdivision plat, which has a lake area designated on it, the purchasers

acquire an irrevocable easement in that park, with which the developer may not

interfere.”); Walker v. Duncan, 236 Ga. 331, 331 (223 SE2d 675) (1976) (same).

7 Holland, 315 Ga. at 698 (2) (b) (i); see Hendley v. Overstreet, 253 Ga. 136, 136

(318 SE2d 54) (1984) (“It is well settled that when a subdivision contains an attraction

such as a park or lake which renders the lot more desirable, the sale of lots in reference

to a plat showing the attraction will create an irrevocable easement in such an area for

6
which designation or delineation on the plat alone can give reasonable certainty about

the scope ofthe easement granted.”

8

Simplyput, settledexpectations “rootedin more

than a century of practice and the relative ease with which the scope of an easement

in these features can be discerned support a strong presumption that designating these

features on a subdivision plat conveys an intent to grant an easement to lot owners

who buy with reference to the plat.”

9

Here, the 2015 warranty deed obtained by Tucker and Marsh when they

purchasedtheir property—including the dock on the lake—explicitly incorporatedby

reference the 1993 Brannen Lakes subdivision plat, which shows the lake as part ofthe

subdivision and contiguous to Lot 6 (their property). Furthermore, neither Tucker

andMarsh’s 2015 warranty deed, nor the subdivision plat, nor the survey ofLot 6—all

of which were duly recorded in the Bulloch County property records—placed any

the lot owners.”).

8 Holland, 315 Ga. at 698 (2) (b) (i); see also Macon-Bibb Cnty. Indus. Auth. v.

Central of Ga. R. Co., 266 Ga. 281, 283 (3) (466 SE2d 855) (1996) (“An express grant

of an easement must contain language sufficient to designate with reasonable certainty

the land over which it extends”).

9 Holland, 315 Ga. at 699 (2) (b) (i).

7
restrictions on access or use ofBrannen Lake.Given these circumstances, Tucker and

Marsh possess an irrevocable easement acquired by express grant to access the lake.10

Nevertheless, BLE counters that neither Tucker and Marsh’s 2015 warranty

deed nor the 1993 subdivision plat for the lake referenced in the deed conveyed any

rights to the lake because a 1987 deed in their chain of title explicitly incorporated

covenants restricting use of the lake. And so, BLE claims that it retains the power to

revokeTucker and Marsh’s access to the lake.11 But a reviewofthe relevant deeds and

covenants belies this contention.

10 See Higgins, 246 Ga. at 310 (reversing trial court’s ruling that lake’s owner

could restrict access and appellant had no right to access the lake because “[w]hen a

developer sells lots according to a subdivision plat, which has a lake area designated

on it, the purchasers acquire an irrevocable easement in that park, with which the

developer may not interfere”); Walker, 236 Ga. at 331-32 (holding that the developer

of property granted an easement to use lake to the property owners lots when

developer sold lots according to a recorded plat that included the lake, and thus, the

trial court properly enjoined any interference with that right by the developer, as a

matter of law); Patterson v. Powell, 257 Ga. App. 336, 338 (571 SE2d 400) (2002)

(concluding that because subdivision was created around lake and lake was designated

on the subdivision plat, landowners in the subdivision were expressly granted rights

of access to and use of the lake, which they acquired express easements).

11 See Roth v. Connor, 235 Ga. App. 866, 869 (1) (b) (510 SE2d 550) (1998)

(“When a grantee accepts a deed he will be bound by the covenants contained therein

. . .” (punctuation omitted)).

8
The construction of a deed presents a question of lawwhich this Court reviews

de novo.

12And in construing a deed, our overriding goal is to “ascertain and give effect

to the intent of the parties.”

13 Furthermore, and importantly, the intent of the parties

must be determined from “the deed’s text alone, and extrinsic evidence will be

admitted to interpret the deed only [when] the deed’s text is so ambiguous that its

meaning cannot be determined through application of the ordinary rules of textual

construction.”

14 Critically, when a restrictive covenant in a deed is involved, the

“legal presumption is in favor of the free use of the property by its owner, and any

doubt will be construed in favor of the owner.”

15

In this matter, the deed BLE argues incorporates the restrictive covenants in

Tucker and Marsh’s chain of title is a June 26, 1987 warranty deed from Irvin A.

Brannen, Jr. to Lynda B. Williamson and L. Hughes Williamson, specifically

conveying only Lot 21 and a portion of Lot 22. That deed then further provides that

12 See Great Water Lanier, LLC v. Summer Crest at Four Seasons on Lanier

Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., 344 Ga. App. 180, 186 (1) (811 SE2d 1) (2018).

13 Second Refuge Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ v. Lollar, 282 Ga. 721, 724-25

(2) (653 SE2d 462) (2007) (punctuation omitted).

14

Id. at 725 (2) (punctuation omitted).

15 Roth, 235 Ga. App. at 867 (1) (a) (punctuation omitted).

9
the property is “specifically conveyed subject to the Summary of Conditions and

Restrictions for Brannen Lake Properties, a copy ofwhich is attached hereto.” Within

the attached Summary of Conditions and Restrictions is a section entitled

“Easements,” and under that section is a provision providing that,

The deed conveying title to the lot(s) shall not convey any easement in

or right to use the waters of Brannen Lake, or to fish therein, swim, boat

or otherwise utilize or enjoy said lake. All rights in and to the lake shall

be controlled by the owners of the lake. Any utilization of any property

beyond the lot lines of the owner shall be deemed permissive and shall

create no right, privilege or license.

Andwhile this 1987warranty deed does not referto Tucker and Marsh’s property, an

October 21, 1993 warranty deed from Irvin A. Brannen, Jr. and Caroline Mary

Brannen Nesmith toAnnie Ursula Brannen Moxley conveys several tracts, including

Lot 6, and provides that “[t]his property is conveyed subject to the same terms,

conditions, and covenants as are attached to a Warranty Deed from Irvin A. Brannen,

Jr. to Lynda B. Williamson and L. Hughes Williamson, dated June 26, 1987 . . . .” As

a result, BLE argues Tucker and Marsh had constructive notice that their property,

10
Lot 6, described in their 2015 deed was subject to the Summary of Conditions and

Restrictions attached to that 1987 deed.

16

But this argument elides crucial language from the Summary ofConditions and

Restrictions. Indeed, in addition to the 1987 deed specifically referring only to Lot 21

and a portion of Lot 22, the first page of the Summary of Conditions and Restrictions

provides that Irvin A. Brannen, Jr., Annie Ursula Brannen, and Caroline Mary

Brannen Nesmith are owners of Brannen Lake located on land described in an

attached Exhibit “A.” The Summary next notes that “[t]hese conditions and

restrictions shall be applied to a portion of the land described on Exhibit ‘A’” before

then describing Lot 21 and the portion ofLot 22 in detail.17Immediately thereafter, the

Summary provides that “[t]hese conditions and restrictions are not applicable to any

other portions of the property of The Owners described in Exhibit ‘A’ or otherwise.”

18

And significantly, Exhibit “A” specifically refers to Lot 6 in its description of the

16 SeeHendley, 253Ga. at 137 (noting that recorded deeds and covenants provide

purchasers with constructive notice of such covenants); Gamble v. Brooks, 170 Ga.

662, 662 (153 SE 759) (1930) (explaining that a recorded deed that is a link in the

purchaser’s chain of title provides constructive notice of the contents of the deed).

17

 (Emphasis supplied).

18

 (Emphasis supplied).

11
property in its entirety. Consequently, although the October 21, 1993 deed refers to

Lot 6 and the Summary of Conditions and Restrictions, a purchaser’s review of the

actual language in the Summary leads to a conclusion that it did not apply to Lot 6 or,

at the very least, confusion as to its scope. Crucially, restriction on the use of land

“must be clearly established, not only as to the restrictions, but also as to the land

restricted, and restrictions will be strictly construed.”

19 Accordingly, the seemingly

contradictory language between the October 21, 1993 deed and the Summary of

Conditions and Restrictions as to the property subject to those conditions and

restrictions cannot not justify terminating Tucker and Marsh’s use of the

lake—especially in light of the Brannen Lake subdivision plat explicitly referenced in

their 2015 deed.

20

For all these reasons, we reverse the trial court’s declaratory judgment grant in

favor of BLE.

Judgment reversed. Rickman and Pipkin, JJ., concur.

19 Roth, 235 Ga. App. at 867 (1) (a); see Grave de Peralta v. Blackberry Mountain

Ass’n, Inc., 315 Ga. App. 315, 318-19 (726 SE2d 789) (2012) (holding neighborhood

covenant did not clearly prohibit homeowners from renting out their property for

periods of only a few days at a time and, thus, could not be enforced in that regard).

20 See supra note 10 & accompanying text.

12