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Title:   Author  item
                                            Straus, David

                                                         - *Dave*item
                                            Griffin, Billy
  Submitted to: Book of Abstracts World Aquaculture Society
                                    Publication Type: Abstract Only
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 9/20/2000
                                    Publication  Date: 1/21/2001
                                    Citation: STRAUS, D.L., GRIFFIN, B.R. EFFECT OF ALKALINITY ON THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF COPPER SULFATE TO BLUE TILAPIA.. AQUACULTURE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. 2001. p.617.Interpretive Summary:
                                Technical Abstract:   Copper sulfate is used extensively in aquaculture as a therapeutant for Ichthyophthiriasis.  The effectiveness of this compound is diminished as the total alkalinity of waters  increase.  The acute toxicity of copper to many species has been studied, however there is a paucity of data for blue tilapia (Tilapia aurea). Blue tilapia were exposed to copper sulfate in a series of static toxicity tests conducted with waters having a wide range of total alkalinity and hardness values.  Estimates of mean 96 h LC50 values were 0.2, 0.7, 6.0 and 45.7 mg/L (as Cu) in waters having total alkalinities of 16, 57, 112 and 225 mg/L CaCO3, respectively. As illustrated in the figure, the toxicity  of copper is reduced logarithmically as a linear function of total alkalinity. Copper sulfate is the compound of choice to control ichthyophthiriasis because of its effectiveness and low cost, but it can be extremely toxic to fish in water of low alkalinity.  This information will help extension personnel formulate safer and more effective application rates for copper sulfate in blue tilapia farming.


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