IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0756

Filed July 26, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF J.H., J.S., and J.S.,

Minor Children,

J.S., Mother,

Appellant,

S.H., Father,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County, Joan M. Black, 

District Associate Judge.

A mother and father separately appeal the termination of their respective 

parental rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Matthew Shimanovsky, Iowa City, for appellant mother.

Kristin L. Denniger, Mount Vernon, for appellant father.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Tamara Knight, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Sara E. Linder of Linn County Advocate, Inc., Cedar Rapids, attorney and 

guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Ahlers, P.J., and Badding and Buller, JJ.
2

AHLERS, Presiding Judge.

This case involves three children—one born in 2020 and twins born in 2022. 

The juvenile court terminated the parental rights of all parents—the mother of the 

three children, the father of the oldest child, and the father of the twins. The mother 

and the oldest child’s father separately appeal. The father of the twins did not 

appeal, so all references in this opinion to the father refer to the father of the oldest 

child.

Both parents challenge the statutory grounds for termination, challenge

whether termination is in the children’s best interests, and argue a permissive 

exception should be applied to preclude termination. The mother also seeks 

additional time to work toward reunification.

We conduct de novo review of orders terminating parental rights. In re Z.K., 

973 N.W.2d 27, 32 (Iowa 2022). Our review follows a three-step process that 

involves determining if a statutory ground for termination has been established, 

whether termination is in the children’s best interests, and whether any permissive 

exceptions should be applied to preclude termination. In re A.B., 957 N.W.2d 280, 

294 (Iowa 2021). Then we address any additional claims raised by a parent. In 

re S.D., No. 22-1141, 2022 WL 3906757, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 31, 2022).

We begin by addressing the father’s claims. The juvenile court terminated 

the father’s rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(b), (e), and (h) (2023). 

“When the juvenile court terminates parental rights on more than one statutory 

ground, we may affirm the juvenile court’s order on any ground we find supported 

by the record.” In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 774 (Iowa 2012). We elect to address 

paragraph (b), which authorizes termination when “[t]he court finds that there is 
3

clear and convincing evidence that the child has been abandoned or deserted.” 

Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(b). A finding of abandonment requires proof the parent’s 

intent to abandon and corresponding conduct relinquishing or surrendering 

“parental rights, duties, or privileges inherent in the parent-child relationship.” Id.

§ 232.2(1). “‘Desertion’ means the relinquishment or surrender for a period in 

excess of six months of the parental rights, duties, or privileges inherent in the 

parent-child relationship.” Id. § 232.2(15). “Proof of desertion need not include 

the intention to desert, but is evidenced by the lack of attempted contact with the 

child or by only incidental contact with the child.” Id.

Here, the State established that the father deserted his child. The father 

lives in Indiana. The mother testified that the father has never been a part of the 

child’s life and only saw the child one time for ten minutes. A social worker made

contact with the father by mail and talked with him by phone about how to file for 

an attorney in the underlying child-in-need-of-assistance proceeding, but the father 

did not communicate any further with the worker. The maternal grandmother with 

whom the child was placed also never had any contact with him. The father also 

failed to appear at the termination hearing.1 He never involved himself in the child’s 

life, never developed a parent-child relationship, and never took on the rights, 

duties, or privileges associated with serving as a parent to his child. We conclude 

the juvenile court correctly determined the father deserted the child through his 

inaction over her lifetime, so a statutory ground for termination was established.

1 Counsel for the father made a verbal motion for the father to appear at the 

termination hearing telephonically after making contact with him over the lunch 

break. The court denied the motion.
4

The father also contends termination is not in the child’s best interests. 

When making a best-interests determination, we “give primary consideration to the 

child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and 

growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs 

of the child.” In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa 2010) (quoting Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(2)). Little is known about the father because he never involved himself 

in these proceedings or with the child. Given the resulting uncertainty, we cannot 

say with any certainty if the child could benefit from a relationship with him. 

However, we can say with certainty that the child needs and deserves 

permanency, which the father cannot provide given his lack of involvement. 

Termination would facilitate permanency and is in the child’s best interests.

Within the father’s best-interests argument, he references an exception to 

termination that allows the court to forgo termination when “[t]here is clear and 

convincing evidence that the termination would be detrimental to the child at the 

time due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship.” See Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(3)(c). The burden of establishing an exception rests with the parent 

seeking its application. See In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 475–76 (Iowa 2018). The 

father’s argument is not preserved for our review because he never urged the 

juvenile court to apply such exception. See In re R.P., No. 23-0419, 2023 WL 

3612412, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. May 24, 2023). Even if he had, the record is devoid 

of any evidence of a bond between the father and child, so his challenge fails on 

the merits. 

Having denied each of his challenges, we affirm the termination of the 

father’s parental rights to the oldest child. We turn our attention to the mother.
5

The juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights under 

section 232.116(1)(h), which authorizes termination when 

(1) The child is three years of age or younger.

(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of 

assistance pursuant to section 232.96.

(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of 

the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months, 

or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home 

has been less than thirty days.

(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child 

cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided 

in section 232.102 at the present time.

The mother only challenges the fourth element—whether the children could be 

safely returned to her custody at the time of the termination hearing. See Iowa 

Code § 232.116(1)(h)(4) (“There is clear and convincing evidence that the child 

cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided in 

section 232.102 at the present time.”); In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 112 (Iowa 

2014) (holding that “at the present time” means at the time of the termination 

hearing).

This family came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Health and 

Human Services when the maternal grandparents2took the twins to the 

emergency room with concerns about their low weight. The children stayed with 

the grandparents for ten days. During that time, a pediatrician advised the 

grandparents that the twins’ malnutrition could have been fatal within one to two 

weeks absent their intervention. The mother then picked the children up from the 

grandparents in the middle of the night. Two weeks later the mother was arrested 

2 The maternal grandparents adopted the mother when she was in her teens. All 

future references will be to the grandparents.
6

following a domestic-violence incident, and the children returned to the 

grandparents’ care. The twins gained weight and began to progress 

developmentally in the grandparents’ care. Despite the clear evidence that the 

twins’ health and development improved once removed from her care, by the time 

of the termination hearing, the mother still failed to fully appreciate that her inability 

to adequately care for the twins significantly impacted their health and well-being. 

She only conceded she “did something wrong,” but she did not identify what that 

“something” was. The mother’s lack of awareness of her role in the 

malnourishment of the children contributes to our concerns about the mother’s 

ability to provide safe and adequate care for the children. See In re D.D., 955 

N.W.2d 186, 193 (Iowa 2021) (“It’s folly to think the mother will stand sentinel to 

protect against a foe she doesn’t acknowledge exists.”).

Also concerning is that two of the children tested positive for ingestion of 

marijuana when removed from the mother’s custody. Despite the mother’s 

insistence that she no longer uses the drug, she has never complied with drug 

testing to support her assertion. When she did submit to a sweat-patch test, she 

sabotaged the testing by removing the patch (a violation of the protocol for testing) 

and losing it so it could not be tested. So, we are left to speculate about her 

sobriety, which we are unwilling to do especially in light of the children’s positive 

tests and inability to self-protect.

The mother also generally lacks stability. During the ten-month period

between the start of juvenile court involvement and the termination hearing, the 

mother has moved several times between multiple cities and changed jobs multiple 

times. While she now professes to have found stability through her job and newly-
7

acquired apartment, we are not persuaded that having a new job and an apartment 

for a few weeks constitutes the stability she claims. The mother is on precarious 

footing in maintaining her recently acquired housing even with her employment, 

which contributes to our concerns.

Taking these concerns together, we conclude the children could not be 

safely returned to the mother’s custody at the time of the termination hearing. As 

a result, the State established a statutory ground for termination.

Next, we consider whether termination is in the children’s best interests. As 

we did with respect to the father’s rights when making a best-interests

determination, we “give primary consideration to the child[ren]’s safety, to the best 

placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child[ren], and 

to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child[ren].” P.L.,

778 N.W.2d at 40 (quoting Iowa Code § 232.116(2)). We conclude termination is 

in the children’s best interests. The mother has demonstrated she cannot provide 

the children with the stability and nurturing they deserve and require. Termination 

is in the children’s best interests because it will permit the children to find a home 

that can provide stability and long-term nurturing that the mother has not been able 

to provide.

The mother seeks to preclude termination by application of a permissive 

exception to termination. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3). It is the mother’s burden 

to establish an exception to termination should be applied. See A.S., 906 N.W.2d

at 475–76. First, she seeks application of section 232.116(3)(a), which permits the 

court to forgo termination when “[a] relative has legal custody of the child[ren].” 

This challenge fails because, while the children are placed with the grandparents, 
8

custody of the children remains with the Iowa Department of Health and Human 

Services. As a relative does not have custody of the children, 

section 232.116(3)(a) does not apply. See In re B.W., No. 19-0602, 2019 WL 

2375255, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. June 5, 2019) (holding section 232.116(3)(a) only 

applies when a relative has legal custody of a child). Second, the mother attempts 

to invoke paragraph (c), which permits the court to forgo termination when “[t]here 

is clear and convincing evidence that the termination would be detrimental to the 

child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship[s].” Iowa

Code § 232.116(3)(c). While we understand there are bonds between the mother 

and children, the mere “existence of a bond is not enough.” See In re A.B., 956 

N.W.2d 162, 169 (Iowa 2021). The bond must be so significant that severing it 

would be manifestly detrimental to the children. Id. The record does not establish 

bonds of this magnitude between the mother and any of the children. Therefore, 

we decline to apply section 232.116(3)(c).

Finally, we address the mother’s request for additional time to work toward 

reunification. If the juvenile court decides not to terminate parental rights, it has 

the option of ordering any alternative statutory permanency option, which includes 

giving the parent an additional six months to work toward reunification. Iowa Code 

§ 232.117(5) (permitting the court to enter a permanency order pursuant to 

section 232.104 if it does not terminate parental rights); see also id.

§ 232.104(2)(b) (providing a permanency option of giving the parents an additional 

six months). However, before the court may grant the parent additional time to 

work toward reunification, it must be able to “enumerate the specific factors, 

conditions, or expected behavioral changes which comprise the basis for the 
9

determination that the need for removal of the child from the child’s home will no 

longer exist at the end of the additional six-month period.” Id. § 232.104(2)(b). 

The mother argues additional time would give her an opportunity to 

demonstrate an ability to maintain employment and housing sufficient that the 

children could return to her care. Certainly, if the mother had more time to 

demonstrate employment and housing stability it would increase the likelihood the 

children could return to her custody. However, she does not explain how she 

would comply with drug testing moving forward. Nor does she explain how she 

would gain insight into how to provide the children with the necessary care and 

support required for them to thrive developmentally. So, we conclude additional 

time to work toward reunification is not warranted in this instance.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.