[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 14-12370

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 0:13-cr-60284-JIC-3

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

 versus

ANDRE HOLSTON, 

a.k.a. Smurf,

a.k.a. Deon Render,

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(June 29, 2015)

Before MARTIN, JULIE CARNES, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Andre Holston appeals his convictions and sentences for conspiracy to 

commit sex trafficking of minors and sex trafficking of minors. On appeal, 

Holston argues that the district court erred when it admitted Holston’s statements 

to a fellow inmate as statements in furtherance of the conspiracy, when it awarded 

a four-level enhancement in Holston’s total offense level for three additional 

victims under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, and when it awarded him a two-level 

enhancement because the offense involved an unusually vulnerable victim under

U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1(b)(1). Upon review of the record and consideration of the 

parties’ briefs, we affirm.

I.

Holston first argues that the district court erred when it admitted Holston’s 

statements to a fellow inmate that he and his co-conspirators intended to kill the 

victim who planned to testify at his trial, on the ground that it was in furtherance of 

the conspiracy. He contends that the conspiracy ended when he was arrested, and 

so statements made while he was incarcerated cannot be considered in furtherance 

of the conspiracy.

We review a district court’s rulings on evidentiary issues for clear abuse of 

discretion. United States v. Sterling, 738 F.3d 228, 234 (11th Cir. 2013), cert. 

denied, 134 S. Ct. 2682 (2014). Objections or arguments that are not raised at the 

district court are reviewed for plain error. United States v. Evans, 478 F.3d 1332, 

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1338 (11th Cir. 2007). To establish plain error, a defendant must show: (1) error, 

(2) that is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights. Id. If all three conditions 

are met, we may exercise our discretion to recognize the error, if it seriously 

affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. An 

opposing party’s statement is not hearsay if it was made by the party in an 

individual capacity or was made by the party’s co-conspirator during and in 

furtherance of the conspiracy. Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(A), (E). 

Because Holston did not raise this objection in the district court, we review 

it only for plain error. The district court did err in determining that the statements 

were admissible as statements of a co-conspirator, because the statements were not 

made by a co-conspirator; rather, the challenged statements were made by Holston 

himself. As such, they were admissible as statements of a party opponent. 

Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(A). Thus, the district court’s error did not affect Holston’s 

substantial rights.

II.

Holston next argues that the district court erred when it awarded a four-level 

enhancement in Holston’s total offense level for three additional victims, under 

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3. Holston contends that the evidence in this case established that 

each co-conspirator managed his own business, and therefore, there was no jointly 

undertaken criminal conspiracy. Furthermore, the district court was required to 

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first determine the scope of criminal activity that each defendant agreed to 

undertake, before determining whether the conduct of others was in furtherance of 

that joint criminal activity and reasonably foreseeable to Holston in connection 

with the joint criminal activity, which the district court did not do. 

We review a district court’s factual findings for clear error and its 

application of the guidelines to those facts de novo. United States v. Jordi, 418 

F.3d 1212, 1214 (11th Cir. 2005). Sentencing guideline errors are subject to 

harmless error review. See United States v. Scott, 441 F.3d 1322, 1329 (11th Cir. 

2006). 

Section 1B1.3(a)(1)(B) of the Guidelines states that the base offense level, 

specific offense characteristics, and adjustments shall be determined, in the case of 

a jointly undertaken criminal activity, on the basis of all reasonably foreseeable 

acts and omissions of others in furtherance of the jointly undertaken criminal 

activity that occurred during the commission of the offense of conviction, in 

preparation for that offense, or in the course of attempting to avoid detection or 

responsibility for that offense. The application notes to § 1B1.3 require courts to 

first determine the scope of the criminal activity the particular defendant agreed to 

jointly undertake; and the scope of the specific conduct and objectives embraced 

by the defendant’s agreement. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, cmt. (n.2). In making this 

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determination, the court may consider any explicit or implicit agreement fairly 

inferred from the conduct of the defendant and others. Id.

The district court’s finding that Holston was accountable for all four victims 

is a finding of fact that we review for clear error. Several witnesses testified at trial 

that the prostitution ring was a group enterprise, and each co-conspirator assisted 

the others with their portion of the business. Therefore, the district court’s finding 

that Holston was accountable for four victims was not clearly erroneous. 

III.

Finally, Holston argues that the district court erred when it awarded him a 

two-level enhancement because the offense involved an unusually vulnerable 

victim, under § 3A1.1(b)(1). Holston states that the enhancement only applies 

where the defendant targeted the victim based on the characteristics that made the 

victim vulnerable. Furthermore, because Holston should only have been held 

accountable for T.C., the vulnerable victim analysis should only have been 

performed for her. 

The district court’s application of § 3A1.1 presents a mixed question of law 

and fact, which we review de novo. United States v. Arguedas, 86 F.3d 1054, 1057 

(11th Cir. 1996). However, a district court’s determination of a victim’s 

vulnerability is a factual finding to which we give due deference. Id.

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Section 3A1.1(b)(1) states that if the defendant knew or should have known 

that a victim of the offense was a vulnerable victim, his sentence shall be increased 

by two levels. A vulnerable victim is a person who is (1) a victim of the offense of 

conviction and any conduct for which the defendant is accountable under § 1B1.3, 

and (2) unusually vulnerable due to age, physical or mental condition, or who is 

otherwise particularly susceptible to the criminal conduct. U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1, cmt. 

(n.2). 

Whether Holston targeted the victims based on the characteristics that made

them vulnerable is a determination of fact, which we review for clear error. The 

district court found that Holston had targeted the victims for the characteristics that 

made them vulnerable, and so the district court made the appropriate finding.

AFFIRMED.

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