If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

LIVONIA GATEWAY INVESTMENTS, LLC,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

UNPUBLISHED

February 28, 2019

v No. 340439

Wayne Circuit Court

BROOK PROPERTY HOLDING, LLC, LC No. 17-002832-CB

Defendant-Appellee.

Before: TUKEL, P.J., and SHAPIRO and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Plaintiff, the intended purchaser in a failed real estate transaction, appeals as of right the 

trial court order granting defendant-seller’s motion to release an earnest money deposit, as well 

as the trial court’s order for plaintiff to show cause and imposing sanctions on plaintiff. Plaintiff 

also challenges the trial court’s order granting defendant’s amended motion for summary 

disposition. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

This matter concerns a never-consummated real estate transaction in which plaintiff

sought to purchase certain properties (the Properties) from defendant. Lixing Cao is a part owner 

and the managing partner of defendant. Ali Bazzy is the sole owner and representative of 

plaintiff. The Properties are commercial properties located on Schoolcraft Road in Livonia, 

Michigan. Sometime in the fall of 2015, Bazzy contacted Cao about purchasing the Properties. 

The business dealings between Bazzy and Cao were informal. On October 11, 2015, Bazzy—on 

behalf of plaintiff company, which had not yet been formed—signed an offer to purchase the 

Properties from defendant, subject to certain terms and conditions. On October 13, 2015, Cao 

signed the purchase agreement on defendant’s behalf. The purchase price of the Properties was 

to be $730,000, with an earnest money deposit of $10,000 and $720,000 due at closing. Plaintiff 

deposited the earnest money into an escrow account managed by First American Title.

The meager, two-page purchase agreement contains the following paragraphs that are

particularly relevant to the issues on appeal:
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1. This offer is subject to Buyer obtaining a real estate mortgage for no less than 

SIX HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS ($600,000.00) payable over 20 years 

with interest not to exceed six percent (6%) at customary terms with a firm 

commitment thereto 60 days from date hereof.

* * *

6. The parties agree to execute a standard purchase and sales agreement 

according to the terms of this agreement within 15 days of acceptance of this 

offer.

7. The closing shall occur on or before DECEMBER 30, 2015, at the public 

recording office, unless such other time and place shall be agreed upon.

* * *

9. This offer shall remain open until 12 o’clock a.m., on October 19, 2015, and if 

not accepted by said time, this offer shall be deemed rescinded and all deposits 

shall be refunded.

Although the purchase agreement dictated that the parties would execute a standard 

purchase and sales agreement within 15 days of acceptance of the purchase agreement, the 

parties never executed such an agreement. Indeed, the parties never executed any agreement 

other than the original purchase agreement. Further, plaintiff never was able to obtain the 

financing for the $600,000 as required by ¶ 1 of the agreement. As a result, the parties did not 

close on December 30, 2015, but they nevertheless continued to communicate about how to 

proceed toward closing. After several months of meetings and negotiations, plaintiff approached 

defendant with a proposal, where defendant would finance a second mortgage for plaintiff. 

Defendant was open to the idea but never committed to a specific agreement. Indeed, both 

parties presented their own draft agreements for the mortgage, but the parties ultimately could 

not reach an agreement on the terms.

On September 23, 2016, Cao e-mailed Bazzy to explain that the original purchase 

agreement had long since expired, that an agreement regarding a second mortgage was never 

reached, and that he no longer was comfortable with financing a second mortgage. On 

September 26, 2016, Cao e-mailed First American Tile with instructions to release to plaintiff the 

$10,000 earnest money deposit, which was still held in escrow. However, the earnest money 

deposit remained in escrow because plaintiff refused to execute a termination agreement as 

requested by First American Title. Defendant thereafter sold the Properties to another buyer on 

or about September 30, 2016, for $650,000, which was $80,000 less than the price for which 

defendant had intended to sell to plaintiff.

Plaintiff filed a complaint against defendant, alleging breach of contract and silent fraud. 

In an amended complaint, plaintiff added a count of promissory estoppel. Regarding the breach 

of contract claim, plaintiff did not rely on the written purchase agreement—instead, alleging that 

certain “modifications” had occurred to the agreement, including that defendant would provide a 

financed amount of $320,000 to plaintiff, and therefore that plaintiff had satisfied all conditions 

precedent to closing, resulting in defendant’s breach of the contract when it failed to sell the 
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property to plaintiff. Regarding the promissory estoppel claim, plaintiff alleged that the original 

purchase agreement and subsequent modification constituted a clear and definite promise that 

“the agreement to sell continued to be valid, binding, and enforceable.” And for the fraud claim, 

plaintiff alleged that defendant committed silent fraud when defendant failed to advise plaintiff 

that defendant was going to enter into a competing purchase agreement.

Defendant filed a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and 

(10), arguing that there was no genuine issue of material fact regarding defendant’s alleged 

breach of contract because the purchase agreement required plaintiff to obtain a mortgage for 

$600,000 within 60 days from the execution of the agreement as a condition precedent to selling 

the property, and plaintiff failed to obtain such financing. Further, defendant argued that the 

parties never reached an agreement regarding the financing of the $320,000 and, in any event, 

the statute of frauds barred any oral agreement between it and plaintiff. Regarding the 

promissory estoppel claim, defendant argued that such a claim was invalid because the doctrine 

of promissory estoppel cannot apply in a case involving the sale of real estate in which the 

statute of frauds applies. Finally, defendant argued that the fraud claim should be dismissed 

because it did not arise from a duty separate and distinct from defendant’s purported contractual 

obligations, and thus defendant was limited to a claim of breach of contract.

In response, plaintiff asserted that the doctrine of promissory estoppel serves as an 

exception to the statute of frauds in this case and that plaintiff suffered damages as a result of its 

reliance on defendant’s promises. Plaintiff also relied on the doctrine of partial performance to 

argue that it was entitled to damages for losses it incurred as a result of defendant’s actions. In 

support of its silent fraud claim, plaintiff simply argued that defendant “strung” plaintiff along by 

failing to notify plaintiff that the property was going to be sold to someone else.

The trial court granted defendant’s motion for summary disposition, holding that the 

purchase agreement was “void” because plaintiff failed to obtain financing as required by the 

agreement and that the statute of frauds barred any oral modification to the purchase agreement. 

The trial court also found that the parties’ continued negotiations did not result in a written 

agreement and that, therefore, plaintiff could not enforce an oral agreement for defendant to 

provide a portion of the financing. The trial court also rejected plaintiff’s partial performance 

and promissory estoppel claims. Finally, the court ruled that plaintiff’s silent fraud claim failed 

as well because plaintiff’s complaint failed to allege that defendant had a duty to make any of the 

disclosures plaintiff asserted were required.

Following the trial court’s ruling from the bench, defendant raised an issue regarding the 

$10,000 earnest money deposit, asserting that there remained an open issue with respect to which 

party should get the $10,000 earnest money deposit. In its June 30, 2017 order granting 

defendant’s motion for summary disposition, the trial court also ordered defendant to submit a 

motion and brief on the issue of the deposit by July 11, 2017.

On July 11, 2017, defendant filed a motion pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) on this 

remaining “claim,” arguing that plaintiff forfeited the earnest money deposit by failing to fulfill 

its obligation to obtain financing under the purchase agreement, which prevented the parties from 

closing on the real estate transaction. In response, plaintiff primarily argued that defendant had 

waived any claim to the deposit when it previously had instructed the title company to give the 
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funds to plaintiff. On July 28, 2017, the trial court held a hearing on defendant’s motion and 

determined that defendant was entitled to the funds, ruling that the purchase agreement provided 

only a single condition under which the earnest money would be returned—if defendant failed to 

accept the purchase agreement—and that condition did not come to pass, as defendant had timely 

accepted the agreement. On August 16, 2017, the trial court entered an order consistent with its 

July 28 pronouncement.

Thereafter, defendant discovered that plaintiff on July 10, 2017, had requested First 

American Title to return the $10,000 earnest money deposit to plaintiff; on July 11, 2017, First 

American Title did release the funds to plaintiff. Thus, when the trial court held the July 28, 

2017 hearing on defendant’s motion regarding the earnest money deposit, plaintiff already had 

withdrawn the money. Consequently, in September, defendant filed a motion for an order to 

show cause why plaintiff should not be held in contempt of court and sanctioned for violating the 

trial court’s order to release the earnest money deposit to defendant. According to defendant, 

between August 18, 2017, and August 31, 2017, defendant asked plaintiff several times to 

comply with the trial court’s August 16, 2017 order. In response, plaintiff admitted that plaintiff

had requested First American Title to release the earnest money deposit to plaintiff but argued 

that the trial court’s order regarding the escrow, which was issued after the money already had 

been released, did not enjoin the funds, did not direct that the funds be escrowed, and did not 

order plaintiff to perform or not perform any act.

At the time of the trial court’s hearing on defendant’s motion on September 22, 2017, 

plaintiff still had not returned the earnest money deposit to defendant or First American Title. 

According to plaintiff’s counsel, plaintiff did not have the $10,000 but was willing to make a 

deposit of $1,500 that day and pay the remainder of the money 14 days later. The trial court 

rejected the proposal and entered an order to show cause why plaintiff should not be held in 

contempt of court. The court order provided that plaintiff would not have to appear if no later 

than October 6, 2017, $10,000 was paid to defendant, plus another $2,000 in attorney fees and 

$1,500 in sanctions to defense counsel.

II. SUMMARY DISPOSITION

Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting defendant’s motion for summary 

disposition. Defendant moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). 

However, because the parties relied on materials outside the pleadings, we review the motion as 

having been decided under MCR 2.116(C)(10). See Van Buren Twp v Visteon Corp, 319 Mich 

App 538, 544; 904 NW2d 192 (2017). This Court reviews a trial court’s decision whether to 

grant a motion for summary disposition de novo. Kelly-Stehney & Assoc, Inc v MacDonald’s 

Indus Prod, Inc, 265 Mich App 105, 110; 693 NW2d 394 (2005). A motion for summary 

disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) is properly granted if there is no genuine issue of material 

fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Transou v City of Pontiac, 

283 Mich App 71, 73; 769 NW2d 281 (2009). “Similarly, ‘[t]his Court reviews de novo 

questions of law such as whether the statute of frauds bars enforcement of a purported 

contract.’ ” Kelly-Stehney, 264 Mich App at 110 (citation omitted). Questions concerning the 

proper interpretation of a contract or the legal effect of a contractual clause are also reviewed de 

novo. McDonald v Farm Bureau Ins Co, 480 Mich 191, 197; 747 NW2d 811 (2008).
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“ ‘Under ordinary contract principles, if contractual language is clear, construction of the 

contract is a question of law for the court.’ ” Van Buren Twp, 319 Mich App at 547, quoting 

Meagher v Wayne State Univ, 222 Mich App 700, 721; 565 NW2d 401 (1997). Even an 

“inartfully worded or clumsily arranged” contract will be considered unambiguous so long as 

one interpretation of the contract is apparent. Meagher, 222 Mich App at 722. This Court must 

enforce the clear and unambiguous contractual language as written. Van Buren Twp, 319 Mich 

App at 547. On the other hand, the meaning of an ambiguous contractual provision is a question 

of fact which is reserved for the fact-finder to ascertain. Klapp v United Ins Group Agency, Inc, 

468 Mich 459, 469; 663 NW2d 447 (2003).

A. PLAINTIFF’S CLAIMS

According to the purchase agreement, as a condition precedent to closing, plaintiff was 

required to obtain a $600,000 mortgage within 60 days from the execution of the agreement. “A 

condition precedent is a fact or event that the parties intend must take place before there is a right 

to performance.” Able Demolition v City of Pontiac, 275 Mich App 577, 583; 739 NW2d 696 

(2007) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “ ‘Failure to satisfy a condition precedent 

prevents a cause of action for failure of performance.’ ” Id., quoting Berkel & Co Contractors v 

Christman Co, 210 Mich App 416, 420; 533 NW2d 838 (1995). Plaintiff concedes that it never 

obtained a mortgage for $600,000. Accordingly, plaintiff’s failure to obtain the necessary 

financing relieved defendant of its obligation to perform under the purchase agreement, i.e., to 

sell the Properties to plaintiff. Therefore, the trial court properly determined that defendant was 

entitled to summary disposition on plaintiff’s breach of contract claim.

In an attempt to evade the legal consequences of its failure to satisfy the purchase 

agreement’s condition precedent, plaintiff argues that defendant’s promise to provide plaintiff 

with a second mortgage orally modified the purchase agreement. We disagree.

A written contract may be modified. Kloian v Domino’s Pizza LLC, 273 Mich App 449, 

454; 733 NW2d 766 (2006). However, the modification “must be by mutual consent.” Id. 

“ ‘The mutuality requirement is satisfied where a modification is established through clear and 

convincing evidence of a written agreement, oral agreement, or affirmative conduct establishing 

mutual agreement to waive the terms of the original contract.’ ” Id. at 455, quoting Quality Prod 

& Concepts Co v Nagel Precision, Inc, 469 Mich 362, 373; 666 NW2d 251 (2003). The clear 

and convincing evidence standard is “the most demanding standard applied in civil cases.” In re 

Martin, 450 Mich 204, 227; 538 NW2d 399 (1995). Clear and convincing evidence is defined as 

the type of proof which 

“produce[s] in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the 

truth of the allegations sought to be established, evidence so clear, direct and 

weighty and convincing as to enable [the factfinder] to come to a clear conviction, 

without hesitancy, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” Id. (citation omitted).

Plaintiff fails to provide any evidence, let alone clear and convincing evidence, that the 

parties mutually consented to modify the contract. Instead, the record demonstrates that the 

parties attempted to negotiate a modification to the contract, specifically for providing financing 

associated with a second mortgage. Both parties presented their own proposed second mortgage
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terms, which neither party accepted. While defendant may have told plaintiff that it was willing 

to execute an agreement for a second mortgage in principle, it is clear that the parties never

reached mutual agreement as to the terms of such an agreement.

Further, plaintiff’s claim that the purchase agreement was orally modified ignores the 

mandates of the statute of frauds, which controls regarding the sale of land in Michigan. 

Lakeside Oakland Dev, LC v H & J Beef Co, 249 Mich App 517, 524; 644 NW2d 765 (2002). 

“The statute of frauds, in regards to the sale of land, is comprised of MCL 566.106 and MCL 

566.108.” Id. MCL 566.106 provides:

No estate or interest in lands,[1] other than leases for a term not exceeding 

1 year, nor any trust or power over or concerning lands, or in any manner relating 

thereto, shall hereafter be created, granted, assigned, surrendered or declared, 

unless by act or operation of law, or by a deed or conveyance in writing, 

subscribed by the party creating, granting, assigning, surrendering or declaring the 

same, or by some person thereunto by him lawfully authorized by writing.

And MCL 566.108 provides:

Every contract for the leasing for a longer period than 1 year, or for the 

sale of any lands, or any interest in lands, shall be void, unless the contract, or 

some note or memorandum thereof be in writing, and signed by the party by 

whom the lease or sale is to be made, or by some person thereunto by him 

lawfully authorized in writing . . . .

Therefore, with plaintiff’s breach of contract claim being predicated solely on an alleged 

breach of the modified purchase agreement, the claim is not viable without any evidence of a 

written modification to the purchase agreement. Moreover, looking past any statute of fraud 

requirements, plaintiff does not present any evidence as to what the terms of any alleged oral 

modifications were. Thus, assuming an oral agreement existed and the statute of frauds was not 

at issue, the terms and conditions of that oral modification remain unknown. Because plaintiff 

cannot proffer any evidence that the parties agreed to modify the purchase agreement and what 

those new terms were, defendant is entitled to summary disposition on plaintiff’s breach of 

contract claim.

Rather than address the fundamental aspects of contract law and modifications of a 

contract, plaintiff challenges the trial court’s decision to grant defendant summary disposition by 

arguing that the trial court failed to recognize that the doctrines of partial performance and 

promissory estoppel are exceptions to the statute of frauds in the context of real estate 

transactions.

 1 Of note here, a mortgage is an interest in land and, therefore, is subject to the statute of frauds. 

Aetna Mortgage Co v Dembs, 13 Mich App 686, 691; 164 NW2d 771 (1968), citing Wardell v 

Williams, 62 Mich 50, 60; 28 NW 796 (1886).
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“Promissory estoppel is a judicially created doctrine that was developed as an equitable 

remedy applicable in common-law contract actions.” Crown Technology Park v D&N Bank, 

FSB, 242 Mich App 538, 548 n 4; 619 NW2d 66 (2000). Under the promissory estoppel 

doctrine,

“A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action or 

forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does induce 

such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by 

enforcement of the promise. The remedy granted for breach may be limited as 

justice requires.” [State Bank of Standish v Curry, 442 Mich 76, 83; 500 NW2d 

104 (1993), quoting 1 Restatement Contracts, 2d § 90, p 242.]

Plaintiff cites to an abundance of caselaw that recognizes promissory estoppel as an exception to 

the statute of frauds, but as it forthrightly concedes in its brief on appeal, while Michigan courts 

have “recognized promissory estoppel as an exception in cases involving statutes of frauds 

generally,” they have “not yet addressed that exception in the context of a real estate 

transaction.”2 However, we need not determine if the doctrine applies in a real estate context 

because even if we assume it does, there is no evidence of an oral promise. As previously 

discussed, plaintiff cannot prove, even after months of discovery, that the parties agreed to 

modify the purchase agreement, or even what that oral modification entailed.

Likewise, plaintiff’s reliance on the doctrine of partial performance is misplaced. The 

doctrine provides:

“If one party to an oral contract, in reliance upon the contract, has performed his 

obligation thereunder so that it would be a fraud upon him to allow the other party 

to repudiate the contract, by interposing the statute [of frauds], equity will regard 

the contract as removed from the operation of the statute. The contract to be 

enforced must be established by clear and convincing evidence.” [Barclae v 

Zarb, 300 Mich App 455, 475; 834 NW2d 100 (2013) (emphasis added), quoting 

Guzorek v Williams, 300 Mich 633, 638-639; 2 NW2d 796 (1942).]

As already discussed, there is no evidence, let alone clear and convincing evidence, that an oral 

agreement existed between plaintiff and defendant to modify the purchase agreement. Therefore, 

plaintiff cannot avail itself of the partial performance doctrine.

 2 See, e.g., Nygard v Nygard, 156 Mich App 94, 99; 401 NW2d 323 (1986) (stating that 

promissory estoppel may apply if statute of frauds prevents enforcement of child support 

contract); Pursell v Wolverine-Pentronix, Inc, 44 Mich App 416, 420; 205 NW2d 504 (1973) 

(applying promissory estoppel to oral contract that could not be performed within one year).
-8-

Therefore, we hold that the trial court properly granted defendant’s motion for summary 

disposition with respect to plaintiff’s breach of contract claim and promissory estoppel claim.

3

B. EARNEST MONEY DEPOSIT

Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erroneously granted defendant’s motion4 to obtain

the earnest money deposit because it brought “preconceived notions and equitable principles into 

the dispute,” and failed to properly construe the parties’ intent as to the disposition of the money 

in the event that the sale fell apart. We agree that the trial court erred in awarding the earnest 

money deposit at this stage.

This Court reviews de novo the proper interpretation of a contact, which is a question of 

law. Klapp, 468 Mich at 463. When interpreting a contract, this Court’s primary objective is to 

honor the parties’ intent, which is best derived from the words used in that contract. Kyocera 

Corp v Hemlock Semiconductor, LLC, 313 Mich App 437, 446; 886 NW2d 445 (2015). This 

Court is prohibited from writing a different contract, or from considering extrinsic evidence to 

determine the parties’ intent when the contract language is clear and unambiguous. Id.

The only provision in the purchase agreement that addresses the earnest money deposit 

states:

9. This offer shall remain open until 12 o’clock a.m., October 19, 2015, and if not 

accepted by said time, this offer shall be deemed rescinded and all deposits shall 

be refunded.

According to defendant, the single unambiguous provision in this paragraph—seller’s failure to 

accept the terms of the purchase agreement by October 19, 2015—is the only scenario in which 

the parties intended for the return of the earnest money deposit to plaintiff. Defendant therefore 

argues that it is entitled to the earnest money deposit because it accepted the terms of the 

purchase agreement by the stated deadline. However, plaintiff contends that the purchase 

agreement, as a whole, was silent with respect to the earnest money deposit in the event that the 

parties failed to close.

We decline to interpret that paragraph as the only way for plaintiff to have recovered the 

earnest money deposit. Instead, ¶ 9 simply expressed what would happen in the event that 

defendant did not sign the purchase agreement by a certain date. Defendant’s reliance on the 

rule of interpretation expressio unius est exclusio alterius, under which “[t]he expression of one 

thing is the exclusion of another,” Grinnell Bros v Brown, 205 Mich 134, 137; 171 NW 399 

(1919); see also Diallo v LaRochelle, 310 Mich App 411,420-421; 871 NW2d 724 (2015), is 

misplaced. Except for the scenario in which defendant failed to accept the purchase agreement 

 3 Plaintiff on appeal does not address the dismissal of its silent fraud claim. Thus, that particular

issue is not before us.

4 As previously noted, defendant’s motion regarding the earnest money deposit was brought as a 

motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10).
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by October 19, 2015, the contract is silent as to what is to happen to the earnest money deposit in 

the event the agreement is breached or closing does not occur.

Although the contract is silent on what is to happen to the earnest money deposit in the 

event plaintiff breached the contract this “silence does not equal ambiguity if the law provides a 

rule to be applied in the absence of a provision to the contrary.” Norman v Norman, 201 Mich 

App 182, 184; 506 NW2d 254 (1993). While we are aware that, customarily, purchase 

agreements allow for the seller to retain such a deposit in the event the buyer breaches or 

otherwise causes a contract to fail, we have not found any rule or caselaw—and the parties have 

not identified any—that requires this disposition. Instead, the disbursement of the earnest 

money deposit appears to be dictated by the parties’ intent, as reflected in the terms of the 

parties’ purchase agreement. See, e.g., Jonna v Diversity Corp, 368 Mich 231, 232-233; 118 

NW2d 471 (1962); Worley v McCarty, 354 Mich 599, 602; 93 NW2d 269 (1958). Therefore, we 

hold that the purchase agreement is ambiguous on this point. As our Supreme Court has 

recognized:

It is well settled that the meaning of an ambiguous contract is a question of fact 

that must be decided by the jury. Where a contract is to be construed by its terms 

alone, it is the duty of the court to interpret it; but where its meaning is obscure 

and its construction depends upon other and extrinsic facts in connection with 

what is written, the question of interpretation should be submitted to the jury, 

under proper instructions. [Klapp, 468 Mich at 469 (quotation marks and 

citations omitted).]

Therefore, because the purchase agreement is ambiguous on what is to happen with the 

earnest money deposit under these circumstances, the parties’ intent on this matter is a question 

of fact for the trier of fact to resolve. Consequently, with this open question of fact, it was 

improper to grant defendant’s motion, which was based on summary disposition under MCR 

2.116(C)(10). In other words, defendant, as the moving party, failed to establish that there was 

no question of fact as to the parties’ intent regarding the earnest money deposit; therefore, its 

motion should have been denied. See Transou, 283 Mich App at 73.

5

III. ATTORNEY FEES AND SANCTIONS

 5 We stress that our ruling does not address which party ultimately should receive the deposit. 

Instead, our ruling merely provides that at this summary disposition phase, defendant cannot 

show as a matter of law that it was entitled to keep the funds. Our ruling does not preclude the 

trier of fact from later determining that the parties intended for plaintiff to forfeit the deposit if it 

breached the contract, but it also does not compel such a decision.

We also decline to address plaintiff’s assertion in its brief on appeal that defendant could 

not recover the deposit without a valid counterclaim. Plaintiff never raised this issue at the trial 

court and instead fully participated in the hearing on the merits regarding the deposit; we 

therefore decline to address it. See Polkton Twp v Pellegrom, 265 Mich App 88, 95; 693 NW2d 

170 (2005) (“We need not address issues first raised on appeal.”).
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Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred because the trial court’s “contempt”

proceedings were criminal in nature and the process was fundamentally unfair. We disagree.

This Court reviews a trial court’s decision to award attorney fees for an abuse of 

discretion. Farmers Ins Exch v Kurzmann, 257 Mich App 412, 422; 668 NW2d 199 (2003). 

Similarly, a trial court’s exercise of its inherent authority to sanction a litigant is reviewed for an 

abuse of discretion. Maldonado v Ford Motor Co, 476 Mich 372, 388; 719 NW2d 809 (2006). 

“An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is outside the range of reasonable 

and principled outcomes.” Smith v Khouri, 481 Mich 519, 526; 751 NW2d 472 (2008).

At the outset, both parties focus on whether the trial court held a criminal or civil 

contempt proceeding. However, the trial court did not hold a contempt proceeding at all;

therefore, there is no criminal/civil distinction to make. Here, defendant sought two forms of 

relief in its motion for sanctions and civil contempt: (1) an order to show cause why plaintiff 

should not be held in civil contempt for failing to follow court orders and (2) an award of 

attorney fees. In response, plaintiff admitted that Bazzy requested that First American Title 

release the earnest money after the trial court had ruled that plaintiff’s claims were to be 

dismissed, but plaintiff generally denied that it violated any court orders.

Contrary to the parties’ assertions, the trial court did not hold a contempt proceeding but 

instead merely held a hearing on defendant’s motion. The trial court explicitly stated that it was 

entering an order to show cause as to why plaintiff should not be held in contempt for its actions 

in connection with demanding the release of the earnest money deposit. The trial court’s order 

scheduled a show-cause hearing for October 6, 2017. Therefore, it is clear that the trial court 

never found plaintiff in either civil or criminal contempt. However, the order also stated that 

plaintiff could avoid the show-cause hearing entirely if it paid the $10,000 earnest money deposit

it had obtained from First American Title, $2,000 in attorney fees, and an additional $1,500 in 

sanctions.

We have already ruled that it was premature for the trial court to award defendant the 

$10,000 earnest money deposit by way of summary disposition, so that portion of the order 

would have to be vacated in any event. Therefore, we will turn our attention to the award of the 

$2,000 in attorney fees and the $1,500 in sanctions.

The trial court’s decision to sanction plaintiff $1,500 was well within its authority and the 

range of reasonable and principled outcomes. It is well established that “[t]rial courts have 

inherent authority to impose sanctions on the basis of a party’s misconduct.” Ford Motor Co v 

Dep’t of Treasury, 313 Mich App 572, 594-595; 884 NW2d 587 (2015); see also Persichini v 

William Beaumont Hosp, 238 Mich App 626, 639; 607 NW2d 100 (1999). Plaintiff admitted 

that Bazzy requested the return of the earnest money deposit shortly after the trial court had ruled 

from the bench that plaintiff’s claims were to be dismissed and that the issue of the earnest 

money deposit was still pending and before the court. Hence, plaintiff obtained the deposit 

despite being well aware that the disposition of the earnest money was in dispute and that the 

trial court intended to address the issue at a later hearing. The trial court deemed $1,500 in 
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sanctions appropriate for the $10,000 in dispute at the time, coupled with plaintiff’s actions to 

seemingly thwart the trial court’s procedure for resolving the issue.6 Given these circumstances, 

we cannot conclude that the trial court’s decision was an abuse of discretion.

Likewise, the trial court’s decision to award defendant attorney fees also was within the 

range of reasonable and principled outcomes. With respect to the payment of attorney costs and 

fees, Michigan adheres to the “American rule.” Haliw v Sterling Hts, 471 Mich 700, 706; 691 

NW2d 753 (2005). The American rule provides that “ ‘attorney fees are not ordinarily 

recoverable unless a statute, court rule, or common-law exception provides the contrary.’ ” 

Smith, 481 Mich at 526, quoting Nemeth v Abonmarche Dev, Inc, 457 Mich 16, 37-38; 576 

NW2d 641 (1998), and Haliw, 471 Mich at 706. One recognized exception to the American rule 

is the trial court’s inherent power to sanction a litigant for misconduct by way of assessing 

attorney fees. Persichini, 238 Mich App at 639. When awarding attorney fees as a sanction for 

a litigant’s misconduct, the trial court should balance “the harshness of the sanction against the 

gravity of the misconduct,” and in consideration of the amount of attorney fees, the court should 

sanction no more than what would place the litigant requesting fees “in the position they would 

have been in absent the misconduct.” Id. at 642-643.

The trial court’s award of attorney fees in this case constitutes an exception to the general 

rule because it was an exercise of its inherent authority to sanction. See id. at 639 (affirming the 

trial court’s award of attorney fees to the defendants because the deliberate improper questioning 

by plaintiff’s counsel resulted in a mistrial). The trial court awarded attorney fees that defendant 

incurred as a result of plaintiff’s misconduct, which demonstrates that the trial court simply 

attempted to place defendant in the same position it would have been in absent plaintiff’s 

improper actions.

7

 Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion.8

However, as noted already, although the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering 

plaintiff to pay sanctions and attorney fees as a result of plaintiff’s misconduct, our ruling 

necessitates that we vacate the court’s order to show cause to the extent that it required plaintiff

to pay the $10,000 earnest money deposit to defendant.

We affirm the grant of summary disposition in favor of defendant as to plaintiff’s claims. 

We reverse the grant of summary disposition in favor of defendant related to the earnest money 

 6 The trial court expressly noted that Bazzy had communicated with the title company “after this 

issue [regarding the disposition of the funds] had been tee’d up for my decision and got the 

money using an e-mail from last year.”

7 We also note that plaintiff does not contest the reasonableness of the $2,000 in attorney fees 

that were awarded, only whether an award of attorney fees was justified at all.

8 The fact that we have determined that the court erroneously awarded the $10,000 earnest 

money deposit to defendant has no effect on our analysis because the sanctions addressed

plaintiff’s conduct that primarily occurred prior to the court’s actual award of the $10,000. As 

already discussed, the various sanctions were based on plaintiff’s conduct of obtaining the 

$10,000, when plaintiff was fully aware that the court was poised to decide on the issue.
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deposit and remand for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. Finally, we vacate the 

portion of the trial court’s September 26, 2017 order to show cause requiring plaintiff to pay the 

earnest money deposit, but we affirm the portion awarding sanctions and attorney fees as a valid 

exercise of the trial court’s inherent power to sanction improper behavior. We do not retain 

jurisdiction. No taxable costs, as neither party prevailed in full. MCR 7.219.

/s/ Jonathan Tukel 

/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro 

/s/ Michael F. Gadola