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Title:   Author  item
                                            Dubey, Jitender
  Submitted to: Journal of Parasitology
                                    Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
                                    Publication Acceptance Date: 3/29/2000
                                    Publication  Date: N/A
                                    Citation: N/AInterpretive Summary: Infection by the single-celled parasite, Toxoplasma gondii is widely prevalent in humans and livestock. Humans become infected with T. gondii by ingesting food or water contaminated with oocysts (resistant Toxoplasma) shed in feces of infected cats or by ingesting uncooked infected meat. Scientists are attempting to determine the relative sources of infection  for humans. Scientists at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center and the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia have analyzed genetically strains of T. gondii from different sources and have classified them into 4 types. This classification is likely to be used to determine sources of infection for humans. The results will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, and public health workers.
                                Technical Abstract: Molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates is central f6r understanding differences in disease transmission and manifestations. Despite extreme abundance and vast geographical range, very low genetic diversity has been measured among T gondii isolates. Only three sub-groups (lineages) have been discerned with subtle within-lineage variation,  permitting low resolution classification of isolates. Since proteins, coding sequences, and especially antigen-coding genes have been used extensively in previous studies, we focused on sequence variation in introns of house-keeping genes which may be more informative for phylogenetic analysis because they evolve under lower selection. We compared sequence variation in introns of five house-keeping genes with two antigen-coding genes. Low intra-lineage variation was detected in introns of house-keeping genes but not in antigen-coding genes and overall the  former were slightly more polymorphic than coding and non-coding regions o antigen-coding genes. Intra-genic linkage disequilibrium was complete, but inter-genic linkage, while being highly significant was incomplete even between genes mapped close to each other, suggesting that genes are partially uncoupled. Six of seven substitutions found within the region coding for the tachyzoite surface antigen, SAG2 were nonsynonymous, indicating that diversifying selection acts on this locus. Typing isolates based on house-keeping and antigen coding genes was consistent, but substantial differences were found in phylogenetic relationships between the resulting groups. A cougar isolate typed as lineage H using an RFLP assay possessed multiple unique polymorphisms, suggesting that it represents a new lineage. We concluded that introns of house-keeping genes


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