# FILED October 4, 1996 Cecil Crowson, Jr. App ellate C ou rt Clerk I N THECOUR

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TER STA TE H O TELS ) COR POR ATI ON #L0 7 , d/ b/ a ) C HATTANOOGA M

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O PI N I O N

G odda r d, P. J .

I nthi s c a s e , the Pl a i nt i f f , R i c h a r dD

. Phi l l i p s , s u e s I nt e r s t a t e H

ot e l s C

or por a t i on a nd I nt e r s t a t e H ot e l s C

or por a t i on #L07, d/ b/ a C

ha t t a nooga M

a r r i ot t a nd K

i c ks Lounge , s e e ki ng2

da m a ge s by r e a s on of t he D e f e nda nt s vi ol a t i ng hi s c i vi l r i ght s unde r t he pr ovi s i ons of T. C. A . 4- 21- 301( 2) . The Tr i a l C

our t e nt e r e d a s um m a r y j udgm

e nt i n f a vor of t he D e f e nda nt s a nd t he Pl a i nt i f f a ppe a l s , r a i s i ng t he f ol l ow i ng t hr ee i s s u e s :

I . W HETHER THELOW

ER COUR TER R ED I N FI NDI NG THATI TI SNOT AGAI NSTTHELAW

FOR A PLAC

EOFPUBLI C

AC COM M ODATI ON TO FOR

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K PATR ONAGE. I I . W HETHER THELOW

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TER R ED I N DETER

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ATTER OF LAW , THATAN I NDI VI DUAL' SBEI NG R EQUI R ED TO PAR

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ALLS C HEM ETO DI S C

R I M I NATEAGAI NSTBLAC K C USTOM ER S C ANNOT BES O I NTOLER

ABLEASTO FOR

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S ON TO R ESI GN HI SPOSI TI ON.

Pr i o r tob r i n g i n gthi s s u it, th e Pl a i ntif f w a s a n e m pl oye e of W

or l d W i de Ent e r t a i nm

e nt , a n e nt i t y w

hi c h c ont r a c t e d o u t i t s em

p l o y ees t op e r f o r m ent e r t a i n m

e nt r e l a t e ds e r v i ces . Thr ough t hi s e m

pl oym e nt , he w

a s a s s i gne d a s a di s c j oc ke y t o t he K i c ks Lounge i n t he M a r r i ot t H

ot e l i n C

ha t t a nooga . The K i c ks Lounge a nd t he M

a r r i ot t a r e ow

ne d a nd ope r a t e d by I nt e r s t a t e C or por a t i on #L07, a D e l a w a r e c or por a t i on. The Pl a i nt i f f w or ke d a s K i c ks ’ di s c j oc ke y f r om M a y 1991 unt i l Fe br ua r y 1992.3 I n Fe br ua r y 1993, t he Pl a i nt i f f br ought s ui t a ga i ns t t he D e f e nda nt s , a l l e gi ng c ons t r uc t i ve di s c ha r ge a nd vi ol a t i ons of t h e Te nn e s s ee H

u m a nR i g ht s A

c t . Th e Pl a i nt i f f al l e g e s t h a t h e w a s f or c e d t o pa r t i c i pa t e i n a pl a n t o pr e ve nt bl a c k pa t r ons f r om f r e qu e ntin gth e b a r . Inhi s a f f i d a v it, th e Pl a i ntif f a lle g e s t ha t Bobby J ohns on, m a na ge r of K

i c ks , i ns t r uc t e d t he Pl a i nt i f f t o pl a y m us i c t ha t w

oul d di s c our a ge bl a c k pa t r ons f r om r e m a i ni ng i n t he ba r . The Pl a i nt i f f f ur t he r a l l e ge s t ha t M r . J ohns on t hr e w na pki ns w

i t h m e s s a ge s on t he m

or s hone a f l a s hl i ght i n t he Pl a i nt i f f ’ s e ye s i n or de r t o f or c e t he Pl a i nt i f f t o c ha nge t he m us i c s e l e c t i on. W he n t he Pl a i nt i f f e xpr e s s e d hi s di s pl e a s ur e w ithM r . J o hn s o n ’ s a c tio n s , th e Pl a i ntif f a lle g e s h e r e c e i v e dth e "col ds h o u l d e r " t r eat m e nt . Th e Pl a i ntif f c ite s o t h e r in c i d e nt s o f a lle g e d di s c r i m

i n a t i o n . H

e cl a i m

s t h a t b l ackp a t r o n s w e r e r e f u s e d s e a t i ng e ve n t hough s e a t i ng w a s a va i l a bl e ; t ha t a n " a d hoc " dr e s s c ode w a s e nf or c e d on bl a c k pa t r ons onl y; t ha t M r . J ohns on w

oul d c l os e t he l ounge e a r l y i f t he c r ow d w e r e m a i nl y bl a c k pa t r ons ; t ha t M r . J ohns on r e f us e d t o r un ba r t a bs f or bl a c k pa t r ons ; t ha t a dr i nk m

i ni m um w a s i m pos e d on bl a c k c us t om e r s ; t ha t M

r . J ohns on r e m ove d a dr a f t be e r t ha t w a s t he m

os t popul a r be e r a m ong bl a c k pa t r ons a nd t ha t a c ove r c ha r ge w a s i m pos e d i n or de r t o di s c our a ge bl a c k pa t r ona ge .

Becau s e o f t h e s e al l e g e di n c i d e nt s , t h e Pl a i nt i f f t e nde r e d hi s r e s i gna t i on. H e ga ve K

i c ks one m

ont h’ s not i c e a nd4

t he n s t a ye d on a s t he di s c j oc ke y a n e xt r a s e ve n t o 10 da ys a t W o r l dW i d e Ent e r t a i nm

e nt ’ s r e qu e s t. H e f i n a llyte r m

i n a t e dhi s e m pl oym e nt i n m

i d- Fe br ua r y 1992. H ow e ve r , t he Pl a i nt i f f r e t ur ne d t o K i c ks on t w

o s ubs e que nt oc c a s i ons t o " f i l l i n" a s t he di s c j oc ke y. A

f t e r l e a vi ng K

i c ks , t he Pl a i nt i f f f ound e m pl oym e nt i n M a r c h 1992 w

i t h Li f e s t yl e s Ca r pe t s . I nhi s c o m

p l a i nt, th e Pl a i ntif f a lle g e dth a t th e D e f e nda nt s vi ol a t e d t he Te nne s s e e H um a n R i ght s A

c t by de nyi ng bl a c k pa t r ons t he f ul l a nd e qua l e nj oym e nt of t he ba r ’ s goods , s e r v i ces , f aci l i t i e s an dacco m m o d a t i o n s . H

e f ur t h e r al l e g e dt h a t t he D e f e nda nt s de m

a nde d t ha t he e nga ge i n s uc h di s c r i m i na t i ng t a c tic s a n dth a t th e D e f e n d a nt s ’ int e r f e r e n c e w ithhi s a b ilityto c om pl y w i t h t he pr ovi s i ons of t he Te nne s s e e H um a n R i ght s A

c t a m ount e d t o a c ons t r uc t i ve di s c ha r ge . Fi na l l y, t he Pl a i nt i f f a l l e g e dt h a t t h e D e f e n d a nt s en g a g e di nm a l i c i o u s h a r a s s m

e nt i n t r yi ng t o f or c e t he Pl a i nt i f f t o di s c our a ge bl a c k pa t r ona ge .

U pon e nt r y of s um

m a r y j udgm

e nt f or t he D

e f e nda nt s , t he Pl a i nt i f f p e r f ect e dt hi s ap p eal . H e app eal s t h e ent r yo f s u m m a r y j udgm e nt a s t o t he f i r s t t w o a l l e ga t i ons out l i ne d a bove . H e doe s n o t a p p e a l di s m

i s s a l of the m

a l i c i ou s h a r a s s m

e nt c l a i m

. The Te nne s s e e Supr e m e C our t , i n Byr d v. H a l l , 847 S . W . 2d 208 ( Te nn. 1993) , s e t f or t h t he pr ope r s um m a r y j udgm

e nt a na l ys i s t o be a ppl i e d i n Te nne s s e e . The r e , t he C our t s a i d i n e va l ua t i ng a s um

m a r y j udgm

e nt m ot i on, t he s e que s t i ons m us t be5

r e s ol ve d: ( 1) w

he t he r a f ac t ual di s put e e xi s t s ; ( 2) w he t he r t he di s put e i s m

a t e r i a l t o t he out c om e of t he c a s e ; a nd ( 3) w he t he r t h e di s p u t e df act cr eat e s a ge nui ne is s u e f o r tr i a l .

Byr df ur t he r e xpl a i ns t ha t s um m a r y j udgm

e nt s houl d be e m pl oye d w

he r e t he r e i s no di s put e ove r t he e vi de nc e a nd t he r e i s no i s s ue f or a j ur y t o de c i de . For a pa r t y t o a voi d s um m a r y j ud g m e nt, i t m

u s t s h o w

tha t t h e f a c t i ndi s p u t e is m a t e r i a l. I f s uc h a di s put e d, m a t e r i a l f a c t doe s e xi s t , t he n t he c our t m us t d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e di s p u t e df act cr eat e s a g e nu i n e i s s u e . Th e t e s t f or a ge nui ne i s s ue i s w he t he r a r e a s ona bl e j ur y c oul d l e gi t i m

a t e l y r e s ol ve t ha t f a c t i n f a vor of one s i de or t he ot he r . I f t he a ns w

e r i s ye s , t he n s um m a r y j udgm

e nt i s i na ppr opr i a t e ; i f t he a ns w

e r i s no, s um

m a r y j udgm

e nt i s pr ope r be c a us e a t r i a l w oul d be poi nt l e s s . W he n a ppl yi ng t hi s t e s t , a l l e vi de nc e m us t be vi e w

e d i n a l i ght f a vor a bl e t o t he non- m ovi ng pa r t y a nd a l l ow a l l r eas o n a b l e i n f e r e n ces i nhi s f a v o r . Th e p a r t ys eeki n g s um m a r y j udgm

e nt ha s t he bur de n t o de m ons t r a t e t ha t t he r e a r e no di s p u t e d , m

a t e r i a l f act s cr eat i n ga g e nu i n e i s s u e f o r t r i a l an d t ha t s um

m a r y j udgm

e nt i s a ppr opr i a t e . The Pl a i nt i f f pr e s e nt s t w o m a i n i s s ue s on a ppe a l : ( 1) t he Tr i a l C

our t e r r e d w

he n i t f ound no vi ol a t i on of t he Te nne s s e e H um a n R i ght s A

c t , a nd ( 2) t he Tr i a l C our t e r r e d by c onc l udi ng t ha t t he Pl a i nt i f f ha d not be e n c ons t r uc t i ve l y di s c ha r ge d f r om hi s pos i t i on.6 I nhi s f i r s t a r g u m e nt, th e Pl a i ntif f a lle g e s th a t th e D e f e nda nt s vi ol a t e d T. C. A . 4- 21- 301 of t he Te nne s s e e H um a n R i ght s A c t w hi c hs t a t e s :

I t i s a di s c r i m

i na t or y pr a c t i c e f or a pe r s on or f or t w o ( 2) or m

or e pe r s ons t o:

. . . . ( 2) A i d, a be t , i nc i t e , c om pe l or c om

m a nd a pe r s on t o e n g a g e i nanyo f t h e act s o r p r act i ces d ecl a r e d di s c r i m

i na t or y by t hi s c ha pt e r ;

. . . . ( 4) W i l l f ul l y obs t r uc t or pr e ve nt a pe r s on f r om c om pl yi ng w

i t h t he pr ovi s i ons of t hi s c ha pt e r or a n or de r i s s ue d t he r e unde r . T. C. A . 4 - 2 1 - 5 0 1 f ur t h e r s t a t e s th a t it is a di s c r i m

i na t or y pr a c t i c e f or a pe r s on t o de ny a n i ndi vi dua l t he f ul l a nd e qua l e nj oym e nt of t he goods , s e r v i c e s , fa c ilitie s , p r i v ile g e s , a dv a nt a g e s a n d a c c om m oda t i ons of a pl a c e of publ i c a c c om m oda t i on, r e s or t or a m

us e m e nt , a s de f i ne d i n t hi s c ha pt e r , on t he gr ounds of r a c e , c r e e d, c ol or , r e l i gi on, s e x, a ge or na t i ona l or i gi n.

Th e Pl a i ntif f a s s e r t s th a t hi s b e i n gin s t r u c t e dto c ha nge t he m

us i c s e l e c t i on w

a s f or c i ng hi m

t o pa r t i c i pa t e i n a pr a c t i c e de c l a r e d di s c r i m i na t or y i n 4- 21- 501 a nd t hus , pr ohi bi t e d by 4- 21- 301. The Pl a i nt i f f a l l e ge s t ha t t he c ha nge i n m us i c w a s a n a t t e m

pt t o di s c our a ge bl a c k pa t r ona ge a nd a s s uc h f i t s w i t hi n t he s t a t ut or y de f i ni t i on of pr ohi bi t e d di s c r i m i na t or y pr a c t i c e s . Q u ite o b v i o u s l y , th e Pl a i ntif f c a n n o t m a i nt a i na di r e c t c l a i m unde r 4- 21- 501 s i nc e he m a ke s no a l l e ga t i on t ha t a ny7

di s c r i m

i n a tio nw

a s di r e c t e da t hi m . In s t e a d , th e Pl a i ntif f b a s e s hi s c l a i m

on a n a l l e ga t i on of f or c e d pa r t i c i pa t i on i n a di s c r i m

i na t or yp r a c t i c e . W e cann o t ag r ee t h a t s u c hi s t h e case. W e agr ee w

i t h t h e Tr i a l C

o ur t th a t th e Pl a i ntif f f a ile dtod e m o n s t r a t e th a t c ha ngi ng t he m

us i c s e l e c t i on i n a l ounge i s a di s c r i m i na t or y p r a c tic e a s o u tlin e dinth e a b o v e s t a t u t e . A s th e Tr i a l C

o ur t not e d, t he c ha nge of m us i c a f f e c t e d a l l of t he l ounge ’ s pa t r ons . A l l pa t r ons w

e r e e qua l l y s ubj e c t e d t o t he c ha nge a nd a l l c oul d t h e nas s e s s h o w

t h e ch a n g e af f ect e dt h e i r d e s i r e s t or e m a i ni n t he l ounge . W

e c a nnot a c c e pt t he Pl a i nt i f f ’ s a s s e r t i on t ha t c ha ngi ng t he m

us i c s e l e c t i on a m ount s t o a de ni a l of t he f ul l a nd e qua l e nj oym

e nt of t he l ounge . Thus , t he r e be i ng no di s c r i m

i n a t o r yp r a c tic e , th e Pl a i ntif f c a n n o t m a i nt a i na c l a i m unde r 4- 21- 301. By be i ng i ns t r uc t e d t o c ha nge t he m us i c s e l e c tio nth e Pl a i ntif f h a s n o t b e e nf o r c e dtop a r tic i p a t e ina di s c r i m

i na t or y pr a c t i c e t ha t i s pr ohi bi t e d by 4- 21- 301.

W e do not r e a c h t he que s t i on of w he t he r t he ot he r a l l e ge d di s c r i m

i na t or y be ha vi or by M r . J ohns on a m

ount s t o a c t s pr ohi bi t e d by t he s t a t ut e be c a us e i t a ppe a r s t ha t t he Pl a i nt i f f ha d no r ol e i n f ur t he r i ng t he a l l e ge d di s c r i m i na t i on t a c t i c s . Th e adh o c dr e s s co d e , t h e co v e r ch a r g e , t h e ch a n g e o f b eer s , an d t h e o t h e r a lle g a tio n s o f di s c r i m i n a tio nw

e r e n o t p r a c tic e s th a t t he Pl a i nt i f f w

a s f or c e d t o c a r r y out . The Pl a i nt i f f m a y ha ve8

be e n f or c e d t o c ha nge t he m us i c s e l e c t i on, but t hi s i s not s uf f i c i e nt t o br i ng a c l a i m unde r 4- 21- 301.

The Pl a i nt i f f ’ s s e c ond ba s i s f or a ppe a l i s t he Tr i a l C our t ’ s c onc l us i on t ha t t he Pl a i nt i f f w a s not c ons t r uc t i ve l y di s c h a r g e df r o m

hi s job . Th e Pl a i ntif f a lle g e s th a t th e D e f e nda nt s ’ be ha vi or a nd a l l e ge d vi ol a t i ons of T. H . R. A . c a us e d hi m t o be c ons t r uc t i ve l y di s c ha r ge d. C ons t r uc t i ve di s c ha r ge e xi s t s w

he r e w or ki ng c ondi t i ons w e r e s o di f f i c ul t or s o unpl e a s a nt t ha t a r e a s ona bl e pe r s on i n t he e m pl oye e ’ s s hoe s w

oul d ha ve f e l t c om

pe l l e d t o r e s i gn. Ca m p b e ll v . Fl o r i d a St e e l C o r p . 919 S . W

. 2d 26 ( Te nn. 1996) , quot i ng Br uhw i l e r v. U

ni ve r s i t y of Te nn e s s e e , 859 F. 2d 419 ( 6t h C i r . 1988) . I n or de r f or a n e m pl oye e t o pr e va i l , he m

us t s how

t ha t " a r e a s ona bl e e m pl oye r w

oul d ha ve f or e s e e n t he e m

pl oye e ’ s r e s i gna t i on, gi ve n t he i nt ol e r a bl e c ondi t i ons of e m

pl oym e nt . " Ca m

pbe l l , s upr a . I n ot he r w or ds , t he e m pl oye e ne e d onl y de m ons t r a t e t ha t t he e m pl oye r know

i ngl y pe r m i t t e d c ondi t i ons of di s c r i m i na t i on i n e m

pl oym e nt s o i nt ol e r a bl e t ha t a r e a s ona bl e pe r s on s ubj e c t e d t o t he m w oul d r e s i gn. The que s t i on of c ons t r uc t i ve di s c ha r ge r e qui r e s a n a ppl i c a t i on of l a w t o f a c t s a nd t hus , t he s t a nda r d of r e vi e w i s t ha t i n R

ul e 13( d) of t he Te nne s s e e R ul e s of A

ppe l l a t e Pr oc e dur e , w he r e f i ndi ngs of l a w s ha l l be de novoupon t he r e c or d a nd f i ndi ngs of f a c t s ha l l be a f f or de d a pr e s um pt i on of c or r e c t ne s s . Becau s e t hi s cas e co m e s t ot hi s C

o ur t af t e r anaw

a r do f s um m a r y j udgm

e nt , t he r e w

e r e no f i ndi ngs of f a c t . H ow e ve r , a s9

di dth e Tr i a l C

o ur t, w

e m u s t lo o ka t th e f a c t s inth e lig ht m o s t f a v o r a b l e t ot h e Pl a i nt i f f . W e m u s t accept as t r u e t h a t Bo b b y J ohns on, m

a na ge r of K

i c ks , t ol d t he Pl a i nt i f f t o c ha nge t he m us i c s e l e c t i on i n or de r t o di s c our a ge bl a c k pa t r ons f r om f r e que nt i ng t h e e s t a b lis hm

e nt. W

e m u s t a l s oa c c e p t th e Pl a i ntif f ’ s a l l e ga t i ons t ha t M r . J ohns on m

a de ot he r a t t e m

pt s t o f ur t he r di s c r i m

i na t e a ga i ns t bl a c k pa t r ons . Eve n s o, w e c a nnot f i nd a c l a i m f o r c o n s t r u c tiv e di s c h a r g e . Fi r s t, th e Pl a i ntif f f a ile dto s how t ha t M

r . J ohns on c oul d ha ve r e a s ona bl y f or e s e e n t he Pl a i ntif f ’ s r e s i g n a tio n . M r . J o hn s o n ’ s a lle g e ddi s c r i m i n a t o r y be ha vi or ha d a f or e s e e a bl e c ons e que nc e of di s c our a gi ng bl a c k pa t r ona ge , but i t w a s not f or e s e e a bl e t ha t M r . J ohns on’ s be ha vi or w o u l dr e s u lt inth e Pl a i ntif f ’ s r e s i g n a tio n . S e c o n d , th e Pl a i ntif f d o e s n o t a lle g e a nydi s c r i m i n a tio ndi r e c t e da t hi m b y M r . J ohns on. The e xi s t e nc e of di s c r i m i na t i on t ow

a r d t he e m

pl oye e i s ani nt e g r a l el e m e nt o f a co n s t r u c t i v e di s c h a r g e cl a i m . Se e Ca m pbe l l . Thi r d, t he Pl a i nt i f f f a i l e d t o s how how hi s e m

pl oym e nt w a s s o i nt ol e r a bl e t ha t a r e a s ona bl e pe r s on w oul d r e s i gn. The Pl a i nt i f f r e m

a i ne d t he di s c j oc ke y a t K i c ks f or one m

ont h a nd s e ve n da ys a f t e r he t e nde r e d hi s r e s i gna t i on. A ddi t i ona l l y, he r e t ur ne d t o K

i c ks a s a s ubs t i t ut e di s c j oc ke y on a n oc c a s i on i n A pr i l a nd i n M

a y of 1992.

A ppl yi ng t he s e f a c t s t o t he l a w , t he r e c a n be no c l a i m f or c ons t r uc t i ve di s c ha r ge . The Pl a i nt i f f di d not m e e t t he m i ni m u m r e qu i r e m

e nt s f o r s u c ha c l a i m . Th e Pl a i ntif f f a ile dto s how t ha t hi s r e s i gni ng hi s j ob w a s t he r e a s ona bl y f or e s e e a bl e10

r e s ul t of M

r . J ohns on’ s di s c r i m i na t i ng be ha vi or t ow a r d bl a c k pa t r ons . The Pl a i nt i f f f ur t he r f a i l e d t o s how t he c ondi t i ons of hi s e m pl oym e nt w e r e s o i nt ol e r a bl e t ha t a r e a s ona bl e pe r s on w oul d f eel co m

p e l l e dt or e s i g n . Thus , w

e a gr e e w

i t h t he Tr i a l C

our t t ha t s um

m a r y j udgm

e nt i s a p p r o p r i a t e inthi s c a s e . Inth e D e f e n d a nt s ’ b r i e f , it is a r gue d t ha t t he Tr i a l C our t w a s i nc or r e c t i n f i ndi ng t ha t t he s t a t ut e of l i m

i t a t i ons ha d not r un on t hi s m a t t e r . Be c a us e our c onc l us i on i s t ha t s um m a r y j udgm

e nt w a s pr ope r l y a w

a r de d, t he m a tte r o f th e s t a t u t e o f lim ita tio n s is p r e t e r m itte d . I n c onc l us i on, w

e e m pha s i z e t ha t w

e do not c ondone t he a c t s a l l e ge d, w

hi c h w e f i nd t o be r e pr e he ns i bl e , but f i nd t ha t t he Pl a i nt i f f ' s t he or i e s of r e c ove r y m a y not be s us t a i ne d unde r t he f a c t s di vul ge d.

For t he f or e goi ng r e a s ons t he j udgm e nt of t he Tr i a l C our t i s a f f i r m

e d a nd t he c a us e r e m a nde d f or c ol l e c t i on of c os t s be l ow . C os t s of a ppe a l a r e a dj udge d a ga i ns t t he Pl a i nt i f f a nd hi s s ur e tie s .

_______________________________ H ous t on M

. G odda r d, P. J . CONC UR:11

________________________________ D on T. M

c M ur r a y, J .

________________________________ W i l l i a m H . I n m a n , Sr . J .