United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 11-3547

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United States of America

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

Alexander Martinez, also known as Lex Martinez

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee

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 Appeal from United States District Court 

for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock

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 Submitted: June 13, 2012

 Filed: August 31, 2012

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Before LOKEN and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges, and PERRY,1

 District Judge.

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GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

A jury found Alexander Martinez guilty of conspiring to commit bank fraud in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349, committing bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1344, and making a false statement to a financial institution in violation of 18 U.S.C.

1

The Honorable Catherine D. Perry, Chief Judge, United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
§ 1014. The district court2

 sentenced Martinez to twelve months and one day of

imprisonment and did not order restitution. The Government now appeals the district

court’s decisions to use Martinez’s gain, instead of the actual or intended loss, for

purposes of calculating the advisory sentencing guidelines range and to not order

Martinez to pay restitution. For the reasons that follow, we affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

Martinez was the chief financial officer and manager of the accounting

department at Affiliated Foods Southwest, Inc. (“Affiliated”), a food distribution

company. Affiliated had a multi-million dollar line of credit with U.S. Bank

collateralized by Affiliated’s accounts receivable and inventory. U.S. Bank

determined the amount that Affiliated could borrow based on the amount of eligible

collateral Affiliated possessed. In 2008, Affiliated began struggling with cash-flow

issues. In order for Affiliated to obtain additional funds from U.S. Bank on the line

of credit, Martinez used various nefarious methods to enhance the apparent financial

status of Affiliated. One such method was to instruct employees at subsidiaries of

Affiliated to write checks to Affiliated even though the money paid to Affiliated by

the subsidiaries would ultimately be provided by Affiliated. The Government

characterizes this method of fraud as a check-kiting scheme.

At the time U.S. Bank discovered the fraud in February 2009, Affiliated owed

U.S. Bank in excess of $55 million. U.S. Bank froze the line of credit temporarily to

determine the actual status of the collateral. U.S. Bank then entered into a forbearance

agreement with Affiliated Foods under which U.S. Bank continued to lend money but

required Affiliated Foods to hire a “turnaround consultant.” During this period,

Affiliated Foods continued to operate. 

2

The Honorable Brian S. Miller, Chief Judge, United States District Court for

the Eastern District of Arkansas. 

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Affiliated eventually filed for bankruptcy in May 2009, at which time it owed

U.S. Bank a little over $28 million. Between that time and Martinez’s sentencing,

U.S. Bank was able to recover from collateral all but approximately $2.8 million of

the principal it was owed by Affiliated. For sentencing purposes, the Presentence

Investigation Report used the $2.8 million of unrecovered principal as the amount of

loss for which Martinez was responsible. The Government argued, however, that

Affiliated obtained approximately $11.6 million in extra loans from U.S. Bank as a

result of Martinez’s fraudulent activity and that this amount was the intended loss for

which Martinez was responsible. In contrast, Martinez argued that U.S. Bank’s loss

was not caused by his fraud and that, in any event, U.S. Bank had additional collateral

available that he claimed was sufficient to cover the $2.8 million in unrecovered

principal. The district court concluded that it did not have a reasonable basis on which

to determine the actual or intended loss. Therefore, for purposes of determining the

advisory sentencing guidelines range, the district court used as an alternative loss

measurement the gain to Martinez from his fraudulent activities—that is, the $48,000

in salary payments he received during the period of the scheme.

At sentencing, the Government also sought an order of restitution for the

approximately $2.8 million of unrecovered principal plus about $2.3 million in

interest. Martinez argued that, because outstanding collateral was sufficient to satisfy

the amount Affiliated owed U.S. Bank, restitution should not be awarded. The

Government countered that U.S. Bank’s prior efforts to collect on various

collateralized accounts receivable of Affiliated had resulted in a recovery of only a

portion of the amounts owed and that it had been unable to obtain any sizeable amount

of funds from the remaining accounts in recent months. The district court, due to the

complexity of determining the loss to U.S. Bank properly attributable to Martinez’s

fraudulent behavior, declined to order any restitution.

On appeal, the Government argues that $11.6 million is the proper loss amount

for purposes of the sentencing guidelines or that, in the alternative, the court should

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use the outstanding $2.8 million of principal as the loss amount. In addition, the

Government contends that restitution should be awarded to U.S. Bank.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Amount of Loss

“We review a district court’s interpretation of the guidelines de novo and its

loss calculation for clear error.” United States v. Mancini, 624 F.3d 879, 881 (8th Cir.

2010). “We will affirm the court’s loss determination ‘unless it is not supported by

substantial evidence, was based on an erroneous view of the law, or [we have] a firm

conviction that there was a mistake after reviewing the entire record.’” Id. (alteration

in original) (quoting United States v. Hodge, 588 F.3d 970, 973 (8th Cir. 2009)). 

“Because the damage wrought by fraud is sometimes difficult to calculate, a district

court is charged only with reasonably estimating the loss using a preponderance of

evidence standard.” United States v. Alexander, 679 F.3d 721, 731 (8th Cir. 2012)

(quoting United States v. McKanry, 628 F.3d 1010, 1019 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 563

U.S. ---, 131 S. Ct. 1837 (2011)). 

The advisory sentencing guidelines provide for the application of graduated

offense levels based on the amount of loss involved in specified crimes. See U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1(b)(1). “Under the guidelines, the general rule is that ‘loss is the greater of

actual or intended loss.’” United States v. Mitchell, 608 F.3d 384, 387 (8th Cir. 2010)

(quoting U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(A)). A district “court shall use the gain that

resulted from the offense as an alternative measure of loss only if there is a loss but

it reasonably cannot be determined.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(B). The Government

contends that the actual or intended loss was identifiable and that therefore the district

court should not have used the gain to the defendant as an alternate measure of loss.

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It appears that the district court’s loss analysis focused on actual loss and that

the district court concluded that it could not reasonably determine the amount of actual

loss primarily because: (1) it was unsure if the loss to U.S. Bank resulted from

Martinez’s actions and, alternatively, (2) it could not reasonably determine the value

of the outstanding collateral. We affirm based on the district court’s second

alternative, as it applies to both actual and intended loss. See United States v. Staples,

410 F.3d 484, 491 (8th Cir. 2005) (“[S]entencing courts should subtract the value of

the collateral from the intended loss amount when the facts warrant it.”).

We first consider whether the value of the collateral pledged to U.S. Bank prior

to the detection of the fraud is a proper consideration in determining actual or intended

loss. The Government analogizes Martinez’s conduct to a check-kiting scheme and

argues, relying on United States v. Whitehead, 176 F.3d 1030 (8th Cir. 1999), that the

amount of actual loss must be determined based on the amount in float “at the time the

check kiting scheme is discovered, not at the time of sentencing,” rendering the

existence of any collateral irrelevant. 176 F.3d at 1042. Whitehead, however, does

not stand for the proposition that collateral can never be considered in determining the

amount of loss in a check-kiting case; it involved a voluntary promise of payment by

the defendant after the scheme was discovered, rather than the presence of collateral

that had been pledged prior to the scheme’s discovery. Moreover, we believe

Martinez’s fraud here is more akin to a scheme to inflate assets or income in a loan

application to obtain a loan in an amount greater than that justified by the actual

financial condition, rather than a traditional check-kiting scheme. See Alexander, 679

F.3d at 729-30 (“In mortgage fraud cases, we have previously approved loss amount

determinations based on the difference between the unpaid principal balance of a

mortgaged property and the subsequent sale price of the property.”). Thus, we

conclude that the district court did not err by taking into account the collateral

available to U.S. Bank in deciding whether it reasonably could determine the amount

of loss. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(E)(ii) (stating that “[i]n a case involving

collateral pledged or otherwise provided by the defendant,” the amount of loss shall

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be reduced by “the amount the victim has recovered at the time of sentencing from

disposition of the collateral, or if the collateral has not been disposed of by that time,

the fair market value of the collateral at the time of sentencing” (emphasis added));

United States v. Parish, 565 F.3d 528 (8th Cir. 2009) (“Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1,

the equation used to calculate actual loss to the lenders is the amount of the

fraudulently obtained mortgage loans minus any payments made on the loan principal

and the value of the collateral at the time of sentencing.”); United States v.

Oligmueller, 198 F.3d 669, 671 (8th Cir. 1999) (concluding, in a case in which the

defendant secured a loan by misrepresenting the number of cattle he owned, that “in

determining the amount of actual loss, a sentencing court is not permitted to consider

payments made to the bank after the fraud is discovered unless the payments are the

result of the sale of pledged assets”). 

Having concluded that the value of the collateral pledged to U.S. Bank prior to

the detection of the fraud properly would be included in calculating actual or intended

loss, we next consider whether the district court could reasonably determine the fair

market value of the outstanding collateral at the time of sentencing. The district court

heard testimony relating to U.S. Bank’s efforts to collect on Affiliated’s collateralized

accounts receivable and the likelihood that U.S. Bank would be able to reduce or

eliminate its loss through future collection efforts. The Government failed, however,

to provide a satisfactory basis for estimating the fair market value of the outstanding

collateral. Although a U.S. Bank employee testified that recent collection efforts had

become less fruitful, she provided no estimate of, or reasoned basis to determine, the

amount of outstanding collateral that might be collected. We cannot say that the

district court clearly erred in holding that it could not reasonably determine the fair

market value of the outstanding collateral. See United States v. Huber, 462 F.3d 945,

951 (8th Cir. 2006) (stating that “the district court’s decision about whether the total

amount of loss in the case was practicable to determine [for purposes of U.S.S.G.

§ 2S1.1(a)(1)] was a factual issue for the district court”). Because the district court

was required to reduce the amount of actual or intended loss by the fair market value

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of the outstanding collateral, it could not reasonably determine the loss under either

of those methods. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(B). We therefore affirm the district

court’s decision to use Martinez’s gain for purposes of determining the advisory

guidelines range. See id.3

B. Restitution Award

We review a “district court’s decision to order restitution for abuse of discretion

and its underlying fact determinations for clear error.” United States v. Gregoire, 638

F.3d 962, 973 (8th Cir. 2011). “To the extent the district court interpreted the

Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (MVRA) to determine its obligations in awarding

restitution, we review those interpretations de novo.” United States v. Frazier, 651

F.3d 899, 903 (8th Cir. 2011). When applicable, the MVRA provides that “a

sentencing court ‘shall order . . . the defendant [to] make restitution to the victim of

the offense.’” Frazier, 651 F.3d at 903 (omission and alteration in original) (quoting

18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1)). “While the amount of loss calculation looks to the greater

of actual or intended loss, the amount of restitution under the MVRA ‘cannot exceed

the actual, provable loss realized by the victims.’” Alexander, 679 F.3d at 731

(quoting Frazier, 651 F.3d at 905). “The government bears the burden of proving the

amount of restitution based on a preponderance of the evidence.” Frazier, 651 F.3d

at 903.

In declining to order restitution, the district court relied on a provision of the

MVRA stating that mandatory restitution is not required for property offenses where

the district court finds that “determining complex issues of fact related to the cause or

amount of the victim’s losses would complicate or prolong the sentencing process to

3

We also reject the Government’s additional arguments that, even if collateral

is properly considered, Martinez’s scheme did not create any collateral and that

Martinez should get no credit for the collateral supplied by Affiliated.

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a degree that the need to provide restitution to any victim is outweighed by the burden

on the sentencing process.” 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(3)(B). The district court invoked

this exception due to the complexity of determining the amount of loss properly

attributable to Martinez. The Government argues that the district court improperly

relied on § 3663A(c)(3)(B).

We have stated in applying § 3663A(c)(3)(B) that “a burdensome, complicated,

or speculative calculation provides a good reason for the district court to decline to

exercise its discretion.” See United States v. Oslund, 453 F.3d 1048, 1063 (8th Cir.

2006). The Second Circuit has explained that § 3663A(c)(3)(B) “reflects Congress’s

intent that ‘sentencing courts not become embroiled in intricate issues of proof,’ and

that the ‘process of determining an appropriate order of restitution be streamlined.’” 

United States v. Marino, 654 F.3d 310, 317 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v.

Reifler, 446 F.3d 65, 136 (2d Cir. 2006)). Here, the district court found that Affiliated

was going out of business regardless of Martinez’s fraud and that U.S. Bank would

have had the same difficulty recovering funds lent to Affiliated absent the fraud. 

Indeed, the district court stated that, absent the fraud, “I’m not sure that [U.S. Bank]

could have come out any better than they came out. It’s like [Martinez] almost kept

the business going” with his scheme. The district court stated that it would be

necessary to subpoena numerous additional witnesses in order to determine what

amount of the unrecovered loan proceeds were attributable to the fraud. Given the

district court’s concerns about the complexity of determining the extent of loss

properly attributable to Martinez’s scheme, we cannot say that the district court

abused its discretion by declining to order restitution. 

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm. 

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