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Title:   Author  item
                                            Daughtry, Craigitem
                                            Gish, Timothyitem
                                            Dulaney, Wayneitem
                                            Walthall, Charlesitem
                                            KUNG, KJ - UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSINitem
                                            McCarty, Gregoryitem
                                            Angier, Jonathanitem
                                            BUSS, P - SENTEK PTY
  Submitted to: The Scientific World
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 10/29/2001
                                    Publication  Date: N/A
                                    Citation: N/AInterpretive Summary: Our inability to characterize subsurface soil structures has hindered our understanding of surface runoff and subsurface flow processes. One of four small watersheds had a nitrate runoff flux that was 18 times greater than the other three watersheds, even when soil properties, yield distributions, and climate were similar. Discrete subsurface flow pathways were identified dwith ground penetrating radar data and confirmed with color infrared imagery, real-time soil moisture monitoring, and yield monitoring. The subsurface flow patterns were also useful in understanding observed nitrate levels entering the riparian wet-land and first-order stream. This study demonstrated the impact that subsurface stratigraphy can have on water and chemical fluxes exiting agricultural lands.
                                Technical Abstract: Determining the interaction and impact of surface runoff and subsurface flow processes on the environment has been hindered by our inability to characterize subsurface soil structures on a watershed scale. Over 40 km of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data were collected and evaluated in determining subsurface hydrology four small watersheds in Beltsville,  Maryland. The watersheds have similar textures, organic matter contents, and yield distributions. Although the surface slope was greater on one of the watersheds, slope alone could not explain why it also had a nitrate runoff flux that was 18 times greater than the other three watersheds. Only a with a knowledge of the subsurface hydrology could the surface runoff differences be explained. The subsurface hydrology was developed by combining GPR and surface topography in a geographic information system framework. Discrete subsurface flow pathways were identified and confirmed  with color infrared imagery, real-time soil moisture monitoring, and yield monitoring. The discrete subsurface flow patterns were also useful in understanding observed nitrate levels entering the riparian wet-land and first-order stream. This study demonstrates the impact subsurface stratigraphy can have on surface and subsurface fluxes exiting agricultural lands, even when soil properties, yield distributions, and climate are similar.


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